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[NeedAdvice] Age: 30, Been in school my whole life, all my time has been discret...
This comment was posted to reddit on Feb 03, 2016 at 3:10 pm and was deleted within 1 day, 55 minutes.
[NeedAdvice] Age: 30, Been in school my whole life, all my time has been discretionary. How to get focused?
I had a similar problem coming out of grad school. Wasn't in school as long as you but same feeling of struggling with "wasted time" and was daunted at the idea of a regular schedule.
So a few tips:
Even if you aren't employed, block out full time hours right now for productivity. My last semester of grad school I was only taking one academic class and technically had plenty of "free time," but I made it a point to be working on something from 9am - 4pm or so. In essence, mimicking a "real world job."
What to fill that time with? Whatever needs doing. My typical schedule was something like: 1-2 hours of job hunting/prepping for interviews, 1-2 hours of my academic class, 1-2 hours of my thesis work, and then the rest of the time with misc crap that needed doing (dishes, cleaning, etc). I even blocked out time for an afternoon walk every day so I wasn't being too lazy. Some days I put more effort into one thing over another, but regardless I had my day blocked out.
A good way to get yourself in the zone is to get ready and dress like it. No, I don't mean wear business clothes all the time. I mean wake up at the same time every day, shower, and put on clothes that aren't pajamas, basically do everything you would need to do to leave your house. This put me in a much more awake and focused mindset than waking up and trying to work in my PJs.
Apps. I also use Fabulous, saw someone else reference it here. It's been a godsend for my morning and evening routines. The more consistent I am in the morning and at night, the better my inbetween is.
For scheduling during the day, I have two notebooks. One is an actual calendar and I use that to pencil in hard deadlines like "x due on the 5th" or "meet with Joe on the 7th." The other is just a small spiral notebook and that's my daily "to do" notebook. This is where I write down everything I need to do TODAY. I think both are valuable, one for keeping track long term, the other keeping yourself busy day to day.
The pomodoro technique is my life. Seriously, I discovered it in undergrad and it's the one consistent way I can get myself to focus and work without distraction. 25 minutes of work, 3 minutes of break. That 3 minutes is plenty of time to get up, stretch, go to the bathroom, get water, etc. I use the Clockwork Tomato app.
For distractions...part of this is just willpower, I'm sorry. The pomodoro thing will help with that, I think, but you need to come up with a way to stop yourself from straying. I have StayFocusd on my computer and use the "nuclear option" when I NEED to work for a few hours with no distractions allowed. Set it to work incognito mode too so you can't easily cheat. I also did a sweep on my phone a while back...all my game apps gone, except for one crossword/puzzle type game I do occasionally. If I want to fidget with my phone I do a lesson of Duolingo (learning Spanish) instead. I didn't uninstall facebook but I took it off my home screen...for me, not seeing it is enough to ignore it. If you find yourself constantly on facebook I recommend uninstalling it. You can still log in from your phone's browser if you NEED to but it's not so quick. And I uninstalled reddit mobile a long time ago, that was a HUGE time sink. No reddit on my phone allowed, period.
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Mary Renji
for Mary Renji Designs 2017
Rea Shawl (in crochet)
The shawl is made bottom -up. The edging is added is added later. This shawl is to remind me of the wonderful time I had vacationing in Italy. The yarn was purchased from a small LYS in Florence called Mirko Filati.
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Computer assisted management of information in an intensive care unit.
In order to use the capability of computers for handling large amounts of information, we developed a program for the acquisition, handling, storage and retrieval of administrative and clinical information generated in the 20 bedded multidisciplinary critical care unit of a University Hospital. At an initial phase a personal computer (PC) was used to collect information from 4362 patients, that included registration data, coded admission problems, techniques and special treatments, and final diagnosis. This information combined with free text provided a discharge report. Complementary programs allowed calculation and storage of hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters. This experience led to a second phase in which a computer with microprocessor Intel 80386 at 25 MHz, 8 MB RAM, 310 MB hard disk and a streamer for 150 MB cartridge tape back up, using UNIX operating system, permitted multiple users working simultaneously through 1 central console and 7 ASCII terminals. Data input included demographic data, previous and admission problems in coded form, present history and physical examination in free text, list of present problems in coded form, comments on evolution, record of special techniques and treatments, laboratory data, treatment, final diagnosis and facility for using all the information to elaborate the final report. Side modules provide help for drugs dosing, protocols for specific conditions and clerical routines. The system is open for connection to other areas of the Hospital. Data from more than 2000 patients have been included so far.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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18 Signs You Went To WSU
Pullman is a magical place. Nestled in the rolling hills of the Palouse, the campus is far from the shimmering lights of, well, pretty much anywhere. Perhaps it's that isolation that makes it so special... and so much fun.
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We find that α-MMC stimulates inflammatory responses in human monocytes, raising the possibility that consumption of α-MMC-containing food may lead to inflammatory-related diseases.
1. Introduction {#sec1-toxins-11-00694}
===============
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are highly potent protein toxins which restrain protein synthesis by directly targeting the ribosomes \[[@B1-toxins-11-00694]\]. Plant-derived RIPs can be classified into two main types: (1) a polypeptide chain of about 30 kDa (Type I) and (2) a more toxic heterodimer composed of an A chain which has identical function to the Type I RIP, attached with a B subunit that can bind to lectin (Type II) \[[@B1-toxins-11-00694]\]. RIPs can penetrate to the cell by firstly binding to membrane receptors, then passing through the cell membrane by endocytosis and eventually passing in the cytoplasm through shifting from endocytic compartments \[[@B2-toxins-11-00694]\]. Recently, RIPs gain biologists' attention in the biomedical research area because of their diverse activities toward plant and animal cells, including their anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, abortifacient, and antiparasitic effects \[[@B2-toxins-11-00694],[@B3-toxins-11-00694],[@B4-toxins-11-00694],[@B5-toxins-11-00694]\].
Up to now, the mechanism of RIP-induced biological activities remains unclear, and in some cases the activities are independent from their protein synthesis inhibitory ability. Nowadays, RIP-related biotechnological research is focused on obtaining a deeper understanding of the mechanism of cell entry and also finding ways to increase specificity, reduce antigenicity, and prolong plasma half-life \[[@B1-toxins-11-00694]\]. These unsolved factors strongly hamper the clinical use of RIPs, and are rigorously under investigation. Another factor that limits the clinical use of RIPs is their inflammatory-inducing abilities, in which many RIPs can induce cytokine production and trigger inflammatory responses \[[@B6-toxins-11-00694]\]. For example, RIPs including viscumin \[[@B7-toxins-11-00694]\], ricin \[[@B8-toxins-11-00694]\], Shiga toxins \[[@B9-toxins-11-00694]\], modeccin \[[@B10-toxins-11-00694]\] and eutirucallin \[[@B11-toxins-11-00694]\] can induce cytokines production like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins in macrophages or monocytes. Consistent with the cellular observations, TNF and other cytokines levels were upregulated in serum of mice \[[@B12-toxins-11-00694]\] and rats \[[@B8-toxins-11-00694]\] upon RIP ricin treatment. Interleukins levels were also induced by trichosanthin (a Type I RIP) in both peritoneal macrophages \[[@B13-toxins-11-00694]\] and in animals \[[@B14-toxins-11-00694]\]. The inflammatory responses induced by RIPs hamper its clinical use. For example, RIP viscumin from Common Mistletoe (*Viscum album*) and riproximin from *Ximenia americana* exerted therapeutic effects in cancer patients by inhibiting the cancer cell growth; however, it also caused activation of the immune system and the induction of cytokines in immune cells in patients and volunteers taking mistletoe extracts \[[@B9-toxins-11-00694],[@B15-toxins-11-00694]\]. Up to now, the mechanism of cytokines induction by RIPs is not fully understood. The inflammatory-inducing mechanisms of RIPs include the activation of protein kinases such as JNK, p38, and MAPK \[[@B12-toxins-11-00694]\] and key inflammatory-regulating transcription factors (NF-κB, AP-1, etc.) \[[@B16-toxins-11-00694]\].
RIPs are widespread in the plants and distributed in different parts of plant tissues (seed, leaf, sarcocarp, bark) and lattices \[[@B6-toxins-11-00694]\]. RIPs can be found in edible plants, in which some of them are consumed raw by humans \[[@B17-toxins-11-00694]\]. RIPs may undergo degradation under high cooking temperature but RIPs in some plant tissues such as *Spinacia oleracea*, *Daucus carota*, *Cucurbita moschata*, *Allium coepa*, the seeds of *Lycopersicon esculentum* or *Apium graveolens* are actually eaten raw \[[@B17-toxins-11-00694]\]. Furthermore, the leaves of spinach in which the presence of RIP was reported, are frequently appended to uncooked salads \[[@B18-toxins-11-00694]\]. Moreover, the powdered form of the seeds of *Momordica charantia*, which contains RIPs such as α- and β-momorcharin (MMC) \[[@B19-toxins-11-00694],[@B20-toxins-11-00694]\], are commonly employed as granule by Chinese medical doctors and public for relieving high blood pressure and cholesterol level and also for lowering the blood glucose. α-MMC belongs to Type I RIP which exerts various biological activities including RNA hydrolase activity, RNA N-glycosidase activity, protein synthesis inhibitory property, DNA hydrolase, and anti-cancer activity \[[@B21-toxins-11-00694],[@B22-toxins-11-00694],[@B23-toxins-11-00694],[@B24-toxins-11-00694]\].
Many RIPs have been reported to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production \[[@B7-toxins-11-00694],[@B8-toxins-11-00694],[@B9-toxins-11-00694],[@B10-toxins-11-00694],[@B11-toxins-11-00694],[@B12-toxins-11-00694],[@B13-toxins-11-00694],[@B14-toxins-11-00694]\] but the effects of α-MMC on the immune responses are still not known. Various immune-related adverse effects on the endocrine, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, hematologic, and hepatic systems have been reported due to the consumption of *Momordica charantia* \[[@B19-toxins-11-00694]\]. However, no comprehensive studies have been undertaken to investigate its immune-related mechanisms and also the potential adverse effects of taking it as nutritional supplement. In this study, we propose to carry out a detailed preclinical study to determine the inflammatory responses induced by recombinant α-MMC using cell culture and animal models. Additionally, we sought to define the underlying molecular mechanisms of how α-MMC can induce cytokine production.
2. Results {#sec2-toxins-11-00694}
==========
2.1. Heterologous Expression and Cytotoxicity of the Recombinant α-MMC {#sec2dot1-toxins-11-00694}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
We successfully cloned, expressed, and purified recombinant α-MMC from *Escherichia coli* host strains Rosetta (DE3) pLysS for the cell culture and animal studies proposed in this project. The isolation of recombinant His-tagged α-MMC protein was achieved by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and the purity was shown in 12% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis ([Figure 1](#toxins-11-00694-f001){ref-type="fig"}A). In our expression system, approximate 50 mg recombinant protein could be purified from 1 L of Rosetta culture. The presence of recombinant α-MMC was confirmed by detection of a specific band at nearly 29 kDa with Western blot analysis using anti-6×histidine antibody ([Figure 1](#toxins-11-00694-f001){ref-type="fig"}B). Cell viability was not significantly changed at 24 h treatment time interval by recombinant α-MMC at a concentration of up to 40 µg/mL (\<20% growth inhibitory effect) but significantly caused cell death at 160 µg/mL ([Figure 1](#toxins-11-00694-f001){ref-type="fig"}C). α-MMC at a dosage of 40 µg/mL (\~IC20) was employed in the following inflammation experiments in vitro.
2.2. Microarray Analyses of α-MMC-Induced Inflammatory Responses {#sec2dot2-toxins-11-00694}
----------------------------------------------------------------
RIPs have been reported to trigger inflammation in lymphoid and intestinal organs and also stimulate blood mononuclear cells to produce inflammatory cytokines \[[@B2-toxins-11-00694]\]. Moreover, α-MMC has been found to exert immune-responses in vivo \[[@B20-toxins-11-00694],[@B25-toxins-11-00694]\]. To investigate the expression of inflammatory mediators, human THP-1 monocytic cells were incubated with 40 µg/mL of recombinant α-MMC or 1 µg/mL LPS (sub-lethal dose) as positive control for 24 h, and then gene expression analysis was performed using the Human Inflammatory Response and Autoimmunity RT^2^ Profiler™ PCR Array (Qiagen, CA, USA). We made use of this array to measure the expression pattern of 84 inflammatory genes in each sample. In comparison to untreated and lipopolysaccharides-treated samples, the differentially regulated transcripts with fold changes \>2 in α-MMC-treated sample are shown in [Table 1](#toxins-11-00694-t001){ref-type="table"}. Various inflammatory responses transcripts were significantly upregulated after 24 h incubation with α-MMC and LPS including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (IL-8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), etc. For most regulated inflammatory genes, the fold changes of transcripts were higher in LPS-treated sample compared with α-MMC-treated sample including interleukin 6 (IL-6), chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 4 (*CCL4*), etc. For some inflammatory genes, i.e., Fas ligand (*FASLG*) and interferon gamma (*IFNG*), the fold changes of transcripts were higher in α-MMC-treated sample compared with LPS treatment. Overall, these results indicated that α-MMC was able to exert inflammatory responses in human immune cells through LPS/TLR4-dependent or -independent molecular pathways \[[@B26-toxins-11-00694]\].
2.3. Recombinant α-MMC Induced Cytokine mRNAs Production and Cytokine Secretion in THP-1 Cells {#sec2dot3-toxins-11-00694}
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To confirm the inflammatory-inducing effects by α-MMC, we further tested the expression of several cytokines in α-MMC-treated THP-1 cells. We firstly determined whether α-MMC would induce the major cytokine production and secretion into the medium using human cytokines ELISA kits (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). As shown in [Figure 2](#toxins-11-00694-f002){ref-type="fig"}A, α-MMC induced all four major cytokines' secretion (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1) in THP-1 cells. As indicated in [Figure 2](#toxins-11-00694-f002){ref-type="fig"}B, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1 mRNA levels were also induced by α-MMC with 3--12-fold increase and these effects were comparable to cytokine secretion. These results indicate that α-MMC exerted a similar cytokine mRNAs and secretion induction pattern compared with other immune-inducing RIPs, which suggests that α-MMC is an immune-modulator.
2.4. α-MMC-Induced Inflammatory Responses through NF-kappaB Pathway {#sec2dot4-toxins-11-00694}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Activation of IKK-NF-κB is a crucial step participated in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines under external or intracellular stimuli \[[@B16-toxins-11-00694]\]. Recent studies revealed that ribosome-inactivating protein and related proteins can activate the IKK-NF-κB pathway \[[@B27-toxins-11-00694],[@B28-toxins-11-00694]\], which lead us to postulate that the IKK-NF-κB pathway may contribute to α-MMC triggered cytokine induction in THP-1 cells. To verify this hypothesis, THP-1 cells were harvested at various time intervals after the treatment of α-MMC, and the whole and nuclear cell lysates were then extracted followed by testing the NF-κB activity using Western blot analysis. Our results show that α-MMC induced a quick IκBα degradation at 60 min, following with a gradual IkBα restoration at 120 min ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}A). Since transcriptional activity of NF-κB is dependent on a p65 subunit \[[@B14-toxins-11-00694]\], we determined the level of p65 inside the nucleus. As shown in [Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}A, α-MMC was capable of increasing p65 protein levels in the nucleus. These results aligned with previous observations that α-MMC triggered the degradation of IκBα and therefore leads to the p65 nuclear translocation.
Next, we further determined whether the α-MMC-induced inflammatory responses could be inhibited by the pretreatment of specific IKKβ inhibitors. Treatment of cells with specific IKKβ inhibitors TPCA-1, SC-514, or BMS-345541 suppressed the α-MMC-induced IL-1β protein expression ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}B). Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor TPCA-1 was shown to inhibit α-MMC-induced p65 nuclear translocation ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}C), cytokine secretion ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}D), and cytokine mRNA levels ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}E). Overall, these results suggested that IKK-NF-κB activation is indispensable for α-MMC inflammatory action.
2.5. α-MMC-Induced Inflammatory Responses via JNK Pathway {#sec2dot5-toxins-11-00694}
---------------------------------------------------------
Previous reports showed that inflammatory responses of RIPs can be triggered by activation of MAPK kinases including JNK, p38, and ERK \[[@B12-toxins-11-00694],[@B29-toxins-11-00694],[@B30-toxins-11-00694]\]. To determine whether α-MMC would induce the MAPK kinase pathway, the JNK, p38, and ERK activities of α-MMC-treated THP-1 cells were assayed using Western blot analysis. We detected elevated levels of phosphorylated JNK, but not phosphorylated p38 or ERK, in THP-1 cells incubated with α-MMC ([Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}A). This observation matches with previous results that α-MMC was able to activate the JNK pathway in liver cells \[[@B31-toxins-11-00694]\]. To determine whether cytokine expression induced by α-MMC is dependent on the JNK pathway, we pre-treated THP-1 cells with JNK inhibitor SP600125 for 30 min before the addition of α-MMC. Treatment of JNK inhibitor SP600125 was shown to inhibit α-MMC-induced IL-1β protein expression ([Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}B), cytokine secretion ([Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}C), and cytokine mRNA levels ([Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}D). Overall, these results indicated that activation of JNK pathway is essential for α-MMC-induced inflammatory responses.
2.6. Secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the Serum of α-MMC-Administrated Mice {#sec2dot6-toxins-11-00694}
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We next determined if the treatment of α-MMC to mice would promote the induction of cytokines in serum. Mice with groups of four treated with vehicle control, TPCA-1 alone, α-MMC alone, and TPCA-1 combined with α-MMC were exsanguinated finally after drug administration. IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 protein levels in serum were analyzed by mouse cytokine ELISA kits (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). We observed that the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 proteins in serum were upregulated upon α-MMC treatment and these effects were inhibited by co-administration of IKKβ inhibitor TPCA-1 ([Figure 5](#toxins-11-00694-f005){ref-type="fig"}). In summary, these data suggested that the α-MMC would induce inflammatory responses in vivo and these effects were dependent on NF-κB activation.
3. Discussion {#sec3-toxins-11-00694}
=============
There were a few reports indicated the immune-modulating action of *Momordica charantia* \[[@B19-toxins-11-00694],[@B20-toxins-11-00694],[@B21-toxins-11-00694]\]. In this study, we determine that α-MMC induces inflammatory cytokines secretion in human monocytes via NF-κB and JNK pathways. These findings indicate that the immunomodulative properties of *Momordica charantia* may be triggered by α-MMC present in the *Momordica charantia* extract.
In current study, the pro-inflammatory effects of α-MMC were investigated by expressing recombinant proteins in bacteria rather than isolating the native plant-purified proteins. In most studies, RIPs are isolated from plants using a chromatological method. However, there are numerous inbuilt problems emerging during the isolation of native RIPs, like insufficient source materials and complex purification processes. Therefore, production of RIPs using recombinant techniques may be a good way to solve these manufacturing problems. Moreover, recombinant RIPs can gain further advantages for cell penetration and increased plasma half-life, either by fusion with a chemical linker or with antibodies or other applicable carriers, when compared with native RIPs \[[@B1-toxins-11-00694]\]. However, the critical issue regarding this technique is whether the recombinant protein will possess the same activity compared with the native protein. A previous study reported that recombinant RIP expressed in *E. coli* might be inactive due to the lack of post-translational modification \[[@B32-toxins-11-00694]\]. In the current study, the heterologous expression and purification steps of α-MMC were performed according to experimental procedures described by Ding's research group \[[@B33-toxins-11-00694]\]. The recombinant α-MMC produced by this expression and purification protocol has been shown to exert *N*-glycosidase, DNA-nuclease, antibacterial, and also antifungal activities \[[@B33-toxins-11-00694],[@B34-toxins-11-00694],[@B35-toxins-11-00694]\]. In our study, we revealed that there was no apparent difference between the cytotoxicity triggered by native and recombinant forms of α-MMC \[[@B31-toxins-11-00694],[@B36-toxins-11-00694],[@B37-toxins-11-00694]\]. Upon α-MMC treatment, the cytotoxic effects were comparable between the native α-MMC \[[@B31-toxins-11-00694],[@B36-toxins-11-00694],[@B37-toxins-11-00694]\] and recombinant α-MMC used in the current study ([Figure 1](#toxins-11-00694-f001){ref-type="fig"}C). Moreover, we showed that recombinant α-MMC used in this study is active from its DNA nuclease activity ([Figure S6](#app1-toxins-11-00694){ref-type="app"}). However, in the current study we cannot conclude whether the native and recombinant α-MMC proteins share identical cellular activities. At this point we do not know whether the purified recombinant α-MMC used in this study would exert RNA hydrolase activity, rRNA N-glycosidases activity, and protein synthesis inhibitory activity as reported \[[@B21-toxins-11-00694],[@B22-toxins-11-00694],[@B23-toxins-11-00694],[@B24-toxins-11-00694]\], and also the relationship between these activities and its inflammatory inducing properties is still not clear. In addition to this, a previous study demonstrated that α-MMC could get into cells through the LRP1 mediated endocytosis pathway \[[@B31-toxins-11-00694]\]. Therefore, further studies on the enzymatic activity, protein translation inhibitory abilities, and the cell entry mechanism must be carried out as described \[[@B38-toxins-11-00694]\] to clarify the differences between native or recombinant α-MMC and also the inflammatory inducing mechanism and activity of recombinant α-MMC in the future.
We carried out the inflammatory responses and cytokine production experiments with α-MMC concentration at 40 µg/mL (about 1.3 µM) that produced minor toxicity to cells ([Figure 1](#toxins-11-00694-f001){ref-type="fig"}C). Further investigation is needed to determine whether this dose can be reachable in the bloodstream in vivo or not. The average adult body contains around 5 L of blood and therefore 200 mg of α-MMC has to be taken to achieve the concentration 40 µg/mL, with the assumption that there is no gastric degradation of α-MMC. Based on the literature, 220 mg of native α-MMC protein could be collected by extracting 200 g of the seeds of *Momordica charantia* \[[@B20-toxins-11-00694]\]. Therefore, α-MMC concentration in blood is depended on the uptake amount of bitter melon seeds. Moreover, the half-life of RIPs in plasma is comparatively short. For instance, trichosanthin, a RIP from *Trichosanthes kirilowii*, gives a plasma half-life of 8--12 min in animals \[[@B39-toxins-11-00694]\]. Persistent consumption of bitter melon seeds is therefore required to sustain an immune-inducing dose in the body. Given that bitter melon is commonly employed as a granule and powdered nutritional supplement by Chinese medical doctors and the public for relieving high blood pressure, high cholesterol level, and lowering the blood glucose, more investigation is required to investigate the chronic pro-inflammatory effects of α-MMC for its safety use.
Previous studies showed that RIPs or RIP-containing plant extracts could induce cytokine production in both human and animals. The routes of administration of RIPs or RIP-containing plant extracts in animal experiments include intravenously \[[@B15-toxins-11-00694]\], subcutaneously \[[@B40-toxins-11-00694]\], and intraperitoneally injection \[[@B8-toxins-11-00694],[@B14-toxins-11-00694]\], indicating that the immuno-inducing properties of RIPs or RIP-containing plant extracts were not affected by different administration methods. Meng et al. revealed that the SD rats body weight treated by 6.25 mg/kg of α-MMC dropped remarkably \[[@B20-toxins-11-00694]\]. Our data showed that administration of 6 mg/kg did not affect the weights of mice (unpublished data). Therefore, in this study, we administered α-MMC at 6 mg/kg for three constitutive days in order to test the immuno-inducing effects.
The present data suggest a new and distinct model of why consumption of *Momordica charantia* may contribute to inflammatory-related disease, due to the facts that α-MMC could induce inflammatory responses via upregulating cytokines' expression in immune cells. In our study, α-MMC was found to increase MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β and mRNA levels, as well as these secreted proteins, in THP-1 monocytic cells ([Figure 2](#toxins-11-00694-f002){ref-type="fig"}). The results presented in this paper also demonstrated the function of IKK/NF-κB and JNK activations in the initiation of α-MMC-mediated inflammatory responses ([Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}). Despite the fact that our results are promising, more effort is required to explain how JNK and IKK are being activated by α-MMC. Previous results showed that JNK and IKK pathways can be activated by the TAK1 pathway \[[@B41-toxins-11-00694]\]. Further studies using anti-TNF and IL-1b antibodies and TAK1/JNK/IKK depletion are needed to investigate the role of these pathways in inflammatory pathways triggered by α-MMC. Moreover, the functional outcome of the α-MMC-stimulated immune cells is still not clear. The immune system works as defense system within humans to protect against disease. Thus, additional studies on the role of α-MMC in the immune system are needed in future. Given that α-MMC and other RIPs were observed to exert anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer cells \[[@B31-toxins-11-00694],[@B36-toxins-11-00694],[@B37-toxins-11-00694],[@B42-toxins-11-00694]\], however, their inflammation inducing properties may hamper its potential use as a cancer therapeutic agent. Thus, the development of NF-κB and JNK inhibitors are certainly obvious candidates as combinatorial agents for α-MMC intoxication to deal with its proinflammatory effects. Moreover, based on its therapeutic potential in clinic, the anticancer outcome of cotreatment of α-MMC and NF-κB/JNK inhibitors will be worth further investigation in different cancer cell lines. In this research, we confirmed the role of JNK and IKK/NF-kB pathways in the MMC-induced inflammatory responses which provides additional mechanistic data to the similar observation made by Deng et al. \[[@B43-toxins-11-00694]\]. On the other hand, we observed different α-MMC-regulated inflammatory effects in compared with Deng et al. findings \[[@B44-toxins-11-00694]\], in which a sub-lethal concentration (80 μg/mL) of α-MMC inhibited cytokines via JNK activation, leading to the decrease of immuno-response in cells. However, in our results, we found that a comparatively lower dose of α-MMC (40 μg/mL) would induce inflammatory cytokine expression through IKK/NF-κB and JNK activation. Further efforts are needed to study the differential dosage responses triggered by α-MMC.
4. Conclusions {#sec4-toxins-11-00694}
==============
The present study demonstrates that alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC) triggers pro-inflammatory responses via promoting NF-κB and JNK activities in cell culture monocytes and a mouse model. α-MMC is a RIP found in powder form in the seeds of an edible plant *Momordica charantia* and it is actually eaten raw. Therefore, further work is needed to study the detailed inflammatory and pharmacokinetic properties of α-MMC and its linkage to the side effects of the seed of *Momordica charantia*, in order to establish a safety guideline for the consumption of these RIP-containing edible plants.
5. Materials and Methods {#sec5-toxins-11-00694}
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5.1. Materials {#sec5dot1-toxins-11-00694}
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The anti-His-tagged, anti-IκBα, anti-IL-1β, anti-PCNA, MAPK Family Antibody Sampler Kit and Phospho-MAPK Family Antibody Sampler Kit were supplied by Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against p65 and actinin were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). BMS-345541, TPCA-1, SC-514, and SP600125 were purchased from Selleckchem. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Isopropyl β-[d]{.smallcaps}-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and imidazole were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human Inflammatory Response and Autoimmunity RT^2^ Profiler™ PCR Array (PAHS-077ZA-6) was purchased from Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA). All human and mouse cytokines ELISA kits were obtained from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Zeba™ spin desalting columns, HisPur Ni-NTA superflow agarose, high-capacity endotoxin removal spin columns and LAL chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). Rosetta™ 2 (DE3) pLysS competent cells were obtained from EMD Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA).
5.2. Expression and Purification of Recombinant α-MMC {#sec5dot2-toxins-11-00694}
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The expression and purification of α-MMC was carried out as reported by Wang et al. \[[@B33-toxins-11-00694]\] with slight modification. Briefly, we cloned the cDNA of α-MMC recaptured from the NCBI data bank (GenBank: X57682.1) into pET28a(+) vector and then followed by transformation into Rosetta (DE3) pLysS competent cells. Recombinant α-MMC protein was produced by adding IPTG (0.1 mM) for 16 h at 37 °C. Cells were collected and sonicated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4), and the supernatant was put to HisPur Ni-NTA superflow agarose, followed by washing with binding/washing buffer (20 mM phosphate-buffered saline, 0.5 M sodium chloride, pH 6.0), the agarose was eluted by a graduate increase of imidazole concentration (10--200 mM). Recombinant α-MMC solutions were passed twice through Zeba™ spin desalting columns and endotoxin withdrawing centrifuge columns (high capacity) to remove imidazole as well as enotoxin residues, respectively. Endotoxin contamination was kept below the detection limit (0.1 EU/mL) of LAL chromogenic quantitation kit (Thermo Scientific). The concentration and the purity of α-MMC recombinant protein were analyzed by 12% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using BSA as the benchmark.
5.3. Cell Cultures {#sec5dot3-toxins-11-00694}
------------------
Human monocytic THP-1 cells obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in RPMI medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) accompanied by 5% FCS, penicillin and streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37 °C at 5% CO~2~ and 95% humidity.
5.4. Cytotoxicity Assay {#sec5dot4-toxins-11-00694}
-----------------------
Cytotoxicity was verified by the cytotoxicity assay as described previously \[[@B45-toxins-11-00694]\]. In brief, 1 × 10^4^ THP-1 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and then untreated or treated with different doses of α-MMC (0--160 μg/mL) for 24 h. Then, cells were incubated with MTT reagent (5 mg/mL) at 37 °C for 4 h. Afterward, medium was discarded and MTT crystals were dissolved in 100 µL of DMSO. The optical densities (570 nm) were measured by spectrophotometer. The sublethal dose is defined as the dose leading to growth inhibitory effect below 20% (\<IC20).
5.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) {#sec5dot5-toxins-11-00694}
----------------------------------------------
THP-1 cells were seeded in Opti-MEM in 24-well plates and then treated with vehicle or α-MMC (40 μg/mL) at 37 °C for 24 h. Cell culture supernatants were isolated and the cytokines concentrations were determined by cytokine ELISA Assay Kit (for human, eBioscience) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cytokines levels in cell medium were normalized and shown as pg/mL/mg of protein and the corresponding protein levels of cellular extracts were determined by Bradford assay. The cytokines concentrations in mouse serum were determined by mouse ELISA Assay Kit (eBioscience) following the manufacturer's guideline.
5.6. Reverse Transcription-PCR and Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) Analysis {#sec5dot6-toxins-11-00694}
------------------------------------------------------------------
RT-PCR analysis was performed as mentioned previously \[[@B46-toxins-11-00694]\]. Briefly, THP-1 cells were incubated with vehicle control or α-MMC (40 μg/mL) for 24 h at 37 °C and the total RNA was then extracted using TRIzol assay (Invitrogen), followed by conducting the reverse transcription using the Prime Script RT Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA products were analyzed by Human Inflammatory Response and Autoimmunity RT^2^ Profiler™ PCR Array following the manufacturer's instructions. LPS at sub-lethal dose of 1 µg/mL was used as positive control. Alternatively, real-time PCR on cDNA was carried out in an Applied Biosystems ViiA 7 real-time PCR machine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA) using SYBR Green assays (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The PCR primers were as follows: 5′-TTCGACACATGGGATAACGAGG-3′ and 5′-TTTTTGCTGTGAGTCCCGGAG-3′ for human IL-1β; 5′-ACTGAGAGTGATTGAGAGTGGAC-3′ and 5′-AACCCTCTGCACCCAGTTTTC-3′ for human IL-8; 5′-GAGGCCAAGCCCTGGTATG-3′ and 5′-CGGGCCGATTGATCTCAGC-3′ for human TNF-α; 5′-CAGCCAGATGCAATCAATGCC-3′ and 5′-TGGAATCCTGAACCCACTTCT-3′ for human MCP-1.
5.7. Western Blot Analysis {#sec5dot7-toxins-11-00694}
--------------------------
THP-1 cells were incubated with α-MMC (40 μg/mL) for indicated time intervals and the level of ERK, p-ERK, IκBα, p65, IL-1β, JNK, p-JNK, p38, p-p38 proteins in the whole-cell lysates and p65 protein in the nuclei were assayed by Western blotting as previously described \[[@B46-toxins-11-00694]\]. Densitometric analysis of Western blots is shown in [Supplementary Materials (Figures S1--S5)](#app1-toxins-11-00694){ref-type="app"}.
5.8. Animal Treatments {#sec5dot8-toxins-11-00694}
----------------------
Male ICR mice were obtained from the Chinese University of Hong Kong and kept under normal condition. Mice were randomly assigned to five groups (*n* = 4) and administered with saline, LPS (10 mg/kg, positive control), α-MMC (6 mg/kg), TPCA-1 (15 mg/kg), or α-MMC/TPCA-1 combination intragastrically (i.g.) for three constitutive days. At the end of treatment, retro-orbital blood samplings under anesthesia were performed and blood was collected. Blood samples were then centrifuged for 10 min at 2000× *g*. Then, serum was isolated, aliquoted and kept at −80 °C. The cytokines' concentrations in mouse serum were determined by mouse ELISA Kit (eBioscience). The animal experiment was performed under the animal guideline of Hong Kong Baptist University (Permission number: HASC/12-13/0010, Date of approval: 01-04-2013) and Declaration of Helsinki and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the US National Institutes of Health). All animal experiments were performed under the principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement).
5.9. Statistical Analysis {#sec5dot9-toxins-11-00694}
-------------------------
Software Origin 6.0 was employed for analyzing the statistical data (Origin, Northampton, MA, USA). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation of three independent studies. Unpaired Student's *t* tests were carried out and *p*-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
We thank the technical staff in the School of Chinese Medicine---Hong Kong Baptist University for expertise in all experiments.
Information below is available online at <https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/12/694/s1>, Figure S1: Densitometry values for [Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}A. Densitometry data for the IkBα and p65 (with normalization to actinin or PCNA and their vehicle control) are presented below every lane, Figure S2: Densitometry values for [Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}B. Densitometry data of IL-1β (with normalization to actinin their vehicle control) are presented below every lane, Figure S3: Densitometry values for [Figure 3](#toxins-11-00694-f003){ref-type="fig"}C. Densitometry values for the p65 levels (with normalization to PCNA and the corresponding vehicle control) are presented below every lane, Figure S4: Densitometry values for [Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}A. Densitometry data of the p-JNK, p-38 and p-ERK levels (with normalization to JNK, p38 and ERK respectively and their corresponding vehicle control) are presented below every lane, Figure S5: Densitometry values for [Figure 4](#toxins-11-00694-f004){ref-type="fig"}B. Densitometry data of IL-1β (with normalization to actinin their corresponding vehicle control) are presented below every lane. Figure S6: DNA-nuclease activity of α-MMC towards plasmid pCMV6. DNA-nuclease activity analysis was performed according to method described previously \[[@B33-toxins-11-00694]\] and the plasmid cleaving effect was investigated by DNA gel electrophoresis with GelRed. Plasmid pCMV6 was degraded when it was co-incubated with increasing concentrations of α-MMC (from 0 to 4 μg). To further confirm that the role of Mg2+ ions in the DNA cleaving effect, EDTA containing assay reagents were employed. The cleaving effect of α-MMC was rescued under EDTA treatment, indicating that magnesium metal had an essential role in the α-MMC-induced DNA cleaving effect.
######
Click here for additional data file.
Conceptualization, A.K.-W.T.; Data curation, Y.-J.C., J.-Q.Z., A.K.-W.T. and S.K.-W.L.; Formal analysis, Y.-J.C., A.K.-W.T., X.-Q.F., T.S., T.L., H.G., P.-L.Z., and H.Y.; Funding acquisition, A.K.-W.T.; Investigation, A.K.-W.T. and X.-Q.F.; Methodology, A.K.-W.T.; Project administration, Y.-J.C., A.K.-W.T., X.-Q.F., and S.K.-W.L.; Supervision, A.K.-W.T. and Z.-L.Y.; Writing---original draft, A.K.-W.T.; Writing---review and editing, A.K.-W.T., X.-Q.F., and Z.-L.Y.
This work was supported by the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong \[HMRF 11122441, 15163441\]; United International College Research Grant \[2019--2020, Cat.II\]; Hong Kong Baptist University \[FRG1/16-17/048 and FRG2/17-18/032\]; the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong \[GRF 12125116\]; the National Natural Science Foundation of China \[NSFC 81673649\]; the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation \[GDNSF 2016A030313007\]; and the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen \[JCYJ20160229210327924, JCYJ20170817173608483, JCYJ20180305123513346\].
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#toxins-11-00694-f001}
{#toxins-11-00694-f002}
{#toxins-11-00694-f003}
{#toxins-11-00694-f004}
{#toxins-11-00694-f005}
toxins-11-00694-t001_Table 1
######
Profiling of recombinant α-MMC-induced inflammatory responses using inflammatory and autoimmunity PCR Array. THP-1 cells were treated with vehicle control, α-MMC (40 μg/mL) or LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Results are shown as the fold-change compared to control group. The upregulated genes with fold change \>2 are shown. N/A = fold change \<2. Results are representative of two independent experiments.
Symbol Upregulated Gene Expression
-------- ------------------------------------------------ -------- ---------
BCL6 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 4.42 8.02
C3 complement C3 13.58 15.79
C3AR1 complement C3a receptor 1 6.58 14.09
CCL11 C-C motif chemokine ligand 11 N/A 3.91
CCL13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 13 14.79 35.68
CCL16 C-C motif chemokine ligand 16 N/A 4.73
CCL19 C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 N/A 8.44
CCL2 C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 79.86 435.64
CCL3 C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 36.62 188.18
CCL4 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 112.39 806.76
CCL5 C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 N/A 2.78
CCL7 C-C motif chemokine ligand 7 9.93 18.16
CCL8 C-C motif chemokine ligand 8 8.58 23.23
CCR4 C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 N/A 2.99
CCR7 C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 11.47 106.82
CD14 CD14 molecule 3.98 22.67
CD40 CD40 molecule 8.89 9.11
CSF1 colony stimulating factor 1 N/A 2.09
CXCL1 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 27.92 55.1
CXCL10 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 100.52 172.33
CXCL2 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 29.89 57.36
CXCL3 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 17.37 24.9
CXCL6 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 6.41 9.84
CXCL9 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 14.82 76.48
FASLG Fas ligand 3.32 N/A
IFNG interferon gamma 5.77 2.45
IL10 interleukin 10 N/A 7.81
IL15 interleukin 15 2.74 5.62
IL17A interleukin 17A N/A 2.45
IL1A interleukin 1 alpha 4.14 5.8
IL1B interleukin 1 beta 60.4 314.3
IL1R1 interleukin 1 receptor type 1 N/A 2.76
IL1RN interleukin 1 receptor antagonist 3.37 8.5
IL22 interleukin 22 3.18 5.36
IL23A interleukin 23 subunit alpha 8.46 39.64
IL6 interleukin 6 187.71 3140.98
CXCL8 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 135.62 186.63
IL9 interleukin 9 N/A 4.19
LTA lymphotoxin alpha 7.14 3.55
LTB lymphotoxin beta 2.57 6.95
LY96 lymphocyte antigen 96 5.56 13.53
MYD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88 2.79 3.14
NFKB1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 4.65 4.14
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 3.06 5.77
RIPK2 receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 N/A 2.01
SELE selectin E N/A 8.25
TLR1 toll like receptor 1 5.38 5.75
TLR3 toll like receptor 3 4.24 8.76
TLR6 toll like receptor 6 3.81 3.34
TLR7 toll like receptor 7 4.6 6.17
TNF tumor necrosis factor 3.73 12.58
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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The militarization of US domestic local police departments.
A police chief once told Radley Balko the best way to pick a SWAT team. He told Balko you ask for volunteers and write their names down. Then you make sure those people are never on the team.
"Those are the last guys you want," the chief told Balko.
Balko, the investigative journalist and Huffington Post columnist who moved to Nashville from Washington, D.C., three years ago, says he is neither anti-SWAT nor anti-police. But he argues there is a time and place when that kind of force is appropriate — and with disturbing and increasing frequency, that line is being blurred.
In a troubling new book called Rise of the Warrior Cop, Balko tackles a subject of growing controversy in communities across the United States: the militarization of police forces. Drones, enormous armored transports, Army-issued helicopters — equipment manufactured for and used by the U.S. military in times of war is finding its way more and more into the SWAT teams of police departments across the country.
"This is just gear that was not designed for use in a civilian, domestic environment. It was designed for use on a battlefield," Balko says. "When you put on garb that was designed for a soldier to wear, it can and often does give you the mentality of a soldier or encourage you to assume that mentality."
Rise of the Warrior Cop recounts instances of botched raids from across the country. For one of many shocking examples, see this excerpt from the book, courtesy of PublicAffairs. Balko also traces the evolution of policing as a profession and the rise of the SWAT team from its origins in the civil unrest of the 1960s. "In most cities, the percentage of the police force that was white was completely disproportionate to the percentage of the cities that were white," Balko says, "and so increasingly you had police departments that couldn't identify with the people they were policing and that were psychologically isolated, physically isolated." Black demonstrators were seen not as fellow U.S. citizens deserving of the same constitutional and police protections but as enemy combatants whom the SWAT teams were formed to fight against.
"Then you have these riots going on and the racial divide," Balko says, "so I think that really was the start of this kind of battlefield mentality."
Rise of the Warrior Cop follows the entrenchment and intensification of that mentality, and Balko posits that the legalization of medical marijuana in California marks the real turning point in the misuse and overuse of SWAT teams. The deployment of these units in response to search warrants for marijuana as a part of the War on Drugs served as a way for the government to send a message to the people about how serious they were about this abstract war, Balko says, "regardless of whether those crimes actually present a threat to the community."
"In a free society, I think this is one of the more terrifying aspects of this trend, when the government starts using force to make political points. Until then, they had claimed that this kind of force was necessary because the drug dealers they were raiding were violent people who are ridiculously well-armed and love to shoot cops. There is reason to doubt all of those claims, but at least they were pretending," Balko says. "When they stopped pretending and started raiding hippie mom and pop medical marijuana dispensaries, that's when it got pretty scary."
Scary or not, the militarized police might have remained obscured in the shadows of the drug war had they not been drawn out into the streets by a new generation of rioters who were different in important ways from the ones who had inspired the formation of the first SWAT teams three decades earlier.
"I think what really got publishers interested in my book was the crackdown on the Occupy protests," Balko says. "Now you have basically upper-middle-class white kids that are getting beaten up, and these are kids who know how to stream video, know how to use social media to get the word out. ... They had some advantages that people who these tactics have traditionally been used against didn't have. It drew a lot of attention to the issue that otherwise wouldn't have gone to it."
But while the Occupy Nashville protests — or at least Gov. Bill Haslam's ad hoc dismantling of them — made national headlines, there is no mention of Tennessee in Rise of the Warrior Cop. Balko says he made a vow to himself when he moved here not to "do any bomb-throwing in my backyard." And while that declaration could be problematic if Nashville were a glaring example of jacked-up police power, a variety of sources corroborate that the Metro Nashville Police Department has done a decent job of staying committed to its goal of resisting a militarized mentality.
Even so, MNPD has procured its share of military gear from the federal government, including an armored vehicle, an MKII boat, a Zodiac inflatable raft, night vision cameras, M14 rifles, .45 caliber handguns and other "miscellaneous items" such as sleeping bags, cots, and camping gear.
Capt. Dhana Jones of the Special Operations Division asserts that despite the SWAT and Special Response teams using retired military equipment, "the officers aren't out in military gear or looking anything like the military." Jones says that Nashville's SWAT team has a "high level of integrity and professionalism." The SWAT team has 21 volunteer officers from across the department who go through an intense application and training process to become qualified members of the team. There are two training sessions each month that SWAT team members must attend. Jones says there are "special operating procedures we must abide by." For example, the department has a legal advisor who goes on scene with the SWAT team to ensure that everything they do "has legal standing." That advisor is also a practicing attorney.
"In Nashville," Jones asserts, "checks and balances are in place to mitigate a situation with as little force as possible and no mistakes."
The numbers appear to bear that out. In 2012, Nashville's SWAT team was deployed 120 times. Only 16 of these 120 included the entire SWAT team responding to barricaded subjects, in one instance with a hostage. The rest were "limited call-outs" where only part of the SWAT team was deployed: 36 for high-risk search warrants, 45 for equipment displays at community events, 18 for assignments such as training provisions, dignitary protection, high-risk arrests and special event response teams. So far in 2013 the SWAT team has been deployed 76 times. Only five of these have necessitated the full SWAT team, for barricaded subjects. None of these deployments appear on the CATO Institute's interactive map of "Botched Paramilitary Police Raids." There are six cases in Tennessee, the earliest from 1997 and the latest in 2004. Most involve the death of innocent people because of overeager SWAT teams that entered the wrong house. None of them happened in Metro Nashville. The closest occurred in 2000 in Lebanon, Tenn. — where the police own a seven-ton LAV-150 Commando reconnaissance vehicle. Four of the six botched SWAT raids in Tennessee were for drug warrants, something the Nashville SWAT team does not respond to except for "high-risk" instances where the suspect is thought to have weapons or known to be violent.
"It is true that at one point there was a lot of focus on military tactics adopted by the police," says Sgt. Robert Weaver, the Fraternal Order of Police president of Nashville's Lodge 5, "but recently most police departments have tried to embrace a community policing approach."
Both Jones and Weaver emphasize that they and their fellow police officers are citizens of this country, though perhaps it is easy for the public to forget that.
"We're citizen police officers," Weaver says. "We live and work in the community we serve. Most police officers are very aware and attuned to not wanting to live in a police state themselves. Despite the uniforms and despite the equipment, we're all just residents."
That equipment is changing, though. Along with its hand-me-down military gear, MNPD also recently received two Draganflyer X6 unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, from a Department of Homeland Security grant. Kris Mumford, spokeswoman for the Metro Nashville Police Department, tells the Scene these six-rotor UAVs are not yet being used, as "the police department is still working on deployment strategies and usage plans that have to be approved by the chain of command." The Freedom From Unwarranted Surveillance Act, signed by Haslam on May 20, mandates that these drones cannot be used without a search warrant, with some exceptions. The same is true, in theory, of SWAT teams. Balko's book, due July 9, serves as a collection of cautionary tales about trusting such protections on their face.
Law enforcement see themselves as brothers in arms against a common enemy: you. They suit up every day for war. Gone are the days of peace officers who interacted with a community they felt part of. Now it's all busting heads in the name of righteous justice.
The laws they enforced were written for them, and any seeming violation of those various laws and regulations is seen as a personal slight.
As the state is trying its level best to assure its agents are the only ones allowed to protect themselves with firearms, you can't even call them heroes. They are relatively unaccountable and they have the power to remove your freedom at a whim.
Cops have to realize that they are the janitors of society; we expect them to clean up the mess that some members of society cause. And to you who believe the “nothing to hide, nothing to fear” argument about the NSA. Get it through your head that you are only free so long as no one in power decides you shouldn’t be and that it's not difficult to run afoul of one of them.
Trust me, Bremer is even worse as an artist than he was as a ruler of Iraq.
As the de facto ruler of Iraq, American diplomat Paul Bremer found himself the target of assassination attempts as he tried to get the country back on its feet following the 2003 invasion.
Succeeding Saddam Hussein as leader of a country broken by decades of tyranny and war amid the growing insurgency against U.S. troops made his job as head of the Coalition Provisional Authority arguably the most stressful in the world.
Today, life is very different for Bremer. And like the president who sent U.S. troops into Iraq, Bremer has taken up painting.Bremer, a youthful 72, studied history of art and history at college, but had never actually tried to paint until about 2008.
He is modest about his skills – and insists his former boss George W. Bush is the better artist -- but he has held several exhibitions and said his work fetches up to $800.
You want better art than Bremer’s best, keep your eye out for some work displayed at a corner gas station, preferably on velvet. All under $35.
The Turkish government’s spin doctors have linked the recent protests to cyber attacks and historical cases of secular dissent to silence anti-government demonstrators.
BY ECE TEMELKURAN PUBLISHED 05 JULY 2013 14:17
The latest joke among members of the Turkish protest movement is that they are “soldiers of the intergalactic coup lobby”. But it’s not just for fun; their humour is a response to what the Turkish government’s spin doctors are saying about the protesters, whose camps in Istanbul and elsewhere have been cleared forcibly by police in the past few weeks.
When the spin doctors claimed that Turkey was about to face a cyber attack, and that the anti-government demonstrations were linked to it, the protesters had no option but to mock their reasoning. But the government’s response is becoming increasingly sophisticated – and it’s not all so easy to laugh off.
“There are the names of nine illegal organisations in my criminal charge, Your Honour. Are you going to pick one for me or am I supposed to choose?” Those were the words of one young protester hauled before a court last month. Since protests began at the end of May – initially over the destruction of Gezi Park in Taksim Square but soon spreading from Istanbul to the rest of the country – thousands of people have been arrested. The charges vary from “joining illegal demonstrations” to “being a member of a terrorist organisation”. The justice system, which in Turkey is politicised, has increased the pressure on demonstrators.
On 22 June the government announced that prosecutors will link the protests to “Sledgehammer”, an alleged secularist coup plot that dates back to 2003 and has led since then to the prosecution of thousands of army personnel. Linking the 2013 protests to this case – even though both secularists and islamists were on the streets to voice their discontent with the Erdogan government – is a way to discredit the movement. Similarly politicised cases have been used to silence secular politicians and Kurdish activists over the past ten years.
While some protesters are brought before judges, others face physical violence. Since the protest camps were cleared, activists have been meeting in public parks in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir in the evenings to discuss what they have been through and how the action should continue.
Recently three of these forums have been attacked by young, government-supporting thugs who then took to Twitter to declare that they were proud of what they had done. They operate with sticks and knives, and preferably in dark alleys. Somehow, the police seem unable to stop them. Elsewhere, vocal critics of the government, including myself, have been singled out by establishment newspapers, or by supporters of the governing Justice and Development (AK) Party, as “provocateurs”.
Clumsy indictments and the intergalactic coup lobby can be regarded as a joke. But as the days pass, we’re not sure how much longer we’ll be able to carry on laughing.
--------------
Ece Temelkuran is a novelist and political commentator based in Istanbul
However, 70% of Egyptians don’t want their government to take US aid. Wow, could we make that a double?
CAIRO — As rival camps of Egyptians protest for and against the toppling of President Mohamed Morsi, there is a rare point of agreement: America is to blame.
Anti-Americanism, which has long been an undercurrent here, is erupting again as Egyptians battle over the future of their country. Each side accuses the United States of backing the other and alleges conspiracies in which the Obama administration is secretly fostering dissent in an attempt to weaken Egypt.
It's a damned if you do, damned if you don't quagmire in which the U.S. appears to have alienated both sides, underscoring waning American influence and credibility as it attempts to navigate the turmoil.
Islamists at a large pro-Morsi rally Friday afternoon questioned how the U.S. — which claims to stand for the rule of law and free elections — could so quickly abandon Egypt's first democratically elected president and fail to condemn, or even acknowledge, Wednesday's military coup.
"The morals of America are not being reflected in their politics toward Egypt," said Sharif Hegazy, 37, who manages the Cairo office of a U.S. company he preferred not to name. "Because of its past support for [deposed President Hosni] Mubarak, America has always been seen as a veiled enemy. Now they are just waiting to see which side will win. That's not ethical. The U.S. should support the election."
Though U.S. officials and analysts say American influence in Egypt is increasingly limited, many Morsi supporters are convinced that a U.S. hand is at work behind the scenes in the country's recent troubles. A common viewpoint expressed on the streets is that the Obama administration worked with the Egyptian army to cause power outages, fuel shortages and other problems that soured public support for Morsi.
The deposed president's supporters complain that the U.S. never supported Morsi because of his roots in the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood.
“The U.S. silence [to Morsi’s ouster] proves that the U.S. has always been against political Islam, even when political Islam arises through democratic means,” said Mohamed El Sayad, 40, a Cairo father of three.
{…}Sheik Abdel Khalea Fahmi, 33, struggling to be heard over buzzing military helicopters that protesters say were sent to intimidate pro-Morsi crowds, saw an even more devious U.S. conspiracy. Mindful of the rising anti-American sentiment, he said the United States pretended to embrace Morsi's government as a way of discrediting him.
"It was part of the U.S. plot to support Morsi so that the people would turn against him," Fahmi said.
Just a few miles away in Tahrir Square, anti-Morsi protesters insist the U.S. is on the ousted president's side, just as Washington supported Mubarak. They have been holding up signs reading "Obama supports terrorism" and pictures of U.S. Ambassador Anne Patterson with an "X" mark.
Now many of the young Egyptians whom Obama tried to reach out to in his landmark 2009 speech here view the U.S. president as a hypocrite.
"America is using the Muslim Brotherhood to impose the kind of order they want to create a new Middle East, which would guarantee Israel's security and U.S. interests," said Ahmed Salam, 20, a law student and member of the Rebel movement, which organized the massive protest Sunday that helped bring down Morsi.
"The U.S. isn't listening to the people," he said, speaking from a tent in the middle of Tahrir Square.
Much of their anger has been focused on Patterson, ambassador since 2011. She infuriated anti-Morsi activists last month by saying she was "deeply skeptical" about calls to use street protests to unseat Morsi, adding that elections are a better route. She also explained U.S. support of Morsi by noting that he was the nation's democratically elected leader.
After that, activists used a variety of foul language to describe Patterson and called for her to be kicked out of the country. Anti-Morsi protesters say such criticism is justified because the U.S. failed to speak out more aggressively when Morsi was accused of cracking down on political opponents, journalists and judges.
"It's not only about elections," said Mohammed Farahat, 27, an advertising account manager. "Hitler was elected too. It bothers me that the U.S. presents itself as a peacemaker, but then they supports a fascist regime like Morsi's."
Asked whether he was worried that the United States might cut off $1.3 billion in annual aid to Egypt, Farahat said his country could do fine without it, a statement that seemed to ignore Egypt's deep economic troubles. A 2011 Gallup poll found that 70% of Egyptians were opposed to their country accepting further American assistance.
"I'm tired of being threatened with losing our aid," he said. “How many times can they play that card?”
The two common threads that link the various mass protests are economic growth and an increasingly empowered citizenry of a globalised world able to raise its voice against poor governance. Liberalised economies have opened the door to capital seeking profitable investment opportunities. Those with the power to grant those rights or directly profit from the opening have emerged the major winners of globalisation. The same globalisation that spawned educated and skilled middle class, also empowered them with new tools.
Armed with Facebook, Twitter and YouTube the upper strata of the middle class can organise flash mobs in Delhi's India Gate, Istanbul's Taksim Square and Tahrir Square in Cairo. Of course, without a clear platform or organisation such inchoate anti-government protests often fizzle out after minor victory. Most often, interest groups, like the military in Egypt, take advantage of the protests but they still advance the agenda for reform and put the powers on notice about the peril of business as usual.
Get ready to be interrupted again and again by an angry middle class that will take to the streets — the new normal.
POTISKUM, Nigeria (AP) -- Islamic militants attacked a boarding school in northeast Nigeria before dawn Saturday, killing 29 students and one teacher. Some of the pupils were burned alive in the latest school attack blamed on a radical terror group, survivors said.
Parents screamed in anguish as they tried to identify the charred and gunshot victims.
Farmer Malam Abdullahi found the bodies of two of his sons, a 10-year-old shot in the back as he apparently tried to run away, and a 12-year-old shot in the chest.
"That's it, I'm taking my other boys out of school," he told The Associated Press as he wept over the two corpses. He said he had three younger children in a nearby school.
Magnificent Ronald and the Founding Fathers of al Qaeda
“These gentlemen are the moral equivalents of America’s founding fathers.” — Ronald Reagan while introducing the Mujahideen leaders to media on the White house lawns (1985). During Reagan’s 8 years in power, the CIA secretly sent billions of dollars of military aid to the mujahedeen in Afghanistan in a US-supported jihad against the Soviet Union. We repeated the insanity with ISIS against Syria.
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Jonathan Stewart is entering the final year of his rookie contract with the Carolina Panthers, but the former first-round pick out of Oregon hopes it's not his last season in Charlotte.
Rapoport: What's the holdup?
The new CBA was supposed to make rookie deals easy. Why are most of the top picks unsigned?
Ian Rapoport explains.
More ...
Despite starting just 13 games in his four seasons with the Panthers, running back Jonathan Stewart has led the team in rushing in two of the past three seasons and logged more playing time than backfield mate DeAngelo Williams last season (577 snaps to 447, according to official playing-time documents).
One look at Williams' five-year, $43 million contract, Cam Newton's involvement in the running game (70 designed running plays in 2012, including 33 in the red zone, according to Football Outsiders Almanac 2012) and the arrival of Mike Tolbert on a four-year, $10 million contract this offseason casts doubt over Stewart's long-term future with the team, but a return is not impossible.
After this season, none of the three years and $18 million remaining on Williams' is guaranteed. With Williams turning 30 next April, the Panthers could release the older back and go with Stewart, who doesn't turn 26 until next March.
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Q:
Consulta com filtro java android sqlite
public ArrayList<Contato> filtrar(String filtro) {
ArrayList<Contato> contatoArray = new ArrayList<>();
//Consulta que traz todos dados de todas colunas
Cursor cursor = database.query(BaseDAO.TABELA_AGENDA, BaseDAO.COLUNAS_TABELA_AGENDA, null, null, null, null, BaseDAO.CONTATO_NOME);
cursor.moveToFirst();
while(!cursor.isAfterLast()) {
Contato c = new Contato();
if (cursor.getString(1).equalsIgnoreCase(filtro) || cursor.getString(3).equalsIgnoreCase(filtro)) {
c.setId(cursor.getInt(0));
c.setNome(cursor.getString(1));
c.setTelefone(cursor.getString(2));
c.setEmpresa(cursor.getString(3));
c.setBrunko(cursor.getInt(4) == 1);
c.setCarter(cursor.getInt(5) == 1);
c.setFortmetal(cursor.getInt(6) == 1);
c.setNdflex(cursor.getInt(7) == 1);
c.setNotus(cursor.getInt(8) == 1);
c.setMerco(cursor.getInt(9) == 1);
c.setMetan(cursor.getInt(10) == 1);
c.setRiosulense(cursor.getInt(11) == 1);
c.setYming(cursor.getInt(12) == 1);
c.setMesContato(cursor.getInt(13));
c.setAnoContato(cursor.getString(14));
contatoArray.add(c);
}
cursor.moveToNext();
}
cursor.close();
return contatoArray;
}
Meu código aparentemente está correto com o Log.d() consegui os valores de filtro, cursor.getString(1) e cursor.getString(3) que são os mesmos, por exemplo "Teste Nome", "Teste Nome" e "Teste Empresa", porém eles não entram no if() o que está errado?
A:
Pelos Log percebi que as variáveis cadastradas estavam ganhado um espaço no final delas então uma variável "x" por exemplo ficava "x ", por isso não funcionava o if()
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Mutagenic activity of selenium compounds.
The mutagenicities of selenate (SeO2/4-) and selenite (SeO2/3-) were determined by two bacterial assay systems: Kada's rec-assay and Ames's Salmonella test. In both assays, these compounds were found to be weak mutagens. In the Salmonella test, selenate (0.05 revertants/nmole) and selenite (0.2 revertants/nmole) gave rise to base-pair substitution.
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Overexpression of calpastatin inhibits L8 myoblast fusion.
The formation of skeletal muscle fibers involves cessation of myoblast division, myoblast alignment, and fusion to multinucleated myofibers. Calpain is one of the factors shown to be involved in myoblast fusion. Using L8 rat myoblasts, we found that calpain levels did not change significantly during myoblast differentiation, whereas calpastatin diminished prior to myoblast fusion and reappeared after fusion. The transient diminution in calpastatin allows the Ca2+-promoted activation of calpain and calpain-induced membrane proteolysis, which is required for myoblast fusion. Here we show that calpastatin overexpression in L8 myoblasts does not inhibit cell proliferation and alignment, but prevents myoblast fusion and fusion-associated protein degradation. In addition, calpastatin appears to modulate myogenic gene expression, as indicated by the lack of myogenin (a transcription factor expressed in differentiating myoblasts) in myoblasts overexpressing calpastatin. These results suggest that, in addition to the role in membrane disorganization in the fusing myoblasts, the calpain-calpastatin system may also modulate the levels of factors required for myoblast differentiation.
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Determinants of esophageal acid clearance in normal subjects.
In this study, we evaluated factors that affect esophageal acid clearance in normal subjects. A 15-ml bolus of 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) was injected into the esophagus, and the subject then swallowed every 30 s. Manometric and pH monitoring demonstrated that esophageal acid clearance occurred by a series of step increases in pH, each associated with a swallow-induced peristaltic sequence. Between peristaltic sequences, pH increase was minimal. Saliva stimulation by oral lozenge greatly improved acid clearance, while oral aspiration of saliva abolished the step increases in esophageal pH and markedly delayed acid clearance. Replacement of aspirated saliva with a bicarbonate solution reproduced the step increases in esophageal pH and restored acid clearance toward normal, while replacement with water alone failed to improve acid clearance. Similar to the effect of the oral lozenge, bethanechol (5 mg subcutaneously) improved esophageal acid clearance, but this improvement was reversed by oral aspiration of saliva, which markedly delayed acid clearance. A change from the recumbent to the sitting position tended to improve acid clearance slightly, but this improvement was not statistically significant. We concluded that in normal subjects (a) swallowing carries saliva into the esophagus and peristalsis empties intraesophageal fluid into the stomach, (b) the neutralization of acid by saliva carried into the esophagus with each swallow accounts for the occurrence of acid clearance by step increases in pH, (c) the improvement in acid clearance with bethanechol is due to saliva stimulation, and (d) gravity contributes little to esophageal acid clearance in the presence of normal peristaltic stripping waves.
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One man has been arrested after two pedestrians were struck in the Entertainment District Saturday afternoon.
Officers were called to King Street West and Spadina Avenue just before 1:30 p.m.
Paramedics tell CityNews they are treating two patients on the scene. They are being taking to hospital with serious, but non-life-threatening injuries.
The driver also hit several muskoka chairs on the sidewalk.
Police confirm to CityNews the man was taken into custody on suspicion of drinking and driving.
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Typing of Amerindian Kichwas and Mestizos from Ecuador with the SNPforID multiplex.
A total of 119 unrelated individuals from two of the major ethnic groups in Ecuador were typed for 49 of the autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SNPforID 52plex using the SNapShot(®) assay. Of the above, 42 samples originated from Mestizos (an admixed population) and the remaining 77 were from Native Amerindian Kichwas. We obtained full SNP profiles in all individuals and concordance of duplicated analyses. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for any SNP in the Mestizo and Kichwa populations and only one and four pairs of loci, respectively showed significant linkage disequilibrium. A relatively low genetic diversity and global positive F(IS) value was observed in Kichwas. A statistically significant global F(ST) value was obtained when the two Ecuadorian populations were compared with populations in Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Denmark, Greenland, China, Somalia and Mozambique. All pairwise F(ST) values were statistically significant. A multi-dimensional scaling based on pairwise F(ST) values showed that the Kichwa population differed from all other populations investigated and that the Mestizos had an intermediate position between Kichwas and Europeans. An admixture analysis indicated that the greater contributor to the Mestizo population was the Kichwas (71.2%) compared to the European contribution. The combined mean match probability and mean paternity exclusion probability were 3.3 × 10(-17) and 0.998, respectively, for the Mestizo population and 3.3 × 10(-14) and 0.993, respectively, for the Kichwa population.
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La Licorne
La Licorne () or Cahiers de La Licorne/Cuadernos de la Licorne was a literary magazine founded by Uruguayan poet Susana Soca, which produced three issues in Paris in Spring 1947, Autumn 1948, and Winter 1948.
A follow-on publication, Entregas de la licorne, was launched in Montevideo in 1953 under editor Ángel Rama.
References
Category:1947 establishments in France
Category:1948 disestablishments in France
Category:Defunct literary magazines of Europe
Category:Defunct magazines of France
Category:French-language magazines
Category:French literary magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1947
Category:Magazines disestablished in 1948
Category:Magazines published in Paris
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Tickets
10 films for $50 with punch card
$8 general admission. $7 w/UCB student ID, $7 for senior citizens
$1 discount to anyone with a bike helmet
Free on your birthday! CU Film Students get in free.
Parking
Pay lot 360 (now only $1/hour!), across from the buffalo statue and next to the Duane Physics tower, is closest to Muenzinger. Free parking can be found after 5pm at the meters along Colorado Ave east of Folsom stadium and along University Ave west of Macky.
The Armstrong Lie
Hall-of-Famer Michael Aisner in Person! • Muenzinger Auditorium
With Michael Aisner in person! Aisner was the Coors Classic race director and a cycling hall of famer who lived through much of what is captured on film in this riveting documentary about Lance Armstrong.
In some ways, Lance Armstrong is a familiar American type. A handsome man, he has strong, regular features, a ready smile, a finely honed, slender body; he also has an unblinking military gaze that would melt a steel girder. As he admits, in Alex Gibney’s documentary “The Armstrong Lie,” his life has been damaged by the need to win every encounter, be it personal or professional. Armstrong lied until it was impossible for him to lie anymore, and Gibney’s movie unexpectedly hinges on that moment. Seven-time winner of the Tour de France, world-famous exemplar of physical courage (he survived testicular cancer in his twenties), Armstrong, having beaten back countless accusations that he was doping, retired in 2005. But in 2009 he attempted a comeback. The point was to prove that he was “clean,” and to validate his earlier titles by winning another. Gibney, usually a skeptical liberal filmmaker (“Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room” and “Taxi to the Dark Side”), was determined to make a positive movie about an American hero. During the 2009 Tour de France, he joined Armstrong’s entourage with a camera crew. Armstrong, as it turned out, didn’t win; he finished third. And in 2010 fresh accusations were made against him. Cornered, he finally confessed to Oprah Winfrey, last January, that he had been doping since the nineteen-nineties. Gibney then reshuffled his footage and put himself, as a self-confessed patsy, in the movie. “The Armstrong Lie” goes on forever, perhaps because Gibney can’t believe that, like everyone else, he’s been had. Again and again, he looks for elements of moral clarity (never mind remorse) in Armstrong, and the cyclist looks back at Gibney (and at us) as if he were a fool. His attitude is: Don’t you get it?
What we don’t get is how often winners will do whatever it takes to win. Gibney interviews Armstrong’s former teammates, who say that, in the nineties, many cyclists were doping, and that they had no choice but to do the same if they were to maintain a competitive edge. An event like the Tour de France is mostly “suffering”—a three-week slog through the Alps and other difficult terrain. Doping increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, delaying the moment when the muscles become exhausted and quit. Armstrong, like many others, took testosterone and the drug EPO. He also refreshed his own blood now and then, transporting the elixir to various tournaments and transfusing it back into his depleted system. (Gibney speculates that he withdrew blood after cycling in the Rockies.) One of the greatest athletes in the world became a kind of ghoul, feeding on his own body.
For Armstrong, success creates its own benediction, absolution, and redemption; after all, as he reminds Gibney, his victories and his personal story brought extraordinary levels of attention and money to the cycling world—competitors, cycling associations, bike manufacturers, media coverage. Many people benefitted from his victories. From our point of view, however, it’s hard to overstate his cynicism. The bitterest parts of Gibney’s movie are the interviews with the former teammates who were caught doping, and whom Armstrong, when he was still officially clean, viciously turned on. These men took the fall. In competition, they literally covered for him—providing protection from wind resistance by riding around him until he could burst from the pack at the last minute to win. For most of his professional life, Armstrong lived in a safety zone created by others. Gibney doesn’t get much out of him; his admissions are as brief, bald, and dismissive as his lies. What’s most alive in him is his contempt for “dickheads”—anyone who has ever held him responsible for anything. The most determined person in the movie, apart from Armstrong, is Betsy Andreu, whose husband, the cyclist Frankie Andreu, was an Armstrong teammate and a victim. She told the truth about Armstrong under subpoena, and refused to be rattled when she was attacked by him and his supporters. In front of Gibney’s camera, she’s both defiant and regretful. Armstrong’s fierce desire to predominate created fear and loyalty. In Betsy Andreu, he seems to have met his match.
The Armstrong Lie
Looking for a gift for a friend?
Buy a Frequent Patron Punch Card for $50 at any IFS show.
With the punch card you can see ten films (an $80 value).
Tickets
IFS tickets are only available at the door on day of show. With 400 seats and
rare sell-outs, by arriving a bit early you're almost certainly guaranteed a
seat. We're happy to save seats for anyone traveling from afar--just let us
know how many people are in your group by email. Tickets go on sale 30 minutes
before showtime.
IFS screens films in Muenzinger
Auditorium, west of Folsom Football Stadium. First Person Cinema events screen
in the VAC basement auditorium on select Mondays. Celebrating Stan screens
in ATLAS 100. Admission (unless otherwise noted): $8 general admission, $7 w/UCB student ID,
$7 for senior citizens. We give a $1
discount to anyone with a bike helmet, and you can see movies for free on
your birthday, or if you are assisting someone in a wheelchair. Credit cards
are accepted at the door
If you want to be
guaranteed a seat please arrive early. Tickets go on sale 30 minutes
before showtime.
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The City That Had Too Much Money - prostoalex
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-10-20/vancouver-is-drowning-in-chinese-money
======
sonnyblarney
Canada generally exports natural resources, and not much else besides
assembled cars that we don't design. (We don't have a lot of high valued
exports - highlighted by the odd trading relationship Canada has with China:
they buy natural resources, and we buy finished goods from them, which is the
opposite of most 'wealthy v. upcoming' trading relationships. Of course China
overall is wealthy but per capita it's not)
But what Canada does maybe the best in the world is 'boring, stable
governance' \- which is what so many people want.
If the environmentalists would have it ... and I was King ... I would carve
out an area on Vancouver Island and make it basically like Singapore - an open
city state, that Canada manages, but basically for expats from anywhere.
Anybody can come, keep their homeland citizenships, and live in a super above
bar and stable regime. There'd be a few extra rules here and there, and they
wouldn't be citizens - but they'd get what they want.
This way you avoid the massively disruptive socioeconomic issues, and you can
actually possibly create industry and a new kind of financial sector, and
maybe a few added taxes to boot. Win Win Win all around. All complexities
aside, BC residents would protest it to death merely on environmental grounds.
~~~
iguy
"boring, stable governance" as an export industry is a good observation. I
think this is true of other places too, for example in London both the top-end
property market, and arguably the City, are doing exactly this.
It would be nice if they could figure out how to export this with fewer side
effects. I don't quite know whether a city-state Vancouver is the right
measure though. What does this solve compared to the status quo? Living in
Vancouver is already unaffordable, but other places are not. Would such a
setup lower the barriers for Chinese businessmen to buy a flat there very
much?
~~~
sonnyblarney
" Would such a setup lower the barriers for Chinese businessmen to buy a flat
there very much?"
That's not a concern :)
The issue is to provide 'stable governance' for those who need it, while
protecting regular folks from massive inflation due to external factors.
Vancouver's 'regular' (ie non construction) economy is being hurt by this -
why? Because nobody can afford to live there on regular salaries. Very few
entities would consider opening up an office where the 'prevailing wage'
cannot attract people.
Consider the 'cost' for buying property and who gains from it? The arbitrary
owner. What if that 'cost' could be transferred by way of taxes, instead of
property speculation?
So a 'New Singapore' with land owned by the state and leased out for long
periods, and a series of taxes to make sure the surpluses are mostly derived
by the state and not property speculation. Surely it'd be expensive to live
there, some kind of market function. But a small area could accomodate quite a
few people. 90% of these major expenses are real-estate, and I don't mean
development, I mean speculation.
So this way - Canada can 'export' stable governance and protect local
economies. If ex-pats want to move to Van they can get citizenship etc.. but
that would slow down as it should be easier - and probably more convenient -
to just move to the a new, well managed city state.
A huge financial services sector would immediately pop up and there'd be tons
of jobs there for those who wanted to work in that sector. Major private
wealth management funds, with assets under Canadian domain, not PRC. Safe
investments, safe place for domicile etc.. Great export :)
~~~
iguy
I guess I'm dubious that you can engineer "surpluses are mostly derived by the
state" while maintaining the credibility that makes an apartment in Vancouver
so attractive in the first place.
Those apartments have secure title, under stable property rights, because they
are under the same system as every ordinary Canadian voter's house. That's
what protects them: there would be a revolt if you messed with all the
ordinary voters.
Would you be as keen to buy an apartment that instead fell under some special
laws which are designed to squeeze you, the foreign investor, to the benefit
of the voters? I think you'd be pretty worried that next time there's a
pension crisis, or an oil crisis, they'll be very tempted to squeeze you a bit
harder, and then a bit harder...
I wish there were ways to exploit this export market with less side-effects.
There are smaller ones, like Nestle's roaring trade in trustworthy powdered
milk. But in general it seems hard.
------
projectramo
I just assumed that the tales of “Chinese money” in Vancouver was part
exaggeration and part fear of change and foreigners.
Real estate everywhere is booming in nice cities.
However, I may have been hasty in that assessment because this single number —
the first estimate I have seen — is mind numbingly large:
“of their country’s capital controls. Since mid-2014, capital flight from
China may have totaled as much as $800 billion, according to estimates from
the Institute of International Finance.”
~~~
tomcam
Those tales are not exaggerated. The $800 billion feels very right, and
possibly even conservative, to me. Source of anecdata: many investments in
China, Asian family, frequent visitor to Vancouver. Few high net worth Chinese
nationals expect to be able to keep their money from the government in the
long haul.
Racism/fear of change aren't factors. Locals would fear "these people" moving
in and jacking up real estate prices if they were German, Swedish, or Danish.
The problems are quite practical: as with older property owners in Silicon
Valley, locals love seeing their own house values skyrocket, but no one thinks
about the fact that once they sell they won't be able to remain.
~~~
johnchristopher
> but no one thinks about the fact that once they sell they won't be able to
> remain
Wouldn't it be hard to stay anyway once real estate price go up for the sheer
fact that rich people are coming and so prices for everything will go up
anyway ? Is my simplistic reasoning flawed ?
~~~
techsupporter
I've asked this question to a person I know who is an academic in economics
(not a world-renowned economist, just someone who does economics at
university), for what it's worth, and what she told me is--in my paraphrased
understanding--that if a market goes up "naturally," or by the usual forces
people regularly expect (usually around jobs), then wages tend to also go up
so housing and other goods remain mostly affordable relative to local wages
being paid.
The issue in cities and areas like Vancouver and Seattle and San Francisco--
ones that aren't just hubs for high-paying technology jobs but also ones where
overseas capital has made inrushes--is that wages haven't been able to keep up
with the outside capital. So property of all types (it's just that most people
only directly care about residential property, but commercial property also
goes up and that increases the cost of other things in the local economy)
rises in price while wages don't, so a major disconnect starts to happen.
This is a two-paragraph summary of a nearly three-hour conversation we had, so
there's a lot of nuance I've left out. Zoning, development, density, and all
of the rest around property use _also_ affect prices and, according to her,
probably more than inbound foreign money, but the added money has an
influence.
~~~
api
Non-local residential property should be taxed at a significantly higher rate
than owner occupied or locally owned properties. That would both solve the
problem and provide much needed revenue.
~~~
stevenwoo
There a number floated at 57 million for 2018? value of Vancouver property
purchased by local students with zero income - so this only tallied the ones
not clever enough to use shell companies or lawyers as described as the other
money laundering techniques to purchase homes, though the casino cash to chips
to cash might be most brazen. I think just like the UK hsd recently done -
stricter anti money laundering rules, income transparency are needed.
~~~
TheCoelacanth
So at Vancouver prices, something like 20 houses? That seems like a number
that could easily hit just with students from super wealthy families who
legitimately live there. I don't see any reason to believe that involves money
laundering.
------
Invictus0
> About 500,000 people in greater Vancouver have Chinese heritage,
> representing roughly 20 percent of the population, according to Canada’s
> latest census. The proportion is highest in Richmond, just south of
> Vancouver proper, which is more than 50 percent Chinese. The suburb’s main
> commercial drag is No. 3 Road, a boulevard lined with big-box stores and
> shopping centers fronted by Chinese signage. The most elaborate is the
> Aberdeen Centre, a curvy mall sheathed in a colorful grid of translucent
> glass. It was built in 1989.
> Over a lunch of steaming soup at Chef Hung Taiwanese Beef Noodle, a bustling
> second-floor restaurant, the mall’s developer, Thomas Fung, explains how he
> arrived at the idea. Fung, 67, is slim, with spiky black hair and delicate
> features. The son of a prominent Hong Kong financier, he arrived in
> Vancouver in the 1980s and did everything from running bakeries to film
> production. He soon grasped that the city was about to change dramatically.
> “I believed that in the coming 10 years, because of the 1997 issue in Hong
> Kong, there would be a lot of new immigrants coming over here,” Fung says.
> He knew they’d want the comforts of home, which led him to conceive of a
> shopping center that would stock the same goods as the megamalls of Hong
> Kong’s Causeway Bay.
This capital influx problem has been decades in the making. I'm curious: what
social problems are brewing today that we won't see the effects of until 10,
20 years down the line? How do you identify these trends? In Fung's case, it
seems he identified the trend correctly by living directly in the midst of it.
Is it possible for an observer to find these trends as well?
------
tomcam
tl;dr Vancouver is undergoing wrenching changes due to unfathomable amounts of
Chinese money. This is inflamed by British Columbia's surprisingly lax
approach to financial transparency in foreign investment and liberal
immigration laws. It has priced locals right out of the market, though recent
changes in tax structure are cooling down real estate investment.
Article doesn't do a good job of covering "little thirds", mistresses who are
settled there with an apartment and allowance, or of unaccompanied "college
students" who spend way more time vlogging than studying. Anecdotally a
shitload of people following those descriptions have been shipped in, an
influx that has slowed drastically with real estate taxes meant to punish this
behavior.
The city of Richmond just south of Vancouver is mentioned but its import is
arguably understated by the article. It's a fascinating place, and Richomond's
"night market" (sort of a combination fair midway/flea market) is an electric
experience soon to be imported to Silicon Valley, where it will be a huge hit.
Westerners generally speaking have absolutely no clue about the importance of
a stable currency, which implies a stable political system, a nation that
respects rule of law, and a notion of property rights. This leaves only a few
countries, namely the US, the UK, and a couple of Western European nations.
Wealthy Chinese absolutely do, and they are scared out of their minds that the
tyrannical regime there will separate them from their assets. These people
remember the Cultural Revolution. So the West is the first resort for
relatively safe storage of their often questionably-gotten cash. (More
adventurous/volatile places to invest, like Africa, are riskier but often have
a higher upside.)
Because I apparently hate good karma I will observe that we used to love going
to Vancouver, especially the weeklong jazz festival, but we don't any longer.
Like Seattle, the fun places to walk have largely been overrun by street
people who use hard drugs and leave needles around. None appear to be Asian.
~~~
psergeant
> the UK
Probably not for much longer, given the rather interesting
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_order)
~~~
wincy
Wow, so much for "innocent until proven guilty".
~~~
coughupalung
I imagine it's like most money laundering laws where the circumstantial
evidence that prompted the investigation is enough to convict if you don't
provide a verifiable explanation.
------
mthoms
Sitting here in my (Chip Wilson owned) $2000/month one bedroom East Vancouver
apartment, I'd say this article really hit close to home.
Literally.
While I support the conclusions drawn in the article, there is one important
factor that wasn't emphasized - weather. People from all over Canada come here
for the (relatively) mild temperatures and snow-free winters.Thus you have a
market where demand already exceeds supply before even factoring in foreign
ownership.
~~~
dawhizkid
Is $2000/mo a lot or a little? Sorry being in SF I seriously can't tell.
~~~
eafkuor
Damn. I live in Poland and pay around 500USD for a comfy apartment in one of
the best neighbourhoods in the city, close to nice parks and to every store
you need. I definitely recommend making the move if you are willing to learn
Polish (not needed at all for a job in IT, but useful if you want to live here
long term). Worst case scenario you can always move back. That's what I was
thinking when I moved, but in the end I decided to stay.
~~~
dawhizkid
You can find that too in the US, just not in major coastal metros.
~~~
olvo
Can you? I would have thought that most US cities are either too small or too
expensive for that. Or are you talking about the amount of rent specifically?
~~~
TomMarius
The USA is a huge place where cities are sometimes spread among vast
distances, that has lead to creation of extensive urban centers like you
described that are somewhat distant and thus cheap. You can find dozens of
cities like that, but of course, the wage is also considerably lower. There is
a phenomenon of US digital nomads - people who work remotely but move only
across the USA, instead of going to e.g. Asia.
------
jorblumesea
The same is true for most of the West coast to a certain extent. But with
liberal Canadian immigration policies and lax financial restrictions,
Vancouver is an easy target.
Westerns have forgotten or do not understand how stable and safe the West is
compared to most of the world. Chinese have never forgotten that they live
under an authoritarian regime.
------
bparsons
One thing that gets overlooked by many when discussing Vancouver real estate-
it is a very tiny municipality.
Unlike most other North American urban centres, Vancouver resisted
amalgamation with all of it's connecting cities.
The result is a geographically constrained area (Vancouver proper) surrounded
by cities that are effectively it's suburbs (greater Vancouver).
Homes and rents are _somewhat_ more affordable when you look at these suburbs,
although they have increasingly gotten worse.
The residential data from tiny Vancouver has increasingly become absurd, as
people focus on this small handful of luxury neighborhoods in the centre of a
large metropolitan area.
------
stuxnet79
Now that BC is cracking down on the money laundering in Vancouver, the exact
same story is playing out in Toronto and to a smaller extent, Montreal.
Canadian cities have been hard hit generally speaking, because it's a lot
harder to do this kind of shady stuff in American cities. Also Canadian dollar
is cheap.
~~~
superseeplus
It does happen in American cities too. Many of the very expensive apartments
on Billionaires Row were bought by rich foreigners trying to park or launder
money.
------
dqpb
> Much of the money coming in has been legitimately earned, if sometimes
> extricated by gray-market means. But officials say that a substantial
> proportion is the proceeds of corruption or crime, including the illegal
> sale of opiates such as fentanyl.
This is how you gently and quietly wage war against a society. Sell drugs to
the youth and then buy up all their property with the proceeds.
~~~
pmorici
Do youth typically own property now days? Maybe things have changed since I
was young but I was a renter and had few possessions in my youth.
~~~
closeparen
No. That's why spiking asset prices hurts them. (It's great news for people
who already own homes).
------
tw1010
Has this happened before? How can we learn more about this phenomenon by
looking at history? To me this is an entirely new phenomenon.
~~~
Alex3917
Well you've got cities like Miami and Providence which were built with cocaine
money, cities like Havana and pretty much all of the Netherlands that were
built with money from the slave trade, etc. Not really new. And then you've
got places like New York where a large percentage of the money coming in has
always been from illicit or semi-licit activities, but never so much that it
was the overwhelming majority of the economy at any given point.
~~~
selimthegrim
Miami I get but Providence? I thought the Italian mob wasn’t into cocaine?
~~~
Alex3917
Not sure, here is a NYT article on it though:
[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/us/rhode-island-a-
crossro...](https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/us/rhode-island-a-crossroads-
for-cocaine.html)
------
tomcam
> It’s not the business capital of western Canada—that’s Calgary
Can someone explain what this means? It seems like Vancouver is most
definitely the de facto business capital of Western Canada but I base this
solely on my observations as a tourist from Seattle and friendship with
Chinese real estate broker.
~~~
refurb
A few of my business school classmates fell in love with Vancouver and wanted
to move their after graduation.
They found out pretty quickly there aren’t as many jobs in Vancouver as one
would expect. As others have mentioned, lots of regional office, but not many
headquarters.
You’d have a much easier time finding a job in Calgary or Toronto than
Vancouver.
It’s a big, well known city, but has fewer professional jobs than you’d
expect.
~~~
sonnyblarney
"lots of regional office, but not many headquarters."
You could say this about Canada in it's entirety.
~~~
refurb
True! I was speaking more around Canadian companies.
I believe Calgary has the highest number of corporate HQs in Canada.
~~~
sonnyblarney
Toronto has the highest number of HQs.
Calgary may have a higher number per capita - or - they may 'technically' have
more HQs because of the vast number of shell companies that exist for complex
resource extraction events. Kind of like Delaware in the US.
~~~
refurb
Half as many as Toronto, but twice as much on a per capita basis.[1]
[1][https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/133](https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/133)
------
pm24601
A follow on problem: If there is a problem at a property Vancouver needs to
track the beneficial owner to handle liability and maintenance issues.
Vancouver has a problem of determining responsibility for poorly maintained
buildings, fire code violations, etc.
------
rb808
The interesting thing to me is - do the Chinese politicians and business
leaders see the money laundering as a problem that needs fixing. Or is it
those same people that are doing it? IE are all powerful Chinese people doing
this or a minority.
~~~
Latteland
I think it's probably both. Many of them are doing it, and they have to make
filial piety towards the government rules. Since China has been trying to
kidnap ex-pats who complain about the government, it's becoming harder and
harder for people to have the guts to come forward.
------
daneyh
Sydney and Melbourne, Australia have seen this exact same problem
------
Tsubasachan
Ah Canada. The Civilized State of America.
Its not the Chinese you should fear, its the fifth columnists from your
Southern neighbour. The Chinese immigrants don't vote and they don't really
hate Canada.
------
mcny
Once again, I think it absolutely is racism and bigotry when they talk about
Chinese money.
Canada knows the solution to this "problem": higher property taxes for
everyone. No, not just got absent owners. Use this money to fund
infrastructure spending. Help increase supply of housing. The Chinese don't
have unlimited monies. They can't print the US dollar...
Of course, home owners don't want to pay higher taxes. They don't want
property process to fall. A bunch of hypocrites if you ask me.
~~~
api
It has nothing to do with racism. If this were a flood of German or British
money distorting the market it would be the same.
~~~
mcny
But if they're buying houses and paying property taxes but not using any of
the services their taxes pay for, aren't they doing us a service?
It sounds like property taxes are unsustainably low the more I hear arguments
against the Chinese money.
Disclaimer: I'm not of Chinese descent and I'm definitely poor so none of this
benefits me. I'm just trying to understand what people are saying because it
all sounds like a bunch of dog whistling where people say something but mean
something else. I just want us to be open and honest with our bigotry if it is
bigotry or greed if it is greed.
~~~
Latteland
The expense of housing comes from the people outside buying up all the open
supply at high prices, so it's hard to afford a house. Also the supply of
houses is lower, making apartments even more dear. Next many of the houses
aren't lived in, so local area businesses don't have enough customers and
close (grocery, clothing, restaurants).
~~~
mcny
> Also the supply of houses is lower, making apartments even more dear.
Please don't buy into this nonsense. Your sibling comment brought in some
actual numbers:
[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18269257](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18269257)
BC has relatively low property taxes for the area. But you can't raise them
now or all the current homeowners would revolt as their taxes goes to
unsustainable levels. Nearby seattle's king county has a tax rate of %1, texas
has rates around %2, while saanich is %0.4. The UK doesn't even really have
property taxes, just council taxes which charge flat rates for things like
garbage collection AFAIK.
[http://www.saanich.ca/assets/Community/Documents/Property~Ta...](http://www.saanich.ca/assets/Community/Documents/Property~Tax/Tax%20Rate%20Chart%20-%202018.pdf)
The property taxes are too low to be sustainable. Progress always causes some
problem for some people but we must go forward with it. Raise property taxes
for everyone.
> Also the supply of houses is lower, making apartments even more dear. Next
> many of the houses aren't lived in, so local area businesses don't have
> enough customers and close (grocery, clothing, restaurants).
What kind of hot garbage is this? Isn't the whole point of a market economy
that we don't have to centrally manage grocery stores (and indeed that it
asserts we cannot do this efficiently in the long run)?
Of course, planning has its place. Higher taxes in itself does not solve any
problem. We still need to plan city expansion and not just build new suburbs
because "ZOMG the Chinese will pay for it". That's not what I am saying but I
am saying that existing home owners have been benefiting in a manner that I
consider unsustainable and we should thank the Chinese elite for exposing our
double standards.
We live in a democracy and as such we have an obligation to think beyond our
immediate short term benefit when we vote. Vote for sustainable tax
structures. I am not saying property taxes should be 50% of appraisal value.
In fact, I think we should aggressively cut salaries and wages in the public
sector (especially at the top). But lets not delude ourselves by pretending we
can think "smart". The extra money raised from increased property taxes (which
should damper home prices somewhat already) must be spent in a very
disciplined and planned way to increase capacity (which will further decrease
home prices). I think we can do it but we can only do it if we want to do it.
There will be a little pain but there's simply no way around it I can think of
that leaves our moral fiber not too frayed.
~~~
Latteland
I think it's basic economics that when there is increasing demand and an
increasing shortage, that the cost of the decreasing housing will go up in
price, and I think that is what happened in Vancouver. This article suggests
that it's very likely decreasing house prices has been pushing apartment
prices down, because housing is more available b/c it's cheaper [1] "he's
willing to suggest that declining property sales could be leading many real
estate speculators to rent their properties out rather than put them up for
sale." which is connected to more houses available and thus less demand on
apartment. That seems pretty clear.
I'm not pushing an agenda for the government to intervene, I'm just reporting
on the basic economics - demand went up, supply went down (more people moving
there, and also houses bought but not on the market) led to higher prices.
Also, on my second point about neighborhoods losing their commercial
infrastructure because of empty houses, isn't that obvious too? I honestly
feel like you were replying to another post and accidentally used mine.
[1] [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/are-
vancouve...](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/are-vancouver-s-
sky-high-rents-finally-falling-1.4735345)
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<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="48dp" >
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android:id="@+id/item_separator"
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android:id="@+id/imageView1"
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android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/img_desc"
android:scaleType="centerCrop"
android:src="@drawable/blenheim_palace" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/imagetag"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/imageView1"
android:paddingLeft="12dp"
android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceSmall"
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</RelativeLayout>
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Take Action: Tell TJX Companies & Meijer to use non-toxic receipt paper!
Did you know store receipts are a major contributor to your body’s intake of the hormone-disrupting chemicals BPS and BPA? These chemicals are quickly and efficiently absorbed into the bloodstream through your skin.
To understand current use of these chemicals in receipt paper, Ecology Center’s Healthy Stuff program tested 207 paper receipts from a wide variety of businesses. The samples included major grocers, big-box stores and retailers like Meijer, Kroger, and TJX stores, as well as gas stations, theaters, libraries, small and independent businesses, and many more.
We used our rapid screening method to detect the presence of BPA, BPS, and other chemicals known as “developers” on the special paper (called thermal paper) used for printing receipts.
The negative effects of BPA on hormones, metabolism, and other bodily systems have been repeatedly demonstrated. BPS has emerged as a common and regrettable substitute, showing effects similar to BPA.
According to published research, employees who handle receipts or other thermal paper repeatedly in their jobs are at especially high risk.
Our study found:
BPS or BPA in 93% of tested receipts
BPS in 75% and BPA in 18%
No coating on 2% of receipts
A newer alternative to BPS and BPA in receipts from Best Buy stores
High prevalence of BPS in both retail and service sectors (85% and 68%, respectively)
BPA receipts somewhat more common in the service sector (26%) than retail sector (8%).
We are calling on all businesses to follow our recommendations to protect employees and customers. We have sent letters to certain retailers that lack a comprehensive chemical policy to switch to a combination of safer thermal paper and electronic receipts. Some of the receipts we tested came from retailers that recently scored an “F” in Mind the Store campaign’s recent “Who’s Minding the Store?” retailer report card.
Individual receipt test results are listed below.
Download the full report (PDF)
Download the results table (PDF)
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a connector, and more particularly to a connector having male and female housings in which a simple detection means is provided to be read by an optical scanner for confirming a proper fitting of the two housings and for identifying the connector by type.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the field of prior art connectors, a connector having a fitting state confirmation means that makes use of an optical scanner has been disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Utility Model Publication No. 53-95187. As described therein, the connector comprises a male housing provided with a reflection plate for reflecting light from a light-emitting element to a light-detection device, and a female housing provided with first and second optical passageways to allow light from the light-emitting element to reach the reflection plate and to allow the reflected light from the reflection plate to reach the light-detection device, respectively, when the two housings are properly fitted to each other. In this construction, since the first and second passageways are inclined with respect to each other, only when a proper fitting state of the two housings has been achieved will the light reflected from the reflection plate be able to reach the light-detection device. Thus, the light-emitting element and the light-detection device can be utilized to confirm a proper fitting of the two housings.
Unfortunately, even though the fitting confirmation means mentioned above is effective in confirming a proper fitting of the two housings, it necessitates making a complicated structure for the connector. This in turn increases the complexity of the manufacturing process, thus leading to higher manufactoring costs.
Furthermore, the overall process of confirming a proper fitting state is very troublesome because the light-emitting element and the light-detection device must be precisely aligned with the first and second passageways, respectively.
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Selective sparing of later-born ganglion cells after neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve.
A combination of [3H]thymidine labelling and retrograde tracing with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or true blue (TB) was used to determine whether V primary afferent neurons born on different embryonic (E) days were differentially susceptible to neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION). In one experiment, rat fetuses were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E-8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5, or 15.5, the left infraorbital nerve (ION) was transected on the day of birth, and both the regenerate and intact IONs were labelled with HRP when the animals reached adulthood. The percentage of HRP labelled cells that were also heavily labelled by [3H]thymidine was calculated for both the intact ganglion and that ipsilateral to the damaged nerve for each animal. A consistently higher percentage of double labelled cells on the lesioned rather than on the intact side for a given E-day was taken as an indication that cells born on the day in question had an increased probability of survival relative to the entire population of V ganglion cells that contributed axons to the ION. Cells born late in gestation on E-12.5 through 14.5 were significantly more likely than early born (E-9.5 through 11.5) cells to survive neonatal axotomy. In a second experiment, fetuses were exposed to [3H]thymidine on either E-9.5, E-10.5, or E-14.5, the vibrissa pads on both sides of the face were injected with TB within 6 hours of birth, and the ION was transected 6-8 hours later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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lse
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Tru
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A bromine-radical mediated three-component reaction comprising allenes, electron-deficient alkenes and allyl bromides: facile synthesis of 2-bromo-1,7-dienes.
A bromine-radical mediated three-component coupling reaction was effectively achieved by the use of allenes, electron-deficient alkenes, and allyl bromides and led to the synthesis of 2-bromo-1,7-dienes in good to high yields. This protocol was extended to the three-component process using alkylidenecyclopropane, which gave 2-bromo-1,8-diene along with alkylidenecyclopentane.
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Karan Tejwani writes about the Andalucian Derby, Sevilla vs Real Betis.
Some games in Spain are often eclipsed by the magnitude of the El Clásico between Real Madrid and Barcelona. The political past of that clash makes it the biggest game in European football, and it possesses all the makings of the perfect rivalry. But in the south of Spain lies another rivalry, this one is the biggest inter-city rivalry in Spain with a harsh past of its own, the game that divides the wonderful Andalusian city of Seville – Sevilla versus Real Betis.
The red and white of Sevilla were the first club in the city, and are the country’s oldest club to focus solely on football since their inception in 1890. Formed largely by a group of British and Spanish men and were born as Sevilla Foot-ball Club on January the 25th 1890. The club also have the honour of playing the first ever football match in the country against Recreativo de Huelva, nearly two months after their formation. They won that game 2-0.
While higher-class people mostly consisting of engineers and entrepreneurs formed Sevilla, Real Betis are more of a club by the people, created by the working class. There was another club in Sevilla formed in 1907 that went by the name of Sevilla Balompié while in 1909, Betis were formed after two workers from Sevilla FC left the club following an internal dispute where they refused against signing a working-class footballer. In 1914, both Betis and Sevilla Balompié merged together to create one club – Real Betis Balompié. This would go on to form the basis of the rivalry between the two, Sevilla were one for the social class, while Real Betis were the ones that carried the flag for the working class.
The first official game between the two took place in 1915, where Sevilla won the game by four goals to three, although this game ended with crowd violence and few officially regard that result. Violence would become a trend for the rivalry and would be visible in several clashes between the two for years to come. Just three years later, the clash between the two would have its first major talking point. Betis’ players were away from the club on national service, and were scheduled to play Sevilla at around the same time. Annoyed by this, the Betis hierarchy decided to protest by fielding a team of young upstarts, and were eventually trounced by Sevilla, but not just by a mere two or three goals, but by 22. Yes, Sevilla 22, Real Betis 0.
Betis have always been seen as the secondary side in the city, with Sevilla holding greater prowess domestically and continently. Their rivals’ 13 major honours – including a record haul of five UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup successes is a major contrast to their four, but one title they can hold in high of is their La Liga success of 1935, which was when they became the first of the two teams to win a top division league title. Sevilla’s first came 11 years later, and to this day, it is the only La Liga titles the two teams have ever won, which is a major disappointment considering the footballing heritage and culture of the Andalusian city.
Unfortunately for Betis, their league success coincided with the break out of the destructive Spanish Civil war and many of their star names started to leave the club. This period was where Sevilla took control of things and became top dogs in the city. In the period between Betis’ title success and their own, Sevilla constantly challenged for the league and even won the Copa del Rey in 1939, while Betis would see relegation becoming a norm for them – going as low as the third division in Spain – the lowest tier, and made a home for themselves there for seven years.
They did make history in the basement leagues, however, becoming the only club in Spain to have won league titles in all three divisions when they were promoted to the Segunda in 1954 and that was when they went through arguably their greatest era under new president Benito Villamarín with whom they achieved promotion back to La Liga, and finished as runners-up in 1964, before leaving the club the next year and sending them into another period of uncertainty. They would yo-yo up and down the first and second divisions for the following years, before becoming a permanent fixture in the first tier, until their rivalries with Sevilla went up a notch in 1978.
With Sevilla already consolidated in mid-table that season, and Betis flirting with relegation along with Hercules, the latter squared off against Sevilla in a bid to regain their top-level status and send Betis down once again. It is alleged that Sevilla threw the game away in order to condemn their rivals to the second division and that was where the hatred between the two clubs and sets of supporters reached its maximum.
The years following that were etched in mediocrity with neither club able to make a significant difference to Andalusia’s contribution to Spanish football. That all changed in 1998, when Betis broke the world transfer record to acquire Brazilian winger Denílson from São Paulo while their rivals Sevilla were harrowed in debts. But if Betis thought they now had the bragging rights in the city, they were wrong. The team failed to win over any doubters and succumbed to relegation once again, and while they were going downwards, their rivals followed them. Sevilla suffered the same fate that season, finishing rock bottom of the table and completing a miserable year for football in the region.
The two were promoted back up the next season, and since then, it’s been one way traffic. Sevilla have been better on the pitch as well as off it, with results, trophies and worldwide acclaim going their way since the turn of the century. Their efficient board, led by their excellent director of football Ramón Rodríguez Verdejo, more commonly known as Monchi, have stabilized the ship and some of their trophies include two Copa del Rey honours, five UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League successes, a UEFA Super Cup win and a Spanish Supercup claim. And at the same time, the enemy has once again been fidgeting up and down divisions, with their major wins being in the second division and a Copa del Rey title in 2005. It has been a city dominated by one team and it looks set to stay that way in the coming years.
The derby hasn’t had as many fixtures on a La Liga calendar as the El Clásico or the Basque derby between Athletic Club and Real Sociedad and that has largely been due to Betis’ incompetence in the top division. But every time they do meet, it is a game that carries great culture and history is held in high regard.
In a 2002 league game between the two sides at Sevilla’s Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium, Betis goalkeeper Antonio Prats was the victim of an assault as a Sevilla fan jumped over the barricades, ran onto the pitch and launched himself on the back of Prats before being escorted away by security. The fan was identified by Sevilla authority and was banned for life from all of the club’s events as the game ended in a 1-1 draw.
That incident seemed nothing in comparison to the one at Betis’ Benito Villamarín Stadium, where Juande Ramos, their former manager who was now in charge of their great rivals Sevilla had a large glass bottle full of liquid thrown at the back of his head. He lost consciousness and was immediately rushed to hospital as he spent the night there and the game – a cup clash, was abandoned. While making his way out of the stadium on route to the hospital, the ambulance had a few bottles thrown at, with ‘Ramos die’ chants being prominently heard.
And in a calming situation, this occurring six months after the bottle incident. Antonio Puerta, Sevillla’s full back, collapsed in a league game against Getafe in the opening round of the 2007-08 season. He was able to recover and walk back to the dressing room, before collapsing once again and had to be transported to a hospital. He was treated upon for three days, but succumbed to his heart diseases and passed away three days after the match. As a mark of respect, players from both Sevilla and Real Betis attended his funeral, but the city stayed shocked to its core. Puerta spent his whole career with his native club, and was given the respect he deserved from both sets of fans.
Important Figures
Ramón Sánchez-Pizjuán – The two-time Sevilla president was highly influential to the club’s success from the 1940s and onwards. Sánchez-Pizjuán’s first spell ended in 1941 without much success, but he returned as chairman six years later and led Sevilla to some of their greatest successes which included three Copa del Rey honours and several high finishes in La Liga, but never managed to win it and only had the success of 1946 to show for. The club finished as runners-up in the league twice, once in 1951 and the other in 1957 – both to the Madrid clubs and was a major feat for them at the time. His sudden death in October 1956 brought a tribute from Sevilla followers as their new stadium was named after him and opened in September 1958.
Benito Villamarín – Another president that lead his club to major successes, this one coming towards the end of Sánchez-Pizjuán’s time with Sevilla. He oversaw Betis’ rise back to the top division in Spain and led them to high finishes in La Liga, with the highest being third in 1964. During his reign, the only major trophy he was able to show was the Segunda Division title, but his purchase of the Estadio Heliopolis in 1961 is seen as a major turning point in Betis’ history. He stepped down from his role in 1965, and such was his impact that within a year of leaving the club, they were suffering relegations again. His purchased ground was named after him and is set to expand in the coming months.
José Antonio Reyes – Despite spending several years at the likes of Real Madrid, Arsenal and Atlético Madrid, Reyes is everything Sevilla represents. Having been at the club since he was 10, he played for all youth levels of the club, and the main side between 2000 and 2004. He returned to his home town club in 2012, and has been part of one of their most successful periods, winning three successive Europa League crowns between 2014 and 2016 and is a hero amongst his own support having starred in several derbies against Betis, including a brace in a 5-1 win in November 2012, where he scored the opener after just 11 seconds. He left the club once again in 2016 for Espanyol, but his contribution to them is always held in high regard.
Key games down the years
Sevilla 5-0 Real Betis, 1943 – To date, the biggest league win for either side in the Seville Derby. This one took place in the 1942-43 season, and Betis were out for revenge having lost the corresponding fixture at their home ground by five goals to two. The five goals on the night scored by Sevilla came from two veterans, Raimundo and Berrocal – two veterans of the side who had Sevilla at their goal scoring best between 1940 and 1945. Berrocal bagged a hat-trick that day, while Raimundo got the other two as Betis were 4-0 down at half-time before another goal came late in the match as Sevilla put them out of their misery and in the process, completing a damaging league double on them.
Sevilla 2-4 Real Betis, 1958 – This game in 1958 happens to be Betis’ highest scoring away trip to their rivals and was the first clash between the two in over 15 years following a series of demotions. The game finished 4-2 in Betis’ favour and Betis had to come from behind after going 2-1 down just before half time following goals from Tibot Szalay and Jose Carlos Dieguez late in the second half. They were impeccable in the return period as Esteban Areta’s goal in the 70th was sandwiched between a brace from Hungarian János Kuszmann as Betis sealed an impressive win and commenced their continued their period of domination.
Europa League Round of 16, 2014 – This is a pair of games rather than just one and is the first and only European tie between the two. Real Betis won the first leg at the Ramón Sánchez-Pizjuán Stadium 2-0, before facing the same fate at the Benito Villamarín Stadium as goals from José Antonio Reyes and Carlos Bacca forced penalties. Sevilla held their nerves and went on to win the shootout by four goals to three as Betis were haplessly knocked out at their own ground despite holding a two-goal lead at the start of the night. Matters were made worse for them when Sevilla went all the way and won the whole competition, beating Benfica in the Final in Turin to add another European title to their collection.
Read all other articles from our Rivals series here
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As Demand for Welders Resurges, Community Colleges Offer Classes - imjk
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/business/economy/as-demand-for-welders-resurges-community-colleges-offer-classes.html?_r=0
======
sharkweek
My prediction with nothing but anecdotes!
We have drastically overstated the importance of college the last 20 years,
sending far too many people deeper into the education system as opposed to
encouraging more trade craft. We are going to end up with a shortage of
qualified tradespeople in traditionally blue collar industries such as
plumbing, welding, and electrical work here in the near future, especially
because "people with college degrees don't do those jobs" (which is a tragic
way to view such qualified craft.
There are massive numbers of older folks in various trades who are getting set
to retire, and there is a clear shortage of people ready to replace them. In
other words, it's going to be very, very expensive to hire an electrician here
in the near future.
We just had our house rewired (old 1940s knob and tube), was chatting with our
electrician a bit after the job, and he was talking about how absolutely
insane it's been for him the past 3-4 years. He's a younger guy and he said
there is already a huge shortage of folks trained and certified to handle a
lot of the work needed in the city, causing prices to increase sharply. The
boom economy (Seattle) certainly has a lot to do with it, but even in general,
he commented about how he just doesn't know that many electricians his age.
~~~
pmorici
In the case of Electricians and Plumbers the time requirements for becoming
licensed are steep. In Maryland for example to become a "Master" electrician
you need to work in the field for 7 years as an apprentice. That's kind of
nuts when you consider that's about the same amount of time it takes to train
a doctor.
~~~
keithly
It's not that surprising considering how dangerous but necessary electrical
work often is. If you screw up, you could die, the building could burn down,
other people could die, etc.
~~~
walshemj
Absolutely and if your working with non domestic supplies (high
voltage/amperage)you hope to god that if you have an bad accident that you are
killed outright.
------
WalterBright
In high school, I took all the shop classes - wood, metal and auto. The auto
shop teacher was angry with me, told me I didn't belong in shop because I was
going to college, and that I was taking the place of some other hypothetical
student.
My view was I like making things, which is why I wanted to go to college to
learn engineering. Those shop classes wound up helping me a lot in my
engineering work. I've known engineers who've never used a machine tool in
their life, and frankly their work is crippled as a result.
See the book "Herman the German" by Neuman for a similar viewpoint.
~~~
vacri
In university, I found that the lecturers that had worked out in industry were
far more entertaining and informative than pure academics. They knew what the
shortcomings of theory were, and how you had to mold the theoretical to match
the practical.
One example in a neuro class talking about EEGs, a lecturer was saying that
the solution between electrodes didn't have to be anything special (usually
it's a medical supply) and that even mayonnaise would do, he'd used it once.
Fast forward a few years, and one of my fellow students was working in a lab
and they ran out of goo. She says she went down and bought a jar of mayonnaise
and it worked fine - and in the setting of a medical lab, it even smells a bit
medicinal.
~~~
WalterBright
"Herman the German" started out as an apprentice in an auto repair shop, and
learned that horse manure would stop radiator leaks. Decades later, a leak in
the GE turbine test facility was causing lots of problems, and he fixed it
right up with, you guessed it!
If you like practical engineering, it really is a great read.
------
Animats
Not everyone can weld.
Welding is a difficult skill to do well. Anyone can become a crappy welder in
a few hours. Tack welding some sheet metal to a frame is not hard. Being able
to weld two pipes into a liquid-tight T-connection stronger than the pipes is
a skill beyond most working welders. That level of skill may take years to
acquire. The welders who make the big bucks are the ones who can do that.
(I've tried TIG welding. I suck.)
~~~
jordanb
I own a TIG welder and have done lots of welding with mild and alloy steel
(mostly 300 series stainless).
TIG welding is like learning to ride a bike. It's difficult at first because
various parts of your body have to work in concert, but once you get the hang
of it you can do really great work. I've not done much overhead welding yet
though, that's where the wages are earned.
~~~
viewer5
What's so significant about welding something above you? (Unless I'm
misunderstanding 'overhead welding'?)
~~~
gluggymug
I've completed a certification in TIG, MIG and Stick welding and metal
fabrication.
Welding overhead is considered more difficult because gravity is making the
molten metal run away from the joint. Less metal in the join means less
strength. Too much metal means you have wasted welding rod AND possibly put
more heat into the weld than needed which weakens it as well.
For pipe welding if you can imagine a horizontal join of 2 round pipes, coming
around the underside is where you will be doing an overhead weld.
------
jordanb
I have family who are Union pipe-fitters.
Times have been good for the past few years due to fracking and (here in the
Midwest) refurbishment of many nuclear powerplants.
The fracking boom is probably over though and I believe most of the nuclear
powerplant work came as plants built in the 70s reached EOL.
I don't see any sort of blossoming of welding in this country. Production
welding is robots or offshore and has been for a long time. Same with
shipbuilding. There's always architectural work but that's been pretty
moribund for some time now. Industrial work is highly cyclical.
~~~
TheCowboy
On top of what you mentioned, if dollar remains strong or appreciates more,
then that will make US exports less competitive and could take some steam away
from industries demanding these trades. Especially when it comes to
manufacturing.
Additionally, I read articles like this and see that entry-level wages for a
welder are $16.50. If businesses are experiencing an actual shortage and want
to draw new people into a trade, they are going to have to show that with more
attractive wages or other perks such as paying to train people.
~~~
pckspcks
There's welding and there's welding. Structural stick welding, I can train you
on in a few hours. That's not going much higher than $16.50 per hour.
Speciality welding -- of the level of precision needed to make lightweight
parts (aerospace, bicycle), some types of artwork, underwater, etc. -- that's
a much more skilled job.
It'd be like grouping basic IT and kernel hacking as the same thing.
------
nfriedly
If you're interested in welding but don't know where to start, here's a couple
of good resource:
[http://www.mrmoneymustache.com/2012/04/16/unlock-your-
inner-...](http://www.mrmoneymustache.com/2012/04/16/unlock-your-inner-mr-t-
by-mastering-metal/)
[http://www.makershed.com/products/make-primer-welding-
pdf](http://www.makershed.com/products/make-primer-welding-pdf)
------
zhte415
If you happen to be a welder reading this, either in training or in work, I
have a small seed to plant: Practice best practices for 5 years and then come
to the developing world. Practical, visionable, safety-first, disciplined
skills are what moderately developed countries are shouting for, and you can
call your price.
~~~
roel_v
What countries are you thinking about? And what do you see as 'call your
price'? Who will pay for a welder from another country who that doesn't speak
the local language? In most 'moderately developed' countries (countries I'd
call like that - much of South America, Eastern Europe, parts of Asia) many
more people know how to weld than people in the US or Western Europe do.
~~~
zhte415
Yes, there's a lot more welding in moderately developed countries, but a real
fear over safety and quality of work.
A typical story: 30 years ago few people knew how to weld, best practices,
they just did it, and those new to welding learnt from those that taught
themselves. 30 years later quality is far more important than 'just doing it'
but there's a fear of not getting it done right, of having missed something in
this period of self-instruction.
You, as a German, Finnish, American etc trained welder, come from history of
best practices developed by companies that can afford to pay for quality, and
where quality overrides cost. You have a lot to bring an industry that's
seeking to rapidly move from cheap to quality, from loosely fitting to
international quality. And you're there to transfer expertise.
Needing to speak the local language isn't important - the orders are for
export to international standards and specifications, and that for domestic
consumption follows the international standards anyway.
I'm not a welder, but I know many who are. They're mainly experience with
naval and nautical areas - oil rigs, ships, winches, etc in Asia, a lot
focused in China, some in Middle East. Not just welding, this applies to any
skilled engineer.
~~~
roel_v
I'm skeptical that a Western welder would command rates 5x or 10x above the
national wages, which is what they'd need to be paid to substantially improve
upon their domestic market value. And that's not even counting for relocation
costs and time, living in another country with a substantially lower living
standard, etc. If there really would be a market for this, _it would happen_.
Instead, what I see is Polish welders moving to Western Europe, where they get
some extra training, and after that are paid less than their local colleagues.
Despite fear mongering like the GP, welding is a commodity skill, and yes they
make OK money (compared to most other blue collar jobs) - but much of that is
in overtime and even more so, in hazard pay. I wouldn't want to put on a
diving suit and weld an oil platform I don't know how many meters below sea
level - and judging from what it costs to get someone to do it, many people
think the same.
Lastly, and this is not to dismiss the skill of welding, but a welder is not
an 'engineer'. Welding is a practical skill, not hard to get started with, and
90% of all welding jobs can be done by someone with 6 months of training. It's
the few highly specialized jobs that take more knowledge and experience, and
it's there that the money is. In that respect, welding is (dare I say it?) not
unlike software development.
------
RealityVoid
Something I posted on Reddit:
"I would argue that this is very stupid advice and it enables people that
really don't want to study hard.
An educated workforce is of crucial importance, be it an educated welder,
lawyer or engineer. Educated people find it easier to adapt to new economic
needs and it's far easier for an engineer to do a welder's work than a welder
to do an engineer's work. And yes, I'm an engineer and wouldn't even blink if
I had to get my hands dirty.
There's also the part where educated people have a more fulfilling life,
grater freedom, more options, broader intellectual horizons.
I see a lot of people around me that decry the lack of good tradesmen.On the
other hand, my dad is a great electrician and can't get a decent, comfortably
paid job. You know why? Because the need isn't there, because brains are more
productive than brawn."
~~~
sliverstorm
So you, engineer, could become a great welder at the drop of a hat, because
you are educated and typical welders are not?
From paying visits to the department, my local community college's welding
program is basically a 2-year education on metallurgy. I don't consider the
people coming out of that program "uneducated" in the slightest.
~~~
Washuu
I am a software engineer and weld as a necessary component to other hobbies. I
have easily spent a weeks worth of classes self studying to even be able to do
it decently.
Types of welding gases, processes, and safe material handling is just a small
part of it.
------
bougiefever
I am a developer, but I encouraged one of my sons to sign up for welding
school. I am trying to get my other son, who didn't want to go to college and
has a crappy call center job, to sign up too. It looks to me like a good way
to earn a living for someone who doesn't want to go to college or can't afford
it -- not everyone wants to acquire massive debt before launching their
career. One or two semesters at a tech school is far easier to pay for than
four or more years of college. It's costing me about $6k to pay for my son's
classes.
------
anonymouss
However, NIOSH has concluded that welders can be harmed by welding smoke even
when the concentration s of the individual components are well below OSHA
permissible exposure limits.
[http://www.afscme.org/news/publications/workplace-health-
and...](http://www.afscme.org/news/publications/workplace-health-and-
safety/fact-sheets/pdf/Welding-Hazards-AFSCME-fact-sheet.pdf)
------
venomsnake
Is it that hard for that kind of jobs to be automated, or semi-automated - so
we have remotely controlled robots to do it?
~~~
pjc50
Robot welding _for repetitive jobs_ has long been automated. But the skill in
welding is not so much performing the motions as working out what needs to be
done.
~~~
venomsnake
Anything that could not be remotely controlled with a joystick? You put the
task on, the robot just gives control to the operator at critical moments?
~~~
pjc50
How does that help? You still need a skilled operator, surely?
~~~
venomsnake
That I will increase the skilled operator productivity several-fold.
~~~
johnchristopher
You expect the skilled operator to perform multiple complex weldings at the
same time ?
------
JoshTriplett
This isn't new; Portland Community College had a welding department back in
2000. Many different buildings across campus had display cases and
installations of metal sculptures and signs produced by that welding
department.
~~~
bane
I always found it slightly funny that the artwork the welding department at my
local community college produced was miles better than the artwork the art
department at my local 4-year produced.
~~~
woah
It's all about craftsmanship.
------
csuwldcat
It's as if supply is meeting demand, remarkable, truly remarkable ;)
------
protomyth
I'm surprised when I hear about community colleges without vocational
programs. The combination is really helpful and better serves a community.
------
camefromthechan
> No. 4 story on HN
My sides!
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The ancient practice of mindfulness may be a powerful tool in fighting the modern-day epidemic of opioid addiction, new research suggests.
In a series of studies, an eight-week course in mindfulness techniques appeared to loosen the grip of addiction in people who had been taking prescription painkillers for years and experienced powerful cravings for the drugs.
Compared to research subjects who discussed their pain and opioid use in group sessions for eight weeks, those who focused on their breathing, bodily sensations and emotions showed evidence of reduced drug-craving and greater control over those powerful impulses.
The brains of subjects who got mindfulness training also evinced a renewal of pleasure in people, places and things that typically falls away as addiction takes hold. The brain activity of those who attended group sessions showed no evidence of having recaptured a sense of joy in life’s positive offerings.
The results were published this week in the journal Science Advances.
If borne out in further research, the findings may open a new front in a battle against an epidemic that has claimed 400,000 lives and holds roughly 2 million Americans in its grip. The study suggests that mindfulness training can help to reverse the process by which opioid drugs hijack the brain’s reward and pleasure-seeking networks, making drug use the central focus of a person’s life.
In so doing, it could become a powerful addition to — or, for some patients, a replacement for — medication-assisted treatment. That approach uses drugs such as methadone, buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone to wean people with addiction back to a lower and safer opioid dose, or off the painkillers altogether.
Those medications are considered the most effective addiction treatments available. But a report issued in March by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine concluded that they are not yet widely available to most who need them. The report also noted that many patients would need to take these medications over a lifetime, as treatment for a chronic brain disease.
These drawbacks have made the search for better or complementary treatments an urgent one.
“This is another potential tool in the toolbox” of addiction treatments, said Dr. Cecilia Westbrook, a researcher and resident physician at the University of Pittsburgh’s Western Psychiatric Hospital who was not involved in the new study. Not every patient will be open to it, or have the mental powers to practice these techniques, and making it widely available to people with addiction could be a challenge, she said.
But for many, mindfulness training might be part of a powerful cocktail to fight addiction, said Westbrook, whose own work found that mindfulness can aid in smoking cessation. Just as depression treatment appears more effective when medication and psychotherapy are used together, mindfulness might help boost the impact of medication-assisted addiction treatment.
Those who study the effects of substance abuse have observed for more than a decade that as addiction takes hold, the human brain experiences profound changes. Brain regions that drive us toward pleasurable activities — to eat, play, socialize, have sex — begin to discount those normally healthy behaviors as the reward-seeking network turns up the volume on cues linked to the addictive substance.
Scientists call the result “hedonic dysregulation.” Addicts call it jones-ing.
Evolved to ensure the survival of species, these impulses to identify and move toward rewards are powerful drivers of behavior. When they’re hijacked by unhealthy substances or activities, the new normal can be a spiraling, and self-reinforcing, loss of pleasure from healthy activities.
Eric L. Garland, director of the Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development at the University of Utah, wondered whether mental training could help reverse this implacable dynamic. So he recruited 135 chronic pain patients with opioid use disorder and ran some experiments.
The study participants were white men in their mid-50s on average who had typically taken opioid medications for about a decade. Many did not consider themselves addicted to painkillers, but most recognized that their opioid use had become problematic.
Researchers at the University of Utah prepare for an electroencephalogram test to see whether mindfulness techniques helped people overcome their addiction to opioids. (Spencer Bott / University of Utah College of Social Work)
Garland and his team gauged the subjects’ level of hedonic dysregulation with an electroencephalogram, a device that can capture the brain’s distinct electrical signals through the scalp.
At moments when a person is viewing, pondering or reacting to a cue the elicits strong emotions, the brain’s electrical activity offers up a tell: there’s a spike in the amplitude of an electrical signal called the late positive potential, or LPP. That distinctive signal typically reflects broad activation in deeper regions of the brain that are key to the processing of emotions.
In his first experiment, using 40 subjects, Garland established that when his opioid-using subjects were shown pictures of opioid pills or pill bottles, their brains responded with much higher LPP amplitudes than when they looked at pictures of household objects unrelated to their medication.
In two experiments that followed, 95 veterans with long-term, problematic opioid use were divided into two groups. One group attended eight weekly meetings where a social worker prompted participants to express their emotions and discuss topics pertinent to chronic pain and opioid use (or misuse).
The other group got eight weeks of mindfulness training for two hours a week, and were asked to practice meditative techniques for 15 minutes a day. Subjects learned to control and focus on their breathing, progressively relax their bodies, and take note of their emotions and sensory experiences as if from a distance. They learned to recognize the longing, jitters, tightness and tingling of a drug craving. In a process sometimes called “urge surfing,” they practiced breaking cravings down into their component parts and noticing how those feelings changed as they focused their attention on them, rather than acting on them.
The mindfulness training also contained a cognitive-behavioral component. As subjects practiced conscious control of their breathing and attention to sensations, they were instructed to contemplate the consequences of indulging the craving versus remaining abstinent.
Finally, they got an intensive course in savoring the pleasures and meaning of beautiful or moving things — first a rose, and then an object, place or experience of their choosing. They practiced shifting attention away from drug cravings to those powerful objects.
After the eight weeks were up, researchers attached an array of electrodes to the participants’ scalps and measured their brains’ responses to images of pills and pill bottles.
The researchers collected data on how the body automatically responds to emotional images and drug-related stimuli. They measured where a person’s eyes looked, variations in heart rate from moment to moment, smiles and frowns, and eye blink responses. (Spencer Bott / University of Utah College of Social Work)
The brain signals of those who attended group therapy suggested their emotional response to cravings had increased over eight weeks. But those who got the mindfulness training exhibited a significant downward change in their LPP response to pictures of opioids. When viewing cues that would ordinarily induce cravings, they showed a marked ability to manage those powerful prompts to action.
In a third experiment, participants were shown photos that elicit happy emotions in healthy people: friends laughing and socializing, scenes of natural beauty, and moments of athletic triumph. Then they were asked to imagine themselves being in the picture and savoring the feeling.
Those who got the mindfulness training had LPP responses that were significantly higher than their pre-treatment scores, a sign that their brains had shifted to attach more meaning and positive emotion to these happy scenes. Participants who attended group therapy sessions, by contrast, saw their LPP responses decline.
In a final test, Garland and his team asked participants to rate their feelings of drug-craving or happiness as they viewed those pictures of happy, beautiful or inspiring scenes. The graduates of mindfulness training — and especially those who were most successful at “savoring” these happy moments — assessed their opioid cravings as much less urgent than their counterparts who got group therapy.
Subjects who spent the most time spent practicing mindfulness techniques outside of class were more keenly attuned to positive pictures and less triggered by pictures of opioids. In other words, dose mattered.
“The idea that ... with care and effort you can begin to undo that rewiring that comes with addiction — that is significant,” Westbrook said.
Now the research team is extending these studies under grants from the Defense Department and National Institutes of Health. To Garland, treating addiction with mindfulness training holds the promise of making recovery stronger, more durable, and more meaningful.
“Recovery is much more than relapse prevention,” he said. “Recovery is a holistic process, and one part of that is for a patient to reclaim a meaningful life in the face of all the hardships he or she has experienced. Giving patients a specific set of tools to cultivate meaning in life is important.”
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Starkville, MS (39762)
Today
Sunshine and clouds mixed. High 87F. Winds N at 10 to 15 mph..
Tonight
Partly cloudy early followed by cloudy skies overnight. Low 61F. Winds NNW at 5 to 10 mph.
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Association of creatinine clearance and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the GREECS study.
The relationship between renal dysfunction and mortality in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) has been extensively investigated, but there are limited data about this relationship in patients presenting with non-ST-segment-elevation MI and unstable angina. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether renal insufficiency is an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality among such patients. Two thousand a hundred and seventy-two patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 6 Greek hospitals were enrolled. Creatinine clearance rates were estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Five percentage of patients presented with severe renal dysfunction, 27% with moderate dysfunction and the other 68% were normal. Patients with moderate or severe renal dysfunction were older, more likely to be women and more likely to have history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus compared with those with normal renal function. In comparison with patients with normal renal function, those with moderate and severe renal dysfunction were respectively 3- and 12-fold more likely to die. Moreover, moderate and severe renal insufficiency continued to be a prognostic factor for mortality, even after controlling for potential confounders. Creatinine clearance rate is an important independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, so patients with ACS complicated by renal dysfunction should receive more aggressive medical care.
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Trump sacks Tillerson over policy disagreements
Tillerson's imminent departure had been rumoured for several months following reports of friction with US President Donald Trump. But the tensions peaked last fall amid reports Tillerson had called...
Trump ousts Tillerson, names Pompeo as secretary of state
The US president says he is replacing Secretary of State Rex Tillerson with CIA Director Mike Pompeo, and has tapped Gina Haspel to head the intelligence...
Venezuela opposition urges UN not to send observers to May vote
Newly formed opposition coalition says fraudulent election is set by officials loyal to socialist President Nicolas Maduro, who accuses US of pressuring the UN...
Conservative billionaire Pinera sworn in as president of Chile
Sebastian Pinera – whose fortune has been estimated by Forbes at $2.7 billion – has promised to transform Chile into a developed economy in eight years.
Chile's...
Colombia's Santos, ELN rebels to restart talks
The talks were suspended by Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos in January after a series of bombings by the National Liberation Army.
Colombia's President Juan Manuel Santos speaks during...
Colombia election: Farc's Timochenko pulls out of race
Rodrigo Londoño - aka Timochenko - has also been pelted with eggs and tomatoes while out on the campaign trail
The Farc former rebel group says its...
7 charged in Greece with belonging to violent neo-Nazi group
ATHENS, Greece
A Greek prosecutor has charged seven men with alleged membership in a violent neo-Nazi group linked to a series of arson attacks on...
US President Donald Trump mocks low Oscars ratings
https://youtu.be/U-QvgMWCf2Q
President Donald Trump has mocked the low ratings this year's Academy Awards brought in – and gave a theory for why that is.
"Problem is, we don't have...
Fear as South Africa meat recall over listeria spreads
The outbreak that claimed the lives of 180 people is the worst outbreak ever recorded globally. Several countries have banned imports of processed meat from South...
100 killed in Philippines since resumption of Duterte’s 'drugs war'
More than 100 drug suspects have been killed since Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s call on police forces to rejoin his ‘war on drugs’ campaign, an...
We are a group of professionals in all areas interested in transmitting empowering news to improve the globalized world. Orbi News is a means of information and citizen training that seeks to go far beyond the news.
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Inhibition of invasion and up-regulation of E-cadherin expression in human malignant melanoma cell line A375 by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate.
The inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the invasion of human malignant melanoma cell line A375 and the possible molecular mechanisms of this effect were investigated. A375 cells were pretreated with 20 microg/mL EGCG for 24, 48 and 72 h respectively and the E-cadherin expression was detected by Western blot analysis. A375 cells were also pretreated with different concentrations of EGCG (1, 5, 10 and 20 microg/mL) for 72 h and the expression of E-cadherin was measured by RT-PCR. The adhesion and invasion of A375 cells were tested by cell-matrigel adhesion assay and matrigel invasion assay respectively. The results showed that EGCG could significantly up-regulate the expression of E-cadherin time-and concentration-dependently (both P<0.05). Statistical analysis showed that A375 cells invasion was inhibited by EGCG and correlated with the up-regulation of E-cadherin expression. It was suggested that EGCG strongly inhibited invasion of A375 cells, and the inhibition mechanism was possibly associated with the up-regulation of E-cadherin expression.
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Luis Caballero (painter)
Luis Caballero Holguín (27 August 1943 – 19 June 1995), born in Bogotá was a Colombian painter, watercolourist, pastellist and lithographer. Caballero is known for depicting masculine figures, and his works often include both erotic and violent imagery.
Biography
Caballero was raised in a conservative Catholic household. He studied at the University of Los Andes (Colombia) in 1961-62, where he met and was influenced by etcher artist Juan Antonio Roda and art critic Marta Traba. He continued his academic studies in Paris at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, graduating in 1964. It is during this time that he discovered Willem DeKooning, and Francis Bacon. Back in Colombia, in 1968, he won First Prize at the First Ibero-American Biennal of Medellín.
Caballero returned to Paris where he found more freedom in 1969 and lived there until 1995, when he returned to Bogota for a special exhibition of his work at the Luis Ángel Arango Library.
He died in June of the same year at the age of fifty two.
His figurative works are usually large scale mixed media oil, ink, watercolor washes on either canvas or paper, sometimes incorporating fabrics or rope in a limited range of muted sepia colors, often representing male nude figures, in a contemporary style marked by classic training.
Publications and bibliography
Luis Caballero by Luis Caballero
Luis Caballero : the male nude : May 3-May 29, 1994 by Luis Caballero
Luis Caballero : paintings & drawings by Luis Caballero
L. Caballero, Me tocó ser así
Barnitz, Jacqueline. Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America.Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.
Rodríguez, Marta. Luis Caballero. Arte Nexus: Arte en Colombia 27 (January–March 1998): 121-23.
Sokolowski, Thomas. Luis Caballero: Large Scale Drawings. New York: Nohra Haime Gallery, 1991. Catalogue of Exhibition, Grey Art Gallery, New New York University's fine art museum, June 4-July 12, 1991.
References
External links
(es) El Tiempo, 20 June 1995
Issuu.com "El deseo y el tormento secularizados en la obra de Luis Caballero"
Colombia.co, Luis Caballero Holgin the naked truth behind evocative art
Category:1943 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
Category:Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
Category:20th-century Colombian painters
Category:Gay artists
Category:People from Bogotá
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With the final major capability for BPF tracing (timed sampling) merging in Linux 4.9-rc1, the Linux kernel now has raw capabilities similar to those provided by DTrace, the advanced tracer from Solaris. As a long time DTrace user and expert, this is an exciting milestone! On Linux, you can now analyze the performance of applications and the kernel using production-safe low-overhead custom tracing, with latency histograms, frequency counts, and more.
There have been many tracing projects for Linux, but the technology that finally merged didn’t start out as a tracing project at all: it began as enhancements to Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF), aka eBPF. At first, these enhancements let BPF redirect packets to create software-defined networks. Later on, support for tracing events was added, enabling programmatic tracing in Linux.
While BPF currently lacks a high-level language like DTrace, the front-ends available have been enough for me to create many BPF tools, some based on my older DTraceToolkit. In this post I'll describe how you can use these tools, the front-ends available, and discuss where the technology is going next.
Screenshots
I've been adding BPF-based tracing tools to the open source bcc project (thanks to Brenden Blanco, of PLUMgrid, for leading bcc development). See the bcc install instructions. It will add a collection of tools under /usr/share/bcc/tools, including the following.
Tracing new processes:
# execsnoop PCOMM PID RET ARGS bash 15887 0 /usr/bin/man ls preconv 15894 0 /usr/bin/preconv -e UTF-8 man 15896 0 /usr/bin/tbl man 15897 0 /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 man 15898 0 /usr/bin/pager -s nroff 15900 0 /usr/bin/locale charmap nroff 15901 0 /usr/bin/groff -mtty-char -Tutf8 -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n groff 15902 0 /usr/bin/troff -mtty-char -mandoc -rLL=169n -rLT=169n -Tutf8 groff 15903 0 /usr/bin/grotty
Histogram of disk I/O latency:
# biolatency -m Tracing block device I/O... Hit Ctrl-C to end. ^C msecs : count distribution 0 -> 1 : 96 |************************************ | 2 -> 3 : 25 |********* | 4 -> 7 : 29 |*********** | 8 -> 15 : 62 |*********************** | 16 -> 31 : 100 |**************************************| 32 -> 63 : 62 |*********************** | 64 -> 127 : 18 |****** |
Tracing common ext4 operations slower than 5 milliseconds:
# ext4slower 5 Tracing ext4 operations slower than 5 ms TIME COMM PID T BYTES OFF_KB LAT(ms) FILENAME 21:49:45 supervise 3570 W 18 0 5.48 status.new 21:49:48 supervise 12770 R 128 0 7.55 run 21:49:48 run 12770 R 497 0 16.46 nsswitch.conf 21:49:48 run 12770 R 1680 0 17.42 netflix_environment.sh 21:49:48 run 12770 R 1079 0 9.53 service_functions.sh 21:49:48 run 12772 R 128 0 17.74 svstat 21:49:48 svstat 12772 R 18 0 8.67 status 21:49:48 run 12774 R 128 0 15.76 stat 21:49:48 run 12777 R 128 0 7.89 grep 21:49:48 run 12776 R 128 0 8.25 ps 21:49:48 run 12780 R 128 0 11.07 xargs 21:49:48 ps 12776 R 832 0 12.02 libprocps.so.4.0.0 21:49:48 run 12779 R 128 0 13.21 cut [...]
Tracing new active TCP connections (connect()):
# tcpconnect PID COMM IP SADDR DADDR DPORT 1479 telnet 4 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 23 1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.245.105.25 80 1469 curl 4 10.201.219.236 54.67.101.145 80 1991 telnet 6 ::1 ::1 23 2015 ssh 6 fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac fe80::2000:bff:fe82:3ac 22
Tracing DNS latency by tracing getaddrinfo()/gethostbyname() library calls:
# gethostlatency TIME PID COMM LATms HOST 06:10:24 28011 wget 90.00 www.iovisor.org 06:10:28 28127 wget 0.00 www.iovisor.org 06:10:41 28404 wget 9.00 www.netflix.com 06:10:48 28544 curl 35.00 www.netflix.com.au 06:11:10 29054 curl 31.00 www.plumgrid.com 06:11:16 29195 curl 3.00 www.facebook.com 06:11:25 29404 curl 72.00 foo 06:11:28 29475 curl 1.00 foo
Interval summaries of VFS operations by type:
# vfsstat TIME READ/s WRITE/s CREATE/s OPEN/s FSYNC/s 18:35:32: 231 12 4 98 0 18:35:33: 274 13 4 106 0 18:35:34: 586 86 4 251 0 18:35:35: 241 15 4 99 0
Tracing off-CPU time with kernel and user stack traces (summarized in kernel), for a given PID:
# offcputime -d -p 24347 Tracing off-CPU time (us) of PID 24347 by user + kernel stack... Hit Ctrl-C to end. ^C [...] ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch ffffffff8185d385 schedule ffffffff81085672 do_wait ffffffff8108687b sys_wait4 ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath -- 00007f6733a6b64a waitpid - bash (24347) 4952 ffffffff810a9581 finish_task_switch ffffffff8185d385 schedule ffffffff81860c48 schedule_timeout ffffffff810c5672 wait_woken ffffffff8150715a n_tty_read ffffffff815010f2 tty_read ffffffff8122cd67 __vfs_read ffffffff8122df65 vfs_read ffffffff8122f465 sys_read ffffffff81861bf6 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath -- 00007f6733a969b0 read - bash (24347) 1450908
Tracing MySQL query latency (via a USDT probe):
# mysqld_qslower `pgrep -n mysqld` Tracing MySQL server queries for PID 14371 slower than 1 ms... TIME(s) PID MS QUERY 0.000000 18608 130.751 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' 2.921535 18608 130.590 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^alex.*$' 4.603549 18608 24.164 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM words 9.733847 18608 130.936 SELECT count(*) AS count FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' 17.864776 18608 130.298 SELECT * FROM words WHERE word REGEXP '^bre.*n$' ORDER BY word
Using the trace multi-tool to watch login requests, by instrumenting the pam library:
# trace 'pam:pam_start "%s: %s", arg1, arg2' TIME PID COMM FUNC - 17:49:45 5558 sshd pam_start sshd: root 17:49:47 5662 sudo pam_start sudo: root 17:49:49 5727 login pam_start login: bgregg
Many tools have usage messages (-h), and all should have man pages and text files of example output in the bcc project.
Out of necessity
In 2014, Linux tracing had some kernel summary features (from ftrace and perf_events), but outside those we still had to dump-and-post-process data – a decades old technique that has high overhead at scale. You couldn't frequency count process names, function names, stack traces, or other arbitrary data in the kernel. You couldn't save variables in one probe event, and then retrieve them in another, which meant that you couldn't measure latency (or time deltas) in custom places, and you couldn't create in-kernel latency histograms. You couldn't trace USDT probes. You couldn't even write custom programs. DTrace could do all these, but only on Solaris or BSD. On Linux, some out-of-tree tracers like SystemTap could serve these needs, but brought their own challenges. (For the sake of completeness: yes, you could write kprobe-based kernel modules – but practically no one did.)
In 2014 I joined the Netflix cloud performance team. Having spent years as a DTrace expert, it might have seemed crazy for me to move to Linux. But I had some motivations, in particular seeking a greater challenge: performance tuning the Netflix cloud, with its rapid application changes, microservice architecture, and distributed systems. Sometimes this job involves systems tracing, for which I'd previously used DTrace. Without DTrace on Linux, I began by using what was built in to the Linux kernel, ftrace and perf_events, and from them made a toolkit of tracing tools (perf-tools). They have been invaluable. But I couldn't do some tasks, particularly latency histograms and stack trace counting. We needed kernel tracing to be programmatic.
What happened?
BPF adds programmatic capabilities to the existing kernel tracing facilities (tracepoints, kprobes, uprobes). It has been enhanced rapidly in the Linux 4.x series.
Timed sampling was the final major piece, and it landed in Linux 4.9-rc1 (patchset). Many thanks to Alexei Starovoitov (now working on BPF at Facebook), the lead developer behind these BPF enhancements.
The Linux kernel now has the following features built in (added between 2.6 and 4.9):
Dynamic tracing, kernel-level (BPF support for kprobes)
Dynamic tracing, user-level (BPF support for uprobes)
Static tracing, kernel-level (BPF support for tracepoints)
Timed sampling events (BPF with perf_event_open)
PMC events (BPF with perf_event_open)
Filtering (via BPF programs)
Debug output (bpf_trace_printk())
Per-event output (bpf_perf_event_output())
Basic variables (global & per-thread variables, via BPF maps)
Associative arrays (via BPF maps)
Frequency counting (via BPF maps)
Histograms (power-of-2, linear, and custom, via BPF maps)
Timestamps and time deltas (bpf_ktime_get_ns(), and BPF programs)
Stack traces, kernel (BPF stackmap)
Stack traces, user (BPF stackmap)
Overwrite ring buffers (perf_event_attr.write_backward)
The front-end we are using is bcc, which provides both Python and lua interfaces. bcc adds:
Static tracing, user-level (USDT probes via uprobes)
Debug output (Python with BPF.trace_pipe() and BPF.trace_fields())
Per-event output (BPF_PERF_OUTPUT macro and BPF.open_perf_buffer())
Interval output (BPF.get_table() and table.clear())
Histogram printing (table.print_log2_hist())
C struct navigation, kernel-level (bcc rewriter maps to bpf_probe_read())
Symbol resolution, kernel-level (ksym(), ksymaddr())
Symbol resolution, user-level (usymaddr())
BPF tracepoint support (via TRACEPOINT_PROBE)
BPF stack trace support (incl. walk method for stack frames)
Various other helper macros and functions
Examples (under /examples)
Many tools (under /tools)
Tutorials (/docs/tutorial*.md)
Reference guide (/docs/reference_guide.md)
I'd been holding off on this post until the last major feature was integrated, and now it has been in 4.9-rc1. There are still some minor missing things we have workarounds for, and additional things we might do, but what we have right now is worth celebrating. Linux now has advanced tracing capabilities built in.
Safety
BPF and its enhancements are designed to be production safe, and it is used today in large scale production environments. But if you're determined, you may be able to still find a way to hang the kernel. That experience should be the exception rather than the rule, and such bugs will be fixed fast, especially since BPF is part of Linux. All eyes are on Linux.
We did hit a couple of non-BPF bugs during development that needed to be fixed: rcu not reentrant, which could cause kernel hangs for funccount and was fixed by the "bpf: map pre-alloc" patchset in 4.6, and with a workaround in bcc for older kernels. And a uprobe memory accounting issue, which failed uprobe allocations, and was fixed by the "uprobes: Fix the memcg accounting" patch in 4.8 and backported to earlier kernels (eg, it's in the current 4.4.27 and 4.4.0-45.66).
Why did Linux tracing take so long?
Prior work had been split among several other tracers: there was never a consolidated effort on any single one. For more about this and other issues, see my 2014 tracing summit talk. One thing I didn't note there was the counter effect of partial solutions: some companies had found another tracer (SystemTap or LTTng) was sufficient for their specific needs, and while they have been happy to hear about BPF, contributing to its development wasn't a priority given their existing solution.
BPF has only been enhanced to do tracing in the last two years. This process could have gone faster, but early on there were zero full-time engineers working on BPF tracing. Alexei Starovoitov (BPF lead), Brenden Blanco (bcc lead), myself, and others, all had other priorities. I tracked my hours on this at Netflix (voluntarily), and I've spent around 7% of my time on BPF/bcc. It wasn't that much of a priority, in part because we had our own workarounds (including my perf-tools, which work on older kernels).
Now that BPF tracing has arrived, there's already tech companies on the lookout for BPF skills. I can still highly recommend Netflix. (If you're trying to hire me for BPF skills, then I'm still very happy at Netflix!.)
Ease of use
What might appear to be the largest remaining difference between DTrace and bcc/BPF is ease of use. But it depends on what you're doing with BPF tracing. Either you are:
Using BPF tools/metrics : There should be no difference. Tools behave the same, GUIs can access similar metrics. Most people will use BPF in this way.
: There should be no difference. Tools behave the same, GUIs can access similar metrics. Most people will use BPF in this way. Developing tools/metrics : bcc right now is much harder. DTrace has its own concise language, D, similar to awk, whereas bcc uses existing languages (C and Python or lua) with libraries. A bcc tool in C+Python may be a lot more code than a D-only tool: 10x the lines, or more. However, many DTrace tools used shell wrapping to provide arguments and error checking, inflating the code to a much bigger size. The coding difficulty is also different: the rewriter in bcc can get fiddly, which makes some scripts much more complicated to develop (extra bpf_probe_read()s, requiring more knowledge of BPF internals). This situation should improve over time as improvements are planned.
: bcc right now is much harder. DTrace has its own concise language, D, similar to awk, whereas bcc uses existing languages (C and Python or lua) with libraries. A bcc tool in C+Python may be a lot more code than a D-only tool: 10x the lines, or more. However, many DTrace tools used shell wrapping to provide arguments and error checking, inflating the code to a much bigger size. The coding difficulty is also different: the rewriter in bcc can get fiddly, which makes some scripts much more complicated to develop (extra bpf_probe_read()s, requiring more knowledge of BPF internals). This situation should improve over time as improvements are planned. Running common one-liners : Fairly similar. DTrace could do many with the "dtrace" command, whereas bcc has a variety of multitools: trace, argdist, funccount, funclatency, etc.
: Fairly similar. DTrace could do many with the "dtrace" command, whereas bcc has a variety of multitools: trace, argdist, funccount, funclatency, etc. Writing custom ad hoc one-liners: With DTrace this was trivial, and accelerated advanced analysis by allowing rapid custom questions to be posed and answered by the system. bcc is currently limited by its multitools and their scope.
In short, if you're an end user of BPF tools, you shouldn't notice these differences. If you're an advanced user and tool developer (like me), bcc is a lot more difficult right now.
To show a current example of the bcc Python front-end, here's the code for tracing disk I/O and printing I/O size as a histogram:
from bcc import BPF from time import sleep # load BPF program b = BPF(text=""" #include <uapi/linux/ptrace.h> #include <linux/blkdev.h> BPF_HISTOGRAM(dist); int kprobe__blk_account_io_completion(struct pt_regs *ctx, struct request *req) { dist.increment(bpf_log2l(req->__data_len / 1024)); return 0; } """) # header print("Tracing... Hit Ctrl-C to end.") # trace until Ctrl-C try: sleep(99999999) except KeyboardInterrupt: print # output b["dist"].print_log2_hist("kbytes")
Note the embedded C (text=) in the Python code.
This gets the job done, but there's also room for improvement. Fortunately, we have time to do so: it will take many months before people are on Linux 4.9 and can use BPF, so we have time to create tools and front-ends.
A higher-level language
An easier front-end, such as a higher-level language, may not improve adoption as much as you might imagine. Most people will use the canned tools (and GUIs), and only some of us will actually write them. But I'm not opposed to a higher-level language either, and some already exist, like SystemTap:
#!/usr/bin/stap /* * opensnoop.stp Trace file open()s. Basic version of opensnoop. */ probe begin { printf("
%6s %6s %16s %s
", "UID", "PID", "COMM", "PATH"); } probe syscall.open { printf("%6d %6d %16s %s
", uid(), pid(), execname(), filename); }
Wouldn't it be nice if we could have the SystemTap front-end with all its language integration and tapsets, with the high-performance kernel built in BPF back-end? Richard Henderson of Red Hat has already begun work on this, and has released an initial version!
There's also ply, an entirely new higher-level language for BPF:
#!/usr/bin/env ply kprobe:SyS_* { $syscalls[func].count() }
This is also promising.
Although, I think the real challenge for tool developers won't be the language: it will be knowing what to do with these new superpowers.
How you can contribute
Promotion : There are currently no marketing efforts for BPF tracing. Some companies know it and are using it (Facebook, Netflix, Github, and more), but it'll take years to become widely known. You can help by sharing articles and resources with others in the industry.
: There are currently no marketing efforts for BPF tracing. Some companies know it and are using it (Facebook, Netflix, Github, and more), but it'll take years to become widely known. You can help by sharing articles and resources with others in the industry. Education : You can write articles, give meetup talks, and contribute to bcc documentation. Share case studies of how BPF has solved real issues, and provided value to your company.
: You can write articles, give meetup talks, and contribute to bcc documentation. Share case studies of how BPF has solved real issues, and provided value to your company. Fix bcc issues : See the bcc issue list, which includes bugs and feature requests.
: See the bcc issue list, which includes bugs and feature requests. File bugs : Use bcc/BPF, and file bugs as you find them.
: Use bcc/BPF, and file bugs as you find them. New tools : There are more observability tools to develop, but please don't be hasty: people are going to spend hours learning and using your tool, so make it as intuitive and excellent as possible (see my docs). As Mike Muuss has said about his ping program: "If I'd known then that it would be my most famous accomplishment in life, I might have worked on it another day or two and added some more options."
: There are more observability tools to develop, but please don't be hasty: people are going to spend hours learning and using your tool, so make it as intuitive and excellent as possible (see my docs). As Mike Muuss has said about his ping program: "If I'd known then that it would be my most famous accomplishment in life, I might have worked on it another day or two and added some more options." High-level language : If the existing bcc front-end languages really bother you, maybe you can come up with something much better. If you build it in bcc you can leverage libbcc. Or, you could help the SystemTap BPF or ply efforts.
: If the existing bcc front-end languages really bother you, maybe you can come up with something much better. If you build it in bcc you can leverage libbcc. Or, you could help the SystemTap BPF or ply efforts. GUI integration: Apart from the bcc CLI observability tools, how can this new information be visualized? Latency heat maps, flame graphs, and more.
Other Tracers
What about SystemTap, ktap, sysdig, LTTng, etc? It's possible that they all have a future, either by using BPF, or by becoming better at what they specifically do. Explaining each will be a blog post by itself.
And DTrace itself? We're still using it at Netflix, on our FreeBSD-based CDN.
Further bcc/BPF Reading
I've written a bcc/BPF Tool End-User Tutorial, a bcc Python Developer's Tutorial, a bcc/BPF Reference Guide, and contributed useful /tools, each with an example.txt file and man page. My prior posts about bcc & BPF include:
I've also giving a talk about bcc/BPF, at Facebook's Performance@Scale event: Linux BPF Superpowers. In December, I'm giving a tutorial and talk on BPF/bcc at USENIX LISA in Boston.
(Update: I also have a new website, Linux eBPF Tools.)
Acknowledgements
Van Jacobson and Steve McCanne, who created the original BPF as a packet filter.
Barton P. Miller, Jeffrey K. Hollingsworth, and Jon Cargille, for inventing dynamic tracing, and publishing the paper: "Dynamic Program Instrumentation for Scalable Performance Tools", Scalable High-performance Conputing Conference (SHPCC), Knoxville, Tennessee, May 1994.
kerninst (ParaDyn, UW-Madison), an early dynamic tracing tool that showed the value of dynamic tracing (late 1990's).
Mathieu Desnoyers (of LTTng), the lead developer of kernel markers that led to tracepoints.
IBM developed kprobes as part of DProbes. DProbes was combined with LTT to provide Linux dynamic tracing in 2000, but wasn't integrated.
Bryan Cantrill, Mike Shapiro, and Adam Leventhal (Sun Microsystems), the core developers of DTrace, an awesome tool which proved that dynamic tracing could be production safe and easy to use (2004). Given the mechanics of dynamic tracing, this was a crucial turning point for the technology: that it became safe enough to be shipped by default in Solaris, an OS known for reliability.
The many Sun Microsystems staff in marketing, sales, training, and other roles, for promoting DTrace and creating the awareness and desire for advanced system tracing.
Roland McGrath (at Red Hat), the lead developer of utrace, which became uprobes.
Alexei Starovoitov (PLUMgrid, then Facebook), the lead developer of enhanced BPF: the programmatic kernel components necessary.
Many other Linux kernel engineers who contributed feedback, code, testing, and their own patchsets for the development of enhanced BPF (search lkml for BPF): Wang Nan, Daniel Borkmann, David S. Miller, Peter Zijlstra, and many others.
Brenden Blanco (PLUMgrid), the lead developer of bcc.
Sasha Goldshtein (Sela) developed tracepoint support in bcc, developed the most powerful bcc multitools trace and argdist, and contributed to USDT support.
Vicent Martí and others at Github engineering, for developing the lua front-end for bcc, and contributing parts of USDT.
Allan McAleavy, Mark Drayton, and other bcc contributors for various improvements.
Thanks to Netflix for providing the environment and support where I've been able to contribute to BPF and bcc tracing, and help get them done. I've also contributed to tracing in general over the years by developing tracing tools (using TNF/prex, DTrace, SystemTap, ktap, ftrace, perf, and now bcc/BPF), and books, blogs, and talks.
Finally, thanks to Deirdré for editing another post.
Conclusion
Linux doesn't have DTrace (the language), but it now does, in a way, have the DTraceToolkit (the tools).
The Linux 4.9 kernel has the final capabilities needed to support modern tracing, via enhancments to its built-in BPF engine. The hardest part is now done: kernel support. Future work now includes more performance CLI tools, alternate higher-level languages, and GUIs.
For customers of performance analysis products, this is also good news: you can now ask for latency histograms and heatmaps, CPU and off-CPU flame graphs, better latency breakdowns, and lower-cost instrumentation. Per-packet tracing and processing in user space is now the old inefficient way.
So when are you going to upgrade to Linux 4.9? Once it is officially released, new performance tools await: apt-get install bcc-tools. For updates on bcc/BPF tools, see bcc (github) and my eBPF Tools page.
Enjoy!
Brendan
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Oilsands dependence could hurt Canada’s economy, report warns
A new report warns of the perils to the Canadian economy of relying too much on the oilsands.
The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study says Canada is heading towards a “staples trap,” whereby the more quickly bitumen is exported, the less diversified and productive the economy becomes.
The study’s authors also warn of a looming “carbon trap” in which the Canadian economy is so closely linked to carbon-producing industries that it becomes difficult to adopt measures to deal with climate change.
“What goes up always comes down where commodities are concerned,” co-author Jim Stanford, an economist with the Canadian Auto Workers, said in an interview.
“Our concern is that Canadian policy makers who were so quick to jump on the bandwagon of us becoming an energy superpower forgot those lessons of the potential downside of a staples-based strategy for our whole economy.”
A big danger facing the oil industry is shrinking markets for fossil fuels as a result of global efforts to address climate change, says the report.
The report was co-written with Tony Clarke, head of the left-leaning Polaris Institute; Diana Gibson, former research director of the Parkland Institute in Alberta; and Brendan Haley, a PhD candidate at Carleton University in Ottawa.
Countries that rely too heavily on raw materials can fall into a dangerous cycle, they argue.
“Staples-based economies must make enormous fixed-cost investments in production and transportation infrastructure, generally undertaken by large, often foreign-owned companies,” the report says.
“To pay off these overhead costs and reward investors, staples industries face an enormous motivation to produce and export their staple faster.”
Doing so can drive down the price.
Investing so much into one industry can also cause others to wither, say the authors, who point to manufacturing as one industry that has suffered from a high Canadian dollar linked to soaring oil prices.
“The brunt of resource-driven sectoral restructuring in Canada’s economy has clearly been borne by the manufacturing sector,” the report says.
The report recommends tighter regulations and control of the oilsands to slow development, and transitioning to a low-carbon economy in which governments play a greater role than they now do.
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The thoughts expressed in Guest Opinion are those of
the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of
Standard & Poor's.
Commenting on the article, "Russian Banks:
Desperately Seeking Solvency", are two prominent Russian
politicians, Grigory Yavlinsky and Boris Nemtsov, who
present their views on the current status of the Russian
economy and prospects for the future.
There could be little objection to the
overall picture portrayed by the Standard & Poor's analysts
in their recent article on the Russian banking system.
Indeed, the problems inherent in the Russian banking system
have been explained accurately and concisely, including
the origin and background of the present banking crisis
in Russia. Still, there are some points that should be
emphasized and stated more clearly to prevent misunderstanding
of the nature of the banking collapse and implications
for possible future scenarios.
It is certainly true that the government's
inability to cope with the fiscal crisis has been the
primary reason for the all-embracing banking crisis that
followed the notorious decisions made last August. Indeed,
the ruble default and the near-complete freeze of short-term
government securities could have destroyed a far more
viable banking system, especially with so little assistance
rendered to it by banking and fiscal authorities.
There are also reasons to believe that
the fault has not been wholly with the government. More
likely than not, the banking crisis would have been there
irrespective of the state of government finances. In fact,
the largely irresponsible fiscal policies of the government
that preceded and actually caused the August crash benefited
the banking system in general and the larger "systemic"
banks, major commercial private banks that form the base
of the bank system of the country, before anyone else.
Paradoxically, a more responsible and prudent management
of public funds could have worsened rather than alleviated
many of the problems that had been faced by systemic banks.
While claiming the government to be responsible for the
present insolvency of systemic banks, their owners are
well aware of the fact that the profits they extracted
from trading in government bonds far outweighed their
present losses.
Part of the reason for the weakness and
fragility of the Russian banking system, apart from Russia's
political instability, lies with managerial problems.
The latter part of my article lists several basic flaws
of the system that were evident not only to the banking
authorities, but even to the general public. For instance,
such flaws as excessive reliance on government resources
or, at best, a rather limited number of corporate clients
as a resource base, generally scarce but highly volatile
private deposits, excessive concentration of assets in
certain domains related to owners' interests, etc., were
widely known, and the risks associat-ed with them rather
widely accepted.
What was more important is that these
flaws resulted not so much from poor knowledge or skill,
or lack of experience, but rather from the specific role
that the banks played in the recently established Russian
edition of liberal capitalism. The Russian banking system
in its pre-crisis form was no more (and no less) than
a subordinate part of greater structures serving particular
business and sometimes political interests. To put it
plainly, the individuals who ultimately owned those banks
did not regard them as self-sufficient businesses, but
rather as a subordinate means to build their rapidly growing
holding empires. The banks themselves were of a species
specially bred to serve very specific needs, such as diverting
cash flows from newly acquired enterprises (especially
exporters) to chan-nels easy to control and manipulate;
and transferring capital from the country back into it,
providing their owners with ample cash to privatize new
coveted pieces of government property, etc. These specific
functions were performed as efficiently as was only possible
under the circumstances, but meeting the internationally
recognized standards of commercial banking was not among
their priorities. Their growing insolvency since the beginning
of the last year was a mere reflection of the environment
in Russia rather degradation of the system itself.
Consequently, talk of a complete collapse
of the banking system should also be treated with caution.
It is rather a collapse of a certain type of business
than of the organizations that have been engaged in that
business. The individuals and organizations that stood
behind them are still here (perhaps with some notable
exceptions) and find no problem in providing the controlled
businesses with new institutions to perform the minimally
required banking services for them. Indeed, while most
of the large banks are bankrupt according to Western standard
of accounting, there is surprisingly little panic and
even less anxiety over the issue on the part of industrial
businesses that have affiliated or connected to them.
It is correct to state that the nowadays
Russia does not possess a workable modern commercial banking
system. But we must bear in mind that it never did possess
one, crisis or not. Talk of achievements made since the
start of liberal reforms comes from emphasizing form over
essence, and market infrastructure over working market
forces. And, if we look at the essence of things, we see
a system designed not to supply finance to industries,
but rather to turn public money into offshore assets.
It is exactly this understanding that
also be the basis for evaluating the efforts of the government
and Central Bank to reconstruct and revitalize the banking
sector. In fact the system should be rebuilt on new foundations
with the principles of banking deeply revised and established
anew, unless the government wants to have crises of such
scale every two or three years. Radical change in ownership
and new principles of supervision are essential to ensure
that Russia comes out of this crisis with new banks able
to trade in financial resources and not in power relations.
In this respect, the situation is not
too encouraging. The Central Bank's program for restructuring
the banking sector is heavy on general principles but
too light on means, mechanism and resources. Too little
has been said on details. How will the lists of needy
banks be compiled? Who will get the Central Bank's stabilization
loans? Who will determine the appropriate amounts and
how? What will be the terms and conditions attached? The
talk of "socially important" banks is nice, but usually
it doesn't go as far as determining what precisely is
to be saved. The banks' names? Their businesses and networks?
The clients' money? With criteria vague and independent
outside control absent, chances are low that in the end
we'll have a system much different from the one that went
bankrupt in last year's financial crisis.
"It is correct to state that the nowadays
Russia does not possess a workable modern commercial banking
system.'' - Grigory Yavlinsky
Reforms Are Only Skin Deep
Boris Nemtsov
Leader of the Rossiya Molodaya movement
Former First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation
As painful as it is to admit, Standard
& Poor's analysis of the Russian situation is objective
and realistic.
The situation in Russia is extremely uncertain
and the prospects are vague. On the one hand, there is
an almost guaranteed default on external debt, including
Eurobonds, enormous delays in salary payments (around
75 billion rubles), continued decline in production, and
sharp decreases in investment activity.
On the other hand, we have the absence
of any positive and clear actions on the part of the government
along with dubious-at best-decisions, such as: the renewal
of offsets (writing off mutual debts between enterprises,
with no money being involved in the transaction), the
reduction in the value-added tax to 15% (perhaps the only
tax we've learned to collect), and the support of certain
banks without any transparent criteria (we can only guess
under what circumstances decisions on supporting banks
are made).
As a result, there is rather high inflation
and very low tax collection (in January less than $1 billion).
For instance, the government has a "separate" agreement
with Gazprom that allows Gazprom to pay only $100 million
a month instead of the at least $400 mil-lion a month
it should be paying in accordance with the tax laws.
There is an obvious crisis of power. The
authorities are weak and there is no trust in them. This
leads to corruption and the overwhelming unwillingness
to pay taxes. This also leads to the flight of capital,
which apparently is increasing since the trade balance
is positive and investment activity continues to fall.
What are the prospects?
The reason for these problems is that
liberal reforms, despite the presence of reformers in
government at a certain point, did not take place. Therefore,
real reforms still are required, including the following
points:
- Anti-corruption actions. A rejection
of the practice of offsets, the abolition of privileges
when it comes to paying taxes (Gazprom is an example),
the establishment of public rules, transparency, for giving
support to problem banks;
- An acceleration of bankruptcy proceedings
for enterprises not paying taxes or wages;
- A simplification of the tax system;
- A strengthening of the judicial system;
- Legal protection of property rights.
I am convinced that one of the key problems
in the country is weak management, both on the state level
and on the business level. The realization of a massive
program of management training will accelerate positive
changes in Russia.
In the upcoming Duma elections to be held
this December, the democratic candidates (Pravoe Delo
coalition, Yabloko Party) have a good chance, first of
all because they are in opposition to the regime, and
secondly, because at last they are more or less united.
Their chances will increase if an agreement can be reached
between Yabloko and Pravoe Delo on at least the elections
in single-mandate districts.
On the whole, democratic forces can be
count on 20-25 seats, which is not bad. If we add the
deputies elected from Otechestvo (Luzhkov's party) and
Lebed's party, that could be a controlling packet of votes
on key issues in the state Duma.
None of them, except Yavlinsky, is capable
of carrying out substantive economic policy. However,
Yavlinsky is unlikely to make it to the second round of
voting. This means that Russia cannot expect good news
in the year 2000, and all hopes must go to the elections
of 2004, when the voters will be people who have never
lived under the Soviet system and do not want to go back
to it.
Editor's note: Grigory Alekseevich
Yavlinsky, 47, is the co-founder and chairman of both
the Yabloko Party and its Duma faction in the Russian
Parliament. A prominent economist, he also serves as the
chairman of the Board of the Center for Economic and Political
Research (EPIcenter), a private, non-governmental research
institution based in Moscow. In 1996, Yavlinsky ran for
President of Russia on a platform of liberal opposition
to the Yeltsin government. He placed fourth with more
than 5.5 million votes. Yavlinsky has declared his intention
to run for presidency in the year 2000.
Boris Yefimovich Nemtsov, 39, was first
deputy prime minister of the Russian Federation in Prime
Minister Sergei Kiriyenko's Cabinet from March 1997 until
August 1998 and previously served as governor of the Nizhny
Novgorod region for six years. Nemtsov has joined a newly
created coalition of liberals and democrats running in
parliamentary elections. He says the group, Pravoe Delo
(Just Cause), will wait for the results of the December
vote before deciding whether to field a presidential candidate.
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Pierre Borghi
1 results arranged by date
New York, April 8, 2013--Pierre Borghi, a French photographer
who was abducted in Kabul more than four months ago, has escaped his captors,
according to news reports citing the Afghan government. Borghi's disappearance
had not been made public in 2012 at the request of the French authorities who were
trying to secure the journalist's release.
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Thursday, July 17, 2008
It has not made the headlines, but this message of the Archbishop of Canterbury to the bishops assembled at Lambeth in the Bible study he led this morning (as paraphrased by the Rt. Rev. Alan Wilson of Buckingham) is tailor-made for the social activists of The Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada, and is in my view the most important teaching to come out of Lambeth thus far:
In Galatians 1:15 Paul says God reveals himself not “to” me (safe option in most translations) but (Greek) “in” me. So every calling or vocation is an invitation to become, gradually, a place where God’s life is revealed, his promise and judgment. We sometimes meet fellow disciples who make us realise, with devastating clarity, how far we need to change. This is holiness. So we thank God for all who do this in their calling as Bishops, including (especially?) those unable to join us. The Christ we are all called to reveal is one whose body is real, in time and eternity, who gathers God’s Children from the corners of the earth into his kingdom. This is the prime vision we were called to represent and enact. II Corinthians 11:28-9 —
Besides other things I am under daily pressure because of my anxiety for all the churches. Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble and I am not indignant?
". . . a place where God's life is revealed, His promise and judgment. . . . The Christ we are all called to reveal is one whose body is real . . . who gathers God's Children from the corners of the earth into His kingdom." And note: "We thank God for all who do this in their calling as Bishops, including (especially?) those unable to join us." This is fine teaching, and I think Bishop Alan could remove the question mark; the sentiment was undoubtedly sincere. Archbishop Rowan now continues to emphasize the special calling of bishops:
So the only way of being a successful apostle is to be incapable of distancing oneself from the weakness of others. Bearing apostolic witness we have to speak of a new humanity in which we bear others burdens and so fulfil the law of Christ. Represent Jesus Christ and your defences will be down, and you will share in the weakness and loss of all, and your assumed loss will be part of the pain God takes upon himself in his infinite love. Paul sees the Church as being called to living the death and resurrection of Christ in the world.
Note well, TEC (and all other) Bishops: you have to learn "to be incapable of distancing oneself from the weaknesses of others." So much of what passes for deliberation these days in TEC's House of Bishops , and all of the litigation TEC is embroiled in, shows exactly the opposite face to the Communion, and to the world as a whole. Think again about the oxymoron of a church that fully endorses abortion, and ponder on the Archbishop's words.
Having set up the assembled bishops for their special role, Archbishop Rowan now delivers the clincher:
Therefore bishops can never, however much they’d like to be, become the spokesperson of a single nation, or cause, or group, however worthy they may be.
Simply wonderful! This is what TEC's social activists need to hear. He says it once more, for emphasis:
Some will call it dithering — we have to find ways to make it prophetic. It would be much easier to turn the church into an association of people who sign up to particular ideas, or reflect the nation in some vague way.
Such as abortion, gay/lesbian civil rights, liberation theology---you name it, it has been promoted in the name of our church and social justice. Just in case anyone is still wondering about the message of this study, Archbishop Rowan now says it a third time:
What we actually have to do is express in our living the whole new humanity that is being gathered up in Christ. Therefore we can never simply be servants to one subgroup. We have been taken hold of by Christ. We may of course want to affirm this person or that, but we cannot without also some note of challenge as well as affirmation. Therefore bishops have to prioritise living and proclaiming the life of a Christ who gathers lost humanity into one in himself.
And now Bishop Wilson summarizes in his own words (not the Archbishop's, I presume), and shows that he, for one at least, heard the message loud and clear (I have added the emphasis):
So Unity is not just everybody feeling good about each other, a quantitative thing, but a qualitative thing — each person impoverished by the another’s loss, each person enriched by others’ holiness. This is what Church is for, according to Saint Paul; and we’re off with some homework to reflect on what it means in our own lives.
Please, I pray, do reflect---not just Bishop Alan, but all of you there at Lambeth, and especially those at the forefront of our church's activist stance. To live in Christ is to have God reveal Himself inyou, where you are incapable of distancing yourself from the weakness of others. It is not about taking up the banner of this or that cause in the name of the church that you represent, because in the very act of doing so, you distance yourself (and the church, as a consequence) from the weakness of others. I shall add to this some words I wrote in an earlier post, because they supplement what the Archbishop so importantly taught today, and help explain (not justify, but just explain) why a quarter of the Communion's bishops are absent from Lambeth:
The fallacy in bringing a civil rights point of view to matters of Church polity is not just that sinners have no "civil rights", but also that one cannot champion civil rights in a representative capacity. A Bishop represents his diocese to the church catholic, as the above quote observes. If that Bishop feels strongly about women's rights, or gay and lesbian rights, or both, or still other rights, he or she may march in all the demonstrations and parades, and even get arrested if civil disobedience is felt to be the only way to gain attention for the cause. But when a Bishop marches, or is arrested, he is placing his individual liberty on the line. (I shall switch to using a generic "he" at this point, because it is simply too cumbersome to keep repeating "he or she," "his or her," etc. Let the gender-neutral intent be understood.) As a Bishop of his Church, however, his authority does not extend to placing his Diocese on the line, because he only represents the Diocese; he is not the Diocese itself.
Indeed, civil disobedience makes sense only from an individual standpoint, as I noted in an earlier post. There is no admirable sacrifice of liberty, no example for others to follow, if you use your representative authority to get someone else to go to jail for you. And this has been the problem with how TEC (and the ACoC) have gone about advancing the cause of gay and lesbian "rights" within the Anglican Communion. (I place the word in quotes, remember, because it does not make sense to speak of demanding from God a "right" to be ordained, or to receive God's blessing on one's relationship.) They claim to have done so in order to "be a witness" to the "new things" which the Holy Spirit is doing in the Church---that is the language of (religious) civil rights demonstrators. In fact, the compulsion for former Presiding Bishop Griswold to be a witness was so great that he could leave the Primates' Meeting at Lambeth Palace in October 2003, having signed a statement that urged TEC not to go forward with the consecration of Bishop Robinson, and then officiate at the ceremony just seventeen days later; he left it to his deputies to justify his conduct to the Communion. And the compulsion of the current Presiding Bishop to brook no opposition to the social justice agenda was foreshadowed even before she was elected.
In order to send a signal that they were witnessing to the cause of gay and lesbian civil rights, the Bishops of TEC and ACoC did not just pronounce that Lambeth Resolution 1.10 was not going to be followed in their churches; TEC actually consecrated a Bishop who, it was warned in advance, would not be able to represent his diocese to the wider church, and who could not be invited to the gathering at Lambeth without making a mockery of the actions taken there. And asked to clarify its stance, the Anglican Church of Canada responded with an ambiguous authorization to hold rites for the blessing of same-sex unions. Each of these actions, be it noted, constituted official acts of the respective churches, performed and approved by their delegates in their representative capacities. No one's individual liberty was placed at risk by such Anglican disobedience; instead, what it called into question was the churches' willingness to remain as full partners in the Communion.
It is very difficult to remain impartial about the different sides of this dispute, because there is so much at stake once the disobedience went to a representative, as opposed to staying on an individual, level. Some devout Episcopalians, whose sincerity cannot be questioned (even though the other side will not credit it), believe (along with Lambeth 1.10) that participating in or approving the ordination of a non-celibate gay or lesbian to the ministry simply cannot be reconciled with Holy Scripture, and quite a number of these Episcopalians also believe that it concerns one's salvation. The other side believes just as sincerely that gays and lesbians have for too long been discriminated against by the powers of the Church, are determined to put an end to the discrimination they see, and think that what they are doing is strengthening, not weakening the Church. The problem is that by taking action in the name of the whole Church, the activists have made it impossible for those who disagree to remain neutral or indifferent. The reasserters (to use the neutral terminology now current) cannot accept what has been done, and what continues to be done, in their name. And for their part, the reappraisers are just as determined to continue with what they have started, and to do so in the name of the Church as a whole.
One of the predictable consequences of such an impasse is that the reasserters will seek to be led by Bishops and clergy whom they see as faithful to Holy Scripture, and will reject the leadership of those who are approving and performing gay and lesbian ordinations and blessings. The results are the withdrawals, the joining of other Anglican provinces, and the border crossings by Bishops.
To those who have borne with me thus far, I hope you will join me in praying that all of our Bishops---on both sides of the controversy (pax, Cany)---open their hearts and their minds to the Bible teaching offered by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and that in reflecting on its wisdom they achieve a new and better understanding of the roles they are called on to play as our Bishops.
Amen.
Postscript: I shall add below, as I find them posted, other bishops' accounts of the Bible study they experienced with the Archbishop. The first one shows the motive power of ++Cantuar's spiritual force, for which we may all be thankful; is it too soon to say that it also shows the force of collective prayer? Time will tell---please continue to pray. (See also this moving account by Bishop Nedi Rivera of the Diocese of Olympia.)Bishop Porter Taylor (Western North Carolina)
It is, of course, too much to hope that all the blog posts will be as detailed as the one featured above. Here is the Bishop of Northwestern Pennsylvania, who at least was motivated to think back to his ordination. The Bishop of Arizona, however, devotes just a single sentence to the experience. Bishop Pierre Whalon, of the Convocation of American Churches in Europe, gives no details, but is "hungry for more." The Bishop of Arkansas is struck by the sounds of Canterbury Cathedral in taking in the Archbishop's message. The Bishop of Connecticut's reaction was like that of the Bishop of Northwestern Pennsylvania. And Bishop Stacy Sauls of Lexington sums up in two sentences: "There were two addresses by Archbishop Rowan. They were both thought-provoking."
Cany, the Archbishop's teaching applies to everyone, I agree. "Successionists, interlopers, GAFCON/FOCA types"---if the shoe fits, wear it. If any Bishop is out there taking his or her Diocese or Church into political and social justice activism just so the people that agree can all feel good, then the ABC's teaching applies in spades: to the extent they are doing so, they are to that extent impeding their true role as a bishop of and in Christ's church.
I invite you to put up a post that applies the same teaching to those with whom you disagree, and that points out the respective ideological/social activist banners they have grouped themselves under, with appropriate links to the sources. Then tell me about it, and I will post a link to it here.
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Q:
Internal Class Constructer... does this work?
Ok sorry guys, I know you guys are gonna tell me I need to search and search, but I have already and I am pretty sure I am correct in assuming this will work the way I want it to, but I figured I would ask here and try to get some professional help on my learning experience since unity answers isn't so great.
Anyways I am trying to start constructing another MMORPG and I am also learning c sharp at the same time. I have a class for Vocation (the job of the player, like mage, knight, ect) that I want to be created during the same time my player class is created, and so I need to use an id to decide which vocation and what property values they inherit.
This is what I have, will this work as I am trying to make it? Or am I doing something horribly wrong...?
EDIT
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
//DONE: abstract: a personage can't be "Vocation", but Mage, Warrior, Archer...
public abstract class Vocation
{
//DONE: just a readonly property
public int Vid {get; }
//DONE: just a readonly property
public string Name { get { return _Name; } }
protected string _Name = "None";
//DONE: let's ensure the property to be overriden
public abstract HitPointsPerLevel { get; }
public abstract ManaPointsPerLevel { get; }
//DONE: you don't want this constructor to be public, but protected only
//DONE: Assign all the data in one place
protected Vocation(int vid)
{
Vid = vid;
}
}
//DONE: do not declare derived class as inner one
internal class Mage : Vocation
{
sealed public override float HitPointsPerLevel { get { return 12f; } }
sealed public override string _Name = "Mage";
//DONE: typo constructor should have been "Mage"
public Mage() : base(1)
{
}
}
HOW DOES IT LOOK NOW GUYS?
A:
I suggest re-designing the implementation
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
//DONE: abstract: a personage can't be "Vocation", but Mage, Warrior, Archer...
public abstract class Vocation
{
//DONE: just a readonly property
public int Vid {get; }
//DONE: just a readonly property
public string Name {get; }
//DONE: let's ensure the property to be overriden
public abstract HitPointsPerLevel { get; }
//DONE: you don't want this constructor to be public, but protected only
//DONE: Assign all the data in one place
protected Vocation(int vid, string name)
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
Vid = vid;
Name = name;
}
}
//DONE: do not declare derived class as inner one
internal class Mage : Vocation
{
sealed public override float HitPointsPerLevel { get { return 12f; } }
//DONE: typo constructor should have been "Mage"
public Mage() : base(1, "Mage")
{
}
}
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Q:
matchMedia doesnt work unless window is resized
I'm trying to use the window.matchMedia event listener to detect if the user is on a touch device or not. But im just seems to be only activate when the chrome DevTools window is resized, and not actually detect if it is a touch device (for example, on my pixel 3a).
here is the code i used for the event listener
if (matchMedia) {
let mql = window.matchMedia('(pointer: fine)');
mql.addListener(touchChange)
}
and the function which it runs
function touchChange (event) {
if (event.matches) {
touchcontrols = true;
console.log("Touch Controls");
console.log(window.innerWidth);
document.getElementById("lives").innerHTML = "Touch Events!";
}
}
A:
If you just want to see if it matches once you can use:
let matches = window.matchMedia('(pointer: fine)').matches;
window.matchMedia returns an object with a matches property which indicates if it's currently matching your query and an addListener to register a callback which will be called in response to the media query status changing.
More on this: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MediaQueryList/addListener
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Q:
JsonServiceClient methods and IReturn
In our team, we use the request and response DTO's, through our hierarchy of business logic assemblies (beyond the isolated DB DTO's ).
We have a requirement for no SS dependencies at the business logic layer.
So we don't use the IReturn or IReturnVoid interface. We use only simple c# objects without inheritance.
As for the Routing, we use the Fluent API, in the AppHost.Configure, creating essentially a routing table.
ServiceStack behaves exceptionally well, in our case.
Our Service.Model can be used from the business logic layer, without dependencies.
The service function is a thin wrapper actually, calling the business logic function, to return the response DTO.
But the JsonServiceClient.Get function accepts only as parameter an IReturn object, OR directly the URI.
It does not accept an object as parameter , like the Post function.
Any advice ?
Update 1.
mythz,
About IReturn, unfortunately, in our case there are requirements not using in business logic modules,
even the lighter SS dependency.
The service functions are a thin wrapper calling the business modules.
The link between the two layers are only the Request and Response DTOs. We like very much this approach.
Yes, they are "message operations" but they serve as messages also between the application layers.
Also my clients mainly are Jquery Ajax, not C#. Because of the mobile, the great majority inclined to Jquery Ajax.
So, in our case, we can use only objects, not marked with IReturn. ServiceStack behaves very well.
A:
The API only accepts IReturn<TResponse> to make it clear that it only accepts and works with Request DTO's and not just any DTO or object. Request DTO's are "message operations" and shouldn't be re-used for anything else, the DTO types can be, but not the Request DTO which is your external facing service contract and shouldn't be coupled to any other concerns.
The DTO attributes like [Route], IReturn<T>, [Api], [Restrict], etc are just extra metadata that can't be expressed in C#, but just like defining the type of a DTO property, it's still metadata describing the service, and if you attribute them on the DTO's then they become sharable and introspectable on the client as well. E.g. the ServiceClients will only be able to use the custom routes defined with [Route] because that's the only information clients have, if there are none it will end up falling back to using the pre-defined routes.
ServiceStack encourages defining IReturn<T> markers as it lets you infer more about the service by glancing at the Request DTO, ensures services are restricted in returning the same type (good practice) and centralizes what the Service returns rather than spreading out over the different (more verbose/non-DRY) call-sites, which also means if you change the Response a service returns you'll get compiler feedback on which call-sites needs updating. Not everyone is aware of this info/behavior which is why ServiceStack wants to encourage this "pit of success" development by encouraging the use of IReturn<T> markers, so not everyone has to be.
As for the dependencies, the only dependency your DTO's should need to reference is ServiceStack.Interfaces.dll which is purposely a light-weight, impl-free dll. In v3 this needs to reference the ServiceStack.Common NuGet pkg but for v4 we'll provide a stand-alone ServiceStack.Interfaces NuGet pkg providing the minimum/lightest dependency your DTO's can reference.
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The reaction of phenol or phenolic derivatives, such as bisphenol A, with hydrogen produces useful chemical compounds. Among these phenols are 2,2'-bis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane which, when aminated, yields 2,2'-bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)propane (PACP), an intermediate in the production of engineering plastics.
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Leave it to Fate to brew up fine food
By Liz Moskow Camera Dining Critic
Posted:
07/26/2013 09:29:22 AM MDT
Among the offerings at Fate Brewing Co.is the "Choose Your Fate" platter, which includes your choice of two meat items from brisket, smoked sausage, beer can chicken and ribs, as well as baked beans, coleslaw and a sweet potato roll.
(Jeremy Papasso/Daily Camera)
You'll detect a heaviness in the air as soon as you crack open your car door outside Fate Brewing Co. It's most prominent on brewing days, when a micro-climate surrounds the place as vats of water steeped with yeast, hops and malt humidify under heat.
The appealing aroma beckons you to enter Fate's beer bubble, where you'll find comfort and a temporary hearth.
Make yourself at home here, sample a pint or two and settle in to enjoy some of the many menu items that feature beer in their preparation. From the beer-mustard vinaigrette, to an IPA-infused au jus, Fate goes way beyond basic bar food and burgers, paying as much attention to its cuisine as its meticulously crafted beer offerings. Though it does have a quality burger and a few other expected brew-food items, Fate makes something special of even the most mundane dishes.
I don't believe I've ever commented on baked beans before, let alone raved about them. At Fate, two kinds of beans are simmered slowly with bits of beef brisket, bacon and beer. The result -- a smoky, sweet side dish that had my dining party lapping up last licks of the saucy remnants from the monkey dish.
Typically, I'm skeptical of a $10 salad that doesn't include a featured protein. Fate, however, truly proved to this skeptic that its Farmer's Market salad was worth every penny. Aptly named and as fresh as if I'd picked it from my garden that day, this mixture of bitter baby kale, young arugula, roasted tomatoes, cucumber, roasted beets, asparagus tips, olives and snap peas was tops, with or without protein.
Getting into the meat of the meal, I ordered the house-cured pastrami Rueben, another dish that includes beer in its preparation. Russian beer dressing is spread on two crunchy slices of griddled rye bread, which is then demurely stacked with tasty pastrami. Flavor-wise, this sandwich was a winner: Fate sure knows how to cure a brisket, though it could be a tad more generous when piling it on. Creamy coleslaw, speckled with fresh pops of sliced scallion, added to the offering.
Another sandwich touted by Fate as one of its features, the dip sandwich, showcases sliced, house-roasted and smoked prime rib topped with melted provolone cheese on a Philly-style roll. A fatty cut, full of flavor and succulence, prime rib should scream with essence. Fate's prime rib sandwich only politely spoke of it and relied too much on its tasty jus bath spiked with house IPA to do the talking.
The vegetarian paella suffered an ever-so-slightly under-seasoned fate. A large portion of rice came mixed with a multitude of vegetables such as snap peas, roasted red peppers, asparagus, mushrooms, tomatoes, onions, tofu and artichoke hearts. A hint of salt from brined capers and olives and a drizzle with a quality olive oil could have made the paella shine -- as would the option to add one of the house meats to the mix.
A brew pub is no longer just a place to quaff a beer, as Cindy Gilmer, left, Bill Aldrich, front, Nancy Hampton and Luther Hampton have discovered at Fate Brewing Co.
(Jeremy Papasso/Daily Camera)
Cool down with another fresh summery option. Whether you sip inside at the beautifully appointed bar or outside on one of Boulder's finest patios, Fate's Watermelon Kolsh, a kolsch-style beer infused with ripe chunks of summer melon, is a must-try. I know what you might be thinking, but you'd be wrong: This beer steers very clear from wine-cooler territory and into a realm all its own.
Our server suggested yet another lil' slice of summer for our dessert. Her campaign for us to order the gingerbread s'more began with a personal statement: "Everyone is born with a little hole in their heart that can only be filled by a homemade marshmallow." When a server goes into a diatribe about a particular dessert, you know you're in good caretaking hands and should immediately succumb.
A slice of house-baked ginger cake comes topped with a scoop of thick, fudgy ganache. A homemade cloud of marshmallow floats over the other heavenly ingredients. Though I'd have liked it even more if the ginger cake had been warmed, this dessert did repair a few cracks inside my heart. A last-minute suggestion of a "guest beer," Left Hand Brewing's Week Sauce Porter, with its own toasty notes of sweetness, proved a brilliant pairing to the s'more.
Fate is doing a lot of things right: brewing up some inventive and quality craft brews, conjuring up menus that cross-utilize and feature their beer in interesting and complementary ways and seemingly raising the bar for brewery fare in general.
A gourmet beer and culinary culture is forming right inside Fate's own brewery biosphere. Pop on over and smell the hops, and let the aroma of creativity surround and envelop you. They might not have gotten everything right just yet, but I'm confident self-proclaimed foodies and beer snobs alike will find lots to like about Fate Brewing Co.
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The Boulder alt-country band gives its EPs names such as Death and Resurrection, and its songs bear the mark of hard truths and sin. But the punk energy behind the playing, and the sense that it's all in good fun, make it OK to dance to a song like "Death." Full Story
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DOWC, a Wisconsin-based company, plans to move to a larger facility in Fort Wayne and add 18 jobs.The Fort Wayne-Allen County Economic Development Alliance announced Tuesday that DOWCO will move from 2827 Freeman St. to a 41,840-square-foot facility at 3505 Independence Drive. Based in Manitowoc, DOWCO makes premium covers for the marine and power sports industries.
In just two years of operation, DOWCO has more than tripled its business in Fort Wayne and has increased its workforce at an equivalent rate. Fourteen people are now employed at the Fort Wayne site.
The company plans to move into its new location in early November. The company has budgeted for significant capital expenditures in 2013, the alliance said, which will lay the foundation for additional business and job growth at its Fort Wayne operations.
The Fort Wayne City Council will consider approval of tax abatement for DOWCO's planned investment in new manufacturing equipment and building improvements in November.
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Q:
back-to-back barplot with independent axes R
I am wanting to plot back-to-back barplot, however each side is on an independent axes. I can plot them back to back by taking the negative of one set, but that leaves them on the same access and because pvalues are smaller their bars are barely represented.
library(ggplot2)
df <-structure(list(Description = c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f",
"g", "h", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h"), test = c("size",
"size", "size", "size", "size", "size", "size", "size", "p",
"p", "p", "p", "p", "p", "p", "p"), value = c(0.1, 0.1, 0.125,
0.1, 0.075, 0.1, 0.075, 0.125, 0.000230705311441713, 0.000314488619269942,
0.00106639822095382, 0.00108290238851994, 0.00114723539549198,
0.00160204850890075, 0.0019276388745184, 0.00320371567547557)), .Names = c("Description",
"test", "value"), row.names = c(NA, -16L), class = "data.frame")
df$value[df$test == 'p'] <- -(df$value[df$test == 'p'])
ggplot(df, aes(x=Description, y= value, group=test, fill=test)) + geom_col() +coord_flip()
Ideally I would like each group on independent axes so that the bars meet at zero (in the middle of the plot region) but be on different scales for this example ylim would be something like ylim(0,0.13) and for pvalue c(0, 0.0035)
A:
You can do this by using facets, and tweaking to remove the spacing between facets:
ggplot(df, aes(x=Description, y= value, fill=test)) +
facet_wrap(~ test, scales = "free_x") +
geom_col() +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
theme(panel.spacing.x = unit(0, "mm"))
It might create some issues with axis labels, and these would be a bit tricky to solve. In that case, it might be easier to keep some space between the facets, at the expense of not having the bars meet in the middle.
Output:
PS: you can also remove the negative axis labels with something like:
scale_y_continuous(
expand = c(0, 0),
labels = function(x) signif(abs(x), 3)
)
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Fran Srećko Gundrum (born in Oriovac near Slavonski Brod on October 9, 1856, died in Križevci on July 24, 1919), a Croatian physician and encyclopedist educated in Croatia and Vienna ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), is described by historiographers of medicine as a forerunner of medical enlightenment and advocate of healthy lifestyle ([@R1]). He spent most of his working years as a town physician in Križevci, using primarily preventative methods to treat his fellow citizens. While working as a physician in Bulgaria, where the awareness of the importance of disease prevention was quite low, he developed interest in public health activities and hygiene. As a polyglot he was able to participate in international conferences, where he got acquainted with new ideas and medical advances of the time. He published numerous booklets, manuals, and health guides, focusing primarily on alcoholism, tuberculosis, and dental care, and he was especially concerned about poor psychophysical health of young population ([@R2]-[@R9]). Some of his works were recommended by the County School Council of the City of Zadar for use in "all elementary schools, preparatory schools, and high schools" and by the Department of Religion and Education of the Royal Land Government in Zagreb "to be purchased for libraries in elementary schools and high schools in Croatia and Slavonia" ([@R10]). Gundrum's book "Tobacco" ([@R11]) received a special award by the Paris society *Societe contre l\'abus du tabac* in 1903. It should be noted that Gundrum, while working for the Medical Association of Croatia and Slavonia, suggested the development of Code of Ethics for Physicians ([@R12]). This idea of his eventually came to fruition in 1901, and again in 1922, when Croatian Medical Association issued the ethical code.
{#F1}
So far, only one comprehensive biographic-bibliographic book about Gundrum has been published ([@R1]), as well as several reprints of his works. However, no thorough analysis of his role, influence, and activities has been carried out that would help us determine his place in the history of health enlightenment, eugenics, and other trends at the time in this part of Europe.
We tried to provide evidence that Gundrum's work on problems of prostitution and criminality contained characteristics of Darwinian ethics combined with characteristics of health enlightenment and occasional elements of negative eugenics, ie, prohibition of reproduction in particular population groups. By providing contemporary theoretical context for Gundrum's attitudes, we showed that his attitudes reflected the beginnings of eugenic tendencies in Croatia.
We searched through the handwritten material kept at the Department of History of Medical Sciences at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts and all Gundrum's publications on prostitution and criminality published between 1905 and 1914. In that period, Gundrum was at the height of his professional, intellectual, and writing career. It was also the time when Mendel's genetics was gaining ground and public health and politics were influenced by the theory of evolution. Many theoreticians of the time argued in favor of Darwinism and saw it as the best paradigm for organization of the society, complementing the Darwinian ideas of natural selection with their moral theories. Thus, the evolutionary ethics was born. Its followers no longer thought that ethical categories of good and evil should be defined according to the Biblical dogmas, but rather to laws of nature ([@R13]). The thesis that human beings inherit their moral characteristics just like they inherit their biological instincts offered a different point of view for dealing with ethical issues. The natural selection became a new code for interpretation and evaluation of particular human behavior. An individual was seen merely as a member of a species, and a species as one point in the evolutionary progress ([@R13]). The value of an individual corresponded to the value of a cog in the machine. Such a view presented the connection to the organicistic concept of society, which, over time, had a formative influence on attitudes that psychopathology (mental illness, retardation etc.) represented a threat to the society ([@R14]). Although Darwin distanced himself from the application of his theory to human society, others like Ernst Haeckel, Alfred Ploetz, and Wilhelm Schallmayer did precisely that. Haeckel, for example, used Darwin's scientific findings and applied them to social issues, criticizing especially medicine as the main culprit responsible for the creation of a "number of individuals (...) infected by their parents with lingering, hereditary disease" ([@R15]).
To convey as accurately as possible the origin, nature, and consistency of Gundrum's attitudes, we should explain his understanding of heredity, sexual hygiene, and morality. We tried to illustrate how the concepts of sexually transmitted diseases and repression of prostitution were incorporated into Gundrum's work. We also tried to show how they were incorporated into a broader social context by analyzing his attitudes toward criminals.
Heredity, sexual hygiene, and morality
======================================
In Gundrum's texts, the concept of "heredity" refers to the "various characteristics of parents and ancestors that can be transferred to their descendants" ([@R16]). Among hereditary diseases he includes moles, polydactyly, rotten teeth, shortsightedness, metabolic diseases such as gout, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, mental and neurological diseases, and especially epilepsy ([@R16]).
At the time, the basic concepts related to heredity were only started to be understood, and mechanisms of inheritance had not yet been completely explained. Mendel's laws were rediscovered in 1900, and chromosomes have been known to exist since 1882, but until the seminal work by T. H. Morgan and his associates The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity in 1915, chromosomes had not been universally accepted as carriers of Mendel's traits ([@R17],[@R18]). Although in 1903 and 1904, Sutton and Boveri proposed that genes were located on chromosomes, genetics still required an independent confirmation that chromosomes could explain specific distribution and combination of traits. Until then, genes had been only seen as hypothesized functional entities, not having a decisive morphological equivalent ([@R19]). What finally led Morgan to adopt the position that genes were located on chromosomes and that they were responsible for heredity was the observation that certain traits were sex-linked, together with F. A. Janssens' cytological demonstration of crossing-over ([@R18]). With this knowledge, Morgan constructed the first chromosomal map of the fruit fly *Drosophila melanogaster*. Geneticists in the United States had generally accepted Morgan's Chromosome Theory of Heredity by 1920, and British geneticists by 1925, while in Germany it had gained acceptance by 1930, but to a lesser extent than in the US or Britain ([@R17]). So, Gundrum can very well be excused for maintaining in 1914 that it had not yet been conclusively proven that chromosomes were the sole bearers of heredity. Since his prime concern was the role of external factors in health and disease, he dedicated significantly more attention to blastophtorie. The expression was introduced by Auguste Forel (1848-1931), a Swiss psychiatrist, entomologist, and one of the founders of research into the effects of alcoholism, to show that chronic poisoning of the organism at conception may lead to a serious damage to the fetus, including physical and mental malformations and potential predisposition to harmful social behavior. Because of his views and the belief that weaker members of the society should not be allowed to reproduce, in 1886 Forel himself castrated several mentally ill persons. These are among the first cases of sterilizations reported in Europe ([@R20]). Gundrum not only accepted Forel's blastophtorie, but also embraced the whole theory of inheritance supported by Forel: "(\...) each creature \[is\] an identical repetition of the entire life of its parents or ancestors" ([@R16]). In Gundrum's opinion, the influence of acquired behavior can change genetic material in germinative cells: "Deliberate and abnormal stimuli, which do not originate from the functional maturity of the body, will mediate a significant weakening of the structure through abuse or premature use; weakened testicles will produce a weak and wicked fruit. Thus weakened, the body will produce weak seed and incur suffering to the offspring" ([@R16]). One of such abnormal stimuli was alcohol, and it attracted special attention from Gundrum: "Alcohol is harmful not only for the current generation, but also for future generations. It is the cause that prevents normal mental and physical development of the children who come from alcoholics; it is the cause that drunkenness and criminality are inherited and that the descendants of alcoholics also become alcoholics and criminals" ([@R3]). These thoughts clearly reflect the influence of Lamarckism, ie, inheritability of acquired characteristics. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) proposed in 1809 the first fully elaborated evolutionary theory, now known as Lamarckism. In his opinion, evolution was a linear change happening slowly over time under the influence of two factors: one was the intrinsic process leading toward ever-greater complexity; and the second was the accumulation of bodily changes that occur with use and disuse of organs ([@R21],[@R22]). Those acquired changes were hereditary. Therefore, in his view the role of the environment was key to understanding evolutionary change and the differences found in the living world. Hereditary matter was conceived as soft and moldable. Eventually, Mendel's genetics contradicted the idea that the environment alters hereditary matter. It is not possible for the protein to make changes to the genes in germ cells, the fact that will later become known as the central dogma of molecular biology ([@R23]). Moreover, Darwin's theory that natural selection operates on variations randomly occurring in each new generation, explained better the phenomena found in the living world. Although Lamarck's theory of evolution had already given way to Darwin's theory of natural selection by the time Gundrum wrote his works, Lamarckism was still surviving in various forms. Whether latent or clearly expressed, it was present in the concepts of many physicians of the time, who used it, among other things, to legitimize their public health activities. Socialists especially preferred Lamarckism over Darwinism ([@R24]), since they believed that a radical social change could bring about a change in human nature. Gundrum, while certainly not a socialist, also believed that various public health interventions could change human hereditary constitution, which was one of the reasons why he accepted Forel's Lamarckian notion of blastophtorie, rather than Darwin's random variations and "hard heredity."
The idea of hygiene in a socio-medical sense came to life at the end of the 18th century. Its purpose and aims were popularized by a compelling book A System of Complete Medical Police by Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) ([@R25]). The book emphasized that degeneration and illness were the consequences of social inequality, a concept that paved the way for hygiene as a scientific and practical discipline important for the whole society. Gundrum's work was completely in line with these ideas, especially when promotion of therapeutic power of health education was concerned. Gundrum considered health education to be the basis for prevention and repression of socially harmful diseases. Over the course of the 19th and first half of the 20th century, these ideas were spread and developed further, finding their confirmation in the works of other physicians, such as Andrija Štampar.
Fran Gundrum was the first physician in the region who was thoroughly devoted to the use of contemporary scientific methodology in his approach to the problems of sexuality. He published his opinions and research results in a comprehensive book, Sexual Health Care ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) first in 1905 and then again in 1914 as a revised edition ([@R16]). It was the first book on sexual health in the region, a textbook type of publication of approximately 500 pages, which investigated all aspects of sexuality, from anatomy and physiology of sexual organs to the causes of spread of sexual diseases. The book covered a wide range of topics. Although some chapters were conservative, doubtlessly reflecting author's own attitudes, such as "Restraint from Sensual Indulgence," "The Consequences of Unrestrained Sexual Activity," or "Repression of Onanism," overall the book was completely modern in a sense that it openly discussed many topics that were usually not talked about, such as masochism, sadism, and homosexuality. We should also mention that Gundrum self-published the book because he could not find a publisher. In his advertisement for the book, Gundrum says: "Venereal diseases are spreading faster than ever through all layers of society, jeopardizing the health of man and his offspring. It would behoove everyone to learn more about their essence and nature, their origin and development, for the purpose of self-protection. To that end, in a few days' time, I will be publishing a book written in a popular style, titled Sexual Health Care(\...). The book provides ample advice and exhaustive account of almost all facets related to the issue. With respect to its content, Sexual Health Care is the first of its kind in Croatian literature. The time has come to fulfill the urgent need and thoroughly instruct a man on what benefits and what harms his health. Various problems that have been left untouched despite their far-reaching consequences now have to be broached, in the interest of an individual as well as general public. Our duty, our love of our fellow man demands it. I am hopeful that this work of mine will be successful in gradually stopping the dissemination of venereal and other diseases related to sexual drive" ([@R26]).
{#F2}
Gundrum considers sexual hygiene very complex and closely related not only to many physiological processes in the body, but also to mental conditions and growth and development of an individual. With respect to its strong influence on every aspect of individual and social life, sexuality was, in Gundrum's writing, an unavoidable area of (self-)regulation: "And this statement should serve to many as guidance of sorts, to prevent further harm. For can there be any greater shame than a man with a disease marrying, maybe even without knowledge that he can pass it to his children? Is not such a man almost a threat to the mankind, for sowing the seed that cannot but beget another sick and stunted offspring, offspring that is weak in mind and body, offspring that succumbs to illness easily and remains ill for lengthy periods of time, lacking ability to fulfill his duty to mankind as he ought to; such offspring, I am certain, would be the first to say loud and clear that he would have been better off had he never been born in the first place! There is enough misery in the world! Why increase it further?" ([@R16]).
This is an interesting, although not atypical concept of morality at a time when morality was only ceasing to be defined according to religious dogma ([@R13]). The evolutionary paradigm did not place man above nature, but saw him as part of nature and morality as a naturally inherited trait. Nature and its laws became a new moral authority. Science rather than ethics as a separate discipline became the authority that prescribed moral rules. Gundrum concurred: "This is the purpose of science -- in this case, sexual science -- and science is nothing but investigation of truth, a clear wellspring of genuine morality and real humanitarianism" ([@R16]). The science of sexual hygiene became one of the most important fields in medicine, and since it directly affected future generations, it was also important from the ethical point of view because it established the real morality. Thereby, Gundrum assumed an implicitly critical attitude toward traditional concepts of morality, and found the laws of nature and its sometimes cruel logic more persuasive than socially construed norms. In his text On Banishment of Criminals, Gundrum refers to natural selection as follows:"\[Selection\] (...) makes sure that anything that does not comply with its purpose, anything that is weak and unnecessary, is removed. A predatory beast whose teeth get rotten, a bird hatched from the egg as an albino and therefore easily spotted; an animal that becomes mentally ill or psychologically abnormal or develops unusual, inappropriate drives, as well as any other animal that would produce degenerated offspring -- perishes early and speedily, definitely before its time to reproduce. Therefore, we may conclude that there is nothing degenerate in the nature" ([@R27]).
Gundrum continues with the intent to show that allowing the weak to survive is unnatural, but sensible only if such individuals are expected to be somehow useful. Thus, he laid the foundations for his own objections to such politics and social uselessness of the weak: "However, this logic is only applicable to wild animals; we will not exterminate a domesticated, tame beast for a minor defect, but rather we will protect and keep it, in order to have some use of it. If we use such an animal for breeding, though, then we become complicit in the degeneration of the species. Sometimes we even purposefully breed animals with peculiarities, which would otherwise be exterminated by nature immediately. For example, we breed white cattle; or hornless cattle, which would not be able to defend itself in the wilderness; fat pigs, which would perish in the wild as would a skinny race horse, etc. Specific types of degeneration enable us to achieve a particular purpose; we protect and keep such creatures because we are able to benefit and profit from them; but nature does no such thing; nature destroys all that cannot survive in the normal and usual state of things" ([@R27]).
A man, especially a physician, tries to save every individual irrespective of the cost of such intervention: "It is our duty to protect every freak of a man, the sickest, the feeblest, the poorest child, because we cannot eliminate them like ancient Greeks eliminated their children. We must use all possible means, which are sometimes very expensive, to help such a poor creature become able to live as it chooses" ([@R27]). In Gundrum's opinion, by saving the weak and degenerate, medicine has an unnatural purpose because it contradicts natural laws and hinders the development of society of higher quality: "These rescued creatures, to use such an expression, are rarely 'antisocial,' usually because they are too weak to ever pose a danger to anyone; on the other hand, they still marry when they become adult enough. (\...) However, if a spouse of such an individual, who was only saved from nature after a great effort, is hale enough, we are confronted with a truly bizarre and frequent phenomenon of their children being naturally normal, but nevertheless suffering from some defect; and this is the point where the degeneration begins to manifest itself to a lesser or greater extent" ([@R27]).
For Gundrum, morality is a "healthy inner state of man," and health is a "harmonious working of all forces and activities, so that even natural drives and inclinations of a man, ie, selfish elements, are naturally expressed and thus bound to work harmoniously together with altruistic abilities" ([@R16]). The idea of moderation has been known since Aristotle's times, but the definition of moral characteristics as "natural drives and inclinations" unquestionably results from a Darwinian understanding of ethics, which changes along with a biological, evolutionary progression. Morality is not given once and for all, it is not eternal and immutable, but rather changes as the man changes. The attitude that egoism plays a role in morality could not be derived from Christian teachings; however, this attitude was common to many authors at the turn of the 20th century who considered Darwinism as a foundation of ethics. Moral rules were thus considered to be inherited, serving only as an instrument of survival. Such a belief led to an attitude that every change that improves survival is, in a sense, valuable and good. One of the scientists with a similar attitude to that of Gundrum\'s was Ernst Haeckel. In his book The Riddle of the Universe from 1900, Haeckel says: "\[Modern science\] regards as the highest aim of all morality the re-establishment of a sound harmony between egoism and altruism, between self-love and the love of one's neighbor...", pointing out that Christianity devoted too much effort to altruism, while neglecting self-love ([@R28]).
Sexual hygiene was thus associated with heredity, and heredity was associated with morality. A man had to protect himself from sexually transmitted diseases and irresponsible behavior or else he would ruin himself, his children, and eventually the whole nation and state. The collapse of the nation and state would be an inevitable consequence of irresponsible behavior of individuals and of a society that omitted to sanction such a behavior, because the selection mechanism benefits the stronger and destroys the weaker. Since all these processes were thought to be inherited, and science the only way to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of heredity, it followed that science also determined the fortune or misfortune of people. Regulations on what was considered a moral behavior could not be prescribed any longer by a non-natural authority, but only and exclusively by science. Since science could not lie, what it claimed to be true had to become a new behavioral criterion. Only science could provide guidelines for behavior that led to fortune and progress of the society as a whole. The society, thus, turned out to be an entity whose survival and development was given more importance than individual rights, and the moment when the threat to the society was interpreted as large enough, the society had the right to protect itself.
Gundrum's survey and the first study of prostitution in northwestern Croatia
============================================================================
In his practice, Gundrum saw a large number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases and gave a lot of thought to how to eradicate them. While he was working as a town physician, in 1907 he started a project of collecting statistics on prostitutes in Croatia and Slavonia in 81 administrative districts ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). On the basis of 77 replies to his questionnaire, he wrote an extensive article that was published in *Liječnički vjesnik* in 1910 under the title Statistics on Public Prostitutes in Croatia and Slavonia, 1907-1908. Gundrum also gave a lecture based on the results of this project at the General Meeting of the Medical Association of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. The project material prompted him to revise extensively the first edition of Sexual Health Care, dedicating the largest portion of the book to prostitution. This was the first study and the first publication on the topic of prostitution in Croatia. The basic motivation for this research was Gundrum's belief that prostitution, a "disgusting infamy" as he called it, was the biggest threat to sexual health of the nation. He reasoned that prostitution brings about debauchery and leads to spreading of venereal diseases. He also believed that detailed and multifaceted statistical research on the problem will reveal the laws that govern this phenomenon, which will enable the society to reduce the negative impact of prostitution. Gundrum highly regarded statistics and even quoted Baron Hugo von Haan's description of statistics as "a snapshot of life" ([@R16]). His survey included questions on prostitutes\' age, religion, ethnicity, sexual diseases, reasons for choosing the profession, and many others.
{#F3}
Gundrum vs Lombroso: "It must be admitted, though, there are some very honest prostitutes."
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Gundrum's research into prostitution went beyond mere data collection, aiming to illuminate all the intricacies of its causes. His research is not only a scientific study, but also a sort of a cross-sectional review of the ideas of several European authorities in the field of sexuality. It should be noted, for example, that Gundrum had a very different attitude from that of Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909), Italian psychiatrist whose work on antisocial personality typology, which would be abandoned and discarded later on, still attracted a lot of interest at the time. Gundrum criticized Lombroso's theory about prostitutes, which was essentially an extension of his theory about born criminals. Lombroso considered prostitutes equivalent to criminals and believed that prostitution was a hereditary disease. He also believed that prostitutes could be recognized by physical and psychological flaws. Gundrum considered Lombroso's theory about women unsound and pretentious, because it concentrated on women\'s inadequacies compared to men ([@R16]). It was clear to Gundrum that a large percentage of prostitutes were in the profession out of economic necessity and due to neglect in childhood, as indicated by his survey. He emphasized that "there are some very honest prostitutes" ([@R16]).
Among more important issues that caught Gundrum's attention were those related to intrinsic predisposition that influenced women to turn to prostitution. He obviously did not accept the attitudes of Lombroso, who compared prostitutes to criminals, but instead took a more moderate approach. However, he could not completely resist the idea of an intrinsic predisposition, and the scientific method he used did not convince him otherwise. Of 207 prostitutes who made the core sample, as many as 40 declared they had become prostitutes because of the will for lechery, 7 listed pleasure and love for lechery, 25 stated that they liked it, and 35 listed lust ([@R29]) ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Based on the replies from half of the subjects, he concluded there was an endogenous cause responsible for their behavioral disorder. By rejecting Lombroso's concept and by taking into account his own statistical indicators, Gundrum recognized two elementary factors that played a role in prostitution. The first one was upbringing, which was the main reason in most cases: "(\...) in a word, the cause could be some mental flaw, which in many cases is the consequence of flawed upbringing and neglect in childhood" ([@R16]). The economic milieu was considered only as "the second, contributing factor" ([@R16]). Most prostitutes, according to Gundrum, were neither ill nor criminals and "only a few are hereditary degenerative" ([@R16]). However, there was a group of prostitutes in whom the cause was hereditary in nature; it did not mean predetermination, but it did imply a certain inclination: "As for the females, it should be said that there are some prostitutes who are degenerate. Nevertheless, this does not mean that they are predetermined to become prostitutes, although it definitely makes them prone to a less stable life. Their nature is riddled with a certain inconstancy; moral, social and other notions have no foothold there. Degeneracy is sometimes manifested in immediate disease, such as severe hysteria or feeblemindedness. Cramps, headache, alcoholism, proneness to fancies, daydreaming and other purposeless practices. Sometimes, the signs of degeneracy are visible in the body, eg, in the shape of the head; in the unusualness, crookedness of the lips -- harelip; in the throat -- cleft palate; inborn blindness; bulging or eccentric pupil; crookedness of the earlobes, arms or legs; poor development of the entire body; stunted development with deformation of body parts, especially sexual organs; squinting; stuttering" ([@R16]).
{#F4}
Whether it was that a girl became a prostitute because of poor upbringing in the early childhood -- in majority of cases -- or because of the inherited behavioral instability -- in minority of cases -- neither factor alone could have had such a strong influence, so Gundrum considered social circumstances (eg, poverty) to have an effect on both factors. Thereby, he developed his own theory, according to which, contrary to Lombroso, no prostitute was born as such. However, it is interesting to note that Gundrum classified a possible heredity of inclination toward prostitution together with some stereotypical characteristics of congenital defects, which shows how deeply he was influenced by theories of his time and how much he owed to Lombroso, despite their differences in opinion.
Gundrum's deep resentment toward prostitution and venereal diseases as its consequence prompted him to clam that syphilis "affects entire social classes and, therefore, sexually transmitted diseases are the public enemy number one." ([@R10]). Despite his opinions and the fact that he considered prostitution to be evil, Gundrum did not condemn prostitutes. He was equally critical toward men who supported prostitution, and especially toward economic system in which young women sometimes had no other choice but to become prostitutes ([@R16]).
Control of prostitution and protective measures
===============================================
Whichever of these two main causes of prostitution was crucial in individual cases, it did not mean that nothing could be done about prostitution. As far as intrinsic factors were concerned, Gundrum was convinced that prostitutes "can often (\...), using an appropriate approach, be brought back to the right path" ([@R16]). In his first longer text about prostitution, On Sarajevo brothels, published in *Liječnički vjesnik* in 1903 ([@R30]), Gundrum made clear that prostitution was a universal occurrence and that everything should be done to bring its negative consequences under control, but he was also aware that it cannot be eradicated. In Gundrum's opinion, brothels in Sarajevo could serve as a role model to others ([@R30]). They were located in a side street in the outskirts of the city, adjacent to the "examination house." Gundrum thought that it was mandatory to perform physical examinations of prostitutes twice a week by county town physicians and once a week by a city physician. He suggested to brothel managers to use a method he himself had successfully applied in Bulgaria, ie, to write on a board the numbers of rooms and names of prostitutes along with the results of their examination. If a prostitute had her period, he suggested it also should be posted on the board. In this way, prostitutes would not have to use intravaginal sponges, which were harmful to their health and "deceitful to their guests" ([@R30]). In addition, Gundrum suggested reeducation of underage prostitutes, sanctioning women trafficking, reporting sexually transmitted diseases, and mandatory treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The decisive role in these actions had to be played by the state, which had a free hand to put prostitution under control by systematic and thorough implementation of public health and preventative measures.
Healthy and sick criminals -- Gundrum's attitudes toward degeneration and deportation of criminals
==================================================================================================
Although the problem of criminality did not take as much Gundrum's attention as prostitution and sexual hygiene, he did dedicate several booklets to this topic. In these texts, Gundrum's attitudes toward eugenics were more readily expressed than in those dealing with prostitution. On Banishment of Criminals ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) contains a discussion about healthy and sick criminals, which gradually turns into a discussion about the degenerate ([@R27]). Although there is no clear definition of a healthy criminal, we can assume that it refers to personalities who cannot tell the difference between good and evil, although they do not have a psychiatric diagnosis. For such cases, Gundrum suggests either deportation, if the country is big enough or has colonies, or incarceration, if the country is small. On the other hand, there are also sick criminals, whose criminality is caused by a mental disease. These are the criminals who -- due to the "current notion of humanitarianism" ([@R27]) -- have to be treated.
{#F5}
The degenerate are, according to Gundrum, all those who have any congenital defect that interferes with survival. At one point, he writes that the "truth be told, the degenerate are not so much sick, as they are stunted" ([@R27]), and then he says that incarceration of criminals would make sense "if some of the degenerate were categorized as healthy (\...), but we should not incarcerate the sick" ([@R27]). Obviously, Gundrum included both sick and healthy criminals among the degenerate, along with all other degenerate individuals who suffered from congenital defects. It is important to notice that the attribute healthy was for Gundrum a conditional category and applied to those who did not have a predisposing psychopathology for their condition; it did not mean that they were healthy in the absolute sense of the word. Gundrum thought that there was a predisposing factor responsible for incorrigible, corrupt morality even in a healthy criminal. Consequently, he believed that castration of incorrigible criminals and rapists was a method that promised a solution to the problem of criminality ([@R27]). Castration, of course, would have made no sense if Gundrum had not assumed that criminal behavior was determined by heredity. Since, thereby, all criminals belonged to the same group as the degenerate, they were all potential candidates for eugenic measures.
Gudrum believed that the degenerate were mostly the result of modern medical advances combined with ethical feeling of empathy: "Science has found the most refined means and ways to achieve this purpose; there are different institutions, which cost a lot of money and where everything is arranged, everything aimed to act against nature, not only to save such a creature, but also to make it somehow capable of reproduction, a creature that nature would know how to dispense of very quickly" ([@R27]). All these means, therefore, have one single goal -- "to act against nature" ([@R27]), which always finds a way to eliminate the degenerate. While "nothing degenerate can be found in nature" ([@R27]), because natural selection takes care of it, people do everything they can to save the weak and ill and help them reach fertile age at which they can start spreading their hereditary defects further. Gundrum obviously thought that good intentions had no place in objective medical profession and that society rather than the individual deserved empathy.
Gundrum extended his debate with Lombroso to the subject of criminality. He based his criticisms of Lombroso's theory about born criminals ([@R31]) on statistics, pointing out that only 15 of 2804 people sentenced for crime in 1907 were brought to the Royal Earth Institute for Mentally Ill in Stenjevec ([@R32]). After excluding simulants and patients with no diagnosable mental disorders, he found that only 8 had committed a crime in the state of unsound mind. Although Gundrum believed that statistics did not support Lombroso's theory of born criminals, he still gave him credit for opening the door to research into "physical and mental inferiority of some people" ([@R32]). Gundrum's attitude toward healthy criminals -- and health for him was a relative concept -- is confirmed by the following words: "(\...) I have never intended to claim that all other criminals -- 2796 of them -- were unconditionally and absolutely mentally healthy; only that they showed no signs that would justify the conclusion that they had a mental disorder (\...)" ([@R32]). In other words, the nature of hereditary burden in their case was not psychiatric, but moral. However, Gundrum was very cautious and indirect in his critique of Lombroso's attitudes, saying that his research only provided evidence that Lombroso's theory "cannot be applied to our circumstances" ([@R32]), and left open the possibility that the circumstances in other countries were different and the problem of degeneration possibly more widespread. Irrespective of the fact that the number of mentally ill criminals was low, Gundrum was convinced that it was a big problem that seriously threatened the feeling of safety in communal life, because all crimes could have been prevented: "This should prompt all counties into action to treat the mentally ill who fornicate freely with anyone, because these poor creatures are incapable of comprehending the act that they will eventually commit, while the community teeters steadily on the edge of a dire calamity. In this case too the same old maxim applies -- preventing evil takes precedence over everything else!" ([@R32]). This issue was not important only from the point of civil safety, but also from the economic point of view: "A large sum of money, I'd say, if we take into account that this money actually serves to achieve a negative gain, that is, to remove everybody sick in their mind, and some of those who are really dangerous. This huge expense and heavy burden on public budget does not have a single positive result. What a sad fact!" ([@R32]). Gundrum did not think that huge expenses incurred to the state economy by some individuals were good enough a reason to remove the degenerate from the social body. What distinguished criminals from all other degenerates, whose treatment costs could also be high, was that criminals were dangerous to others. Gundrum was preoccupied by those who presented a threat to the society; financial threat to the society was not a sufficient reason -- society had to be threatened by violence.
One of the arguments repeatedly used by Gundrum in the debate about criminals was especially important as it reflected the complexity of his attitudes. Gundrum investigated the role of alcohol in crime on several occasions. We chose two discussions on the topic of alcohol, one from 1904, titled Alcohol-Poison, and the other from 1909, titled Crime and Mental Disease. In Alcohol-Poison, Gundrum presented statistics obtained from the director of the Institute for Mentally Ill in Stenjevec for the period 1893-1902, which clearly showed that a third of mentally ill patients were classified as alcoholics. He also used the statistics from Germany, according to which 41.7% of prisoners were alcoholics. Gundrum's conclusion was unambiguous: "Thus we can say without hesitation that alcohol creates insanity and criminality" ([@R3]). He established a hereditary link between parental alcoholism and criminality of their offspring. One of the mechanisms by which Gundrum thought alcohol promoted criminal behavior was a direct effect of alcohol on hereditary matter, which was considered the main reason why children born to alcoholic parents had alcoholism and criminality "in their blood." The other was the role of drunkenness in a particular criminal act: "80% of all crimes occur in a state of drunkenness" ([@R3]). The latter mechanism equally affected the mentally healthy, "whose mind became deranged due to pleasures of alcohol" ([@R3]), and mentally ill individuals, "whose primary illness has worsened due to pleasures of alcohol or who were stimulated to commit a misdeed because of drunkenness (\...)" ([@R32]). In addition to those who became alcoholics because they inherited it from their parents, Gundrum also recognized the influence of the "man's desire to imitate" ([@R3]).
Gundrum mentioned three methods that could be used to solve the problem of criminality. One was deportation, which was an option for all healthy criminals. To support this attitude, he described the experiment of deportation of "the worst thieves, scapegraces, brigands, and man killers" to Australia ([@R27]), where reversion of hereditary burden occurred under the influence of new circumstances and return to nature. After only a few generations, there was "truly a very solid stratum of normal people" ([@R27]). This also reflected his attitude that reformation could have been achieved after only a few generations even in those who had already deeply sunk in the life of crime, but only if they were completely deprived of the culture that had created them. In other words, they should have been left to the strong, existential pressure of nature, which did not necessarily and exclusively include natural selection: "If he knew that he was to remain in the new homeland until the end of his life, then, after probably a horrible storm that would arise in his soul at the beginning of incarceration, he would get accustomed to new relations. He would work. He would have to work unless he wanted to perish; the work would sustain him, drive him (\...)" ([@R27]). Here, the pressure of reform was given precedence over natural selection. Such a pressure could not be created by a society, which was based on the reduction of existential pressure. A single instance that could make such a radical reform was the nature itself. Thus, in this case, we can clearly see that Gundrum understood the deportation method in the Lamarckian context, where nature provided the conditions for inheritance of characteristics acquired over time, such as persistence and engagement.
Two more methods suggested by Gundrum were influenced by the laws passed in two American states, Ohio and Indiana. The first one, which Gundrum considered to be of limited effectiveness, was the Ohio Law on Marriage from 1904, which prohibited marriage to "the mentally ill, idiots, and epileptics" ([@R27]). It is interesting that Gundrum omitted "chronic alcoholics" from this list, although they were included in the original Law. The other was the Indiana Law on Sterilization from 1907, which applied to "incorrigible criminals, the slow-witted, feebleminded, and rapists" ([@R27]). Obviously, incorrigible criminals (healthy criminals) were the candidates for sterilization, as well as the feebleminded (sick criminals). Such an attitude could have been justified only if Gundrum had thought that healthy criminals also carried a hereditary factor for incorrigible criminality, which was highly probable given the fact that he considered morality to be instinctive, biologically determined. Since criminals incurred high costs and represented danger to the society, in Gundrum's opinion, the sterilization law was reasonable: "By all means, a Draconian law! -- because it is not safe from abuse; and if there were no possibility of it being abused, than everyone would deem this law to be purposeful, because castration today is not a dangerous operation and no one would object it, just as no one objects to laws and regulations on protection from contagious diseases or laws on vaccination against smallpox or against unlimited power of police. Many shall deem this legal novelty scandalous, but every one, even the most cold-blooded skeptic, will have to admit that no radical novelty, however noble, has found its place without practical experiments" ([@R27]).
It is evident that the use of carefully chosen analogies with the police and vaccinations served the purpose of marginalizing the side-effects of the absolute power of physicians. Being noble toward criminals has its limits and Gundrum reminded his contemporaries of priorities: "It is good to have patience with these wretches and it is noble to treat them humanely; but when they become dangerous to our neighbor, to mankind, then the most radical means should be used to remove this evil" ([@R27]). At the end of his book about criminals, Gundrum fully supports further development of care for the problem of criminals: "We should greet with joy every effort and undertaking by those who work on reducing the evil and eliminating dangerous individuals from the society of mankind" ([@R27]).
Discussion and conclusion
=========================
Until now, Gundrum has been presented exclusively as a forerunner of hygienic efforts and health enlightenment in Croatia ([@R1]). On the other hand, eugenic aspects that formed the axis of his hygienic efforts have not been analyzed. Although Gundrum did not use the expression "eugenics" in his writings, his works were proven to be full of traces of Darwinian ethics, Lamarckism, and eugenics. There were also clear elements of negative eugenics, upon which Gundrum partly based his concept of social protection.
While he demonstrated moderation when suppression of prostitution was concerned, he completely adopted eugenic measures for the repression of criminality. Among other concerns, Gundrum analyzed the economic aspect of putting into prisons and asylums those who, due to their disease, represented a threat to the society, and believed that such a practice produced only a negative benefit. By negative benefit he meant the exclusion of a particular group of people from the society, the act which by itself did not produce a new value or increased the benefit for the society. A positive benefit would include the process of building a society, which would bring an additional value to the society without criminals. Even in such attitudes, we can catch glimpses of a certain divergence from the curative approach and recognize the rudiments of the idea that not only somatic, but also social pathology, can be prevented. It is evident that Gundrum was more interested in the safety of society as a whole and less interested in the rights of individuals. The society, if threatened by its sick members, has the right not only to protect itself, but also to do it in the cheapest way, financially and otherwise.
Gundrum's writings, ideas, and attitudes were occasionally inconsistent or even contradictory. A good example is his ambivalent attitude toward the concept of fight for survival. On the one hand, deportation of criminals to Australia reflected the Lamarckian view that fight for survival underlies the reformation of individuals. On the other hand, when he analyzed the consequences of life in a city a year later, Gundrum concluded that "the percentage \[of mentally ill\] is high there where the fight for survival is most violent, where physical and mental health care is most defective (\...)" ([@R32]). In villages, the percentage of mental diseases was lower, because living conditions were simpler and "fight for survival was not so bitter, so brutal (\...)" ([@R32]). While the fight for survival in Australia quickly created a whole generation of normal people from the worst individuals, the same fight for survival in the cities produced quite the opposite effect. It is unclear whether Gundrum was aware of this contradiction in his attitudes and whether he completely understood the mechanisms of the fight for survival, which had positive effects in Australia and completely opposite effects in Western European cities.
The question is how we should explain Gundrum's advocacy of sterilization, when he was clearly aware that deportation was an effective method for reformation of the worst individuals. The deportation method was in line with social Darwinism, which presupposed cancellation of all achievements of civilization that make people weak. On the other hand, sterilization was a method advocated by those who favored eugenics, who believed that civilization would be preserved if artificial selection was applied on the level of society ([@R13]). Basically, Gundrum believed that the main criterion in choosing between two methods was feasibility. Thus, in case of countries without colonies to deport their criminals to, the method of choice was negative eugenics (sterilization), which Gundrum considered to be cheap and safe ([@R27]); otherwise, deportation should be favored.
Although there was a strong correlation between alcoholism and criminality in Gundrum's opinion, he still did not suggest sterilization for alcoholics. Alcoholism as an important social trigger of criminality was still not considered a condition serious enough to declare the individuals addicted to alcohol as a threat to the society. Although they were capable of criminal acts, and most criminal acts were committed under the influence of alcohol, not many alcoholics actually committed a crime. Therefore, it follows that only a social threat, which could have been established with certainty only in criminals and mentally ill, could justify the use of radical methods. In addition, alcoholism was, in practical terms, such a wide problem that Gundrum did not see sterilization of alcoholics as a reasonable approach.
Created in times when social processes were interpreted and understood in the context of anthropological, organicistic approach, Gundrum's work reflects the shift in the focus of medicine from the illness of an individual to the illness of a society. Criticism of medicine as a profession that does everything in its power to save those who do not belong to the society only apparently undermined Gundrum's own position. His concept of public health and medicine, increasingly adopted by other physicians at the time, included a strong state control and repression of the sick in order to preserve the healthy social body. Medicine was supposed to be primarily preventative rather than curative profession, including the prevention of inheriting bad characteristics. Fortune or misfortune was not reflected at an individual level, but at the level of a society, and society had to do everything it could to ensure its happiness, even if it meant removing inadequate elements from the social body. Of course, except for the aberrant eugenic movement, there were some very useful humanistic ideas that appeared with new understanding of the role of medicine. This was particularly obvious in case of prostitution, where the binomial illness/poverty marked the beginnings of the ideas that would become more prominent in the works of representatives of social medicine movement, especially Andrija Štampar. Identifying the poor as ill paved the way for improvement of health by introducing broad social changes.
Acknowledgment We thank the anonymous reviewer for his/her valuable comments on an earlier version of the paper.
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I think- good for the Egyptian people! And its so good to see that their dictator's 'fire the government' stunt not only didn't quell the people, it made the protesting even more intense.
What's funny is watching Obama do everything in his power to not publicly take sides. After all, the US has supported this dictator for decades because he wasn't an Islamic fundamentalist and was willing to be a steadfast pawn for the US interests in the region, yet how can Mr. Democracy Lover (just like our last president) come out against the masses that demand democracy? The US government doesn't want the guy out of power, because whatever government the people form will not be so blindly loyal to the US, and why should they be?
Also, it's so islamophobic for people to act like the only realistic outcome once the dictator is gone is an Islamic Fundamentalist America-hating government, yet that's what you hear and read an awful lot of in the reporting of this crisis. I would love for a progressive democracy to emerge, just to expose our attitudes for what they often are: ignorant, and based on our fears of other cultures, not the evidence.
Obama has said too much already. His best course of action from the beginning would to have just stayed out of it. He can't offend the ruling party. If Mubarak is able to stay in power then we lose an ally in the Middle East. An ally of controversy, but an ally none the less. Despite our feelings towards the man, Mubarak has done his best in helping keep the peace with Israel and its neighbors. Thus a loss of him as an ally would not be a good thing.
On the other hand If Mubarak loses his presidential status, as he should in my opinion, then Obama can't afford to offend the protesters. If they feel that a democratic president is putting down their rebellion then why would they choose to have a democratic form of government? And if they do take power then why would they be our allies?
So the best thing would do is to wait it out and see the outcome. Until then Obama should just keep his mouth shut about the situation. Some things can not be unsaid.Thousands of user submitted stories removed from the site. You are nothing without your users or their freely submitted stories.
I love the concept of the common people overthrowing such an established regime in such a unified way. There is no doubt that Mubarak is finished. He's already appointed a vice president for the first time in 30 years in preparation. The protests just continue to rally power, and I think they are well past the 'tipping point'. I can't see them backing down or settling for a 'modified version' of the current government. I heard that the main incentive for this was because of the recent protests in Tunisia to overthrow the government. I do love the inspiring notion of the people rising up. It's so rare to see it on this kind of scale.
It's kind of scary in a way, because we really don't know what we are going to wind up with in the end. It is amazing what Facebook and twitter can do though.Well that's just my opinion, sorry if you don't like.
Was reading about this today, and while it is an extremely tense situation, this little bit of news made me smile:
Quote:
In a geopolitical shift, even Iraq decided it would evacuate its citizens, sending three planes to Egypt — including the prime minister's plane — to bring home for free all those who wish to return. Thousands of Iraqis had once fled to Egypt to escape the violence in their own country.
Does this mean Iraq is ok now, or is it an example of just how bad people expect the situation in Egypt to get? Hard to tell people things are ok in your country when people would rather go TO Iraq than stay in it.
I think it's good news. First Tunisia, now Egypt, it seems democracy wins a battle against dictatorship.
What I find surreal is all this talk about Israel being worried, because the Egyptian geezer was an ally, and they now fear "unstability" in the area. Why should anyone give a hoot about what the Israeli goverment thinks about it? If they want stability they should stop killing each other, and only then they could worry about their neighbors.
I think it's good news. First Tunisia, now Egypt, it seems democracy wins a battle against dictatorship.
What I find surreal is all this talk about Israel being worried, because the Egyptian geezer was an ally, and they now fear "unstability" in the area. Why should anyone give a hoot about what the Israeli goverment thinks about it? If they want stability they should stop killing each other, and only then they could worry about their neighbors.
Well Israel is worried for obvious reasons. Apparently the US backs up the truckload of cash every year to Egypt in return for their honoring a commitment to recognize Israel and provide pressure for the rest of the region to deal peacefully with them. The next government may not honor that deal, since- if you haven't heard- Jewish people aren't real popular in that neck of the woods.
But I know what you're saying. It's not like Israel is the only one affected. And by the coverage here, you'd think the most important effects were on the US, not the actual people demonstrating for their freedom and opportunity.
All the headlines are "What does this mean for America??" So self-centered LOL. I know it's a big issue, mainly all that arab oil that passes through the canal every day, but so much of the media seems concerned with what it means to mini-van drivers in Oklahoma more so than young educated Egyptians fighting for their future...you know, since we're an 'exceptional' country.
Of course I hope that extremists don't take this opportunity to seize control and turn Egypt into a rogue state, but I have some optimism that even if it happened at first, that it wouldn't last. That despite all of America's Islamophobia and our insistence on assuming that when it comes to Muslims all _______ are ______, that extreme religion's days are numbered. All these young people, with twitter, facebook, and every website on earth, they aren't going to fall for that stuff long term. They see the grass on the other side of the fence, and it looks pretty damn good.
I see the King of Jordan has tried to stay ahead of the tide and 'fired the government', and by all accounts, this probably isn't the last domino to fall. Sitting in a restaurant here, I happened to see a clip of American reporters trying to bait protestors into saying that this was somehow about religion. As if everything has to be about Islam, because that seems to be the only way our bigoted culture can make sense of anything in the Arab world.
I wish all the strength in the world to these people. May they get their wish, as long as its by majority vote. We can hope that whoever gains power will deal reasonably with us, but if we oppose it actively, I think its time for the US to drop this bullshit about freedom being the 'be all/end all' ideal. Obviously, we'd rather keep dictators in power if they serve 'our' interests. Saying otherwise just plays us for fools...which many are, since they still eat that rhetoric up as fast as they can have it fed to them.
Well Israel is worried for obvious reasons. Apparently the US backs up the truckload of cash every year to Egypt in return for their honoring a commitment to recognize Israel and provide pressure for the rest of the region to deal peacefully with them. The next government may not honor that deal, since- if you haven't heard- Jewish people aren't real popular in that neck of the woods.
I think the world sometimes forgets that there's other armed conflicts in the world, besides the Israeli-Palestinian, the average joe is really sick of that stuff.
Anyway, the really good thing about the riots in Egypt and Jordania, is that proves that democracy is a universal goal.
Some pleople blamed the USA for trying to impose democracy in other countries, like if democracy was just a marketing move, so they can sell more hamburguers and Holywood movies, or if democrcy was just a luxury for the Western World.
Like suggesting there was cultures who can not handle freedom, and it's better keep them under control, like caged animals, and "dont try to impose them a democracy that they dont want, or havent asked for".
Well, they asked for it now.
And the second positive thing is that it will undermine the power of Al-Queda, and radical islamism in general. One of the main "reasons" those guys give to explain why they hate Western World, is that Western world oppress them.
The USA imperialism, the capitalism, the Western media,etc...it always was somebody else's fault. But now what? The average Arab citizen can now blame their own leaders for their problems. The cause of their misery is no longer the Evil Empire, but Mubarak, Ben-Ali,etc, and all the leeches who have been robbing their own people for decades, and the people said "no more", loud a clear.
So that's why I think everybody should support this revolution, and help as much as possible to turn those countries into democracies, so the USA could keep sending money to build schools and hospitals in Egypt instead of tanks and bombs.
The only people who want Mubarak to stay are the Israelis... Oh and John Key if you're a extreme leftist in NZ.
A country's government is a matter of the citizens and Mubarak has been there for 30 years. Therefore it is concerning (especially the Muslim community) that, as with Afghanistan, that the revolt is not so much aimed at the government itself but an attempt to create and unrest in order to shunt the current system out so that a radical Islamic movement can fill the vacuum. Ahmadinejad said himself, that he wants Israel wiped of the face of the Earth.
So that's why I think everybody should support this revolution, and help as much as possible to turn those countries into democracies, so the USA could keep sending money to build schools and hospitals in Egypt instead of tanks and bombs.
there is a need for mubarak , for that USA is not goin to say any thing about askin him to leave , schools and etc is not egypt major problem , its the bribes and the emergency law , they can put to jail with no any clue , u will not get out from jail till u r a dead body , second thing egypt dont need money , mubarak and his family have the biggest fortune upon major people like bill gates its about 40 - 70 billion dollar , and his people live on a dollar per day or even less .
isreal have mubarak as the best allied , and if he is gone it will be a major problem , Gaza is under siege coz mubarak is helping isreal on that .
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Kielce Power Station
Kielce Power Station () is a coal-fired combined power and heat plant at Kielce, Poland. It went operational in 1987 and consists of one 140 MW unit, six 25 MW units and one 10 MW cogeneration unit. It is operated by PGE.
The facility has two flue gas stacks, which are both equipped with telecommunication equipment, whereby the larger chimney, which is tall with rooftop antennas (without it is tall) is used for
FM- and TV-broadcasting. The other chimney is tall.
See also
List of tallest structures in Poland
List of power stations in Poland
External links
http://radiopolska.pl/wykaz/pokaz_lokalizacja.php?pid=238
http://www.sat-charts.eu/nadajnik,47KielceKominEC.html
http://www.dvbtmap.eu/mapcoverage.html?chid=9668
Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1987
Category:Towers completed in 1987
Power Station
Category:Coal-fired power stations in Poland
Category:Cogeneration power stations in Poland
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The role of pacemaker in hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome.
About 15% of patients with the hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) have no clinical improvement after permanent pacemaker implantation. We aimed to assess the outcome of patients with CSS treated with pacemaker and to determine predictors of symptoms' recurrence. A retrospective analysis of 138 patients in whom pacemaker was implanted for CSS was carried out from February 1990 to October 2008. Data were collected from clinical records. Mean age was 69 ± 10.7 years and 104 patients (75.4%) were men. Mean follow-up period was 4.9 ± 4.4 years. Twenty-one (15.2%) patients presented mixed CSS and 117 (84.8%) cardioinhibitory CSS. The head-up tilt test (HUTT) was performed in 93 patients (67.4%). After pacemaker implantation, 115 (83.3%) patients had no further symptoms, 8 (5.8%) presented minor symptoms and in 15 (10.9%), the symptoms remained unchanged. Among patients with symptoms' recurrence, 8 (38.1%) had mixed CSS and 15 (12.8%) cardioinhibitory CSS. Mixed CSS was the only independent predictor of symptoms' recurrence in total population {hazard ratio (HR) 2.84 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.20-6.71]; P = 0.017} and in patients who performed HUTT [HR 1.84 (95% CI 1.01-3.35); P = 0.045]. Although the HUTT result was not related to symptoms' recurrence, patients with mixed CSS were more likely to present a vasodepressor response (61.9 vs. 19.4%; P < 0.001) and a reproduction of spontaneous symptoms (28.6 vs. 2.8%; P = 0,001) on HUTT. Permanent pacemaker is an effective treatment for CSS. However, the recurrence of symptoms was two- to three-fold more frequent in patients with mixed CSS, probably due to the persistence of vasodepressor component.
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Patrick Harvie to stand as Greens candidate in Glasgow North
Russell Jackson
Patrick Harvie, co-convener of the Scottish Greens, is set to stand as an MP in the General Election on 8 June, it has been announced.
Mr Harvie, who is an list MSP for Glasgow, will stand for election in the Glasgow North constituency.
Patrick Harvie said: “This election was called by a Tory Prime Minister taking advantage of a weak Labour party - but we can use it to send Theresa May a message.
“By electing me, Glasgow can show that we reject May’s Hard Brexit disaster and fight for our future in Europe. We can show her government that Scotland rejects their cruel attacks on disabled people and the vulnerable, including the vile Rape Clause. And we can prove that there is a better way.
He added: “Green voices at Westminster will be critical in these next few years, as the Tories try to inflict terrible and lasting damage on Glasgow, Scotland and wider society. We need to take the fight to them with bold, progressive voices in the House of Commons.”
The announcement comes after the Greens’ successful local election campaign which saw a record seven councillors elected in wards across Glasgow on Friday.
The party topped the polls in Hillhead, an area covered in the Glasgow North constituency.
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A midfielder from Coquitlam, BC, Eric White previously played with Coquitlam Metro-Ford SC in the EA SPORTS BC Soccer Premier League before joining Whitecaps FC Residency in August 2016. DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY. 2017-2018: White started 21 out of 22 matches he played for the Northwest Division winning Whitecaps FC U-15 team, scoring eight goals. Alphonso Davies tries a through ball, but Erik Hurtado is caught offside. Vancouver Whitecaps @WhitecapsFC. Davies vs. Rossi 🔥 The kid's defensive work rate is something else.. Jakob Nerwinski (Vancouver Whitecaps FC) left footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Marcel de Jong. Find Vancouver Whitecaps vs FC Dallas result on Yahoo Canada Sports. View full match commentary including video highlights, news, team line-ups, player ratings, stats and more. Find Vancouver Whitecaps vs FC Dallas result on Yahoo Canada Sports.
Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts Find Vancouver Whitecaps vs Toronto FC result on Yahoo Sports. View full match commentary including video highlights, news, team line-ups, player ratings, stats and more.
Check the latest details for the MLS 2017 Vancouver Whitecaps vs. Toronto FC match with live commentary on AS.com.. Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Erik Hurtado replaces Fredy Montero. Attempt missed. Erik Hurtado (Vancouver Whitecaps FC) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
The Vancouver Whitecaps traded Erik Hurtado to Sporting Kansas City on Friday in exchange for two MLS SuperDraft picks. The Whitecaps will receive Sporting’s 2020 natural second-round draft pick and the 2021 natural first-round pick. “We are thankful to Erik for his contributions on and off the pitch over his six seasons in Vancouver, we […] MLS Live Commentary for Vancouver Whitecaps v New York RB on 3 September 2016, includes full match statistics and key events, instantly updated.
2016: Hurtado was one of four Whitecaps FC players to play in all four CC matches, starting two of his appearances. 2015: He played the full 90 minutes in his lone CC appearance, recording an 87th-minute equalizing assist in the first leg of the semifinal series versus FC Edmonton. 2014: Hurtado scored one goal in two CC matches. Erik Hurtado - Das Profil,. Vancouver Whitecaps: alle Stationen in der Übersicht. Einsätze Liga/Wettbewerb Spiele Tore Elfm.. New York City FC . Stay tuned to The Armchair All-Americans for the most up to date Vancouver Whitecaps FC player news straight from Canada. Stay tuned to The Armchair All-Americans for the most up to date Vancouver Whitecaps FC player news straight from Canada..
Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS). The Whitec Goal! Atlanta United FC 3, Vancouver Whitecaps FC 1. Erik Hurtado (Vancouver Whitecaps FC) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal.
Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS). The Whitecaps were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city. Hurtado was a favourite of ex-Caps coach Carl Robinson's. Hurtado was a favourite of ex-Caps coach Carl Robinson's. Hurtado was a favourite of ex-Caps coach Carl Robinson's. Vancouver Whitecaps FC 1, Sporting Kansas City 3. Erik Hurtado (Sporting Kansas City) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Gerso.
The 2019 Vancouver Whitecaps FC season is the club's ninth season in Major League Soccer, the top division of soccer in the United States and Canada.Including previous iterations of the franchise, this is 42nd season of professional soccer being played in Vancouver under a variation of the 'Whitecaps' name. Les Whitecaps de Vancouver ont obtenu la dix-septième franchise de Major League Soccer le 18 mars 2009 par Don Garber. Le 24 novembre 2009, Paul Barber, ancien dirigeant de Tottenham Hotspur FC, a été annoncée pour rejoindre le club en tant que PDG.D'autres se joindront à lui tel que l'ancien entraîneur néerlandais de DC United, Tom Soehn en tant que Directeur des opérations, Richard.
Attempt missed. Erik Hurtado (Vancouver Whitecaps FC) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right following a corner. Sporting KC executed a trade with the Vancouver Whitecaps for forward Erik Hurtado. In exchange for the 28-year-old forward SKC sent their 2021 first round pick from the MLS SuperDraft along with their 2020 second round pick. The deal comes as former Swope Park Rangers head coach Marc Dos Santos is cleaning house in Vancouver.
2016: Hurtado was one of four Whitecaps FC players to play in all four CC matches, starting two of his appearances. 2015: He played the full 90 minutes in his lone CC appearance, recording an 87th-minute equalizing assist in the first leg of the semifinal series versus FC Edmonton. 2014: Hurtado scored one goal in two CC matches. Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS). The Whitecaps were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city. Der Vancouver Whitecaps Football Club, kurz Vancouver Whitecaps FC und meist als Vancouver Whitecaps bezeichnet, ist ein Franchise der Profifußball-Liga Major League Soccer (MLS) aus Vancouver, Kanada.. Das Team wurde 1986 unter dem Namen Vancouver 86ers gegründet und spielte zuerst in der Canadian Soccer League (CSL). Nach Namens- und Ligenwechsel kam das Team als 17. A midfielder from Coquitlam, BC, Eric White previously played with Coquitlam Metro-Ford SC in the EA SPORTS BC Soccer Premier League before joining Whitecaps FC Residency in August 2016. DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY. 2017-2018: White started 21 out of 22 matches he played for the Northwest Division winning Whitecaps FC U-15 team, scoring eight goals. Vancouver Whitecaps FC is een professionele voetbalclub uit de Canadese stad Vancouver, die vanaf het seizoen 2011 uitkomt in de Major League Soccer.De thuiswedstrijden worden in het BC Place Stadium gespeeld, dat plaats biedt aan 20.000 toeschouwers.. De club vervangt de Vancouver Whitecaps FC dat tot en met 2010 uitkwam in de Amerikaanse 2e divisie Vancouver Whitecaps 1-[3] Sporting KC | Erik Hurtado 90'+5'. Media. Vancouver Whitecaps 1-[3] Sporting KC | Erik Hurtado 90'+5' 0 points. 1 comment. 5 comments. share. save hide report. 100% Upvoted. Log in or. That spin move was sick and the finish was clinical. That’s just fun. level 1. Portland Timbers FC . Score hidden · 4 minutes. Vancouver Whitecaps fue fundado el 11 de diciembre de 1973 y en 1974 debutó en la North American Soccer League de los Estados Unidos. [1] En la temporada 1979, ganó el campeonato tras vencer en la final a los Tampa Bay Rowdies por 2 a 1. El equipo se mantuvo hasta la temporada 1984, cuando fue el último año de la NASL. En términos generales, los Whitecaps fueron un equipo muy regular, si. Erik Hurtado - 2014 - Goals & Skills - Whitecaps FC. The Vancouver Whitecaps traded Erik Hurtado to Sporting Kansas City on Friday in exchange for two MLS SuperDraft picks. The Whitecaps will receive Sporting’s 2020 natural second-round draft pick and the 2021 natural first-round pick. “We are thankful to Erik for his contributions on and off the pitch over his six seasons in Vancouver, we […] Attempt missed. Erik Hurtado (Vancouver Whitecaps FC) left footed shot from outside the box misses to the right following a corner. Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts
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Silk neck scarf Women's Scarves & Shawls in Clothing & Accessories on Bizrate.co.uk: Compare prices on Silk neck scarf Women's Scarves & Shawls from hundreds of stores and buy from Clothing & Accessories stores, rated and certified by consumers using the Bizrate.co.uk store rating scheme. Simply select the Women's Scarves & Shawls store that has the price or discount you are looking for. If a Women's Scarves & Shawls store is not rated yet it means that Bizrate.co.uk is still collecting shopper reviews at this time.
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On Tuesday night North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper (D) called on the state legislature to grant counties, municipalities, and the state the ability to remove Confederate statues lest protesters get hurt pulling them down.
NC adopted a law in 2015 that protects historical statues from being removed, and Cooper wants this law reversed.
Cooper used a Facebook post to reference the way slaves were once kept in chains in the South. And he criticized the existence of Confederate monuments without mentioning that Southern slave-owners were Democrats and that the Confederacy was a Democrat nation. Rather, he said, “These monuments should come down. Our Civil War history is important, but it belongs in textbooks and museums.”
He then transitioned to public safety, saying, “My first responsibility as Governor is to protect North Carolinians and keep them safe. The likelihood of protesters being injured or worse as they may try to topple any one of the hundreds of monuments in our state, concerns me.”
After voicing his concern that protesters might harm themselves while pulling down historical statues, Cooper said he also worries that protesters will face backlash from “white supremacists ” who could “swarm the site” to retaliate for the historical statue being toppled.
He called for the repeal of the 2015 law that “prevents removal or relocation of historical statues” and asked the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources to calculate “the cost and logistics of removing Confederate monuments from state property.”
Cooper concluded his remarks by saying, “Conversations about race and our past are never simple or easy, they are deeply personal and emotional. But we must do what we know is right, and we must do it the right way.” He then thanked viewers and signed off without criticizing his Democrat predecessors for being the Southern slave-owners who fought Republican efforts to secure emancipation for blacks during the Civil War.
AWR Hawkins is the Second Amendment columnist for Breitbart News and host of Bullets with AWR Hawkins, a Breitbart News podcast. He is also the political analyst for Armed American Radio. Follow him on Twitter: @AWRHawkins. Reach him directly at [email protected].
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17th Indian Division
The 17th Indian Division was formed in 1917 from units of the British Indian Army for service in the Mesopotamia Campaign during World War I. After the war, it formed part of the occupation force for Iraq and took part in the Iraq Rebellion in 1920. In August 1923, the division was reduced to a single brigade.
History
The 17th Indian Division started forming in Mesopotamia from August 1917 with the 50th, 51st, and 52nd Indian Brigades. Shortly after being formed, the 50th Brigade exchanged places with the 34th Indian Brigade of 15th Indian Division.
Most of the infantry battalions that had already been in Mesopotamia for some months, guarding lines of communications so were somewhat acclimatized and accustomed to the country. The division was involved in the Action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab between 23–26 October 1918 and the Battle of Sharqat, 28–30 October 1918 under command of I Corps
At the end of the war, the 17th Division was chosen to form part of the occupation force for Iraq. It took part in the Iraq Rebellion in 1920. In August 1923, the division was reduced to a single brigade; the last British troops left in March 1927 and the Indian ones in November 1928.
Order of battle
The division commanded the following units, although not all of them served at the same time:
34th Indian Brigade
2nd Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)
31st Punjabis
1st Battalion, 112th Infantry
114th Mahrattas
129th Machine Gun Company
34th Light Trench Mortar Battery
51st Indian Brigade
1st Battalion, Highland Light Infantry
1st Battalion, 2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry
14th Ferozepore Sikhs
1st Battalion, 10th Gurkha Rifles
257th Machine Gun Company
51st Light Trench Mortar Battery
52nd Indian Brigade
1/6th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment
45th Rattray's Sikhs
84th Punjabis
1st Battalion, 94th Russell's Infantry
1st Battalion, 113th Infantry
258th Machine Gun Company
52nd Light Trench Mortar Battery
Divisional Artillery
CCXX Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (1064th, 1065th, 403rd (H) and Anglo-Indian Batteries)
CCXXI Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (1067th, 1068th, 404th (H) and Volunteer Batteries)
X.17 Medium Trench Mortar Battery
17th Divisional Ammunition Column
Engineers and Pioneers
Sirmoor, Tehri Garhwal and Malerkotla Sappers and Miners, ISF
17th Division Signal Company, Royal Engineers Signal Service
1st Battalion, 32nd Sikh Pioneers
Divisional Troops
276th Machine Gun Company
17th Machine Gun Battalion
3rd, 19th, 35th and 36th Combined Field Ambulances, RAMC
No. 7 Mobile Veterinary Section, AVC
17th Division Train, ASC
Commanders
The division was commanded from 25 August 1917 by Major-General W. Gillman. On 17 December 1917, Major-General G.A.J. Leslie took command.
See also
List of Indian divisions in World War I
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:British Indian Army divisions
Category:Indian World War I divisions
Category:Military units and formations established in 1917
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1923
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Q:
Spring Boot 1.5.2 Startup: java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: javax.servlet.ServletContext.getVirtualServerName()Ljava/lang/String;
I've been getting the following error from version 1.5.2 of Spring Boot. In the trace its pulling tomcat version 8.5.11, and I am using javax.servlet version 3.1. Everywhere I look has said that version 3.1 should be the fix to the issue, but I still have it, even after deleting my repository under .m2 directory.
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Tomcat].StandardHost[localhost].TomcatEmbeddedContext[]]
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122) [na:1.8.0_66]
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192) [na:1.8.0_66]
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.startInternal(ContainerBase.java:939) ~[tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.startInternal(StandardHost.java:872) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1419) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1409) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) [na:1.8.0_66]
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) [na:1.8.0_66]
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) [na:1.8.0_66]
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745) [na:1.8.0_66]
Caused by: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Tomcat].StandardHost[localhost].TomcatEmbeddedContext[]]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:167) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
... 6 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [Pipeline[StandardEngine[Tomcat].StandardHost[localhost].TomcatEmbeddedContext[]]]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:167) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5099) ~[tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
... 6 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [org.apache.catalina.authenticator.NonLoginAuthenticator[]]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:167) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardPipeline.startInternal(StandardPipeline.java:170) ~[tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
... 8 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: javax.servlet.ServletContext.getVirtualServerName()Ljava/lang/String;
at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.startInternal(AuthenticatorBase.java:1137) ~[tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150) [tomcat-embed-core-8.5.11.jar:8.5.11]
... 10 common frames omitted
Here is the list of dependencies I am importing:
<properties>
<tomcat.version>8.5.11</tomcat.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
<version>4.3.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>4.3.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>4.3.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
<artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
<version>9.4-1206-jdbc42</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security.oauth</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-oauth2</artifactId>
<version>2.0.10.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-security-core</artifactId>
<version>4.1.1.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
<version>1.5.2.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
<version>4.3.3.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.auth0</groupId>
<artifactId>java-jwt</artifactId>
<version>2.2.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>4.3.3.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.jsonwebtoken/jjwt -->
<dependency>
<groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
<artifactId>jjwt</artifactId>
<version>0.6.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.1</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
A:
the method getVirtualServerName has been added in ServletContext in Servlet 3.1. Find the java doc's method getVirtualServerName
this problem can have at least 3 causes:
your servlet version is older that 3.1.
other jar has the servlet older version than 3.1.
your tomcat version is older than 8
to solve it, you can try the below way.
I. to check your pom.xml whether there are the below code.
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
</dependency>
if your pom.xml has the above code, it would still has that problem. you can do the second way.
II. to check your other jar has refer to the javax.servlet-api jar. for example, the org.apache.santuario has refer to the javax.servlet-api jar. the pom.xml:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.santuario</groupId>
<artifactId>xmlsec</artifactId>
<version>1.4.3</version>
</dependency>
but when you look at the maven dependencies, it refer to the javax.servlet-api jar whose version is 2.3 older than 3.1.
so you should exclude the 2.3 version. pom.xml:
<!-- exclude servlet-api 2.3 jar-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.santuario</groupId>
<artifactId>xmlsec</artifactId>
<version>1.4.3</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<!-- servlet-api 3.1 version has getVirtualServerName() -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
</dependency>
III. spring boot run the default tomcat 7. so define your tomcat version 8 instead of tomcat 7. so add the code your pom.xml:
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<tomcat.version>8.5.5</tomcat.version>
</properties>
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NebraskaStudies.org
Nebraskastudies.org provides students, teachers and those interested in the state access to a rich source of facts and viewpoints about Nebraska and its history.
Wessel’s Living History Farm
Wessel’s Living History Farm is a story about the spirit of the American Pioneer and how that spirit grew food in this nation since the first immigrant placed a stake in prairie ground. It’s a story that will continue as long as the human race consumes food.
It is the policy of the Nebraska Department of Education not to discriminate on the basis of sex, disability, race, color, religion, marital status, age or national origin in its educational programs, admission policies, employment, or other agency programs.
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Join Courtney and Alison as they recap S02E06 of the X-Files – “Ascension” – and learn about amazing unsolved mysteries such how to operate a Screamer Suit, the ultimate end-game of Mulder’s Daddy Agency, and the eternal question: If you don’t remember what happened in part one of a two-parter, is it still even a two-parter at all?
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Identification of the Dominant Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Canada Using Real-Time PCR with ASO-PCR Assays.
Phytophthora infestans, a pathogenic oomycete that is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, has devastating effects worldwide. The genetic composition of P. infestans populations in Canada has changed considerably over the last few years, with the appearance of several new genotypes showing different mating types and sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl. Genetic markers allowing for a rapid assessment of genotypes from small amounts of biological material would be beneficial for the early detection and control of this pathogen throughout Canada. Mining of the P. infestans genome revealed several regions containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within both nuclear genes and flanking sequences of microsatellite loci. Allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR) assays were developed from 14 of the 50 SNP found by sequencing. Nine optimized ASO-PCR assays were validated using a blind test comprising P. infestans and other Phytophthora spp. The assays revealed diagnostic profiles unique to each of the five dominant genotypes present in Canada. The markers developed in this study can be used with environmental samples such as infected leaves, and will contribute to the genomic toolbox available to assess the genetic diversity of P. infestans at the intraspecific level. For late blight management, early warning about P. infestans genotypes present in potato and tomato fields will help growers select the most appropriate fungicides and application strategies.
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus and process for producing an enriched medical suspension of a sclerosant or other chemical medical solution, for example, polidocanol.
2. Description of the Related Art
The present invention utilizes the Venturi effect to produce an enriched medical suspension of a sclerosant or other chemical medical solution, for example, polidocanol for use in various applications. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, polidocanol is used as a sclerosant to treat varicose veins by causing fibrosis inside varicose veins, occluding the lumen of the vessel, and reducing the appearance of the varicosity. Polidocanol damages the cell lining of blood vessels. The damage to the cell lining causes the blood vessels to close. These vessels are ultimately replaced. The apparatus of the present invention is simple to manufacture and use because it does not require an impeller and incorporated fan in order to create and dispense the enriched medical suspension of polidocanol.
The Venturi effect is an example of Bernoulli's principle, in the case of incompressible fluid flow through a tube or pipe with a constriction in it. The fluid velocity must increase through the constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while its pressure must decrease due to conservation of energy; the gain in kinetic energy is supplied by a drop in pressure or a pressure gradient force.
The limiting case of the Venturi effect is choked flow, in which a constriction in a pipe or channel limits the total flow rate through the channel because the pressure cannot drop below zero in the constriction. Choked flow is used to control the delivery rate of water and other fluids through spigots and other types of valves. The portable apparatus of the present invention utilizes a source of pressurized medical fluid, to produce the desired pressure and flow for the effective creation of an enriched medical suspension.
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Psychosocial care in advanced cancer.
In palliative care, the focus is management of major symptoms and complications, and psychosocial support of the patient and family. Approaching the end of life, the patient's needs move beyond physical care to include the psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions. The main psychosocial interventions are counseling, education, and practical services directed at the needs identified by the multidimensional/multidisciplinary assessments. We will present the roles of the various team members and methods of psychosocial assessment.
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Back to driving school
On January 18, 2012, Calcasieu Parish (New Orleans) Deputy Randall L. Benoit, 41, was killed in a head-on collision when an unidentified driver crossed the center line and smashed into the deputy’s vehicle. Just days later, Officer Kelly Mayfield was traveling west in his police cruiser en route to a non-emergency call at about 2:30 p.m. when his car was struck head-on. Mayfield, a veteran officer for the Franklin, Ky., Police Department, was treated for serious injuries.
Unfortunately, stories like these are all too common. According to the National Law Enforcement Memorial Fund (NLEOMF) Officer Down Memorial page, the number of U.S. law enforcement fatalities spiked by 37 percent in 2010, an increase that followed on the heels of a two-year decline in on-duty deaths. Now the number of officer-involved car accidents remains quite high, ranking just slightly below that of gunshot fatalities.
Simulating precarious conditions
“Those studies are what have driven the changes to our training,” says Bruce Brown, chief of the Driver and Marine Division (DMD) at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). Brown, along with many others in the industry, is taking a closer look at law enforcement training practices, new car technology and behavioral patterns with the hope that more accidents can be avoided (and more lives spared)on the road.
Driving instructor training establishments like FLETC and POST (Police Officer Standards and Training) work every day to save lives through better education. FLETC’s Glynco, Ga., headquarters maintains four driver training ranges, each consisting of an emergency response driving range, a non-emergency driving range and a skid pan. In addition, the facility has 52 vehicle simulators and 24 marine simulators. FLETC conducts driving training using approximately 355 vehicles of all sizes and shapes. State and local agencies from across the country continually replicate these programs within their own departments.
FLETC instructors find the best and most effective training combines simulators with range time. Driving simulators for police, fire and EMS have been on the market for a while now. The technology continues to hold sway for a few reasons: simulators are cheaper than using regular cars, and they can be customizable to suit the user experience and to mimic real-life distractions. No longer are road scenarios one-size-fits-all. In the FLETC criminal investigator training simulation, for example, drivers in a “plain clothes” car must engage in surveillance activities while at the same time make decisions to avoid a crash. Brown points out another use of simulator technology that has proven successful includes taking as much data as possible from actual accidents that resulted in an officer fatality, then recreating the accident for other students to train through the same scenario.
“We constantly have to have our instructors trained in how to use simulations,” says Brown. “By using [simulation software] in that manner, we have seen a very effective change and a lot of people are rethinking how they drive.”
Instructors who take these techniques home must be constantly willing to alter the way they instruct. Brown cites a study done by the California POST that shows a proper blend of simulators training followed by actual time on the range can reduce collisions by up to 10 percent.
Better decision-making yields better results?
Sgt. Doug Larsen is another advocate of using simulators for sharper on-the-road practice. Larsen, a POST instructor, co-designed, maintains and operates the Emergency Vehicle Operations Course for the State of Utah, and provides direction to create effective, safe driving curriculum and operational simulator scenarios. In September 2011 Larsen was elected to the board of ALERT International, an organization dedicated to research and development, as well as the sharing of information, ideas and innovations in the area of emergency vehicle response operation.
“I think people are starting to look at these trends where a lot of officers have been injured and killed in a vehicle and they’re starting to see that we do need to tackle this issue.” says Larsen. “And we need to change the way we train, too.”
Fundamentals remain essential. But Larsen also uses web-based training in addition to simulators to teach intersection clearing and, like Brown, to mimic real-life scenarios with graduated difficulty depending on a driver’s skill level. And it works. Larsen’s found retention rates are higher with web-based training than instructor-led. He feels success is more about making the right decision than training in procedures, and adults can participate in web-based instruction on their own time.
“We never really forget how to drive; it’s just kind of like riding a bike. You cannot drive a car for a couple of years and just like a bike, get on it and [drive] it. But every six months to a year we need to make sure we get those officers to train on their decision-making, what they’re doing in the vehicle, how to recognize hazards … that’s what’s important.”
Across the country, driver training often takes a backseat to other types of training, despite the influx of traffic fatalities.
“Firearms is usually mandatory, but there are not a lot of agencies that make driver training mandatory, so that’s a problem because we’re losing a lot of officers,” says Larsen. “And some of those are training issues. As far as what the officers are doing, they’re driving too fast and not using all of their safety equipment, which is causing us a lot of injuries and deaths.”
The tech Catch-22
In addition to finding the most effective training methodology, emergency vehicle operation leaders keep tabs on what, exactly, is getting officers killed in crashes. FLETC recently partnered with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and various universities to look specifically at how equipment is installed in vehicles. “The typical rack in the center of the car on the hump with radios and computers is harming officers in itself,” says Brown.
Reconfiguring the cockpit just might save lives. According to a recent study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 80 percent of crashes and 65 percent of near crashes involve some sort of driver distraction. Visual (eyes off the road), cognitive (mind off the road) and manual (hands off the steering wheel) were the three main types of distractions considered in the study. Doesn’t this just sound like another day on the job?
The introduction in December of a proposed ban on all mobile devices for cars—even hands-free devices—may have been a little hastily construed (and can you imagine the already over-worked men and women who would have to enforce such a law?), but it does lead one to wonder what might change if in-car technology at least went hands-free for citizen drivers, and maybe law enforcement, too.
The University of New Hampshire’s “Project 54” began back in 1999 as an initiative aimed at helping first responders reduce distractions by putting all cruiser systems that are traditionally separate into a single interface activated by voice or the push of a button on a screen. The technology is now widespread, and a number of agencies have taken it for a ride. Andrew Kun, the project’s co-director, estimated more than 1,000 vehicles and 180 communities and agencies statewide use the systems now, including the New Hampshire State Police. Over time UNH has partnered with other firms that can integrate the system commercially.
One company offering another potential hands-free solution is Mobile PC Manager out of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Mobile PC offers a distracted driving application called ScreenSafe, which allows fleet managers to create custom groups of vehicles each with unique organization settings. If needed, the fleet manger can specify configurations that only apply to specific cars. ScreenSafe would not affect computer function at normal speeds, but would remove screen distractions while in “hot pursuit” situations where vehicle speeds may exceed 90 mph.
Larsen says that while in-car technology makes officers a lot more efficient, it also offers more distractions. “If they can’t manage those properly, then it just causes us more issues. But some of these hands-free cars that are coming out allow officers to keep their eyes up, and not focus so much within the cab of their vehicle. The more we can do to keep the officer’s eyes out and looking down the road, the better.”
Re-write policy to better protect drivers
Some might say it’s no wonder the number of police-involved traffic fatalities is climbing. While many incidents are truly unavoidable, public safety professionals must battle daily with an increasing number of distractions. But the problem doesn’t end there. NLEOMF and other sources indicate that simple carelessness is a factor that is not to be glossed over.
Statistics show not all cops are fastening their seat belts, while others are simply driving too fast. Now may be a good time to review your agencies’ day-to-day driving practices in addition to clocking in more time at “school” and researching hands-free options. As technology changes, so does our behavior. Does your agency have texting policies in place? How about enforced seat belt laws?
“It’s mind-boggling that large numbers of police officers are being killed for not wearing their seat belt,” says Brown. “And there’s a number of different guesses at why they aren’t. We had a police chief recently talk to us about the number of accidents his agency was having and the number of injuries, and we sent two people to look at their driver training program. We thought their driver training program was excellent, so our guys did a little bit of riding and looking at policy. We found there was no policy about wearing the seat belt, and there was no policy about texting. And what was happening with these folks is they were driving down the road texting on their cell phones and drifting off into the other lane and having collisions, and with no seat belts, the officers were getting injured.”
There isn’t a silver-bullet remedy for accidents, and working inside an LE mobile office will always be risky. But Brown says this awareness, this culture of change has already radically altered training practices.
Instead of “getting there fast,” the focus is now on “getting there safely.”
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BOSTON (Reuters) - The Federal Reserve painted a picture of the U.S. economy that was almost too good to be true at its last meeting, with inflation seen contained in the near future despite the lowest unemployment rate in 20 years.
FILE PHOTO: The Federal Reserve building is pictured in Washington, DC, U.S., August 22, 2018. REUTERS/Chris Wattie/File Photo
The Fed’s forecasts were labeled “out of this world” by one economist at the annual National Association for Business Economics (NABE) conference in Boston this week.
On the tenth anniversary of the 2008 financial crisis, which started with an unexpected panic in an under-appreciated corner of the financial sector, the emphasis in recent Fed speeches and research on avoiding excess leverage and financial market imbalances is understandable, but risks ignoring the possibility that the next recession may result from runaway inflation.
“There clearly has been a shift at the Fed toward more attention” to leverage ratios, financial buffers and other measures of financial market resilience, said Robert Gordon, economist and social sciences professor at Northwestern University and an expert on productivity and economic growth. “They have governors who are particularly appointed to be in charge of that now in a sense that they didn’t used to.”
Earlier, Gordon told the NABE conference that the Fed’s inflation forecasts were “unbelievable” and continued strong job creation will inevitably boost prices even though few see an immediate threat.
Global trade policy tensions, an emerging market debt crisis, or some other shock may happen, but would need to be large and sustained to undermine the 3.0 percent growth that the $20 trillion U.S. economy is currently enjoying.
Few believe the U.S. housing sector poses the same risk it did in the early 2000s, and while student loans and other consumer borrowing have grown, overall household credit and debt payment levels are manageable.
Still, if the Trump administration nominates the Fed’s former financial-stability guru, Nellie Liang, as a board governor, as expected, efforts to avoid another financial crisis could increase further.
In reports to Congress the Fed has, for example, highlighted concerns about commercial real estate and the stock market where rising prices could reverse sharply as interest rates rise.
The likely choice of Liang comes after Fed chair Jerome Powell recently downplayed the relevance of traditional inflationary signals in setting interest rates and noted that in the last two recessions the trouble started in financial markets.
“Risk management suggests looking beyond inflation for signs of excesses,” he said in late August at the annual conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.
Yet Powell also said last month he sees only moderate risks across a dashboard of indicators, including household leverage and current bank capital levels.
TIME FOR A BUFFER?
A test may come in two months when Fed governors decide whether to raise the so-called countercyclical capital buffer for banks which would force them to set aside more capital to cushion a downturn.
Fed Governor Lael Brainard has argued the buffer should be raised from zero, citing the shot of fiscal stimulus from last year’s U.S. tax cuts and high asset prices in the context of a decade-long economic expansion.
Metrics analyzed by Liang as head of the Fed’s financial stability division are not yet cause for concern, but her research has made clear that tools like the countercyclical buffer could be used to limit credit growth before it becomes problematic.
CYCLE ENDINGS
Liang, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution, has also argued that tighter monetary policy and early intervention is best to ward off possible crises, so some expect her to oversee a broader financial stability file as a Fed governor.
Financial market imbalances could be sparked by spending from the 2017 tax cuts or further stock price gains, Goldman Sachs economists wrote recently.
Yet with unemployment at 3.9 percent, and U.S. banks stabilized by post-crisis regulations, many economists believe the end of this long business cycle will be marked by a traditional resurgence of inflation and corresponding Fed interest rate rises.
The Fed itself expects unemployment to hover between 3.5 and 3.7 percent through 2021, roughly a full percentage point below levels seen as consistent with a stable inflation rate.
“I think it’s inevitable it will be associated with higher rates of inflation,” said Harvard economics professor James Stock, a former member of President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers.
The Fed has been raising interest rates gradually since late 2015 to head off future problems but it is less clear how rising rates might affect risk-taking in the “shadow” banking sector, where hedge funds and other less-regulated firms extend credit to riskier companies. In July, the Fed warned that “borrowing among highly levered and lower-rated businesses remains elevated.”
In a recent paper presented at the Brookings Institution, former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke said one lesson from the crisis is that policymakers needed to include interactions between credit markets and the economy in their projections, in effect weaving financial stability concerns into models of how the economy responds to different shocks.
Asked how concerned he was about current financial market signals, Boston Fed President Eric Rosengren told the conference on Monday: “I don’t think there is an alarm going off. But I do think there are a lot of yellow lights.”
(Graphic: Financial stability indicators - tmsnrt.rs/2DI9j4K)
(Graphic: Current Fed economic projections - tmsnrt.rs/2xPZ7C4)
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Q:
Eclipse Photon - Eclipse Marketplace not launching
I just installed Eclipse Photon. I migraded one project from Oxygen to it - everything is working fine.
The problem I noticed is that I cannot open the Eclipse Marketplace. Whenever I click on it, I get the loading circle for 1-2 seconds then nothing happens.
I also tried this on a completely new empty workspace (so no old .metadata) - same behavior.
I also restarted PC - didn't help.
Any ideas? Is it me only that has this problem or is it a bug due to the new version?
Thanks.
A:
I managed to find the problem and fix it. I went to:
Help -> About Eclipse IDE -> clicked on "Installation Details" -> tab "Configuration" -> Clicked on "View Error Log"
The default browser opened and there I noticed the following stack trace:
!ENTRY org.eclipse.ui 4 0 2018-06-28 10:38:21.036
!MESSAGE Unhandled event loop exception
!STACK 0
org.eclipse.e4.core.di.InjectionException: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Illegal character in path at index 16: file:/C:/Eclipse Photon/eclipse/configuration/
at org.eclipse.e4.core.internal.di.MethodRequestor.execute(MethodRequestor.java:65)
It was the space character in the folder named by me: "Eclipse Photon". I renamed it to "EclipsePhoton" and the marketplace opened successfully.
Short answer: Make sure you do not have any spaces in the Eclipse installation file path.
A:
I fixed the issue with the solution from this link: https://www.chrisguindon.com/post/marketplace-client-not-opening-in-photon/
Steps:
Go to Help > Install New Software
Paste the Marketplace Client update site url into the “Work with”
field: http://download.eclipse.org/mpc/photon
Select the “EPP Marketplace Client” checkbox
Follow the wizard and restart your Eclipse to finish the
installation.
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The best Side of pain
The best Side of pain
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Non-modifiable arthritis possibility factors: Age: the chance of building most kinds of arthritis increases with age.
Arthritis is a lot more website widespread among Grown ups aged 65 yrs or more mature, but it surely can influence folks of all ages, such as young children.
Osteoarthritis is a typical degenerative joint ailment that affects the cartilage, joint lining and ligaments, and fundamental bone of the joint.
Other sorts of abnormal pain incorporate allodynia, hyperalgesia, and phantom limb pain. These sorts of pain often occur from some harm to the anxious method (neuropathic). Allodynia refers to a sense of pain in reaction to the Ordinarily harmless stimulus. By way of example, some people who have experienced nerve damage due to viral infection practical experience unbearable pain from just the light fat of their outfits.
Aggravating and relieving conditions that have an impact on the degree within your pain may also be crucial that you focus on. After an assessment, further more testing may be required, like blood tests and X-rays or other imaging research. Once in a while, MRI scanning is useful if the condition demands more definition.
one. An uncomfortable emotion happening on account of injuries or sickness, generally localized in a few Element of the body.
The acutely aware perception of pain most likely can take area from the thalamus and reduced centers; interpretation of the standard of pain might be the purpose on the cerebral cortex.Tweets by realDonaldTrump
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---
abstract: 'The Hubble Space Telescope ([*HST*]{}) Wide Field Camera 3 ([WFC3]{}) near-IR channel is extensively used in time-resolved observations, especially for transiting exoplanet spectroscopy and brown dwarf and directly imaged exoplanet rotational phase mapping. The *ramp effect* is the dominant source of systematics in the [WFC3]{}for time-resolved observations, which limits its photometric precision. Current mitigation strategies are based on empirical fits and require additional orbits “to help the telescope reach a thermal equilibrium.” We show that the ramp effect profiles can be explained and corrected with high fidelity using charge trapping theories. We also present a model for this process that can be used to predict and to correct charge trap systematics. Our model is based on a very small number of parameters that are intrinsic to the detector. We find that these parameters are very stable between the different datasets, and we provide best-fit values. Our model is tested with more than 120 orbits ($\sim40$ visits) of [WFC3]{}observations, and is proved to be able to provide near photon noise limited corrections for observations made with both staring and scanning modes of transiting exoplanets as well as for starting-mode observations of brown dwarfs. After our model correction, the light curve of the first orbit in each visit has the same photometric precision as subsequent orbits, so data from the first orbit need no longer be discarded. Near IR arrays with the same physical characteristics (e.g., *JWST/NIRCam*) may also benefit from the extension of this model if similar systematic profiles are observed.'
author:
- Yifan Zhou
- Dániel Apai
- 'Ben W. P. Lew'
- Glenn Schneider
title: 'A Physical Model-based Correction for Charge Traps in the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 Near-IR Detector and Applications to Transiting Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs'
---
Introduction
============
The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 ([*HST*]{}[WFC3]{}) [near infrared (near-IR) channel]{}, is one of the most powerful and most frequently used instruments for exoplanet atmosphere observations. With its exceptional sensitivity and high photometric stability, [WFC3]{}plays an essential role in high-cadence time domain observations, including transit grism spectroscopy [e.g., @Swain2013; @Kreidberg2014] and rotational phase mapping [e.g., @Buenzli2012; @Apai2013; @Lew2016; @Zhou2016]. However, instrumental systematics in its near-IR channel either related to the detector [for a summary see @Wakeford2016] or the grism geometry [for a detailed description and correction, see @Varley2015] prevent the attainment of photon noise limited performance. The often-called “*ramp effect*” [e.g., @Berta2012], is an approximately exponentially-shaped signal in the time domain. It is the most significant systematic affecting photometric efficacy. Different empirical profiles of the ramp effect were identified in various HST time-resolved observation datasets (Figure \[fig:obsRamp\]). It is expected that other instruments that employ detectors with similar architectures, such as JWST/NIRCAM and NIRSPEC, may also suffer from similar systematics.
Great effort has been devoted to the calibration of the ramp effect. Until now, the most popular and successful method has been the “divide-out-of-transit” method [e.g., @Berta2012]. This method uses an exponential/polynomial function (empirically derived from the out-of-transit parts of the light curves) to correct the ramp effect. Several of the most precise [*HST*]{}transit spectroscopic observations [e.g., @Berta2012; @Kreidberg2014] have adopted this correction. However, this method has three important limitations. First, the ramp effect is significantly more severe in the first HST orbit than in the rest of the observations in sequential target visibility periods,[^1], and the first orbit cannot be corrected by the divide-out-of-transit method. Although the difference in systematics between the different orbits is not well understood, it is widely assumed that the telescope needs to thermally settle, i.e., reach some sort of equilibrium. Therefore, the data from the first orbit of each visit are always excluded from data analysis, which results in the loss of approximately 100–200 orbits up to [the end of [*HST*]{}cycle 24]{}. Second, the out-of-transit method requires a flat photometric baseline to fit the empirical functions that are used for correction. When intrinsic variability is present, such as in hot-Jupiter orbital phase curves and in rotational phase mapping observations of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets, this method is not reliable. Third, this method is not based on an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms of the systematics. The ad hoc nature of this method makes it difficult to evaluate the applicability of this instrumental systematic when observations with different detector readout modes and illumination levels are obtained with different instrument configurations. A physically motivated ramp-effect model that enables the retention of all photometric data with post-processing (ramp calibration) is therefore highly desired.
Charge trapping has been suggested to be the major cause of the ramp effect for infrared detectors. @Agol2010 used electron trapping to attempt to explain the ramp effect of *Spitzer*’s IRAC detectors, and they empirically described this effect with two exponential functions. Furthermore, in [WFC3]{}data the amplitudes of the ramp were found to be related to the exposure count levels [e.g., @Berta2012], a finding that is broadly consistent with charge trapping.
Instead of using empirically estimated exponential functions to calibrate electron trapping, in this paper, we developed a physical model RECTE (Ramp Effect Charge Trapping Eliminator), which is described by the numbers of charge carrier traps, the trapping efficiency and the trap lifetimes in every pixel on the detector. We show that this model works extremely well with time-resolved observations taken in both scanning and staring modes. We explain the details of the model (§\[sec:model\]), describe the model results (§\[sec:results\]), demonstrate two examples of model applications (§\[sec:app\]), and discuss the correction results, future observation planning suggestions, and model extensions for future instruments (§\[sec:discussion\]) in the rest of the paper.
The Ramp Effect Model {#sec:model}
=====================
Physical Background
-------------------
The [WFC3]{}infrared channel detector is a $\mbox{1k}\times\mbox{1k}$ HgCdTe array [@Dressel2016]. The detector was manufactured by Teledyne Scientific & Imaging, and has an architecture of hybrid HgCdTe device grown on a CdZnTe substrate and indium-bonded to a Hawaii-1R MUX [@Baggett2008]. The basic elements of the detector array are photodiodes. Photons are absorbed by the diodes to produce free charge carriers. The free charge carriers travel through the diodes following the electric potential and reach the depletion region of the diodes. The electric field maintained by the contact potential drives the charge carriers across the P-N junction, and the collected charge carries change the circuit gate voltage that are measured as the signal [@Rieke2012].
A highly repeatable characteristic of this type of detector is that the P-N junction is de-biased as the signal is accumulated. This can change the response of the detector during a series of exposures [@Rieke2012], and is suggested to be the primary source of image persistence [@Smith2008a]. The latter authors proposed that charge traps in the depletion region of the P-N junction are responsible for the image persistence, and based on this assumption established a qualitative theoretical framework to explain the image persistence phenomenon. Ibid, charge carriers can be trapped as they diffuse across the depletion region. The trapping of the charge carriers lowers the level of the signal measured in the individual exposures. At the end of the exposure, the original width of the depletion is restored by reset, but the trapped charge carriers remain in the depletion region. In subsequent frames, the trapped charge carriers are released and diffuse back to the undepleted region, which generates a signal. This signal is manifested either as image persistence in the dark frame, or as a ramp-shaped light curve in exposure series.
@Smith2008b applied this model to calibrate the image persistence in the HgCdTe array of the SuperNova Acceleration Probe. They found that the integrated persistence profiles can be calibrated using a double-exponential profile, of which the time constants of two exponential functions differed by more than an order of magnitude. They suggested that the two trap populations could be the result of the two types of charge carriers, electrons and holes, behaving differently. Furthermore, they found that the trapping efficiency has relatively small spatial variation, which provided evidence that individual pixels had similar trapping properties. Studies [e.g., @Anderson; @Long2015a] explored to study the charge carrier trap properties of the [WFC3]{}near-IR detector and detectors that share similar physical architectures. @Long2015b created a model for the persistence of [WFC3]{}near-IR detector. These studies focused on the persistence behavior of the detector with a timescale of several minutes after high count level exposures. These studies aimed to describe the [ *effects*]{} of charge trapping on the data by fitting empirical functions to the observed trends, an approach that only works imperfectly and only applicable within sets of self-similar observations. The model we introduce here invokes the [ *same*]{} physically-motivated conceptual picture as previous studies[e.g., @Smith2008a]; however, our approach differs from the past qualitative and quantitative models in two important aspects:
First, our model assumes that charge trapping occurs immediately after the photons are absorbed and not later, i.e., charge trapping occurs only when the detector is illuminated. This difference results in a different behavior of the detector, which we demonstrate is more consistent with the existing observations than the predictions of the traditional model that assumes continuing trapping even in the non-illuminated state of the detector.
Second, our model aims at correcting for the ramp effect and [*not*]{} the image persistence. The later effect is only important at very high fluence levels. Therefore, our model does not aim to incorporate a complete description of charge trapping and release mechanisms and the effects of nonlinearity in the extreme case of near-saturation levels. Comparisons of our model predictions to observations shows that our model reproduces very well datasets taken at moderately high fluence levels but not those taken at close to saturation levels. This indicates that physical effects not considered in our model play important roles when the detector is driven to saturation.
Model Descriptions
------------------
{width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"}\
{width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"}
Our model is based on the charge carrier trapping theory of @Smith2008a. However, instead of fitting empirically derived exponential functions, our model enables us to quantitatively model the charge carrier trapping processes, so that we can precisely calibrate ramp-effect-impacted time-resolved observations made with [WFC3]{}. In order to quantitatively constrain the behavior of [WFC3]{}detector, we generalize the theory with the following assumptions.
1. The detector pixels have two populations of charge carrier traps: a slow trap population that releases trapped particles with a long trapping lifetime and a fast trap population that releases trapped particles with a short trapping lifetime. The total numbers of traps per pixel for the two population are $E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$ and $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$. The power-law persistence trend seen in studies of @Long2012 [@Long2015a] suggests the possibility of a more complex nature of the traps. We focus on two trap population model in this work and reserve the possibility to extend the model to multiple trap populations, which may become important when the detector is illuminated at levels close to saturation.
2. Charge carriers stimulated by incoming photon fluxes can fill the two populations of traps with efficiencies of $\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$ and $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$. [The states of the two populations’ traps are independent.]{} The numbers of the trapped charge carriers at time $t$ are ${\ensuremath{E}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}(t)$ and ${\ensuremath{E}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}(t)$. The charge carrier trapping rates are proportional to incoming flux [$f$]{}(t) \[$\mathrm{e^-/s}$\] and to the number of unfilled traps ($\bar{{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}(t) = {\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}- {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)$). With these assumptions the charge carrier trapping rate can be expressed as Equation . [^2] [^3] $$\frac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^+}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} = \eta\,{\ensuremath{f}}(t)\,\frac{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}-{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}}\label{eq:gain}$$
3. The two populations of trapped charge particles have lifetimes of $\tau_{s}$ and $\tau_{f}$. Under no illumination, the number of trapped charges follows exponential decay: $$\begin{aligned}
&E(t) = E(t_{0})\exp\Bigl(-\dfrac{t-t_{0}}{\tau}\Bigr) \quad \mbox{when ${\ensuremath{f}}=0$}\\
&\frac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^-}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} = - \frac{{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{\tau}\label{eq:lose}
\end{aligned}$$. Combining equation and , the complete form for trap number change follows: $$\label{eq:1}
\frac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} = \eta\,{\ensuremath{f}}(t)\,\frac{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}-{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} - \frac{{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{\tau}$$
4. As traps are filled during the exposures, the charge carrier trapping rates decrease. Therefore, the number of detected electrons per unit time increases, giving the characteristic “ramp” shape. When all traps are filled, or the charge carrier release rate is equal to the trapping rate, the detected flux will be equal to the true flux. In addition, a notable number of charge carriers are released [between the target visibility periods, when the detector is not illuminated by the target.]{} Therefore, the light curves usually rise up again at the beginning of each subsequent orbit (see Figure \[fig:obsRamp\]).
5. The number of occupied traps is not necessarily zero at the beginning of each visit because 1) previous observations may have illuminated the same pixels as current exposures; 2) the detector received flux before the first exposure, as [WFC3]{}has no shutter for the detector, and is occassionally unintentionally illuminated during telescope slewing. To reflect these possibilities we introduced parameters $E_{\mathrm{s}, 0}$ and $E_{\mathrm{f}, 0}$ that represent the initially occupied number of traps. These parameters can vary from visit to visit, as well as from pixel to pixel.
6. Furthermore, because [WFC3]{}may be illuminated by the target before the beginning of the science exposure series, parameters ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_\mathrm{s}$ ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_\mathrm{f}$ are included to represent extra trapped charges during the time between visibility periods.
7. After evaluating a number of different data sets we found no evidence for trapping parameters (${\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}$, $\eta$, and $\tau$) to change with time; therefore, we assume these parameters are intrinsic to the detector and constant with time. $E_{0}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}$ can be different for different observations.
Table \[tab:paramlist\] summarizes the key parameters of our model and their physical meaning.
[cll]{} $E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$, $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$ & count &Total numbers of slow and fast traps\
$\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$ & - &Trapping efficiencies for slow and fast traps\
$\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$ & second &Trap lifetimes for slow and fast traps\
$E_{\mathrm{s},0}$, $E_{\mathrm{f},0}$ & count &Number of slow and fast traps occupied at the beginning of visit.\
${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$ & count & Extra number of charge carriers captured by slow and fast traps during the observation gaps.\
$f$ & count/s & illumination flux\
The model is presented as a flowchart in Figure \[fig:flowchart\]:
= \[rectangle, rounded corners, minimum width=2cm, minimum height=1cm,text centered, draw=black, text width=5cm\] = \[rectangle, minimum width=2cm, minimum height=1cm, text centered, draw=black, text width=5cm\] = \[diamond, minimum width=2cm, text centered, draw=black, aspect=2.5\] = \[thick,->,>=stealth\]
(start) \[startstop\] [Number of initially trapped charges: $E_0$ ]{}; (exposure) \[process, below of=start\] [$i^{\mathrm{th}}$ exposure, flux ${\ensuremath{f}}_i(t)$]{}; (trap) \[process, below of=exposure\] [Charge trapping/release\
$\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^+}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} = \eta\,{\ensuremath{f}}(t)\,\frac{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}-{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}}$ $\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^-}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} = - \frac{{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)}{\tau}$]{}; (measurement) \[startstop, below of=trap, yshift=-0.8cm\] [Measured flux\
${\ensuremath{f}}'_i(t) = {\ensuremath{f}}_i(t) - (\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}_\mathrm{s}(t)}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} + \dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}_\mathrm{f}(t)}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t})$]{}; (nTrapped) \[process, right of=trap, xshift=4cm, yshift=-1.5cm\] [Trapped Electrons\
$E(t) \mathrel{+}= (\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^+}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} + \dfrac{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}{\ensuremath{E}\xspace}(t)^-}{{\mathrm{d}\xspace}t}) {\mathrm{d}\xspace}t$]{}; (changeorbit) \[decision, above of=nTrapped, yshift=0.3cm\] [Next orbit?]{}; (extraE) \[process, above of=changeorbit, yshift=0.3cm\] [$E(t) \mathrel{+}= {\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}$]{}; (start) – (exposure); (exposure) – (trap); (trap) – (measurement); (trap) |- (nTrapped); (nTrapped) – (changeorbit); (changeorbit) – node \[anchor=west,yshift=.2cm\][yes]{} (extraE); (changeorbit) |- node \[anchor=east,yshift=-.15cm\][no]{} (exposure); (extraE) -| (exposure);
Mathematical solutions for ramp profiles
----------------------------------------
From equation and , we can express $E(t)$ as a differential equation:
$$\label{eq:diff}
{\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE}{\ddt}}} = {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE^+}{\ddt}}} + {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE^-}{\ddt}}} = \eta f(t) - \left(\frac{\eta f(t)}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}\right)E$$
The formal solution of is $$\label{eq:2}
E(t) = \left[\int \eta f(t) \mathrm{e}^{\int \left(\frac{\eta f(t)}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}\right) {\mathrm{d}\xspace}t} {\mathrm{d}\xspace}t+C \right]
\mathrm{e}^{-\int\left(\frac{\eta f(t)}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}\right) {\mathrm{d}\xspace}t}$$
We note that $E_\mathrm{s}(t)$ and $E_\mathrm{f}(t)$ are calculated separately using equation , as we assume the states of the two populations are independent.
Therefore, the measured flux is $$\label{eq:3}
f'(t) = f(t) - {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE_\mathrm{s}(t)}{\ddt}}} - {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE_\mathrm{f}(t)}{\ddt}}}$$
If the incoming photon flux is constant, equation has an analytical solution of
$$\label{eq:4}
E(t) = \frac{\eta f}{\frac{\eta f}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}} + \left(E_0 - \frac{\eta f}{\frac{\eta f}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}}\right) \mathrm{e}^{-\left(\frac{\eta f}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}\right)t}$$
where $E(t=0)=E_0$. The observed flux is the intrinsic flux subtracted by the charge carriers that are trapped: $$\label{eq:5}
\begin{split}
f'(t) = f &- {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE_\mathrm{s}(t)}{\ddt}}} - {\ensuremath{\frac{\ddE_\mathrm{f}(t)}{\ddt}}}\\
= f &- \left[\eta_\mathrm{s} f - E_\mathrm{s,0}(t)\left(\frac{\eta_\mathrm{s} f}{E_\mathrm{s,tot}} + \frac{1}{\tau_\mathrm{s}}\right)\right]\mathrm{e}^{-\left(\frac{\eta_\mathrm{s} f}{E_\mathrm{s,tot}} + \frac{1}{\tau_\mathrm{s}}\right)t}\\
&- \left[\eta_\mathrm{f} f - E_\mathrm{f,0}(t)\left(\frac{\eta_\mathrm{f} f}{E_\mathrm{f,tot}} + \frac{1}{\tau_\mathrm{f}}\right)\right]\mathrm{e}^{-\left(\frac{\eta_\mathrm{f} f}{E_\mathrm{f,tot}} + \frac{1}{\tau_\mathrm{f}}\right)t}
\end{split}$$
In the following, we discuss a few manifestations of our model.
1. At the beginning of the observations and in the case where $E_0$ is close to zero, the measured flux is $f'(t) =
(1-\eta_\mathrm{s}-\eta_\mathrm{f})f$. Therefore, the amplitude of the ramp is mainly controlled by $\eta_\mathrm{s} + \eta_\mathrm{f}$.
2. When the number of filled traps reaches $$\label{eq:6}
E = \frac{\eta f}{\frac{\eta f}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}}$$ where released electrons and trapped electrons are in equilibrium. In this case, a constant incoming flux results in a flat measured light curve.
3. If the irradiated count rates are low, $\left(\frac{\eta f}{{\ensuremath{E_\mathrm{tot}}\xspace}} + \frac{1}{\tau}\right) \ll 1$, the measured flux will be $$\label{eq:7}
\begin{split}
f'(t) =& (1 - \eta_\mathrm{s} - \eta_\mathrm{f})f+\\
& \left(\frac{\eta_\mathrm{s}^2 f^2}{E_\mathrm{s, tot}} + \frac{\eta_\mathrm{s}f}{\tau_\mathrm{s}} + \frac{\eta_\mathrm{f}^2 f^2}{E_\mathrm{f, tot}} + \frac{\eta_\mathrm{f}f}{\tau_\mathrm{f}}\right)t
\end{split}$$ In this case, the ramp will become a linear profile.
Constraining the model parameters
---------------------------------
We constrain our model by primarily using the scanning mode observations of the transiting exoplanet GJ1214b [@Kreidberg2014 HST program 13021]. This dataset includes 15 visits that were taken between September 2012 and August 2013. Each of the 15 visits included 4 orbits G141 transiting spectroscopic observations to observe one transit of GJ1214b, and the transits all occurred within the third orbit of each visit observations. The first 5 visits were taken with one-directional scanning and SPARS10, NSAMP=13 exposures, and the last 10 visits are taken with two-directional (round trip) scanning and SPARS10, NSAMP=15 exposures.
We used the first two-orbit observations of every visit to constrain the model parameters, because the first two orbits had intrinsically flat light curves. The last two orbits in each visit were used to test the validity of the model. @Kreidberg2014 discarded three visits for their analysis because of star-spot crossing or guiding failure. The first two orbits of these visits were not affected by these problems. Therefore, we used all 15 visits to constrain the model parameters, but discarded the same three visits for model testing and validation.
[llcllll]{} 12181&Deming&8&512&RAPID, NSAMP=16&$6.4\times10^{4}$&staring\
12181&Deming&4&256&SPARS10, NSAMP=5&$4.9\times10^{4}$&one direction scanning\
12251&Berta-Thompson&12&512&RAPID, NSAMP=7&$6.4\times10^4$&staring\
12314&Apai&6&256&SPARS25, NSAMP=12&$1.9\times10^4$&staring\
13021&Bean&60&256&SPARS10, NSAMP=13,15&$2.3\times10^{4}$&one/two direction scanning\
13573&Long&8&256&SPARS10, NSAMP=5,6&$2.8\times
10^4$/$3.8\times10^4$&two direction scanning\
14241&Apai& 28 &256 &SPARS10, NSAMP=5-8&$1.2\times 10^4 $- $3.0\times10^4$& staring\
The data reduction started with `ima` files produced by the STScI `CalWFC3` pipeline that include all calibrated non-destructive readouts, and followed the regular scanning mode data reduction routine described in @Deming2013 and @mccullough2012. We marked the pixels that have data quality flags of 4, 16, 32, and 256 (bad pixel, hot pixel, unstable response, saturation) as invalid and excluded them from further analysis. Due to the slight variability of the scanning rate and the jitter of the telescope, the ramp effect shapes were buried under the noise of the light curve of individual pixels. We averaged light curves of columns of pixels along the scanning direction, so that the noise caused by non-constant scanning rates was eliminated (Figure \[fig:fit\]). Therefore, we assumed the intrinsic light curves to be a flat line for every column. We extracted 120 light curves for every visit, and we had 1,800 light curves in total to fit the model parameters. The signal-to-noise ratios for the extracted light curves are approximately 1000 per exposure.
![Example of the ramp effect light curve fitted to the RECTE model curve. Blue points are observational data that come from the average of one pixel column of the spatial scan. The gray lines are the RECTE model curve fits, each of which is one randomly chosen realization of the MCMC chain. The two orbits are well fit by to the ramp model light curve with maximum likelihood.[]{data-label="fig:fit"}](fig4){width="\columnwidth"}
{width="\textwidth"}
We used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure to find the best-fit model parameters. The ramp effect profiles are determined by 11 parameters, including the flux count rate [$f$]{}, the initial number of occupied traps $E_{0,\mathrm{s}}$ and $E_{0, \mathrm{f}}$, the number of charge carriers captured between orbits ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$, and the 6 parameters controlling the trapping processes ($E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$, $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$). We initially allowed these 6 parameters to vary from column to column, but found that the values of the best-fit parameters from different columns agreed with each other within uncertainties. For the rest of the study, we therefore fixed the model parameters $E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$, $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$, and $\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$ to be the same for every input light curve. In this way, we focused on the average behavior of pixels and we were able to determine these properties more precisely. The likelihood function is expressed as $$\label{eq:likelihood}
L =\prod_{i} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{i}^{2}}} \exp\left(-\frac{[\mathrm{obs_{i}} -
\mathrm{RECTE}(E, \eta, \tau, ...)]^{2}}{2\sigma_{i}^{2}}\right)$$ The photometric uncertainty $\sigma$ is a combination of the photon noise, read noise, [dark current]{}, and sky subtraction noise. We assumed flat priors for [$f$]{}and $\eta$, and flat priors in $\log$ space for $N_{0}$ and $\tau$. For $E_{0}$ and [$\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}$]{}, we assumed an exponential distribution as the prior distribution because, in most cases, the initially occupied traps and extra added traps are close to 0. We sampled the posterior distributions and fitted 1,800 light curves simultaneously so that the values of the trapping parameters $E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$, $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$, and $\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$ were shared among all the light curves. In order to reduce the number of free parameters, we first fitted each of the 1800 light curves to find [$f$]{}, $E_{\mathrm{s},0}$, $E_{\mathrm{s},0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$. Second, we took the values of [$f$]{}, $E_{\mathrm{s},0}$, $E_{\mathrm{s},0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$ calculated from the first step to fit for $E_{\mathrm{s, tot}}$, $E_{\mathrm{f, tot}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$, $\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$, $\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$, and $\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$. We iterated the two steps and found that [best-fit model parameters (Table \[tab:result\])]{} quickly converged after just 5 iterations.
Results {#sec:results}
=======
{width="\textwidth"}
{width="\textwidth"}
The result of the model fit is shown in Figure \[fig:mcmc\]. The model parameters are well constrained. The posterior distributions of $E_{0}$ and $\tau$ are log-normal distributions, while the posterior distribution for $\eta$ is Gaussian. We calculated the best-fit values, as well as the 1-$\sigma$ uncertainties for the model parameters, and list them in Table \[tab:result\]. The fact that the best-fit parameters are tightly constrained with small uncertainties demonstrate that our model is able to make consistent correction for every light curve in the entire dataset. We note that the best-fit values for model parameters listed in Table \[tab:result\] represent average values for different pixels. Although small intra-pixel variations in the trapping parameters would not be surprising, our results demonstrate that a single set of trap is able to provide high fidelity corrections for typical light curves.
[clcl]{} $E_{\mathrm{s,tot}}$&$1320.0\pm2.8$&$E_{ \mathrm{f, tot}}$&$270.6^{+5.2}_{-4.9}$\
$\eta_{\mathrm{s}}$&$1.311\pm0.0034$%&$\eta_{\mathrm{f}}$&$0.6863\pm0.0070$%\
$\tau_{\mathrm{s}}$&$2.45^{+0.040}_{-0.037}\times 10^{4}\mathrm{s}$&$\tau_{\mathrm{f}}$&$224.8^{+2.6}_{-2.4}\mathrm{s}$\
The additional 4 parameters, $E_{0, \mathrm{s}}$, $E_{0, \mathrm{f}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$ vary on a visit to visit basis. $E_{0, \mathrm{s}}$, $E_{0, \mathrm{f}}$ varies from 0 to 20% of the total numbers of traps, representing the uncertainty of the initial state of the detector. The values for ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{s}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta {\ensuremath{E}\xspace}}\xspace}_{\mathrm{f}}$ are normally close to 0, but help to provide finer fit early in the orbit.
We tested the validity of the model using the 4-orbit-long transits of the 12 visit observations. As an example, we plotted the distributions of the model fit residuals in 4 orbits of a one pixel column in Figure \[fig:residual\]. The residual distributions of the 4 orbits are all close to Gaussian distributions, and have standard deviations of less than 1.1 times of photon noise. We did Shapiro-Wilk normality tests for all 4 orbits observations of every one-pixel column. The residuals for 4 orbits of every pixel column agree with normal distributions with a $\alpha=0.1$ fidelity. We further tested the normality with quantile-quantile plots as shown in Figure \[fig:qq\], where we plotted the observed quantile against the quantile following Gaussian distributions. The residuals agree with straight lines for all 4 orbits, which further verifies that our model successfully corrected the ramp effect for all 4 orbits.
We further tested our model with datasets listed in Table \[tab:params\] to demonstrate that our model works for observations done using different telescope and instrument configurations with different levels of incoming flux.
Applications {#sec:app}
------------
We found that our model works efficiently for a wide variety of [WFC3]{}time-resolved observations with different instrument modes and targets.
### Scanning and staring mode observations
For scanning mode grism observations where the scanning direction is perpendicular to the dispersion direction, a high signal-to-noise light curve for one wavelength element can be obtained by summing up the pixel counts along the scanning direction. Random noise introduced by non-constant scanning rates and telescope jitter are mostly eliminated by this step. We directly applied RECTE to the light curve extracted from each pixel column to remove the ramp effect.
Compared to scanning mode observations, staring mode observations have two major differences for the application of RECTE. First, within a region of interest, pixels are illuminated at vastly different levels. Because the ramp effect profile is related to the pixel count levels, the total ramp effect within the region of interest cannot be calculated as the average of pixels. Second, light curves for individual pixels may be affected by telescope jitter. With [*HST*]{}’s excellent pointing stability (typically less than 0.1 pixel drift per orbit), telescope jitter has little effect on the overall ramp profiles. We compared the ramp effect for light curves of simulated G141 staring mode observation images with no pointing jitter/shift and with pointing shifts of 0.1 pixel per orbit, and found that the relative difference is less than 0.01%. Therefore, for staring mode and imaging observations, the ramp effect can be corrected by applying RECTE without taking pointing errors into account.
### Transiting planet example: GJ1214
![4 orbits of GJ1214 transit observations are well fitted by RECTE+transit profile model.[]{data-label="fig:transit"}](fig8){width="\columnwidth"}
While testing the validity of the model, we also measured the transmission spectrum (Figure \[fig:transit\]) of GJ1214b. We reached the same level of correction precision as the divide-out-of-transit method used by @Kreidberg2014, and obtained a very similar transmission spectrum (See Figure \[fig:spec\]). We note that for a few wavelength channels, the normal divide-out-of-transit method shows limitations. In Figure \[fig:comp\], we compared the ramp profiles provided by our model and the best-fit exponential profile in broadband light curve. The exponential fit fails to reproduce the pattern in the light curves at the beginning of the first and second orbits, while our RECTE model provides matches those well. In conclusion, we find that the RECTE model matches well the accuracy of the best empirical correction yet achieved HST (taking in observations designed with the empirical correction in mind), but our observations do not rely on extra orbits to reduce the ramp effect.
GJ1214b [@Charbonneau2009] is a 6.5 $M_{\oplus}$ transiting planet. The large transit depth and brightness of the host star make it one of the best-suited sub-neptunes for transmission spectroscopic observations. This planet has been extensively observed both with space-based and ground-based facilities in multiple wavelengths from optical to mid-infrared [e.g., @Bean2011; @Bean2010; @Fraine2013]. The data that we used to constrain and validate the RECTE model were originally published by @Kreidberg2014, where they found a flat near infrared transmission spectrum for GJ1214b between 1.15 and 1.65 $\mu$m. The featureless transmission spectrum requires high-altitude clouds/haze in the atmosphere of GJ1214b to suppress the otherwise strong water absorption features. For their data reduction, @Kreidberg2014 discarded the first orbit of every visit due to the different shapes of the ramp effect profiles. They used both empirical exponential functions and white light curves to correct the ramp effect, and obtained a consistent transmission spectrum and limb-darkening profile (Figure \[fig:spec\]). The consistent results of this work and of @Kreidberg2014 confirms that GJ1214b has a featureless near-infrared transmission spectrum. With RECTE, future observations will not need to discard the first orbit observations, which will significantly improve the efficiency of [WFC3]{}observations by about 25%.
### Scanning mode Observations: attempting to mitigate the ramp with tungsten lamp pre-conditioning
{width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"} {width="33.00000%"}
@Long2014 attempted to mitigate the [WFC3]{}ramp effect by pre-conditioning the detector. They took exposures with a tungsten lamp within the instrument to fill up the traps. They turned on the lamp for $\sim30$ seconds, and kept the count level for $\sim2,600$ seconds to attempt to saturate the proposed charge carrier traps. The amplitudes of the ramp effect was somewhat reduced in their experiment, but they could not fully remove the ramp effect via pre-conditioning.
We applied our model to the light curves acquired in their experiment. Our model can well reproduce the ramp profiles for the detector pre-conditioned with the tungsten lamp. The results are shown in Figure \[fig:mitigate\]. With our model, we found that pre-conditioning using the tungsten lamp has a very limited effect on filling up the charge carrier traps, while using the source itself to illuminate the detector did have more significant effect on filling the traps. Comparing the number of filled traps after pre-conditioning with tungsten lamps with that after taking an orbit-long exposure series, we found that keeping the detector pixels at high electron levels is inefficient to fill the charge carrier traps. In the experiment of @Long2014, there is one visit for which the tungsten lamp was inadvertently left on during the whole pre-condition period. The filling of the charge carrier traps appeared to be more efficient for that visit because the ramp profiles for the first and second orbits have very similar amplitudes and shapes (see Figure 3 of @Long2014). However, the light curve of that visit demonstrated additional systematics that could be related to long-lasting illumination by the lamp.
### Rotational phase mapping: 2M0915
We used our model to correct [WFC3]{}time-resolved observations of the binary brown dwarf system 2M0915 ([*HST*]{}program 12314, P.I. Apai) as an example to demonstrate the model’s application to staring mode observations. 2M0915 system has two L7 type brown dwarfs with an angular separation of $0.7''$ [@Reid2006]. The observations included 6 orbits of G141 exposure series (SPARS25, NSAMP=12 exposure time 223.73s). Each orbit had 11 exposures. For the following demonstration, we focus on the combined light curve of the binary and do not attempt to separate the two grism spectrum components. The raw light curve for the entire G141 grism wavelength span (white light curve) shows a prominent ramp effect profile in every orbit with an average amplitude of 0.5 % (Figure \[fig:2M0915\]), more than 10 times of the photometric uncertainty.
![6 orbits observations of binary brown dwarf binary 2M0915 corrected by RECTE[]{data-label="fig:2M0915"}](fig12){width="\columnwidth"}
We corrected the ramp effect with the RECTE model. The corrected light curve agrees fairly well with a flat light curve with a reduced $\chi^{2}$ of 1.76 (63 degrees of freedom). The fitting residual of straight line with RECTE model applied has a standard deviation of 0.055% (1.1 $\times$ the photon noise).
Rotational phase mapping from time-resolved spectroscopy provides the most direct observational constraints on the condensate clouds of ultra-cool atmospheres [e.g., @Apai2013; @Buenzli2015]. The photometric and spectral modulations are introduced by heterogeneous clouds whose projected surface area is modulated by the rotation of the objects. The survey conducted by @Buenzli2014 concluded that at least one-third of brown dwarfs with spectral types from mid-L to mid-T have observable rotational modulations in the near-IR band from 1.1 to 1.7 $\mu$m. Using Spitzer observations, @Metchev2015 also detected rotational modulations for 30% to 40% L3-L9.5 brown dwarfs in *Spitzer* 3.6 and 4.5 $\mu$m band. They both claimed that almost all brown dwarfs have heterogeneous cloud coverages, after taking into account the random distributions of the inclinations of rotation axis and limited time coverage and sensitivity of their observations.
The corrected light curve of the brown dwarf binary 2M0915 agrees well with a flat light curve. Based on the corrected light curve, the possibility of rotational modulation with peak-to-peak amplitude larger than [0.15% with a period shorter than 2.5 hours can be excluded above 3-$\sigma$ level.]{} The flat combined light curve of the binary brown dwarf can be interpreted as either that the two binary components having very homogeneous atmospheres, or the spin axes of both of the two brown dwarfs having very close to pole-on inclinations. The first interpretation is unlikely, given the high occurrence rate of heterogeneous atmospheres. Therefore, both of the two brown dwarfs should have nearly pole-on spin axes. Constraints of the orbital motion of the binary system will help study the orbit-spin alignment and the dynamical evolution in this system.
Discussion {#sec:discussion}
==========
Mitigating the ramp effect {#sec:suggestion}
--------------------------
@Swain2013 proposed several methods for time-resolved observations using [WFC3]{}to reduce the ramp effect, including using small sub-array mode and keeping low count levels ($<40,000\, \mathrm{e}^{-}$). Our model quantitatively supports some suggestions. [The data storage memory of [WFC3]{}only can only save 32 full ($1014\times1014$) near IR channel frames, so high-cadence time-resolved observations with array sizes of $512\times512$ or above often require multiple buffer downloads within the visibility period. The buffer download time of [WFC3]{}is $8-9$ min, which is more than 5 times the lifetime of the fast traps.]{} Therefore, the fast traps will release a considerable number of charges and be available again during the buffer download time, leading to a more significant ramp effect. As a comparison, the buffer download times for $256\times256$ and $128\times 128$ sub-arrays are similar to or even shorter than the fast trap lifetime. Observations taken in these two small sub-array modes normally do not require buffer downloads in the middle of the orbits. Therefore, there are no significant breaks in the exposure series during which trapped charge carriers can be released but not added during orbits when the smaller sub-arrays are used. [As for the recommendation for keeping low count levels, we see no evidence for the need to calibrate the ramp effect differently for different exposure levels (i.e., the same trap parameters provide excellent fits).]{} Observations with relatively low count levels (e.g., 2M0915) and high count levels (e.g., HD 209458) have similar ramp effect amplitudes with different apparent ramp effect profile, and can be corrected by the same model.
When applying RECTE to correct the ramp effect, the only degrees of freedom of the ramp profiles are the initial numbers of the charge carrier traps, and the extra numbers of charge carriers trapped during the gaps between the orbits. The degrees of freedom of the model can be further decreased to acquire more accurate ramp effect correction, if the initial states and telescope pointing information between the orbits can be recorded. Therefore, for future observations, we suggest that detector images should be recorded before the telescope is reset prior to the science observations to allow measuring the illumination levels the detector was exposed to during the inter-orbit gaps. Alternatively, or in addition, the detector’s inter-orbit exposure should be minimized during high-precision time-resolved observations: Because the WFC3/IR detector has no mechanical shutter, we recommend that the filter wheel is set to a “blank” (opaque blocker) position, also used to prevent the detector from viewing Earth during occultations.
The relationship between the number of traps and fluence levels
---------------------------------------------------------------
The theories of charge carrier trapping [e.g., @Smith2008a] suggest that the total number of charge carrier traps can increase if the illumination fluence levels are very high. The width of the undepleted regions (see Figure 1 of @Smith2008a) increases with fluence level, which potentially enlarges the number of available traps. Indeed, @Long2012 [@Long2015a] showed that the persistence of the [WFC3]{}IR detector surged when fluence reached near saturation, which could suggest significant trap density increase at saturation. However, for the scientific cases that this study focuses on, in which the maximum fluence levels are almost always kept well below the saturation, we see no evidence for this effect, and a constant level of available traps reproduces the observations very well.
Figure \[fig:obsRamp\] demonstrates a qualitative trend by which the the first orbit light curve ascends faster with increasing count level and flux. For example, from Figure \[fig:obsRamp\] panel A to D, as the flux gets lower, the slope of the first 5 points also decreases (0.10\[%/min\], 0.088\[%/min\], 0.046\[%/min\], and 0.034\[%/min\], respectively.) If we assume that the number of traps are proportional to the fluence level, given a fixed exposure time, the exponential index in equation \[eq:4\] and the ramp profiles would be independent of illumination flux, which contradicts to the observed trend. To illustrate this point, we compare the first two orbits of the scanning mode observation of HD 209458 (Figure 1A, a transiting hot-Jupiter host; @Deming2013) to two model light curves as shown in Figure 12. Note that the average fluence level for HD 209458 (Fig 1A) is more than twice that of GJ1214 (Fig 1B). In the first model, we use the same model parameters as the best-fit parameters for GJ1214. In the second model, we proportionally increased the number of traps for both populations based on the different fluence levels of two observations. As shown in Figure \[fig:HD209458\], the second model cannot fit the steep ramp in the first orbit as well as the first model does, resulting in fitting residuals twice as large as those from the first model. Therefore, we conclude that for observations with fluence levels well below saturation, there is no benefit from considering varying trap numbers for ramp effect calibrations.
![The light curve of first two orbits of scanning mode observations of transiting exoplanet HD209458b compared with two model curves. Despite the different incoming flux compared to GJ1214b the ramp effect trend can be corrected with high accuracy with model parameters exactly the same as those fitted using the scanning mode observations of GJ1214b. In contrast, the model (green) that assumes that the number of traps is directly proportional to the fluence level predicts a light curve that is inconsistent with the observations.[]{data-label="fig:HD209458"}](fig13){width="\columnwidth"}
Ramp effect with image persistence in [WFC3]{}IR
------------------------------------------------
The idea of charge carrier trapping originated from studies of image persistence. A complete model of charge carrier trapping should naturally explain both the ramp effect and image persistence. From an empirical perspective, a series of studies by [@Long2012; @Long2015a; @Long2015b] provided the most accurate model to predict image persistence for [WFC3]{}IR detectors yet. This model is publicly available as the “persistence pipeline.” The key characteristics of the model of Long et al. include a significant rise of persistence for fluence near saturation levels, persistence decaying as a power law, and persistence being related to the exposure times. In contrast, the model presented here does predict that persistence varies with exposure time, but saturation is not relevant in our model, and the persistence decays exponentially after the end of the exposures. For fluence below 50000 $\mathrm{e^-}$ (2/3 of saturation level), our model predicts persistence of less than 0.05 $\mathrm{e^-}$ after 500 seconds of the exposure, which is at the similar order to the observational measurements of [@Long2012; @Long2015a].
The differences between the two models reflect their different goals: our model was developed to correct the ramp effect in high-cadence, short exposure time observations, while the model by Long et al. corrects for persistence in exposures that follow long integrations and fluence levels close to saturation. For the observations that our model focuses on, the trapping of the charge carriers normally reduces the observed flux by $\sim0.2-1.5\%$, while the increase of the observed flux from persistence (released charge carriers) is two orders of magnitude lower. The persistence profile in [@Long2012; @Long2015a] can be qualitatively explained with a third population of traps that has a broad range of trapping lifetimes that are only activated when fluence is above a certain threshold. Combining the approaches by Long et al. for the persistence with our model for the ramp effect should be possible and would result in a powerful, general, and broadly applicable model for charge trapping in WFC3/IR, but it is beyond the scope of our study.
The extension of RECTE to other detectors
------------------------------------------
Because many IR detectors used in astronomy are manufactured using the similar technology as [WFC3]{}, in principle, RECTE can be extended to other detectors by adjusting the model parameters. Specifically, the two near-infrared instruments on board the James Webb Space Telescope (*JWST*), *NIRCam*, and *NIRSpec* have very similar focal plane arrays as that of [WFC3]{}, and produced by the same manufacturer (Teledyne Scientific & Imaging). *NIRCam* has two identical branches, each of which contains two $2\mathrm{k}\times2\mathrm{k}$ HgCdTe arrays that cover the wavelength ranges of 0.6$\mu$m–2.4$\mu$m and 2.4$\mu$m–5.0$\mu$m [@Burriesci2005]. The focal plane array of *NIRSpec* consists of two butted HgCdTe HAWAII-2RG sensor chip assemblies [@Bagnasco2007]. 1[Furthermore, the NIRCam detectors showed a persistence trend that is similar to that seen in @Smith2008a [@Smith2008b], but with a more complex behavior [@Leisenring2016].]{} The extension of our model to NIRCam may improve the accuracy of time-resolved observations and save the valuable *JWST* time by alleviating the need to wait for the detector state to “settle.”
With its larger photon collecting area and higher sensitivity compared to [WFC3]{}, *JWST* instruments create new opportunities for exoplanet atmosphere studies, and are expected to devote large fractions of available time for time domain exoplanet observations. For example, with *NIRCam*, it is expected that with a single transit observation, a signal-to-noise level of 55 at spectral resolution of $R\sim55$ can be achieved [@Beichman2014]. With such high-quality observations, faint spectral features may be visible even for GJ1214b, where high-altitude hazes suppress spectral features. However, the performance of *JWST* may be limited by an inadequate understanding of the systematics effect, and it is likely that JWST/NIRCAM may also show a similar ramp effect. In that case, The extension of RECTE may be used to solve potential ramp effect systematics for *JWST/NIRCam* and *JWST/NIRSpec* to obtain high accuracy and efficiency observations.
Summary
=======
We present a physically motivated model RECTE to correct the [WFC3]{}ramp effect, the most significant systematic effect in time-resolved observations with [WFC3]{}. We created the model based on the theory of charge carrier trapping in HgCdTe arrays, and quantitatively constrained and tested our model by using more than 120 orbits of archival [WFC3]{}time-resolved observations. Our model enables the high fidelity correction of the [WFC3]{}ramp effect for observations taken in both staring and scanning modes regardless of the instrument setup. Light curves corrected by RECTE have their residual photometric systematic errors reduced by a factor of 10, and are nearly photon noise limited.
Our model can be easily implemented in existing light curve analysis pipelines. We demonstrate the use of RECTE on two astrophysically relevant examples and discuss the results of the observations. The two examples are transiting exoplanet spectroscopy, and brown dwarf rotational phase mapping, the two most commonly used time-resolved observational techniques with [WFC3]{}.
Existing and future time-resolved observations with [WFC3]{}will benefit from our model and will provide better systematics correction and improve on-orbit observing efficiency.
1. Our model does not require a flat baseline to separate the instrument-related variability from the variability that is intrinsic to the target. Therefore, compared to data-driven methods that cannot separate instrumental and astrophysical signals, our model provides superior ramp effect correction for observations for which flat baselines are not available. Observations of transiting exoplanet phase curves and direct photometric/spectroscopic rotational phase mapping immediately benefit from our model.
2. For uneven illuminations, e.g., a strong absorbing feature in part of the spectral image, different count levels lead to different ramp profiles. In the empirical correction, the pixels that are used to calculate the correction terms do not have the same count levels as the pixels that are corrected. For example, in transit spectroscopy, the correction term obtained from white light curves may not accurately correct the ramp profile in wavelength channels where the illumination level is different from the average level of the white light curve. Our model provides a more accurate correction, especially in cases where the planet-hosting stars have significant spectral features within the wavelength range of the observations.
3. Our model corrects the ramp effect in the first orbit of each [*HST*]{}visit just as well as in the rest of the orbits. In future observations, the first orbit light curves no longer have to be excluded from the analysis. [For the most used transit observation configuration of 4 continuous orbits per transit, our model will increase the [*HST*]{}observing efficiency by 25% by alleviating the need of discarding the first orbit.]{}
4. Our model can be easily extended to similar detectors if similar effect is observed. The extensions of our model to *NIRCam/JWST* and *NIRSpec/JWST* are expected to improve the accuracy and efficiency of future *JWST* observations.
We would like to thank the referee Knox Long for providing a thorough report, which led to considerable improvement of the manuscript. We would like to thank Peter McCullough for discussion on [WFC3]{}detectors and comments on the manuscript, Tom Evans, David Sing, Diana Dragomir, and Hannah Wakeford for helpful discussions on [WFC3]{}transiting exoplanet observations, Laura Kreidberg for clarifications of GJ1214 data reduction, Marcia Rieke for discussion on JWST/NIRCam, and Carmen Ortiz Henley for editorial help. Y.Z. is supported in part by the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program - Grant “NNX16AP54H”, and the Technology Research Initiative Fund (TRIF) Imaging Fellowship, University of Arizona. D.A. acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under agreement No. NNX15AD94G for the program Earths in Other Solar Systems. B.W.P.L is supported in part by the Technology Research Initiative Fund (TRIF) Imaging Fellowship, University of Arizona. Support for program number 12314, 13418, and 14241 were provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.
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Robitaille, T. P., Tollerud, E. J., Greenfield, P., [et al.]{} 2013, A[&]{}A, 558, A33. <http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322068>
Smith, R. M., Zavodny, M., Rahmer, G., & Bonati, M. 2008 (International Society for Optics and Photonics), 70210J. <http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.789372>
Smith, R. M., Zavodny, M., Rahmer, G., & Bonati, M. 2008 (International Society for Optics and Photonics), 70210K. <http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.789619>
Swain, M., Deroo, P., Tinetti, G., [et al.]{} 2013, Icarus, 225, 432. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001632>
van der Walt, S., Colbert, S. C., & Varoquaux, G. 2011, Comput. Sci. Eng., 13, 22. <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5725236/>
Varley, R., Tsiaras, A., & Karpouzas, K. 2015, arXiv:1511.09108. <http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.09108>
Wakeford, H. R., Sing, D. K., Evans, T., Deming, D., & Mandell, A. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal, 819, 10. <http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/819/i=1/a=10?key=crossref.ff1f558b2e534541a212ec39dc80561a>
Zhou, Y., Apai, D., Schneider, G. H., Marley, M. S., & Showman, A. P. 2016, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/176. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/{\#}abs/2016ApJ...818..176Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/{#}abs/2016ApJ...818..176Z)
[^1]: During each orbit of HST ($\sim93$ minutes) a typical target is visible for 40–54 minutes, depending on its celestial position. Therefore, HST only acquires science exposures during a fraction of each period, i.e., in the “visibility period
[^2]: No subscripts of $_{\mathrm{s}}$ and $_{\mathrm{f}}$ means the expressions work for both trap populations
[^3]: Superscription $^{+}$ denotes trap gaining processes, and $^{-}$ denotes trap releasing processes.
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[An update on the diagnosis of vascular dementia].
Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most frequent cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease in western societies. It includes a heterogeneous group of disorders in which vascular factors are believed to play a vital role in the development of cognitive impairment. Aims and development. Our aim was to determine what instruments can be used to diagnose VD and to what extent such a diagnosis is reliable. To this end, we review the diagnostic criteria that have been used up to now, the role played by neuropsychology, the value of neurosonology studies, and the growing development of neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance. Current diagnostic criteria for VD select a group that is clinically and aetiologically very heterogeneous. Such criteria need shifting towards new evidence-based criteria derived from analyses of population studies that focus on the early stages of the disease and that make a proper distinction between patients with mixed dementia. The subcortical subtype of vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is a form of vascular impairment that is more homogeneous and which selects more representative patients with a more predictable clinical pattern, natural history, response to treatment and prognosis. These characteristics make SVCI cases an ideal group for comparisons between clinical trials and studies.
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Cleveland is demanding our attention. From the Republican National Convention to the Cavaliers’ NBA championship, the Indians’ recent dominance to a surprising tech scene, we’re thinking about the city more than ever. This week,The Ringer is exploring why Cleveland matters.
Bourbon production is officially sanctioned sorcery, regulated by American law. To legally identify a spirit as bourbon, it must be distilled from a fermented grain-and-malt mixture that consists of at least 51 percent corn. It must then be aged in a previously unused oak barrel that has been treated with heat to char its insides. There is no minimum or maximum allotted time for the aging process, but much of what’s readily available is aged anywhere between four and 12 years.
A four-year-old, which is generally the age of a standard low-end bourbon such as Jim Beam Original, will contain the familiar notes of soft caramel, coconut, and vanilla; as the maturation process enters double digits in years, new flavors emerge and old flavors are emboldened — the vanilla might transform into banana; coconut might give way to the scent of dried fruit; caramel becomes butterscotch. Once you hit the two-decade mark, like with a bottle of 23-year-old Pappy Van Winkle’s Family Reserve that would set you back thousands on the illegal secondhand market, things get tricky. Aging bourbon is a magic, an art, and a science, and it’ll show in something as sacred as Pappy 23, which apparently (I sure as hell haven’t tried it) maintains a fruity essence when similarly aged bourbons might start tasting like a rotting forest.
Do people age like bourbon? The tyranny of the you must be this tall to ride signposts in our early years gives way to the flood of hormones that turn us into emotional monsters by 13. We spend the next decades letting new environments smooth some of those edges while sharpening others. But bourbon isn’t sentient — it isn’t weighed down by the idea of being past one’s prime; it can’t know how its past states could be reformed, given the chance. The number correlating with our time spent on Earth molds the perception of our identity. It’s cultural shorthand for all the learned experiences expected of someone at a specific point in their life. But those benchmarks shift over time. We’re never as old as we feel. New generations establish new standards of acting one’s age, and, unsurprisingly, that generational shift has seeped its way into bourbon making, one of America’s most enduring, old-fashioned traditions. Tom Lix, the founder of Cleveland Whiskey, has led the crusade for the last three years.
“We talk about [whiskey that is] six years old, or eight, or 12, when age is simply a shortcut for all of the other variables that really occur,” Lix told me. “It’s not just that it was eight years old, but it’s all the environmental effects that go into those eight years. We use that shortcut — ‘it’s eight years old.’ That’s how it’s been defined. Our definition is a little more complicated; we say age is irrelevant.”
That is because Cleveland Whiskey’s aging process takes about 24 hours.
Popular imagination tends to travel south when we think about America’s preferred brown spirit. Tennessee whiskey. Kentucky bourbon. To affix a product to a specific place suggests a certain exclusivity — that the region’s terroir is uniquely equipped to produce something, that it’s the only place with the capacity to do so. Maybe it’s banal to say, but by simply branding itself as Cleveland Whiskey, the company is asserting that it isn’t Tennessee whiskey, that its bourbons don’t fall in line with Kentucky’s tradition. You can make bourbon anywhere. Even in Cleveland.
Cleveland Whiskey wears its home city brazenly in its name, but the entire venture could’ve easily taken place on the West Coast. Lix was raised in Boston, and had sold off his software company in the area in 2004 with the intentions of moving to Washington state.
Plans changed when his mother, a Cleveland native, became ill. He and his wife took care of her, and around that time, Lix began his basement experiments. When it came time to name the business, he hired an outside market-research firm to conduct interviews around the country. Cleveland Whiskey tested well in metropolitan areas — the notions of a hard-working, Midwestern authenticity resonated with city slickers. The name’s origin story (as with the product) can feel a bit sterile, but Cleveland’s ties to whiskey do run surprisingly deep.
During the Prohibition era, feuds that arose from Cleveland organized crime sprung up over corn sugar and the Italian families that controlled its distribution. The sugars were used in the bootleg manufacturing of whiskey on the east side of the city. But for smuggling whiskey into Cleveland from Canada (a product which almost certainly tasted better than the hooch being concocted in local basements), bootleggers preferred a mile-long stretch of land on the west side of town, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River leading into Lake Erie.
That hub was (and still is), fittingly, known as Whiskey Island, a name it earned in the 1830s when it erected a distillery and became a center for Irish immigrants. Today, it’s about a six-mile drive west from Cleveland Whiskey headquarters along state Route 2.
“There’s a little park out there on it, and it has a little Coast Guard station,” Lix said. “I would love to have a facility out there, but I don’t think that’s going to happen since it’s public land.”
Cleveland Whiskey, Lix insisted, isn’t a craft distiller or a microdistiller. “We’re really sort of an innovation company,” he said. “A technology company that works on, essentially, maturation technology or flavor-extraction technology.” He’s right — the disruptive, heretical, us-against-the-world company ethos would probably get you more than halfway through a round of Tech Bro Bingo. But, admit it: You’re curious as to how a process that has traditionally relied on the slow change of seasons and years can be condensed into a mere day.
Here’s how Cleveland Whiskey does it: The clear, unaged whiskey, also known as the “white dog,” sits in a new charred oak barrel, in accordance with American regulations. (The charring caramelizes the sugars within the wood that lend flavor to the bourbon, but it also creates a layer of carbon on the surface of the barrel, which acts as a natural filtration system for impurities.) In Cleveland Whiskey’s case, it’s a brief stay — the spirit is held in the barrel for the sole purpose of legal bourbon compliance; the barely used oak barrels are later sold to an Ohio maple syrup producer. From there, the unaged distillate is poured into the company’s highly oxygenated, stainless steel pressure tanks, which are lined with patented wood inserts made from dismantled wood barrels.
The tanks, known in house as “reactors,” go through variations of pressure and vacuum, essentially turning those wood inserts into high-capacity sponges that absorb the spirit, then spew it out repeatedly, each time imparting the whiskey with more of its wood flavor.
The process essentially fast-forwards the seasonal effects of natural barrel aging — in the summer heat, pressure inside the barrel increases, which draws more of the distillate through the pores of the wood barrel; in the winter, the pressure dips and the spirit retreats.
“What we’re trying to do is essentially [say], ‘Let’s not just define bourbon or whiskey by the oak barrel,’” Lix said. “Because that’s how it’s always been defined. And people might’ve wanted to use a black cherry wood barrel, for instance, in the past, but if they have tried it, they would’ve found that it leaked like a sieve. So we’ve been stuck using what was essentially a storage container, a transportation carrier which was designed to be rolled down dirt roads and up onto planks on ships, and was made out of oak not because somebody was prescient enough to say, ‘Hey, that’s going to taste good,’ but simply because it held liquid.”
Therein lies the heresy. Oak is uniquely suited for the ponderous wonder of aging. By renouncing oak as part of whiskey’s inherent DNA, Cleveland Whiskey is not only unbinding two and a half centuries of American bourbon tradition, but about two millennia of barrel-aging wisdom, dating back to the Roman Empire.
Spirits are called such because of the wafting, wraith-like vapors that emerge in a distillation process. It’s a term with mystical connotations that stems from old-world alchemy. The creation of whiskey — of turning a harsh, young distillate into a rich, mellow elixir through an unknown number of organic microprocesses — is in a way, an occult act. It’s a chapter in the long story of man’s relationship with oak wood as an alchemical muse (barbecue is another story altogether). Cleveland Whiskey breaks that chain of folklore. So, it’s fair to wonder: What’s the spirit without that spirit?
Cleveland Whiskey was established in 2009, but didn’t start bottling and distributing until March 2013. In its infancy, the company produced a traditional bourbon using its patented procedures and made a lot of enemies.
Lix’s eagerness to experiment with other woods — his Cleveland Underground line processes its (technically) bourbon with black cherry, sugar maple, hickory, and apple — aligns with his whiskey philosophy as a whole. “When we think about whiskey, 60 to 80 percent of the flavor is coming from the wood,” Lix said. “Not from that mash, not from the distillate — it’s coming from the wood.”
Harlen Wheatley, the master distiller at Buffalo Trace, one of the leading bourbon producers (and the distiller that handles the Pappy Van Winkle line) estimates a much different ratio: 50 percent comes from the oak barrel, 25 percent from the distillation process, and the final 25 percent from the mash, yeast, and fermentation recipe. Formulating a recipe is a matter of priorities, and the difference in breakdowns gives a sense of what Cleveland Whiskey’s finished product tastes like.
I bought two bottles from their Underground line: the black cherry–wood finish and the hickory-wood finish. In both bottles, you truly do get the essence of the flavoring agent: the hickory lends a smokiness reminiscent of a scotch; the black cherry is bright, almost tart, with a spicy, black pepper finish.
The flavors are interesting, but thin; they don’t last as long as you’d hope. Lix’s process extracts a great deal of wood’s essence, but doesn’t quite capture the intangibles — the roundness and fullness that are a byproduct of the layers upon layers of chemical reactions that add up to a well-aged bourbon. But, then again, it’s not exactly trying to — at least not anymore.
“Admittedly, when we first came out, we were making traditional bourbon just using oak, and the whole advantage there was time to market,” Lix said. With a global increase in whiskey demand, Lix positioned his company to move quickly in an industry that, by its very nature, takes its time with production.
Cleveland Whiskey’s flagship bourbon buckled under the expectations Lix had set forth: that the flavor would be commensurate with a 10-year-old bourbon. The product had the requisite wood spice, but tasted unrefined, unfinished. “It takes time to [extract flavors and remove harshness from the distillate] but particularly the extraction of flavors [is] sensitive to time due to the depth of penetration into the wood,” Wheatley said. “The deeper it goes, the more complex the flavors, and after some time, the balancing of the raw distillate and the extracts begin to take shape.”
Cleveland Whiskey was still being defined by oak and time. For a brand trying to establish itself as “radically different,” it seemed fully content to play by the old set of rules.
Last year’s introduction to the Cleveland Underground line was something of a turning point, when the company’s conceit became less look at our time machine, and more look at how wide bourbon’s scope can be. “We’re getting a little bit of a reluctant acceptance,” Lix said. “Like, ‘OK, this is an interesting use of technology. You’re not just defying tradition and making the same product in a different way. You’re actually making something different.’ I won’t say we’re getting glowing reviews, but the very same people who really criticized us heavily are starting to turn that around a little bit.”
But no one gets to the future unscathed. Before Cleveland Whiskey got its pressurization system down, Lix was blowing up mason jars in his basement. Buffalo Trace has bottles of bourbon aged in sour wood barrels that, for very obvious reasons, were not put up for sale, and are stored in the company archives as both a learning tool and a good laugh. A Scottish distiller sent samples of its scotch out to space to see how the different environment affected aging — it affected it badly.
Big distillers have the time-accumulated resources to study, on a chemical level, the minutiae of their craft: Just last year, Buffalo Trace completed its Single Oak Project, in which seven different aging variables were tested on 192 wooden barrels made from 96 hand-picked oak trees; in 2013, The Atlantic reported that Buffalo Trace had found around 300 compounds related to the aging process — it has since identified all of them. Buffalo Trace had briefly experimented with small-barrel aging, which is the method in which most craft distillers speed up the aging process, but the results after six years didn’t meet the company’s standards. “Rapid aging is not at all the focus of our experimental program at Buffalo Trace Distillery,” company president and CEO Mark Brown said. “Quite the opposite, in fact.” (Neither Wheatley nor Brown has tried Cleveland Whiskey’s products.)
The future of whiskey puts science before magic in hopes of quantifying the secrets of the past. “We call it our holy grail project,” Brown said. “To create the world’s perfect whiskey.” Craft and microdistillers don’t have the cash flow to pursue the same endeavors, but they are pushing the quality of the spirits industry forward by changing the parameters. Lix sees new wood as the future. Others, like Koval in Chicago, are embracing the 49 percent of a fermented bourbon mash that isn’t corn by using different grains. Accelerated aging (via pressure, ultrasound, or smaller barrels) is no longer a fantasy, it is simply the conditions under which smaller-batch distillers operate; prioritizing different flavors is how a small company can separate itself from the competition. Tradition and innovation can coexist. They can contain multitudes.
“I will say one thing, though: The quest for the perfect bourbon is an impossible task,” Lix said.
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Corn Starch Processing Plant
Corn starch processing (Corn starch processing plant)
(1) Purifying: Before going to storage bin, pre-purifying is done to eliminate big and small foreign substance, which will be sent to germ cake collection section. The rotary screen placed beside the storage bin, has de-stoning and de-dusting functions. Purified corn is then sent to steeping section.
(2) Steeping: Counter current steeping principle is adopted to make corn become soft in steeping tank. Acid is heated and remains about 50℃ when circulating in all tanks. Dipped corn is pumped to crashing stage.
(3) Sulfurous acid making: Sulfur is burned in furnace, getting SO2 gas, goes to absorbtion tower with china rings. Water is sprayed down, mixed with rising SO2 gas to get sulfurous acid.
(4) Crash and germ separation: Steeped corn is sent to 1st germ mill from wet corn storage bin. Crashed corn is pumped into 1st germ cyclone and screen to separate, and then goes to 2nd mill for further crush. Germ goes to 2nd germ cyclone, and then the light will be back to previous tank.
(5) Finely milling and fiber wash, dewater, drying: In pin mill, the degermed corn is multi--strongly crashed to remove fiber off. Fiber is sent to multi-stage washing screen for recovering the balance starch. Cleaned fiber goes to squeezer for dewatering then goes into bundle dryer for drying to mix with corn slurry for making animal feed product.
(6) Protein separation and starch washing: Starch milk goes to primary separator for gluten separation. Cleaned starch goes to 12 stages hydro cyclones for final washing to remove the tiny foreign items.
(7) Starch dewater and drying: Fine starch milk is dewatered by peeler centrifuge, the starch is sent to air flow dryer for making dry starch product in which moisture should be less than 14%. The finishing product is wrapped up through the packer and shipped out.
(8) Germ washing, dewater, drying, extraction oil and oil refinery: Germs from cyclone go to gravity arc screen for washing, then to squeezer for dewatering. Washed germs are sent to bundle dryer. Dried germ is fried and extracted then oil is filtered. Coarse oil is gotten at the end.
(9) Gluten concentration, dewater, drying: Gluten is concentrated by air floating vessels then goes to vacuum filter for further dewatering. Dewatered gluten goes to bundle dryer for making gluten meal product.
(10) Processing water recovery and steeping liquid evaporation: Corn steeping liquid is sent to evaporator for concentration then goes to fiber bundle dryer mixed with fibre to get animal feed. Process water from concentrator, dewater machine which contains SO2 and some insoluble material, can be used again to the whole system such as steeping and washing.
Project 3D design
Project photos
Corn starch project in Iran.
A Highly Advanced Machinery for the Corn Starch Processing!
The prime objective of Beijing Meckey Engineering Co. is to deliver the people the most effective and intuitive agro-based solutions, including the robust machinery for carrying out these processes. One such technique is the corn starch processing.
With an enormous experience in this industry, we are the global leader in manufacturing the machinery that are of the standardised quality and fits within the budget completely.
If you are a business owner who is in a search of the equipment that is result-driven and offers the convenient solution for initiating this type of processing, then our corn starch processing plant set up is the final call that has the potential to do every step (from purifying to the processing) in it without any hassle.
Our Machine is Reliable for Your Company!
The reliability is no doubt the topmost factor that the buyers have while they purchase any machinery. They always have an uncertainty in their thought, is the equipment is worth buying; and will it be able to live up to the expectation for the corn starch processing.
In that case, you can be assured of our machine’s longevity as it is equipped with the parts that guarantees high performance and seamless integration, thus, ensuring efficacy. Also, these are verified with the CE certifications, so there is no scope left for any suspicion.
Machinery Features
Our machine is loaded with a number of features that make it to be super-suited for this process and these are listed below:
· Easy to maintain
· Zero complexity in operating
· Highly durable
· A great design
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Customer’s Experience
Our clients who have bought this machine are truly impressed with its working. Till now, we have not received any complaint from their end and when we have contacted them for the reviews, we have only got positive feedback for this machine.
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The above things are sufficient enough for you to decide where to go if you are planning to set up a corn starch processing unit.
There remains no doubt. We are happy to help you and assist with every step, right from buying the corn starch processing machinery to optimizing the process, we are an ideal consultant that guides you to have the best output throughout.
For any query related to our service, please feel free to contact us. We will be more than happy in resolving all your doubts!
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BC News Friends to follow
POSTED:August 3, 2008 5:00 a.m.
Cheers to all the candidates who participated in this year’s primary election and congratulations to those who have either joined as new board members, incumbents in new positions, or incumbents selected to serve another term.
The Board of Commissioners and Board of Education are two of the biggest decision makers in Bryan County. What these boards vote for or against can impact every resident living within county limits.
Yet, Chief Registrar Warren Miller and Probate Judge Sam Davis both said there was poor turnout from local voters. They attributed it to only one contested countywide position on the ballot, the seat for Vice Chair on the BoE.
But there were two other contested seats on the BoE, and one on the Board of Commissioners – so it still doesn’t add up, if you ask us.
Bryan County has 15,836 active registered voters. Only 2,597 of those active voters actually made it out to the polls Tuesday to cast a ballot, or made sure they voted absentee or advanced the week before.
That's a shame. This nation is known for its democratic privileges and anyone 18-years-old or more who is a resident of Bryan County is eligible to have a voice in how decisions for our county are made.
It’s not just a privilege – it’s a right – and an important one.
Here’s a list of the numbers of active voters in Bryan County, broken down by precinct, as of July 1:
- Precinct 1, Pembroke West: 809
- Precinct 2, Pembroke East: 1,352
- Precinct 3, Ellabell: 1,952
- Precinct 4, Blitchton Fire Station: 791
- Precinct 5, Ways Station: 2,517
- Precinct 6, Daniel Siding: 980
- Precinct 7 Richmond Hill Recreation Complex: 2,017
- Precinct 8, Hwy. 144 East: 1,466
- Precinct 9, Hwy 144: 2,691
- Precinct 10, J.F. Gregory Park: 1,263
Miller pointed out that voter rolls are broken down into active and inactive voters. If a resident hasn’t voted in several years (about three to five), or their address doesn’t match up, they are considered inactive and no longer counted in this list.
If you take a look at this list and consider, again, the fact that only 16.4 percent of the people included on it voted, we wonder why more Bryan Countians didn’t take the initiative to use the voice they’re given.
We know there are lots of active parents and residents who are interested in the future of the county: Where it’s headed, what information surrounds big decisions about development, education, water and sewer and so on. But where were they on Election Day?
Regardless of how many people came out to the polls this week, it’s clear those voters wanted to see a change in some areas, while keeping things the same in other areas. We’re just surprised 100 percent of voters in Bryan County let less than 17 percent make the final decision.
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Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or layered manufacturing (LM) is a fabrication technology that builds an object of any complex shape layer by layer or point by point without using a pre-shaped tool (die or mold). This process begins with creating a Computer Aided Design (CAD) file to represent the geometry of a desired object. SFF technology enables direct translation of the CAD image data into a three-dimensional object. SFF technology can be used in applications such as verifying CAD database, evaluating design feasibility, testing part functionality, assessing aesthetics, checking ergonomics of design, aiding in tool and fixture design, creating conceptual models and sales/marketing tools, generating patterns for investment casting, reducing or eliminating engineering changes in production, and providing small production runs.
Several principal forms of solid freeform fabrication involve a liquid ejection process. These techniques involve adding or depositing a build composition to form predetermined areas of a layer in a point-by-point manner. Predetermined areas can also be formed using a multiplicity of points that may be deposited at the same time (e.g., ink-jet technology). These predetermined areas together constitute a thin section of a three-dimensional object as defined by a CAD geometry. Successive layers are then deposited in a predetermined sequence with a layer being affixed to its adjacent layers forming an integral three dimensional, multi-layer object.
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Many people that suffer from bladder issues where they are unable to void and empty the urine in their bladder. One condition that results in this symptom is Neurogenic Bladder. Neurogenic Bladder is often found in people with some form of neurological disorder, such as Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's, Dementia, Spinal Cord Injury, Multiple Sclerosis, and others. Many of these individuals are required to use intermittent catheters so that urine to exit their bladder. These users may catheterize themselves between 642 times per day. This is often done using Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC) as part of an Intermittent Catheterization Program where users will insert catheters at varying intervals throughout the day. This process can be inefficient and has a high risk of Urinary Tract infections, urethral trauma due to False Passage, and other clinical issues. If these individuals were able to decrease the number of times they are catheterized, it would improve the individual's comfort and decrease their risk of infection and other complications. A catheter with a valve that is fully internal to the individual's body, that also allows the user to open and close the valve from outside the body, would minimize the number of times a user has to catheterize themselves and reduce the number of foreign objects entering the urethra. It is, therefore, desirable to provide an extended-use, fully internal, valved catheter, that overcomes, most, if not all, of the preceding problems.
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One of the best attributes of a Muslim who believes in Allah by heart is not to follow the majority but to act in compliance with what best suits Allah’s consent and the voice of his conscience no matter what the circumstances may be. For such a person, the thoughts and behaviors of other people do not matter. A Muslim only attaches importance to earn Allah’s good pleasure and thus aims at displaying the best attitude and the most suited words in compliance with the Qur’an.
This attribute of moral perfection displayed by sincere Muslims manifests in its perfect form in the lives of prophets. No matter how people lived in their societies, prophets never adopted a lifestyle and morality except from what is revealed to them by Allah and never tended to unbelievers’ perverted beliefs and wicked habits. They had been subjected to the oppression and torture of unbelievers, those associating partners with Allah and hypocrites all through their lives solely because they had faith in Allah and submitted themselves to Him. They faced death threats; they were imprisoned, slandered, tortured and exiled from their homelands. They spent their lives in constant suffering. Even some of them were martyred in the way of Allah.
The prophets responsible for conveying Allah’s revelation hardily faced up to threats and never stepped back because of difficulties they encountered.
‘’Many a Prophet has been killed, when there were many thousands with him! They did not give up in the face of what assailed them in the Way of Allah, nor did they weaken, nor did they yield. Allah loves the steadfast.’’ (Surah Al Imran, 146)
One of the major aims of a Muslim who deeply loves Allah should be, just as how all prophets did throughout their lives, not to fear the condemnations of those who condemn them and live with fear of Allah in the way that best suits Allah’s good pleasure.
In societies in which people do not live by the morality of the Qur’an crowd psychology pervades. People act not in compliance with their own intelligence and conscience but with crowd psychology. This mood dominates all their lives. The pleasures, understanding of aesthetics, love, style of speaking peculiar to them are replaced by socially accepted artificial and insincere moods that are, most of the time, also disliked by themselves.
Because practices incompatible with those of the society immediately attract attention and, in some cases, get reactions, people who are not guided by the Qur’an and our Prophet’s (saas) Sunnah utterly turn a blind eye to their wisdom and conscience and act in accordance with the societies’ expectations. They blindly adopt an attitude, without calculating whether it is accurate or not, or whether it will bring any responsibility in the Hereafter. Consequently, loveless, unfaithful, selfish, interest-ridden people bereft of compassion and mercy appear. These arrogant people are full of hatred, greed, grudge and are prone to gossip and argument. Although these people who live by such morality also suffer from the harms of these wicked moral features themselves, they remain imprisoned in this wicked system throughout their lives merely because the majority of people around them live in this way and, probably because in a contrary situation they deem they will be oppressed, be defeated or remain without protection. In one verse in the Qur’an, Allah relates what consequences following the majority will yield as follows:
‘”If you obeyed most of those on earth, they would misguide you from Allah’s Way. They follow nothing but conjecture. They are only guessing.’’ (Surat Al-An’am 116)
The fact is however, this is what distinguishes a genuine believer. A Muslim never takes the opinion of the majority as a measure to distinguish the right from wrong. He never assesses something to be right because people think so and vice versa. A Muslim evaluates everything in compliance with the Qur’an and our Prophet’s (saas) Sunnah. If Allah relates an attitude, a happening to be erroneous and wicked, even if the whole world displays that attitude, a faithful believer never condescends to assume that reprehensible attitude. If everyone in the world does not assume an attitude Allah praises in the Qur’an, a Muslim assumes it with honor and dignity. A Muslim never displays a crude attitude contrary to the Qur’an. He conserves his noble attitude in every environment and under all circumstances. Even if people approach him with the most wicked morality, he knows that he will always prevail and that Allah will always protect him as long as he treats them with an attitude favored by Allah and the morality of the Qur’an. As Allah relates in the verse, ‘’Do not give up and do not be downhearted. You shall be uppermost if you are believers.’’ (Surah Al Imran, 139), he is aware that he is morally superior and noble because he has faith.
That a Muslim does not follow the majority does not mean that he turns his back to everything he sees in the society and that everything the majority does is corrupt and erroneous. A Muslim evaluates what he sees around him in the light of the Qur’an; he takes the aspects that are in compliance with the Qur’an and considers those that are aesthetic as beautiful. For instance a person may have a morally flawed attitude. For instance he may be prone to anger. Yet he may also be very self-sacrificing. In such a case, only because that person has a furious personality, ignoring his self-sacrificing aspect and considering him as a wicked person as a whole would not be right. A Muslim appreciates the beautiful aspects of this person while trying to correct his morally wicked traits by explaining them to him with beautiful words and wisdom. A Muslim has a rational and balanced spirit. Even if held in the most arduous environment and subjected to all forms of adversity, his eye immediately catches a single beauty and his spirit turns to that beauty, for he knows that it is Allah Who manifests everywhere and in everything and that beauties are blessings from Allah. He is well aware of the fact that Allah creates the morally reprehensible traits in people around with purpose, to make him take lessons and have fear for Him. He also grasps that Allah specially creates the beauties so that he can admire and take as an example. For this reason, while not following the majority, a Muslim should not reject all the attributes he sees in the majority as a whole. He should simply turn his back to those traits incompatible with the Qur’an but adopt the beautiful details that are in compliance with it.
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Sara Bareilles and Josh Groban, both hugely popular Grammy-nominated singers who recently made their debuts on Broadway, will co-host the 72nd Tony Awards, the duo announced Wednesday morning in social media posts.
The ceremony will take place June 10 at Radio City Music Hall in New York.
Last Broadway season, Groban starred in Natasha, Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812, ultimately receiving a best actor in a musical Tony nomination, while Bareilles replaced Jessie Mueller as the lead in Waitress, for which she also composed the music and lyrics en route to a Tony nom of her own, for best original score. Music by Bareilles can also be heard in SpongeBob SquarePants, one of the more unexpected critical hits of this season. And she recently drew rave reviews playing Mary Magdalene on NBC's musical broadcast Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert.
Both hosts proved to be major box-office draws during their stints on Broadway.
"The Theater has completely transformed my life in every way possible," Bareilles said in a statement. "I have never felt more embraced and encouraged by a professional community, and I am so grateful for that. I feel incredibly lucky to get to spend an evening celebrating and applauding this outstanding collective of artists, friends, collaborators and creatives. It is my great honor to join my friend Josh Groban in hosting the Tonys this year, and use the opportunity to simply say a heartfelt 'thank you' to this wonderful community...in high heels, with jokes."
Added Groban, "I am humbled and ecstatic to be co-hosting the Tony Awards this year with such a brilliant artist and wonderful friend, Sara Bareilles. The dedication and inspiration surrounding live theater gave me my life path as a young kid, and the warmth and support of the Broadway community has been the highlight of my career. So to be at the helm of a night celebrating the best of that theater with a person I just laugh way too much with, is beyond words. But I will have words on Tony night! The best words! I look forward to flailing about in front of my peers. It will be with all the love and respect in the world for the room we're lucky enough to be in."
Leslie Odom Jr., a 2016 Tony winner for Hamilton, and Katharine McPhee, currently appearing in the lead role in Waitress, will announce the Tony nominations on May 1.
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Cost and reimbursement rates for investigational circulatory support.
The clinical evaluation of investigational circulatory support devices has, for the most part, been financed with private funds. St. Louis University initiated a system in 1986 to bill for investigational circulatory support devices and care related to their use. Charges for hospitalization and rates of reimbursement were reviewed in 32 patients who received Thoratec (Thoratec Laboratories Corp., Berkeley, CA [N = 26]), Novacor (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Oakland, CA [N = 4]), or Symbion (Symbion Inc., Tempe, AZ [N = 2]) total artificial heart devices. Duration of support ranged from 0.2 to 440 days (mean 32). Total charges ranged from $43,115 to $1,335,691 (mean $221,716). Charges for the devices and technical support relating directly to their use ranged from $10,305 to $96,030 (mean $28,246). The mean percentage of reimbursement (total charges/total paid) was 67%. Whereas it was uncertain in some patients whether or not the devices were paid for, commercial insurers are willing to reimburse at a high percentage for the total cost of care.
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A Pilot Investigation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Clinical Perfectionism in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Perfectionism is strongly associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism (CBT-P) has been found to result in reductions in a range of symptoms in individuals with anxiety disorders, depression and eating disorders. To pilot-test the efficacy of group CBT for perfectionism in participants with OCD and elevated perfectionism. Participants were randomized to receive immediate 8-week group CBT-P (n = 4) or an 8-week waitlist followed by CBT-P (n = 7). Reliable reductions and a large effect size indicated that CBT-P was associated with improvements in perfectionism and OCD severity at post-test. However, these changes were not clinically significant and drop-out was high, resulting in a small final sample. CBT-P may be effective in reducing perfectionism and disorder-specific OCD symptoms. However, the high drop-out rate and lack of clinically significant findings suggest that further research needs to be conducted to determine the efficacy of CBT for perfectionism in OCD.
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Q:
java parse a certain subsection using string split
Help would be appreciated, I have a string such as:
APP_RUNTIME_ERB3242322_1_P3A97.tar.gz
and I would like to parse it and get the following:
P3A97
The string will change in time but basically I need the last five alphanumerical letters before the .tar.gz part whenever I get feed this string data.
I can use the java string split method but I do not know what regex I can use to get the last 5 characters.
A:
You could use lastIndexOf
str.substring(str.lastIndexOf("_") + 1, str.lastIndexOf(".tar.gz"))
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Madison Ziegler is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime’s reality show Dance Moms from 2011 until 2016. From 2014 to 2017, she gained wider fame for starring in a series of music videos by Sia, including “Chandelier” and “Elastic Heart”, which cumulatively have attracted more than 4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She was included by Time magazine on its list of the “30 most influential teens” in each of 2015, 2016 and 2017.
Birth Name
Madison Nicole Ziegler
Nickname
Maddie, Bubby, Maddog, Missie
Profession
Dancer, Actress, Model
Personal Life
Birthday / Date of Birth
Maddie Ziegler was born on 30 September 2002, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
Age
She is currently 16 years old.
Sun Sign
Libra
Nationality
American
Ethnicity
White
She has Polish and German ancestry.
Religion
Roman Catholic
Education
She went to Sloan Elementary School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania until 2013. She then was homeschooled.
Family Details
Father – Kurt Ziegler
– Kurt Ziegler Mother – Melissa Ziegler-Gisoni
Siblings – Mackenzie Ziegler (Younger Sister) (Dancer, Actress), Michele Gisoni (Older Step-Sister), Tyler Ziegler (Paternal Older Half-Brother), Ryan Ziegler (Paternal Older Half-Brother), Mathew Gisoni (Older Step-Brother)
– Mackenzie Ziegler (Younger Sister) (Dancer, Actress), Michele Gisoni (Older Step-Sister), Tyler Ziegler (Paternal Older Half-Brother), Ryan Ziegler (Paternal Older Half-Brother), Mathew Gisoni (Older Step-Brother) Others – Greg Gisoni (Stepfather)
Marital Status
Single
Boyfriend / Spouse
Maddie Ziegler dated –
Gino Cosculluela (2014) – Dancers Gino Cosculluela and Maddie had a fling in 2014.
(2014) – Dancers Gino Cosculluela and Maddie had a fling in 2014. Jacob Sartorius (2016) – Maddie was RUMORed to be romantically linked with singer and internet personality Jacob Sartorius in 2016.
(2016) – Maddie was RUMORed to be romantically linked with singer and internet personality Jacob Sartorius in 2016. Jack Kelly (2017-2018) – Maddie started dating Australian Instagrammer, Jack Kelly, in 2017. They shared many of their pictures on their respective social media accounts. However, they shared a long distance relationship and eventually parted ways in 2018 due to their work schedules and the problems faced due to the distance.
Kailand Morris (2018-Present) – In October 2018, Maddie was rumored to be dating with Stevie Wonder’s model son, Kailand Morris. Mackenzie Ziegler and Mandla Morris served as the matchmaker in this case who both had appeared on Dancing With The Stars Juniors as contestants.
Physical Statistics
Height
In feet – 5 feet 6 inches
– 5 feet 6 inches In centimeters – 168 cm
– 168 cm In meters – 1.68 m
Weight
In Kilograms – 52 kg
– 52 kg In Pounds – 115 lbs
Body Measurements
Measurements – 30-24-31
– 30-24-31 Bust – 30 inches
– 30 inches Waist – 24 inches
– 24 inches Hip – 31 inches
– 31 inches Bra Size – 28B
Body Build
Slim
Eye Color
Blue
Hair Color
Dark Brown
Shoe Size
She wears a size 7 (US) shoe.
Dress Size
Her dress size is 3 (US).
Sexuality
Straight
Straight
Professional Statistics
Film Debut
Maddie first starred in a short dance film Lucky Thirteen in 2015. In 2017, she made her first theatrical film appearance as Christina Sickleman in the film The Book of Henry.
Television Debut
In 2010, Maddie debuted in Paula Abdul’s reality television program Live to Dance, but the show was cancelled before it aired. In 2011, eight year old Ziegler and her mother appeared on the first season of Lifetime’s Dance Moms, a reality show about the young dancers on Abby Lee Miller’s Abby Lee Dance Company Elite Competition Team and their often quarrelsome mothers.
Brand Endorsements
In the course of her career, Maddie Ziegler has endorsed several brands and appeared in their commercials, including Clean & Clear, Capezio, Target and Ralph Lauren, among others, In 2017, she signed a record deal with Kalahari Resorts.
Distinctive Features
Emotional face while dancing.
Facial expressions.
Very wide smile.
Awards & Nominations
Year Award Category Work Result Industry Dance Awards Dancers Choice Awards: Favorite Dancer N/A Nominated 2014 Industry Dance Awards Dancers Choice Awards: Favorite Dancer 17 & Under Won 2015 The Dance Awards Female Best Dancer (Junior) 3rd runner-up Teen Choice Awards Choice Dancer Nominated Industry Dance Awards Dancers Choice Awards: Favorite Dancer 17 & Under Nominated 2016 People’s Choice Awards DailyMail.com Seriously Popular Award Won Shorty Awards Best In Dance Nominated Choice Dancer Won Industry Dance Awards Dancers Choice Awards: Favorite Dancer 17 & Under Nominated Breakthrough Performer Won 2017 Shorty Awards Best In Dance Nominated Medium-Length Video “Maddie – Wear What Moves You” Nominated Brand Identity Won Fashion Audience Honor Teen Choice Awards Choice Dancer N/A Won 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Dancer N/A Won
Maddie Ziegler Favorites
Favorite Dance Styles – Contemporary, Tap
– Contemporary, Tap Favorite School Subject – Mathematics
– Mathematics Favorite Colors – Neon Blue, Pink, Purple
– Neon Blue, Pink, Purple Favorite Animal – Dolphin
– Dolphin Favorite TV Shows – Jessie (2011-), Shake It Up (2010-2013)
– Jessie (2011-), Shake It Up (2010-2013) Favorite Singer – Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Sia, Harry Styles
– Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Sia, Harry Styles Favorite Book – Dolphin Tales
– Dolphin Tales Favorite Cities – New York, Los Angeles
Maddie Ziegler Net worth
Maddie Ziegler has an estimated net worth of $4 million dollars as of 2019. Her earning comes from many dance performances, music videos and endorsements.
Social Media Portfolio
Some Lesser Known Facts About Maddie Ziegler
Dancing is her life. She started dancing at the age of 2.
At the 2014 Dancers Choice Awards, she was titled “Favorite Dancer 17 & Under.”
Ziegler got dance training from Abby Lee Dance Company. She is called Abby’s favorite.
Maddie knows various dance forms like acro, ballet, tap, lyrical, jazz and aerial.
She has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall.
She gained international fame and recognition for appearing in Sia’s music video, Chandelier, which received several nomination including Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2015.
Her popularity skyrocketed since then and has appeared in a bunch of television shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Dancing with the Stars, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Saturday Night Live, as well as at the Hollywood Bowl.
Maddie Ziegler has graced the covers of famous magazines and also featured in numerous fashion editorials, including Kode, Schön! Magazine, Elle, Spirit, Nylon, Seventeen, Harper’s Bazaar, People, Dazed, Cosmopolitan, i-D, Billboard, Teen Vogue, Stella, Maniac, Vanity Fair Italia, Flaunt, Paper and Galore.
She also appears on the cover of Sia’s 2017 album Everyday is Christmas.
She has two pets dogs, named Maliboo and Molly.
Maddie released her own memoir, The Maddie Diaries, in 2017, which became a New York Times Best Seller.
She has been included in the list of the “30 Most Influential Teens” for consecutive three years from 2015.
She was also included in Harpers Bazaar 2015 list of “19 Rising Style Icons Aged 19 and Under”.
Maddie Ziegler won a 2016 People’s Choice Award, a 2016 Teen Choice Award and a 2017 Teen Choice Award.
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In-Depth
Using Linux Virtual Desktops With VMware Horizon View
It's easier, and works better, than you might think.
There are many reasons that enterprises may wish to use Linux desktops within a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) broker. I outlined five of these in a recent article. Now that all major VDI vendors support Linux desktops, I wondered if using a VDI broker with Linux could significantly help with the entitlement, authentication, provisioning, security and management of Linux desktops over physical Linux desktops. I'll be using Horizon View for this investigation, but most of the information is pertinent to other VDI brokers.
For those new to using VDI, the concept is straightforward: a user uses a client device (laptop, thin client, tablet and so on) to connect to a broker in order to connect to a Linux desktop running as a virtual machine (VM) on a hypervisor. The VM has an agent running inside of it that relays information back to the broker. The broker handles the entitlement of users, the association of users with virtual desktops, and in some cases the provisioning of the virtual desktops. A simple VDI architecture is shown in Figure 1.
[Click on image for larger view.] Figure 1. A simple VDI architecture.
In order to investigate VDI running Linux desktops, I set up a VDI environment in my lab. The lab hardware consisted of a Dell R610 (12 CPU cores, 96GB RAM, four 2.5" Micron M500DC SSD drives and two WD 750G Black HDD drives); a 24 port 1GB switch; and various endpoint clients. The virtual infrastructure consisted of a single hypervisor (ESXi 6.1) being managed by vCenter 6 VCSA. I installed VMware Horizon Enterprise 6.2 to create the VDI infrastructure, then created three CentOS 6.7 Linux virtual desktops. All VMware software was under trial licenses.
Horizon View 6.2 allows Linux desktops to be used as virtual desktops. VMware has three licensing options for using Linux desktops with View: Horizon 6 Enterprise Edition, VMware Workspace Suite and View for Linux. For those interested in running only Linux desktops, View for Linux is the least costly option.
The installation of View took me less than 30 minutes. I've set up View dozens of times and am very familiar with its installation process; those with vSphere experience but new to View should still be able to do this in under an hour.
Next, I created three CentOS 6.7 VMs. View 6.2 supports four Linux distributions: Ubuntu, RHEL, CentOS, and NeoKylin. Supported versions of these distributions can be found in the VMware documentation. Each of the VMs had two vCPUs, 4GB RAM and a 120GB hard drive. I then installed VMware tools and View agent on the VMs. The agent registers the VM with the connection broker.
After creating the Linux VMs, I created a View manual desktop pool (Figure 2) via the View Administrator Web portal. A desktop pool allows for the grouping of virtual desktops for administrative purposes (Figure 2 shows the settings of the desktop pool). Manual desktop pools are required, as automated desktop pools aren't supported with Linux virtual desktops. Automated pools will create the virtual desktop automatically and as required from a template.
[Click on image for larger view.] Figure 2. Desktop settings.
Virtual desktops can be accessed on Windows, Linux or Mac OS X OSes machines using either a Web browser or the Horizon client (Figure 3). (Note that zero clients and mobile clients aren't supported at this time.) I tested my virtual desktop using all three supported OSes.
[Click on image for larger view.] Figure 3. Client access options.
Once the VDI environment was built up and the Linux VMs were created, I wanted to see how easy it was to entitle, authenticate, provision, manage, secure and access Linux desktops being managed by VDI compared to running Linux desktops running on physical hardware. Here’s what I observed for each of these processes.
Entitlement. The ability to authenticate users to access virtual desktops in View is done via Active Directory. Individual users or groups of users can be entitled to access pools of desktops. Desktops in these pools can either be dedicated (persistent) to a single user, or floating. Floating desktops allows any user entitled to a pool to access any desktop in the pool; desktops aren't assigned to a single user. A floating desktop pool is useful if you can decouple the user's persona (user data, settings and so on) from the desktop. Fortunately, Linux has many schemes that allow the decoupling of user data from the desktop on which they currently reside.
[Click on image for larger view.] Figure 4. Logging into View via Windows.
Authentication. View with Linux desktops, unlike View with Windows desktops, does not yet support single sign-on (SSO). SSO allows your credentials to be passed from the Horizon client (Figure 4) to the desktop. Linux virtual desktops require you to log on separately to the Linux desktop (Figure 5) after first logging onto the Horizon client.
[Click on image for larger view.] Figure 5. The Linux-based login window.
Provisioning. One of the limitations with using View with Linux Desktops is that currently there is no built-in mechanism to automate the cloning of Linux desktops, nor does it allow View Composer to be used to create and manage storage-efficient "linked" cloned desktops.
To overcome this limitation, VMware and others have come up with scripts to automatically provision desktops in a timely fashion. For example, Michael Webster created a script that provisioned 400 Linux desktops from a template, and registered them with Horizon View in just 11 minutes. If you don’t use a scripted solution, you'll need to manually clone a base image, instantiate the Horizon agent and then add the VM to the desktop pool. Compared to creating physical Linux desktops, where hardware would need to be provisioned and the desktop imaged separately, it's far easier and quicker to provision a virtual desktop.
Management. Virtual desktop hardware is extremely easy to upgrade; you can add CPU cores, RAM, NICs and so on with just a few clicks. Transferring the disk to a faster media, for example, from a slow HDD to a fast SSD, can be done in the background without interrupting the end user via vMotion. vMotion could also be used to evacuate all the virtual desktops on a server or storage array if it's coming off lease or needs to come down for firmware, software or hardware upgrades.
Historically speaking, backups have been troublesome; virtual desktops, however, alleviate much of the hassle as they can be performed at the server level rather than on each individual desktop over the LAN. Backups on physical desktops have been known to cause serious network congestion, but with virtual desktops the backup data in many cases doesn't need to traverse the LAN from physical server to backup media.
Managing the software on a Linux desktop is also simplified by using virtual desktops. Virtual desktops can be accessed from the client, or if needed, directly via the vCenter virtual console. With virtual desktops, gone are the days of running from physical system to physical system to address software issues. Patching physical systems have been known to cause massive network traffic, but with virtual desktops this is mitigated as network traffic is contained locally.
Security. Many companies choose to go to virtual desktops for security reasons. For example, a virtual desktop simply cannot walk out the door or be left at a restaurant, since it's stored inside a datacenter. Other security concerns that virtual desktops help mitigate are viruses and unauthorized access to desktops. If a system does become compromised, it can be brought down immediately. It's been reported that the majority of data theft is done by internal sources as opposed to external hackers; virtual desktops can minimize this threat by locking them down to prevent storage devices from being attached to them.
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The View: Amarosa said TRUMP called Haiti a shitty country back in 2017 (VIDEO)
September 12, 2018 8:59 AM
Watch this video... Omarosa Manigault Newman who released the tell all book "unhinghed" about President Trump admitted in the TV show 'The View" that Trump called Haiti a shitty country back in 2017 after she planed to foreign trip to go to President Jovenel Moise's inauguration.
"When I told (President Trump) that I would be gone for a couple of days, he asked me, 'Why did you choose that shitty country as your first foreign trip? You should have waited until the confirmations were done and gone to Scotland and played golf at (his course) Turnberry.' "
"He couldn't understand why I was so passionate about helping the people of Haiti," Omarosa told the host of "The View".
"I had to remind him about his campaign commitments that he made to the Haitian community. I had to remind him that we have an obligation as the wealthiest country in the world, to take care of the poorest country in the world. And he was like, 'Well I think you should go and wait till K. T. McFarland is confirmed and go to a better country.' "
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Note: the statements in this update are subject to an important legal disclaimer you will find at the end of the update.
We believe we are in the home stretch of achieving a major milestone in our roadmap, namely obtaining a certificate from the Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) to operate a Retail Energy Provider (REP). Once we have this certificate, we will be able to legally sell energy to residents in the region of Texas overseen by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). We have been working on this process since the start of the year and, although challenges have materialized and obtaining the certificate is still not a certainty, we are confident and excited that our certificate will be granted by June 27, 2018.
Some members of our community have been following along as we work with the PUCT to obtain our REP certificate. You can too by going here and reading through the 20+ filings to see how our application has evolved over time. I will outline the current status, discuss some other headwinds that have materialized, and provide an update on what our software services team and our hardware team have been working on to build a state-of-the-art energy retailer.
On June 1, 2018, the PUCT legal staff made a final recommendation to the PUCT commissioner. You can read the entirety of that filing here. The filing’s summary provides the recommendation, and the remainder of the document discusses the reasoning.
The final recommendation reads as follows:
Staff has reviewed the application and supplemental information filed by GridPlus and as supported by the attached memoranda of Fred Goodwin and Diane Hopingardner of the Commission’s Competitive Markets Division, Staff has determined that the application provides the information required to demonstrate that GridPlus satisfies the requirements of 16 TAC § 25.107 for an Option 1 REP certificate. Therefore, Staff recommends the application be approved.
The joint proposed order between GridPlus and Staff, approving the application, was filed Monday, June 11th and the schedule for consideration of REP application provides that a final order to approve or deny our REP application will be issued by June 27th. We currently do not anticipate any delays beyond that deadline. We are now in the home stretch!
Once we obtain our REP certificate, we anticipate we will need approximately two months to work with ERCOT, the Texas Transmission and Distribution Service Providers (TDSPs) and our vendors to obtain access to the grid and establish customer management and compliance processes. This would likely mean that we would be able to serve customers beginning in the late summer or early fall — initially in a series of alpha tests with a small number of customers from our community.
Grid+ Texas Regulatory Issues
With our REP certificate now in sight, we are working closely with our Texas counsel and Texas management team to evaluate the compatibility of Texas energy regulations with the business model set forth in our Whitepaper. As with most companies that seek to innovate within an established industry — think Uber, Lyft, AirBnB and Tesla to name a few — we have found that laws, rules and regulations that were written some time ago with different factors in mind do not always cleanly plug-and-play with the most advanced technological solutions possible. We at Grid+ understand and appreciate that energy industry regulators and other energy industry participants will have many questions about, and potentially objections to, the impact of our cutting-edge technological energy solutions. However, we are committed to a process of evaluating regulatory issues and seeking to act as good citizens of the energy ecosystem before we deploy potentially controversial solutions. To the extent that the Silicon Valley motto of “move fast and break things” has become a euphemism for violating laws with bold technological solutions and hoping to get big enough to win the ensuing legal battles and pay off the resulting injured parties — that is not our motto.
While our regulatory evaluation is still preliminary and ongoing, there are a few Texas regulations we have identified as potential obstacles to some aspects of our business model. We would like to make you aware of these potential obstacles even though we do not yet completely understand their impact and have not yet decided on a strategy for how we will adapt to them. At the same time, we cannot guarantee that this is a comprehensive summary of all of the regulatory challenges we will face, even in the Texas market alone. Indeed, it stands to reason that we will likely encounter additional challenges as we work through our business model with the Texas energy management team and our local Texas counsel.
One potential issue on our radar is that the Substantive Rules Applicable to Electric Service Providers under the Texas Administrative Code (TAC) set forth detailed regulations on how REPs can bill and accept payments from their customers. These billing/payment regulations do not expressly contemplate any of the following aspects of our business model: (1) payment with cryptocurrency; (2) automated billing/payment via scripts, smart contracts or IoT devices, or (3) billing/payment in realtime. Therefore, we will need to obtain additional clarity in the form of interpretations or waivers of these rules or new rulemaking or legislation before fully implementing these aspects of our business model. In the meantime, it is likely that we will use less ambitious billing/payment methods than are outlined in our Whitepaper, at least for the first series of Beta testers. For example, we may bill via traditional human-readable methods on traditional cycles, manually process cryptocurrency payments and GRID redemptions on a traditional 30-day billing cycle, and offer USD payment options via credit card or ACH alongside the option to pay in cryptocurrency. Our planned stable-coin, “BOLT”, is currently under evaluation — particularly in light of the many other stable-coin projects that are now underway and the significant regulatory challenges to implementing a stable-coin — and we cannot currently estimate when BOLT will be launched or if it will ever be launched. Thus, for the near future, any cryptocurrency payments we accept would likely be in other cryptocurrencies such as BTC or ETH (which, of course, may be paired with GRID in order to receive discounted pricing).
Another potential issue we have recently learned of relates to a complex set of developments in the Texas market. These developments arise from a long running litigation commenced in August 2017 by the PUCT and a consortium of the Texas TDSPs to determine the specifications and regulations that should apply to a new version of the TDSP’s smart metering system, dubbed “SMT 2.0.” This litigation resulted in a settlement agreement which the PUCT embodied in a final order on May 29, 2018.
Among the changes effected by the final order were new clarifications and limits on customer consent for sharing data with REPs and an immediate waiver of a preexisting rule requiring TDSPs to facilitate third-party connections to TDSP-deployed smart meters. As those who have read our Whitepaper will know, one important purpose of the smart agent device we have been developing is to connect to residential smart meters, read household energy usage in real-time, and use that information to achieve real-time billing, payment and pricing solutions that could potentially lead to dramatic efficiencies. Further down the line, we also hoped to make the smart agent capable of using AI-driven predictive algorithms to briefly shut down “dispatchable loads” such as pool pumps and HVAC during micro-peaks in energy pricing. These changes — and the upcoming PUCT rulemaking which is expected to codify them into the TAC rules — initially appear to pose serious challenges to portions of the model set forth in our Whitepaper, at least within the Texas market.
On the other hand, the TDSPs have offered, and the PUCT has approved, certain new functionality as part of “SMT 2.0” that would make some of the same usage data available through the TDSPs internet portal (including via APIs to that portal). Although “SMT 2.0” may not be fully functional until January 2020, and the currently proposed specifications of how often the portal could be polled and how up-to-date the portal’s information would be do not match our real-time billing/payment ambitions, we nevertheless intend to continue exploring what avenues we may have to achieve something as close to our vision as we can in the new context where direct smart meter connectivity may no longer be an option for our smart agent device. In this regard, one possibility we are considering is becoming involved with PUCT rulemakings or lobbying Texas legislators to effect new laws or law changes that would facilitate our model. However, these efforts would be costly, uncertain and time-consuming, and, in the case of legislative efforts, it should be noted that the next Texas Legislative session does not begin until January, 2019.
Although this ruling likely affects our long-term plans for HAN (Home Area Network) connectivity, in the meantime we still intend to push ahead with a series of alpha and beta tests starting in late summer/early fall. In these tests, customers will be able to use cryptocurrency for payment, and redeem GRID tokens for discounted electricity. It is important to note that while the time we have taken to evaluate these regulatory developments has strained our timelines, we still anticipate a late summer/early fall start to alpha testing because our technical development has continued to make steady progress.
Our Path Forward
Although the new regulations currently restrict much of our long-term energy vision and we are thus evaluating whether and how our energy business can be made viable, for now Grid+ still intends to move forward by positioning itself to have the ability to deliver power to consumers and utilize the agent device for payments. As we have discussed extensively, Grid+ views energy as the first application for a crypto-economy which is powered by intelligent blockchain-enabled devices. The first such device is the agent, on which we have made steady progress (see: Updates from the Hardware Team).
In the first version of the agent, which we contemplate to release publicly in Q4 2018, users will be able to schedule automated payments from inside a highly secured hardware wallet. We are able to accomplish this functionality because we are designing the firmware (special software which runs in the secure enclave) to handle permissions and facilitate pre-authorized signature requests (i.e. automated payments). We believe that being able to program rules-based logic inside of a secure enclave will introduce many more use cases for a blockchain-based economy and we hope that seamless, secure energy payments will prove that. While there are currently challenges to implementing automated payments in the energy sector, we anticipate that there will be many other potential applications of the agent’s automated payment functionality. Much more information on this firmware and functionality is soon to come.
Code provided by Alex
Update on the software services team
Most energy-related tasks slated for completion in the near term are dependent on vendor integration (billing portal, enrollment portal, billing integration). We are currently on hold with the full vendor integration while we evaluate the impact of the HAN waiver and other Texas energy regulations on our business model. That said, the team intends to continue to work on a number of tasks from our energy roadmap, and has completed some of these as summarized below.
The software services team has been focused on agent software and software-deployment related tasks. The intention is to solidify the agent software foundation such that we can iterate and deliver more quickly once we have fully evaluated the regulatory challenges to our model. With regards to UX, we began to develop the initial wallet user interfaces prior to starting on the agent energy applications, as there is sufficient clarity on wallet requirements at the moment and few blockers. The intention is to lay down basic project structure and tooling with the wallet applications, and develop the energy applications more quickly, later, as a result.
To date, the following has been completed:
Energy:
Vendor Integration Planning — We completed our first week of integration planning with a prospective energy-services vendor, with good progress. Both sides developed a more clear understanding of the mechanics of how integration would take place, as well as how potential product models would utilize those mechanics. We left with the understanding that once we enter into a definitive agreement with the vendor, the vendor would present us with a project plan with staffing, projected cost, and a Gantt style timeline. We would then spend a second week developing the fine details of this plan.
Initial Data Pipeline — We deployed a barebones and minimal version of our data pipeline, extending from the agent, to our cloud. The purpose of this task was to flesh out the architecture of moving data from agents to our cloud via MQTT. MQTT is a light-weight messaging protocol focused on high latency networks, usable by IoT type devices. Data accumulates in our cloud at our telemetry service. As we don’t yet have meter integration, we’re currently running a mock-meter on our agents.
Billing Site Skeleton & Keycloak Single Sign On Integration — We deployed an initial billing website skeleton, in anticipation of development starting immediately after energy vendor integration. The site has been updated with UX tooling to ensure fast development and adherence to tests. It has been integrated with Keycloak, our single-sign-on provider. Keycloak gives us the ability to unify a number of websites as if they are a single site. It also implements all user and role management functionality, so we don’t have to build our own. The site is deployed in our cloud, with auto-deployments enabled, ready for us to move forward.
Product Data Modeling — We created a DA (Day-Ahead) vs RT (Real-Time) vs DART (Day-Ahead / Real-Time combo) model using both custom Python code and the Jupyter data science notebook platform. The models were created by an external consultant. John Werner now has access to these models and can begin using them to aid in product exploration.
Rainforest EAGLE Data Collection — We had a long-standing, multi-month blocker of not having sample meter data to use as data pipeline test data. Recently, we were able to get two Rainforest EAGLE HAN devices set up at one of our team member’s homes to collect similar data. We stood up a simple API to collect that data in a database in our cloud.
Fax service — We set up a simple fax service to be compliant with PUCT requirements.
MPIM Certificates Received — We completed the simple process to gain access to ERCOT Market Participant sites and services via provided signed certificates.
Agent:
Wallet App UX — We have developed UX designs, tooling, and screens for the mobile and agent wallet apps. Currently, we are roughly 85% complete with the first run through screen implementation of the mobile app, using React-native. We have developed a large amount of reusable tooling, which will speed development of additional apps and sites — including energy apps.
Agent Messaging Infrastructure — We developed the ability to easily send messages to/from services in our cloud and individual services running on agent devices.
Software Updates and Deployment — In order to manage agents in the field and iterate development quickly, we need a sizable amount of deployment infrastructure. Our initial intention was to use resin.io such that this would not have to be developed in-house until later, but the smart IoT module selected by the hardware team is not compatible with that service. We deemed it most beneficial to get ahead of the hardware team and lay down the infrastructure that both teams will need for continuous deployments.
We’ve built the following to support OS, firmware, and application update capabilities:
Nexus Server deployment — We’ve deployed a Nexus server to our cloud which acts as a repository for all categories of software that we will need to update. It allows us to privately share code among our software projects, acts as a secure location to push signed deliverables, and is the location from which our agents will pull those signed deliverables in order to update themselves in the field. It also serves as a repository for OS and Userland applications that we will deploy to agents.
OS Deployment Pipeline — The services team has taken the initial work by the hardware team to build a custom OS that powers the smart IoT module and automated it using our cloud deployment architecture. The deployment pipeline will now automatically perform what were previously manual or nightly build steps, in reaction to a developer pushing code changes to the respective repositories. The work extends the efforts the hardware team made in setting up an in-house, physical build server as we made that same server a worker controlled by our cloud build server — recombining what had become a slightly split and parallel effort.
Secure Deployment Pipeline — We have developed secure signing steps for the above deployment pipelines, as well as future ones (i.e. application updates). This enables the agent to ensure software updates it receives are not forged or fake.
Dev board shot taken by John Boyd
Updates from the Hardware Team
Proof-of-Concept Board
The hardware team has been working on a test board with all the necessary components wired and communicating with one another over a series of message buses. We are happy to announce that the proof-of-concept board is nearing completion and that almost all components are communicating with one another. Although this may not sound very exciting, it is the result of months of engineering effort and the first major milestone on the hardware side.
Firmware
In Q1, Alex wrote a detailed specification for the firmware that will run on the hardware device, but did so in a high-level language (Javascript) both to speed prototyping and to avoid blockages by a board that did not have a stable environment. With this complete, and the hardware nearing a stable state, the hardware team has been working with Alex to translate that specification into a low level language (C), which will run on the production agent device.
It is important to note that this is a very large undertaking and will likely take several months to complete. However, it will not block deployment of alpha-test agents and will be one of the upgrade paths for which early alpha testers will be able to provide valuable feedback. We will be releasing more information on the agent and all of its exciting functionality soon; suffice it to say, we believe the early alpha testers will be a lucky group not just for the lower energy prices, but also for the early access to what we believe will be an important evolution in the future of crypto-industry infrastructure.
Summary
While we are extremely excited with the progress of our REP application, we have also tempered that happiness due to the regulatory challenges we understand we face in implementing our full business model. While it is unclear how this will affect our long-term goals, we are evaluating all possibilities we can offer customers while we seek additional clarity on regulations while moving forward in developing the technologies.
Development continues forward on both energy and hardware, and we will continue to release updates regularly. If you want to follow along with our updates more closely or ask questions of our team or community, please feel free to join our Telegram chat.
Disclaimer
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A[dducin]{.smallcaps} is a ubiquitously expressed calmodulin-binding protein ([@B21]; [@B5]) and substrate for protein kinase C (PKC)^1^ ([@B68]; [@B8]; [@B55]; [@B43]). Adducin was first purified from human erythrocyte membrane skeletons ([@B21]) and from brain membranes ([@B5]). Adducin is localized at spectrin--actin junctions in erythrocyte membrane skeletons ([@B12]) and colocalizes with spectrin at sites of cell--cell contact in epithelial cells ([@B43]; [@B37]) and in dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons ([@B79]). Adducin exhibits in vitro activities of promoting association of spectrin with actin ([@B22]; [@B5]), association with sides of actin filaments ([@B63]; [@B82]), and capping the fast-growing ends of actin filaments ([@B49]). Recently, adducin has been demonstrated to preferentially cap and recruit spectrin to the fast-growing ends of actin filaments ([@B53]).
Adducin is a heteromeric protein comprised of either α and β or α and γ subunits ([@B21]; [@B5]; [@B13]; [@B38]). α adducin is expressed in most tissues, while β adducin has a more restricted pattern of expression ([@B41]). γ adducin, which is similar in sequence to α and β adducin, is a likely companion for α adducin in cells lacking the β subunit ([@B13]). Adducin subunits are closely related in amino acid sequence and domain organization ([@B40]; [@B41]; [@B13]). Each adducin subunit has three distinct domains: a 39-kD NH~2~-terminal globular protease-resistant head domain, connected by a 9-kD "neck" domain to a COOH-terminal protease-sensitive tail domain ([@B40]; [@B41]; [@B13]). Adducin isolated from erythrocytes is a mixture of heterodimers and tetramers with NH~3~-terminal head domains in contact to form a globular core and with interacting tails extended away from the core ([@B38]).
COOH termini of all three subunits of adducin contain a highly basic stretch of 22 amino acids with sequence similarity to a domain in the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS protein) ([@B41]; [@B13]). The MARCKS-related domain is required for interactions of adducin with actin and spectrin, which is consistent with the possibility that the MARCKS-related domain mediates contact with actin ([@B53]). The MARCKS-related domain also has a major phosphorylation site, the RTPS-serine, for PKC as well as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and contains the primary calmodulin-binding site of adducin ([@B61]). Ca^2+^/calmodulin inhibits actin-capping and spectrin recruitment activities of adducin ([@B22]; [@B49]). Although phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related domain by PKC inhibits calmodulin binding ([@B61]), effects of phosphorylation on the other activities of adducin have not been resolved.
The MARCKS family of proteins has been studied extensively as in vivo substrates of PKC ([@B2]; [@B6]). A 25--amino acid basic domain is the site for both PKC phosphorylation and calmodulin binding of the MARCKS protein and is similar in sequence to the MARCKS-related domain of adducin ([@B2]; [@B6]). The MARCKS protein binds and cross-links actin in in vitro assays, and its capacity to cross-link actin is regulated by PKC phosphorylation and calmodulin-binding to the phosphorylation site domain ([@B31]). A COOH-terminal (C1) region in the NR1 subunit of *N-*methyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a glutamate receptor of neuron, has sequence similarity to the PKC phosphorylation/calmodulin-binding domain of the MARCKS protein ([@B83]; [@B16]). The C1 region also contains PKC phosphorylation sites and is a high-affinity binding site for calmodulin ([@B83]; [@B16]). Moreover, phosphorylation and calmodulin-binding to the C1 region may regulate interaction of the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor with the actin cytoskeleton ([@B15], [@B16]). The PKC phosphorylation site domain of the MARCKS protein is also involved in its cell membrane binding through the interaction between a cluster of basic residues and acidic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine ([@B46]; [@B62]). Phosphorylation of the serine residues in the poly-basic domain reduces its electrostatic interaction with the phospholipids and has been proposed to provide an electrostatic switch mechanism for the reversible binding of the MARCKS protein to the cell membrane.
This report presents evidence that adducin is an in vivo substrate for PKC or other phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated kinases, and that activities of adducin in capping and recruiting spectrin to actin filaments are regulated by PKC phosphorylation of the MARCKS- related domain. Mutation of the two PKC phosphorylation sites in the MARCKS-related domain of α adducin produced striking effects on distribution of the mutant adducin as well as of spectrin in MDCK cells. Adducin phosphorylated at the major PKC site in the MARCKS-related domain was specifically localized in dendritic spines of cultured neurons. Adducin is a candidate molecule to mediate downstream consequences of PKC activation in postsynaptic sites in neurons as well as other dynamic cellular domains.
Materials and Methods {#MaterialsMethods}
=====================
Proteins
--------
Actin was purified from acetone powder of rabbit skeletal muscle ([@B70]) with a modification ([@B52]). Brain spectrin was isolated by high salt extraction from bovine brain membranes ([@B10]; [@B52]). Erythrocyte adducin and a recombinant β adducin (β~335--726~) were purified as previously described ([@B38]; [@B53]). The catalytic domain of PKC was purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA).
Antibodies
----------
Phosphoadducin-specific rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against a synthetic phosphopeptide (FRTPphosphoSFLKK) ([@B4]) corresponding to the major PKC phosphorylation site of adducin ([@B61]) and affinity-purified as described ([@B59]). This antibody was preincubated with the unphosphorylated form of the peptide and used in this study. Polyclonal antibodies against α adducin and the MARCKS-related domain were generated using a recombinant human α adducin (residues 536--737) and a synthetic peptide corresponding to the residues 696--726 of human β adducin, respectively, as antigens. Affinity- purified rabbit polyclonal antibody against brain spectrin was reported previously ([@B10]). An anti--spectrin β~G~ monoclonal antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the residues 2096-- 2122 of human β spectrin. Monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin (HA) epitope antibody (HA.11) was purchased from Berkeley Antibody Co. (Richmond, CA), monoclonal antisynaptophysin antibody was from Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN), anti-GluR2/4 antibody (clone 3A11) was from PharMingen (San Diego, CA), and FITC- and TRITC-conjugated goat secondary antibodies were from Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford, IL).
Phosphorylation of Adducin and Protease Digestion
-------------------------------------------------
Erythrocyte adducin (2.5 μM monomer) and β~335--726~ (5 μM monomer) were phosphorylated by incubation with 0.4 μg/ml catalytic domain of PKC (PKM), 0.1 mM ATP, 5 mM MgCl~2~, 2 mM sodium EGTA, 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 at 15°C for 12--14 h. The reaction was terminated by adding 50 nM (final) bisindolylmaleimide (Calbiochem). ATP was added to the unphosphorylated adducin sample after quenching the reaction. To measure stoichiometry of the phosphorylation, adducin was phosphorylated in parallel using 0.1 mM \[γ-^32^P\]ATP. The sample was processed as described previously ([@B61]). In some experiments, \[^32^P\]phosphoadducin (50 μg) was digested with *Staphylococcus aureus* V8 protease (1:50 wt/wt; Pierce Chemical Co.) for 3 h at 30°C as described previously ([@B61]). After quenching the digestion by adding 2 mM PMSF, the sample was applied to an S-Sepharose column (0.5 ml bed volume; Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) equilibrated with 20 mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM sodium EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, pH 8.0 (column buffer). Fractions (0.2 ml) were collected by eluting the column with a step gradient of NaBr (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 M in the column buffer) after wash with the column buffer and subjected to scintillation counting and SDS-PAGE (3.5--17%).
Actin Polymerization and Depolymerization Assays
------------------------------------------------
Pyrene-labeled actin was prepared according to the method modified by [@B85]. G buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, 0.2 mM Na~2~ATP, 0.5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.2 mM CaCl~2~, 0.005% sodium azide, pH 8.0, at 25°C) was used in all assays. The assay used to quantitate inhibition of actin polymerization at the barbed ends used the method of [@B72], in which rapid polymerization was initiated using F-actin nuclei.
Spectrin Recruitment Assay
--------------------------
A full description of this assay system is presented in [@B53].
Immunoblotting
--------------
Hippocampal slices (220 μm) were prepared from 5--6-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats according to [@B23]. Slices were immediately immersed in an ice-cold preincubation buffer ([@B23]) and incubated with 40 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; Tocris Cookson, Ballwin, MO) in the buffer at 37°C for 30 min. Buffer was replaced with the fresh one without CNQX before further manipulations. Human erythrocytes were separated and resuspended in the modified Hepes-Tyrode buffer ([@B60]) at a final concentration of 20%. Human embryonal kidney cell line (HEK 293; American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) was maintained in 5% FCS/DME and serum-starved overnight before the following treatments. Human erythrocytes (1 ml suspension), HEK 293 cells (φ 6-cm dish), and rat hippocampal slices (5--10 slices) were treated either with 50 μM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; Calbiochem)/50 μM forskolin (Calbiochem) or 1 μM PMA (Calbiochem) at 37°C for 15 min. After the treatments, erythrocytes were lysed, and the membrane fractions were collected. Erythrocyte membranes, HEK 293 cells, and rat hippocampal slices were solubilized in a minimum volume of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 7 M urea, 1% SDS, 5 mM sodium EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM PMSF with brief sonication. Proteins (10 μg) were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis with buffers of [@B17] on 5% gels in 0.2% SDS. The amounts of phosphoadducin and α adducin were determined from scans of the autoradiographs using a densitometer as described elsewhere ([@B60]). The amount of phosphoadducin in each lane was normalized by the amount of α adducin loaded and was used to calculate the change of phosphoadducin level after treatment.
Construct Generation and Transfection of MDCK Cells
---------------------------------------------------
An HA epitope--tagged wild-type α adducin cDNA in pGEMEX vector was used as a template to mutate the PKC phosphorylation sites in MARCKS-related domain (Ser716 and Ser726) to alanine residues. Sense (5′-CCGGCCTTTCTTAAGAAGAGCAAGAAGAAGAGTGACTCC-3′) and antisense (5′-GGTACGAAACTTCTTCTTCTTTTTGGCTGGGGACTTGC-3′) primers were used to mutate the sites with the Exsite PCR-based mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Mutation of the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Both HA epitope--tagged wild-type and PKC sites--mutated α-adducin cDNA were subcloned into pCMV vector ([@B24]) at NheI-XhoI sites. Transfection of MDCK cells was performed using lipofectamine (GIBCO-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) as described elsewhere ([@B24]).
Rat Hippocampal Cell Culture
----------------------------
Isolation of hippocampal formations from newborn (P2) Sprague-Dawley rats and the dissociation of neurons was performed as described ([@B7]) with a modification. Briefly, hippocampi from newborn rats were first incubated with 0.027% trypsin in HBSS without Ca^2+^ and Mg^2+^, 0.035% sodium bicarbonate, 1 mM pyruvate, 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 (HBSS), in a 95% O~2~, 5% CO~2~ incubator for 20 min at 35°C. Hippocampi were washed with HBSS and triturated through a 1-ml plastic pipette tip in HBSS. 1 ml of cell suspension was diluted with 2 ml HBSS with Ca^2+^, Mg^2+^. The cells were collected by centrifugation for 1 min at 200 *g*, resuspended in Neurobasal medium (GIBCO-BRL) containing 0.5 mM glutamine, 25 μM glutamate, and 1% B-27 supplement (GIBCO-BRL), and plated at a concentration of 160 cells/mm^2^. Half of the culture medium was replaced by the same medium without glutamate every 4 d. Primary culture of hippocampal neuron was maintained for at least 7 d before the following treatment. Neurons were incubated with fresh Neurobasal medium (no glutamate) containing 15 mM MgCl~2~ without B-27 supplement for 90 min, and with 40 μM CNQX for a further 30 min before activation. The medium was changed to the new one (0.8 mM MgCl~2~), and either 10 μM glutamate or 1 μM PMA was applied to the neurons at 37°C for 6 min.
Immunofluorescence
------------------
P15 rat brain was fixed and processed as described elsewhere ([@B50]). Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde (freshly made from paraformaldehyde) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.32 M sucrose for 10 min at room temperature. After fixation, cells were permeabilized and blocked with 0.05% Triton X-100 (1% for MDCK cells) in a blocking buffer (PBS with 10% goat serum, 1% BSA, and 5% sucrose) for 15 min at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with primary antibodies diluted in the blocking buffer followed by FITC- or TRITC-conjugated goat secondary antibodies (1.5 μg/ml; Pierce Chemical Co.).
Results {#Results}
=======
PKC Phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related Domain of Adducin Modulates Activities of Actin Capping and Promoting Spectrin--Actin Complexes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In a previous study, we did not observe an effect of PKC phosphorylation on the activity of adducin in promoting binding of spectrin to F-actin ([@B61]). In these experiments, phosphatidylserine and a phorbol ester were included to activate PKC isolated from rat brain, which was used at a concentration of 125 nM ([@B61]). It is possible that either PKC itself, a contaminant in the PKC preparation, or phosphatidylserine obscured effect of the phosphorylation in the assay, even though in some experiments the phosphoadducin was isolated by cation exchange chromatography. In the present study, PKM, which lacks the regulatory domain and does not require phosphatidylserine or PMA for its activity, was used at 15-fold lower concentrations than used previously to phosphorylate adducin. Kinase activity was quenched with bisindolylmaleimide, and adducin samples in the phosphorylation mixture were directly used for actin capping and spectrin recruitment assays in this study. Controls included the kinase and inhibitor, with ATP added after quenching the phosphorylation reaction.
The MARCKS-related domain of adducin was also the major phosphorylation site for PKM. 75% of the radioactivity in V8 protease digests of ^32^P-labeled adducin phosphorylated by PKM (0.9 mol phosphate/mol subunit) associated with fragments migrating at the same position as the MARCKS-related domain of β adducin (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *A*). In addition, these fragments were highly positively charged, since the polypeptides tightly bound to a cation-exchange resin at pH 8 (\>0.3 M NaBr was required to elute the fragments) (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *A*), as did the polybasic MARCKS-related domain ([@B61]). Therefore, the V8 fragments most likely are the MARCKS-related domains of α and β adducin. PKM also phosphorylated the major PKC-site in the MARCKS-related domain based on immunoreactivity with phosphoadducin-specific antibody (see below) (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *C*). Similar results were obtained using the neck--tail domain construct of human β adducin (β~335--726~) (data not shown). Taken together, these results support the conclusion that the MARCKS-related domain is the major phosphorylation site of adducin for PKM as well as for PKC.
In a recent study, we have demonstrated that recombinant β~335--726~ adducin has comparable activity with that of erythrocyte adducin ([@B53]). Therefore, β~335--726~ adducin was first used to investigate phosphorylation effects on its actin capping activity. PKM phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related domain (1.9 mol Pi/mol β~335--726~) greatly reduced the capping activity of β~335--726~ adducin from 68 to 12% at 0.5 μM of the construct (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *B*). Similar results were obtained at up to 1 μM of the construct (data not shown). The ability of PKM phosphorylation to eliminate the barbed end capping activity of adducin was also seen in actin depolymerization experiments, as evidenced by the return of the depolymerization rate in the presence of adducin phosphorylated by PKM to that of pure actin (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *C*). PKM phosphorylation of the MARCKS- related domain (0.9 mol Pi/mol subunit) also greatly reduced the capping activity of native adducin (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *D*). The average reduction of capping activity by phosphorylation was 64 ± 14%. Similar results were obtained using β~335--726~ (data not shown).
Spectrin recruiting activity of adducin was also found to be a target of regulation through phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related domain. Phosphorylation of adducin by PKM almost completely abolished spectrin recruiting activity at up to 600 nM of the phosphorylated adducin (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Since adducin promotes binding of spectrin to the fast-growing ends of actin filaments in addition to filament sides ([@B53]), recruitment of spectrin to both the ends and sides of actin filaments is inhibited by PKM phosphorylation. PKM phosphorylation showed a stronger effect on spectrin recruitment activity than actin capping, although the basis for this difference is not known. This is the first demonstration that actin filament capping and spectrin recruiting activities of adducin can be regulated by phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related domain. The MARCKS-related domain is thus a site of regulation for actin filament capping and spectrin recruiting activities of adducin as well as the primary functional domain for these activities.
Phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related Domain of Adducin Occurs In Vivo
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Antibodies specific to phosphorylated sites of a substrate are particularly useful tools to evaluate the extent of in vivo phosphorylation and to determine the cellular localization of phosphorylated proteins ([@B67]; [@B11]; [@B59]; [@B54]). We produced an antibody against a peptide, FRTPphosphoSFLKK, containing the phosphorylated form of the RTPS-serine, which is the major site of phosphorylation by PKC of adducin ([@B61]). The RTPS-serine is also phosphorylated by PKA, although the *K* ~m~ of PKA for adducin is 10-fold higher than that of PKC ([@B61]).
Immunoblots revealed that the RTPS-phosphoserine-- specific antibody has negligible reactivity towards adducin in unstimulated human erythrocytes (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *a*), but at least a 10-fold increase in signal occurred after activation of PKC by addition of phorbol ester (PMA) (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *c*). The phosphoadducin antibody was specific for adducin based on lack of reaction with other proteins in crude homogenates or with recombinant human MARCKS protein (data not shown). Moreover, the antibody reaction was displaced completely by a 10-fold molar excess of the phosphopeptide (data not shown). An eight- to ninefold increase in reactivity with the phosphoadducin-specific antibody occurred after PMA treatment of human embryonal kidney (HEK 293) cells (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *d* and *f*), and a twofold increase occurred in rat hippocampal slices (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *g* and *i*). In contrast to PMA, forskolin (50 μM), an adenylyl cyclase activator, even in combination with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX, 50 μM), resulted in only a 1.4-fold increase of the phosphorylation in HEK 293 cells (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *b*, *e*, and *h*). Thus, the RTPS-serine in the MARCKS-related domain of each adducin subunit is an in vivo phosphorylation site for PKC or other PMA-activated kinases but not PKA. A 90-kD adducin polypeptide detected in HEK 293 cells may correspond to the human counterpart of rat γ adducin ([@B13]) (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *f*).
Recombinant human α adducin (residues 536--737) was used to produce an anti--α adducin antibody. The affinity-purified antibody specifically recognized α adducin in human erythrocytes (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *B*, *a--c*). The amount of α adducin was used, as a representative of adducin subunits, to normalize the amount of phosphoadducin in each sample. α and β adducin in HEK 293 cells and rat hippocampal lysates migrated at the same position as human erythrocyte α adducin, as confirmed by antibodies specific to human α (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *B*, *d--f* and *g--i*) and β (data not shown) adducin.
Specificity of the phosphoadducin antibody was further analyzed using α adducin mutated at Ser716Ala/ Ser726Ala and resistant to phosphorylation by PKC (referred to as α adducin^Δpkc^). The HA epitope--tagged α adducin and α adducin^Δpkc^ expressed in MDCK cells were immunoprecipitated by an anti--HA epitope antibody followed by immunoblot with the phosphoadducin-specific antibody. Reactivity of the phosphoadducin antibody for the HA epitope--tagged α adducin was increased about threefold after PMA treatment (0.1 μM, 15 min) of the cells, whereas the antibody showed no reactivity toward α adducin^Δpkc^ (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} *C*). Lack of reactivity of the phosphoadducin antibody with α adducin^Δpkc^ provides additional support for its specificity toward the RTPS-phosphoserine of adducin.
The RTPS-Phosphoserine Adducin and Spectrin Accumulate in the Cytoplasm in MDCK Cells after PMA Treatment
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
α adducin and spectrin were concentrated at the cell membrane of cell--cell contact sites in serum-starved MDCK cells as reported previously (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *A* and [@B43]). The anti--α adducin antibody also consistently showed weak nuclear staining (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *b* and *e*). Very low levels of the RTPS-serine phosphorylation was detected in the cytoplasm, while none was detected at the cell--cell contact sites of the cells using the phosphoadducin antibody (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *B*, *b*). When the cells were stimulated with PMA, levels of α adducin slightly but significantly increased in the cytoplasm (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *A*, *e*). Increase of the RTPS-phosphoserine adducin was clearly observed in the cytoplasm (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *B*, *e*). The increases of α adducin and the phosphoadducin were accompanied by redistribution of spectrin from the cell--cell contact sites into the cytoplasm (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, *A* and *B*). Phosphoadducin and spectrin were distributed in a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm after PMA treatment (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *B*, *d* and *e*). Redistribution of adducin and spectrin from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm has been reported in several types of epithelial cells treated with PMA ([@B43]; [@B13]). Similar results were also obtained using HEK 293 cells (data not shown). Therefore, phosphorylation of the RTPS-serine in adducin appears to correlate closely with redistribution of the protein and spectrin from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm. This is consistent with the biochemical data showing that phosphorylation of the MARCKS-related domain by PKC interferes with interactions of adducin with spectrin and actin.
Phosphorylation State of the MARCKS-related Domain Determines Adducin Distribution in MDCK Cells
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roles of the phosphorylation state of the MARCKS- related domain in determining distribution of adducin and spectrin were evaluated by transfecting cells with α adducin^Δpkc^, which was resistant to phosphorylation by PKC at the MARCKS-related domain. MDCK cell lines were generated that stably expressed the HA epitope--tagged human α adducin (MDCK/α add) and the mutant human α adducin (MDCK/α add^Δpkc^) (see Materials and Methods).
The HA epitope--tagged human α adducin and spectrin in MDCK/α add cells were concentrated at the cell membrane at sites of cell--cell contact (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, *a--c*) as observed for the native proteins in nontransfected cells (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *A*). We assumed that a PKC-unphosphorylatable version of adducin would stay at the cell membrane even after PMA treatment if phosphorylation of the PKC sites in MARCKS-related domain was responsible for the redistribution of adducin. Surprisingly, the mutant α adducin was not localized at the cell--cell contact sites of the PMA-untreated cells, but instead exhibited a punctate distribution in the cytoplasm (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, *d* and *f*). Moreover, cells expressing the mutant α adducin exhibited increased levels of cytoplasmic spectrin in a punctate pattern, which was in some cases colocalized with the mutant α adducin (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, *e* and *f*). This result clearly showed involvement of the PKC phosphorylation sites in controlling subcellular distribution of adducin as well as spectrin. The nature of the punctate structures containing the mutant adducin and spectrin has not been resolved, but they could represent vesicles en route to or returning from the plasma membrane.
Localization of the RTPS-Phosphoserine Adducin in the Hippocampus
-----------------------------------------------------------------
High levels of the phosphoadducin were detected in the dendritic fields, i.e., *stratum radiatum* and *stratum oriens*, of CA1 region in P15 rat hippocampus (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *a*). In the dentate gyrus, the staining intensity for phosphoadducin was higher in the hilus region than in the molecular layer (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *a*). In the dendritic fields of CA3 region, phosphoadducin staining was slightly weaker than CA1 region (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *b*). Confocal microscopy for *stratum radiatum* of CA1 region at high magnification revealed phosphoadducin antibody staining of round and elliptical structures with diameters \<1 μm (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *c*). Double labeling with antibodies against synaptophysin and the phosphoadducin revealed that some of the phosphoadducin-stained structures were immediately adjacent to presynaptic endings defined by synaptophysin staining. (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *c*, *arrows*). Synaptophysin is a marker for neurosecretory vesicles, which are concentrated at presynaptic endings ([@B87]). Therefore, at least a subpopulation of the phosphoadducin-positive structures may correspond to dendritic spines, which are specialized postsynaptic structures.
Localization of the Phosphoadducin in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resolution of dendritic spines is difficult in brain tissue sections, but these structures can be visualized in cultured hippocampal neurons. Distributions of the RTPS-phosphoserine adducin and total adducin were compared in cultured hippocampal neurons using the phosphoadducin-specific and the MARCKS-related domain--specific antibodies, respectively. Phosphoadducin was highly concentrated in spots flanking dendrites, which we interpret to be dendritic spines based on colocalization with AMPA receptors (a non-NMDA glutamate receptor) detected using antibody against the GluR2/4 subunits (Fig. [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, *a--c*, *arrowheads*). At least 80% of the spots contained both proteins, although in some cases the phosphoadducin-positive spots did not contain GluR2/4 and vice versa (Fig. [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, compare *a* and *b*). This result strongly supports the interpretation that the small structures containing high levels of the phosphoadducin observed in brain sections (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *c*) are dendritic spines.
Neither glutamate nor PMA treatment caused further increase in the level of adducin phosphorylation in spines (the ratio of the signals, phosphoadducin/glutamate receptor, was used to assess changes of adducin phosphorylation, *n* = 20 each) (Fig. [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, *d--i*). The cultures were preincubated with glutamate-free medium in the presence of high Mg^2+^ (15 mM) and an AMPA receptor antagonist (CNQX) to block NMDA and non-NMDA receptors, respectively (see Materials and Methods). Adducin therefore already was fully phosphorylated in the dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons under resting conditions in culture. However, PMA treatment did strongly enhance levels of the phosphoadducin located at the plasma membrane of cell body, the cytoplasm and dendrites (Fig. [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"} *h*). The membrane-associated phosphoadducin was unanticipated. This result suggests involvement of additional domains, such as the head domain, for adducin to associate with the cell membrane.
Total adducin staining using antibody against the MARCKS-related domain, in contrast to the phosphoadducin, was observed along the entire cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of cell body and dendrites as well as in the dendritic spines (Fig. [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}, *a--c*). No significant changes of adducin distribution were observed after glutamate and PMA treatments of the neurons (Fig. [8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}, *d--f* and *g--i*). However, the MARCKS-related domain--specific antibody has weak reactivity with the RTPS-phosphoserine adducin and underrepresents phosphoadducin (data not shown). These results combined with Fig. [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"} demonstrate that adducin is uniformly distributed along the plasma membrane and that dendritic spines are the most active sites for adducin phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons.
Spectrin β~G~was located mostly in a punctate pattern associated with dendrites that were not labeled with the phosphoadducin antibody (Fig. [9](#F9){ref-type="fig"}). These findings suggest that spectrin and phosphoadducin exist in distinct sites in neurons.
Discussion {#Discussion}
==========
This study presents the first evidence that phosphorylation of the RTPS-serine in the MARCKS-related domain of adducin occurs in vivo and has an important role in regulating distribution of adducin in cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation by PKC of adducin at the MARCKS-related domain inhibits adducin activities of promoting spectrin--actin interactions and capping the fast-growing ends of actin filaments. PMA-activated phosphorylation of the RTPS-serine was demonstrated, using a phosphoadducin-specific antibody, in erythrocytes, HEK 293 cells (human embryonic kidney origin), brain slices, and MDCK cells. A PKC-unphosphorylatable S716A/S726A mutant α adducin expressed in MDCK cells was distributed in a cytoplasmic punctate pattern and was no longer concentrated at the cell membrane at sites of cell--cell contact. Moreover, cells expressing the mutant α adducin exhibited increased levels of cytoplasmic spectrin, which was colocalized with the mutant adducin in a punctate pattern. Finally, high levels of the RTPS-serine phosphorylation were visualized in sections of rat hippocampus and in the dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons.
Dendritic spines are dynamic structures that receive the majority of exitatory synaptic connections in the mammalian central nervous system ([@B29]; [@B69]; [@B90]). Dendritic spines change in shape during neuronal development as well as concurrently with long-term potentiation, a widely studied experimental model of learning ([@B20]; [@B78]; [@B25]; [@B35]). Actin and actin-binding proteins, including spectrin, adducin, and myosin, are the major cytoskeletal components in dendritic spines, where microtubules and neurofilaments are virtually absent ([@B86]; [@B51]; [@B64]; [@B79]). The actin filaments of the spine neck are longitudinally situated, whereas those in the head are organized into a lattice ([@B18]). This organization suggests that actin filaments provide the basic structural scaffolding of the spine ([@B30]). Thus, changes in the spine actin network through modulation of the activities of actin-regulating proteins have been proposed as a basis for activity-dependent structural changes in spine morphology ([@B9]; [@B19]).
Synaptic stimulation of dendritic spines induces an increase in Ca^2+^ up to micromolar levels ([@B34]; [@B26]). Probable targets for Ca^2+^ in dendritic spines include calmodulin ([@B57]; [@B16]; [@B88]), PKC ([@B58]; [@B1]; [@B36]), Ca^2+^/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) ([@B80]; [@B45]; [@B56]), and Ca^2+^/calmodulin- dependent protein phosphatase 2B or calcineurin ([@B65]). Among substrates for these enzymes are several cytoskeletal proteins, including microtubule-associated protein 2, ([@B73]), myosin ([@B44]), and adducin. However, adducin is the first cytoskeletal protein directly demonstrated to be phosphorylated in dendritic spines of living hippocampal neurons. Given the biochemical activities of adducin in promoting assembly of spectrin--actin complexes and that these activities of adducin are regulated by PKC and calmodulin, adducin is a logical candidate to participate in activity-dependent shape changes of dendritic spines. In addition, the striking localization of phosphoadducin in the spines further supports the idea that dendritic spines are distinct biochemical and Ca^2+^ compartments ([@B27]; [@B66]; [@B48]; [@B89]).
The identity of adducin kinase(s) and phosphatases responsible for regulating the phosphorylation state of adducin in dendritic spines remains to be determined. Since CaMKII does not phosphorylate α or β adducin in vitro (Matsuoka, Y., unpublished results) and PKA does not in vivo (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} *A*), an isoform of PKC is the most likely candidate. It is noteworthy that at least one isoform of PKC, PKCγ, is localized in dendritic spines by immunoelectron microscopy ([@B84]; [@B75]). Phosphoadducin is likely to be a substrate for protein phosphatase(s) in dendritic spines, which could represent an important aspect of activity-dependent regulation of adducin functions. Calcineurin, a Ca^2+^/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is present at high levels in hippocampal neurons ([@B81]) and is a good candidate for an adducin phosphatase.
Kaibuchi and colleagues have found that adducin is an in vivo substrate for Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) and myosin phosphatase, which are involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton in the cells ([@B3]; [@B47]). Phosphorylation by Rho-kinase occurs at a different site from PKC and increases the affinity of α adducin for F-actin ([@B47]). It will be of interest to determine localization of Rho-kinase--phosphorylated adducin in neurons and possibly dendritic spines.
The basic MARCKS-related domain of adducin has recently been demonstrated to be required for association of adducin with spectrin and actin ([@B53]). Moreover, activity of adducin in promoting association of spectrin with actin is inhibited by high ionic strength, consistent with an electrostatic origin of binding energy between adducin and actin (data not shown). These findings considered together with the evidence in this study that phosphorylation of a site in the MARCKS-related domain inhibits actin interactions suggest that this domain provides a direct contact with actin. Incorporation of phosphate with its bulk and negative charge into the basic MARCKS-related domain would be anticipated to interfere with electrostatic interactions dependent on positively charged residues. These considerations suggest that the actin contact sites for adducin will include negatively charged residues. Negatively charged residues (aspartate or glutamate) are exposed on the lateral surface of rabbit skeletal actin in positions 1--4, 24, 25, 99, 100, 360, 361, 363, and 364, while residues 167, 288, and 292 are located at the fast-growing ends of actin filaments ([@B33]; [@B42]). The negatively charged residues exposed on the lateral surface of actin have been implicated in association with a positively charged lysine-rich loop in the head domain of myosin ([@B74]; [@B77]) and make up a possible actin--myosin interface ([@B33]; [@B42]; [@B39]). It will be of interest to determine if adducin can inhibit actin-activated Mg^2+^-ATPase activity of myosin and if such effects are controlled by phosphorylation of adducin.
Nonphosphorylatable mutant adducin (α adducin^Δpkc^) and spectrin were colocalized as a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm of MDCK/α add^Δpkc^ cells (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} *f*). The identity of structures containing the mutant adducin and spectrin is not known but could represent vesicles in transit between the Golgi and plasma membrane. It is interesting in this regard that adducin and spectrin associate with dynactin, which is a multiprotein complex including an actin-related protein Arp1 or centractin and promotes dynein-mediated vesicle motility along microtubules ([@B76]; [@B32]). It will be of interest to determine if the structures with the mutant adducin contain other members of the dynactin complex.
We propose adducin as a candidate for a Ca^2+^/calmodulin- and phosphorylation-sensitive modulator of the organization of spectrin--actin complexes in a variety of dynamic cellular domains. PKC has been demonstrated to be involved in reorganization of the actin cytoskeletons coupling with membrane ruffling in neutrophils ([@B14]), spreading of platelets ([@B28]), and integrin clustering in lymphocytes ([@B71]). Adducin, based on results of this study, is a candidate downstream effector of PKC in these cells and possibly in dendritic spines. Since homologues of mammalian adducin have been identified in *Caenorhabditis elegans* (Moorthy, S., L. Chen, and V. Bennett. 1997. *Mol. Biol. Cell.* 8:274a), adducin may have a fundamental role conserved during evolution in regulation of assembly of spectrin--actin complexes in neurons as well as other types of cells.
We are grateful to Dr. P.J. Blackshear for providing recombinant human MARCKS protein and Dr. T. Garver for technical assistance for rat hippocampal slice experiments. We also thank Suraj Moorthy for preparing and providing an HA-tag α adducin construct and α and β adducin--specific antibodies, and Mildred McAdams and Judith Phelps for peptide synthesis and analysis.
Address all correspondence to Yoichiro Matsuoka, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Tel.: (919) 684-3105. Fax: (919) 684-3590.
AMPA
: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid
CNQX
: 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
HA
: hemagglutinin
IBMX
: 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
MARCKS
: myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate
NMDA
: *N*-methyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate
PKA
: cAMP-dependent protein kinase
PKC
: protein kinase C
PKM
: the catalytic domain of protein kinase C
PMA
: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
######
Phosphorylation by PKM of the MARCKS-related domain inhibits actin capping and spectrin recruitment activities of adducin. (*A*) Erythrocyte adducin (2.5 μM monomer) was incubated with the catalytic domain of PKC (PKM) in the presence of \[^32^P\]ATP. The stoichiometry of phosphorylation was 0.9 mol Pi/mol subunit. The V8 protease fragments of phosphoadducin were separated with 3.5-- 17% PAGE and autoradiographed. An autoradiography of the radioactive fragments eluted from an S-Sepharose column by 0.5 M NaBr was also shown. The arrow indicates the position where the MARCKS-related domain of β adducin migrates. (*B*) PKM effect on actin capping by β~335--726~. β~335--726~(5 μM) was preincubated with PKM in the presence or absence of ATP, and the reaction was quenched by adding bisindolylmaleimide (50 nM). ATP was added to unphosphoβ~335--726~ after terminating the reaction. Elongation was initiated by the addition of F-actin nuclei (final 0.25 μM) and salts (final 50 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl~2~) to a 4 μM G-actin solution (5% pyrenyl actin) with or without 0.5 μM of each β~335--726~. The stoichiometry of phosphorylation was 1.9 mol Pi/mol β~335--726~. (*C*) Effect of PKM phosphorylation on the ability of β~335--726~to inhibit the rate of actin depolymerization. The same samples used in the polymerization assay (*B*) were used. F-actin (10 μM) was diluted into G buffer containing 0.5 μM of β~335--726~ or phosphoβ~335--726~ to a final concentration of 0.5 μM. Data are representative of three measurements. (*D*) Percentage of inhibition of elongation (percent capping) plotted against increasing concentrations of unphospho- (*open circles*) or phospho- (*filled circle*s) adducin. The polymerization rate was calculated as a percentage of the rate of polymerization in the absence of adducin 30--150 s after initiation and was used to calculate the capping rate. The concentrations were expressed as monomer of adducin. Data are averages of at least three measurements. *K* ~cap~ value (concentration required to produce 50% inhibition of polymerization) of unphosphorylated adducin was calculated as 125 nM monomer.
{#F3}
{#F2}
{#F4}
{#F5}
######
Distribution of the RTPS-phosphoserine adducin in rat hippocampus. (*a* and *b*) Low-magnification confocal images of P15 rat hippocampus stained with the phosphoadducin-specific antibody. The boxed area was examined with higher magnification. (*c*) High-magnification image of CA1 region. A composite confocal image for the phosphoadducin (*green*) and synaptophysin (*red*) was shown. Arrows indicate putative dendritic spines stained with the phosphoadducin antibody. Bars: (*a* and *b*) 250 μm; (*c*) 2.5 μm.
{#F7}
{#F8}
{#F9}
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Q:
What is the name of the autoupdater in Linux Mint
If I have a clean install of latest Linux Mint, but I replaced the window manager/desktop environment with a very small alternative (IceWM). I was able to get most of system tray (or whatever it is officially called) icons working now, i.e. volume, network manager, power etc. Now one thing I really miss from my systray is the automatic package updater/upgrader. You know, this program that will suddenly tell you "you got these packages old, the updates are ready, click here to upgrade them to the newest versions".
I was trying to find the name of the program, I suggest it is still on my computer, I just need to know the name and to add it to icewm/startup file. I tried anything that has "update" or "upgrade" or "auto" in their names, used find, aptitude search, but I am out of luck. So the question is what is that application (or rather an applet) name?
A:
I think you are looking at mintupdate-launcher which is part of the mintupdate package:
Description: The Linux Mint Update Manager
Helps installing security updates and new versions of packages.
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Exposing white Finnish privilege #44: Defending Nazis’ rights to march is ok as long we agree on the common enemy
Jan Vapaavuori is the mayor of Helsinki who wrote the following on his Facebook wall below about Nazis marching in Helsinki on Independence Day:
“I strongly disagree with the ideologies and practices of the far right and far left. Even these groups have rights in a free country (fatherland). The rule of law is the most important foundation of our society. Tolerance means that you also tolerate those you strongly disagree with, even if you hoped that this types of movements didn’t exist.”
Fine. Helsinki Mayor Vapaavuori, who is a member of the conservative National Coalition Party, claims that even Nazis have in our “free” society the right to express themselves. Christian Thibault, a long-time anti-racism activist, responds to the mayor’s statement below:
White Finnish privilege #43
How is it possible that the mayor of Helsinki openly approves Nazis marching in Helsinki? His arguments are highly selective and expose his problematic views and lame leadership on the topic.
Even if Vapaavuori may claim that Nazis have civil rights in our society, the private and not-so-private fascination and giving the benefit of the doubt to such far-right groups is nothing new. As long as we agree that we have the same enemy, we can give Nazi marches the benefit of the doubt.
What we are seeing is white Finnish privilege and power, which permits politicians like Vapaavuori and too many in society to give growing space to far-right groups. Didn’t the anti-EU, anti-immigration and anti-Islam Perussuomalaiset* grow in the same way? Didn’t it become one of the largest parties in Finland in the 2011 parliamentary elections?
Disagree? What about if pro-Putin Finns marched on Independence Day and demanded that Finland “rejoin” Russia? What about if you had thousands of Muslims marching on December 6 to speed up the building of a grand mosque in Helsinki?
Would Vapaanvuori be so eager in defending the rights of such groups to march on Independence Day?
I doubt it.
Finland has a serious fascism problem and its roots are in our history and relations with Russia. Believing that neo-Nazis, who openly want to overthrow our form of government, will see the light and reform is naïve. It is the same wishful thinking that characterizes the two-extremes view on racism.
There will never be a Hollywood-happily-ever-after ending for fascism and racism in this country or elsewhere. Fascism and racism will always exist but what you can do is show leadership and openly challenge these types of social ills from growing and spreading.
Vapaavuori’s lame statements about Nazis marching in Helsinki on December 6 is unfortunate and reveals his denial and inaction of the growing problem.
* After the Perussuomalaiset (PS) party imploded on June 13 into two factions, the PS and New Alternative, which is now called Blue Reform. Despite the name changes, we believe that it is the same party in different clothing. Both factions are hostile to cultural diversity. One is more open about it while the other is more diplomatic.
A direct translation of Perussuomalaiset in English would be something like “basic” or “fundamental Finn.” Official translations of the Finnish name of the party, such as Finns Party or True Finns, promote in our opinion nativist nationalism and racism. We, therefore, at Migrant Tales prefer to use in our postings the Finnish name of the party once and after that the acronym PS.
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Q:
Select records where every record in one-to-many join matches a condition
How can I write a SQL query that returns records from table A only if every associated record from table B matches a condition?
I'm working in Ruby, and I can encode this logic for a simple collection like so:
array_of_A.select { |a| a.associated_bs.all? { |b| b.matches_condition? } }
I am being generic in the construction, because I'm working on a general tool that will be used across a number of distinct situations.
What I know to be the case is that INNER JOIN is the equivalent of
array_of_A.select { |a| a.associated_bs.any? { |b| b.matches_condition? } }
I have tried both:
SELECT DISTINCT "A".* FROM "A"
INNER JOIN "B"
ON "B"."a_id" = "A"."id"
WHERE "B"."string' = 'STRING'
as well as:
SELECT DISTINCT "A".* FROM "A"
INNER JOIN "B"
ON "B"."a_id" = "A"."id"
AND "B"."string' = 'STRING'
In both cases (as I expected), it returned records from table A if any associated record from B matched the condition. I'm sure there's a relatively simple solution, but my understanding of SQL just isn't providing it to me at the moment. And all of my searching thru SO and Google has proven fruitless.
A:
I would suggest the following:
select distinct a.*
from a inner join
(
select b.a_id
from b
group by b.a_id
having min(b.string) = max(b.string) and min(b.string) = 'string'
) c on a.id = c.a_id
Alternatively:
select distinct a.*
from a inner join b on a.id = b.a_id
where not exists (select 1 from b c where c.a_id = a.id and c.string <> 'string')
Note: In the above examples, only change the symbols a and b to the names of your tables; the other identifiers are merely aliases and should not be changed.
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Following on from last week’s blog about Lana Kane, this week I want to discuss one of my other favourite Archer characters, Pam Poovey.
When I watched Archer for the first time I initially wrote Pam off as just another ‘fat girl’ stereotype. She’s the head of HR at ISIS (International Secret Intelligence Service) and seems to take her job seriously, but given that none of her co-workers take her seriously her effectiveness is limited.
Once the show got off the ground Pam slowly got more and more badass. They hint in episode two that she’s bisexual when she watches Lana walking past–
Cheryl: …are you totally just gay for her?
Pam: I’m the Human Recources Director, little miss ‘hostile work environment’.
Cheryl: [whispers] she’s riddled with herpes.
Pam: Hey! Innapropriate workplace topic! … and also a dealbreaker.
She gets steadily more inappropriate from here, egged on by Cheryl who’s just plain nuts. The episode Skytanic begins the long-running trope of Pam and Cheryl turning up unexpectedly on away missions; over the run of the show they’ve snuck aboard a ridged airship, a space shuttle and a submarine. In Skytanic, Cheryl tricks Pam into sneaking aboard the airship and at first she’s angry about it, but her attitude toward these things completely changes by the end of the season.
The episode that I see as being Pam’s real turning point, in the eyes of both her co-workers and the audience, is season two episode ten – El Secuestro. It begins with Pam and Cheryl walking to work and being attacked by a bunch of guys in balaclavas. They’re trying to kidnap Cheryl but grab Pam by mistake. Cheryl is then forced to reveal to her co-workers that she is in fact an heiress, and hires ISIS to protect her and recue Pam. Pam, to her credit, copes with being kidnapped fairly well.
Kidnapper 1: [Looking at Pam’s identification] You idiot! This isn’t Cheryl Tunt!
Pam: That’s what I’ve been trying to tell ya, between this little gal’s love taps.
[Kindapper 2 punches her in the face]
Pam: Seriously, maybe see if your daddy will give you a roll of nickels.
Kidnapper 1: First of all, how are you still even conscious?
Pam: [Laughing] How do ya think I paid for college?
[Flashback to a few years ago, Pam is wearing a white tank top and is splattered with blood. She’s counting money.]
Pam: Two-sixty, two-eighty, and Jackson makes three. And sorry about your homie…homies.
[Camera pans out to show Pam surrounded by a bunch of tough looking dudes, and a body covered with a sheet at her feet.]
Yeah, Pam kicked arse at underground fighting to pay her way through higher education.
Anyway, when Mallory tells the kidnappers that she’ll only give them $5000 for their hostage they decide they should probably kill Pam, until she convinces them that she’s the only person who can help them kidnap Cheryl. Once they break into the ISIS underground car park they make like they’re going to shoot her again, but Pam keeps her cool.
Kidnapper: Hey, thanks for getting us inside, Pam. Somebody shoot her.
Pam: Oh, okay. Then good luck getting past all the biometric scanners. I mean, unless you wanna chop off my fingertips and slice out my retinas.
[silence]
Pam: Oh, don’t be dicks.
Instead once they break into the building, the kidnappers decide to use Pam as a hostage/human shield.
Kidnapper: Drop your weapons or she dies!
[Archer, Lana and Ray raise their weapons higher and take aim]
Pam: Oh, seriously?!
This leads to a firefight. All of the kidnappers die except for the one holding on to Pam. He steps back and raises his hands in surrender, but Pam has finally had enough. She snaps the guy’s neck.
Pam: Do you people even give a shit? Cheryl’s dumb ass gets me kidnapped and the shit kicked out of me all day and nobody even tries to rescue me?!
Ray: Archer’s fault.
Archer: Shut up.
Pam: YOU shut up! Mr ‘Pam’s not worth it’! Then you stupid a-holes shoot a jillion stupid a-hole bullets at me.
Mallory: Not me! I wasn’t shooting!
Pam: Aaaand YOU! [Pam advances on Mallory, poking a finger into her chest] The worst of the bunch.
Mallory: Me? Why me?
Pam: Five thousand measly dollars?
Mallory: Well, maybe I low-balled him at first but I had some wiggle room!
Pam: Yeah? Well let’s see how much you wiggle when I’m whippin’ five thousand bucks of your ass!
Lana: Hey, woah!
Archer: Lana, let her have this one.
Mallory: Sterling! Anybody?
Pam: Yeah? Anybody? [Pam pulls off her tank top, revealing a Lord Byron poem tattooed across her back] Anybody want a piece of this?
[Long pause]
Lana: Nope.
This is the episode where all of the tiresome fat jokes directed at Pam finally turn around- Pam is a certifiable badass, and she only gets more awesome as the series continues.
Aside from having sex with everyone in the core cast, and Archer saying that she is the best he’s ever been with, Pam also has a rich life outside of the office, which you rarely get to see for secondary characters.
In season three, episode seven, Drift Problem, Archer gets a supped-up Dodge Challenger for his birthday. When it goes missing he asks Lana for help infiltrating the gangs that steal the best cars in the city, but it turns out that Pam knows way more about this topic than anyone else. Why? Because Pam races drift cars with the Yakuza. Not only does Archer have to pretend to be Pam’s subordinate, he has to trust her to rescue them by driving like a pro.
By this point she’s finally able to come out of her shell and, like all of the other characters, finally be herself. Pam is confident in herself as a sexual being, something which Mallory struggles with. In season three, episode ten, Crossing Over, Mallory is upset because she never gets to go out anywhere with her boyfriend Burt Reynolds (yes, really). Apparently she thinks it’s because he’s ashamed to be seen with her, and he wants to keep their relationship quiet. During this episode Pam is going through the same thing with Archer, but she doesn’t mind at all.
Pam: My point is, if you’re confident in yourself as a woman, who cares if he wants to keep it on the D.L?
Mallory: Well, yes, but…
Pam: But nothin’, because who’s to say you’re not using him for sex?
Mallory: Pam, don’t take this the wrong way, but you’re not nearly as stupid as you look.
Pam then goes to see Archer again, but she lays down some ground rules. We don’t know what they are, but that she has no trouble with a secret friends-with-benefits relationship and she’s able to keep Archer in line shows remarkable fortitude and self-possession.
Still, you can’t have a character who’s only identifiers are being the tough and sexually-adventurous fat chick who makes gross-out jokes. Really good character depth comes from vulnerability and insight, which we get to see in season five, the Archer: Vice series. In this series ISIS gets shut down by the government, so they decide to try running cocaine. Unfortunately, Pam gets hooked on their product. Her cocaine addiction causes rapid weight loss, but it doesn’t properly get talked about until episode five, Southbound and Down.
This episode is one of my favourites for a number of reasons. Firstly, it’s a parody of one of Archer’s favourite movies, Smokey and the Bandit. When they have to drive a tour bus from New York to Texas in 24 hours, Archer buys a Trans Am for a blocker car and dresses up like Burt Reynolds. They get chased by bikers and cops. Cheryl (now called Shirleen) sings ‘Eastbound and Down.’ It’s beautiful.
Secondly, while Archer and Pam are trying to outrun the cops in the blocker car, they have this beautifully written exchange.
Pam: Oh my God, I can’t feel my face.
Archer: Gee Pam, I wonder if that’s got anything to do with your cocaine only diet.
Pam: Well…It’s a small price to pay for beauty.
[…]
Archer: Back up a sec. You’re endangering your life for beauty?
Pam: Yes. Duh! Look, how hot am I now? Let me answer that for you: AS BALLS. That’s why everybody likes me now.
Archer: Who, your trucker buddies? They only like you because you have coke, Pam.
Pam: Well, and the snowballs, but…
Archer: And for what it’s worth, we all kinda liked you the way you were.
Pam: Really?
Archer: Well, we hated you less. You’ve kinda turned into a ginormous asshole.
Pam: Yeah, with ginormous big tittays!
Archer: Pam, who cares? That’s just subcutaneous adipose tissue. Albeit a shitload of it. But I can’t bang you if you die from an overdose.
Pam: Aw, you wanna bang me?
Pam spends the rest of the season addicted to coke or, as she calls herself, ‘a cocaine enthusiast.’ She becomes skinnier and more emaciated until finally, in the next season she goes to a therapist and kicks the cocaine habit. She replaces it with food and sex, so really she’s back at square one, but at least she’s not endangering her life.
We also get hints throughout the series about Pam’s childhood growing up on a dairy farm. Aside to numerous references to Poovey farms cropping up throughout the show, in the final episode of the Vice season Pam helps Lana give birth in a war zone, because she has helped plenty of cows (and her sister) give birth in a barn.
We get to learn more about Pam’s family in season six, episode four Edie’s Wedding. The episode begins with Pam crying because her sister is getting married and she asked Pam to be a bridesmaid. Pam is upset because she has no date. This wouldn’t normally be a problem for our self-assured Pam but, as we come to empathise through the episode, going back home to the people who judged you throughout your vulnerable teen years can make you feel fragile all over again. Archer volunteers to go with her to the wedding with barely any prompting, because Pam is his friend and she’s visibly upset.
Unfortunately, when Archer and Pam get to Wisconsin, Pam and her sister Edie revert to the same roles they had as teens- with Edie tearing shreds off of Pam and Pam not being able to defend herself. But, right before the rehearsal dinner, Pam gets kidnapped by Barry (a cyborg working for the Russians who has a vendetta against Archer). When Archer and Edie eventually find Pam, Barry has strung her up with ropes in an old grain barn. While Barry is beating the crap out of Archer, Pam asks her sister for help.
Pam: Edie! Cut me down!
Edie: Oh boy, where to start… Even in a new dress, you still look like ten pounds of shit in a five pound bag. The whole town thinks you’re a giant asshole for moving to New Your City.
Archer: [while being thrown around by Barry] You can just say New York.
Edie: Oh, and Dad was right, you’ll never find a husband unless you convince a blind man that you’re a seeing-eye pig.
Pam: [Sobbing] I meant cut me down from here!
Edie: Yeah. Duh.
Barrie: [While trying to crush Archer’s skull with his bare hands.] Yeah, but you know you’re no prize, right?
Edie: Excuse me?
Edie then tackles Barry, who easily overpowers her and begins to strangle the life out of her. Using sheer strength and willpower, Pam manages to literally break out of her bonds, pick up a shotgun and shoot Barry in the chest and face, rescuing her sister. Edie doesn’t thank them. She just tells Pam, yet again, that she’ll never find a husband.
The end of the episode, however, is sweet. Edie gets a phone call saying that the wedding is off, because her fiancé got tired of waiting for her at the rehearsal dinner and wound up getting a blow job from Midge Olerude (Edie’s best friend, and the girl who did the same to a guy Pam liked back in high school just to upset her).
Pam is finally happy. So is Archer.
Yes, Pam could try rising above her awful sister’s behaviour and hurtful barbs, but Pam isn’t written to be perfect. The writers for Archer begin with awful people as characters and have them very slowly overcome their flaws, but also try and explain their flaws to a certain extent. They also begin with stereotypes (the sad fat woman, the angry black woman, the deranged scientist, the sassy gay man, the man-child with mummy issues) and then set out to subvert them. These methods create compelling, layered characters that keep the show interesting for seven seasons and beyond.
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Chiara Mingarelli
Chiara Mingarelli is an Italian-Canadian astrophysicist who researches gravitational waves at the Flatiron Institute Center for Computational Astrophysics. She is a science writer and communicator.
Education
Mingarelli grew up in Ottawa, Canada. She completed a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Carleton University, Canada, in 2006. She moved to the University of Bologna to study for a Masters in Astrophysics and Cosmology, which she achieved in 2009. Mingarelli's PhD thesis "Gravitational Wave Astrophysics with Pulsar Timing Arrays", was selected by Springer Nature as an Outstanding PhD thesis in 2016. She earned her PhD at the University of Birmingham with Alberto Vecchio in 2014.
Research
Mingarelli is a gravitational wave astrophysicist attempting to understand the merging of supermassive black holes. Mingarelli predicts the nanohertz gravitational wave signatures of such mergers. She will measure them using pulsar timing arrays, which can characterise the cosmic merger history of binary black hole systems. The systems emit nanohertz gravitational waves. After completing her PhD, Mingarelli was awarded a European Union Marie Curie International Fellowship, which she brought to the California Institute of Technology. There she continued to work on gravitational waves. At Caltech she taught students in the Gravitational Wave Astrophysics school about Pulsar Timing Arrays. Mingarelli spent the return phase of the Marie Curie Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy. She is regularly an invited speaker at scientific conferences.
Public engagements
Mingarelli appeared on Stargazing Live in 2012. She was featured on the BBC Radio Cambridgeshire show The Naked Scientists. In 2013 the Royal Astronomical Society selected Mingarelli as a Voice of the Future, and she attended an interview session at the House of Commons. She regularly appears on science themed podcasts and video series. She has been involved with Amy Poehler's Smart Girls, as a blogger and interviewee. After the first detection of gravitational waves, Mingarelli was featured in The New York Times. She has contributed to popular science journals, including Scientific American, Nautilus, The Wall Street Journal, Gizmodo, Wired and the New Scientist. Mingarelli maintains a social media presence on sites such as Twitter, where she is an advocate for "science, coffee and girl power".
References
Category:Living people
Category:Italian astrophysicists
Category:Canadian astrophysicists
Category:Italian women scientists
Category:Canadian women scientists
Category:Science communicators
Category:21st-century Italian scientists
Category:21st-century Canadian scientists
Category:21st-century women scientists
Category:Carleton University alumni
Category:University of Bologna alumni
Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Category:California Institute of Technology faculty
Category:Italian science writers
Category:Canadian science writers
Category:Women science writers
Category:21st-century Italian women writers
Category:21st-century Canadian women writers
Category:21st-century Italian writers
Category:21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
Category:Canadian women non-fiction writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Hello Everyone. I am new here today! I own 2 dogs. Resse is a chocolate Lab and she is about 9 years old. Great dog the best I have ever owned. I also have a new English Bulldog Puppy. Her name is Lexi. She is about 12 weeks old. She is very cute. I have been looking for a group to help out with those little problems that you just need a little advice for. I came across your group and it looks like just what I needed!
Momsloope and Nicker,welcome to our Forum
Yes,you'll find info,support and a lot of animal-lovers here,also people who rescue,foster and do anything they can to save animals in need.
Moms,you know we have to see pics and I am dying to see your little English Bulldog,love them little clowns
If that's your little darling in your avatar, yes we definitely need more (and bigger) pics of Lexi when you are able! And there are a lot of lab-lovers on board, too, so you'd better start picking out your favorites of Resse to share, too! hazel is so demanding, isn't she?
Enjoy your stay! Looking forward to hearing all about Lexi and Resse.
__________________
"We are--each of us--dying; it's how we live in the meantime that makes the difference."
"It's not what you gather, but what you scatter that tells what kind of life you have lived!"
"Be kinder than necessary, for everyone you meet is fighting some kind of battle."
Hi there, I'm new to this group too. I've been reading thru the threads and I must say out of all the online dog groups I've joined this one by far seems the friendliest!
So from one newbie to another welcome!
Welcome momsloopy. You will probably have to post a bit more before you can put pics on. Somewhere around 7 or 8 posts and/or 24 hours. But when you can there is a manage attachments at the bottom of the page under additional options. It is quite easy to use.
Hope you enjoy your stay! Congrats on the new little one.
__________________
Assumptions do nothing but make an ass out of u and me.
We can stick our heads in the sand for only so long before it starts choking us. Face it folks. The pet population is bad ALL OVER THE WORLD!
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Q:
Firebase push notification must open secondactivity
I am trying to develop Push notification using FCM.I am able to get notification on my device and on clicking notification ,app opens MainActivity page(activity_main.xml) but it should open SecondActivity.java(second.xml) directly and also it must display notification message in Textview.
Here is my code-
MainActivity.java
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private static final String TAG="MainActivity";
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button BtnshowToken=(Button)findViewById(R.id.buttonshowtoken);
BtnshowToken.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String token= FirebaseInstanceId.getInstance().getToken();
Log.d(TAG,"Token: "+token);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,token,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
}
MyFirebaseInstanceIDService.java
public class MyFirebaseInstanceIDService extends FirebaseInstanceIdService {
private static final String TAG="MyFirebaseInsIDService";
@Override
public void onTokenRefresh() {
//get updated token
String refreshedToken= FirebaseInstanceId.getInstance().getToken();
Log.d(TAG,"New Token: "+refreshedToken);
}
}
MyFirebaseMessagingService.java
public class MyFirebaseMessagingService extends FirebaseMessagingService{
private static final String TAG="MyFirebaseMsgService";
@Override
public void onMessageReceived(RemoteMessage remoteMessage) {
Log.d(TAG, "FROM:" +remoteMessage.getFrom());
//Check if msg contains data
if(remoteMessage.getData().size() > 0){
Log.d(TAG, "Message data: "+remoteMessage.getData());
}
//Check if msg contains notification
if(remoteMessage.getNotification()!=null){
Log.d(TAG,"Message body: "+remoteMessage.getNotification().getBody());
sendNotification(remoteMessage.getNotification().getBody());
}
}
//Display notification
private void sendNotification(String body){
Intent intent=new Intent(this,SecondActivity.class);
intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
PendingIntent pendingIntent=PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0/*Request code*/, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_ONE_SHOT);
//Set sound of notification
Uri notificationsound= RingtoneManager.getDefaultUri(RingtoneManager.TYPE_NOTIFICATION);
NotificationCompat.Builder notifiBuilder=new NotificationCompat.Builder(this)
.setSmallIcon(R.mipmap.ic_launcher)
.setContentTitle("Firebase Cloud Messaging")
.setContentText(body)
.setAutoCancel(true)
.setSound(notificationsound)
.setContentIntent(pendingIntent);
NotificationManager notificationManager=(NotificationManager)getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
notificationManager.notify(0/*Id of notification*/,notifiBuilder.build());
}
}
SecondActivity.java
public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
TextView tv;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
tv=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.tv2);
}
}
activity_main.xml
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin" tools:context=".MainActivity">
<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="200dp"
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="151dp"
android:src="@drawable/firebase"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Show Token"
android:id="@+id/buttonshowtoken"
android:layout_below="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="49dp" />
</RelativeLayout>
second.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tv2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="250dp"
android:textSize="20dp"/>
</LinearLayout>
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.abc.firebasenoteg" >
<uses-permission android:name="ANDROID.PERMISSION.INTERNET"/>
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<activity android:name=".SecondActivity"/>
<service
android:name=".MyFirebaseMessagingService"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.google.firebase.MESSAGING_EVENT" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
<service
android:name=".MyFirebaseInstanceIDService"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.google.firebase.INSTANCE_ID_EVENT" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
</application>
</manifest>
A:
you need to ClickListener from server request and add listener name in your manifest intent-action inside your activity.
"notification" : {
"body" : "Body",
"title" : "Titme",
"icon" : "YourIcon"
"click_action" : "YourActivity"
}
<activity
android:name=".SecondActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="YourActivity" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
Hope this is helpful, thanks
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Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa
Believe it or not, furniture plays a large role in turning "home" in a person's "home". It is also the greatest decoration associated with a place, and so, you need to select each of the furniture and individual pieces meticulously. The most widely used furniture in your home is regarded as the certain in your family area, especially your Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa and sofa table. It will be what everyone who relates to your home sees and uses.
Kids will lay on your couch and throw their snacks and drinks on the sofa table; your husband with his fantastic friends can change your sofa and sofa table inside their own private sports bar to observe the action and guests will go back to the couch and arrange their drinks at these tables - they may be completely multifunctional.
History
The using Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa tables goes to the 17th century, and during the 18th and 19th centuries, they took over as trademark of fashion houses throughout Europe and the United States. Exclusive hand crafted pieces from this era will surely attract antique enthusiasts. Initially, the sofa table is frequently duplicated as being a writing desk, as many of the drawers allow storage of pen, ink and paper. While antique sofa tables are manufactured almost exclusively of wood, modern versions often use materials including cheaper metal, glass or synthetic wood.
Design
Thanks to its simple design principles, the sofa table can adapt well to almost any kind of interior decoration. Traditional versions are nevertheless made from wood, but can be customized to match the widely used tropical design kind of homes from your California Arts and Crafts. Newer styles often fit with industrial or modern designs featuring utilitarian motifs and glass tops. The flexibility in the design, as well as the multi-function sofa table, transform it into a popular and lasting furniture across the world.
They are created to rest behind the sofa and they are shaped in the high and narrow manner, allowing to save lots of space. It is possible to locate a coordinated sofa table for virtually any style or design. And the possibility in the storage and using tables definitely positive factors. Most sofa tables have a height between 40-50 inches (102-127 cm). For the convenience in the person sitting, the table is frequently quite narrow, to ensure that he is able to have access to the entire surface.
The comfort of each seat is definitely an subjective measure. Some people love a reasonably strong pillow and back support, although some consider sinking into soft padded cushions that form themselves surrounding you becoming a true sense of comfort. Whatever your personal preference, don't place all of your judgments on the pillow only. How the framework supports exterior padded cushions can be in the same way important, especially as the couches grow older. Where some sofas use traditional coil springs which might be included in the frame in the seating area to look at weight in the occupants, others will use flat, flat steel springs and even webbing which might be stuck during the entire skeleton. The variations in this support method also apply to the back support area and incredibly why the difference from the company along with a soft feel with a sitting position. When you take a seat, if with time your entire seating area is drowned, then areas like behind the knee where they follow the front rail frame profile can be a point of discomfort, which is the reason a much better quality sofa will add extra padding there and even springs that area, which extend living in the sofa.
This Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa wallpaper, is categorized within Sofas. Down load Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa picture with specifications 996×840 pixels (92.68kb) for your desktop background or push on the digital image above to look all digital images of "Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa" by looking around through the thumbnails to view the complete digital image's of "Ashley Furniture Mocha Sofa". You can find numerous photos in high definition resolution which are offered just for you. So, it's good to see the way you discover this web site with a view to alter all of the look of yours into something gorgeous and wonderful. Take your time, learn every single put up on this weblog and inform me what you discover later.
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Autism: Human and Veterinary Medicine Intertwined
It’s not every day that I find an article that truly moves me. Maybe this article struck a heartstring because it deals with two passions that I hold – horses and understanding autism.
Before I had children, I worked on a horse farm. We had a small breeding program and some of the best days on the farm were the foaling days. The anticipation of their birth, the processes that go along with welcoming the new baby into the world, and seeing them playing in the field so soon after their birth was amazing.
That world is now in my past, and I have moved on to the new life which consists of caring for my family to include my autistic son, Cody.
Why on earth am I telling you all of this background? Because an article has brought all of this full circle. You see, every now and again, you get a foal that does not connect with the mother. Just like Cody and myself; Cody and I did not connect for a very long time. Unlike the distance that Cody and I have mustered through to navigate on our own, there is a theory on how to deal with foals that have the same exact problem.
The method, known as “the Madigan Foal Squeeze Procedure” is a quick, simple, yet seemingly effective way to “wake up” the foal to recognize and acknowledge its mother. That to me is a breath of fresh air. Just think – there is a procedure, which is not painful or harmful in any way, that can turn the foals life around in minutes and help the foal to connect with the mother.
Can you imagine if this could have happened for Cody and me? Would his brain be acting differently now and would our entire life be different?
There are many links here that are worthy of researching “and so the research moves forward in both human and veterinary medicine — a strong reminder that although the two-legged and four-legged patients are quite different, their health is delicately intertwined by myriad biological processes that continue to amaze the researchers who go searching for them.”
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Edward Dugmore
Edward Dugmore (February 20, 1915 – June 13, 1996) was an abstract expressionist painter with close ties to both the San Francisco and New York art worlds in the post-war era following World War II. Since 1950 he had more than two dozen solo exhibitions of his paintings in galleries across the United States. His paintings have been seen in hundreds of group exhibitions over the years.
Biography
Edward Dugmore was born in Hartford, Connecticut on February 20, 1915. He underwent traditional art training at the Hartford Art School before going to Kansas City in the summer of 1941 to study with Thomas Hart Benton at the Kansas City Art Institute. He entered the Marine Corps in 1943, and upon his discharge, taught painting and drawing at St. Joseph's College in West Hartford, Connecticut. In 1948, Dugmore took advantage of the G.I. Bill and moved out west to San Francisco to further his studies in art at the California School of Fine Arts. There he studied with Clyfford Still, who was influential on his development, both as an artist and a close friend. Dugmore also became a lifelong friend of fellow student and artist Ernest Briggs. During this time, he co-organized an artists collaborative gallery called the Metart Gallery. In 1951 he moved to Guadalajara, Mexico to study at the University of Guadalajara, where he received his M.F.A. He moved to New York City in 1952 and began exhibiting along with other Abstract Expressionist artists at the Stable Gallery, where he subsequently had three solo exhibitions.
His paintings have been in exhibitions in important museums, institutions and art galleries over the course of eight decades beginning in the 1940s. Some of the museums and institutions in which his paintings have been seen include: Ball State University Museum of Art, Muncie, IN; Greenville County Museum of Art, Greenville, SC; Loyola University Museum of Art, Chicago, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, TX; Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; the New School for Social Research, New York, NY; The Portland Museum of Art, Portland, OR, Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, Utah State University, Logan, UT; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA; American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters; New York University, New York, NY, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA; Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY; The Kansas City Art Institute; The Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, NY; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY; The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Musee A. Lecuyr, Saint-Quentin, France (organized by MoMA); among others.
His work is in the permanent collection of several prominent museums including the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, the Corcoran Gallery in Washington D.C., the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, and the Menil Collection in Houston.
Dugmore received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966, National Endowment for the Arts grants in 1976 and 1985, and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. In 1992 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994.
Edward Dugmore died June 13, 1996 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Chronology
Solo Exhibitions
2014 – Ancient Evenings, Loretta Howard Gallery, New York, NY
2006 – Three Monumental Paintings, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
2003 – Selected Works: Mostly from the 1960s, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
2000 – Selected Works: 1956–1969, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1998 -The Passionate Eye, Joseloff Gallery, University of Hartford, Hartford, CT
1997 – Lennon, Weinberg, New York, NY
1996 – Rena Bransten Gallery, San Francisco, CA
1994 – A Survey of Works on Paper, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1992 – Paintings of the 1960s, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1991 – Anita Shapolsky Gallery, New York, NY
1991 – Burning Bright, Paintings 1950–1959, Manny Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
1990 – The Carlson Gallery, San Francisco, CA
1975 – H. Marc Moyens, Alexandria, VA
1973 – Green Mountain Gallery, New York, NY
1972 – Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA
1965 – M.I.A. Gallery, Great Falls, MT
1965 – Town Wharf Gallery, Blue Hill, ME
1963 – Howard Wise Gallery, New York, NY
1961 – Howard Wise Gallery, New York, NY
1960 – Howard Wise Gallery, Cleveland, OH
1959 – Holland-Goldowsky Gallery, Chicago, IL
1956 – Stable Gallery, New York, NY
1954 – Stable Gallery, New York, NY
1953 – Sheldon Street Studio, Hartford, CT
1953 – Stable Gallery, New York, NY
1950 – Metart Gallery, San Francisco, CA
Selected Public Collections
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Ardsley, NY
Civic Museum and Gallery, Udine, Italy
Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
Housatonic Community College, Stratford, CT
Kresge Art Center, East Lansing, MI
Laguna Beach Museum, Laguna Beach, CA
The Menil Collection, Houston, TX
Portland Art Museum, Portland, OR
San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, CA
University of Guadalajara, Mexico
University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale, IL
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN
Weatherspoon Art Gallery, Greensboro, NC
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA
Awards
1995 – Pollock-Krasner Foundation (Lifetime Achievement Award)
1992 – Ingram Merrill Foundation (Lifetime Achievement Award)
1985 – National Endowment for the Arts Grant
1980 – American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award
1976 – National Endowment for the Arts Grant
1966 – John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship
1962 – M.V. Kohnstamm Award, 65th Annual, Art Institute of Chicago
Teaching
1973–82 – Part-time instructor of painting at Maryland Institute, College of Art, Baltimore, MD
1972 – Visiting Artist, Des Moines Art Center and Drake University, IA
1970 – Visiting Artist, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
1965 – Artist-in-residence at the Montana Institute of Fine Arts under the Auspices of The American Federation of Arts, Great Falls, MT
1964 – 1972 – Part-time instructor of painting at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY
1961 – 1962 – Visiting Artist, University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale, IL
1946 – 1949 – Teacher of painting and drawing, St. Joseph's College, West Hartford, Ct.
References
Bibliography
April Kingsley Suitcase Paintings, Small Scale Abstract Expressionism Georgia Museum of Art, 2007, page
56, plate 41
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) . pp. 110–113
Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) . p. 31; p. 36; pp. 118–121
Nicholas Fox Weber, essay The Passionate Eye – Paintings by Edward Dugmore, published by the Joseloff Gallery, Hartford Art School, 1998
Susan Landauer The San Francisco School of Abstract Expressionism, Laguna Art Museum, 1996
Stuart Shedletsky Still Working: Underknown Artists of Age in America, Parsons School of Design, 1994
Dore Ashton, essay Edward Dugmore, Burning Bright: Paintings 1950–1959, published by Manny Silverman Gallery, 1991
Irving Sandler The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism, Harper and Row, 1970
External links
Manny Silverman Gallery
Archives of American Art, An Oral History Interview with Edward Dugmore, May 13 – June 9 1994
Category:1915 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Abstract expressionist artists
Category:20th-century American painters
Category:American male painters
Category:Artists from New York (state)
Category:Modern painters
Category:University of Hartford alumni
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
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Purely nonlinear disorder-induced localizations and their parametric amplification.
We investigate spatial localization in a quadratic nonlinear medium in the presence of randomness. By means of numerical simulations and theoretical analyses we show that, in the down conversion regime, the transverse random modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility generates localizations of the fundamental wave that grow exponentially in propagation. The localization length is optically controlled by the pump intensity that determines the amplification rate. The results also apply to cubic nonlinearities.
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And I thought only our government could waste so much money on ridiculous projects. I wonder if the people working on it will have their life insurance and health insurance paid for out of the money not used for taxes? This reminds me of the baseball stadium built in Phoenix from tax money that is making money for the owners. :fU:
The stadium in Dayton, Ohio was built on the dole too and has been sold out since opening back in the 90s. The problem is the public has never been able to buy tickets on game days because every last ticket is corporate owned.
The stadium in Dayton, Ohio was built on the dole too and has been sold out since opening back in the 90s. The problem is the public has never been able to buy tickets on game days because every last ticket is corporate owned.
I remember when Seattle built a new stadium. They voted on a state wide tax increase to build it so they could have another sports team, the Seattle Something or Others. So the huge west coast population over powered all the poor schmucks in Spokane 400 miles away on the east side of the state, and built a stadium for a privately owned team with public money. It's actually common practice. The owner of a team wants a new stadium, so he plays major cities against each other. Whoever gives him the most money gets to have the team with their city's name on it. This is capitalism. I had a friend from the Seattle area. He said he thought it was a good idea. I lived in Montana, so I was unaffected.
Government tax coffers still represent a source wealth for the 1%. This is nothing new.
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Zoom/drag the map and click somewhere to calculate the grid square, extended locator, IOTA, DXCC, CQ&ITU zones, etc. Right click for more options.Internet Explorer does not admit floating frames or it's not configured to show them.
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Q:
.htaccess redirect example.com to example.com/admin_panel
I want to redirect from "example.com", "www.example.com", "example2.com" and "www.example2.com" to "https://example.com/admin_panel/", i tried this:
Options -Indexes
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine On
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^www.example2.eu/index\.php
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^www.example.eu/index\.php [OR]
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^example2.eu/index\.php [OR]
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} ^example.eu/index\.php [OR]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.eu/admin_panel/index\.php$1 [L,R=301]
</IfModule>
but it does not work
A:
Your question is vague, since it contains contradictions. For example it is unclear how you want to treat the paths in the requests. Is /index.php a requirement for the rewriting to get applied or not?
Given that little and vague information I can only point you into the rough direction:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example2\.eu$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example2\.eu$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.eu$
RewriteRule ^/?(.*)$ http://www.example.eu/admin_panel/$1 [R=301]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.eu$
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} !^/admin_panel
RewriteRule ^/?(.*)$ http://www.example.eu/admin_panel/$1 [R=301]
Note that I removed the condition testing for the host name "www.example.eu" since it would lead to an endless rewriting rule.
The given code snippet is only meant as a starting point. It should work, but I did not test it myself. It should work likewise from the http servers host configuration or inside dynamic configuration files (".htaccess").
And a general remark: you should always prefer to place such rules in the http servers host configuration instead of using dynamic configuration files (".htaccess"). Those dynamic configuration files add complexity, are often a cause of unexpected behavior, hard to debug and they really slow down the http server. They are only provided as a last option for situations where you do not have access to the real http servers host configuration (read: really cheap service providers) or for applications insisting on writing their own rules (which is an obvious security nightmare).
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Cognitive control of familiarity: directed forgetting reduces proactive interference in working memory.
Proactive interference (PI) occurs when previously learned information interferes with new learning. In a working memory task, PI induces longer response times and more errors to recent negative probes than to new probes, presumably because the recent probe's familiarity invites a "yes" response. Warnings, longer intertrial intervals, and the increased contextual salience of the probes can reduce but not eliminate PI, suggesting that cognitive control over PI is limited. Here we tested whether control exerted in the form of intentional forgetting performed during working memory can reduce the magnitude of PI. In two experiments, participants performed a working memory task with directed-forgetting instructions and the occasional presentation of recent probes. Surprise long-term memory testing indicated better memory for to-be-remembered than for to-be-forgotten items, documenting the classic directed-forgetting effect. Critically, in working memory, PI was virtually eliminated for recent probes from prior to-be-forgotten lists, as compared to recent probes from prior to-be-remembered lists. Thus cognitive control, when executed via directed forgetting, can reduce the adverse and otherwise persistent interference from familiarity, an effect that we attribute to attenuated memory representations of the to-be-forgotten items.
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Is Kyousuke blushing? Is he recovering from the scars of battle… or puberty? Is his acne untreatable? Are my mspaint-editing skills absurdly bad? Tune in on the next episode of ‘this post where I talk about nothing because this chapter talks about nothing’ on the only blog with posts that talk about nothing, O-New~!
This is the sound effect I make when I realize NOTHING HAPPENED THIS CHAPTER. AT ALL.
P.S. The art seems nice at first but all this white space, pointless dramatic speech bubbles, constant changing of nose sizes… sigh.
P.P.S. inb4 ‘lol you can’t say their art sucks because you can’t even draw!’. I say inb4 because nobody’s going to read this post, and for good reason
Yeah, that’s my reaction to this manga. It’s basically porn, but more exploitative, more offending, more perverse, and more meaningless. I don’t think people can even treat this as porn. There’s nothing appealing about this manga at all.
Woah, woah, woah. You didn’t think that I’d publish these 2012 Winter Anime (Preview) posts every other day, did you? When you saw that 2012 Winter Anime (Preview) Part Two, you didn’t think that my 2012 Winter Anime (Preview) Part Three would be published today, did you? Well, guess what? It’s not going to be published today. And I can’t write them every other day. They take too much time. For themselves. They should learn to share all that time they take.
As I said last Ore no Kouhai post, Ore no Kouhai posts are going to just be about life and shit because the manga itself is so stupid.
So here’s an obligatory Densetsu no Yuusha no Densetsu Half Season Review (a.k.a. the Legend of the Legendary Heroes and tl;dw), in my pitiful attempt to write all those posts that I didn’t write, and also to free up disc space because god, I need to free up disc space. I have six episodes of tl;dw in there that are just begging to be finished :(
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Dora Barton
Dora Barton (née Brockbank; 20 January 1880 – 13 September 1966) was an English actress who appeared in films between 1916 and 1938.
She was the daughter of actress Mary Barton and the sister of actress Naomi Barton.
She married actor Anthony Caton Woodville—the son of Richard Caton Woodville Jr. and grandson of Richard Caton Woodville—in 1908 but they later divorced. They had a son, Humphrey Caton Woodville, an entomologist.
Selected filmography
Dr. Wake's Patient (1916)
The Answer (1916)
The Green Orchard (1916)
The House Opposite (1917)
The Infamous Lady (1928)
The Bondman (1929)
The Price of a Song (1935)
The Cardinal (1936)
References
External links
Category:1880 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:English film actresses
Category:English silent film actresses
Category:Actresses from London
Category:20th-century English actresses
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Stories shared on ‘everyday heroes’
DEAR ABBY:
I am a casual reader of your column and saw the June 15 letter from “Lucky Wife of a Hero.” What a refreshing piece it was to read. I know many people write to you with hardships in their lives, but that letter was one of the most uplifting I have read in a long time. It literally made my day.
While “Lucky Wife's” husband's help to her may seem surprisingly simple, it's great to hear about people doing the little things for those they love, and being appreciated in return. Thank you for publishing it.
— U.S. Marine In Japan
DEAR U.S. MARINE: And thank you for writing. In my response to “Lucky Wife,” I asked readers to share their stories of people they have encountered who — like the husband in that letter — are “everyday heroes.” Read on for a sample:
DEAR ABBY:
My life has been touched by several heroes. I became pregnant during my senior year in high school. Because marriage wasn't an option, I placed my son for adoption. In college, I met my husband, and we have raised three children together.
After 35 years, my son, Paul, contacted me. The first hero who stepped up was my husband. Without hesitation, he welcomed Paul into our family.
My next hero was Paul's wife, who offered to share her husband during the holidays. Paul flew from Minnesota to California on Christmas Day to meet me and my family. It was an incredible experience.
It was then that I learned about the two heroes who had taken Paul into their home and their hearts all those years ago and raised him as their own. Paul's adoptive family encouraged him to find us, learn about his birth heritage, and have celebrated every moment of our reunion.
But the greatest hero in my story is Paul. Inspired by the sacrifices of the young men and women who serve our country, he felt compelled to join the Army National Guard and today is serving in Iraq.
Soon my family will travel to Minnesota to meet Paul's adoptive parents and siblings, his wife and his children. My heroes have joined together to enrich my life, and I can't begin to thank each and every one of them.
— Sheri In Escondido, Calif.
DEAR ABBY: I haven't seen my “everyday hero” since I was 12, but the way she treated me has made a huge difference in my life.
Annie was a middle-aged woman working for an aeronautics company who gave me my first job when I was 10. She taught me to plant seeds and keep the garden weeded, to stack wood, paint and mow. I felt proud being able to earn my own money. Even more important, Annie gave me a safe place to go, an adult I could talk to and the conviction that if you work hard enough, you'll be rewarded.
I'm almost 30 now, but I have never forgotten that wonderful woman and what she did for me, and I never will.
— Andi In Tacoma
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Q:
Make user-inputted url into external link in rails
I want users to be able to enter a url and then put a link to that url in my view.
Valid inputs could be e.x. https://www.google.com/path, http://www.google.com, www.google.com
Is there are standard rails way to 1) validate that input is a valid url format and 2) convert that third format to http://www.google.com in my views so the external link works?
I don't want to re-invent the wheel if I can avoid it.
A:
Check this out:
validates_format_of :website, :with => URI::regexp(%w(http https))
Source: http://intridea.com/2009/2/18/quick-tip-url-validation-in-rails?blog=company
To format a URL that is missing the protocol (http or https), I would do a before_save hook that prepends it if it's missing:
before_save :format_url
...
def format_url
self.website = "http://#{self.website}" unless self.website[/^https?/]
end
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