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Pylyp Omelyanovych Kozytskiy (; 23 October, 1893 – 27 April, 1960) was a Soviet and Ukrainian composer, musicologist, professor, head of the department of history of music at the Kyiv Conservatory, and Honored Art Worker of the Ukrainian SSR (1943). Greatly influenced by expressionism, Kozytsky's musical works are a mixture of elements of Ukrainian folk music with social and patriotic characteristics, strongly rooted to the national school of classical music of Ukraine established by Mykola Lysenko. Life Kozytskiy was born in Letychivka and studied at the Kyiv Theological Academy from 1917 and at the Kyiv Conservatory from 1920, under Boleslav Yavorsky and Reinhold Glière. Between 1918-1924, he taught at the Lysenko Music and Drama Institute in Kyiv, the Kharkiv Music and Drama Institute from 1925 to 1935, and the Kyiv Conservatory. From 1938 to 1941 he worked as artistic director for the Ukrainian State Philharmonic (during the German-Soviet war). Kozytskyi's adopted daughter Gulya Korolyova was a popular child actress in the 1930s. After she died in action in 1942, she was glorified as one of the Soviet official martyrs for the Fatherland. A founding member of the Leontovych Music Society, Kozytskyi was also head of the Union of Soviet Composers of Ukraine from 1952 to 1956, and president of the Choral Society of the Ukrainian SSR from 1959 up to his death in 1960. Kozytskiy died in Kyiv on 27 April 1960, and is buried in the Baikove Cemetery. Musical works Operas Unknown Soldier (1934) Jean Giradin (1937) For the Fatherland (1943) - For symphony orchestra Cantatas In memory of the Bolsheviks (1951) - For choir a cappella Hello, Spring (1952) - For children's choir Symphony orchestra Kozak Holota (1925) - Suite Partisan's Daughter (1938) - Poem Variations on a theme of the folk song Kupala (1925) - For String Quartet Variations on a theme of the Bashkirs (1943) Piano Pages of Childhood (1913) 7 Preludes - For voice and piano, with words by P. Tychyna, and R. Tagore Choir Spring Oratorio (1921) Eight Preludes Songs (1924) Brave Navy (1925) - Diptych, with words by Pavlo Tychyna Eight Ukrainian folk stories (1936) We are the country of Soviet children (1952) Green kudryavchik (1954) Romances Song of Yakir - With words by Volodymyr Sosiura Music for plays The King is amused by Victor Hugo (1927) - For the Berezil Theater Sava Chalyi by Nikolai Gogol (1927) Bridgehead by Miroslav Irchan (1932) Music for movies Stozhary (1939) Kuban (1939) Literary works History of Ukrainian Music (Kyiv, 1922) The mass singing. Allowance for amateur choir (Kharkiv, 1927) Bedrich Smetana (Kyiv, 1949) Scientific studies and articles on the works of Mykola Leontovych, Kyrylo Stetsenko, Borys Lyatoshynsky, Bedřich Smetana and others. (Kyiv, 1952) Taras Shevchenko and musical culture (Kyiv, 1959) Singing and Music Academy in Kyiv in 300 years of its existence (Kyiv, 1971) The stepfather of the heroine of the Great Patriotic War Guli Queen Awards and honors Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labour (June 30, 1951) Honored Art Worker of the Ukrainian SSR (1943) Notes References Attribution This article is based on the translation of the corresponding article of the Ukrainian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there in the History section. 1893 births 1960 deaths People from Cherkasy Oblast People from Kiev Governorate Kiev Theological Academy alumni Academic staff of Kyiv Conservatory Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Male classical composers Soviet male classical composers Soviet music educators Soviet musicologists Soviet opera composers Ukrainian classical composers Ukrainian music educators Ukrainian musicologists Ukrainian opera composers Burials at Baikove Cemetery
From 1951 to 1966 the United States Air Force deployed thousands of personnel and hundreds of combat aircraft to France to counter the buildup of the Soviet Armed Forces in Eastern Europe. The Cold War escalated into the attempted seizure of West Berlin during 1948. This convinced the western nations to form a common defense organization. Discussions led to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO's defense strategy came to incorporate land, sea, and air forces. Due to the vulnerability of West Germany to Soviet attack, USAF planners did not want any new tactical air units moved into the U.S. Zone of Occupation there. By 1950, the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) wanted all tactical air units to be located west of the Rhine River to provide greater air defense warning time. France agreed to provide air base sites. Between 1950 and 1967 the United States Air Force operated 11 major air bases in France. There were other communications sites, NATO Dispersed Operating Bases, Sub-Depots and minor facilities at several French Airports, such as Orly Airport and Marseille Provence Airport. The United States Army also established a significant presence in France, and was responsible for much air base construction and maintenance. France was a founding member of NATO which came into existence on 24th August 1949. The first non French NATO tenant in France was the 1630th Air Base Squadron of the USAF Military Air Transport Service, activated in June 1950 at Paris - Orly Air Base. On 28 February 1958 the official name of Orly Air Base was changed to Orly Airport and most MATS flights were routed to Chateauroux Air Depot. After 15 years of U.S. Air Force presence, French President Charles de Gaulle decided to evict non French NATO forces from France. On 7 March 1966, he announced that France would withdraw from NATO's integrated military structure. He gave foreign NATO forces one year to depart France. Prior to this he refused to store nuclear weapons from other countries on French soil. The State Department, the United States Department of Defense, and Air Force carefully managed the news about the American departure from France, and the attendant problems of an integrated NATO air defense for western Europe and the decrease in tactical airpower. Due to the U.S. media focus on the Vietnam War, the removal of foreign, mainly US, NATO forces from France went virtually unreported in the US. During 1966-67 all USAF offices and facilities in France were closed and personnel and equipment moved. The last USAFE activities were the 1630th Air Base Squadron at Orly Airport and the Paris Administration Office. Both were closed in June 1967. On 23 October 1967, all foreign flags were furled and after 17 years the last foreign NATO forces departed France. Today most of the old USAF air bases in France are being used by the French military and are not accessible to tourists. References Further reading Endicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. CD-ROM. McAuliffe, Jerome J. (2005). US Air Force in France 1950–1967. San Diego, California: Milspec Press . Menard, David W. (1998) Before Centuries: USAFE Fighters, 1948–1959. Howell Press Inc. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. . USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present Installations of the United States Air Force in France Airports in France fr:Liste des bases de l'OTAN en France
Birch Tree is a city in southwest Shannon County, Missouri, United States. The population was 541 at the 2020 census. History A post office called Birch Tree has been in operation since the 1860s. The community was named for a grove of birch trees near the original town site. Geography Birch Tree is located in the Missouri Ozarks in southwestern Shannon County. The city is on US Route 60 approximately 11 miles east of Mountain View in adjacent Howell County and 8.5 miles west of Winona. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 679 people, 298 households, and 167 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 347 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.78% White, 0.29% Black or African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.74% Asian, 3.09% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.92% of the population. There were 298 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 38.9 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 17.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 634 people, 276 households, and 170 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 323 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.11% White, 0.32% African American, 2.05% Native American, 0.79% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.58% of the population. There were 276 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.95. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $14,236, and the median income for a family was $18,182. Males had a median income of $16,932 versus $14,531 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,695. About 38.3% of families and 46.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 59.2% of those under age 18 and 41.7% of those age 65 or over. Education Mountain View-Birch Tree R-III School District operates Birch Tree Elementary School in the community. The town has a lending library, the Birch Tree City Library. Notable people Mel Carnahan, Governor of Missouri (1993–2000), the only person to be posthumously elected to the U.S. Senate; born in Birch Tree. Bob Holden, Governor of Missouri (2001–2005); raised in Birch Tree. References External links Historic maps of Birch Tree in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri Cities in Shannon County, Missouri Cities in Missouri
Hans Louis Trefousse (December 18, 1921, Frankfurt/Main, Germany – January 8, 2010, Staten Island, New York was a German-born American author and historian of the Reconstruction Era and World War II. He was a long time professor (and professor emeritus) at Brooklyn College, from 1950 to 1998. He also taught as a distinguished professor of history at City University of New York. Early and military life Trefousse was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States in 1935 (at age 13) as his parents fled the increasingly totalitarian Nazi regime. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from New York City College in 1942. He then enlisted in the U.S. Army, where he served as an intelligence officer in World War II, using his fluent German to interrogate German soldiers. He also participated in the Liberation of Paris, and in Leipzig saved hundreds of lives by arguing for 11 hours with a Nazi commander holed with many troops, convincing him to surrender to Allied forces. Using his GI Bill benefits, Trefousse studied history at Columbia University, receiving his M.A. in 1947 and Ph.D. in 1950. He married Rachelle Friedlander two years later, and they had a son and daughter who survived them. Career Trefousse initially was interested in diplomatic history, and his first book, based on his dissertation, was German and American Neutrality, 1939–1941. After encountering racist incidents in New York City, he switched focuses, publishing a biography, Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! (1957), detailing the military governor's harsh but efficient administration of New Orleans, Louisiana, after its surrender to the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. He continued to teach at Brooklyn College and published many books on the Reconstruction era, including biographies of previously maligned Radical Republicans Benjamin F. Wade and Thaddeus Stevens, as well as Presidents Andrew Johnson and Rutherford B. Hayes. Some historians consider his most influential book The Radical Republicans: Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial Justice (1969), which disagreed with the dominant historical narrative of the time regarding Reconstruction, arguing instead that Reconstruction was a failed attempt "to bring racial justice to the South." In total Trefousse authored over twenty books. He gained media attention during Bill Clinton's impeachment for drawing comparisons to Johnson's impeachment. Books German and American Neutrality, 1939–1941 (1951) Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (1953) Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! (1957) The Cold War (1965) The Radical Republicans: Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial Justice (1969) Reconstruction: America's First Effort at Racial Democracy (1971) Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction (1975) Carl Schurz: A Biography (1982) Pearl Harbor: The Continuing Controversy (1982) Andrew Johnson (1989). W. W. Norton & Company. Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction (1991) Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (1997) Rutherford B. Hayes (2002) "First Among Equals": Abraham Lincoln's Reputation During His Administration (2005) Further reading Andreas W. Daum, "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Andreas W. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, , 1‒52. References External links 1921 births 2010 deaths Historians of the Reconstruction Era Expatriate academics in the United States Jewish historians City College of New York alumni Writers from New York City Brooklyn College faculty City University of New York faculty Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States Ritchie Boys
105–123 St Mark's Road in the London Borough of Kensington, are Grade II listed houses with Historic England. They were built between 1977 and 1979 and designed by Jeremy and Fenella Dixon. References 1979 in London Grade II listed houses in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Houses completed in 1979 North Kensington Postmodern architecture in the United Kingdom
Santa Maria Goretti is a neighbourhood (bairro) in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. It was created by Law 2688 from December 25, 1963. Neighbourhoods in Porto Alegre
The Campolongo Pass (, , ) (1875 m) is a high mountain pass in the Dolomites in South Tyrol in Italy. It connects Corvara in the Val Badia and Arabba. The pass can be crossed in winter on skis. Maratona dles Dolomites The Campolongo Pass is the first of seven Dolomites mountain passes riders cross in the annual Maratona dles Dolomites single-day bicycle race. The Campolongo is the only one of the seven passes to be ascended twice. See also List of highest paved roads in Europe List of mountain passes Mountain passes of South Tyrol Campolongo
1830 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. Boxing Events Simon Byrne retains his English championship but no fights involving him are recorded in 1830. Cricket Events No-balls are shown separately on the scorecard for the first time. England Most runs – Fuller Pilch 235 @ 29.37 (HS 70*) Most wickets – Jem Broadbridge 27 (BB 5–?) Curling Establishment of the Orchard Lake Curling Club at Orchard Lake, Michigan; it is the first curling club in the United States and uses hickory block stones Horse racing England 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Charlotte West 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Augustus The Derby – Priam The Oaks – Variation St. Leger Stakes – Birmingham Rowing Events 10 August — the Wingfield Sculls, amateur championship of the River Thames, is founded at the instigation of barrister Henry Colsell Wingfield and raced from Battersea to Hammersmith. The Boat Race The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not held this year References Bibliography Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970 Sports by year
Trysil is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Østerdalen. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Innbygda. Other villages in the municipality include Nybergsund, Østby, and Tørberget. The municipality is the 15th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Trysil is the 150th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,603. The municipality's population density is and its population has decreased by 2.2% over the previous 10-year period. General information On 1 January 1838, the prestegjeld of Trysil was established as a civil municipality (see formannskapsdistrikt law). In 1880, the Osneset area of western Trysil (population: 302) was transferred to the neighboring municipality of Åmot. On 1 January 1911, the northern part of the municipality (population: 291) was separated to join the new Engerdal Municipality. There were also some minor boundary adjustments west of the lake Osensjøen in 1943 and again in 1964 when some areas were transferred from Elverum Municipality to Trysil. Name The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Trysil farm which was most likely the original name of the current ("the vicarage"), where the first Trysil Church was built. The first element possibly comes from the name of a local river, . The meaning of the river name is unknown. The last element is which means "quiet stretch of a river". Prior to 1906, the name was spelled . Coat of arms The coat of arms was granted on 21 October 1991. The official blazon is "Azure, two ski poles issuant from the base pointing up" (). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is two vertical ski poles pointing upwards. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The design is meant to symbolize Trysil in the past, present, and future since skiing has long been an important way of transportation over the years (including the legend of Trysil-Knut), but has more recently become a major tourist attraction. The arms were designed by Bjørn Ellefsæter. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. Churches The Church of Norway has seven parishes () within the municipality of Trysil. It is part of the Sør-Østerdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. History One of the first-known, organized ski races was held here 22 January 1862. Roland Huntford, author of Two Planks and a Passion, describes this race as, "the first truly modern ski race." The famous Norwegian skier Halvard Morgedal won all the competitions that year. The Trysilgutten ski club, founded in 1861, is one of the world's oldest ski clubs. See also the Kiandra snow shoe club. The small village of Nybergsund was bombed by German aviators during World War II on 11 April 1940, when King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav were there. Economy Farming and logging are traditionally the most important occupations in the municipality, and there are many wood related industries. The Trysilelva river was the last river in Norway with traditional timber floating. There is extensive wildlife, including a large moose population. Trysilfjellet is the largest winter sports centre in Norway with 65 prepared slopes. Government All municipalities in Norway are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality falls under the Østre Innlandet District Court and the Eidsivating Court of Appeal. Municipal council The municipal council of Trysil is made up of 23 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows: Mayors The mayors of Trysil: 1838–1839: Paul Irgens Dybdahl 1839–1841: Arne Arnesen 1841–1843: Jo Jonsen Lunde 1843–1845: Paul D. Gleditsch 1845–1847: Halvor E. Lunde 1847–1853: Ole Nyhuus, Sr. 1853–1859: Halvor Strandvold 1859–1863: Ola Nyhuus, Jr. 1863–1867: Johan Landgraff 1867–1867: Albert Balchen 1867–1871: Erik Johnsen Kveen 1871–1875: Johan Landgraff 1875–1879: Hans Nysæter 1879–1881: Johan Rønningen (V) 1881–1889: Per Galaasen (V) 1889–1891: Johan Rønningen (V) 1891–1893: Bernhard Holt (V) 1893–1895: Otto Rundfloen (V) 1895–1898: Johan Rønningen (V) 1899–1901: Bernhard Holt (V) 1902–1904: Martin Nyhuus (V) 1905–1919: Halvor Lunde (ArbDem) 1920–1922: Kristian Ingmar Moe (Ap) 1923–1925: John G. Østby (V) 1926–1931: August Aastad (Ap) 1932–1934: John G. Østby (V) 1935–1937: August Aastad (Ap) 1938–1940: Harald Løbak (Ap) 1941–1945: Harald Lunde (NS) 1945–1955: Harald Løbak (Ap) 1956–1963: Engebret Sørli (Ap) 1964–1971: Harald Berget (Ap) 1972–1999: Arvid Nyberg (Ap) 1999–2015: Ole Martin Norderhaug (Ap) 2015–present: Erik Sletten (Sp) Geography Trysil is bordered in the north by the municipalities of Engerdal and Rendalen, in the west by Åmot, and in the southwest by Elverum and Våler. The eastern border of the municipality is bordered in the north, east and south by Sweden. The main village in Trysil is Innbygda, which often is referred to as Trysil. Climate Trysil has a boreal climate (subarctic climate) (Köppen Dfc) with cold winters and warm summers. Mean temperature in January is and in July . The all-time high temperature is recorded 26 July 2008. On 2 March 2005 a low of was recorded, and 13 February 2011 saw a low of . Late winter and spring is the driest season while late summer and autumn is wettest season. The weather station started operating in 1993 and is located near Mosanden Næringspark, about south of Innbygda. Nature Trysil is a great place to explore the Norwegian nature and participating in various outdoor activities like guided trips, river fishing, dog sledge driving, elk safari, night photography, stargazing. This includes a mountain at Norway's largest ski resort, which offers many of the country's most widely acclaimed downhill and slalom slopes. Notable people Axel Smith (1744–1823), a Norwegian priest and topographer Haakon Nyhuus (1866–1913), a Norwegian librarian and encyclopedist Sven Moren (1871–1938), a farmer, poet, playwright, children's writer and politician Olaf L. Olsen (1881–1958), an American legislator and politician Halvor Floden (1884–1956), a schoolteacher, children's writer, novelist, poet and playwright Einar Skjæraasen (1900–1966), an author, poet and political candidate Halldis Moren Vesaas (1907–1995), a Norwegian poet, translator and writer of children's books Sigmund Moren (1913–1996), a philologist, literary critic, theatre critic and children's writer Tormod Haugen (1945–2008), a writer of children's books and translator, winner of the H.C. Andersen prize Jan Axel Blomberg (born 1969), a heavy metal drummer, stage name Hellhammer Sport Karl Magnus Satre (1904–1955) & Paul Ottar Satre (1908–1984), a pair of American ski jumpers and cross-country skiers who competed for the US at the 1936 Winter Olympics Kåre Hatten (1908–1983), a cross-country skier, lumberjack and farmer; competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics Hallgeir Brenden (1929–2007), a Norwegian cross-country skier and steeplechase runner, twice individual gold medallist at the 1956 and 1960 Winter Olympics and twice team silver medallist at the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics Johan Sætre (born 1952), a Norwegian former ski jumper Anita Moen (born 1967), a Norwegian former cross-country skier, five time medallist at the Winter Olympics, three silvers in 1994, 1998, 2002 and two bronzes in 1998 & 2002 Jarl-André Storbæk (born 1978), a footballer with over 500 club caps and 17 for Norway Håvard Storbæk (born 1986), a former footballer with over 300 club caps Kim-Rune Hansen (born 1988), professional snowboarder for Burton Snowboards Sister cities Trysil has sister city agreements with the following places: Sweden: Kil in Värmland County Finland: Laihia in Länsi-Suomi Media gallery See also Scandinavian Mountains Airport References External links Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway Municipal website Tourism website Municipalities of Innlandet Ski areas and resorts in Norway 1838 establishments in Norway
Equus () is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, asses, and zebras. Within the Equidae, Equus is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. Like Equidae more broadly, Equus has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than ruminants but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation. While the domestic horse and donkey (along with their feral descendants) exist worldwide, wild equine populations are limited to Africa and Asia. Wild equine social systems are in two forms; a harem system with tight-knit groups consisting of one adult male or stallion/jackass, several females or mares/jennets, and their young or foals; and a territorial system where males establish territories with resources that attract females, which associate very fluidly. In both systems, females take care of their offspring, but males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other both visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations. Etymology The word is Latin for "horse" and is cognate with the Greek (, "horse") and Mycenaean Greek , the earliest attested variant of the Greek word, written in Linear B syllabic script. Compare the alternative development of the Proto-Greek labiovelar in Ionic (). Taxonomic and evolutionary history The genus Equus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is the only recognized extant genus in the family Equidae. The first equids were small, dog-sized mammals (e.g. Eohippus) adapted for browsing on shrubs during the Eocene, around 54 million years ago (Mya). These animals had three toes on the hind feet and four on the front feet with small hooves in place of claws, but also had soft pads. Equids developed into larger, three-toed animals (e.g. Mesohippus) during the Oligocene and Miocene. From there, the side toes became progressively smaller through the Pleistocene until the emergence of the single-toed Equus. The genus Equus, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens, described as zebra-like with a donkey-like head shape. The oldest material to date was found in Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged E. livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate that the most recent common ancestor of all modern equines (members of the genus Equus) lived ~5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya. Mitochondrial evidence supports the division of Equus species into noncaballoid (which includes zebras and asses) and caballoids or "true horses" (which includes E. caballus and E. ferus przewalskii, alternatively E. przewalskii). Of the extant equine species, the lineage of the asses may have diverged first, possibly as soon as Equus reached the Old World. Zebras appear to be monophyletic and differentiated in Africa, where they are endemic. Members of the subgenus Sussemionus were abundant during the Early and Middle Pleistocene of North America and Afro-Eurasia, but only a single species, Equus ovodovi survived into the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in south Siberia and China, with the youngest remains from China dating to around 3500 BP (1500 BC), during the Shang dynasty. Genetic data from E. ovodovi has placed the Sussemionus lineage as closer to zebras and asses than to caballine horses. Molecular dating indicates the caballoid lineage diverged from the noncaballoids 4 Mya. Genetic results suggest that all North American fossils of caballine equines, as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgenus E. (Amerhippus), belong to E. ferus. Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped together as New World stilt-legged horses (including E. francisci, E. tau, and E. quinni) probably all belong to a second species that was endemic to North America. This was confirmed in a genetic study done in 2017, which subsumed all the specimens into the species E. francisci which was placed outside all extant horse species in the new genus Haringtonhippus, although its placement as a separate genus was subsequently questioned. A separate genus of horse, Hippidion existed in South America. The possible causes of the extinction of horses in the Americas (about 12,000 years ago) have been a matter of debate. Hypotheses include climatic change and overexploitation by newly arrived humans. Horses only returned to the American mainland with the arrival of the conquistadores in 1519. Extant species Prehistoric species Many extinct prehistoric species of Equus have been described. The validity of some of these species is questionable and a matter of debate. For example, Equus niobrarensis is likely synonymous with Equus scotti, while Equus alaskae is most likely the same species as Equus lambei, which itself may be a North American form of the living Equus przewalskii. DNA studies on American horse remains found frozen into permafrost have shown that several of the supposed American species, and the European Equus ferus, are actually one highly-variable widespread species. , as if the evolutionary process of speciation was persistently being frustrated by large herds of the horses moving long distances and mixing, carrying their genes about with them. Equus alaskae - Alaskan horse Equus algericus Equus altidens Equus capensis - Giant zebra Equus conversidens - Mexican horse Equus dalianensis Equus fraternus Equus francisi Equus giganteus - Giant horse Equus lambei - Yukon horse Equus lenensis - Siberian horse Equus latipes Equus mauritanicus - Saharan zebra Equus namadicus Equus neogeus - often placed in a separate genus, Amerhippus Equus niobrarensis - Niobrara horse Equus occidentalis - Western horse Equus ovodovi - Ovodov's horse Equus scotti - Scott's horse Equus semiplicatus Equus simplicidens - Hagerman horse Equus sivalensis - Indian horse Equus stenonis - Stenon zebra Equus yunnanensis - Yunnan horse Domestic species Equus caballus - Domestic Horse Equus asinus - Domestic Donkey Hybrids Equine species can crossbreed with each other. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a male donkey and a female horse. With rare exceptions, these hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey. Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse and a zonkey or zedonk, a hybrid of a zebra and a donkey. In areas where Grévy's zebras are sympatric with plains zebras, fertile hybrids do occur. Ancient DNA identifies the Bronze Age kunga as a cross between the Syrian wild ass and the donkey. Biology Physical characteristics Equines have significant differences in size, though all are characterized by long heads and necks. Their slender legs support their weight on one digit (which evolved from the middle digits). Grévy's zebra is the largest wild species, standing up to and weighing up to . Domesticated horses have a wider range of sizes. Heavy or draft horses are usually at least high and can be as tall as and weigh from about . Some miniature horses are no taller than in adulthood. Sexual dimorphism is limited in equines. The penis of the male is vascular and lacks a bone (baculum). Equines are adapted for running and traveling over long distances. Their dentition is adapted for grazing; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and highly crowned, ridged molars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines ("tushes"), which can be used as weapons in fighting. Equines have fairly good senses, particularly their eyesight. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound. A dun-colored coat with primitive markings that include a dorsal stripe and often leg striping and transverse shoulder stripes reflect the wildtype coat and are observed in most wild extant equine species. Only the mountain zebra lacks a dorsal stripe. In domestic horses, dun color and primitive markings exist in some animals across many breeds. The purpose of the bold black-and-white striping of zebras has been a subject of debate among biologists for over a century, but 2014 evidence supports the theory that they are a form of protection from biting flies. These insects appear to be less attracted to striped coats, and compared to other wild equines, zebras live in areas with the highest fly activity. With the exception of the domestic horses, which have long manes that lay over the neck and long tail hair growing from the top of the tailhead or dock, most equines have erect manes and long tails ending in a tuft of hair. The coats of some equine species undergo shedding in certain parts of their range and are thick in the winter. Ecology and daily activities Extant wild equines have scattered ranges across Africa and Asia. The plains zebra lives in lush grasslands and savannas of Eastern and Southern Africa, while the mountain zebra inhabits mountainous areas of southwest Africa. The other equine species tend to occupy more arid environments with more scattered vegetation. Grévy's zebra is found in thorny scrubland of East Africa, while the African wild ass inhabits rocky deserts of North Africa. The two Asian wild ass species live in the dry deserts of the Near East and Central Asia and Przwelski's wild horse's habitat is the deserts of Mongolia. Only the range of the plains and Grévy's zebras overlap. In addition to wild populations, domesticated horses and donkeys are widespread due to humans. In certain parts of the world, populations of feral horses and feral donkeys exist, which are descended from domesticated animals that were released or escaped into the wild. Equines are monogastric hindgut fermenters. They prefer to eat grasses and sedges, but may also consume bark, leaves, buds, fruits, and roots if their favored foods are scarce, particularly asses. Compared to ruminants, equines have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. After food is passed through the stomach, it enters the sac-like cecum, where cellulose is broken down by micro-organisms. Fermentation is quicker in equines than in ruminants—30–45 hours for a horse compared to 70–100 hours for cattle. Equines may spend 60–80% of their time feeding, depending on the availability and quality of vegetation. In the African savannas, the plains zebra is a pioneer grazer, mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialized grazers such as blue wildebeests and Thomson's gazelles, which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below. Wild equines may spend seven hours a day sleeping. During the day, they sleep standing up, while at night they lie down. They regularly rub against trees, rocks, and other objects and roll in around in dust for protection against flies and irritation. Except the mountain zebra, wild equines can roll over completely. Social behavior Equines are social animals with two basic social structures. Horses, plains zebras, and mountain zebras live in stable, closed family groups or harems consisting of one adult male, several females, and their offspring. These groups have their own home ranges, which overlap and they tend to be nomadic. The stability of the group remains even when the family stallion dies or is displaced. Plains zebra groups gather into large herds and may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing individuals to interact with those outside their group. Among harem-holding species, this behavior has only otherwise been observed in primates such as the gelada and the hamadryas baboon. Females of harem species benefit as males give them more time for feeding, protection for their young, and protection from predators and harassment by outside males. Among females in a harem, a linear dominance hierarchy exists based on the time at which they join the group. Harems travel in a consistent filing order with the high-ranking mares and their offspring leading the groups followed by the next-highest ranking mare and her offspring, and so on. The family stallion takes up the rear. Social grooming (which involves individuals rubbing their heads against each other and nipping with the incisors and lips) is important for easing aggression and maintaining social bonds and status. Young of both sexes leave their natal groups as they mature; females are usually abducted by outside males to be included as permanent members of their harems. In Grévy's zebras and the wild ass species, adults have more fluid associations and adult males establish large territories and monopolize the females that enter them. These species live in habitats with sparser resources and standing water, and grazing areas may be separated. Groups of lactating females are able to remain in groups with nonlactating ones and usually gather at foraging areas. The most dominant males establish territories near watering holes, where more sexually receptive females gather. Subdominants have territories farther away, near foraging areas. Mares may wander through several territories, but remain in one when they have young. Staying in a territory offers a female protection from harassment by outside males, as well as access to a renewable resource. Some feral populations of horses exhibit features of both the harem and territorial social systems. In both equine social systems, excess males gather in bachelor groups. These are typically young males that are not yet ready to establish a harem or territory. With the plains zebra, the males in a bachelor group have strong bonds and have a linear dominance hierarchy. Fights between males usually occur over estrous females and involve biting and kicking. Communication When meeting for the first time or after they have separated, individuals may greet each other by rubbing and sniffing their noses followed by rubbing their cheeks, moving their noses along their bodies and sniffing each other's genitals. They then may rub and press their shoulders against each other and rest their heads on one another. This greeting is usually performed among harem or territorial males or among bachelor males playing. Equines produce a number of vocalizations and noises. Loud snorting is associated with alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but bachelors also squeal while play fighting. The contact calls of equines vary from the whinnying and nickering of the horse and the barking of plains zebras to the braying of asses, Grévy's zebras, and donkeys. Equines also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also incorporate the positions of the head, ears, and tail. An equine may signal an intention to kick by laying back its ears and sometimes lashing the tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth, and abrupt movement of the heads may be used as threatening gestures, particularly among stallions. Reproduction and parenting Among harem-holding species, the adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while in other species, mating is more promiscuous and the males have larger testes for sperm competition. Estrus in female equines lasts 5–10 days; physical signs include frequent urination, flowing muscus, and swollen, everted labia. In addition, estrous females will stand with their hind legs spread and raise their tails when in the presence of a male. Males assess the female's reproductive state with the flehmen response and the female will solicit mating by backing in. Length of gestation varies by species; it is roughly 11–13 months, and most mares come into estrus again within a few days after foaling, depending on conditions. Usually, only a single foal is born, which is capable of running within an hour. Within a few weeks, foals attempt to graze, but may continue to nurse for 8–13 months. Species in arid habitats, like Grévy's zebra, have longer nursing intervals and do not drink water until they are three months old. Among harem-holding species, foals are cared for mostly by their mothers, but if threatened by predators, the entire group works together to protect all the young. The group forms a protective front with the foals in the center and the stallion will rush at predators that come too close. In territory-holding species, mothers may gather into small groups and leave their young in "kindergartens" under the guard of a territorial male while searching for water. Grévy's zebra stallions may look after a foal in his territory to ensure that the mother stays, though it may not be his. Human relations The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to around 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated, and by 2000 BCE, a sharp increase occurred in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable, evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were buried with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE. Studies of variation in genetic material shows that a very few wild stallions, possibly all from a single haplotype, contributed to the domestic horse, mating with many mares in early domesticated herds. Przewalski's horse has been conclusively shown not to be an ancestor of the domestic horse, though the two can hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The split between Przewalskii's horse and E. caballus is estimated to have occurred 120,000–240,000 years ago, long before domestication. Of the caballine equines of E. ferus, E. f. ferus, also known as the European wild horse or "tarpan", shares ancestry with the modern domestic horse. In addition, tarpans that lived into modern times may have been hybridized with domestic horses. Archaeological, biogeographical, and linguistic evidence suggests that the donkey was first domesticated by nomadic pastoral people in North Africa over 5,000 years ago. The animals were used to help cope with the increased aridity of the Sahara and the Horn of Africa. Genetic evidence finds that the donkey was domesticated twice based on two distinct mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. It also points to a single ancestor, the Nubian wild ass. Attempts to domesticate zebras were largely unsuccessful, though Walter Rothschild trained some to draw a carriage in England. Conservation issues Humans have had a great impact on the populations of wild equines. Threats to wild equines include habitat destruction and conflicts with local people and livestock. Since the 20th century, wild equines have been decimated over many of their former ranges and their populations scattered. In recent centuries, two subspecies, the quagga and the tarpan, became extinct. The IUCN lists the African wild ass as critically endangered, Grévy's zebra, the mountain zebra, and Przewalski's horse as endangered, the onager as vulnerable, the plains zebra as near threatened, and the kiang as least concern. Przewalski's horse was considered to be extinct in the wild from the 1960s to 1996. However, following successful captive breeding, it has been reintroduced in Mongolia. Feral horses vary in degree of protection and generate considerable controversy. For example, in Australia, they are considered a non-native invasive species, often viewed as pests, though are also considered to have some cultural and economic value. In the United States, feral horses and burros are generally considered an introduced species because they are descendants from domestic horses brought to the Americas from Europe. While they are viewed as pests by many livestock producers, conversely, a view also exists that E. caballus is a reintroduced once-native species returned to the Americas that should be granted endangered species protection. At present, certain free-roaming horses and burros have federal protection as "living symbols of the historic and pioneer spirit of the West" under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, and in Kleppe v. New Mexico, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the animals so designated were, as a matter of law, wildlife. References External links Mammal genera Extant Calabrian first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Michigan's 16th Senate district is one of 38 districts in the Michigan Senate. The 16th district was created by the 1850 Michigan Constitution, as the 1835 constitution only permitted a maximum of eight senate districts. It has been represented by Republican Joe Bellino since 2023, succeeding fellow Republican Mike Shirkey. Geography District 16 encompasses parts of Hillsdale, Lenawee, and Monroe counties. 2011 Apportionment Plan District 16, as dictated by the 2011 Apportionment Plan, covered Branch, Hillsdale, and Jackson Counties, including the communities of Jackson, Michigan Center, Vandercook Lake, Hillsdale, Jonesville, Coldwater, Bronson, Summit Township, Blackman Township, and Leoni Township. The district was located entirely within Michigan's 7th congressional district, and overlapped with the 58th, 64th, and 65th districts of the Michigan House of Representatives. It bordered the states of Indiana and Ohio. List of senators Recent election results 2018 2014 Federal and statewide results in District 16 Historical district boundaries References 16 Branch County, Michigan Hillsdale County, Michigan Jackson County, Michigan
Abu Mohammed Abdallah al-Ghazwani () (died in 1529) was a Sufi saint from Morocco in the tradition of al-Jazuli and ash-Shadhili. He was the successor of Abdelaziz al-Tebaa. Some two hundred years after his death he became one of the Sabaatou rijales, the seven saints of Marrakesh, an institution founded by al-Yusi at the instigation of sultan Moulay Ismael (1672–1727). Abdallah al-Ghazwani wrote on the idea of the Tariqa Muhammadiyya. Al-Ghazwani combined Ibn Arabi’s and al-Jili’s ideas of the saint's absorption (or annihilation) in the Muslim essence (dhat) with an emphasis on the necessity of the saint's involvement in society. Al-Ghazwani was also renowned for his skill in sinking wells and constructing channels. Notes References Hasan Jallab, Abu Muhammad Abdullah Al Ghazwani, Morocco: Imprimerie et Papeterie Nationale, 2005 (Biography of Al Ghazwani) Moroccan Sufi writers Year of birth unknown 1529 deaths People from Marrakesh 16th-century Moroccan people
Bagmara () is an Upazila of Rajshahi District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Geography Bagmara is located at . It has 57675 households and total area 363.3 km2. Demographics According to 2011 Bangladesh census, Bagmara had a population of 354,664. Males constituted 49.95% of the population and females 50.05%. Muslims formed 95.31% of the population, Hindus 4.65% and others 0.04%. Bagmara had a literacy rate of 46.31% for the population 7 years and above. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Bagmara has a population of 282520. Males constitute 50.01% of the population, and females 49.99%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 147768. Bagmara has an average literacy rate of 52.9% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Administration Bagmara Upazila is divided into Bhawbaniganj Municipality, Tahirpur Municipality, and 16 union parishads: Auchpara, Basupara, Borobihanoli, Dippur, Ganipur, Gobindapara, Gualkandi, Hamirkutsa, Jogipara, Kacharikoalipara, Maria, Nordas, Sonadanaga, Sreepur, Suvodanga, and Zhikra. The union parishads are subdivided into 292 mauzas and 332 villages. Notable residents Abdus Sattar Mondal was Member of Parliament twice for constituencies encompassing Bagmara Upazila. See also Upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh References Upazilas of Rajshahi District
Allahian (, also Romanized as Allāhīān, Eláhīān, Allāhayān, Allāhīyān, Allāhyān, Allayan, Elahīān, and Elahiyan) is a village in Shirin Darreh Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 758, in 164 families. See also List of cities, towns and villages in Razavi Khorasan Province References Populated places in Quchan County
Nothing Fancy is a 2019 cookbook by American cook and writer Alison Roman. The cookbook stresses casual recipes to prepare for friends. Development Roman's first cookbook, Dining In, was published in 2017. Dining In focused on recipes that "had you thinking about eating inside just for yourself" where Nothing Fancy focuses on meals for larger groups and tips for successfully hosting multiple people. The book stresses "unfussy" foods and recipes and the value of authenticity and connection when cooking for and hosting friends or guests in one's home, rather than traditional dinner parties, which tend to focus on presentation and etiquette. Structure and contents Roman categorizes recipes into snacks, salads, sides, mains, and "after dinner" and intersperses the book with essays and commentary about food-related subjects, such as sardines and wine. The book's structure mirrors the order in which Roman serves dishes to guests both for casual gatherings and more formal events such as Thanksgiving. The book eschews presenting the reader with suggested menus featuring its recipes, something often found in other cookbooks for hosting. Roman has said the book contains advice and recipes for an "attainable" life rather than an "aspirational" one. Reception and accolades The Guardian included Nothing Fancy on its list of the "Best cookbooks and food writing of 2019". Meera Sodha, who compiled the list, wrote that the book presents "heart, soul and food frequently and unapologetically made using store-cupboard ingredients." Michele Moses recommended the book to readers of The New Yorker, writing: "Part of the appeal is her grasp of her audience: the financially unsteady millennial generation, which has turned “nothing fancy” into an aesthetic choice." Moses also discussed the accessible persona cultivated by Roman in the book, and highlighted tips accompanying certain recipes that expressed annoyance with some expectations held by guests. Moses refers to Roman as "libidinous and a little bit mean," contrasting her with the "prim and gracious" personas of Ina Garten and Martha Stewart. Megan Reynolds has "respectfully disagreed" with the sentiment that the book demonstrates an "attainable" rather than "aspirational" lifestyle, saying that "the lifestyle as portrayed in Nothing Fancy is aspirational to a certain subset of Brooklyn women—clog-wearers and devotees of New York Magazine's The Strategist." Commercial success The book was a New York Times bestseller. References Cookbooks 2019 non-fiction books English-language books
Mateu is a Catalan name, meaning Matthew. Notable people with the name include: Given name Mateu Morral (1880–1906), Spanish anarchist Surname Antonio Mateu Lahoz (born 1977), Spanish football referee Jaume Mateu (1382–1452), Valencian painter of the Gothic style Marc Mateu (born 1990), Spanish football midfielder See also Sant Mateu (disambiguation) Catalan masculine given names Masculine given names Catalan-language surnames
An établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC; ) is, in France, a category of public undertaking. It includes state-controlled entities of an industrial or commercial nature, including some research institutes and infrastructure operators. Some former French colonies, such as Algeria, Burkina Faso and Mauritania also use this term for such agencies. EPICs were first recognized as a specific form of public agencies by the Court of Arbitration's (French: Tribunal des conflits) case law in 1921. In accordance with Article 34 of the French Constitution, they can only be created by a law. Not every company whose capital is held by the state or a state-owned entity is an EPIC. An EPIC is under special laws which do not apply to enterprises under private company law, even if the capital of those companies is held by the state. List of EPICs Current Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (Andra) Airport Basel-Mulhouse Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), the energy research agency CNES, the French government space agency BRGM, the French geological survey Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB), the scientific and technical centre for building Ifremer, "Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer", an oceanographic institute Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, (IRSN) the French institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais, a standards laboratory Monnaie de Paris, the French mint authority ONF, the national forestry service ONERA, the aerospace laboratory CIRAD,Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, Agricultural Development Centre Opéra national de Paris RATP Réseau ferré de France (RFF), the national railway infrastructure company Réseau Ferré National (RFN). Voies navigables de France (VNF), the inland waterways authority ENSCI-Les Ateliers, an industrial design school Former EPICs Former public service operations which have been turned into companies governed by private law include: Aéroports de Paris (ADP) EDF, the national electricity company GDF, the national gas company Seita, the former tobacco monopoly Société nationale des chemins de fer français, the national railway network (name remains the same with no "S.A." suffix added) Legal basis in external documents from Legifrance Dispositions générales applicables aux établissements du secteur public Régime comptable des établissements publics à caractère industriel et commercial References Science and technology in France Government agencies of France Government-owned companies of France
The 2011 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team was an American football team that represented Amherst College as a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) during the 2011 NCAA Division III football season. In their 15th year under head coach E. J. Mills, the Lord Jeffs compiled an 8–0 record, won the NESCAC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 239 to 101. The 2011 season was one of seven perfect seasons in the history of Amherst's football program, the others coming in 1942, 1964, 1984, 2009, 2014, and 2015. The team played its home games at Pratt Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Schedule References Amherst Amherst Mammoths football seasons New England Small College Athletic Conference football champion seasons College football undefeated seasons Amherst Lord Jeffs football
Venusia crassisigna is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1987. It is found in Nepal and China. References Moths described in 1987 Venusia (moth)
The Gay Buckaroo is a 1932 American pre-Code Western film, directed by Phil Rosen. It stars Hoot Gibson, Merna Kennedy, and Roy D'Arcy, and was released on January 17, 1932. Plot Cowboy Hale and gambler Dumont are both in love with Field. Initially she favors Dumont, but Hale reveals that Dumont is really a criminal, and Hale ends up victorious in romance. Cast Hoot Gibson as Clint Hale Merna Kennedy as Mildred Field Roy D'Arcy as Dave Dumont Edward Peil Sr. as Hi Low Jack Charles King as Faro Parker Lafe McKee as Sporty Bill Field Sydney de Grey as Uncle Abner References External links Films directed by Phil Rosen American Western (genre) films 1932 Western (genre) films 1932 films American black-and-white films 1930s American films 1930s English-language films
Harry Thomas Sr. (February 3, 1922 – August 7, 1999) was a Democratic politician in Washington, D.C. He was elected to represent Ward 5 on the Council of the District of Columbia in 1986 and served three full terms until his defeat in the 1998 Democratic primary to Vincent Orange. Early life and education Thomas grew up in Richmond, Virginia, and dropped out of high school before enlisting in the army during World War II. After the war he moved to Washington, D.C., where he held a series of federal government jobs beginning with janitor and ending in the Department of the Interior's Office of Public Affairs. He worked a second full-time job as headwaiter at Bolling Air Force Base so that his children would be able to attend college. Career In 1986, after retiring from Interior, Thomas challenged incumbent William Spaulding for the Ward 5 council seat in the Democratic primary and won. During his tenure in office he was known as a ward boss more focused on providing constituent services than sponsoring legislation. He received attention for sponsoring controversial ceremonial resolutions honoring Louis Farrakhan and Abdul Alim Muhammad, two leaders of the Nation of Islam. In 1998, Thomas ran for re-election, challenged by Vincent Orange, who had run against him in 1994, and three others. The Washington Post'''s editorial board endorsed Orange's candidacy. Orange emphasized improvements to New York Avenue, improving the economy and schools, and restricting liquor licenses. Orange defeated Thomas, receiving 38 percent of the vote to Thomas' 34 percent. The Washington Post'' described it as an upset victory. Orange won the general election as well with 89 percent of the vote. Family and legacy Thomas's son, Harry Thomas Jr., was elected to the Ward 5 council seat in 2006 and served until resigning in 2012 after pleading guilty to felony charges of embezzlement. References Members of the Council of the District of Columbia Washington, D.C., Democrats African-American people in Washington, D.C., politics 1922 births 1999 deaths 20th-century American politicians 20th-century African-American politicians United States Army personnel of World War II
The Diocese of Setúbal () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Portugal. It has existed since 1975. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Lisbon. Its see at Setúbal is south of Lisbon. Ordinaries Manuel da Silva Martins (16 July 1975 - 23 April 1998) Gilberto Délio Gonçalves Canavarro dos Reis (23 April 1998 - 24 August 2015) José Ornelas Carvalho, S.C.I. (24 August 2015 - 28 January 2022) Américo Aguiar (21 September 2023 – present) See also History of Setúbal Timeline of Setúbal Notes External links Official page Setubal Setubal, Roman Catholic Diocese of
This is an complete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the year 1788. For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland. See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701–1800. For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament, the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the List of Acts and Measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The number shown after each Act's title is its chapter number. Acts are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 67", meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title; however, some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (such as the Short Titles Act 1896). Before the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793, Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed. Because of this, the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed. 28 Geo. 3 The fifth session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 27 November 1787 until 11 July 1788. Public acts \| {{\|Land Tax Act 1788\|public\|2\|17-12-1787\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for granting an Aid to His Majesty by a Land Tax, to be raised in Great Britain, for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Marine Mutiny Act 1788\|public\|3\|17-12-1787\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the Regulation of His Majesty's Marine Forces while on Shore.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Duty on Spirits Act 1788\|public\|4\|21-02-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for charging an additional Duty on Spirits, manufactured in Scotland, and imported into England.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Trade with America Act 1788\|public\|5\|10-03-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to continue the Laws now in Force for regulating the Trade between the Subjects of His Majesty's Dominions and the Inhabitants of the Territories belonging to the United States of America, so far as the same relate to the Trade and Commerce carried on between this Kingdom and the Inhabitants of the Countries belonging to the said United States.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Trade Act 1788\|public\|6\|10-03-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for regulating the Trade between the Subjects of His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations in North America and in the West India Islands, and the Countries belonging to the United States of America; and between His Majesty's said Subjects and the Foreign Islands in the West Indies.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Gold and Silver Thread Act 1788\|note1=\|public\|7\|20-03-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to amend and render more effectual an Act made in the Fifteenth Year of His late Majesty King George the Second, intituled, "An Act to prevent the counterfeiting of Gold and Silver Lace, and for settling and adjusting the Proportions of fine Silver and Silk, and for the better making of Gold and Silver Thread."\|note4= }} \| {{\|East India Company Act 1788\|public\|8\|20-03-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for removing any Doubt respecting the Power of the Commissioners for the Affairs of India, to direct that the Expence of raising, transporting and maintaining such Troops as may be judged necessary for the Security of the British Territories and Possessions in the East Indies, should be defrayed out of the Revenues arising from the said Territories and Possessions; and for limiting the Application of the said Revenues in the Manner therein mentioned.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Warwick Bridge Act 1788\|public\|9\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enabling the Right Honourable George Earl Brooke and Earl of Warwick, to build a new Bridge over the River Avon, in the Borough of Warwick, and to open proper Roads and Ways thereto.}} \| {{\|Clerkenwell Church Act 1788\|public\|10\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for pulling down the Church of Saint James at Clerkenwell in the County of Middlesex, and for building a new Church; and making a new Church Yard or Cemetery in the said Parish, with convenient Avenues and Passages thereto.}} \| {{\|Militia Pay Act 1788\|public\|11\|08-05-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for defraying the Charge of the Pay and Cloathing of the Militia in that Part of Great Britain called England, for One Year, beginning the Twenty-fifth Day of March One thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Mutiny Act 1788\|public\|12\|20-03-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion and for the better Payment of the Army and their Quarters.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Liverpool Improvement Act 1788\|public\|13\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging and varying some of the Powers contained in certain Acts of Parliament, relating to the watching, lighting, and cleansing the Streets and other Places within the Town of Liverpool, and for removing and preventing Nuisances and Annoyances therein.}} \| {{\|North Kyme Drainage Act 1788\|public\|14\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for more effectually draining and preserving certain Fen Lands and Low Grounds, in the Manor or Township of North Kyme in the County of Lincoln.}} \| {{\|South Shields Water Act 1788\|public\|15\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for supplying with Water the Town of South Shields, and Parts adjacent, and the Shipping resorting to the said Town.}} \| {{\|Exportation Act 1788\|public\|16\|08-05-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for repealing an Act made in the Second and Third Years of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth, intituled, "An Act against carrying of White Ashes out of the Realm."\|note4= }} \| {{\|Manufacture of Ounce Thread Act 1788\|public\|17\|08-05-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the better Regulation of the Manufacture of Ounce Thread.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Loans or Exchequer Bills Act 1788\|public\|18\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for raising a certain Sum of Money by Loans or Exchequer Bills for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and eighty eight.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Loans or Exchequer Bills (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|19\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for raising a further Sum of Money by Loans or Exchequer Bills for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Southern Whale Fishery Act 1788\|public\|20\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for amending an Act made in the Twenty-sixth Year of His present Majesty's Reign, for the Encouragement of the Southern Whale Fishery, and for making further Provisions for that Purpose.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Lottery Act 1788\|public\|21\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for granting to His Majesty a certain Sum of Money to be raised by a Lottery.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Indemnity Act 1788\|public\|22\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to indemnify such Persons as have omitted to qualify themselves for Offices and Employments; and to indemnify Justices of the Peace or others who have omitted to register or deliver in their Qualifications within the Time limited by Law, and for giving further Time for those Purposes; and to indemnify Members and Officers in Cities, Corporations, and Borough Towns, whose Admissions have been omitted to be stamped according to Law, or having been stamped, have been lost or mislaid; and for allowing them Time to provide Admissions duly stamped; to give further Time to such Persons as have omitted to make and file Affidavits of the Execution of Indentures of Clerks to Attornies and Solicitors, or to pay the Duties on the Indentures and Contracts of Clerks, Apprentices, or Servants; and for indemnifying Deputy Lieutenants and Officers of the Militia, who have neglected to transmit Descriptions of their Qualifications to the Clerks of the Peace within the Time limited by Law, and for giving further Time for that Purpose.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Continuance of Laws Act 1788\|public\|23\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to continue several Laws relating to the clandestine Running of uncustomed Goods, and preventing Frauds relating to the Customs; to the encouraging the Growth of Coffee in His Majesty's Plantations in America; to the further Punishment of Persons going armed or disguised in Defiance of the Laws of Customs or Excise; to the more effectually encouraging the Manufactures of Flax and Cotton in Great Britain; to the allowing the Exportation of certain Quantities of Wheat and other Articles to His Majesty's Sugar Colonies in America; to the permitting the Exportation of Tobacco Pipe Clay from this Kingdom, to the British Sugar Colonies or Plantations in the West Indies; to the prohibiting the Exportation of Tools and Utensils made use of in the Iron and Steel Manufactures of this Kingdom, and to prevent the seducing of Artificers and Workmen employed in those Manufactures, to go into Parts beyond the Seas; and to the preventing the clandestine Running of Goods, and the Danger of Infection thereby; and to revive and continue several Laws relating to the allowing a Drawback of the Duties on Rum shipped as Stores to be consumed on board Merchant Ships on their Voyages; and to the ascertaining the Strength of Spirits by Clarke's Hydrometer.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Continuance of Laws (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|24\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to continue several Laws relating to the granting a Bounty on the Exportation of certain Species of British and Irish Linens exported, and taking off the Duties on the Importation of Foreign Raw Linen Yarns made of Flax, and to the preventing the committing of Frauds by Bankrupts, and for continuing and amending several Laws relating to the Imprisonment and Transportation of Offenders.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Erection of Lighthouses Act 1788\|public\|25\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to render more effectual an Act passed in the Twenty-sixth Year of His present Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for erecting certain Light Houses in the Northern Parts of Great Britain."\|note4= }} \| {{\|Appropriation Act 1788\|public\|26\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for granting to His Majesty a certain Sum of Money out of the Consolidated Fund; and for applying certain Monies therein mentioned for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight; and for further appropriating the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Customs Act 1788\|public\|27\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for reducing the Duties on the Importation of certain Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, the Growth, Produce, or Manufacture of any of the European Dominions of the States General of the United Provinces, into this Kingdom.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Stamp Duties Act 1788\|public\|28\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to exempt certain Licences granted to Stipendiary Curates from Stamp Duties.\|note4= }} \| {{\|East India Company (Money) Act 1788\|note1=or the East India Company Act 1788\|public\|29\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable the East India Company to borrow a further Sum of Money upon Bond.}} \| {{\|Theatrical Representations Act 1788\|public\|30\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to enable Justices of the Peace to license Theatrical Representations occasionally, under the Restrictions therein contained.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Losses from Cession of East Florida Act 1788\|public\|31\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for appointing Commissioners further to enquire into the Losses of all such Persons who have suffered in their Properties in consequence of the Cession of the Province of East Florida to the King of Spain.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Discharge of a Crown Debt Act 1788\|public\|32\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for vesting the Estates of Edward Henvill in Trustees to be sold, and for applying the Money arising by the Sale thereof in Discharge of a Debt owing by him to the Crown.}} \| {{\|Customs (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|33\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act more effectually to secure the Performance of Quarantine, and for amending several Laws relating to the Revenue of Customs.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Quarantine and Customs Act 1788\|public\|34\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to repeal the Duties and Drawbacks of Customs and Excise, payable on the Importation and Exportation of Wine (except Wine the Produce of the European Dominions of the French King, Rhenish, German, and Hungary Wine, Portugal and Madeira Wine, and Wine of the Produce of Spain, or of any of the Dominions of the King of Spain) and for granting other Duties and Drawbacks in lieu thereof; to repeal the Duty of Excise upon Foreign Green Glass Bottles imported, and for charging an additional Duty of Customs in lieu thereof; for ascertaining the Duty on Carriages the Manufacture of the European Dominions of the French King, imported directly from thence; for obviating a Doubt with respect to the Duties on White Woollen Cloths exported; and for reserving to His Majesty the Hereditary and other Revenues of the Crown in Scotland.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Newfoundland Fisheries Act 1788\|public\|35\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to enable His Majesty to make such Regulations as may be necessary to prevent the Inconvenience which might arise from the Competition of His Majesty's Subjects and those of the Most Christian King, in carrying on the Fishery on the Coasts of the Island of Newfoundland.\|note4= }} \| {{\|County Elections Act 1788\|public\|36\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the better securing the Rights of Persons qualified to vote at County Elections.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Excise Act 1788\|note1=or the Weights and Measures Act 1788\|public\|37\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for repealing the Duties on Buck or Deer Skins undressed, Buck or Deer Skins, Indian half-dressed, and Elk Skins undressed, imported, and on Hides and Skins dressed in Oil in this Kingdom, and for granting other Duties in lieu thereof; for laying a Duty on Stuffs printed, painted, stained, or dyed in Great Britain, allowing Deer and other Skins, the Produce of Florida, to be sold by Auction, free from the Duty charged on such Sales; for amending several Laws relative to the Revenue of Excise, and to prevent the Sale of Sweets for Consumption in the Houses of Retailers thereof, who shall not have Licences to sell Beer or Ale.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Exportation (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|38\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to explain, amend, and reduce into one Act of Parliament, several Laws now in being for preventing the Exportation of live Sheep, Rams, and Lambs, Wool, Woolfels, Mortlings, Shortlings, Yarn, and Worsted, Cruels, Coverlids, Waddings, and other Manufactures, or pretended Manufactures, made of Wool slightly wrought up, or otherwise put together, so as the same may be reduced to and made use of as Wool again, Mattrasses or Beds stuffed with combed Wool, or Wool fit for combing, Fullers Earth, Fulling Clay, and Tobacco Pipe Clay, from this Kingdom, and from the Isles of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, into Foreign Parts; and for rendering more effectual an Act passed in the Twenty-third Year of the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, intituled, "An Act for the winding of Wool."\|note4= }} \| {{\|Importation Act 1788\|public\|39\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to allow the Importation of Rum, or other Spirits, from His Majesty's Colonies or Plantations in the West Indies, into the Province of Quebec, without Payment of Duty, under certain Conditions and Restrictions.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Compensation to American Loyalists, etc. Act 1788\|public\|40\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for giving Relief to such Persons as have suffered in their Rights and Properties during the late unhappy Dissentions in America, in consequence of their Loyalty to His Majesty and Attachment to the British Government, and for making Compensation to such Persons as have suffered in their Properties in consequence of the Cession of the Province of East Florida to the King of Spain.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Annuity to Duke of Saint Albans Act 1788\|public\|41\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to enable His Majesty to grant a certain Annuity to the Most Noble Aubrey Duke of Saint Alban's.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Annuity to Family of Sir Guy Carlton Act 1788\|public\|42\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for obviating a Doubt in an Act made in the Twenty-sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for settling and securing a certain Annuity for the Use of Lady Maria Carlton, Wife of Sir Guy Carlton, Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and Guy Carlton, and Thomas Carlton, Sons of the said Sir Guy Carlton, in Consideration of the eminent Services performed by him to His Majesty and this Country.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Annuity to Brook Watson, Esquire Act 1788\|public\|43\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for obviating a Doubt in an Act made in the Twenty-sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act to enable His Majesty to grant a certain Annuity to Brook Watson Esquire, late Commissary General in North America, in Consideration of his diligent and meritorious Services in that Office.\|note4= }} \| {{\|American Loyalists Act 1788\|public\|44\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for appointing Commissioners further to enquire into the Losses and Services of all such Persons, who have suffered in their Rights, Properties, and Professions, during the late unhappy Dissentions in America, in consequence of their Loyalty to His Majesty, and Attachment to the British Government.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Exportation (No. 3) Act 1788\|public\|45\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to prohibit for a limited Time the Exportation of Hay.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Excise Act 1788\|public\|46\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for discontinuing for a limited Time, the several Duties payable in Scotland upon Low Wines and Spirits, and upon Worts, Wash, and other Liquors there used in the Distillation of Spirits, and for granting to His Majesty other Duties in lieu thereof; and for better regulating the Exportation of British made Spirits from England to Scotland, and from Scotland to England; and to continue for a limited Time an Act made in the Twenty-sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, to discontinue for a limited Time the Payment of the Duties upon Low Wines and Spirits for Home Consumption, and for granting and securing the due Payment of other Duties in lieu thereof; and for the better Regulation of the making and vending British Spirits; and for discontinuing for a limited Time certain Imposts and Duties upon Rum and Spirits imported from the West Indies.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Papists Act 1788\|public\|47\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for allowing further Time for Enrolment of Deeds and Wills made by Papists, and for Relief of Protestant Purchasers.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Chimney Sweepers Act 1788\|public\|48\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the better Regulation of Chimney Sweepers, and their Apprentices.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Justices of the Peace Act 1788\|public\|49\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to enable Justices of the Peace to act as such in certain Cases out of the Limits of the Counties in which they actually are.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Pawnbrokers Act 1788\|public\|50\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to amend and continue for a limited Time an Act passed in the Twenty-seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for further regulating the Trade and Business of Pawnbrokers."\|note4= }} \| {{\|Thames Navigation Act 1788\|public\|51\|11-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to explain, amend, and enlarge the Powers of so much of Two Acts passed in the Eleventh and Fifteenth Years of the Reign of His present Majesty, for improving and compleating the Navigation of the Rivers Thames and Isis, from the City of London to the Town of Cricklade in the County of Wilts, as relates to the Navigation of the said Rivers, from the Boundary of the Jurisdiction of the City of London, near Staines in the County of Middlesex, to the said Town of Cricklade.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Controverted Elections Act 1788\|public\|52\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the further Regulation of the Trials of controverted Elections, or Returns of Members to serve in Parliament.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Coal Trade Act 1788\|public\|53\|04-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to indemnify and save harmless all Persons who may have incurred Penalties or Forfeitures under an Act passed in the Ninth Year of the Reign of Queen Anne, intituled, "An Act to dissolve the present, and prevent the future Combination of Coal Owners, Lightermen, Masters of Ships, and others, to advance the Price of Coals, in Prejudice of the Navigation, Trade, and Manufactures of this Kingdom; and for the further Encouragement of the Coal Trade;" and also an Act passed in the Third Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, intituled, "An Act for the better Regulation of the Coal Trade;" and for the better preventing of Combinations in the Trade of Coals.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Slave Trade Act 1788\|note1=or the Regulated Slave Trade Act 1788or Dolben's Act\|public\|54\|11-07-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act to regulate, for a limited Time, the shipping and carrying Slaves in British Vessels from the Coast of Africa.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Protection of Stocking Frames, etc. Act 1788\|public\|55\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for the better and more effectual Protection of Stocking Frames and the Machines or Engines annexed thereto, or used therewith, and for the Punishment of Persons destroying or injuring of such Stocking Frames, Machines, or Engines, and the Framework-knitted Pieces, Stockings, and other Articles and Goods used and made in the Hosiery or Frame-workknitted Manufactory, or breaking or destroying any Machinery contained in any Mill or Mills used or any Way employed in preparing or spinning of Wool or Cotton for the Use of the Stocking Frame.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Marine Insurance Act 1788\|note1=\|public\|56\|04-07-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to repeal an Act made in the Twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for regulating Insurances on Ships, and on Goods, Merchandizes, or Effects, and for substituting other Provisions for the like Purpose in lieu thereof.}} \| {{\|Stage Coaches Act 1788\|public\|57\|25-06-1788\|repealed=y\|archived=n\|An Act for limiting the Number of Persons to be carried on the Outside of Stage Coaches or other Carriages.\|note4= }} \| {{\|Leith Harbour Act 1788\|public\|58\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging and improving the Harbour of Leith; for making a new Bason, Quays, Wharfs, or Docks; for building Warehouses; for making new Roads, and widening others leading to and from the said Harbour; and for empowering the Lord Provost, Magistrates, and Council of the City of Edinburgh, to purchase Lands, Houses, and Areas, and to borrow Money for these Purposes.}} \| {{\|Tyne Skippers and Keelmen (Relief Fund) Act 1788\|public\|59\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for establishing a permanent Fund for the Relief and Support of Skippers and Keelmen employed on the River Tyne, who by Sickness or other accidental Misfortunes, or by old Age, shall not be able to maintain themselves and their Families; and also for the Relief of the Widows and Children of such Skippers and Keelmen.}} \| {{\|Christchurch, Middlesex Improvement Act 1788\|public\|60\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to explain and amend an Act made in the Twelfth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty King George the Third, for paving, cleansing, lighting, watching, and regulating the Squares, Streets, Rows, Lanes, Alleys, and other Public Passages and Places, within the Parish of Christ Church in Middlesex, and for removing Nuisances and Obstructions therefrom, and preventing the like for the future; and for paving and regulating such Parts of Brick Lane, as are not within the said Parish.}} \| {{\|Whitehaven Improvement Act 1788\|public\|61\|04-07-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing an Act made in the Second Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of several Acts of Parliament relating to the Harbour of Whitehaven in the County of Cumberland, and to the Roads leading to the said Harbour and Town of Whitehaven, and for further enlarging the said Harbour; and for lighting the said Town, and supplying the same with Water; and for regulating the Carmen there; and for repealing so much of an Act of the Twenty-third Year of the Reign of His late Majesty, as relates to the Road from Calder Bridge to Egremont, and directing how the said Road shall be repaired; and for repairing several other Roads therein-mentioned in the said County.}} \| {{\|Saint Peter le Poor Parish Church Act 1788\|public\|62\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for pulling down and re-building the Parish Church of Saint Peter-le-Poor, within the City of London, and for widening the Street adjacent.}} \| {{\|Charles Radcliffe's Estates Act 1788\|public\|63\|04-07-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for charging several Estates in the Counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham, settled upon the late Charles Radcliffe, deceased, for Life, with Remainder to his first and other Sons in Tail Male, with the Payment of a clear yearly Rent Charge of Two thousand five hundred Pounds, payable to the Grandson of the said Charles Radcliffe, the Right Honourable Anthony James Earl of Newburgh, and the Heirs Male of his Body to be begotten.}} \| {{\|Cambridge Improvement Act 1788\|public\|64\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for the better paving, cleansing, and lighting the Town of Cambridge, for removing and preventing Obstructions and Annoyances, and for widening the Streets, Lanes, and other Passages within the said Town.}} \| {{\|Bristol Improvement Act 1788\|public\|65\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for removing and preventing Encroachments, Obstructions, Annoyances, and other Nuisances, within the City of Bristol and the Liberties thereof; and for licensing and better regulating Hackney Coaches, Chairs, Waggons, Carts, and other Carriages, and the Owners, Drivers, and Carriers thereof respectively, and Porters and other Persons within, and for certain Distances round the said City and Liberties, and for better regulating the Shipping and Trade, and the Rivers, Wharfs, Backs, and Quays, and the Markets within the same City and Liberties, and for other Purposes.}} \| {{\|Bristol Building Act 1788\|public\|66\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for regulating Buildings and Party Walls, within the City of Bristol and the Liberties thereof.}} \| {{\|Bristol Guildhall, etc. Act 1788\|public\|67\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for widening and rendering commodious a certain Street, called Broad Street, within the City of Bristol, and for enlarging the Council House and Guildhall of the said City, and providing Public Offices thereto, and Repositories for the Books, Papers, and Records of the said City.}} \| {{\|Southwark Improvement Act 1788\|public\|68\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enabling the Commissioners for putting in Execution an Act made in the Sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for paving the Streets and Lanes within the Town and Borough of Southwark, and certain Places adjacent, in the County of Surrey, and for cleansing, lighting, and watching the same, and also the Courts, Yards, Alleys, and Passages adjoining thereto; and for preventing Annoyances therein, to open, widen, and better regulate the several Streets, Lanes, and Passages, within the East Division, in the said Act described.}} \| {{\|Inverness Gaol Act 1788\|public\|69\|04-07-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for taking down the present Court House and Gaol, and erecting and building a new Court House and Gaol in and for the Town and County of Inverness; and for appropriating the Sum of One thousand Pounds out of the unexhausted Balance or Surplus arising from the forfeited Estates in North Britain, towards erecting and building the same.}} \| {{\|Deritend Bridge, Birmingham Rebuilding Act 1788\|public\|70\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for rebuilding the Bridge over the River Rea at the Town of Birmingham, called Deritend Bridge, and widening the Avenues thereto, and for widening and varying the Course of the said River near the said Bridge, and making a Weir and other necessary Works to prevent the lower Part of the said Town from being overflowed.}} \| {{\|Anglesea Drainage, etc. Act 1788\|public\|71\|25-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Marsh called Malldraeth and Corsddaugau in the County of Anglesey, and for embanking the said Marsh; and for making Cuts, Channels, and other Works, for draining and preserving the same, and for allowing the free Use of such Cuts or Channels, with Boats or other Vessels, upon the Payment of certain Rates, to be applied towards supporting the said Embankments and Works.}} \| {{\|Flint Canal Act 1788\|public\|72\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from Pentre Rock near the Town of Flint, to Greenfield in the County of Flint.}} \| {{\|Donnington to Southall Canal Act 1788\|public\|73\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from the Canal at Donnington Wood in the County of Salop, to or near a Place called Southall Bank, and from thence by Two several Branches to communicate with the River Severn, one near Coalbrook Dale, and the other near Madeley Wood in the said County, and also certain Collateral Cuts to join such Canal.}} \| {{\|Paddington Parish Church Act 1788\|public\|74\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for rebuilding the Parish Church of Paddington in the County of Middlesex, and for enlarging the Church Yard of the said Parish.}} \| {{\|Hertford Improvement Act 1788\|public\|75\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for paving the Footways, and cleansing, lighting, and watching the Streets and other Public Passages and Places within the Borough of Hertford, and removing and preventing Obstructions, Nuisances, and Annoyances therein.}} \| {{\|Exeter Poor Relief Act 1788\|public\|76\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for raising further Sums of Money for the better Relief of the Poor of the City and County of the City of Exon, and to explain and amend an Act passed in the Twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for rendering more effectual several Acts of Parliament for erecting Hospitals and Workhouses within the said City and County, for the better employing and maintaining the Poor there.}} \| {{\|Derby Bridge Act 1788\|public\|77\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for re-building the Bridge over the River Derwent, at or near the Town and Borough of Derby, and for improving the Avenues or Approaches thereto.}} \| {{\|Newcastle and Gateshead Bridge Act 1788\|public\|78\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Terms and Powers of Two Acts of the Twelfth and Nineteenth Years of His present Majesty's Reign, made for building a temporary Bridge, and compleating a new Stone Bridge over the River Tyne, between the Town of Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in the County of Durham, and making the Avenues to and the Passages over the same, more commodious; and for removing and preventing Nuisances and Annoyances in the Streets, Lanes, or Avenues leading to the said new Stone Bridge, within the Town of Gateshead in the County of Durham.}} \| {{\|Taunton Improvement Act 1788\|public\|79\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable Sir Benjamin Hammet Knight, to lay out and build a new Street, from Fore Street to the Church of Saint Mary Magdalen, within the Town of Taunton in the County of Somerset.}} \| {{\|Sawley Ferry Bridge, Trent Act 1788\|public\|80\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for building a Bridge over the River Trent, or at near Sawley Ferry in the Counties of Derby and Leicester.}} \| {{\|Bolton Grammar School Act 1788\|public\|81\|note2=\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for incorporating the Governors of the Free Grammar School of the Town and Parish of Bolton in the Moors in the County Palatine of Lancaster, of the Foundation of Robert Lever, late of London, Gentleman, deceased, and for enlarging the Trusts and Powers of the said Governors for the Benefit of the said School.}} \| {{\|Chester Improvement Act 1788\|public\|82\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for taking down and re-building the Gaol of the Castle of Chester, the Prothonotary's Office, the Exchequer Record Rooms, and other Offices and Buildings adjoining or near to the said Gaol, and for making proper Yards and Conveniences thereto.}} \| {{\|Saint Paul Covent Garden Church Rebuilding Act 1788\|public\|83\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for repairing the Church of the Parish of Saint Paul, Covent Garden, in the County of Middlesex, for repairing and improving the Gates and Avenues leading to the said Church, and for removing the present Watch-House, and providing another for the Use of the said Parish.}} \| {{\|Dartford Roads Act 1788\|public\|84\|21-02-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term and varying the Powers of an Act of the Sixth Year of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening several Roads leading to the Town of Dartford in the County of Kent.}} \| {{\|Kent and Sussex Roads Act 1788\|public\|85\|21-02-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term, and varying the Powers of an Act of the Sixth Year of His present Majesty, for repairing, widening, and keeping in Repair the Road leading from Tunbridge Wells in the County of Kent, to the Cross Ways near Maresfield Street in the County of Sussex; and for amending the Road from Florence Farm in the Parish of Withyham, to Forest Row in the Parish of East Grinstead in the County of Sussex.}} \| {{\|Wiltshire Roads Act 1788\|public\|86\|21-02-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair the Road from the Bottom of Whitesheet Hill through Hurdcot, to the Wilton Turnpike Road at or near Barford in the County of Wilts.}} \| {{\|Nottinghamshire and Derby Roads Act 1788\|public\|87\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for reviving, continuing, and enlarging the Term and Powers of an Act made in the Fifth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty King George the Third, for repairing and widening the Road from the Alfreton Turnpike Road, near a Place called Little Robins in the Parish of Mansfield in the County of Nottingham, through Woolley Moor to the Nottingham Turnpike Road, near Tansley in the County of Derby, and from Woolley Moor to the Chesterfield Turnpike Road at Kelstidge in the said County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Worcester and Warwick Roads Act 1788\|public\|88\|10-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of certain Acts of Parliament for repairing several Roads leading into and near the City of Worcester, and for repairing certain other Roads therein mentioned.}} \| {{\|Derby Roads Act 1788\|public\|89\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of an Act passed in the Sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty King George the Third, for repairing and widening the Road from the Mansfield and Chesterfield Turnpike Road, near the Nine Mile Stone from Mansfield, through Temple Normanton, Tupton new Inclosure, and Birkin Lane, to Bunting Field Nook in the Parish of Ashover in the County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Catterick Bridge to Durham Road Act 1788\|public\|90\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging and altering the Terms and Powers of Two Acts of Parliament made in the Twentieth and Twenty-sixth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, for repairing the Road leading from Catterick Bridge in the County of York, to Yarm in the said County, and from thence to Stockton in the County of Durham, and from thence through Sedgefield in the said County of Durham to the City of Durham, and for reducing the said Acts into one, and for the more effectually repairing and keeping in Repair the said Road.}} \| {{\|Dorset Roads Act 1788\|public\|91\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term, and enlarging the Powers of an Act passed in the Sixth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening the Road from the Cross or Market Place in the Town of Wimborne Minster, to the Cross or Market Place in the Town of Blandford Forum in the County of Dorset.}} \| {{\|Glasgow Roads Act 1788\|public\|92\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term and altering and enlarging the Powers of Three Acts passed in the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Years of the Reign of His late Majesty, and in the Twelfth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for repairing several Roads leading into the City of Glasgow, so far as relates to that Part of the Road from the City of Glasgow to the Town of Dumbarton, which leads through the County to the Town of Dumbarton.}} \| {{\|Kent Roads Act 1788\|public\|93\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to continue the Term and Powers of an Act passed in the Ninth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty King George the Third, for repairing and widening the Road from Maidstone, through Debtling, to Key Street in the Parishes of Borden and Bobbing in the County of Kent.}} \| {{\|Salop Roads Act 1788\|public\|94\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term and varying some of the Provisions of an Act of the Seventh Year of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening the Road from Marchwiel in the County of Denbigh, through Bangor, Worthenbury, and Hanmer, in the County of Flint, to a House in the Possession of Thomas Jenks in Dodington in the Parish of Whitchurch in the County of Salop, and from Bangor aforesaid, to Malpas in the County of Chester, and from Redbrook to Hampton in the said County of Salop.}} \| {{\|Kingston-upon-Hull Roads Act 1788\|public\|95\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term and Powers of Two Acts passed in the Eighteenth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, and the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for repairing the Road leading from the Town of Kingston-upon-Hull, to and through the Town of Anlaby; and from thence to the Town of Kirk Ella in the County of the said Town of Kingston-upon-Hull.}} \| {{\|Montgomery Salop and Denbigh Roads Act 1788\|public\|96\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for more effectually repairing the Roads leading from Pool through Oswestry to Wrexham, from Knockin to Llanrhaiadr, from Whitehurst's House in the Road between Oswestry and Wrexham to Llangollen, and several other Roads therein mentioned in the Counties of Montgomery, Salop, and Denbigh; and for discharging the Trustees for repairing the Bala and Dolgelley Roads, from the Care of the Road between Llangollen and the Confines of the County of Denbigh; and for making Provision for the future Repair of the said Road.}} \| {{\|Suffolk Roads Act 1788\|public\|97\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term of an Act of the Ninth Year of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening the Road from Scole Bridge to the Town of Bury Saint Edmunds in the County of Suffolk, and for amending the said Act.}} \| {{\|Stafford Roads Act 1788\|public\|98\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, turning, and keeping in Repair the Road leading from the Town of Walsall to Hamstead Bridge, and the Road leading from the said Town to a Common, called Sutton Coldfield, and the Road leading from the said Town to a certain Brook, called Park Brook, which divides the Parishes of Walsall and Wolverhampton, all in the County of Stafford.}} \| {{\|Nottinghamshire and Derby Roads (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|99\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Nottingham and Mansfield Turnpike in the Liberty of Blidworth, to the Mile Oak in the Parish of Kirkby in Ashfield in the County of Nottingham, and from thence through Pinxton to Carter Lane in the Parish of South Normanton, and from Pinxton to the Colliery near Pinxton Green in the County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Leicester Roads Act 1788\|public\|100\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for repairing and widening the Road from the Leicester and Welford Turnpike Road in the Counties of Leicester and Northampton, near Foston Lane, to the Turnpike Road leading from Hinckley to Ashby-de-la-Zouch in the said County of Leicester.}} \| {{\|Flint Roads Act 1788\|public\|101\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for repairing, widening, turning, and altering the Road from the Township of Saltney in the County of Flint, to the Town of Flint in the said County.}} \| {{\|Pembroke Roads Act 1788\|public\|102\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair the Road leading from Merlin's Bridge to Pembroke Ferry in the County of Pembroke.}} \| {{\|Huddersfield Roads Act 1788\|public\|103\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing and amending an Act of the Eighth Year of His present Majesty, so far as the same relates to the Road from the Township of Huddersfield in the West Riding of the County of York, to Woodhead in the County Palatine of Chester; and from thence to a Bridge over the River Mersey, called Enterclough Bridge, on the Confines of the County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Chester and Stafford Roads Act 1788\|public\|104\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair the Road from Spann Smithy in the County of Chester, to Talk in the County of Stafford.}} \| {{\|Radnor Roads Act 1788\|public\|105\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair the Roads leading from Staplebar to Lingen, and from thence by Boresford to Willey's Oak, and from Kingsham to the Kington and Radnor Turnpike Roads near the Rod, and from Lingen aforesaid, to Walford in the County of Hereford.}} \| {{\|Yorkshire Roads Act 1788\|public\|106\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of certain Acts of Parliament, so far as the same relate to the Road from Doncaster through Ferrybridge, to the Southside of Tadcaster Cross in the County of York.}} \| {{\|Warwick Roads Act 1788\|public\|107\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enlarge the Terms and Powers of Two Acts passed in the Eighteenth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, and the Tenth Year of His present Majesty's Reign, for repairing the Road from Birmingham in the County of Warwick, through Elmdon, to a Lane leading by the End of Stone Bridge in the said County.}} \| {{\|Yorkshire Roads (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|108\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of certain Acts of Parliament, so far as the same relate to the Roads from the Red House near Doncaster, to the South End of Wakefield Bridge, and from Wakefield to Pontefract, and from thence to Weeland in the Township of Hensall, and from Pontefract to Wentbridge in the West Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Carmarthen Roads Act 1788\|public\|109\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for amending, widening, and keeping in Repair the Road from Carmarthen to Lampeterpontstephen in the County of Cardigan, and from Llandovery in the County of Carmarthen to Lampeterpontstephen aforesaid.}} \| {{\|Yorkshire Roads (No. 3) Act 1788\|public\|110\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for continuing the Term, and altering the Powers of certain Acts of Parliament, so far as the same relate to repairing the Road from Rotherham, to the Four Lane Ends near Wortley, in the West Riding of the County of York; and for discharging the Trustees from the Care of the Road from the Four Lane Ends aforesaid, to Hartcliffe Hill.}} \| {{\|Chester Roads Act 1788\|public\|111\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term and Powers of so much of an Act made in the Ninth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for repealing so much of Two several Acts of Parliament made and passed in the Seventeenth and Twenty-eighth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, as relate to the Road from the End of the County of Stafford, in the Post Road towards the City of Chester, through Woor in the County of Salop, to Nantwich in the County of Chester; and from Nantwich to Tarporley, and from thence through Tarvin in the said County of Chester, to the said City of Chester; and for more effectually repairing, widening, and supporting the same Road, and also for repairing and widening the Road from Northwich in the said County of Chester, to the Cross in Tarvin aforesaid," as relates to the Second and Third Districts of Road comprised in the said Act of the Ninth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, and for including the Road from Vicker's Cross to the Turnpike Road leading from Flookers-brook Bridge, to Frodsham in the said Third District.}} \| {{\|Denbigh Roads Act 1788\|public\|112\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enlarge the Term and Powers of an Act passed in the Twenty-ninth Year of the Reign of King George the Second, for repairing the Road from Shrewsbury to Wrexham in the County of Denbigh, and from Wrexham to Chester, and also from Broughton to Mold in the County of Flint, and several other Roads therein mentioned; and for making and repairing a Road from the said Wrexham and Chester Road, to the Wrexham and Ruthin Road in the said County of Denbigh.}} \| {{\|Lancaster Roads Act 1788\|public\|113\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enlarging the Term of an Act made in the Second Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening the Roads from a certain Place near Bolton-in-the-Moors to Leigh, and from thence to the Guide Post near Golbourne Dale, and to the South End of Newton Bridge, and from the said Guide Post to Winwick, and from Newton by Parr Stocks to the Guide Post in Parr in the County Palatine of Lancaster; and for making more effectual Provision for repairing and widening the said Roads, except from the said Guide Post near Golbourne Dale to Winwick.}} \| {{\|Dumfries Roads Act 1788\|public\|114\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for repairing and widening the Road from Dumfries by Æ Bridge, to Moffat in the County of Dumfries.}} \| {{\|Worcester and Warwick Roads (No. 2) Act 1788\|public\|115\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to continue the Term and Powers of an Act made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, for amending and widening the Road leading from the Bell Inn at Northfield in the County of Worcester, to the Wootton Turnpike in the Great Turnpike Road leading from Stratford-upon-Avon in the County of Warwick, to Birmingham in the same County.}} }} Private acts \| {{\|Meare and Wedmore (Somerset) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|2\|10-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing certain Moors, Commons, or Waste Lands, within the Parishes of Mear and Wedmore in the County of Somerset.}} \| {{\|Westbury (Somerset) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|3\|10-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing certain Commons or Waste Lands, within the Parish of Westbury in the County of Somerset.}} \| {{\|Bleadon (Somerset) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|4\|10-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing certain Commons or Waste Lands, within the Manor of Bleadon in the County of Somerset.}} \| {{\|Ralph Browne Wylde's Name Act 1788\|private\|5\|10-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enabling Ralph Browne Wylde and his Issue, to take the Name and bear the Arms of Browne, pursuant to the Will of Jane Browne, late of Caughley in the Parish of Barrow in the County of Salop, Widow, deceased.}} \| {{\|Vesting Thomas and Elizabeth Reade's estate in Oxfordshire in Thomas Earl of Macclesfield, in fee simple, and settling an estate of the Earl's in exchange and in lieu.\|private\|6\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for vesting the Real Estate of Thomas Reade Esquire, and Elizabeth Reade his Daughter, situate in Shirburn, Brittwell, Sallome, Lewknor, Stokenchurch, and Kingston Blount, in the County of Oxford, in Thomas Earl of Macclesfield and his Heirs, and for settling another Real Estate of the said Earl of greater Value in lieu thereof, and in Exchange for the same, in Manner therein mentioned.}} \| {{\|Parwich (Derbyshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|7\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing certain Open Fields or Stinted Pastures, lying within the Parish of Parwich in the County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Chartley (Staffordshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|8\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the several Common and Open Fields, Meadows, Pastures, Commons, and Waste Grounds, within the Liberty of Hixton, and the Commons and Waste Grounds within the Liberties of Drointon, Lea, and Amerton, all within the Manor of Chartley in the County of Stafford.}} \| {{\|Humberstone (Leicestershire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|9\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing the Open Fields, Meadows, and Commonable Grounds in the Parish or Lordship of Humberstone in the County of Leicester.}} \| {{\|Headbourn Worthy (Hampshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|10\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Arable Lands, Pastures, Woods, Downs, Cow Downs, Sheep Downs, Waste Lands, and other Open and Commonable Places within the Parish of Headbourn Worthy in the County of Southampton.}} \| {{\|Bradwell (Buckinghamshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|11\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Common Pastures, Common Meadows, and other Commonable Lands and Grounds, of and within the Parish of Bradwell in the County Bucks.}} \| {{\|Wavendon (Buckinghamshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|12\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the several Open Arable Fields, Meadows, Heaths, Commons, and Waste Grounds within the Manor and Parish of Wandon, otherwise Wavendon, in the County of Bucks.}} \| {{\|Filey (Yorkshire, East and North Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|13\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing the several Open and Common Arable Fields, Meadows, Pastures, Commons, and Waste Grounds within the Township of Filey, otherwise Filo, in the East and North Ridings of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Mowsley (Leicestershire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|14\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Meadows, and Commons, of and within the Lordship or Liberty of Mowsley in the County of Leicester.}} \| {{\|Knapton (Yorkshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|15\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Common Arable Fields and other Common Grounds within the Manor or Lordship and Township of Knapton in the County of the City of York.}} \| {{\|Fladbury (Worcestershire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|16\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Common Meadows, and other Common and Waste Lands in Fladbury in the County of Worcester.}} \| {{\|Naturalization of Daniel Hintze Act 1788\|private\|17\|20-03-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for naturalizing Daniel Godfrey Hintze.}} \| {{\|Duke of Newcastle's estate: removing Sir Henry Clinton as trustee and appointing another.\|private\|18\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for divesting Sir Henry Clinton and his Heirs, of the Trusts of divers Castles, Honours, Manors, Messuages, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments of the Most Noble Henry Duke of Newcastle, and for vesting the same in another Trustee, upon the same Trusts, and with the like Powers as are mentioned and declared in an Indenture of Release of the Twentieth Day of May One thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, or such of them as remain to be performed, or are capable of taking Effect.}} \| {{\|Vesting in trustees part of Viscount Falmouth's estate in Tregony (Cornwall) to be sold to Sir Francis Basset, and other provisions.\|private\|19\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for vesting Part of the Real Estate of the late Hugh Lord Viscount Falmouth, situate in the Borough of Tregony and Parish of Cuby in the County of Cornwall in Trustees to be sold and conveyed to Sir Francis Basset Baronet; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}} \| {{\|Elisha Biscoe's estate: power to grant building leases.\|private\|20\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable Elisha Biscoe Esquire to grant Building Leases of Part of the Estates devised by the Will of his late Father Elisha Biscoe Esquire, deceased.}} \| {{\|Charles Adderley's estate: power to grant building and repairing leases.\|private\|21\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable Charles Bowyer Adderley Esquire, and the future Tenants for Life of the Estates devised by the Will of Bowyer Adderley Esquire, to grant Building and Repairing Leases thereof.}} \| {{\|Reverend Philip Puleston's and Sir Watkin Winn's estates: exchange of lands and hereditaments in Ruabon (Denbighshire).\|private\|22\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for confirming and establishing an Exchange agreed upon between the Reverend Philip Puleston, Doctor in Divinity, Vicar of the Parish of Ruabon in the County of Denbigh, and Sir Watkin Williams Wynne Baronet, of certain Lands and other Hereditaments within the said Parish.}} \| {{\|William Chafin's estate: sale of settled estates in Dorset and Wiltshire for payment of portions, and other purposes.\|private\|23\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for Sale of Part of the Settled Estates of William Chafin Clerk, in the Counties of Dorset and Wilts, for paying certain Portions charged thereon; and for other Purposes. }} \| {{\|Hesslewood Charity Estates and Pease's estate: exchange of lands and hereditaments.\|private\|24\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to exchange Lands and Hereditaments between the Trustees of a Charity Estate in Hesslewood in the Parish of Hessle in the County of the Town of Kingston upon Hull, and Joseph Robinson Pease Esquire.}} \| {{\|Sir George Amyand's estate: vesting land in trustees, to be sold, and purchase of other manors, lands and hereditaments to be settled in lieu.\|private\|25\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for vesting certain Freehold Estates devised by the Will of Sir George Amyand Baronet, deceased in Trustees to sell the same, and for laying out the Money arising by such Sale in the Purchase of other Manors, Lands, or Hereditaments, to be settled in lieu thereof to the like Uses.}} \| {{\|William Gossip's estate: sale of timber, proceeds to be applied to repairs and to the purchase of other estates to be settled.\|private\|26\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for allowing Timber to be cut upon certain Estates settled by the Will and a Codicil of William Gossip Esquire, and for applying the Money to arise therefrom in making Repairs on the same Estates; and laying out the Remainder in Purchases of other Estates, to be settled to the same Uses.}} \| {{\|James Templer's estate: vesting settled estates in Devon, another estate to be settled in lieu.\|private\|27\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for vesting Part of the Settled Estates of James Templer Esquire, in the County of Devon, in him and his Heirs, in Exchange for another Estate of greater Value in the same County, to be settled in Lieu thereof.}} \| {{\|George Errington's divorce from Harriet Coren Act 1788\|private\|28\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of George Errington Esquire, with Harriet Coren his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}} \| {{\|Swaby and Belleau (Lincolnshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|29\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing certain Open Common Fields, Meadows, Pastures, and other Com Commonable Lands, and Waste Grounds within the Townships or Parishes of Swaby and Belleau in the County of Lincoln.}} \| {{\|Castlemartin Corse (Pembrokeshire) Drainage and Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|30\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for draining, dividing, and enclosing the Common and Waste Ground called Castlemartin Corse within the Manor and Parish of Castlemartin in the County of Pembroke.}} \| {{\|Wollaston (Northamptonshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|31\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Pastures, Meadows, and other Commonable Lands and Grounds in the Parish of Wollaston in the County of Northampton.}} \| {{\|Manor of Mangotsfield (Gloucestershire): vesting commons and waste-grounds in Charles Bragge, extinguishing rights of common over them and securing a rentcharge for the poor of the parish.\|private\|32\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for extinguishing all Right of Common on the several Commons and Waste Grounds in the Manor and Parish of Mangotsfield in the County of Gloucester, (except Mangotsfield Common, Emmerson's Green, and Vinney Green,) and for vesting the said Commons and Waste Grounds in Charles Bragge Esquire, Lord of the said Manor, discharged from the said Right of Common; and for securing a Rent Charge issuing out of the same for the Benefit of the Poor of the said Parish.}} \| {{\|Kirkbymoorside (Yorkshire, North Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|33\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Common Arable Fields, and also certain Commons and Waste Lands within the Townships of Kirkbymoorside, Fadmoor, and Gillamoor, in the Parish of Kirkbymoorside in the North Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Little Farringdon (Berkshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|34\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Common Meadows, Common Pastures, and Waste Lands, in the Hamlet of Little Farringdon in the Parish of Longford in the County of Berks.}} \| {{\|Stretton-in-the-Dale (Salop.) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|35\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing certain Commons and Waste Lands within the Manor of Stretton in the Dale in the County of Salop.}} \| {{\|Netheravon (Wiltshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|36\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and laying in Severalty the Open and Common Fields, Open Downs, Common Meadows, Common Pastures, and Waste Lands within the Parish of Netherhaven, otherwise Netheravon, in the County of Wilts.}} \| {{\|North and South Rauceby (Lincolnshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|37\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open and Common Fields, Heath, Waste, and Commonable Lands within the Manors and Townships of North and South Rauceby in the County of Lincoln.}} \| {{\|Compton Martin (Somerset) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|38\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Common and Waste Lands within the Parish of Compton Martin in the County of Somerset.}} \| {{\|Spondon (Derbyshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|39\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open Fields, Common Pastures, Common or Moor, and Waste Grounds within the Hamlet or Liberty of Spondon in the County of Derby.}} \| {{\|Bagby (Yorkshire, North Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|40\|08-05-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing certain Moors or Commons within the Township of Bagby in the North Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Earl Camden's estate (Kentish Town Prebendal Lands): power to grant building leases.\|private\|41\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for enabling Charles Earl Camden to grant in the Manner therein mentioned, Building Leases of the Prebendal Lands at Kentish Town in the County of Middlesex.}} \| {{\|Sir Stephen Glynne's (an infant) estate: enabling guardians and Francis Glynne to grant leases of coal and other mines.\|private\|42\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable the Guardian of Sir Stephen Richard Glynne Baronet an Infant, and also Francis Glynne Esquire, and likewise the Guardians of the several Persons who may hereafter become entitled to the Estates in the County of Flint, comprised in the Settlement made on the Marriage of John Conway Glynne Esquire, deceased, and the Will of Sir John Glynne Baronet, also deceased, to grant Leases of the Coal and other Mines within the said Estates.}} \| {{\|Yafforth, Thruntoft, Little Langton and Danby-upon-Wisk (Yorkshire, North Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|43\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing a certain Moor or Common within the several Townships of Yafforth, Thruntoft, Little Langton, and Danby-uponWisk, some or one of them, in the North Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Brightside in Sheffield (Yorkshire, West Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|44\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Commons and Waste Grounds within the Township of Brightside in the Manor and Parish of Sheffield in the West Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Featherstone (Yorkshire, West Riding) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|45\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Open Fields, and also a certain Common or Parcel of Waste Ground within the Township of Featherstone in the West Riding of the County of York.}} \| {{\|Grassington (Yorkshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|46\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the several Stinted Pastures, called Old Pasture, New Pasture, Botton, and Losgill Bank in the Township of Grassington in the County of York.}} \| {{\|Tynemouth (Northumberland) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|47\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing, allotting, and enclosing a certain Common Moor or Tract of Waste Land, called Tynemouth Moor, Shire Moor, Billy Moor, or Billy Mill Moor within the Manor of Tynemouth, otherwise Tynemouthshire, otherwise Tynmouth with Tynmouthshire, in the County of Northumberland.}} \| {{\|Billington and Wilpshire (Lancashire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|48\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the several Commons or Waste Grounds within the several Manors or Lordships of Billington and Wilpshire, otherwise Wilpshire with Dinckley, in the Parish of Blackburn and Honour of Clitheroe in the Hundred of Blackburn and County Palatine of Lancaster.}} \| {{\|Streetmarshal, Tyrymynech, and Deytheur (Montgomeryshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|49\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Common Fields and Waste Lands within the Manors of Streetmarshal, Tirymynech, and Deytheur in the County of Montgomery.}} \| {{\|Naturalization of John Weber Act 1788\|private\|50\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for naturalizing John Philip Weber.}} \| {{\|Naturalization of Daniel Nantes Act 1788\|private\|51\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for naturalizing Daniel Nantes.}} \| {{\|Naturalization of Reverend Lewis Guerry Act 1788\|private\|52\|11-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for naturalizing the Reverend Lewis Guerry.}} \| {{\|Sir Thomas Dyke Acland's estate: power to fell timber, grant leases upon fines and purchase lands and herditaments to be settled.\|private\|53\|25-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to enable the Trustees of the Will of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland Baronet, to cut down and sell Timber upon the Estates thereby devised, and to grant Leases of Part of the same Estates, upon Fines, and to invest the Monies arising therefrom, in the Purchase of Lands and Hereditaments, to be settled to the Uses of the Will.}} \| {{\|Long Sutton or Sutton-in-Holland (Lincolnshire) Inclosure Act 1788\|private\|54\|25-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act for dividing and enclosing the Common Marsh, Common Fen, and other Waste Grounds, in the Parish of Long Sutton, otherwise Sutton in Holland, in the County of Lincoln.}} \| {{\|Jonathan Twiss's divorce from Frances Dorrill, and other provisions.\|private\|55\|25-06-1788\|archived=n\|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Jonathan Twiss Esquire with Frances Dorrill his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}} }} Sources See also List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain References 1788 1780s in Great Britain
The G.A.R. Hall and Museum is a historic museum at 58 Andrew Street in Lynn, Massachusetts. The four story Romanesque brick building was built in 1885 by contractor Frank G. Kelly to the design of the Lynn firm Wheeler & Northend for the General Frederick W. Lander Post 5 of the Grand Army of the Republic, an American Civil War veterans organization. It has two storefronts on the ground floor, offices and a library with spaces for 1500 volumes on the second floor, and a large 46'10" x 56'4" meeting hall on the upper two floors. The roofline originally had ornate brick crenellations, but these were removed in the mid 20th century. The first two floors have also been altered over time, but the meeting hall remains in nearly original condition. The building was constructed with incandescent electric lighting by the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which had moved to Lynn two years prior. With declining membership in the organization, the building was turned over to the city in 1919 by a Special Act of the Massachusetts Legislature. The city operates it as a museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The building is the earliest known work by Holman K. Wheeler, who designed and constructed more than 400 structures in Lynn and surrounding towns, including residences, schools, commercial and factory buildings, and monuments. A total of five H. K. Wheeler structures in Lynn are listed on the National Register. The father of co-architect William Wheelwright Northend, Massachusetts State Senator William Dummer Northend, while attending Governor Dummer Academy as a child, became longtime friends with General Frederick W. Lander for whom the Lynn G.A.R. Post is named. In 2018, a fundraising campaign was started to raise as much as $10 million for needed repairs, renovations, and preservation of the museum's collection. Plans include making the building ADA compliant with additions such as an elevator. An updated climate control system is also needed to preserve the museum artifacts. The museum was named one of the top 11 most endangered historic resources in Massachusetts for 2018 by Preservation Massachusetts. See also Official Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Hall & Museum in Lynn, Massachusetts Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Lynn, Massachusetts) National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts Lynn Grand Army of the Republic Museum page on the City of Lynn official website Lynn Grand Army of the Republic Museum page on the Essex National Heritage Area website References Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Buildings and structures in Lynn, Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places in Lynn, Massachusetts Grand Army of the Republic buildings and structures Buildings and structures completed in 1885 American Civil War museums in Massachusetts 1885 establishments in Massachusetts
Jeong So-yeon (; born May 5, 1994), known mononymously as Soyeon, is a South Korean singer. She debuted in 2014 as the vocalist of the South Korean girl group Laboum. In 2022, she became a member of the project supergroup WSG Wannabe. Early life and education Jeong So-yeon was born in Gwangju on May 4, 1994. She attended Gwangju Cultural Middle School. In 2011, Jeong was a contestant on the South Korean television talent show series Superstar K 3, where she appeared with her school friend and fellow K-pop idol Bae Suzy. Music career Jeong made her debut in August 2014 as the vocalist of the South Korean girl group Laboum. Aside from her group activities, she has participated in a number of soundtracks for South Korean television series since early in her career. She is an active songwriter and has composed songs for both Laboum and other artists, including the title track of Laboum's 2018 single album Between Us. In 2016, Jeong was a cast member and contestant on the South Korean television singing competition Girl Spirit. Following the resurgence of Laboum on South Korean music charts after they were featured on the reality/variety television show Hangout with Yoo, Jeong has auditioned on the show to become a member of the project supergroup WSG Wannabe. She successfully passed the audition and became a member of the Gaya-G sub-unit, which went on to claim a first place all-kill on South Korean music charts. Discography Singles Soundtrack appearances Composition credits All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted. Videography Music videos Filmography Television shows Awards and nominations Notes References 1994 births Living people Musicians from Gwangju 21st-century South Korean women singers K-pop singers South Korean women singer-songwriters South Korean female idols
Captain Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez (fl. 17th century) was a Spanish adventurer, explorer, royal governor and military officer, born in Rielves, Spain. He conquered and pacified a large part of the northern region of Mexico in present day Chihuahua. He began his adventures in the New World in the city of San Felipe, Guanajuato before becoming a fixture in Aguascalientes society among the colonial elites of Nueva Galicia. Exploration and adventures The adventures of the Romo de Vivar family begin with the protagonist, the younger Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez, who was born in Rielves in 1589. He moved in 1624, following his marriage to doña María Rangel, to the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia, most likely to take charge of various lands that would have been granted to him by his father-in-law as a dowry. The marriage of Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez and doña María would create a link between the towns of Parral and Aguascalientes, a region to which they would later emigrate, but not without first participating in the discoveries of some major sites, including one of the first salt discoveries north of Chihuahua, today known as "Villa Ahumada", discovered in 1647, when don Diego ventured there as an explorer. That same year the father-in-law of Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez, in addition to having acquired numerous lands, was also named as alférez in Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain. Don Diego, himself, would also continue to acquire numerous properties and holdings throughout Mexico. Among his many properties was Rancho de Canutillo, later owned by Pancho Villa, who was assassinated in Parral on 20 July 1923 by Jesús Salas Barraza's men. Don Diego was a restless man and a true adventurer, and although he settled in the current state of Aguascalientes, he explored the numerous territories north of Mexico, exploited the mines in the Parral region and contained the frequent attacks of many of the most violent indigenous tribes, including the Apaches and Comanches. He even defended the coasts of Nayarit against the attacks of pirates. His courage earned him the rank of captain and years later as the royal governor of San José del Parral, a place to which King Philip IV would grant the title of the "Silver capital of the world" in 1660. Family Don Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez was born into a prominent family in Rielves, Spain in 1589, the son of don Diego Romo de Vivar and doña Catalina Pérez. He married doña María Rangel sometime around 1624 in San Felipe, Guanajuato. He had 9 children; María, Diego, Juan, Isabel, Antonia, Pedro, Jerónimo, Francisco and José who followed in the adventurous footsteps of don Diego Romo de Vivar and dispersed in different cities of Nueva Galicia and Nueva Vizcaya. His son, Diego Romo de Vivar, owner of the Hacienda de Rincón de Romos, contracted marriage with doña Luisa de Angeles y de los Reyes. His grandson, and third of his name, Diego Romo de Vivar was an explorer, his brother Juan became alcalde mayor of Aguascalientes, José was also an explorer and possibly the first European to colonize the territories of the current populations of Álamos, Nogales and Sonora in the state of Sonora, north of Mexico. Pedro was captain, along with his brother Juan who bought the hacienda of Rincón de Ortega. Like his brothers, he was an explorer, rancher and miner and very possibly the first to exercise these activities in the territories that now make up the state of Arizona in the United States. His grandson José Romo de Vivar, was one of the early settlers in Arizona. References 17th-century Spanish people Spanish city founders Spanish conquistadors 1589 births Year of death unknown Spanish people in New Spain
Ascute is a genus of calcareous sponges. It contains two species, both found in Australia: Ascute asconoides (Carter, 1886) Ascute uteoides (Dendy, 1893) References Taxa named by Arthur Dendy
Andrew Ball is an American football coach. He is the head football coach for Missouri University of Science and Technology; a position he has held since 2022. He also was the head coach for Central High School in 2017. He previously coached for Central Missouri, Culver–Stockton, Truman State, and Missouri Western. Personal life Ball's father, Randy, was the head coach for Missouri State and Western Illinois. Head coaching record College High school References External links Missouri S&T profile Truman State profile Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Central Missouri Mules football coaches Culver–Stockton Wildcats football coaches Missouri S&T Miners football coaches Missouri Western Griffons football coaches Truman Bulldogs football coaches High school football coaches in Missouri University of Central Missouri alumni
Gentiana scabra, also known as the Japanese gentian or the Rindō Flower, is a species of flowering plant in the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), found in much of East Asia. The flowers bloom in mid-summer, autumn and are blue or dark blue in color. Medicinal use Gentiana scabra roots are used as a bitter tonic in traditional Chinese medicine where it is said to promote digestive secretions and treats a range of illnesses associated with the liver. It is also used in traditional Tibetan medicine. References External links scabra Flora of the United States Flora of Japan Taxa named by Alexander von Bunge
Sin noticias de Holanda (in English: No News From Holland) is Spanish pop singer Melendi's début album. It sold over 400,000 albums, and was later reissued with three new songs. Track listing "Mi rumbita pa tus pies" "Desde mi ventana" "Sé lo que hicistes" "Sin noticias de Holanda" "Un recuerdo que olvidar" "Con la luna llena" "Hablando en plata" "El informe del forense" "Vuelvo a traficar" "Una historia de tantas" "Contando primaveras" "Asturias" (Reissue) "Moratalá" (Reissue) "Trae pa´ k esa yerba güena"(Reissue) Melendi albums 2003 debut albums
Cyclostrema bibi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Liotiidae. Description The height of the shell attains 4.4 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Cuba at depths between 30 m and 40 m. References Espinosa J., Ortea J., Fernandez-Garcés R. & Moro L. (2007) Adiciones a la fauna de moluscos marinos de la peninsula de Guanahacabibes (I), con la descripcion de nuevas especies. Avicennia 19: 63–88. page(s): 66 bibi Gastropods described in 2007
Operation New York was a US Marine Corps operation that took place northwest and east of Phu Bai Combat Base, lasting from 26 February to 3 March 1966. Prelude On 26 February the 3rd Marine Division activated Task Unit Hotel, comprising Companies F and G of the 2nd Battalion 1st Marines and Company K of the 3rd Battalion 1st Marines at Phu Bai to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 1st Division which was engaged in 3 simultaneous operations. The Task Unit was assigned to sweep the Pho Lai village complex approximately 7 km northwest of Huế where a 100-strong Viet Cong unit was believed to be operating. Operation 26 February Companies F and G 2/1 Marines arrived by truck at the operation area in the late afternoon, while HMM-163 landed Company K northeast of the village to take up blocking positions. By 22:15 Companies F and G had swept the area and joined up with Company K without encountering any enemy and set up night positions. 27 February Task Unit Hotel left Pho Lai and returned to Phu Bai by 18:15. Shortly after returning to base, the ARVN informed the Marines that their 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment was heavily engaged with the Viet Cong 810th Battalion on the Phu Thu Peninsula east of the base. The Unit commander LCOL Hanifin ordered a night helicopter assault into positions north of the peninsula and by 02:00 on 28 February HMM-163 had landed all 3 companies. 28 February Under the cover of artillery fire from the Phu Bai base, the 3 Marine Companies moved line abreast down the peninsula with the ARVN providing flank security. The Viet Cong quickly broke up into small groups and attempted to evade the Marines. Aftermath Operation New York concluded on 3 March, the Marines had suffered 17 dead and 37 wounded and claimed that the Vietcong suffered 120 killed and 7 captured. Notes Conflicts in 1966 1966 in Vietnam Battles involving the United States Battles involving Vietnam February 1966 events March 1966 events Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1966 United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War History of Thừa Thiên Huế province
Éric Rapo (born 6 March 1972) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Career Rapo was reserve goalkeeper for Chênois in the 1993–94 season. Due to an injury of the first choice keeper, Rapo came to one appearance in the Nationalliga B the second tier of Swiss football. The following season he was loaned to neighbouring club Grand-Lancy. As he returned after the loan period Chênois had suffered relegation, but he stayed at the club. At this time he was working as warehouse labourer and playing football as amateur. For the 1996–97 season Étoile Carouge were looking for a new keeper and so Rapo moved on, playing as first choice goalkeeper in the second tier. At the end of the season Étoile Carouge had won the qualifying round and finished the promotion group in second position and thus winning promotion. However a year later they could not save themselves from relegation. Lausanne-Sport had been monitoring the goalie and Rapo signed his first professional contract with them ahead of the 1998–99 Nationalliga A season as reserve goalkeeper. The following season he took over as first choice keeper and stayed this for two seasons. However in the 2001–02 season, suffering financial problems Lausanne loaned hime out. His first loan was for six months to Yverdon-Sport and for the second half of the season to Wil. As he returned from his loan period, Lausanne did not obtain a first level license for the 2002–03 season and so were relegated to the second tier. Rapo moved on. On 21 May 2002 it was announced that Rapo had signed for Swiss Champions FC Basel in replacement of reserve goalkeeper Miroslav König, who had transferred to FC Zürich. He joined Basel's first team in advance of their 2002–03 season under head coach Christian Gross. On 1 December 2002, as first choice goalkeeper Pascal Zuberbühler was ill, Rapo played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park, as Basel were defeated 2–1 by Grasshopper Club. Basel ended their league season as runners-up. In their 2003–04 league season the team started well, winning their first 13 matches straight out. The first defeat came on matchday 24. Basel won the championship with 26 victories and seven draws, the team had suffered just three away defeats, and obtained 85 points. Rapo had one league appearance, in the away game in the Hardturm on 16 May 2004 as Basel won 2–0 against Grasshopper Club. After suffering an injury Rapo was out of the game for four months and during the winter break of the 2004–05 league season he left the club on a free transfer. During his time with them, Rapo played a total of 35 games for Basel. Two of these games were in the Swiss Super League and 33 were friendly games. Rapo move on to play six months for Stade Nyonnais. He joined Etoile Carouge in July 2005, but went on loan to Urania Genève Sport. After his loan period he returned to Etoile Carouge and played with them for two seasons and then he retired from his professional career. Honours Basel Swiss Super League: 2003–04 References Sources Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage External links www.soccerbase.com – Eric Rapo Swiss men's footballers 1972 births Living people FC Basel players FC Lausanne-Sport players FC Wil players Yverdon-Sport FC players Swiss Super League players Men's association football goalkeepers Étoile Carouge FC players Urania Genève Sport players CS Chênois players Footballers from Geneva
Brzeziny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stężyca, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Stężyca, west of Ryki, and north-west of the regional capital Lublin. References Brzeziny
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Community Financial Services Association of America, Limited (Docket 22–448) is a pending United States Supreme Court case related to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's funding mechanism. Background The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau was created after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 as part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Its structure included a director that could not be fired by the President except for cause, and the ability to request funding from the Federal Reserve rather than the United States Congress. In Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2020), the Supreme Court of the United States held the CFPB director's removal protections were unconstitutional. Lower Courts The Community Financial Services Association of America, a trade group for the payday lending industry, filed a lawsuit in 2018 challenging a CFPB rule restricting payday lending. The United States District Court for the Western District of Texas upheld the rule. The CFSAA appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which in October 2022 upheld the rule against an Administrative Procedure Act challenge, but held it must be vacated because it was created when the agency was funded by the Federal Reserve. The Fifth Circuit held this funding mechanism was unconstitutional. Supreme Court Less than a month after the Fifth Circuit decided the case, the CFPB filed a petition for a writ of certiorari at the Supreme Court, and the Biden administration asked for the Supreme Court to "fast track" the case to be heard during the current 2022 Supreme Court term. The Supreme Court granted certiorari on February 27, 2023, and denied the motion to expedite consideration of the case. Oral argument was held on October 3, 2023. The case was argued, on behalf of the CFPB, by Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar and, on behalf of the CFSAA, by former Solicitor General Noel Francisco. References External links 2023 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court United States Constitution Article One case law United States separation of powers case law Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a defender for Renofa Yamaguchi. Career statistics Club Notes References External links 1998 births Living people Association football people from Chiba (city) Japanese men's footballers Men's association football defenders J2 League players Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
Asplundia albicarpa is a species of plant belonging to the family Cyclanthaceae. It has a long stem up to 2 m long with petioles up to 52 cm long carrying broad bifid leaves up to 65 cm long. It can be distinguished from most of its congeners by its fruit which remain white or greenish white when mature (The fruit of most Asplundia spp turn a variety of different colours upon maturity). A. albicarpa grows both as an epiphyte and as a terrestrial plant. It is found in primary rainforest habitats from Costa Rica south to Colombia and Ecuador. References New Species of Cyclanthaceae from southern Central America and northern South America albicarpa Plants described in 2003
The women's team sprint race of the 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 4, arranged in the Thialf arena in Heerenveen, Netherlands, was held on 11 December 2015. The Dutch team won the race, while the Russian team came second, and all other teams failed to start/finish or were disqualified. Results The race took place on Friday, 11 December, in the evening session, scheduled at 19:14. References Women team sprint 4
Karol Marcinkowski (23 June 1800 in Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, today Poznań in Poland–6 November 1846) was a Polish physician, social activist in the Greater Poland region (also called the Grand Duchy of Posen), supporter of the basic education (Praca organiczna) programmes, organizer of the Scientific Help Society (Towarzystwo Pomocy Naukowej) and the Poznań Bazar (Bazar Poznański) - the Polish mall in Poznań that included a hotel, meeting rooms, crafts and shops. Membership in organizations Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Poznań (est.1841), Towarzystwo Naukowej Pomocy dla Młodzieży Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego - scholarship for poor youth. Schools named after Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu) Karol Marcinkowski 1st High School in Poznań (I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu) References Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać nad Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989 1800 births 1846 deaths Physicians from Poznań Politicians from Poznań 19th-century Polish physicians People from the Grand Duchy of Posen November Uprising participants Recipients of the Virtuti Militari Polish political prisoners in the Prussian partition
Maitland James Burnett (1844 – 15 September 1918) was a British philatelist who was one of the "Founding fathers of Philately" entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921. He was also editor of The Philatelic Record for the first seven years of its existence from 1879. Early life At the age of 15, Burnett was sent to Frankfurt to complete his education and it was there that he began to collect stamps. On his return to Scotland he gave his collection to his sister before beginning his legal training. His sister did not add to the collection and subsequently Burnett decided to renew his interest in stamps. Organised philately Burnett joined The Philatelic Society London, now The Royal Philatelic Society London, in March 1877, subsequently becoming a Fellow of the society. Many early meetings of the society took place at Burnett's chambers in Gray's Inn. Hard times According to Brian Birch, Burnett fell on hard times in 1887 following the crash of his business interests in the West Indies and ceased his subscription to the Royal Philatelic Society London. He left England in 1885 and disposed of his collection, part of which passed to Thomas Tapling. After 1885 he lived mainly in Belgium and Luxembourg and later in Italy. He was an expert on the Dutch language. Burnett died in Rome in 1918. Burnett was the head of an old Scottish family from Peeblesshire where he was also a Justice of the Peace. References British philatelists 1844 births 1918 deaths British barristers Fellows of the Royal Philatelic Society London Fathers of philately
Dobie is an unincorporated community located in the town of Hawthorne, Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States. It is near Lake Nebagamon. Notes Unincorporated communities in Douglas County, Wisconsin Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Macario Valpuesta Bermúdez (born 12 July 1959) is a Spanish jurist and politician of the Vox party. He served in the Parliament of Andalusia from 2020 to 2022, as the party's group leader. Biography Born in Seville, Valpuesta has doctorates in Classics and Law, and is a professor of Roman Law at the Pablo de Olavide University in the city. He is married to Reyes Romero, a Vox member of the Congress of Deputies representing Seville. Valpuesta described having left-wing sympathies in his youth during the Spanish transition to democracy, and wore the flag of Andalusia. He ran for Vox in the Senate of Spain in the Seville constituency in the April 2019 general election, finishing 11th in the four-seat constituency. In the following election in November, he came seventh. In September 2020, Valpuesta replaced the resigned Francisco Serrano Castro in the Parliament of Andalusia, representing its Seville constituency. He became the leader of the party's parliamentary group. Despite this position, he was not selected as a candidate for the 2022 Andalusian regional election. Valpuesta wrote in August 2019 that Blas Infante, the father of Andalusian nationalism, was a Freemason who created an "absurd" semi-Arab identity for the Andalusians, including their green and white flag; he nonetheless said that Infante was more moderate than his respective Basque and Catalan equivalents Sabino Arana and Enric Prat de la Riba and did not deserve to be assassinated. He also wrote that what he called the "homosexualist" movement deserves to be criticised according to the same freedom that allows for religion and ideology to be criticised. References 1959 births Living people Politicians from Seville Spanish jurists Academic staff of Pablo de Olavide University Vox (political party) politicians Members of the 11th Parliament of Andalusia
Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with Emma Thomas, his wife. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets. He is offered a chance to have his criminal history erased, as payment for the implantation of another person's idea into a target's subconscious. The ensemble cast includes Ken Watanabe, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Elliot Page, Tom Hardy, Cillian Murphy, Tom Berenger, Dileep Rao and Michael Caine. After the 2002 completion of Insomnia, Nolan presented to Warner Bros. a written 80-page treatment for a horror film envisioning "dream stealers," based on lucid dreaming. Deciding he needed more experience before tackling a production of this magnitude and complexity, Nolan shelved the project and instead worked on 2005's Batman Begins, 2006's The Prestige, and The Dark Knight in 2008. The treatment was revised over six months and was purchased by Warner in February 2009. Inception was filmed in six countries, beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and ending in Canada on November 22. Its official budget was $160 million, split between Warner Bros. and Legendary. Nolan's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film's US$100 million in advertising expenditure. Inceptions premiere was held in London on July 8, 2010; it was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters beginning on July 16, 2010. Inception grossed over $837 million worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2010. Considered one of the best films of the 2010s, Inception won four Oscars (Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects) and was nominated for four more (Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Art Direction, Best Original Score) at the 83rd Academy Awards. Plot Cobb and Arthur are "extractors" who perform corporate espionage using experimental dream-sharing technology to infiltrate their targets' subconscious and extract information. Their latest target, Saito, is impressed with Cobb's ability to layer multiple dreams within each other. He offers to hire Cobb for the ostensibly impossible job of implanting an idea into a person's subconscious; performing "inception" on Robert Fischer, the son of Saito's competitor Maurice Fischer, with the idea to dissolve his father's company. In return, Saito promises to clear Cobb's criminal status, allowing him to return home to his children. Cobb accepts the offer and assembles his team: a forger named Eames, a chemist named Yusuf, and a college student named Ariadne. Ariadne is tasked with designing the dream's architecture, something Cobb himself cannot do for fear of being sabotaged by his mind's projection of his late wife Mal. Maurice Fischer dies, and the team sedates Robert Fischer into a three-layer shared dream on an airplane to America bought by Saito. Time on each layer runs slower than the layer above, with one member staying behind on each to perform a music-synchronized "kick" (using the French song Non, je ne regrette rien) to awaken dreamers on all three levels simultaneously. The team abducts Robert in a city on the first level, but they are attacked by his trained subconscious projections. After Saito is wounded, Cobb reveals that while dying in the dream would normally awaken dreamers, Yusuf's sedatives will instead send them into "Limbo": a world of infinite subconscious. Eames impersonates Robert's godfather, Peter Browning, to introduce the idea of an alternate will to dissolve the company. Cobb tells Ariadne that he and Mal entered Limbo while experimenting with dream-sharing, experiencing fifty years in one night due to the time dilation with reality. Mal refused to return to reality, and Cobb instead performed inception on her to convince her. After waking up, Mal still believed she was dreaming. Attempting to "wake up", she committed suicide and framed Cobb to force him to do the same. Cobb fled the U.S., leaving his children behind. Yusuf drives the team around the first level as they are sedated into the second level, a hotel dreamed by Arthur. Cobb persuades Robert that he has been kidnapped by Browning to stop the dissolution and that Cobb is a defensive projection, leading Robert another third level deeper as part of a ruse to enter Robert's subconscious. In the third level, the team infiltrates an alpine fortress with a projection of Maurice inside, where the inception itself can be performed. However, Yusuf performs his kick too soon by driving off a bridge, forcing Arthur and Eames to improvise a new set of kicks synchronized with them hitting the water, by rigging an elevator and the fortress respectively with explosives. Mal then appears and kills Robert before he can be subjected to the inception and he and Saito are lost into Limbo, forcing Cobb and Ariadne to rescue them in time for Robert's inception and Eames's kick. Cobb makes peace with his part in causing Mal's death. Ariadne kills Mal's projection and wakes Robert up with a kick. Revived into the third level, he discovers the planted idea: his dying father telling him to create something for himself. While Cobb searches for Saito in Limbo, the others ride the synced kicks back to reality. Cobb finds an aged Saito and reminds him of their agreement. The dreamers all awaken on the plane, and Saito makes a phone call. Arriving at L.A., Cobb passes the immigration checkpoint and his father-in-law accompanies him to his home. Cobb uses Mal's "totem" – a top that spins indefinitely in a dream – to test if he is indeed in the real world, but he chooses not to observe the result and instead joins his children. Cast Leonardo DiCaprio as Dom Cobb, a professional thief who specializes in conning secrets from his victims by infiltrating their dreams. DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film. Both Brad Pitt and Will Smith were offered the role, according to The Hollywood Reporter. Cobb's role is compared to "the haunted widower in a Gothic romance". Ken Watanabe as Saito, a Japanese businessman who employs Cobb for the team's mission. Nolan wrote the role with Watanabe in mind, as he wanted to work with him again after Batman Begins. Inception is Watanabe's first work in a contemporary setting where his primary language is English. Watanabe tried to emphasize a different characteristic of Saito in every dream level: "First chapter in my castle, I pick up some hidden feelings of the cycle. It's magical, powerful and then the first dream. And back to the second chapter, in the old hotel, I pick up [being] sharp and more calm and smart and it's a little bit [of a] different process to make up the character of any movie". Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Arthur, Cobb's partner who manages and researches the missions. Gordon-Levitt compared Arthur to the producer of Cobb's art, "the one saying, 'Okay, you have your vision; now I'm going to figure out how to make all the nuts and bolts work so you can do your thing'". The actor did all but one of his stunt scenes and said the preparation "was a challenge and it would have to be for it to look real". James Franco was in talks with Christopher Nolan to play Arthur, but was ultimately unavailable due to scheduling conflicts. Marion Cotillard as Mal, Cobb's deceased wife. She is a manifestation of Cobb's guilt about the real cause of Mal's suicide. He is unable to control these projections of her, challenging his abilities as an extractor. Nolan described Mal as "the essence of the femme fatale," and DiCaprio praised Cotillard's performance, saying that "she can be strong and vulnerable and hopeful and heartbreaking all in the same moment, which was perfect for all the contradictions of her character". Elliot Page as Ariadne, a graduate student of architecture who is recruited to construct the various dreamscapes, which are described as mazes. The name Ariadne alludes to a princess of Greek myth, daughter of King Minos, who aided the hero Theseus by giving him a sword and a ball of string to help him navigate the labyrinth which was the prison of the Minotaur. Nolan said that Page was chosen for being a "perfect combination of freshness and savvy and maturity beyond [his] years". Page said their character acts as a proxy to the audience, as "she's just learning about these ideas and, in essence, assists the audience in learning about dream sharing". Tom Hardy as Eames, a sharp-tongued associate of Cobb. He is referred to as a fence but his specialty is forgery, more accurately identity theft. Eames uses his ability to impersonate others inside the dream world in order to manipulate Fischer. Hardy described his character as "an old, Graham Greene-type diplomat; sort of faded, shabby, grandeur—the old Shakespeare lovey mixed with somebody from Her Majesty's Special Forces", who wears "campy, old money" costumes. Cillian Murphy as Robert Fischer Jr., the heir to a business empire and the team's target. Murphy said Fischer was portrayed as "a petulant child who's in need of a lot of attention from his father, he has everything he could ever want materially, but he's deeply lacking emotionally". The actor also researched the sons of Rupert Murdoch, "to add to that the idea of living in the shadow of someone so immensely powerful". Tom Berenger as Browning, Robert Fischer's godfather and fellow executive at the Fischers' company. Berenger said Browning acts as a "surrogate father" to Fischer, who calls the character "Uncle Peter", and emphasized that "Browning has been with [Robert] his whole life and has probably spent more quality time with him than his own father". Michael Caine as Miles, Cobb's mentor and father-in-law, and Ariadne's college professor who recommends her to the team. Dileep Rao as Yusuf. Rao describes Yusuf as "an avant-garde pharmacologist, who is a resource for people, like Cobb, who want to do this work unsupervised, unregistered and unapproved of by anyone". Co-producer Jordan Goldberg said the role of the chemist was "particularly tough because you don't want him to seem like some kind of drug dealer", and that Rao was cast for being "funny, interesting and obviously smart". Lukas Haas as Nash, an architect in Cobb's employment who betrays the team and is later replaced by Ariadne. Talulah Riley as a woman, credited as "Blonde", whom Eames disguises himself as in a dream. Riley liked the role, despite it being minimal: "I get to wear a nice dress, pick up men in bars, and shove them in elevators. It was good to do something adultish. Usually I play 15-year-old English schoolgirls." Pete Postlethwaite as Maurice Fischer, Robert Fischer's father and the dying founder of a business empire. Production Development Initially, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers. Originally, Nolan had envisioned Inception as a horror film, but eventually wrote it as a heist film even though he found that "traditionally [they] are very deliberately superficial in emotional terms." Upon revisiting his script, he decided that basing it in that genre did not work because the story "relies so heavily on the idea of the interior state, the idea of dream and memory. I realized I needed to raise the emotional stakes." Nolan worked on the script for nine to ten years. When he first started thinking about making the film, Nolan was influenced by "that era of movies where you had The Matrix (1999), you had Dark City (1998), you had The Thirteenth Floor (1999) and, to a certain extent, you had Memento (2000), too. They were based in the principles that the world around you might not be real." Nolan first pitched the film to Warner Bros. in 2001, but decided that he needed more experience making large-scale films, and embarked on Batman Begins and The Dark Knight. He soon realized that a film like Inception needed a large budget because "as soon as you're talking about dreams, the potential of the human mind is infinite. And so the scale of the film has to feel infinite. It has to feel like you could go anywhere by the end of the film. And it has to work on a massive scale." After making The Dark Knight, Nolan decided to make Inception and spent six months completing the script. Nolan said that the key to completing the script was wondering what would happen if several people shared the same dream. "Once you remove the privacy, you've created an infinite number of alternative universes in which people can meaningfully interact, with validity, with weight, with dramatic consequences." Nolan had been trying to work with Leonardo DiCaprio for years and met him several times, but was unable to recruit him for any of his films until Inception. DiCaprio finally agreed because he was "intrigued by this concept—this dream-heist notion and how this character's going to unlock his dreamworld and ultimately affect his real life." He read the script and found it to be "very well written, comprehensive but you really had to have Chris in person, to try to articulate some of the things that have been swirling around his head for the last eight years." DiCaprio and Nolan spent months talking about the screenplay. Nolan took a long time re-writing the script in order "to make sure that the emotional journey of his [DiCaprio's] character was the driving force of the movie." On February 11, 2009, it was announced that Warner Bros. purchased Inception, a spec script written by Nolan. Locations and sets Principal photography began in Tokyo on June 19, 2009, with the scene in which Saito first hires Cobb during a helicopter flight over the city. The production moved to the United Kingdom and shot in a converted airship hangar in Cardington, Bedfordshire, north of London. There, the hotel bar set which tilted 30 degrees was built. A hotel corridor was also constructed by Guy Hendrix Dyas, the production designer, Chris Corbould, the special effects supervisor, and Wally Pfister, the director of photography; it rotated a full 360 degrees to create the effect of alternate directions of gravity for scenes set during the second level of dreaming, where dream-sector physics become chaotic. The idea was inspired by a technique used in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Nolan said, "I was interested in taking those ideas, techniques, and philosophies and applying them to an action scenario". The filmmakers originally planned to make the hallway only long, but as the action sequence became more elaborate, the hallway's length was increased to . The corridor was suspended along eight large concentric rings that were spaced equidistantly outside its walls and powered by two massive electric motors. Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who plays Arthur, spent several weeks learning to fight in a corridor that spun like "a giant hamster wheel". Nolan said of the device, "It was like some incredible torture device; we thrashed Joseph for weeks, but in the end we looked at the footage, and it looks unlike anything any of us has seen before. The rhythm of it is unique, and when you watch it, even if you know how it was done, it confuses your perceptions. It's unsettling in a wonderful way". Gordon-Levitt remembered, "it was six-day weeks of just, like, coming home at night battered ... The light fixtures on the ceiling are coming around on the floor, and you have to choose the right time to cross through them, and if you don't, you're going to fall." On July 15, 2009, filming took place at University College London for the sequences occurring inside a Paris college of architecture in the story, including the library, Flaxman Gallery and Gustav Tuck Theatre. Filming moved to France, where they shot Cobb entering the college of architecture (the place used for the entrance was the Musée Galliera) and the pivotal scenes between Ariadne and Cobb, in a bistro (a fictional one set up at the corner of Rue César Franck and Rue Bouchut), and lastly on the Bir-Hakeim bridge. For the explosion that takes place during the bistro scene, local authorities would not allow the use of real explosives. High-pressure nitrogen was used to create the effect of a series of explosions. Pfister used six high-speed cameras to capture the sequence from different angles and make sure that they got the shot. The visual effects department enhanced the sequence, adding more destruction and flying debris. For the "Paris folding" sequence and when Ariadne "creates" the bridges, green screen and CGI were used on location. Tangier, Morocco, doubled as Mombasa, where Cobb hires Eames and Yusuf. A foot chase was shot in the streets and alleyways of the historic medina quarter. To capture this sequence, Pfister employed a mix of hand-held camera and steadicam work. Tangier was also used as the setting for filming an important riot scene during the initial foray into Saito's mind. Filming moved to the Los Angeles area, where some sets were built on a Warner Bros. sound stage, including the interior rooms of Saito's Japanese castle (the exterior was done on a small set built in Malibu Beach). The dining room was inspired by the historic Nijō Castle, built around 1603. These sets were inspired by a mix of Japanese architecture and Western influences. The production staged a multi-vehicle car chase on the streets of downtown Los Angeles, which involved a freight train crashing down the middle of a street. To do this, the filmmakers configured a train engine on the chassis of a tractor trailer. The replica was made from fiberglass molds taken from authentic train parts and matched in terms of color and design. Also, the car chase was supposed to be set in the midst of a downpour, but the L.A. weather stayed typically sunny. The filmmakers set up elaborate effects (e.g., rooftop water cannons) to give the audience the impression that the weather was overcast and soggy. L.A. was also the site of the climactic scene where a Ford Econoline van runs off the Schuyler Heim Bridge in slow motion. This sequence was filmed on and off for months, with the van being shot out of a cannon, according to actor Dileep Rao. Capturing the actors suspended within the van in slow motion took a whole day to film. Once the van landed in the water, the challenge for the actors was to avoid panic. "And when they ask you to act, it's a bit of an ask," explained Cillian Murphy. The actors had to be underwater for four to five minutes while drawing air from scuba tanks; underwater buddy breathing is shown in this sequence. Cobb's house was in Pasadena. The hotel lobby was filmed at the CAA building in Century City. 'Limbo' was made on location in Los Angeles and Morocco, with the beach scene filmed at Palos Verdes beach with CGI buildings. N Hope St. in Los Angeles was the primary filming location for 'Limbo,' with green screen and CGI being used to create the dream landscape. The final phase of principal photography took place in Alberta in late November 2009. The location manager discovered a temporarily closed ski resort, Fortress Mountain. An elaborate set was assembled near the top station of the Canadian chairlift, taking three months to build. The production had to wait for a huge snowstorm, which eventually arrived. The ski-chase sequence was inspired by Nolan's favorite James Bond film, On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969): "What I liked about it that we've tried to emulate in this film is there's a tremendous balance in that movie of action and scale and romanticism and tragedy and emotion." Cinematography The film was shot primarily in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film, with key sequences filmed on 65 mm, and aerial sequences in VistaVision. Nolan did not shoot any footage with IMAX cameras as he had with The Dark Knight. "We didn't feel that we were going to be able to shoot in IMAX because of the size of the cameras because this film given that it deals with a potentially surreal area, the nature of dreams and so forth, I wanted it to be as realistic as possible. Not be bound by the scale of those IMAX cameras, even though I love the format dearly". In addition Nolan and Pfister tested using Showscan and Super Dimension 70 as potential large-format, high-frame-rate camera systems to use for the film, but ultimately decided against either format. Sequences in slow motion were filmed on a Photo-Sonics 35 mm camera at speeds of up to 1,000 frames per second. Wally Pfister tested shooting some of these sequences using a high speed digital camera, but found the format to be too unreliable due to technical glitches. "Out of six times that we shot on the digital format, we only had one usable piece and it didn't end up in the film. Out of the six times we shot with the Photo-Sonics camera and 35 mm running through it, every single shot was in the movie." Nolan also chose not to shoot any of the film in 3D as he prefers shooting on film using prime lenses, which is not possible with 3D cameras. Nolan has also criticized the dim image that 3D projection produces, and disputes that traditional film does not allow realistic depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading." Nolan did test converting Inception into 3D in post-production but decided that, while it was possible, he lacked the time to complete the conversion to a standard he was happy with. In February 2011 Jonathan Liebesman suggested that Warner Bros. were attempting a 3D conversion for Blu-ray release. Wally Pfister gave each location and dream level a distinctive look to aid the audience's recognition of the narrative's location during the heavily crosscut portion of the film: the mountain fortress appears sterile and cool, the hotel hallways have warm hues, and the scenes in the van are more neutral. Nolan has said that the film "deals with levels of reality, and perceptions of reality which is something I'm very interested in. It's an action film set in a contemporary world, but with a slight science-fiction bent to it", while also describing it as "very much an ensemble film structured somewhat as a heist movie. It's an action adventure that spans the globe". Visual effects For dream sequences in Inception, Nolan used little computer-generated imagery, preferring practical effects whenever possible. Nolan said, "It's always very important to me to do as much as possible in-camera, and then, if necessary, computer graphics are very useful to build on or enhance what you have achieved physically." To this end, visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin built a miniature of the mountain fortress set and then blew it up for the film. For the fight scene that takes place in zero gravity, he used CG-based effects to "subtly bend elements like physics, space and time." The most challenging effect was the "Limbo" city level at the end of the film, because it continually developed during production. Franklin had artists build concepts while Nolan expressed his ideal vision: "Something glacial, with clear modernist architecture, but with chunks of it breaking off into the sea like icebergs". Franklin and his team ended up with "something that looked like an iceberg version of Gotham City with water running through it." They created a basic model of a glacier and then designers created a program that added elements like roads, intersections and ravines until they had a complex, yet organic-looking, cityscape. For the Paris-folding sequence, Franklin had artists producing concept sketches and then they created rough computer animations to give them an idea of what the sequence looked like while in motion. Later during principal photography, Nolan was able to direct DiCaprio and Page based on this rough computer animation that Franklin had created. Inception had nearly 500 visual effects shots (in comparison, Batman Begins had approximately 620), which is relatively few in comparison to contemporary effects-heavy films, which can have as many as 2,000 visual effects shots. Music The score for Inception was written by Hans Zimmer, who described his work as "a very electronic, dense score", filled with "nostalgia and sadness" to match Cobb's feelings throughout the film. The music was written simultaneously to filming, and features a guitar sound reminiscent of Ennio Morricone, played by Johnny Marr, former guitarist of the Smiths. Édith Piaf's "Non, je ne regrette rien" ("No, I Regret Nothing") appears throughout the film, used to accurately time the dreams, and Zimmer reworked pieces of the song into cues of the score. A soundtrack album was released on July 11, 2010, by Reprise Records. The majority of the score was also included in high resolution 5.1 surround sound on the second disc of the two-disc Blu-ray release. Hans Zimmer's music was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Original Score category in 2011, losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross of The Social Network. Themes Reality and dreams In Inception, Nolan wanted to explore "the idea of people sharing a dream space... That gives you the ability to access somebody's unconscious mind. What would that be used and abused for?" The majority of the film's plot takes place in these interconnected dream worlds. This structure creates a framework where actions in the real or dream worlds ripple across others. The dream is always in a state of production, and shifts across the levels as the characters navigate it. By contrast, the world of The Matrix (1999) is an authoritarian, computer-controlled one, alluding to theories of social control developed by thinkers Michel Foucault and Jean Baudrillard. However, according to one interpretation Nolan's world has more in common with the works of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. David Denby in The New Yorker compared Nolan's cinematic treatment of dreams to Luis Buñuel's in Belle de Jour (1967) and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972). He criticized Nolan's "literal-minded" action level sequencing compared to Buñuel, who "silently pushed us into reveries and left us alone to enjoy our wonderment, but Nolan is working on so many levels of representation at once that he has to lay in pages of dialogue just to explain what's going on." The latter captures "the peculiar malign intensity of actual dreams." Deirdre Barrett, a dream researcher at Harvard University, said that Nolan did not get every detail accurate regarding dreams, but their illogical, rambling, disjointed plots would not make for a great thriller anyway. However, "he did get many aspects right," she said, citing the scene in which a sleeping Cobb is shoved into a full bath, and in the dream world water gushes into the windows of the building, waking him up. "That's very much how real stimuli get incorporated, and you very often wake up right after that intrusion." Nolan himself said, "I tried to work that idea of manipulation and management of a conscious dream being a skill that these people have. Really the script is based on those common, very basic experiences and concepts, and where can those take you? And the only outlandish idea that the film presents, really, is the existence of a technology that allows you to enter and share the same dream as someone else." Dreams and cinema Others have argued that the film is itself a metaphor for filmmaking, and that the filmgoing experience itself, images flashing before one's eyes in a darkened room, is akin to a dream. Writing in Wired, Jonah Lehrer supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping. In both, the visual cortex is highly active and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with logic, deliberate analysis, and self-awareness, is quiet. Paul argued that the experience of going to a picturehouse is itself an exercise in shared dreaming, particularly when viewing Inception: the film's sharp cutting between scenes forces the viewer to create larger narrative arcs to stitch the pieces together. This demand of production parallel to consumption of the images, on the part of the audience is analogous to dreaming itself. As in the film's story, in a cinema one enters into the space of another's dream, in this case Nolan's, as with any work of art, one's reading of it is ultimately influenced by one's own subjective desires and subconscious. At Bir-Hakeim bridge in Paris, Ariadne creates an illusion of infinity by adding facing mirrors underneath its struts, Stephanie Dreyfus in la Croix asked "Is this not a strong, beautiful metaphor for the cinema and its power of illusion?" Cinematic technique Genre Nolan combined elements from several different film genres into the film, notably science fiction, heist film, and film noir. Marion Cotillard plays "Mal" Cobb, Dom Cobb's projection of his guilt over his deceased wife's suicide. As the film's main antagonist, she is a frequent, malevolent presence in his dreams. Dom is unable to control these projections of her, challenging his abilities as an extractor. Nolan described Mal as "the essence of the femme fatale", the key noir reference in the film. As a "classic femme fatale" her relationship with Cobb is in his mind, a manifestation of Cobb's own neurosis and fear of how little he knows about the woman he loves. DiCaprio praised Cotillard's performance saying that "she can be strong and vulnerable and hopeful and heartbreaking all in the same moment, which was perfect for all the contradictions of her character". Nolan began with the structure of a heist movie, since exposition is an essential element of that genre, though adapted it to have a greater emotional narrative suited to the world of dreams and subconscious. As Denby described this device: "the outer shell of the story is an elaborate caper". Kristin Thompson argued that exposition was a major formal device in the film. While a traditional heist movie has a heavy dose of exposition at the beginning as the team assembles and the leader explains the plan, in Inception this becomes nearly continuous as the group progresses through the various levels of dreaming. Three quarters of the film, until the van begins to fall from the bridge, are devoted to explaining its plot. In this way, exposition takes precedence over characterization. The characters' relationships are created by their respective skills and roles. Ariadne, like her ancient namesake, creates the maze and guides the others through it, but also helps Cobb navigate his own subconscious, and as the sole student of dream sharing, helps the audience understand the concept of the plot. Nolan drew inspiration from the works of Jorge Luis Borges, including "The Secret Miracle" and "The Circular Ruins", and from the films Blade Runner (1982) and The Matrix (1999). While Nolan has not confirmed this, it has also been suggested by many observers that the movie draws heavy inspiration from the 2006 animated film Paprika. Ending The film cuts to the closing credits from a shot of the top apparently starting to show an ever so faint wobble, inviting speculation about whether the final sequence was reality or another dream. Nolan confirmed that the ambiguity was deliberate, saying, "I've been asked the question more times than I've ever been asked any other question about any other film I've made... What's funny to me is that people really do expect me to answer it." The film's script concludes with "Behind him, on the table, the spinning top is STILL SPINNING. And we—FADE OUT". Nolan said, "I put that cut there at the end, imposing an ambiguity from outside the film. That always felt the right ending to me—it always felt like the appropriate 'kick' to me... The real point of the scene—and this is what I tell people—is that Cobb isn't looking at the top. He's looking at his kids. He's left it behind. That's the emotional significance of the thing." Caine interpreted the ending as meaning that Cobb is in the real world, quoting Nolan as telling him "'Well, when you're in the scene, it's reality.' So get that — if I'm in it, it's reality. If I'm not in it, it's a dream". While reiterating that he was uncomfortable with definitively explaining the scene, Nolan in 2023 credited Emma Thomas as providing "the correct answer, which is Leo's character ... doesn't care at that point". Mark Fisher argued that "a century of cultural theory" cautions against accepting the author's interpretation as anything more than a supplementary text, and this all the more so given the theme of the instability of any one master position in Nolan's films. Therein the manipulator is often the one who ends up manipulated, and Cobb's "not caring" about whether or not his world is real may be the price of his happiness and release. Release Marketing Warner Bros. spent US$100 million marketing the film. Although Inception was not part of an existing franchise, Sue Kroll, president of Warner's worldwide marketing, said the company believed it could gain awareness due to the strength of "Christopher Nolan as a brand". Kroll declared that "We don't have the brand equity that usually drives a big summer opening, but we have a great cast and a fresh idea from a filmmaker with a track record of making incredible movies. If you can't make those elements work, it's a sad day." The studio also tried to maintain a campaign of secrecy—as reported by the Senior VP of Interactive Marketing, Michael Tritter, "You have this movie which is going to have a pretty big built in fanbase... but you also have a movie that you are trying to keep very secret. Chris [Nolan] really likes people to see his movies in a theater and not see it all beforehand so everything that you do to market that—at least early on—is with an eye to feeding the interest to fans." A viral marketing campaign was employed for the film. After the revelation of the first teaser trailer, in August 2009, the film's official website featured only an animation of Cobb's spinning top. In December, the top toppled over and the website opened the online game Mind Crime, which upon completion revealed Inceptions poster. The rest of the campaign unrolled after WonderCon in April 2010, where Warner gave away promotional T-shirts featuring the PASIV briefcase used to create the dream space, and had a QR code linking to an online manual of the device. Mind Crime also received a stage 2 with more resources, including a hidden trailer for the movie. More pieces of viral marketing began to surface before Inceptions release, such as a manual filled with bizarre images and text sent to Wired magazine, and the online publication of posters, ads, phone applications, and strange websites all related to the film. Warner also released an online prequel comic, Inception: The Cobol Job. The official trailer released on May 10, 2010, through Mind Game was extremely well received. It featured an original piece of music, "Mind Heist", by recording artist Zack Hemsey, rather than music from the score. The trailer quickly went viral with numerous mashups copying its style, both by amateurs on sites like YouTube and by professionals on sites such as CollegeHumor. On June 7, 2010, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the film was released in HD on Yahoo! Movies. Inception and its film trailers are widely credited for launching the trend throughout the 2010s in which blockbuster movie trailers repeatedly hit audiences with so-called "braam" sounds: "bassy, brassy, thunderous notes—like a foghorn on steroids—meant to impart a sense of apocalyptic momentousness". However, different composers worked on the teaser trailer, first trailer, second trailer, and film score, meaning that identifying the composer(s) responsible for that trend is a complicated task. Home media Inception was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3, 2010, in France, and the week after in the UK and USA (December 7, 2010). Warner Bros. also made available in the United States a limited Blu-ray edition packaged in a metal replica of the PASIV briefcase, which included extras such as a metal replica of the spinning top totem. With a production run of less than 2,000, it sold out in one weekend. Inception was released on 4K Blu-ray and digital copy along with other Christopher Nolan films on December 19, 2017. , the home video releases have sold over 9million units and grossed over . Putative video game In a November 2010 interview, Nolan expressed his intention to develop a video game set in the Inception world, working with a team of collaborators. He described it as "a longer-term proposition", referring to the medium of video games as "something I've wanted to explore". 10th anniversary re-release Inception was re-released in theaters for its tenth anniversary, starting on August 12, 2020, in international markets and on August 21 in the U.S. The re-release was originally announced by Warner Bros. in June 2020 and scheduled for July 17, 2020, taking the original release date for Nolan's upcoming film Tenet after its delay to July 31 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on movie theaters. After Tenet was delayed again to August 12, the re-release was shifted to July 31, before setting on the August release date following a third delay. Reception Box office Inception was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16, 2010. The film had its world premiere at Leicester Square in London on July 8, 2010. In the United States and Canada, Inception was released theatrically in 3,792 conventional theaters and 195 IMAX theaters. The film grossed US$21.8 million during its opening day on July 16, 2010, with midnight screenings in 1,500 locations. Overall the film made US$62.7 million and debuted at No.1 on its opening weekend. Inceptions opening weekend gross made it the second-highest-grossing debut for a science fiction film that was not a sequel, remake or adaptation, behind Avatar's US$77 million opening-weekend gross in 2009. The film held the top spot of the box office rankings in its second and third weekends, with drops of just 32% (US$42.7 million) and 36% (US$27.5 million), respectively, before dropping to second place in its fourth week, behind The Other Guys. Inception grossed US$292 million in the United States and Canada, US$56 million in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta and US$475 million in other countries for a total of US$823 million worldwide. Its five highest-grossing markets after the US and Canada (US$292 million) were China (US$68 million), the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta (US$56 million), France and the Maghreb region (US$43 million), Japan (US$40 million) and South Korea (US$38 million). It was the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2010 in North America, and the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Inception is the third most lucrative production in Christopher Nolan's career—behind The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises—and the second most for Leonardo DiCaprio—behind Titanic. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 87% based on 370 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Smart, innovative, and thrilling, Inception is that rare summer blockbuster that succeeds viscerally as well as intellectually." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Inception a "wildly ingenious chess game," and concluded "the result is a knockout." Justin Chang of Variety praised the film as "a conceptual tour de force" and wrote, "applying a vivid sense of procedural detail to a fiendishly intricate yarn set in the labyrinth of the unconscious mind, the writer-director has devised a heist thriller for surrealists, a Jungian's Rififi, that challenges viewers to sift through multiple layers of (un)reality." Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the film as perfect, deeming it "a singular accomplishment from a filmmaker who has only gotten better with each film." Relevant's David Roark called it Nolan's "greatest accomplishment", saying, "Visually, intellectually and emotionally, Inception is a masterpiece." In its August 2010 issue, Empire gave the film a full five stars and wrote, "it feels like Stanley Kubrick adapting the work of the great sci-fi author William Gibson [...] Nolan delivers another true original: welcome to an undiscovered country." Entertainment Weeklys Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the film a B+ grade and wrote, "It's a rolling explosion of images as hypnotizing and sharply angled as any in a drawing by M. C. Escher or a state-of-the-biz video game; the backwards splicing of Nolan's own Memento looks rudimentary by comparison." The New York Posts Lou Lumenick gave the film a four-star rating and wrote, "DiCaprio, who has never been better as the tortured hero, draws you in with a love story that will appeal even to non-sci-fi fans." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and said that Inception "is all about process, about fighting our way through enveloping sheets of reality and dream, reality within dreams, dreams without reality. It's a breathtaking juggling act." Richard Roeper, also of the Sun-Times, gave Inception an "A+" score and called it "one of the best movies of the [21st] century." BBC Radio 5 Live's Mark Kermode named Inception as the best film of 2010, stating that "Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing." Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "I found myself wishing Inception were weirder, further out [...] the film is Nolan's labyrinth all the way, and it's gratifying to experience a summer movie with large visual ambitions and with nothing more or less on its mind than (as Shakespeare said) a dream that hath no bottom." Time's Richard Corliss wrote that the film's "noble intent is to implant one man's vision in the mind of a vast audience [...] The idea of moviegoing as communal dreaming is a century old. With Inception, viewers have a chance to see that notion get a state-of-the-art update." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt that Nolan was able to blend "the best of traditional and modern filmmaking. If you're searching for smart and nervy popular entertainment, this is what it looks like." USA Today Claudia Puig gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and felt that Nolan "regards his viewers as possibly smarter than they are—or at least as capable of rising to his inventive level. That's a tall order. But it's refreshing to find a director who makes us stretch, even occasionally struggle, to keep up." Not all reviewers gave the film positive reviews. New York magazine's David Edelstein said in his review that he had "no idea what so many people are raving about. It's as if someone went into their heads while they were sleeping and planted the idea that Inception is a visionary masterpiece and—hold on ... Whoa! I think I get it. The movie is a metaphor for the power of delusional hype—a metaphor for itself." The New York Observers Rex Reed said the film's development was "pretty much what we've come to expect from summer movies in general and Christopher Nolan movies in particular ... [it] doesn't seem like much of an accomplishment to me." A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented "there is a lot to see in Inception, there is nothing that counts as genuine vision. Mr. Nolan's idea of the mind is too literal, too logical, and too rule-bound to allow the full measure of madness." The New Yorkers David Denby considered the film to "not nearly [be] as much fun as Nolan imagined it to be", concluding that "Inception is a stunning-looking film that gets lost in fabulous intricacies, a movie devoted to its own workings and to little else." While some critics have tended to view the film as perfectly straightforward, and even criticize its overarching themes as "the stuff of torpid platitudes", online discussion has been much more positive. Heated debate has centered on the ambiguity of the ending, with many critics like Devin Faraci making the case that the film is self-referential and tongue-in-cheek, both a film about film-making and a dream about dreams. Other critics read Inception as Christian allegory and focus on the film's use of religious and water symbolism. Yet other critics, such as Kristin Thompson, see less value in the ambiguous ending of the film and more in its structure and novel method of storytelling, highlighting Inception as a new form of narrative that revels in "continuous exposition". Several critics and scholars have noted the film has many striking similarities to the 2006 anime film Paprika by Satoshi Kon (and Yasutaka Tsutsui's 1993 novel of the same name), including plot similarities, similar scenes, and similar characters, arguing that Inception was influenced by Paprika. Several sources have also noted plot similarities between the film and the 2002 Uncle Scrooge comic The Dream of a Lifetime by Don Rosa. The influence of Tarkovsky's Solaris on Inception was noted as well. Year-end and all-time lists Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as number-one on at least 55 of those lists. It was the second-most-mentioned film in both the top ten lists and number-one rankings, only behind The Social Network along with Toy Story 3, True Grit, The King's Speech, and Black Swan as the most critically acclaimed films of 2010. Author Stephen King placed Inception at No. 3 in his list of top 10 best films of the year. Critics and publications who ranked the film first for that year included Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times (tied with The Social Network and Toy Story 3), Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club, Empire magazine, and Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter. In March 2011, the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their ninth-favorite film of all time. Producer Roger Corman cited Inception as an example of "great imagination and originality". It was voted as the third-best science fiction film of all time in the 2011 list Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, based on a poll conducted by ABC and People. In 2012, Inception was ranked the 35th-best-edited film of all time by the Motion Picture Editors Guild. In the same year, Total Film named it the most-rewatchable movie of all time. In 2014, Empire ranked Inception the tenth-greatest film ever made on their list of "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time" as voted by the magazine's readers, while Rolling Stone magazine named it the second-best science fiction film since the turn of the century. Inception was ranked 84th on Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films, a list compiled by The Hollywood Reporter in 2014, surveying "Studio chiefs, Oscar winners and TV royalty". In 2016, Inception was voted the 51st-best film of the 21st Century by BBC, as picked by 177 film critics from around the world. The film was included in the Visual Effects Society's list of "The Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time". In 2019, Total Film named Inception the best film of the 2010s. Many critics and media outlets included Inception in their rankings of the best films of the 2010s. The film was included in Forbes magazine's list of Top 150 Greatest Films of 21st Century. In April 2014, The Daily Telegraph placed the title on its top ten list of the most overrated films. Telegraphs Tim Robey stated, "It's a criminal failing of the movie that it purports to be about people's dreams being invaded, but demonstrates no instinct at all for what a dream has ever felt like, and no flair for making us feel like we're in one, at any point." The film won an informal poll by the Los Angeles Times as the most overrated movie of 2010. Accolades The film won many awards in technical categories, such as Academy Awards for Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects, and the British Academy Film Awards for Best Production Design, Best Special Visual Effects and Best Sound. In most of its artistic nominations, such as Film, Director, and Screenplay at the Oscars, BAFTAs and Golden Globes, the film was defeated by The Social Network or The King's Speech. However, the film did win the two highest honors for a science fiction or fantasy film: the 2011 Bradbury Award for best dramatic production and the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Long Form). In popular culture Numerous pop and hip hop songs reference the film, including Common's "Blue Sky", N.E.R.D.'s "Hypnotize U", XV's "The Kick", Black Eyed Peas' "Just Can't Get Enough", Lil Wayne's "6 Foot 7 Foot", Jennifer Lopez's "On the Floor", and B.o.B's "Strange Clouds", while T.I. had Inception-based artwork on two of his mixtapes. An instrumental track by Joe Budden is titled "Inception". The animated series South Park parodies the film in the show's tenth episode of its fourteenth season, titled "Insheeption." The film was also an influence for Ariana Grande's video for "No Tears Left to Cry." "Lawnmower Dog", the second episode of the animated comedy show Rick and Morty, parodied the film. In an episode of The Simpsons, named "How I Wet Your Mother", the plot spoofs Inception with various scenes parodying moments from the film. The showrunners of the television series The Flash said its season 4 finale was inspired by Inception. In February 2020, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift released a lyric video for her single "The Man", which featured visuals bearing resemblance to the film. The song also mentions DiCaprio in its lyrics. The film's title has been colloquialized as the suffix -ception, which can be jokingly appended to a noun to indicate a layering, nesting, or recursion of the thing in question. See also Simulacrum Simulation hypothesis Solipsism Suggestion Dreamscape (1984 film) Existenz (1999 film) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965 novel) Notes References Further reading External links 2010 action thriller films 2010 films 2010 psychological thriller films 2010 science fiction action films 2010s action adventure films 2010s American films 2010s British films 2010s English-language films American action adventure films American action thriller films American heist films American psychological thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films BAFTA winners (films) British psychological thriller films British action adventure films British action thriller films British science fiction action films British science fiction thriller films Czech Lion Awards winners (films) D-Box motion-enhanced films English-language science fiction action films Films about architecture Films about businesspeople Films about dreams Films about suicide Films about telepresence Films about widowhood Films directed by Christopher Nolan Films produced by Christopher Nolan Films produced by Emma Thomas Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films set in Japan Films set in Kenya Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Paris Films set in Sydney Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in California Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Films shot in Paris Films shot in Tokyo Films shot in the United Kingdom Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films with screenplays by Christopher Nolan Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form winning works IMAX films Legendary Pictures films Philosophical fiction Science fiction adventure films Syncopy Inc. films Warner Bros. films
Julayi () is a 2012 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Trivikram Srinivas, and produced by S. Radha Krishna under Haarika & Hassine Creations banner. The film stars Allu Arjun, Sonu Sood, Ileana D'Cruz, and Rajendra Prasad. The soundtrack was composed by Devi Sri Prasad, with cinematography handled by Chota K. Naidu and his brother Shyam K. Naidu, and editing done by Prawin Pudi. The film was released worldwide on 8 August 2012 to positive reviews, and was commercially successful. The film has garnered the Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film. It was remade into Tamil titled as Saagasam. Plot A master-robber named Bittu and a local MLA named Varadarajulu plan to rob from a bank. Ravindra Narayan believes in earning quick money rather than toiling like his father Narayana Moorthy. During a chance meeting with Bittu, Ravi reveals his intention of making quick money by betting on an IPL match and discloses the location of the betting ring. However, the police raid the location, and Ravi is apprehended. During interrogation, Ravi deduces that Bittu has tipped off the cops to commit a crime and convinces ACP Raja Manikyam. Bittu successfully robs the bank, and his brother Lala takes the money to the city's dumping yard. However, the police catch Lala, who resists them and is subdued by Ravi, causing Lala to accidentally impale himself on a shiv while tripping, resulting in his death. Meanwhile, Bittu goes to the dumping yard to collect the money but is shocked as the dumping yard is burnt to ashes. Having his brother dead and the money burnt, Bittu decides to kill Ravi. Manikyam sends Ravi to Hyderabad from Visakhapatnam under the Witness Protection Program and makes him stay at his friend DIG Sitaram's house. One day, Ravi happens to see Madhu, a middle-class girl who works with travel agent Murthy, an associate of Bittu. He prepares fake passports for Bittu's gang to help them escape from India. Ravi befriends Madhu, both fall in love with each other and the two find out about Bittu. Bittu kills Raja Manikyam by planting a bomb in his car and also attacks Ravi's family where his father gets hospitalized but recovers, which makes him realize his mistakes and also asks him to retrieve the money for the people, who toiled day and night for their family. Ravi finds that his sister Raji is kidnapped and also framed for Raja Manikyam's murder when he unknowingly picked up a call which is a phone bomb activated in the car but is released with the help of DIG Sitaram. Ravi finds that Raja Manikyam had faked his death as Bittu learned of Raja Manikyam and Varadarajulu's plan when he learns that they exchanged the money in the dumping yard into fake currencies which were burnt by them to let Bittu think that Ravi burnt the money. Bittu kills Raja Manikyam and Varadarajulu and plans to escape from the country by having the money stored in a container and transporting it to a good's ship. Ravi, having deduced Bittu's plan fools the henchman and makes them return the money to the bank. The henchman gets killed by the mob, who were protesting at the bank. A showdown occurs between Ravi and Bittu where Ravi kills Bittu with Sitaram's help and also saves Raji. In the end, Ravi attends an interview and gets selected for the job, in which he earns . Cast Allu Arjun as Ravindra "Ravi" Narayan Sonu Sood as Bittu Ileana D'Cruz as Madhu, Ravi's love interest Rajendra Prasad as DIG Sitaram IPS (Ravi's friend and guru) Kota Srinivasa Rao as MLA Varadarajulu Tanikella Bharani as Narayana Murthy, Ravi's father Brahmanandam as Pickpocket, whom Sitaram has kept as a servant Ali as Cameo Appearance Rao Ramesh as ACP Raja Manikyam IPS Brahmaji as Travel Murthy (Travel Agent) Shafi as Lala, Bittu's brother M. S. Narayana as Sub-Inspector Valmiki Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as Madhu's father Sheetal Menon as Devayani, Bittu's sister Tulasi as Kameswari Hema as Sujata Pragathi as Lalita Sreemukhi as Raji, Ravi's sister Ravi Prakash as Dhanushkoti, Bittu's henchman Pradeep Machiraju as Ravi's friend working in fm studio Saptagiri as Ravi's friend Amit Tiwari as Bittu's henchman Vamsi Krishna as Bittu's henchman Posani Krishna Murali as Club Owner Gautam Raju as Police Constable Sivannarayana as Tea Seller Kalpika Ganesh as Neha Shravan as Sattaru Prabhu as Prabhu Vennela Kishore as deaf customer in Cafe Raghu Babu as customer in bar Ananth Babu as Priest Dhanraj as Patient in Hospital Rajitha as Ravi's neighbor Sunny as Thief Venkata Giridhar Vajja Udaya Bhanu in an item number Raju Sundaram (cameo appearance in a song) Prakash Raj (voiceover) Production Development In 2010 after his film Kaleja was released, many reports suggested that Trivikram would work with Venkatesh for his next film. It was reported that the film would start filming in early 2011. But due to unknown reasons, the project failed to take off. In March 2011, reports suggested that Trivikram had approached Allu Arjun for a film and that Arjun has accepted the offer. Also it was reported that DVV Danayya would produce the film under his Universal Media banner. DVV Danayya previously made the successful film Desamuduru with Allu Arjun. It was also reported that Ileana was cast as the female lead and the filming would begin in May 2011. Although there were several reports on when the filming would begin, all proved untrue. In August 2011, it was reported that Allu Arjun has injured his shoulder and went to Australia for surgery on Trivikram's request. This caused the project to be further delayed. In September 2011, an official statement was released by the producers stating that as Allu Arjun was in Australia for shoulder surgery, the filming would start in late October 2011. It was also announced that the film is being produced by S. Radha Krishna under his Haarika & Hassine Creations banner and with DVV Danayya presenting it. It was also announced that Devi Sri Prasad who had previously worked with both Arjun & Trivikram would score the music. It was reported that both Allu Arjun, as well as Trivikram, had slashed their remuneration for the film in a bid to bring the production cost down. Finally, on 2 November 2011 after months of getting delayed the film was officially launched. It was announced that Ileana was cast as the female lead and the other cast and crew was also announced. On 14 November 2011 filming began in Hyderabad. Although there were many reports that the film was titled as Honey, the director dismissed the reports saying that no decision was taken. In March 2012, it was announced that the film was titled as Julai. Casting It was announced in September 2011 that Rajendra Prasad was cast for a vital role in the film. It was later reported that Rajendra Prasad would be playing the role of a cop in the film. at first Trivikram wanted to cast Sudeep as a villain but due to Sudeep's busy schedule, Trivikram later cast Sonu Sood as the antagonist in the film. The other cast includes popular Telugu actors like Kota Srinivasa Rao, Brahmanandam, Tanikella Bharani, M. S. Narayana, Dharmavarapu Subramanyam, Brahmaji and Rao Ramesh. It was reported that Mahesh Babu would provide voice over for the film similar to Trivikram's Jalsa, but it proved to be untrue. It was reported that Udaya Bhanu would do an item number in the film Filming After months of delay, filming began in Hyderabad on 14 November 2011. Scenes between Brahmanandam and Ileana at a hospital in Kukatpally were canned during the first schedule of filming. The second schedule of filming began on 13 December 2011. Filming took place at Ramoji Film City and Sivarla in Hyderabad. In January 2012, action scenes in shivering cold weather were canned at RFC under the supervision of Peter Hein. In February 2012, bank robbery scenes were shot on Allu Arjun and Sonu Sood in Hyderabad. Also in February 2012, more action scenes on Allu Arjun were canned at Chennai Port under Peter Hein's supervision. In March 2012, filming took place in Visakhapatnam, Andhra pradesh. On 6 April 2012, it was reported that filming of the entire talkie part has been completed and four songs are yet to be canned. On 20 April 2012 it was reported that the production unit would be travelling to Dubai on 26 April 2012 to film two songs on the lead pair and the remaining two songs would be shot in India. On 9 June 2012 fire broke out in a special Irani Hotel set, that was erected for the film in Ramoji Film City. Allu Arjun and Brahmaji suffered minor injuries in this accident. Music The soundtrack album of the film was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The audio of the film was released on 6 July 2012 through Aditya Music label. Lyrics for three songs were written by Srimani, two songs by Ramajogayya Sastry and one song by the music director of the film, Devi Sri Prasad. The audio launch event of the film took place at the Hitex Exhibition center in Madhapur, Hyderabad on the same day. The audio was a huge success with receiving a positive reception from critics and audience alike. Musicperk.com, a famous music site marked Julai as one of the top 10 albums in 2012 rating it 9/10. Release Pre-release business In February 2012, it was announced that Telugu film director and producer Dasari Narayana Rao has bought the Andhra Pradesh distribution rights of the film for an amount of . It was also reported that Dasari Narayana Rao will release the film under his banner Siri Media. It was reported that it was the highest amount ever paid for an Allu Arjun starrer. It was reported in April 2012 that Ficus had acquired the overseas theatrical distribution rights of the film excluding Singapore and Malaysia. In July 2012, it was reported that the satellite rights were sold for to MAA TV. Kerela distribution rights were sold for which is a record in terms of Telugu and Tamil films. Theatrical The film was released worldwide on over 1600 screens on 8 August 2012. It is the biggest release of Allu Arjun's career The film has been awarded with 'U/A' certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification. Gajapokkiri, the Malayalam dubbed version of the film was released on 17 August 2012. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as Dangerous Khiladi in 2013. Reception Box office Julayi collected nett at AP box office on its first day. Julayi collected nett at AP box office on its first week. Julayi collected nett share in rest of India and overseas on its first week. and nett at Overseas in 8 Day extended first week. Julayi opened very well overseas and collected more than $1 million. In USA alone, the film had collected more than $600,000 including premiere shows in its first weekend. Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama reported that Julayi has collected over $569,436 (Rs. 3.15 crore) over the weekend in US with the per screen average for the film being around $12,379. With Julai, Allu Arjun became the fourth Telugu actor whose film collected a distributor share at the box office. The film has completed 50 days on 27 September 2012. Julayi got Pre-release revenue's up to making Table profits to the producer. Julayi was released in 1,600 0theaters worldwide on 9 August 2012. Critical response Julayi received positive reviews from critics praising the performances of Allu Arjun and Sonu Sood. Riya Chakravarty from NDTV wrote, "Overall, the movie caters to all ages. Watch the movie for its witty dialogues and energetic performances.". Sangeetha Devi Dundoo from The Hindu described the film as "high on energy and wit" and commented that "Julayi has all the staple ingredients that characterise a Telugu masala entertainer" and concluded that "brain matches brawn in this masala entertainer". Shekhar from OneIndia Entertainment in a positive review concluded, "Watch Julayi for Allu Arjun's energetic performance, Devi Sri Prasad's music, Trivikram's witty dialogues, Sonu Sood's great action, Rajendra Prasad's performance and Ileana's glamour. It is a perfect mixture of performances. The film has everything for the audience of all class and age group." Karthik Pasupulate from The Times of India gave the film three out of five stars and commented that "The movie has enough in it for Allu Arjun fans to dig into it, the others might not find it as amusing." Pavithra Srinivasan from Rediff criticised the film and felt it to be a "no brainer which loses steam because of the glaring lack of logic" and "gaping plot-holes". She lauded Allu Arjun for "carrying the film on his capable shoulders, hurling punches (both verbal and physical), bashing up goons and going gaga for his girl." CNN-IBN declared the film as "lackluster" and noted that the film was "more amusing than intelligent". It also felt that the film is "far from being either a romance or a laugh riot." Accolades References External links 2012 films 2010s Telugu-language films 2012 action comedy films 2010s chase films Indian action comedy films Indian chase films Telugu films remade in other languages Films about witness protection Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad 2012 masala films Sign-language films Films shot in Visakhapatnam 2012 comedy films
Pataskala United Methodist Church is a historic church building at 458 S. Main Street in Pataskala, Ohio. Circuit riders established the first regular services of the Pataskala United Methodist Church in 1853. Meetings were held in a schoolhouse located where the present Pataskala Town Hall now stands. William H. Mead II raised funds to construct the current brick structure in 1896-1897. The church building was designed by Henry Brookes. Brookes and William Condit "hand hewed the rafters and siding," while the pulpit was hand carved by Julia Brookes. The bell was hung in 1897. Remodels to the building since its initial construction include the addition of a basement in 1910 that was later enlarged in 1928, the installation of a pipe organ in 1928, "the remodeling of the choir loft and chancel area in 1964," and an education wing and social hall addition in 1971. In 1927, L. R. Moore designed and painted the portrait of Christ in the sanctuary. The building has elements of Gothic Revival styling. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its history and significance was described in 1979 as:Pataskala United Methodist Church is significant to the religious history of the community. Architecturally the church is an example of late 19th Century Eccleastical style often found in small towns and rural areas. Architectural elements include the Gothic Revival inspired squat buttressed bell tower and pointed arched stain glass windows and the Stick style exposed truss in gable over the side entrance. Methodism came to Lima Township and Pataskala in 1853. One of the three most prominent religions established in Pataskala, the United Methodist congregation was comprised in part by local business leaders. It was listed on the National Register as a follow-on to a 1980 study of historic resources in Pataskala. References United Methodist churches in Ohio Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio Gothic Revival church buildings in Ohio Churches completed in 1897 Buildings and structures in Licking County, Ohio National Register of Historic Places in Licking County, Ohio
Pectinatus is a genus of Bacillota bacteria classified within the class Negativicutes. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera References Veillonellaceae Gram-negative bacteria Bacteria genera
Poltava Oblast is subdivided into districts (raions) which are subdivided into territorial communities (hromadas). Current On 18 July 2020, the number of districts was reduced to four. These are: Kremenchuk (Кременчуцький район), the center is in the town of Kremenchuk; Lubny (Лубенський район), the center is in the town of Lubny; Myrhorod (Миргородський район), the center is in the town of Myrhorod; Poltava (Полтавський район), the center is in the city of Poltava. Administrative divisions until 2020 Before 2020, Poltava Oblast was subdivided into 31 regions: 24 districts (raions) and 6 city municipalities (mis'krada or misto), officially known as territories governed by city councils. Cities under the oblast's jurisdiction: Poltava (Полтава), the administrative center of the oblast Hadiach (Гадяч) Horishni Plavni (Горішні Плавні), formerly Komsomolsk Kremenchuk (Кременчук) Lubny (Лубни) Myrhorod (Миргород) Districts (raions): Chornukhy (Чорнухинський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Chornukhy (Чорнухи) Chutove (Чутівський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Chutove (Чутове) Skorokhodove (Скороходове), formerly Artemivka Dykanka (Диканський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Dykanka (Диканька) Hadiach (Гадяцький район) Hlobyne (Глобинський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Hlobyne (Глобине) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Hradyzk (Градизьк) Hrebinka (Гребінківський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Hrebinka (Гребінка) Karlivka (Карлівський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Karlivka (Карлівка) Khorol (Хорольський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Khorol (Хорол) Kobeliaky (Кобеляцький район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Kobeliaky (Кобеляки) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Bilyky (Білики) Kotelva (Котелевський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Kotelva (Котельва) Kozelshchyna (Козельщинський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Kozelshchyna (Козельщина) Nova Haleshchyna (Нова Галещина) Kremenchuk (Кременчуцький район) Lokhvitsia (Лохвицький район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Lokhvytsia (Лохвиця) Zavodske (Заводське), formerly Chervonozavodske Lubny (Лубенський район) Mashivka (Машівський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Mashivka (Машівка) Myrhorod (Миргородський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Komyshnia (Комишня) Romodan (Ромодан) Novi Sanzhary (Новосанжарський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Novi Sanzhary (Нові Санжари) Orzhytsia (Оржицький район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Novoorzhytske (Новооржицьке) Orzhytsia (Оржиця) Poltava (Полтавський район) Pyriatyn (Пирятинський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Pyriatyn (Пирятин) Reshetylivka (Решетилівський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Reshetylivka (Решетилівка) Semenivka (Семенівський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Semenivka (Семенівка) Shyshaky (Шишацький район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Shyshaky (Шишаки) Velyka Bahachka (Великобагачанський район) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Hoholeve (Гоголеве) Velyka Bahachka (Велика Багачка) Zinkiv (Зіньківський район) Cities under the district's jurisdiction: Zinkiv (Зіньків) Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction: Opishnia (Опішня) References Poltava Poltava Oblast
The Tierp Arena is a motorsport venue in Tierp, Uppsala County, Sweden, located 120 kilometers from Stockholm. Tierp Arena is one of the most modern drag racing arenas in the world, with capacity for 20,000 spectators. A new 2.51 kilometres (1.56 mi) racing circuit was constructed for the 2012 TTA – Racing Elite League. The track is built with F1 tracks like Hockenheim and Silverstone as model. Four-time Swedish champion Richard Göransson has been advisor. The track offers one of Sweden's longest straights, open hairpins and fast, challenging corners. TTA raced on the track on 15 September. The merged STCC – Racing Elite League visited the track in September 2013. References External links Tierp Arena on TTA website TTA on Touring Car Times website Motorsport venues in Sweden Drag racing venues in Europe Buildings and structures in Uppsala County Tierps Municipality
Soldatovia is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks and shannies. Its only species is Soldatovia polyactocephala, found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. References Chirolophinae Fish described in 1814 Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas Monotypic ray-finned fish genera
The New Zealand Barbarian Rugby Club Inc., nicknamed the Barbarians, or Baa-Baas, is a rugby union club headquartered in Kingsland, Auckland. The idea came from the concept of the Barbarian F.C.. The Barbarians played their home matches at Eden Park. They have been a part of New Zealand Rugby since the team was founded in 1937 by two ex-All Blacks, Ronald Bush and Hubert McLean, who captained their first game (against Auckland) in 1938. Tours Jubilee Tour Party 1987 To mark the club's 50th Jubilee, an unbeaten five-match tour to the British Isles was undertaken in March 1987, two months before the inaugural World Cup, where they recorded wins against Leicester (33-3), Wanderers (Dublin) (34-3), Ballymena (29-4), Cornwall (63-9). They also produced a devastating performance in Cardiff, beating the Barbarians 68-16. There were thirteen All Blacks in the party of 22 and a further six future caps, with Wayne Smith being drafted in from Italy as a replacement for one game. New Zealand were emerging from a turbulent 1986, the year of the rebel Cavaliers tour to South Africa and the "Baby Blacks" tests, the subsequent reintegration of the Cavaliers into the Bledisloe Cup games, and the infamous Battle of Nantes. Eight players who had survived November in Nantes toured, as did four Cavaliers. Management staff was: Peter Murdoch (Coach), Kevin Barry (Team Manager), D.E.Kirk (Auckland) Captain, Clive Murdoch (Masseur) Back Threes: G.J.L. Cooper (Auckland), C.I.Green (Canterbury), C, D.J.Halligan (Waikato), J.J.Kirwan (Auckland) Centres: B.J. McCahill (Auckland), N.J.Schuster (Wellington), J.T.Stanley (Auckland) Half backs: S.J.Bachop (Otago), I.B.Deans (Canterbury), W.R. Smith (Canterbury) Front rows: J.A.S.Buchan (Canterbury), W.G.Bunn (Taranaki), B.T.Fitzpatrick (Auckland), S.C.McDowall (Auckland), B.McGrattan (Wellington) Locks: B.L.Anderson (Wairapa-Bush), M.Weedon (Bay of Plenty), G.W.Whetton (Auckland) Back rows: M.R.Brewer (Otago), M.N.Jones (Auckland), A.J.Whetton (Auckland), D.A.Williams (Wellington) Subsequent NZ Barbarian trips to the UK were undertaken in 1996 and 2003. 1996 tour The November 1996 matches were part of the ERFU's 125th celebrations with a warm-up fixture against the North Of England played in the snow at Huddersfield ahead of a "test" against England the week after.John Hart's 24-man squad, captained by Sean Fitzpatrick featured 19 All Blacks and four future All Blacks and won both fixtures, an 86-0 win against the North of England for whom twelve first choice selections had withdrawn from the team on the preceding Wednesday and a 34-19 victory against England at Twickenham Stadium. Back three: J.T Lomu (Counties), C.M.Cullen (Manawatu), G.M. Osborne (North Harbour), J.Vidiri (Counties) Centres: N.A.Ieremia (Wellington), M.R.Ranby (Manawatu)F, L.Stensness (Auckland) Half-backs: J.W.Marshall (Canterbury), A.P Mehrtens (Canterbury), C.J Spencer (Auckland), M.D. Robinson (North Harbour) Front Row: M.R. Allen (Taranaki), O.M.Brown (Auckland), M.Collins (Waikato), S.B.T. Fitzpatrick (Capt.) (Auckland)* A.D.Oliver (Otago) Locks: R.M. Brooke (Auckland), I.D. Jones (Auckland), G.L.Taylor (Northland) Back Row: A.F.Blowers (Auckland), C.S.Davis (Manawatu), M.N.Jones (Auckland), D.G.Mika (Auckland), T.C.Randell (Otago) 2003 tour The 2003 match played at Twickenham was viewed at the time as something of a festival affair to celebrate the home country's recent RUWC success. Falling as it did during the British, Irish and European club championships, both sides struggled to assemble "full strength squads" indeed the England XV featured only five RUWC cup winners.Contractual difficulties with clubs releasing players resulted in the NZ Barbarians side being deemed - in comparison to previous touring parties - as at best only "competitive" and the England XV side ran out very comfortable winners, 42-17. Back three: G.P."Jorrie" Muller (Lions & South Africa), R.L Gear (North Harbour), E.Taione (Newcastle Falcons & Tonga), Diego Albanese (Leeds Tykes & Argentina) Centres: D.L Gibson (Leicester & NZ), K.R.Lowren (Waikato), T.A. Vili (Border Reivers & Samoa) Half backs: D.D. Lee (Otago), G.W. Jackson (Bay of Plenty), B.Willis (Harlequins) Front rows: A.K.Hore (Taranaki), M.R.Hurter (Newcastle Falcons & South Africa), D.T Manu (Waikato), S.A.A."Ace" Tiatia (Harlequins & Samoa), T.D.Woodcock (North Harbour) Locks: T.V.Flavell (North Harbour), T.S. Mailing (Otago), N.M.C. Maxwell (Canterbury) Back row: J.Blackie (Otago), S.Harding (Otago), T.C. Randell (Saracens & NZ) (Capt), X.J.Rush (Auckland) The New Zealand Barbarians were also selected for the All Blacks trial replacing the 'Possibles XV' and in 2009 a New Zealand Barbarians under 85 kg Team toured Australia winning both of their games. The team played against the Māori All Blacks in 2010 at Okara Park, losing 31 – 37 before a crowd of 9,000. A Middleweight Barbarian side was also selected in 2011 to play four games. In 2015, the New Zealand Barbarians won over the Māori All Blacks 17–34. Other squads Provincial Barbarians squad to play the British and Irish Lions on 3 June 2017, during the 2017 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand: Head Coach – Clayton McMillan Representatives Kevin Boroevich Jonah Lomu Andrew Mehrtens Christian Cullen Ian Jones Mark Donaldson (1977) Sean Fitzpatrick Grant Fox John Kirwan Taine Randell Xavier Rush Wilson Whineray John Afoa Rene Ranger Colin Slade Alby Mathewson Rupeni Caucaunibuca Ben Smith Playing kit and symbol The New Zealand Barbarians wear scarlet red jerseys with white shorts. The symbol of the team is a white leaping lamb. See also Australian Barbarians Brussels Barbarians Fiji Barbarians French Barbarians South African Barbarians References External links Barbarian F.C. International rugby union teams Barbarian F.C. Rugby clubs established in 1937 1937 establishments in New Zealand
Tortuguero Conservation Area is an administrative area which is managed by SINAC for the purposes of conservation in Limón Province, northeastern Costa Rica. It contains a national park, several wildlife refuges and protected zones. Protected areas Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge Border Corridor Wildlife Refuge Cariari National Wetlands Dr. Archie Carr Wildlife Refuge Guácimo and Pococí Protected Zone Tortuguero National Park Tortuguero Protected Zone External links Official Tortuguero Conservation Area website Tortuguero Conservation Area, Welcome Page Conservation Areas of Costa Rica Geography of Limón Province
Campiglia Cervo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 176 and an area of . Campiglia Cervo borders the following municipalities: Andorno Micca, Mosso, Piedicavallo, Quittengo, Rosazza, Valle Mosso. From 1 January 2016 Campiglia Cervo also encompasses two former neighbouring municipalities, Quittengo and San Paolo Cervo. Notable buildings In the municipality there is a famous sanctuary, the Sacro Monte di Andorno. Demographic evolution References
The Rio skate (Rioraja agassizii) is a shallow water skate native to the Atlantic coast of South America from Brazil to southern Argentina. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Rioraja. Named in honor of zoologist-geologist Louis Agassiz References Rajidae Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle Fish described in 1841
James Carnegie of Finhaven (died 1765) is famous for his trial for the killing of Charles Lyon, 6th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne which resulted in the not guilty verdict becoming a recognised part of Scots law and establishment the right of Scots juries to judge the whole case and not just the facts. Family James Carnegie was the second son of James Carnegie of Finavon (or Findhaven) in Angus, and a grandson of David Carnegie, 2nd Earl of Northesk. Although his elder brother Charles did not die until 1712, James succeeded to the family estate on his father's death in 1707, under an entail made in 1703. Carnegie married firstly Margaret, daughter of Sir William Bennet of Grubbet; they had two daughters. His second wife was Violet, daughter of Sir James Naismith of Posso. They had one son and three daughters: James, died unmarried at Lisbon in 1777 Anne, married Sir John Ogilvy of Inverquharity, with issue Margaret, married firstly John Foulis of Woodhall and secondly Charles Lewis, with issue Barbara, married Sir Robert Douglas of Glenbervie. She inherited Finavon from her brother and sold it in 1779 to the Earl of Aboyne. Death of the Earl of Strathmore On 9 May 1728 Mr Carnegie of Lour, residing in the burgh of Forfar, was burying his daughter. Before the funeral, he entertained the Earl of Strathmore, his own brother James Carnegie of Finhaven, Mr Lyon of Bridgeton, and some others, at dinner in his house. After the funeral, these gentlemen adjourned to a tavern, and drank a good deal. Carnegie of Finhaven got extremely drunk. Lyon of Bridgeton was not so intoxicated, but the drink made him "rude and unmannerly" towards Finhaven. Afterwards, the Earl of Strathmore went to call at the house of Mr Carnegie's sister, Lady Auchterhouse (a distant relative of the Earl) and the others followed. This group, like a large proportion of the Forfarshire gentry of the time supported the Jacobites: and the 6th earl's late brother (the 5th Earl) had fallen at the battle of Sheriffmuir in 1715 fighting for the Old Pretender, as had Patrick Lyon of Auchterhouse, the husband of the lady they were visiting. Bridgeton did not conduct himself as appropriate in the presence of the lady and he even had the audacity to pinch his hostess's arms. Bridgeton was very rude to Finhaven and spoke of: "his not being willing to marry one of his daughters to Lord Rosehill, about his having no sons, about his debts ... and he even used some rudeness towards the lady herself." It was with the utmost difficulty that Lord Strathmore induced his two companions to leave the house. About dusk, the party sallied forth into the street, and "now that the modified restraint of a lady's presence was removed," Bridgeton pushed Carnegie of Finhaven into a "deep and dirty kennel" (ditch) which ran along the roadside. Carnegie emerged covered nearly head to foot with mud and furious. "Such an insult could only be wiped out with blood." So Carnegie of Finhaven rose, and, drawing his sword, ran up to Bridgeton, with deadly design. The earl, seeing him advance, imprudently threw himself between the two antagonists with the intention of diverting the blow and unhappily received the lunge full in the middle of his own body, the sword passing right through the Earl. The Earl died forty-nine hours after the incident. Public outcry There was a huge public outcry to the intended prosecution of Carnegie of Finhaven as illustrated in "A Letter from a Gentleman in Forfar, to his Friend at Edinburgh." SIR, Forfar, May 16th, 1728. ACCORDING to your Desire, I have sent you an Account of the lamentable Catastrophe, which happen'd on Thursday the 9th of May instant, which has filled all the Kingdom with an universal Regret ; and this Part of it with the utmost Grief and Confusion imaginable, which is to be seen in the Faces young and old, all over the Country ; the Fact is as follows, On Thursday being the 9th Instant, several of the neighbouring Gentlemen were invited to this Place to a Burial, and among the rest the Earl of Strathmore, Carnegie of Finhaven, and Mr. Lyon of Brigton; after the Burial was over, a great many of the Gentlemen; among whom were these three before mentioned, went to a Tavern, where after they had been there some Time, Finhaven and Brigton fell a quarrelling, as some say, concerning the Lady Kinfawns, whose Brother Finhaven is; and others say it was about the Marriage of a Daughter of Finhaven's to a young Gentleman in this Country ; but however that be, Finhaven went to take his Horse, and had one foot in the Stirup, as his Servants say, when Brigton attack'd him, and threw him in a Mire, where he had certainly perish'd, had not his Servants come to his Rescue, together with the deceast Earl; Finhaven was no sooner recover'd, and his Servants endeavouring to make clean his Cloaths, but he drew his Sword; and the Earl stepping in to prevent any Mischief that might happen, received from Finhaven a mortal Wound, about an Inch below his Navel, which wounded his Puddings in three Parts, and went quite throrow his Body. His Lordship, after he received the Wound, spoke little till Saturday's Night he called for his Lady, endeavouring to comfort her, and grasping her Hand, he died about 12 a Clock that Night. This is the unfortunate End of this universally beloved Nobleman, whose rare Qualities render'd him an Ornament to his Country, a Pattern of Youth, and the Admiration of all that knew him. I am Yours, &c. The trial for murder Carnegie was tried on 2 August 1728 for premeditated murder, a charge supported by "long arguments and quotations of authority," as was common at that time. The accused man swore that as God was his witness he had no grudge against the earl, but instead he had had the greatest kindness and respect for him. "If it shall appear," he had said, "that I was the unlucky person who wounded the earl, I protest before God I would much rather that a sword had been sheathed in my own bowels." He did not admit his guilt except to say: "I had the misfortune that day to be mortally drunk, for which I beg God’s pardon." Carnegie said that in this state he did not remember seeing the earl when he came out of the ditch. His defence counsel tried to argue that in the circumstances of the case he was guilty not of murder, but of manslaughter. However, the court, "sacrificing rationality to form and statute," overruled the defence on the basis that the prisoner had "given the wound whereof the Earl of Strathmore died." The killing being indisputable, Carnegie would have been condemned if the jury had merely given a verdict on the point of fact. In these circumstances, his counsel, Robert Dundas of Arniston, told the jury that they were entitled to judge on "the point of law" as well as the "point of fact". He asserted that they should only decide whether in their conscience Carnegie had committed murder, or whether his guilt was not diminished or annihilated by the circumstances of the case. Quite unexpectedly the jury did not give a verdict of either "proven" or "not proven" but instead gave a verdict of "not guilty", thus establishing the constitutional principle of a Scottish jury's right to render one of three verdicts: "proven", "not proven" and "not guilty" which remain contentious to this day. References Murder in Scotland Scots law Trials in Scotland People from Angus, Scotland Year of birth unknown James 1765 deaths
A Test of Love is a 1958 Chinese Yue opera film directed by Huang Zumo and starring Fu Quanxiang, Lu Jinhua, and other performers of the Shanghai Yue Opera House. The script of the film, as well as that of the stage production on which the film is based, was written by Tian Han with his wife An E and based on the Wang Kui Betrays Guiying legend from the Song dynasty. References Chinese-language opera films Films set in the Song dynasty Chinese black-and-white films Films set in Shandong Films set in Kaifeng 1958 films Films directed by Huang Zumo
Suzanne Berne (born January 17, 1961 in Washington, D.C.) is an American novelist known for her foreboding character studies involving unexpected domestic and psychological drama in bucolic suburban settings. Berne's debut novel, A Crime in the Neighborhood, won the 1999 Orange Prize for Fiction. Life Berne attended Georgetown Day School. She was educated at Wesleyan University and the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and received a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship. Berne has taught at both Harvard University and Wellesley College. She is an associate English professor at Boston College. Berne currently lives in Boston with her husband and two daughters. Career Berne's debut novel, A Crime in the Neighborhood, won the Orange Prize. The novel, set in 1972, is told through the eyes of ten-year-old Marsha, and chronicles the murder of a young boy in a quiet suburb of Washington, D.C. against the backdrop of the unfolding Watergate scandal. The Ghost at the Table explores the dramatic territory between two sisters' differing versions of their shared history. A Perfect Arrangement tells of the complex and increasingly disturbing relationship between a normal suburban family and their exceptionally perfect nanny. Works Ladies, Gentlemen, Friends and Relations, University of Iowa, 1985 A Crime in the Neighborhood: A Novel, Algonquin Books, 1997, The Ghost at the Table, Algonquin Books, 1997, (reprint 2007, ) A Perfect Arrangement: A Novel, Algonquin Books, 2001, Missing Lucile: Memories of the Grandmother I Never Knew, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2010, References External links Suzanneberne.net 20th-century American novelists American women novelists Living people Novelists from Washington, D.C. Wesleyan University alumni Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni Harvard University faculty Wesleyan University faculty Boston College faculty 1961 births 21st-century American novelists 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American women writers Novelists from Massachusetts Novelists from Connecticut Georgetown Day School alumni American women academics
The 2010–2011 Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball team represented Vanderbilt University during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Commodores, led by twelfth year head coach Kevin Stallings, played their home games at the Memorial Gymnasium and are members of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 23–11, 9–7 in SEC play and lost in the semifinals of the 2011 SEC men's basketball tournament to Florida. They received an at-large bid in the 2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. With a second round upset to Richmond, they have lost in their first tournament game in their last three tournament appearances. Roster Schedule \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Exhibition \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=\| SEC tournament \|- !colspan=9 style=\| NCAA tournament References Vanderbilt Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball seasons Vanderbilt Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball
The July victims () were members of the Croatian People's Party who fell victim to a crackdown by the Austrian Imperial Army on July 29, 1845. In 1845, there were local elections for the government of Zagreb County, the county containing the capital of Croatia, Zagreb. The Croatian-Hungarian Party candidate won by voter fraud. Upon the announcement of election results, members of the People's Party took to St. Mark's Square to protest the result and accused the winners of vote fraud. The Croatian ban, the ethnic Hungarian Franz Haller called on the Austrian Army to empty the square. When the army moved in to empty the square, one of the protesters, Mirko Bogović, attacked an army officer with a sabre. The army officer was defended by a soldier who fired at Bogović. That led to other soldiers believing an order to fire was issued. The army emptied their bullets into the crowd. In the end, thirteen of the People's Party's protesters were killed and 27 were injured. Six of the injured later succumbed to their wounds. Ten victims of the shooting were buried at the St. George Cemetery (today the July Victims Park), and their funeral grew into large-scale political protests. Due in large part to this incident, Ban Haller left his post and bishop Juraj Haulik took his place soon after. In 1855, the July victims' grave was adorned with a sculpture of a sleeping lion. In 1895, their remains July victims were interred in Zagreb's new cemetery, Mirogoj. The incident showed the tension developed between Croats who supported the Illyrian movement and the restoration of a unified Croatian Kingdom, and Hungarian-Croatians (Magyars) and the minority of Croats who supported closer relations with Hungary (represented by the Croatian-Hungarian Party). In the following years, Croatia gained some concessions, as Croatian replaced Latin as the nation's official language. References 1845 in Croatia History of Zagreb July 1845 events
Torbay Hospital in Torquay is the main hospital of South Devon, England. It is managed by the Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust. History The hospital was founded as the Torbay Hospital, Provident Dispensary and Eye Infirmary in 1844. Construction started in 1850, with the first wing being completed in 1851 and a second wing being added in 1878. After the hospital management decided to build a new hospital, a property known as Hengrave House was purchased from Major K.P. Kitson and a design was developed by Percy Adams. Much of the finance was donated by Ella and Violet Wills, daughters of Sir Edward Payson Wills, 1st Baronet. The new facility was officially opened in 1928 and a chapel, which had been designed by Charles Holden, was added in 1930. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948. Services The hospital contains an accident & emergency department, which is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and has a grass helipad. The hospital has 650 parking spaces for visitors and 1,100 for staff, who pay at rates linked to their earnings. See also List of hospitals in England References External links Hospital buildings completed in 1925 Hospitals in Devon Charles Holden buildings Buildings and structures in Torquay Hospitals established in 1844 NHS hospitals in England
Darragh Ryan (born 21 May 1980 in Cuckfield, West Sussex), is a former footballer who last played for Southern Stars in the Victorian State League Division 1. Playing career He began his career with Brighton & Hove Albion, for whom he played nine league games, scoring twice. Ryan then moved on to play for another Sussex outfit, Crawley Town. Following this, the player moved to Ireland, signing for UCD. He made his debut for them at home to Waterford, and after a number of years at the club, he returned to England, where he played non-League football with Bognor Regis Town, Worthing and Haywards Heath Town. Ryan then returned to UCD, this time for a more brief spell. Following this, he signed for Cork City where he was part of the 2007 Setanta Cup winning team against Glentoran. He then moved on to St Patrick's Athletic where he got sent off on his European debut at Valletta F.C. He made two appearances in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League as Pats were knocked out by Steaua Bucharest at the play off stage. In January 2010, Ryan signed for Conference National side Stevenage Borough on a non-contract basis. He also played at left back in the FA Vase sixth round for Whitehawk at Gresley Rovers, to solve an injury crisis as a favour for the Hawks' manager Darren Freeman. He played two games in similar circumstances the following season, including an FA Trophy match at Margate. He was later released by Stevenage Borough after failing to make a first-team appearance. Shortly after his release, he trialled with one of his former clubs, Crawley Town. Several months after this appearance, it was announced that Ryan had been signed by Crawley. This was the second time that the player had signed for Crawley, having spent time at the club several years previously. Ryan left the club by mutual agreement in September 2010. Personal life Ryan's father Gerry played eighteen times for Ireland between 1978 and 1984, scoring once, at home in a European Championship defeat to West Germany. Honours Cork City Setanta Sports Cup: 2008 References External links Ryan sent off St Pats Ryan to return to Belfield Park Ryan joins Cork City's ranks 1980 births Living people People from Cuckfield Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Crawley Town F.C. players University College Dublin A.F.C. players Bognor Regis Town F.C. players Worthing F.C. players Cork City F.C. players St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players Stevenage F.C. players Whitehawk F.C. players English Football League players League of Ireland players Haywards Heath Town F.C. players Men's association football midfielders English men's footballers Republic of Ireland men's youth international footballers
Agnipureeswarar Temple (also called Thirupugalur temple) in Thirupugalur, a village in Nagapattinam district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Constructed in the Tamil style of architecture, the temple is believed to have been built during the Cholas period in the 10th century. Shiva is worshipped as Agnipureeswarar and his consort Parvathi as Karundar Kuzhali. The temple is believed to be the place where Saiva saint Appar is believed to have attained salvation. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the Nayanmars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered Rajagopurams, the gateway tower. The temple is open from 6 am - 12 pm and 4-8:30 pm on all days except during new moon days when it is open the full day. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ten-day Vaikasipournami Brahmotsavam festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May - June) and float festival for Agnipureeswarar during the Tamil month of Vaikasi being the most prominent festivals. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu. Legend The exact history of the temple could not determined based on the inscriptions evidence, but the temple is believed to have been built during the Chola period during the 10th-11th centuries. As per Hindu legend and the Sthalapurana, Shiva was worshipped by Agni, the fire god at this place and the presiding deity came to be known as Agnipureeswarar and the temple tank is called Agni theertham. As per another legend, Bhudevi, the consort of Vishnu wanted to install a Linga and worship Shiva. Banasura, her son, is believed to have dug the Linga at the place, but could not lift it. The lingam in the place is believed to appear tilted (called Konapiran) on account of it. Shiva was pleased with the devotion of Bhudevi and appeared in his dancing form in front of her. It is also believed to be the place where Shiva turned bricks into gold for the Nayanar Sundarar. History The temple has inscriptions dating from Uttama Chola (970–985 CE) from the 10th century. The inscriptions from the time of Rajaraja I (ARE 47 of 1927-28) indicates tax free gifts of land for conducting festivals and for providing offering to the temple every year by Panchanvan Mahadeviyar, one of the consorts of the ruler. Another inscription (ARE 68 of 1927-28) dated to the 27th regnal year of the king indicates gift of paddy and money by Angikumara Gramavittan. The inscriptions (ARE 44 of 1927-28) from the period of Rajendra I (1012–1044 CE) indicates exemption of taxes for certain lands belonging to the temple. The records from Rajadhiraja (ARE 49 of 1927-28) indicates offering by Pichan Sirudaikal of Saliamangalam making a gift of offering to the ashtamangalam ceremony, the eight steps of bathing of the deity (mirror, water-pot, flag, fly-wisk, elephant goad, drum, lamp and a pair of fish). Exclusion of land tax for certain lands of the temple are found from the inscriptions (ARE 79 of 1927-28) from the period of Rajendra Chola II (1054–1063 CE). From the inscriptions it is deducted that the first precinct was probably built during this time. There are also inscriptions from private donors indicating donations of festival images to the temple (ARE 57 & 63 of 1927-28). Architecture The temple has a five-tiered rajagopuram, the gateway tower facing east and an inner three tier gopuram. The temple is surrounded by a moat like tank and the major portion of the tank is called Agni theertham located in front of the gateway tower. The sanctum is approached through the gateway tower, flagpost, a mahamandapam and an arthamandapam. The Mahamandapam houses the images of Agni, Brahma and saint Appar. The bronze idol of Agni is one of its kind, not present anywhere in the state. The image has two heads and sported with three legs. The sanctum houses the image of Agnipureeswarar in the form of Lingam, a phallic symbol of Shiva. The Linga is tilted indicating a legend that Shiva offered to bend for his devotees. There is another shrine of Shiva called Vardhamaneeswarar, in the name of Tiruppugalur Vardhamaneswaram located adjacent to the sanctum and the image of Muruga Nayanar is located opposite to the sanctum. It is counted as another Paadal Petra Sthalam as it is also glorified in the verses of Tevaram. There is a separate shrine of Karundarkuzhi, the consort of Shiva, sported in standing posture in a South facing shrine. The inner precinct of the temple houses the image of the sixty three nayanmar, Agni, Panchalinga, Appar, Vatapi Ganapathy, Subramanya, Sanisvara, Annapurani, Mahalakshmi and Kalasamhara, while the outer precinct has the images of Chintamanisvara, Vinayaga and the Linga worshipped by sage Bharatvaja. Religious importance and festivals Appar, a 7th-century Tamil Saivite poet, venerated Agnipureeswarar in ten verses in Tevaram, compiled as the Third Tirumurai. As the temple is revered in Tevaram, it is classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam, one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. Sambandar, a contemporary of Sundarar has glorified Agnipureeswarar in ten verses and it is counted as one of the 275 temples. The temple is believed to be the place where Appar spent his last days before proceeding to Kailasam. The event of Appar reaching Kailasam is celebrated in the temple annually. The temple priests perform the puja (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed three times a day; Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m. and Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: abhisheka (sacred bath), alangaram (decoration), naivethanam (food offering) and deepa aradanai (waving of lamps) for Agnipureeswarar and Gnanambigai. Unlike other shiva temples, anointing with oil is not performed in the temple. There are weekly rituals like (Monday) and (Friday), fortnightly rituals like pradosham, and monthly festivals like amavasai (new moon day), kiruthigai, pournami (full moon day) and sathurthi. Brahmotsavam during the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May - June) is the most important festivals of the temple. Gallery References External links Padal Petra Stalam Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district
Jeremy A. Dauber is the Atran Professor of Yiddish Language, Literature, and Culture in the Department of Germanic Languages at Columbia University, specializing in Yiddish and Jewish literature, American Jewish culture, and American studies. Since 2008, he has been the director of the Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia. In 2009, he was named an inaugural member of the Shalom Hartman Institute North American Scholars Circle. A native of Teaneck, New Jersey, Dauber attended Yavneh Academy and is a 1990 graduate of the Frisch School in Paramus, New Jersey. He graduated from Harvard College in 1995 summa cum laude and did his doctoral work at Oxford. He wrote a column on television and movies for the Christian Science Monitor that was recognized by the National Society of Newspaper Columnists in 2003. The Jewish Week has described Dauber's rapid ascent to a position of influence in Yiddish letters, “Within a year of completing his doctorate in Yiddish literature at Oxford University, Jeremy Dauber returned to the United States, found a job heading the Yiddish studies program at Columbia University, and was invited by the National Yiddish Book Center to manage its ambitious compilation of a list of the 100 greatest works of modern Jewish literature. Suddenly the 27-year-old assistant professor of Germanic languages and literatures found himself in a significant position to influence the future of a field that wasn't much older than he was.” Dauber's research interests include Yiddish literature of the early modern period, Hebrew and Yiddish literature of the nineteenth century, the Yiddish theater, the history of Jewish comedy, and American Jewish literature. Dauber is co-editor of the journal Prooftexts: A Journal of Jewish Literary History. Books Antonio's Devils: Writers of the Jewish Enlightenment and the Birth of Modern Hebrew and Yiddish Literature (Stanford University Press, 2004) The Range of Yiddish: A Catalog of an Exhibition from the Yiddish Collection of the Harvard College Library, Marion Aptroot and Jeremy Dauber, Harvard University Press, 2005. Landmark Yiddish Plays (SUNY Press, 2006) co-editor and -translator, with Joel Berkowitz The Worlds of Sholem Aleichem: The Remarkable Life and Afterlife of the Man Who Created Tevye (Schocken, 2013) Jewish Comedy: A Serious History (W.W. Norton, 2017) American Comics: A History (W.W. Norton, 2021) Prizes and awards Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford from 1996 to 1999 References Living people 1970s births Columbia University faculty Frisch School alumni Harvard College alumni American humanities academics Yiddish-language literature People from Teaneck, New Jersey Academic journal editors Alumni of the University of Oxford
Island Beneath the Sea () is a 2009 novel by Chilean author Isabel Allende. It was first published in the United States by HarperCollins. The book was issued in 2009 in Spanish as La Isla Bajo el Mar, and was translated into English by Margaret Sayers Peden, who had translated all (except the first) of Allende's books into English. The story is set during the Haitian Revolution. Plot The story opens on the island of Saint-Domingue (current day Haiti) in the late 18th century. Zarité (known as Tété) is the daughter of an African mother she never knew and one of the white sailors who brought her into bondage. As a young girl Tété is purchased by Violette, a mixed race courtesan, on behalf of Toulouse Valmorain, a Frenchman who has inherited his father's sugar plantation. Valmorain has dreams of financial success and is morally unopposed to slavery, though he dislikes punishing slaves himself, instead instructing his cruel overseer, Cambray, to administer the violence. Upon Valmorain's marriage, Tété becomes his wife's personal slave and housekeeper. Valmorain's wife is fragile and superstitious and slowly succumbs to madness. As Valmorain's wife goes mad, Valmorain forces the teenage Tété into sexual servitude, which produces several illegitimate children. Spanning four decades, the narrative leaps between the social upheavals from the distant French Revolution through the immediate chaos of the Haitian Revolution, to a New Orleans fomenting with cultural change. References External links the author's website. 2009 Chilean novels Novels by Isabel Allende Novels set in Haiti Novels set in New Orleans HarperCollins books Cultural depictions of Toussaint Louverture Novels set in the Haitian Revolution
"Miami" is a single by the American rock band Counting Crows. It is the seventh track on their fourth album Hard Candy (2002). Track listing "Miami" (Radio Edit) - 3:37 "Miami" (LP Version) - 5:01 Duritz said about this song: "So you leave home.. and you fall in love again. And I found myself on the Southeastern tip of America in love with a different girl, years later. And I had been off on a bus and she went off on a plane to the other side of the world to work and I hadn’t seen her. But she was coming home after a few months to see me and she was meeting me there, at the edge of America. I went to the airport to pick her up and went down to the gates- it’s weird to think about the fact that you could go to the gates then. And I sat there and I waited for her to come. And uh, the planes came one by one down the runway, and the sun extinguished itself on the ocean. And I thought about how much I missed her, and then I got this sick feeling in this pit of my stomach cause I knew I was still the same and I knew I would leave. I mean, I was happy she was coming home, but it was temporary. Like everything back then. You could have everything in the palm of your hand and know that it is the same thing as having nothing at all. This world, this life gives you everything and nothing at the same time and doesn’t exactly tell you how to deal with that. The truth is you have to hold them both. I didn’t know how to do that. How do you live with loving something and knowing you’re going to throw it away? I stood there and watched the sun go down and her plane landed and she came home and I kissed her. And we went back to our hotel, in Miami." (10/1/08 Atlanta, GA). While Counting Crows are generally a clean band, this is one of their few songs to contain profanity and one of their only two songs to use the word "fuck". However, on the two-track promo CD of this song, the profanity has been removed to provide for commercial play. Charts References 2002 singles Counting Crows songs Songs about Miami Song recordings produced by Steve Lillywhite Songs written by Adam Duritz Songs written by Dan Vickrey Songs written by David Bryson Songs written by Charlie Gillingham Songs written by David Immerglück
Littleton Tazewell "Tony" Waller (September 26, 1856 – July 13, 1926) was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps, who served in the Spanish–American War, the Caribbean and Asia. He was court-martialed and acquitted for his actions during the Philippine–American War, when he led an ill-fated expedition across the island of Samar. Waller retired from the Marines holding the rank of major general. Early life and career Littleton ("Tony") Waller was born in York County, Virginia, on 26 September 1856. He was appointed as a second lieutenant of Marines on 24 June 1880 at the age of 23 and served initial tours of successive shore duty at the Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Ancestors Both of Waller's ancestral families enjoyed wealth and political distinction in England and America. The Wallers were high sheriffs of Kent, where the family owned Groombridge Place, and judiciaries in Buckinghamshire. Littleton Waller's ancestor Col. John Waller came to Virginia about 1635. He trained as an attorney at the College of William and Mary and founded a family that included several members of the Virginia House of Burgesses, a justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, and a member of Virginia's delegation to the committee that adopted the Declaration of Independence. Littleton Waller's ancestor Benjamin Waller was a noted colonial attorney of Williamsburg, Virginia. The Tazewells of Dorset county were churchmen and scholars of the law. William Tazewell, attorney, born in 1691, emigrated to Virginia in 1715. His descendants include members of the House of Burgesses, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Senates of both Virginia and the United States, and the Virginia Supreme Court. Tony Waller's maternal grandfather Littleton Waller Tazewell was, in turn, a U.S. Congressman, a U.S. Senator, and Governor of Virginia. He built the family home, Wishing Oak, on Granby Street in Norfolk in 1802 and died there on May 6, 1860. The general's mother, Mary Waller Tazewell, was born at Wishing Oak in 1822. In 1848, she married Matthew Page Waller, her third cousin four times removed. Their children included a daughter and two sons older than Tony, and three sons younger. Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller was born on September 26, 1856. His father, who was a doctor, died of typhoid during an epidemic on December 11, 1861. Mary remained a widow until her death on December 20, 1889. She is buried with her husband in Elmwood Cemetery in Norfolk, Virginia. The family's extensive public service is exclusively civilian. In 1920, when Tony Waller Jr. joined the Sons of the American Revolution, his application was based on his ancestor's participation in the Committee of Independence. The Waller family website says little about the Civil War years, and the associated Tazewell website says even less. The Wallers and Tazewells seem to have had no military members prior to Tony's commissioning. His decision to become an officer must have surprised his family, but they were supportive of his ambition. In his teens, Tony was a corporal in the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, a local militia unit. Turned down for a commission in the cavalry (at 5' 4" he was too short), he was accepted into the Marines. Early years Tony Waller was bright, but indifferent to education. He was an outdoorsman, fond of hunting, fishing and riding, and uncomfortable in the classroom. Historian David McCulloch noted that, in the nineteenth century, every literate person in the English-speaking world was familiar with three books – the King James Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Waller's writing shows the influence of all three. His report from Peking compares the condition of the Marines to Falstaff's army, in reference to Shakespeare's Henry IV. He uses the Biblical phrase "the peace of God which passeth all understanding" in his letter to the Marines in France in 1918. In reporting the death in action of one of his officers in China, Waller expressed confidence that "all the trumpets will sound for him upon the other side", a phrase taken from Bunyan's description of the death of Faithful. In their ghostwritten memoirs Smedley Butler and Frederick C. Wise remember him as an eloquent speaker and fascinating storyteller. Yet he apparently never considered the study of law or a career in politics. Early Marine career Waller first went to sea as the Executive Officer of the Marine Detachment aboard the sloop-of-war , the flagship of the European Squadron and a veteran of the Civil War, in 1881. The Commanding Officer of the Detachment, also a veteran of the Civil War, was the legendary Captain Henry Clay Cochrane. The following year, Waller was present at the British Naval bombardment of Alexandria, Egypt during a serious local uprising in the summer of 1882. He participated in the landing of a mixed bluejacket and Marine force during the operation. The Naval landing force of sixty-nine sailors and sixty-three Marines was formed, with Lieutenant Commander Charles Goodrich in command and Captain Cochrane as executive officer. The force comprised two companies, the sailors under Navy Lieutenant Frank L. Denny and the Marines under Waller. The timely arrival of the ships of the European Squadron and their landing force gave protection to the American consulate and to American citizens and interests caught up in the fighting, and also afforded a refuge for the citizens of other nations, who had been displaced from their homes or businesses. Advancing cautiously through the burning and rubble strewn streets, the Americans reached the Grand Square of Mehmet Ali, at the heart of the city. The American Consulate was there, and it became the headquarters of the force. Although the French troops had abandoned the city and cautiously returned to their ships, the Marines secured the Grand Square and began to patrol the streets of the European Quarter, as the international business and consular area was named. Cochrane, Waller and their Marines were assigned to Lord Charles Beresford's British force for the protection of the European Quarter. The anticipated rebel counterattack never came, and a ten-day standoff ended with the arrival of the four thousand-man British relief force. According to the Times of London: Lord Charles Beresford states that without the assistance of the American Marines he would have been unable to discharge the numerous duties of suppressing fires, preventing looting, burying the dead, and clearing the streets. As there was no wireless radio in those days, and the telegraphic cable office in Alexandria was not functioning, the Squadron Commander had approval to land the naval force, but once ashore Goodrich had been on his own. It was he who made the decision to stay with the British rather than leave with the French. Waller, as one of only four officers in the landing force, would have been present when the decisions were made. He learned, as a 24-year-old lieutenant, the habits of independence in command that he would exercise throughout his career. The Spanish–American War Following tours of shore duty at Norfolk and Washington; and at sea in , , and Lancaster — Captain Waller served in the battleship , lead ship of the new during the Spanish–American War and was in that vessel as Commander of its Marine detachment during the Battle of Santiago on 3 July 1898. During this naval engagement, Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet was chased down and totally destroyed by the American fleet waiting just outside the harbor. Due to her position at the extreme eastern end of the blockade, the Indiana could not participate in the initial chase after the enemy cruisers made their sortie without cutting across the bow of the , which Captain Taylor, the ship's commander, wisely decided not to do. The battleship and the Marines manning her secondary batteries were, however, able to engage and aid in the destruction of the Furor and the Pluton, the fifth and sixth ships bringing up the rear of Spanish line, as they left the bay. Still too close to his squadron to risk using his big guns, Taylor called on Waller and his Marines to take the destroyers under fire with the six-inch batteries. Captain Waller ran from gun to gun, shouting orders and encouragement, as his Leathernecks pulverized the Spanish ships. "The only trouble experienced at that time was the difficulty in keeping the men not actually engaged under cover", Waller later wrote. "They would creep up to the guns, waiting for the chance to take part in the action." Within minutes both destroyers were ablaze and sinking. Still moving west, the Indiana finally got to use her thirteen-inch rifled guns, as she opened up on the Almirante Oquendo. The bombardment disabled many of the Spanish cruiser's guns and triggered the detonation of some of its shells. Wreathed in flame, Oquendo ran aground. By now the rest of the Spanish ships had also fallen to American fire. The fighting was over, and it was one of the most lopsided victories in naval history. Every Spanish ship was destroyed and no American vessel had suffered more than token damage. Waller's gun crews reportedly fired 500 rounds from their 6-inch guns during the 61-minute melee. In their moment of triumph, the Americans now performed an act of mercy. Captain Taylor directed Waller to launch the Indiana's whaleboats and pick up as many of the shipwrecked Spanish sailors as possible. With sailors at the oars and Marines in bow and stern to haul the swimmers aboard, Waller's detail worked all day. Men who were already weary from passing ammunition, now sunburned and with hands swollen and cracked from salt water, saved their enemies from death. Admiral Sampson described the service of Waller and his men in his after-action report to the Secretary of the Navy: Waller himself later remembered it: After the destruction of the three largest ships and two torpedo-boat destroyers, I was sent to pick up the wounded and bring off prisoners from the beaches where they were huddled and in constant danger from the exploding magazines. ... After working for hours with the wounded, we took the prisoners on board ship; there were on board my ship, two hundred and forty-three in all. We issued clothes to the naked men, and the officers gave up their clothes and beds to the Spanish officers. Only a few months ago I received a letter from the widow of one of the officers of Admiral Cervera's staff, telling me of her husband's death, and saying that it was his wish that she should thank me for all that I had done for him; and I have received many tokens and letters besides this in grateful acknowledgement of the mercy shown. Formal recognition of that action at Santiago would come to Waller sometime later. Waller's was one of only ninety-three known awards of this medal, and is believed to be the only one awarded to a U.S. Marine. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct combat, the Specially Meritorious Service Medal can be considered a predecessor of today's Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Boxer Rebellion While stationed at the naval station at Cavite early in 1900, Waller, now a major, was ordered to command a detachment of Marines, assigned to take part in the expedition mounted to relieve the siege of Peking, the Imperial Capital of China. This city, with its enclave of foreign Legations, was besieged by a mixed force of "Boxers" and Chinese Imperial troops supporting them. Accordingly, Waller and his men arrived at Taku, China, on 19 June 1900, soon moved inland, and linked up with a Russian column of 400 men. At 02:00 on June 21, this small combined force set out for Tientsin, a large enemy held city along the route to Peking, arrayed against a Chinese contingent of some 1,500 to 2,000 men. Outnumbered from the start, the column came under heavy enemy fire and was forced to retreat, with the Russians in the lead. In a desperate rearguard action, Waller and his marines—leaving their dead behind and dragging their wounded with them—fought off the numerically superior (but less aggressive) Chinese forces and reached safety. Waller's detachment immediately returned to duty, attached to a British column led by Commander Christopher Craddock. At 04:00 on June 24, an international army—consisting of Italian, German, Japanese, Russian, British, and American forces—set out again for Tientsin. After participating in the final fighting for the city of Peking on July 13–14, Waller and his men took possession of the American sector and brought order out of the havoc caused by the Chinese retreat. Promoted by brevet to lieutenant colonel and advanced two numbers in grade for his performance of duty at Tientsin and Peking, Littleton Waller was commended in 1903 by Brigadier General Aaron S. Daggett, U.S. Army, Ret., in his book, America in the China Relief Expedition. He recalled that the marine had "... participated willingly and energetically ..." with the Allies "... in all movements against the enemy ..." and that "... he and his officers and men ... reflected credit upon American valor. ..." For his service, Major Waller received a brevet promotion, along with several of his fellow officers, who had also distinguished themselves, to lieutenant colonel. He would later become one of only 20 Marines to be awarded the USMC Brevet Medal when the decoration was created in 1921. During his service in China, Waller also began a long-running friendship with then Lt. Smedley Butler. Waller served as Best Man at Butlers' wedding in June 1905 and the two remained close for the rest of Wallers' life. Philippine–American War and war crimes acquittal After the Balangiga massacre, U.S. Army Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith asked for Marine Corps assistance to help subdue the Philippine population on the island of Samar. Major Waller and his Marine Battalion were given this assignment. Prior to proceeding, Major Waller had had this conversation with General Smith: Prior to the ensuing massacre, Waller pulled aside Marine Captain David D. Porter, one of the officers tasked with carrying it out. Waller partly revoked Smith's order and told Porter to show restraint."Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old. But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive."Waller and his battalion of 315 Marines departed Cavite on 22 October 1901 and landed at Catbalogan, Samar, on 24 October. In the southern half of Samar, Waller ran patrols, amphibious operations, and led a detachment of marines which defeated Philippine insurgents in a battle at Sohoton cliffs on 5 November 1901. He was having some success in registering the inhabitants and pacifying the Philippine towns. General Smith ordered Waller to scout a possible telegraph route across the island from Lanang on the east coast to Basey on the west coast – straight across trackless, uninhabited jungle. Waller's March across Samar began from Lanang on 28 December 1901 with 60 Marines, including Sgt. John H. Quick, two Philippine scouts and 33 Philippine porters. In terrible physical conditions, most of the men were soon sick and running out of food. To stave off disaster, Major Waller divided his force on 3 January 1902. Leaving Marine Captain David D. Porter in charge of a group remaining in the jungle, Waller and 14 others went for help at Basey, arriving there on 6 January. On 7 January, Waller led a relief operation back to Porter, but for nine days could not find them. Growing more desperate for food, Captain Porter left the sick and dying behind, under the command of Marine Lieutenant A.S. Williams, and set out with 7 Marines and 6 porters to Lanang. Having arrived at Lanang on 11 January, Cpt. Porter then sent out a relief column to pick up his own stragglers and rescue Lt. William's command. By 18 January, when Williams was rescued, 10 marines had died, one had gone insane and the porters had mutinied. Williams later testified that their mutinous behavior left the Marines in daily fear of their lives; the porters were hiding food and supplies from the Marines and keeping themselves nourished from the jungle while the Marines starved; then three porters attacked and wounded Williams with a bolo knife. The other 11 porters were placed under arrest when Williams' command reached Lanang. After an investigation, Waller ordered the summary execution, without trial, of the eleven Filipino porters for treason, theft, disobedience and general mutiny. Ten were shot in groups of three (one had been gunned down in the water attempting to escape) The bodies were left in the square as an example, until one evening under cover of darkness, some townspeople carried them off for a Christian burial. Waller's Marine Battalion on Samar was relieved by U.S. Army units on 26 February 1902. He and his Battalion left Samar on 28 February, returning to Cavite on 2 March 1902. Waller reported the executions to Smith, as he had reported every other event. "It became necessary to expend eleven prisoners. Ten who were implicated in the attack on Lieutenant Williams and one who plotted against me." Smith passed Waller's report to General Adna Chaffee, who then decided to investigate these executions, despite General J. Franklin Bell and Colonel Jacob H. Smith having carried out similar executions on a much larger scale months before with no subsequent investigations. Waller was tried for murder and manslaughter in ordering the execution of the eleven Filipino porters. A court martial began on March 17, 1902. The court-martial board consisted of 7 Army officers and 6 Marine Corps officers, led by U.S. Army General William H. Bisbee. Major Henry P. Kingsbury, USA, the prosecutor, read the charge and specification. Waller's attorneys, Commander Adolph Marix, USN, and Major Edwin Glenn, USA, first argued, unsuccessfully, that the Army had no jurisdiction over him, as he was still under Marine Corps command. From the court martial transcript: General Bisbee decided that the court was without jurisdiction in the case, but left open the possibility of reversing himself if instructions were received from the office of the Adjutant General of the Army. On 21 March, the instructions arrived. The Assistant Adjutant General noted that the Commanding General of the Philippine Department (General Arthur MacArthur) had ordered a preliminary examination of the case, with a view to legal action, before Waller was relieved of duty with the Army. Waller assisted in Major Getty's investigation, and was questioned by him, so he had to know that he was a party to the proceedings. Besides, a "brief lapse of jurisdiction" cannot mitigate a murder charge. General Bisbee "now decides that (the court) has jurisdiction and directs that the case proceed to trial." Waller enters his plea: To the specification – Guilty, except to the words "willfully and feloniously and with malice aforethought, murder and" – to those words, not guilty. To the charge – Not Guilty Waller did not use Smith's orders "I want all persons killed" to justify his deed, instead relying on the rules of war and provisions of a Civil War General Order Number 100 that authorized "exceeding force", much as J. Franklin Bell had successfully done months before. Waller's counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution then decided to call General Smith as a rebuttal witness. On April 7, 1902, in sworn testimony, Smith denied that he had given any special verbal orders to Waller. Waller then produced three officers, who corroborated Waller's version of the Smith–Waller conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith, Waller informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over age 10. During the trial, American newspapers, including his hometown newspaper in Philadelphia, nicknamed Waller the "Butcher of Samar". The court martial board voted 11–2 for acquittal of Waller. Later, the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General dismissed the entire case, agreeing that a Marine Corps officer was not subject to an Army court. As a result of evidence introduced at the Waller trial, General Smith was then court martialed, convicted, and admonished; President Roosevelt personally ordered his dismissal from the army. Banana Wars Waller subsequently returned to the United States, where he was appointed in charge of USMC recruiting efforts in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey until 1903. In 1904, Waller was made commander of USMC forces stationed in the Panama Canal Zone. Two years later in 1906, he was appointed to command U.S. forces in the Republic of Cuba, being promoted to the commander of the Provisional Brigade by 1911. Waller then commanded the USMC Barracks located at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard from 1911 to 1914. Leading the 1st Marine Brigade, Waller subsequently participated in the Battle of Veracruz in 1914 before being appointed to command USMC forces during the United States occupation of Haiti. Under his command, USMC troops brutally suppressed resistance to the occupation by bands of Haitian insurgents known as Cacos, successfully defeating them in the First Caco War. During the occupation, Waller stated that "I know the nigger and how to handle him", in reference to Haiti's population being of mostly African descent. Later years Conventional wisdom holds that the Manila court-martial cost Waller the post of Commandant of the Marine Corps. Most sources claim that his career was stunted, but an extract from his Officer's Qualification Record tells a different story. Waller's acquittal is dated April 28, 1902. He had been "promoted MAJOR August 28, 1899, to take rank from July 25, 1899". He is "promoted LIEUTENANT COLONEL, U.S.M.C., by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 23, 1903, to rank as such from March 3, 1903", and then "promoted COLONEL, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 21, 1905, to rank from March 11, 1905". On March 28, 1901, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel by brevet, in the Marine Corps of the United States, for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China, from the 13th day of July, 1900. On March 28, 1901, advanced two (2) numbers in rank on the list of Majors, in the Marine Corps, for eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle on June 21, & 23, and July 3, and 9, 1900, at Tientsin, China, from March 8, 1901. Under suspension for ten days (10) from September 18, 1901, for being under the influence of liquor, and thereby unfit for the proper performance of duty. Suspended from duty for being drunk, with an official entry made of the event, Waller was still promoted from captain to full colonel in less than six years. This is hardly indicative of a stalled career, especially in the early twentieth century. It becomes hard to believe that the court-martial prevented Waller's appointment to the commandancy, especially since he is promoted less than a year afterward. But if it was not the reason, it may have been the excuse. Captain Archibald Butt, U.S. Army, military aide to Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, recalls a White House meeting in March 1910. The subject was the next Marine Commandant. Secretary of the Navy George Meyer had the necessary papers to appoint Waller, and President Taft agreed. Then, according to Butt: (Waller's) name was practically written, when Senator Penrose of Pennsylvania called on the President, and in five minutes Waller was sidetracked and Biddle elevated to the place in command. (Biddle) happened to be a cousin of the junior Senator from Pennsylvania, George T. Oliver. With no love for the Marines and no reason to care who their Commandant was, Butt had no reason to lie. Nor is he alone in giving this version of events. In the Proceedings of the U. S. Naval Institute, November 1986, Lieutenant Colonel Merrill L. Bartlett, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired), discusses the career of Waller's protege Smedley D. Butler. Like Waller, Butler was the choice for Commandant among the rank-and-file of the Corps. Butler, too, was denied the position, because of the influence of politics. Col. Bartlett writes: In 1910, following a spate of in-house acrimony between the CMC, Major General George F. Elliott, and the Adjutant and Inspector, the colorful Colonel Charles H. Lauchheimer, Elliott opted for retirement. Most observers -- including Butler -- assumed that the venerable Waller would gain the Corps' highest post. However, in a private meeting with Secretary of the Navy George von Meyer, President William H. Taft bowed to pressure from the powerful Pennsylvania Senator Boies Penrose and appointed his constituent, Philadelphia's William A. Biddle, to the post. Political influence was even more pronounced in the selection of the next Commandant. Col. Bartlett continues: The passage of legislation in 1913 that limited the tenure of each CMC to four years -- unless reappointed -- ended the traditional system of appointment until retirement, which had been in effect since 1798. Instead Josephus Daniels, the new Secretary of the Navy . . .[sent] Biddle into retirement and began the search for a new CMC. Excitedly, Butler assumed that Waller would win this time. He generated a flurry of correspondence knowing full well that every letter would be read by his congressman father ... Much to Butler's dismay -- and despite whatever political leverage his father applied -- stronger forces determined the selection of a new CMC in 1913-14. Biddle had hoped to slide in the veteran campaigner, Colonel Lincoln Karmany, before sufficient political forces could be organized to oppose this handpicked successor. But Secretary Daniels eliminated Karmany from the running when he learned of his messy divorce in order to marry another woman. Waller had the endorsement of all 21 Democrats in the Senate, but carried the unacceptable baggage of Samar with him. Secretary Daniels reasoned that it made no sense to appoint an officer with a reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of the Filipino people, just when the Wilson Administration promised a more enlightened and humane government of the Philippines. Several key points are evident here. Waller had the endorsement of "all 21 Democrats in the Senate", but in 1913 the U.S. had forty-eight states, for a total of ninety-six senators. The Democrats were not only a minority, they were all Southerners. Waller's chances were hardly helped by the small number of Democratic senators or by the fact that his grandfather L.W. Tazewell was the former Democratic governor of Virginia. Col. Bartlett speaks of "the unacceptable baggage of Samar", but as we have seen this did not seem to hamper Waller's rise from captain to colonel. Waller's "reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of the Filipino people" was based almost entirely on the editorials in the anti-imperialist press, but these views had been rejected by the public long before. The elections of Roosevelt in 1904 and Taft in 1908 came long after the courts-martial not only of Waller and Day, but also of the Army officers Smith and Glenn. Waller was also frustrated at being sidelined, as he saw it, from the fighting in France. Relatively few senior Marine officers saw active duty in France, all of them a generation younger than Waller. On March 22, 1920, Waller appeared before the Retirement Board at Marine Corps Headquarters. The board found that he was "incapacitated for active service by reason of arterial sclerosis, general, and that his incapacity is the result of an incident of the service." On March 27 the finding was made official: THE WHITE HOUSE WOODROW WILSON The last entry in his Officer's Qualification Record reads: Continued on active duty at Headquarters, Advanced Base Force until June 16, 1920, on which date relieved from all active duty. Three of Waller's sons would go on to serve their country as Officers in the Marines and Navy. Littleton W. T. Waller Jr. served as a major in the Marine Corps during World War I and saw extensive action on the Western Front. Waller Jr. alternately commanded the 81st Company, First Machine Gun Battalion; the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, Second Division, the Eighth Machine Gun Battalion, Third Division; and served as the Division Machine Gun Officer of the Second Division. During his service he participated in the following operations: the Toulon-Troyon Sector; in action with 47th French Infantry at Julgonne; in action on the Marne River; in action at Belleau Wood; in action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; Marbache Sector; St. Mihiel Sector; and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Waller Jr. later participated in the march to the Rhine and served with the Army of Occupation. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for action in the Champagne Sector; made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; and was cited in General Orders, No. 88, Headquarters, Second Division, dated December 31, 1918. He also received letters of commendation from the Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment, Commanding General, Fourth Brigade and Commanding General, Second Division. Waller Jr. was also awarded the Navy Cross by the Secretary of the Navy and would go on to serve a full career in the Corps, eventually rising to the rank of major general just as his Father had. Having been promoted to brigadier general on 29 August 1916 and to major general on 29 August 1918, Littleton W. T. Waller Sr. closed out his active duty in the Marine Corps as Commander of the Advanced Base Force at Philadelphia Navy Yard from 8 January 1917 until his retirement in June 1920. According to the entry in Webster's American Military Biographies, L.W.T. Waller was "reputed to have taken part in more actions than any other Marine officer of the period." Major General Waller lived in retirement in Philadelphia until his death on 13 July 1926 at the age of 69. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 1942, the destroyer (DD-466) was named in his honor. Waller Drive in Huntingdon Valley, PA is named after him. A residential cul-de-sac, the street and all of the properties along it were originally part of the estate surrounding the house he had built in 1916, in suburban Philadelphia. Memberships General Waller was a member of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, Military Order of the Dragon and the Military Order of the Carabao. The decorations and medals of General Waller General Waller was one of the very few recipients, possibly the only, of both the Brevet Medal and Specially Meritorious Service Medal. With only 23 and 93 total awards respectively, they are two of the rarest decorations in American military history. (By way of comparison, there have been over 3,000 awards of the Medal of Honor and over 600 of the Gold Lifesaving Medal.) Marine Corps Brevet Medal Waller was one of only twenty living Marine officers whose gallantry in action during the Civil War, Spanish–American War, Philippine Campaign and the Boxer Rebellion had been recognized by a brevet commission. Waller's medal recognized his promotion to the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel, "for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China", on 13 July 1900. He had retired prior to the creation of the medal, but went to Washington to receive it. Specially Meritorious Service Medal The letter of August 3, 1904, awarding this medal to Waller "in recognition of your gallant conduct in assisting in rescuing crews from the burning Spanish ships after the battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898" is reproduced above. This is one of only 93 known awards of the decoration, given for "specially meritorious service, otherwise than in battle, during the Spanish–American War". It was not awarded before the war with Spain, nor since. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct contact with the enemy, it may be considered a forerunner to the present-day Navy and Marine Corps Medal. The decoration is a bronze cross pattee, with an anchor in its center encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel and the inscription "U.S. Naval Campaign West Indies". The arms of the cross are inscribed "Specially Meritorious Service 1898", and it is suspended from a bright red ribbon. Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal Originally authorized in 1919 as a ribbon-only award. The medal was authorized in 1929, three years after Waller's death. It is not known if his survivors received the medal posthumously. At the time, numerals were worn on the ribbon to show total awards. Waller was authorized the ribbon with numeral "4" in recognition of the following service: Egypt, 1882 Panama, 1903–04 Cuba, 1911–12 Haiti, 1916–17 Sampson Medal Properly speaking, the "Commemorative Medal for Naval Engagements in the West Indies", it took its popular name from the fact that its obverse shows a portrait of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. The ribbon, red with a wide central blue stripe, is suspended from a bronze pin bearing the name of the ship on which the individual served. Bronze bars are pinned to the front of the ribbon for each engagement with the enemy. No attachments were worn on the ribbon bar. Waller's medal had a ship's pin inscribed "USS Indiana", and four engagement bars - "San Juan Porto Rico", for the occupation of that city, and three bars inscribed "Santiago", for the siege, for the great battle of July 3, 1898, and for the occupation of the city. It was awarded in 1901. Spanish Campaign Medal Awarded to all members of the Navy and Marine Corps who served between 20 April and 10 December 1898. Philippine Campaign Medal For service ashore in the Philippine Islands between 4 February 1899 and 4 July 1902. China Relief Expedition Medal For service ashore in China between 24 May 1900 and 27 May 1901. Cuban Pacification Medal For service ashore in Cuba between 12 September 1906 and 1 April 1909. Mexican Service Medal For service at Vera Cruz from 21 April to 23 April 1914. Haitian Campaign Medal For service ashore in Haiti between 9 July and 6 December 1915. World War I Victory Medal For service during the period 6 April 1917 to 11 November 1918, both dates inclusive. Photos of Waller, and other Marine officers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, also show the wearing of numerous unofficial medals awarded by fraternal and patriotic societies. The Freemasons, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the Cincinnati, Grand Army of the Republic and United Spanish War Veterans were some of the more common ones. As military decorations and medals were uncommon prior the First World War, military regulations permitted the wearing of the insignia of societies and organizations composed of service members and/or their descendants. There are photographs of Waller wearing the distinct triangular medal which represents the Military Order of the Carabao, an association of officers with service in the Philippines which was founded in 1900 as well as the insignia of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, which was founded in 1894 as a military society of officers and their descendants and the Military Order of the Dragon, a military society of officers who served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. See also Jacob H. Smith John H. Quick Smedley Butler Notes Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Stuart Creighton Miller, (Yale University Press, 1982). p. 220; PBS documentary "Crucible of Empire"; Philippine NewsLink interview with Bob Couttie author of "Hang the Dogs, The True and Tragic History of the Balangiga Massacre" Ten days after President McKinley's death, the residents of Balangiga, a tiny village 400 miles southeast of Manila, attacked the local U.S. garrison. While U.S. soldiers ate breakfast, the church bells rang a signal. Filipinos brandishing machetes emerged from their hiding places. Forty-eight Americans, two-thirds of the garrison, were butchered, in what is called the Balangiga massacre. On the orders of General Jacob H. Smith, U.S. troops retaliated against the entire island (600 square miles) of Samar where Balangiga is located. The exchange is known because of two courts-martial: one was of Waller who was later court-martialed for ordering or allowing the execution of a dozen Filipino bearers, and the court-martial of Gen. Jacob H. Smith who was actually court-martialed for giving that order. They jury is out to the extent that order was carried out, because Littleton Waller actually countermanded it to his own men and said "[Captain David] Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old. But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive." Undoubtedly, some men did atrocities regardless of Waller's commands. Miller, pp. 226–8 Miller, p. 228; Philadelphia North American, March 16 and 17, 1902 Miller, p. 230–232; Before the "Howling Wilderness": The Military Career of Jacob Hurd Smith, 1862–1902 David L. Fritz Military Affairs Vol. 43, No. 4 (December, 1979), p. 187; "Most of the material for this article is derived from The Adjutant General's Office (AGO) 1890–1917, National Archives (NA), record group (RG) 94, File 309120 "Considerable older material is filed under the same numerical file number, but has the additional designation of S293CB1867." References External links 1856 births 1926 deaths American military personnel of the Banana Wars American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion American military personnel of the Philippine–American War American military personnel of the Spanish–American War American mass murderers American murderers of children American white supremacists Burials at Arlington National Cemetery United States Marine Corps World War I generals Military personnel from Virginia People acquitted of international crimes People acquitted of murder People acquitted of manslaughter People indicted for war crimes People from York County, Virginia Members of the Sons of the American Revolution United States Marine Corps generals United States Marine Corps personnel who were court-martialed War criminals
A lettuce hem is a frilled hem invented by Stephen Burrows. The hem was popular in the disco era for how it added movement to a garment. Description The lettuce hem is named for its resemblance to a lettuce leaf. The hem gets its characteristic waves from a zig-zag overlock stitching pattern typical of Burrows' work, which emphasized rather than concealed hems and stitching. The technique is mostly used on knit textiles such as jersey fabric, which allow the hem to hold its shape. History Stephen Burrows invented the lettuce hem in the 1970s. The nature of the invention is disputed, with The Museum at FIT characterizing the invention as arising from a sewing error while the FIDM Museum claims he was inspired by Diana Vreeland requesting a garment in "lettuce green." Regardless, the hem became a signature of Burrows and remained popular throughout the decade. The style reemerged in the 1990s, particularly on knit "babydoll" style T-shirts. Lettuce hems became popular again in the late 2010s and early 2020s, largely as a reference to the 1990s iteration of the trend. With the increased interest in upcycling old and thrifted clothing during this period, the lettuce hem became a way to update a garment. The patchwork top, which features lettuce hems all across the garment rather than just along the edges, enjoyed popularity starting in 2020. References Parts of clothing 1970s fashion
A list of films produced by the Ollywood film industry based in Bhubaneswar in the 1930s: References 1930s Ollywood Films, Ollywood
Henry Corbin (also Corbyn; 1629–1675/76) was an emigrant from England who became a tobacco planter in the Virginia colony and served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, in the House of Burgesses representing Lancaster County before the creation of Middlesex County on Virginia's Middle Neck, then on the Governor's Council. Early life Corbin was born in 1629 in Warwickshire, the third child of Sir Thomas Corbin and his wife Winifred Grosvenor. He had four brothers and a sister (Letitia, after whom he would also name his daughter). The eldest brother, Thomas Corbin (b. 1624), married the daughter of Edmund Goodyear and their only child, Margaret, married William Lygon of Madresfield Court in Worcestershire, from whom the senior branch of the English Corbin family descends. Henry Corbin's other brothers were George, Gawin and Charles. Colonial merchant and planter In 1654, at the age of 25, he immigrated across the Atlantic Ocean, arriving in the Virginia Colony aboard the ship 'Charity'. Corbin remained active as a merchant after he settled on the Middle Neck . In his marriage contract with Alice Eltonhead Burnham, he gave a bond to secure her property and characterized himself as "of Rappahannock, Virginia, merchant." Corbin also operated tobacco plantations using enslaved labour. In 1660 he and his wife sold 300 acres on Morratico Creek to Raleigh Travers. In 1668, during the lengthy creation of Middlesex County from the part of Lancaster County south of the Rappahannock River, Corbin paid taxes for eighteen tithables, the most on that side. Officeholder and politician The governor and council made Corbin a justice of the Lancaster County court in 1657. Lancaster County voters in both 1659 and 1660 elected Corbin as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses, alongside the county's largest plantation owner, John Carter, Sr., who lived and operated plantations on the Rappahannock's northern shore (with 58 tithables in 1668). In 1661, Corbin mediated a dispute between the Potomac native people and Major General Hammand. He often appears in the court records of both Lancaster County, Westmoreland County and Northumberland County, often suing on creditors' behalf, often against decedents' estates. Some of his land would later be located in Richmond County, the Northern Neck of Virginia being split off from Northunberland County, and eventually Westmoreland, Lancaster and Richmond Counties being created therein In 1663, Corbin was appointed to the Virginia Governor's Council. He remained on the council until his death in 1676. Family Some time before April 5, 1658, Corbin married Alice (Eltonhead), the widow of sometime burgess Rowland Burnham, whose brother was on the Maryland Governor's Council and whose several sisters married men on the Maryland and Virginia Governor' Councils. During the marriage, she bore three sons (Henry, Thomas and Gawin), and five daughters (Laetitia, Alice, Winifred, Ann and Frances) who all married into the gentry. Gawin Corbin, like his father, would serve in the House of Burgesses, but represented Middlesex County. His youngest sister (this man's daughter) Frances (1666-1713) married Edmund Jenings (1659-1727) son of British barrister Sir Edmund Jennings (1626-1691) and Margaret Barkham (1626-1726), and who would become agent for the Northern Neck Proprietary for several years with Thomas Lee (whose brother Richard Lee II married her eldest sister, Letitia). However, the widower Jenings would die in disgrace and his property was foreclosed by powerful planter and burgess King Carter (with whom this man served) and by her brother Thomas Corbin. Colonel Lee, like Edmund Jenings, was a military leader, planter, politician, and member of the King's Council of Virginia. This man's sister Ann married William Tayloe, the nephew of William Tayloe (the immigrant) of King's Creek Plantation and High Sheriff of York County, Virginia, and bore John Tayloe I and progenitor of the Tayloe's of Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia. This man's sister Winifred (1661-1709) married Col. Leroy Griffin (1646-1702) and their son Thomas Griffin (1684-1732) would serve in the House of Burgesses representing Richmond County during the same 1715 session as his uncle Gawin, and their great-grandson Cyrus Griffin would become the final President of the Continental Congress of the Confederation and the first United States District judge of the United States District Court for the District of Virginia. Sister Ann Corbin (1664-1694) married Philip Lightfoot of Charles City County, and their son Philip Lightfoot also served on the Virginia Governor's Council. Death and legacy Henry Corbin died in Virginia on January 8, 1675. By 1677, his widow married (3rd) Capt. Henry Creyke (or Creeke) In that year, his executores made a claim against Robert Beckingham's estate References American planters American slave owners People from the Borough of North Warwickshire People of colonial Maryland Virginia colonial people House of Burgesses members 1629 births 1676 deaths People from Lancaster County, Virginia Henry
The 2022 LSU Tigers baseball team represented Louisiana State University in the 2022 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tigers played their home games at Alex Box Stadium. After the season, pitcher Eric Reyzelman was picked in the 5th round of the MLB Draft by the New York Yankees. Previous season The Tigers' season was marked with inconsistency, as the team began the year 15–3 in non-conference play, but then struggled against their early SEC competition, going 1–8 through their first three series. The Tigers finished their SEC schedule 12–9 after the rough start, yet went one-and-done in the SEC tournament after losing their opener to Georgia, going winless in the SEC Tournament for the first time since 2005. Still, the Tigers earned a birth in the NCAA tournament, where they won the Eugene Regional by beating regional host Oregon despite losing their opening game. After advancing to the Knoxville Super Regional, the Tigers' season ended after losing to No. 3 overall seeded Tennessee in two games. The Tigers finished 2021 38–25 overall, 13–17 in the SEC, with a final ranking of 18 in both the USA Today Coaches' and D1 Baseball Polls. Preseason SEC Coaches poll The SEC coaches poll was released in February at the SEC Media Days. Preseason All-SEC teams The preseason All-SEC teams was revealed in February at the SEC Media Days. Personnel Roster Coaching Staff Schedule and results Schedule Source: *Rankings are based on the team's current ranking in the D1Baseball poll. Standings Results Rankings References LSU LSU Tigers baseball seasons LSU Tigers baseball LSU
B&D Australia Pty Ltd. is an Australian company founded in 1946 that manufactures metal doors, sash, trim products, and shutters for residential and industrial garage doors and shutters. Historical background B&D was founded in 1946 as a steel fabricating business by Arthur Byrne and Paul Davidson with and £140 in Botany, Sydney. In 1956 inventor Ben Saul designed and invented the original Roll-A-Door and then sold the idea to Byrne. Byrne and Davidson worked with boilermaker Gordon Lambert to debut the Roll-A-Door at Daily Mirror Sydney Home Show in 1956. The door was made of compressed metal sheets fastened together and was the first all-steel door that could be rolled and unrolled without cracking. B&D introduced the slogan, "Even a child can open it" for a safe, secure garage door that would not slam shut and was easy to open. In 1957 B&D founder Paul Davidson left the company and Ray Willoughby was appointed. In the 1960s B&D went national, opening a factory in Melbourne and exporting the Roll-A-Door to New Zealand, and by 1963 the company was in the United States and Europe. In 1985 Arthur Byrne and Ray Willoughby sold B&D to Clyde Industries and the company was renamed B&D Doors. In 2000 B&D Doors sold the five millionth garage door worldwide, a figure that included more than 2.5 million Roll-A-Doors in Australia alone. In 2001 B&D was acquired by Queensland-based CSI Doors and Catalyst Investment Managers Proprietary Limited and, in 2003, acquired Automatic Technology Australia (ATA) to become Australia ’s largest door opener manufacturer. In 2004 it was bought by Australian company Alesco. In 2005 bought out its largest competitor in the New Zealand market, Dominator New Zealand, to become the largest door and opener manufacturer across Australasia. B&D was acquired by Dulux in 2012. Public Recognition Recognised by the National Museum of Australia as an Australian icon. Australia Post stamps for ‘Inventive Australia’ New advert – A lion is the only alternative. 1969 - Moon landing advert. Philanthropy The Cure Cancer Foundation of Australia (Cure Cancer Australia) was founded by B&D founder Arthur Byrne in 1979. References Australian companies established in 1946 Manufacturing companies based in Sydney
The 2017 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament (semi-finals and final also known as the 2017 Women's College Cup) was the 36th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women's collegiate soccer. The semi-finals and championship game were played at Orlando City Stadium in Orlando, Florida on December 1 and 3, 2017, while the preceding rounds were played at various sites across the country during November 2017. The Stanford Cardinal were tournament champions, winning the final 3–2 over the UCLA Bruins. Qualification All Division I women's soccer programs were eligible to qualify for the tournament. 64 teams participated in the tournament. 28 teams qualified automatically by winning their conference tournaments and 3 teams qualified automatically by winning their conference regular-season championship (Ivy League, Pac-12 Conference, and West Coast Conference grant their automatic qualifications to the regular-season champions in lieu of holding a conference tournament). The remaining 33 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Committee. Stanford Bracket South Carolina Bracket Duke Bracket North Carolina Bracket Bracket The bracket was announced on Monday, November 6. Stanford Bracket * Host institution Schedule First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-final Rankings from United Soccer Coaches Final Regular Season Rankings South Carolina Bracket * Host institution Schedule First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-final Rankings from United Soccer Coaches Final Regular Season Rankings Duke Bracket * Host institution Schedule First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-final Rankings from United Soccer Coaches Final Regular Season Rankings North Carolina Bracket * Host institution Schedule First round Second round Round of 16 Quarter-final Rankings from United Soccer Coaches Final Regular Season Rankings College Cup Schedule Semi-finals Final Rankings from United Soccer Coaches Final Regular Season Rankings Record by conference The R32, S16, E8, F4, CG, and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the Round of 32 (second round), Round of 16 (third round), Quarterfinals, Semi-finals, Final, and National Champion, respectively. The following conferences received one bid and finished the tournament with a record of 0–1–0: AEC, A-10, ASUN, Big Sky, Big South, Big West, CAA, Horizon, MAAC, MAC, MW, NEC, OVC, Patriot, Southern, Southland, Summit, Sun Belt, SWAC, and WAC. See also NCAA Women's Soccer Championships (Division II, Division III) NCAA Men's Soccer Championships (Division I, Division II, Division III) 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship References NCAA NCAA Women's Soccer Championship NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament 2017 NCAA Division I women's soccer season
Ephraim Kishon (: August 23, 1924 – January 29, 2005) was a Hungarian-born Israeli author, dramatist, screenwriter, and Oscar-nominated film director. He was one of the most widely read contemporary satirists in Israel, and was also particularly popular in German-speaking countries. Biography Ephraim Kishon was born on August 23, 1924, by the name of Ferenc Hoffmann into a middle-class Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary. In his youth he knew neither Hebrew nor Yiddish. His father worked as a bank manager and his mother was a former secretary. Kishon also had a sister who was a writer. His writing talent became evident in his youth. In 1940 he won his first prize for writing a novel for high school students. Due to the racial laws applied in Hungary during World War II, he was not allowed to continue his studies at the university and therefore he began to study jewelry making in 1942. During World War II the Nazis imprisoned him in several concentration camps. At one camp his chess talent helped him survive, as he played chess with the guards. In another camp, the Germans lined up the inmates and shot every tenth person, but passed him by. He later wrote in his book The Scapegoat, "They made a mistake—they left one satirist alive". He eventually managed to escape the concentration camps while being transported to the Sobibor extermination camp in Nazi German Occupied Poland, and hid the remainder of the war disguised as "Stanko Andras", a Slovak laborer. After the war when he returned to Budapest he discovered that his parents and sister had survived, but many other family members had been murdered in the gas chambers at Auschwitz. In 1945, he changed his surname from Hoffmann to Kishont and returned to Hungary, where he continued to study art and writing. In 1948 he completed his studies in metal sculpturing and art history and began publishing humorous articles under the name Franz Kishunt. In 1949 he immigrated to the newly founded state of Israel, together with his first wife Eva (Chawa) Klamer, to escape the Communist regime. When arriving in Israel an immigration officer officially Hebraicized his name to "Ephraim Kishon". According to Kishon, the Jewish Agency clerk asked him for his name and when he answered "Ferenc" the clerk said: There is no such thing, and wrote "Ephraim", and afterwards he went ahead and Hebraicized his family name as well, Kishon being a river near Haifa, the Israeli city on Mount Carmel. His first marriage to Eva (Chawa) Klamer in 1946 ended in divorce. In 1959, he married Sara (née Lipovitz), who died in 2002. In 2003, he married the Austrian writer Lisa Witasek. Kishon had three children: Raphael (b. 1957), Amir (b. 1963), and Renana (b. 1968). In 1981, Kishon established a second home in the rural Swiss canton of Appenzell after feeling unappreciated in Israel, but remained a staunch Zionist. Kishon died on January 29, 2005, at his home in Switzerland at the age of 80 following a cardiac arrest. His body was flown to Israel and he was buried at the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv. Being a popular Israeli writer, he still felt he was getting negative treatment from the Israeli media due to the fact he was rather right wing in his political views. Literary career Kishon initially lived in the "Sha'ar Ha'Aliyah" transit camp near Haifa, and soon afterwards moved to Kibbutz Kfar Hahoresh, in which he worked as a nurse while learning the Hebrew language during his free time with the help of his neighbor Joseph Bilitzer. During this period he wrote several humorous lists for the Hungarian newspaper "Új Kelet". Afterwards Kishon moved to a housing project. He studied Hebrew at the Ulpan "Etzion" in Jerusalem, and soon became proficient in the language. Nevertheless, his heavy Hungarian accent accompanied him throughout his life. Mastering the Hebrew language with remarkable speed, in 1951 Kishon began writing a satirical column in the easy-Hebrew daily, Omer, after only two years in the country. Later on Kishon began writing for the newspaper "Davar" (which was very influential at the time) in which he published a satire called "The Blaumilch Canal". That same year he published his first book in Israel "Ha-ole Ha-Yored le-Chayenu"- "The Pestering Immigrant", (a pun on the Hebrew word for "Immigrant") which was written in Hungarian and translated into Hebrew by Avigdor Hameiri. The book was mostly about the life experiences of new immigrants in Israel during the 1950s. In 1952 Kishon began writing a regular satirical column called "Had Gadya" ("One Young Goat" in Aramaic, taken from the Passover Seder liturgy) in the daily Hebrew tabloid "Ma'ariv". Kishon kept writing the column for about 30 years, while in the first two decades he published a new column almost every day. Within a few years after launching his writing career in Israel Kishon became one of the most prominent humorists and satirists in the country. Kishon's extraordinary linguistic inventiveness and flair for creating characters was carried over into his work for the theater. Collections of his humorous writings have appeared in Hebrew and in translation. Among the English translations are Look Back Mrs. Lot (1960), Noah's Ark, Tourist Class (1962), The Seasick Whale (1965), and two books on the Six-Day War and its aftermath, So Sorry We Won (1967), and Woe to the Victors (1969). Two collections of his plays have also appeared in Hebrew: Shemo Holekh Lefanav (1953) and Ma´arkhonim (1959). Kishon's books have been translated into 37 languages and sold particularly well in Germany. Kishon rejected the idea of universal guilt for the Holocaust. He said: “It gives me great satisfaction to see the grandchildren of my executioners queuing up to buy my books.” Until his death in 1979, Friedrich Torberg translated his work into German. Thereafter Kishon did the German translations himself. Chess Kishon was a lifelong chess enthusiast, and took an early interest in chess-playing computers. In 1990, German chess computer manufacturer Hegener & Glaser together with Fidelity produced the Kishon Chesster, a chess computer distinguished by the spoken comments it would make during a game. Kishon wrote the comments to be humorous, but were also carefully chosen to be relevant to chess and the position in the game. Published works Books Ha-ole Ha-Yored le-Chayenu (1951) Thousand of Gadia and Gadia (1954) Ein Kamonim (1955) Do not worry (1957) Skeches (1959) It all depends (1958) Be-Echad Ha-Emeshim (1961) He and She (1963) Somersaults (1964) Bone in the throat (1966) So sorry we won! (1967) (with illustrations by Dosh) Gomzim Gomzim (1969) For (1970) Oh, winners (1970) Department of Ephraim Kishon (1972) Wole in the screen (1973) Partachia my love (1974) My Family Right or Wrong (1977) Smile drought (1978) Family Book (1980–current) Jonathan voyage (1981) children books The cup is ours (1981) children books Uncles on the wires (1981) children books Unfinished adventure (1981) children books Gum with stripes (1981) children books Seven Comedies (1981) Satire book I (1981) Arbinkea (1991) Satire book II (1991) Satire book III (1992) 58 Skeches (1995) Ants war (1995) children books Hercules and the seven midgets (1995) children books The Taming of the Shrew dog (1995) children books Hairy, hell (1998) state protocol (1999) The Redhead with the Key (2002) children books Book of Travels (2003) Partachia (2004) Picasso's Sweet Revenge (2004) Plays His reputation precedes him (1953) Black on White (1957) Ha-Ketubbah (1959) No word to Morgenstein (1960) Take the plug out (1968) Oh, oh, Juliet (1972) Salah Shabati the musical (1988) Open for renovation (2004) not yet seen The Policeman (2009) Kishon's sketches and plays have been performed, in translation, on stages and television networks worldwide. Films Kishon expanded into cinema in the early 1960s. He wrote, directed and produced five feature films (all of them comedic /satirical movies). Three movies were nominated for major international awards (The Golden Globe award), two were nominated for the Oscar: Sallah Shabati (1964), nominated for Oscar for best foreign language film), Israeli comedy film about the chaos of Israeli immigration and resettlement. This social satire placed the director Ephraim Kishon among the first Israeli filmmakers to achieve international success. It also introduced actor Chaim Topol (Fiddler on the Roof) to audiences worldwide. Ervinka (1967), written and directed by Kishon. The film, starring Topol, is a comical tale of a con man who falls in love with a police officer. Blaumilch Canal, also known as The Big Dig (1969, nominated for Golden Globe 1971), an Israeli comedy which depicts the madness of bureaucracy through a municipality's reaction to the actions of a lunatic. Ha-Shoter Azoulay (literally, Constable Azoulay), also known as The Policeman (1971, nominated for Oscar for best foreign language film, awarded 1972 Golden Globe for best foreign language film). It won several other awards, such as best foreign film in the Barcelona film festival and best director in the Monte Carlo festival. In Israel it is considered a cinematic classic. The Fox in the Chicken Coop (1978), based on Kishon's satirical book by the same name (Hebrew: Ha Shu'al B'Lool HaTarnegolot), features many prominent Israeli actors of the time, most notably Shaike Ophir and Seffy Rivlin. The film takes a satirical, comic look at the old generation of Israeli politicians. Awards In 1953, Kishon won the Nordau Prize for Literature; In 1958, he won the Sokolov Prize for Journalism; In 1964, he won the Kinor David Prize; In 1970, he won the Herzl Award for literature; In 1998, he was the co-recipient (jointly with Nurit Guvrin and Aryeh Sivan) of the Bialik Prize for literature; In 2002, he was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society and the State of Israel. Upon receiving the prize, he remarked: "I've won the Israel Prize, even though I'm pro-Israel. It's almost like a state pardon. They usually give it to one of those liberals who love the Palestinians and hate the settlers." Kishon was nominated twice for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and three times for a Golden Globe Award. He won two Golden Globe Best Foreign Language Film Awards, for Sallah Shabati (1964), and The Policeman (1971). See also List of Bialik Prize recipients List of Israel Prize recipients Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film#1960s. References External links Ephraim Kishon: Official website Ephraim Kishon at Israeli Dramatists Website Ephraim Kishon – Biography, Satires, Obituaries, Photos, Prizes Ephraim Kishon Obituary, [London], The Times, February 2, 2005 Lives Remembered Comments by Irene Lancaster and Victor Ross on the Times obituary. [London], The Times, [February 8, 2005] The funniest man in the world: the wild and crazy humor of Ephraim Kishon at Internet Archive. 1989 New York, Shapolsky Publishers; London, Prion 1924 births 2005 deaths Hungarian Jews Hungarian writers Holocaust survivors Hungarian emigrants to Israel Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society recipients Israeli male dramatists and playwrights Israeli expatriates in Switzerland Israeli film directors Israeli humorists Israeli Jews Israeli male screenwriters Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Israeli satirists Jewish dramatists and playwrights Jewish concentration camp survivors Jewish escapees from Nazi concentration camps Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 20th-century Israeli dramatists and playwrights Maariv (newspaper) people 20th-century screenwriters Burials at Trumpeldor Cemetery
Law Junction railway station served the village of Law, South Lanarkshire, Scotland from 1879 to 1965 on the Caledonian main line. History The station opened on 1 December 1879 by the Caledonian Railway. To the southwest was Shawfield Colliery, which the station was used as a junction for before it opened. There were two signal boxes: one to the north that opened in 1880 and Law Junction South signal box that opened with the station. It later closed in 1897. To the northeast was a goods yard which had a shed and a loading bank, with sidings to the west. In between this and the running line were dead end sidings, with further sidings to the south as well as an eight carriage shed. Shawfield Colliery closed before the Second World War. The station closed on 4 January 1965. References External links Disused railway stations in South Lanarkshire Former Caledonian Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1879 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1965 1879 establishments in Scotland 1965 disestablishments in Scotland Beeching closures in Scotland
Gert Louis Lamartine (20 July 1898 in Uiffingen – 9 January 1966 in Stuttgart) was a German painter, sculptor and interior designer. Biography Gert Louis Lamartine, born under the name Gerhard Ludwig Gustav Lamerdin, was the son of Gustav Lamerdin and Bertha née Müller, and related to Alphonse de Lamartine. He studied painting at the University of Heidelberg and at the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe. In 1923 he emigrated to Canada and set up an interior decoration studio in the Saint Helen's Island in Montreal. He worked for more than forty years from that studio. He and his team decorated numerous houses in the Montreal area. They also decorated famous hotels like the Château Frontenac in Quebec City, the Château Laurier in Ottawa, the Château Lake Louise in Banff, Alberta and the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal. Most of his paintings were impressionistic and abstract. He also painted portraits, figure studies, capes and still lifes. He selected his subjects from countries that he has travelled to (e.g. Japan, China, Caribbean, Portugal, Spain and others). His art was exhibited in various places, including the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in 1959 and the Toit de Chaume gallery in Piedmont, Quebec outside Montreal in 1964. He also made mosaics and sculptures. References Bibliography Colin S. MacDonald: Dictionary of Canadian Artists, Volume 3, 1991, p. 719. Evelyn de Rostaing McMann: Biographical Index of Artists in Canada, 2002, p. 128. Evelyn de Rostaing McMann: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, formerly Art Association of Montreal: Spring Exhibitions, 1880–1970, 1988, p. 351 Sylvie Roy, Cyndie Campbell: Artistes Au Canada: Une Liste Collective Des Dossiers D'artistes, 1999 Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, Bio-bibliographischer Index (The artists of the world bio-bibliographical index), 2000, p. 28. Notes External links Gert Louis Lamartine on Artnet.com 1898 births 1966 deaths 20th-century German painters 20th-century German male artists German sculptors Artists from Baden-Württemberg German emigrants to Canada German male sculptors German male painters German abstract artists People from Main-Tauber-Kreis
In enzymology, a hydroxyethylthiazole kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole ADP + 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphonooxyethyl)thiazole Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole, whereas its two products are ADP and 4-methyl-5-(2-phosphonooxyethyl)thiazole. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole 2-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include hydroxyethylthiazole kinase (phosphorylating), and 4-methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole kinase. This enzyme participates in thiamine metabolism. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a required cofactor for many enzymes in the cell, is synthesised de novo in Salmonella typhimurium. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hydroxyethylthiazole kinase expression is regulated at the mRNA level by intracellular thiamin pyrophosphate. Structural studies As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and . References Further reading EC 2.7.1 Enzymes of known structure
Mary Ann Gomes (born 19 September 1989) is an Indian chess player. She was awarded the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM) by FIDE in 2008. Gomes was born in Kolkata. She won the Girls Under 10 title at the 1999 Asian Youth Chess Championships in Ahmedabad. In 2005, she won the Asian Under 16 Girls Championship in Namangan, Uzbekistan. She won the Asian Junior (Under 20) Girls Championship in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Gomes also won three times the Women's Indian Chess Championship, in 2011, 2012 and 2013. References External links 1989 births Living people Chess woman grandmasters Indian female chess players Indian chess players Sportswomen from Kolkata 21st-century Indian women 21st-century Indian people
Tarakola Rural Municipality (Tarakola Gaupalika) (Nepali: ताराखोला गाउँपालिका) is a Gaunpalika in Baglung District in Gandaki Province of Nepal. On 12 March 2017, the government of Nepal implemented a new local administrative structure, in which VDCs have been replaced with municipal and Village Councils. Tarakola is one of these 753 local units. References Baglung District Gandaki Province Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017 Rural municipalities in Baglung District
Chalice Hymnal is the seventh studio album by American band Grails. It was released on February 17, 2017 through Temporary Residence Limited. Track listing References 2017 albums Grails (band) albums Temporary Residence Limited albums
Claudio Hipólito Elórtegui Raffo (born 9 December 1951) is a Chilean economist who is the current rector of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso. Elórtegui received as a commercial engineer from Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso (PUCV) in 1975. Then, in 1979, he completed a Master of Arts in Economics at the University of Pittsburgh. Among his scholar interests also are the Foreign Affairs, an area where he completed –after complete his MA at United States— a postgraduate diploma in the university where he began: the PUCV, institution that then offered a specialization in Latinamerican affairs with a mention in Economics. During his professional career, he has also served as director of companies in both public and private business. In 2010, he become PUCV's rector, being reelected in 2014 and 2018. That charge has allowed him serving as President of Chilean Non-State Public Universities Network (commonly known as G9). Among his publications in economics area, it highlights «Endeudamiento externo y conversión de deuda en la economía chilena» (or External indebtedness and debt conversion in the Chilean economy). Scholar career In 1975, he debuted as teacher of the School of Business and Economics, where he taught courses of Microeconomics, Macroeconomics and International Economics both in undergraduate and graduate programs. This trajectory in his curriculum allowed him to reach a position as director of the career's academic unity (June 1984–April 1990). After April 1990, and already with christian-democrat Patricio Aylwin as President of the Republic, he was appointed as Regional Ministerial Secretary of Finances of Valparaíso Region, serving in these position until 1994. Besides, during these period, he was president of the Regional Administration's Productive Development Committee, being a titular member of the Regional Preventive Commission (Antitrust law). From August 1994 to July 2010, Elórtegui served as Vice-rector of PUCV Administration and Finances. Likewise, he was an academic representative of Economics area in Valparaíso Regional Adjudication Committee for Public Criminal Defense Office (2003–2010). Politics On 18 February 2022, it was reported he joined Amarillos por Chile. Personal life He is father of Claudio Elórtegui Gómez, journalist of the PUCV. Works Endeudamiento externo y conversión de deuda en la economía chilena. Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. 1988. 194 pages. References External links PUCV Rectory Profile 1951 births Living people 20th-century Chilean economists Chilean people of Basque descent 21st-century Chilean economists Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso alumni Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso University of Pittsburgh alumni Christian Democratic Party (Chile) politicians Members of Amarillos por Chile People from Valparaíso Heads of universities in Chile Heads of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso
Daniel Escriche Romero (born 24 March 1998) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Albacete Balompié. Mainly a forward, he can also play as a winger. Club career Born in Burriana, Castellón, Valencian Community, Escriche joined CD Castellón's youth setup in 2015 from Club Burriana FB. After being initially assigned to the Juvenil squad, he made his senior debut with the reserves in the regional leagues, scoring his first goal on 22 November of that year in a 6–1 home routing of Vinaròs CF. Escriche made his first team debut for Castellón on 3 January 2016 with the age of 17 years and 284 days, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 Tercera División home win against CF Recambios Colón. On 9 August he signed for CD Lugo, returning to youth football. On 27 May 2017 Escriche made his professional debut, replacing Iriome in a 0–1 away loss against SD Huesca in the Segunda División championship. On 17 December, he scored a hat-trick for the farm team in a 5–1 home routing of SD Outeiro de Rei. Escriche scored his first professional goal on 22 April 2018, netting the opener in a 1–1 home draw against Lorca FC. On 15 July, he signed a four-year deal with La Liga side SD Huesca, being immediately loaned back to Lugo for the 2018–19 campaign. Escriche returned to Huesca for the 2019–20 season, with the club now also in the second division. On 20 January 2020, he was loaned to Elche CF in the same category, until June. Upon returning, he was a part of the Oscenses main squad also in La Liga, and made his debut in the category on 20 September 2020 by replacing David Ferreiro in a 0–2 home loss against Cádiz CF. Escriche scored his first goal in the main category of Spanish football on 21 February 2021, netting the equalizer in a 3–2 home success over Granada CF. He featured in 23 league matches during the campaign, as the club suffered relegation. On 30 January 2023, Escriche was loaned to second division side Albacete Balompié, until the end of the season. On 26 August, he signed a permanent three-year contract with the club. References External links 1998 births Living people People from Plana Baixa Footballers from the Province of Castellón Spanish men's footballers Men's association football wingers Men's association football forwards La Liga players Segunda División players Tercera División players Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol players CD Castellón footballers CD Lugo players Polvorín FC players SD Huesca footballers Elche CF players Albacete Balompié players
Fluorine (9F) has 18 known isotopes ranging from to (with the exception of ) and two isomers ( and ). Only fluorine-19 is stable and naturally occurring in more than trace quantities; therefore, fluorine is a monoisotopic and mononuclidic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is ; it has a half-life of . All other fluorine isotopes have half-lives of less than a minute, and most of those less than a second. The least stable known isotope is , whose half-life is , corresponding to a resonance width of . List of isotopes \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 4 \| # \| \| p ? \| ? \| 1/2+# \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 5 \| \| [] \| p ? \| ? \| 2− \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 6 \| \| [] \| p \| \| 1/2+ \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 7 \| \| [] \| p \| \| 0− \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 8 \| \| \| β+ \| \| 5/2+ \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| \| \| β+ \| \| 1+ \| Trace \| \|- \| style="text-indent:1em" \| \| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" \| \| \| IT \| \| 5+ \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 10 \| \| colspan=3 align=center\|Stable \| 1/2+ \| colspan=2 style="text-align:center"\|1 \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 11 \| \| \| β− \| \| 2+ \| \| \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 12 \| \| \| β− \| \| 5/2+ \| \| \|- \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 13 \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \| β− (> ) \| \| rowspan=2\|(4+) \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \|- \| β−n (< ) \| \|- \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 14 \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \| β− (> ) \| \| rowspan=2\|5/2+ \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \|- \| β−n (< ) \| \|- \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 15 \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \| β− (> ) \| \| rowspan=2\|3+ \| rowspan=2\| \| rowspan=2\| \|- \| β−n (< ) \| \|- \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 16 \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \| β− () \| \| rowspan=3\|(5/2+) \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β−n () \| \|- \| β−2n ? \| ? \|- \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 17 \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \| β− () \| \| rowspan=3\|1+ \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β−n () \| \|- \| β−2n ? \| ? \|- \| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" \| \| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" \| \| rowspan=3 \| \| IT () \| \| rowspan=3\|(4+) \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β−n () \| \|- \| β− ? \| ? \|- \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 18 \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \| β−n () \| \| rowspan=3\|5/2+# \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β− () \| \|- \| β−2n ? \| ? \|- \| \| style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| style="text-align:right" \| 19 \| \| \| n \| \| (4−) \| \| \|- \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 20 \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \| β−n () \| \| rowspan=3\|(5/2+) \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β− () \| \|- \| β−2n ? \| ? \|- \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 9 \| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" \| 22 \| rowspan=3\|# \| rowspan=3\|# [> ] \| β− ? \| ? \| rowspan=3\|5/2+# \| rowspan=3\| \| rowspan=3\| \|- \| β−n ? \| ? \|- \| β−2n ? \| ? \|- Fluorine-18 Of the unstable nuclides of fluorine, has the longest half-life, . It decays to via β+ decay. For this reason is a commercially important source of positrons. Its major value is in the production of the radiopharmaceutical fludeoxyglucose, used in positron emission tomography in medicine. Fluorine-18 is the lightest unstable nuclide with equal odd numbers of protons and neutrons, having 9 of each. (See also the "magic numbers" discussion of nuclide stability.) Fluorine-19 Fluorine-19 is the only stable isotope of fluorine. Its abundance is ; no other isotopes of fluorine exist in significant quantities. Its binding energy is . Fluorine-19 is NMR-active with a spin of 1/2+, so it is used in fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy. Fluorine-20 Fluorine-20 is an unstable isotope of fluorine. It has a half-life of and decays via beta decay to the stable nuclide . Its specific radioactivity is and has a mean lifetime of . Fluorine-21 Fluorine-21, as with fluorine-20, is also an unstable isotope of fluorine. It has a half-life of . It undergoes beta decay as well, decaying to , which is a stable nuclide. Its specific activity is . Isomers Only two nuclear isomers (long-lived excited nuclear states), fluorine-18m and fluorine-26m, have been characterized. The half-life of before it undergoes isomeric transition is . This is less than the decay half-life of any of the fluorine radioisotope nuclear ground states except for mass numbers 14–16, 28, and 31. The half-life of is ; it decays mainly to its ground state of or (rarely, via beta-minus decay) to one of high excited states of with delayed neutron emission. External links Information on Fluorine-21 from Wolframalpha.com Information on Fluorine-20 from Wolframalpha.com References Sources Fluorine Fluorine
The Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Spending Oversight is one of the three subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. It was known in previous Congresses as the Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management. Jurisdiction Preventing waste, fraud, and abuse related to federal spending; Identifying and examining emerging national and economic security threats; Examining federal preparedness to respond and address emerging threats including terrorism, disruptive technologies, misinformation and disinformation, climate change, and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive attacks; Improving coordination and addressing conflicts between federal departments and agencies, state, local, territorial, tribal governments, and private sector entities for emerging threat preparedness and prevention; Conducting oversight of the protection of civil rights and civil liberties by the Department of Homeland Security; and Modernizing federal information technology. Members, 118th Congress References External links Official Subcommittee Website Homeland Security Spending
Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner was an event part of Full Frontal with Samantha Bee to rival the traditional White House Correspondents' Dinner in 2017. The event was announced on January 30, 2017, and took place at the DAR Constitution Hall on April 29, 2017, at the same time as the planned WHCA event. It aired on TBS the same evening at 10:00 p.m. EST, followed by an encore uncensored broadcast at 11:00 p.m. on Twitter. The event, hosted by Samantha Bee, featured pre-recorded appearances by Allison Janney (reprising her West Wing role as C.J. Cregg), Jake Tapper, Billy Eichner, Robin Thede, Norman Lear, Bridget Everett, Patton Oswalt, River Butcher, Cameron Esposito, Kumail Nanjiani, Carl Reiner, Janelle Reeves, Paula Pell, Jordan Carlos, and Retta. Also appearing live were Peaches performing the theme song from Full Frontal, "Boys Wanna Be Her", and special guest Will Ferrell reprising his imitation of George W. Bush. The event raised $200,000 for the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Segments Cold Open: Opens with a parody of a White House style news conference with Allison Janney reprising her role as C. J. Cregg. Peaches and Monologue: A musical intro by Peaches – performing Full Frontals theme song "Boys Wanna Be Her", followed by a monologue by Bee. Roast of Jeff Zucker: A roast of CNN and its current president Jeff Zucker. What Is Facts: A sketch facetiously mixing quantum mechanics with "alternative facts". Comedians Roast Trump. Fox News In Memoriam: Bee roasts Fox News while calling out Roger Ailes and Bill O'Reilly. Jake Tapper: Bee is "interviewed" by Jake Tapper. Special Guest George W. Bush: Will Ferrell reprises his Saturday Night Live role as former president George W. Bush. Woman in the High Castle: Bee watches a film of herself in an alternate universe, where she is roasting President Hillary Clinton (The Man in the High Castle parody). Sammy Bee Roasts the Presidents: Bee roasts presidents; from Woodrow Wilson to Bill Clinton with period-appropriate attire and speech. Show Close and Committee to Protect Journalists: Bee announces how much money was raised for the Committee to Protect Journalists, and speaks on the subject of journalistic freedom. All The President's Leaks (with Andy Richter) (web extra). Awards and nominations See also List of dining events List of Full Frontal with Samantha Bee episodes Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner White House Correspondents' Association References External links Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner on Samantha Bee's official website Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner – playlist 2017 in American politics 2017 in Washington, D.C. American news parodies American political satire April 2017 events in the United States Criticism of journalism Dining events Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Roast (comedy)
Nathaniel Silsbee Jr. (December 28, 1804 – July 9, 1881) was a Massachusetts businessman and politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and twice as the Mayor of Salem, Massachusetts, and was for many years the treasurer of Harvard. Early life Silsbee was born on December 28, 1804, to former U.S. Senator Nathaniel Silsbee and Mary (Crowninshield) Silsbee. Family life Silsbee married Ann Cabot Devereux on November 9, 1829, in Salem, Essex Co., Mass. She was born Feb. 6, 1812 in Salem. References 1804 births 1881 deaths Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Harvard University alumni Massachusetts city council members Mayors of Salem, Massachusetts 19th-century American politicians
Carl Hecker (also spelled Karl Hecker) was born in Elberfeld, Germany on 22 September 1795. He became a merchant in that city. He was one of the leaders of the Elberfeld uprising in 1848. He died on 17 March 1873 in Bonn. 1795 births 1873 deaths People from Elberfeld Businesspeople from Wuppertal 19th-century German businesspeople
Ilene Cooper (born March 10, 1948) is an American author and reviewer of children's books. Early life and education Cooper was born in Chicago, where she graduated from Sullivan High School. She later attended the Missouri School of Journalism, where she majored in radio and television. After working at WGN-TV for several years, she enrolled in Rosary College, where she received her Master of Science in Library Science. Career Cooper began her career as a children's librarian at the Winnetka Public Library. She is the children's books editor at the book review magazine Booklist. She has also written numerous children's books about feminism and politics. In the mid-2000s, John Green was working at Booklist, where he was mentored by Cooper, when his book Looking for Alaska won the Michael L. Printz Award. During this time, Green gave a draft copy of Looking for Alaska to Cooper, before the book was published; Cooper later recalled that after reading this draft, she thought that "He had a voice you could tell was quite original," and decided she would work with him. She has also described herself as Green's "fairy godmother". In 2002–2003, Cooper won a National Jewish Book Award in the Children Literature category for Jewish Holidays All Year Round. In 2007, she won the Illinois Reading Council Prairie State Award for Excellence in Writing for Children. References External links 1948 births Living people 21st-century American women American children's writers Writers from Chicago University of Missouri alumni Rosary College alumni American librarians American women librarians
Douglas Roy Livingston (born April 15, 1954) is an educator and former political figure in the Yukon, Canada. He represented Lake Laberge in the Yukon Legislative Assembly from 1996 to 1999 as a NDP member. He was born in Loon Lake, Saskatchewan, the son of Roy Livingston and Elsie Anderson, and was educated at the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Oregon. Livingston was a teacher and principal. He defeated the incumbent Mickey Fisher in 1996 by only three votes. Livingston served as Speaker for the assembly briefly in 1997. He was named speaker after the election of Robert Bruce was overturned in February 1997; Bruce became speaker again after he won a by-election in April 1997. Livingston resigned his seat in the assembly in 1999. References Yukon New Democratic Party MLAs Living people 1954 births Canadian male archers Speakers of the Yukon Legislative Assembly
The Ridgeway School & Sixth Form College is a mixed secondary school and sixth form in Wroughton, near Swindon in the English county of Wiltshire. The school was established in 1967 and was the first purpose-built comprehensive school in Wiltshire. Previously a foundation school administered by Swindon Borough Council, it converted to academy status in August 2011 and is part of the White Horse Federation, a multi-academy trust. The school continues to coordinate with Swindon Borough Council for admissions. The school's catchment area includes Bishopstone, Hinton Parva, Wanborough, Liddington, Coate, Badbury, Chiseldon, Hodson, Bassett Down, Uffcott, Broad Hinton and Winterbourne Bassett. The school offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs. Controversy In 2005, in an attempt to aid integration after the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the local council began sending British Asian youth from Swindon (outside the normal catchment area) to the school. Some of this group formed a gang which pupils and parents called the "Asian Invasion", who bullied other pupils. On 11 January 2007, Henry Webster, a 15-year-old singled out for his red hair and large size, stood up to a member of the "Asian Invasion" and agreed for a one-on-one fight. However, the boy showed up with several others, including adults and Webster suffered injuries including brain damage from a hammer. In February 2008, four people were convicted for the attack. By May, thirteen had been convicted. In February 2010, the High Court of Justice ruled in favour of the school when it was sued by Webster and his family. He had claimed that although the attack was outside school hours, it had been caused by the school's lack of action against the "Asian Invasion". In September that year, a case review was published about the situation at the school, which recommended that all incidents of bullying should record the ethnicity of perpetrators and victims to look for racial motivations. References External links Secondary schools in Swindon Educational institutions established in 1967 1967 establishments in England Academies in Swindon
Frédéric Bey, born 20 April 1961 at Issy-les-Moulineaux in France, is a designer of wargames and the author of books and articles on the subject of military history. Biography Frédéric Bey has done advanced studies on commerce and history. The wargames which he has designed cover ancient, medieval and Napoleonic military history. They have been published in Casus Belli and Vae Victis magazines as well as in several American magazines, such as C3i. He is the organizer of the Trophée du Bicentenaire (Bicentennial Trophy), an annual international competition for wargaming whose objective is to commemorate the bicentennial of great victories of Napoleon. A specialist in Napoleonic and Roman history, Bey is the author of a large number of articles on strategy in the ancient world and on the Napoleonic Wars which have appeared in Guerres & Histoire, De la guerre, La Revue Napoléon, Prétorien, Traditions, Histoires de France and Against the Odds magazines. He has given many conferences on military history at the château de Vincennes under the auspices of the Centre d'Etudes d'Histoire de la Défense (CEHD), and has also been interviewed on France Inter (2000 Years of History) on the occasion of the bicentennial of the Battle of Austerlitz and at the Centre Culturel Irlandais de Paris in connection with a day celebrating Napoléon and Ireland. An enthusiast of the Empire and strategy, Bey has published three books on the battles of Austerlitz, Jena, and Friedland for Quatuor Editions. Selected works Books Austerlitz, la victoire exemplaire, Editions Quatuor, 2005, 380 pages Iéna et Auerstaedt, la victoire foudroyante, Editions Quatuor, 2006, 271 pages Rome, la légion romaine au service de l'Empire, Histoire & Collections, 2007, 82 pages, () Eylau et Friedland, la victoire avant tout, Editions Quatuor, 2008, 263 pages Alesia, The Victory of Roman Organisation, Histoire & Collections, 2011, 80 pages, () Issos and Gaugamela, Alexander defeats and dethrones Darius III, 333-331 BC, Cérigo Editions, 2020, 48 pages, () edited by Jean Lopez, La guerre antique, Éditions Perrin, 2021, 397 pages, () edited by Jean Lopez {{cite book \|editor1-last=Lopez \|editor1-first=Jean \|title=Les dix meilleures armées de l'Histoire: Des Assyriens à l'US Army, Éditions Perrin, Collection Tempus, 2022, 231 pages, edited by Thierry Lentz and Jean Lopez, Les mythes de la Grande Armée, Éditions Perrin, 2022, 444 pages, with Vincent Haegele and Nicolas Guillerat, Infographie de l'empire napoléonien, Passés/Composés, 2023, 160 pages, Articles A regular contributor to the historical magazines Guerres & Histoire, Histoires de France, La Revue Napoléon and Prétorien and to the wargaming magazines Casus Belli, Vae Victis, C3i and Against The Odds. Wargames Frédéric Bey has designed more than 70 wargames: Bellum Gallicum / Casus Belli No. 68 and No. 69 / 1992 Rivoli 1797 / Vae Victis No. 18 / 1997 Denain 1712 / Vae Victis No. 20 / 1998 Alesia 52 BC / Vae Victis No. 21 / 1998 Pyramids 1798 / Vae Victis No. 23 / 1998 Poitiers 1356 and Formigny 1450 / Vae Victis No. 26 / 1999 Zurich 1799 / Vae Victis No. 29 / 1999 Suffren of The Indies / Vae Victis No. 34 / 2000 Marengo 1800 / Vae Victis No. 35 / 2000 Jours de Gloire Campaign I : The Danub (Hohenlinden 1800, Austerlitz 1805, Wagram 1809) / Vae Victis No. 41 / 2001 Canope 1801 / Canons en Cartons / 2001 Imperator 161–217 A.D. / Vae Victis No. 42 / 2001 By the Edge of the Sword (Bouvines 1214 and Benevento 1266) / Vae Victis No. 45 / 2002 Montebello 1800 / Canons en Cartons / 2002 Jours de Gloire Campaign II : Poland (Pultusk 1806, Eylau and Friedland 1807, Poland 1812–1813) / Vae Victis No. 47 / 2002 Lonato 1796 / T&G module / C3i No. 14 / 2002 Plutôt mort que Perse (Persian Wars, 492–479 BC) / Vae Victis No. 49 / 2003 Jours de Gloire Campaign III : France (Valmy 1792, France 1814) / Vae Victis No. 52 / 2003 Sword of France (Auray and Cocherel 1364, Patay 1429, Castillon 1453) / Canons en Carton / 2003 Semper Victor 305–374 A.D. / Vae Victis No. 56 / 2004 Austerlitz 1805 (sud) / Vae Victis No. 58 / 2004 Haslach and Elchingen 1805 / Canons en Carton / 2004 The Cross and the Sword (Las Navas de Tolosa 1212) / Vae Victis No. 62 / 2005 Austerlitz 1805 (North) / Vae Victis No. 64 / 2005 Alésia 52 BC, Jurassian Hypothesis / Canons en Carton / 2005 Dürrenstein and Schöngraben 1805 / Canons en Carton / 2005 Trojan War / Vae Victis No. 66 / 2006 Royal Swords (Brémule 1119, Taillebourg 1242, Mons-en-Pévèle 1304, Cassel 1328) / Canons en Carton / 2006 Jena 1806 / Vae Victis No. 71 / 2006 Maïda and Castel Nuovo 1805 / Canons en Carton / 2006* Schleiz, Saalfeld and Auerstaedt 1806 / Canons en Carton / 2007 Ultimus Romanorum / Vae Victis No. 74 / 2007 Swords and Crown (Varey 1325, Baugé 1421, Verneuil 1424, Montlhéry 1465) / Canons en Carton / 2007 Eylau 1807 / Vae Victis No. 77 / 2007 Friedland 1807 / Canons en Carton / 2007 Swords and Halberds (Morgarten 1315, Sempach 1386 and Grandson 1476) / Vae Victis No. 81 / 2008 Borkowo 1806 / Vae Victis Hors-série No.10 / 2008 Norman Swords (Val ès dunes 1057, Varaville 1057 et Hastings 1066 / Canons en Carton / 2009 Medina de Rioseco and Somosierra 1808 / Vae Victis No. 83 / 2008 Roliça and Vimeiro 1808 / Canons en Carton / 2008 Epées Normandes (Val ès dunes 1057, Varaville 1057 et Hastings 1066 / Canons en Carton / 2009 Aspern-Essling 1809 / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire / 2009* Gospitch and Ocaña 1809 / Canons en Carton / 2010* The Lion and the Sword (Tremetousia and Arsuf 1191) / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire / 2010 Sphactera 425 BC / Vae Victis No. 95 / 2010 Almeida and Bussaco 1810 / Hexasim – Canons en Carton / 2010 Germany 1813: from Lützen to Leipzig / Hexasim – Canons en Carton / 2011 Fuentes de Oñoro, Foz d'Arouce and El Bodón 1811 / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire / 2011 (, , ) Syracuse, 415-413 B.C. / Vae Victis No. 103 (Special Wargame Edition) / 2012 Sword of Sovereignty (Bouvines 1214 and Worringen 1288) / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2012 The Bérézina 1812 - Battles for the Bridges / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2012 Bellum Gallicum II / Vae Victis Wargame Collection / 2012 Alea Iacta Est, The Death of The Republic (49 to 29 B.C.) / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2013 Hanau 1813 - The Heroïc Charge / Vae Victis Wargame Collection / 2013 The Dauphin and the Sword (Bastille de Dieppe 1443, Saint-Jacques-sur-la-Brise 1444 and Montlhéry 1465) / Ludifolie Editions / 2014 The Truce or the Sword (Ford of Blanquetaque 1475 and Guinegatte 1479) / Ludifolie Editions / 2014 Amphipolis, 424-422 B.C. / Vae Victis No. 119 (Special Wargame Edition) / 2014 Montmirail and Vauchamps 1814 - The Guard Leads the Attack / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2014 Les Quatre-Bras and Waterloo 1815 - The Empire's Final Blows / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2015 Arcole 1796 / Vae Victis Wargame Collection - Cérigo Editions / 2016 Ligny and Wavre 1815 - The Empire's Last Victories / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2016 Early Glories, Rivoli 1797 – Zürich 1799 – Montebello 1800 – Marengo 1800 / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2017 Hellespont, 411-410 B.C. / Vae Victis No. 139 (Special Wargame Edition) / 2018 Heroes & Kings (Val ès dunes 1047, Taillebourg 1242, Cocherel 1364 and Patay 1429) / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2018 Sfacteria 425 A.C. / Si Vis Pacem Para Bellum No. IV / 2018 Issy 1815 / C3i No. 32 / 2018 Blenheim 1704 AD / Turning Point Simulations / 2019 Alexander against Persia, 334-331 BC - Granicus, Issos and Gaugamela / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2019 Three Days of Glory, Elchingen 1805 - Hollabrunn 1805 - Austerlitz 1805 / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2021 Les Quatre-Bras and Waterloo 1815 - The Empire's Final Blows (second edition) / Ludifolie Editions - Canons en Carton / 2021 La Garde avance! Waterloo 1815: The Last Square / Vae Victis No. 161 (Special Wargame Edition) / 2022 Early Glories, Rivoli 1797 – Zürich 1799 – Montebello 1800 – Marengo 1800 (second edition) / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2022 Aspern-Essling 1809 (second edition) / Vae Victis Collection Jeux d'Histoire - Cérigo Editions / 2022 Nabis, The Last Spartan 195 BC / Vae Victis'' No. 167 (Special Wargame Edition) / 2023 Collaborations: References Frederic Bey Wargames Index on Boardgamegeek Index de référence des articles de Frédéric Bey par la Fondation Napoléon France Inter – 2000 ans d'Histoire : "Le bicentenaire d'Austerlitz" CEHD : " Simuler la bataille de Marengo : la non-reproductibilité de l’effet de surprise ". CEHD : "Présentation de l’ouvrage de Frédéric Bey, Iéna, la victoire foudroyante" CEHD : "Les capacités de projection de force de l’armée romaine au-delà des frontières de l’empire – Limites, réussites et échecs, à travers quatre exemples de campagnes : Bretagne, Germanie, Dacie, Mésopotamie" External links Official Web Site of Frédéric Bey Trophée du Bicentenaire Entretien avec Frédéric Bey sur Frog of War (2000) Frédéric Bey's interview on YouTube channel Hexmagazine (2019) 1961 births Living people Board game designers
Spichernstraße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the and the lines, located in Wilmersdorf neighbourhood. The U3 (then called A II and B II) portion opened on 2 June 1959, replacing the nearby Nürnberger Platz station, which was closed and dismantled. The U9 portion, which lies deeper underground, opened on 28 August 1961 as the southern terminus of the new line, then called G. The eponymous street is named after Spicheren in Lorraine, France, site of the 1870 Battle of Spicheren. The station The U3 platform of the station is under Spichernstraße; the U9 platform is under Bundesallee. Both have exits at each end of the platform. The station is equipped with several escalators and a lift. U9 The U9 portion of the station was designed by Bruno Grimmek; it was one of the first built. Like all stations on the line, it has a centre platform wide. Exits at the two ends of the platform lead to Joachimsthaler Straße in the north, at the south end a mezzanine and passageways connect to the U3. When the station opened, the walls were pale blue and the hexagonal columns on the platform dark blue. Grey tiles with pink and white patterns and dark blue columns were used in the mezzanine areas. (The initial stretch of Line G had stations in a repeating sequence of pale blue, white, yellow, and pale green colour schemes.) Although the station was a terminus until 1971, it did not have a turning area. Trains terminated at the platform, and changed tracks before entering it. The platform space was completely renovated in 1986/87: both walls and columns were clad in white tiles, with a pattern of coloured tiles on the walls. The design by Gabriele Stierl is intended to represent the visualisation of a piece of music for an ensemble of 12 instruments, in homage to the nearby Berlin State School of Music and the Performing Arts. The "butterfly ceiling" which was also typical of the stations on this line was replaced with panels, with a relief line in yellow running down the centre as a sharp colour contrast. U3 As there had not been a station on the A II/B II (now U3) line at the interchange point, the Nürnberger Platz station, located only one or two hundred metres to the north, was replaced with the new Spichernstraße station, while the new Augsburger Straße station was opened in the northeast. To facilitate transfers to the new G (now U9) line, the U3 section of Spichernstraße station was built with side platforms rather than a centre platform as at the old station. Construction was relatively simple since there was a turning area for the Nürnberger Platz station at the location; trains were routed over the ancillary tracks and the new platforms constructed on the site of the former main tracks. The station has exits at both ends. A passenger tunnel under the tracks connects the two platforms; the connection to the U9 is at the south end of the station. This part of the station still has pale blue tiled walls; the mezzanine and the passage leading to the U9 have sand-coloured tiles. References External links Map of station and surroundings, Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (pdf) U3 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations U9 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations Buildings and structures in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Railway stations in Germany opened in 1959
Brigitte Giraud (born 1960, Sidi-Bel-Abbès in Algeria) is a French writer, author of novels and short stories. She was awarded the 2022 Prix Goncourt for her autobiographical novel Vivre vite (English: Live Fast). Early life Born in 1960, Brigitte Giraud grew up in Rillieux-la-Pape, France, before settling in Lyon. She has studied English, German and Arabic. Career Giraud has worked as a bookseller, translator and journalist. For her first book, La chambre des parents (1997), she received the Prix Littéraire des Étudiants and for Nico, her second novel, the Prix Lettres frontière Rhône-Alpes. In 2001, she received a special mention for the Wepler Prize for À présent. She won the Goncourt short story prize in 2007 for her collection L'amour est très surestimé (English: Love Is Very Overrated), then the Grand Prix Jean Giono for Une année étrangère (English: A Year Abroad) in 2009. On 3 November 2022, she was awarded the 2022 Prix Goncourt for Vivre vite, a récit about the death of her husband, Claude, in 1999 at the age of 41. She is the thirteenth woman to receive the Goncourt since the prize's establishment in 1903. Giraud won after the jury underwent fourteen rounds of voting, the maximum amount permitted. The final vote ended in a stalemate and, in accordance with the rules, the president of the Goncourt Academy cast a deciding vote, selecting Giraud's novel over Giuliano da Empoli's The Wizard of the Kremlin (Le mage du Kremlin). Personal life Giraud lives in Lyon. Her husband, Claude, died in a motorbike accident in 1999. Works Novels and narratives (récits) 1997: La chambre des parents, Fayard 1999: Nico, Stock 2001: À présent, Stock 2004: Marée noire, Stock 2005: J'apprends, Stock 2009: Une année étrangère, Stock 2011: Pas d'inquiétude, Stock 2013: Avoir un corps, Stock 2015: Nous serons des héros, Stock 2017: Un loup pour l'homme, Flammarion 2019: , Flammarion 2022: , Flammarion (winner of the Prix Goncourt) 2022: Porté disparu, l'École des loisirs Short stories Collections 2007: L'amour est très surestimé, Stock -Goncourt de la nouvelle 2007 - Bourse Goncourt de la Nouvelle. 2010: Avec les garçons, followed by Le Garçon, J'ai lu, Participation 2004: "Bowling" in , collectif, Verticales, - after by Dominique A 2004: One short story in Dix ans sous la Bleue, collective, Stock Adaptations 2011: Pas d'inquietude, TV movie directed by Thierry Binisti and starring Isabelle Carré Awards and honours 1997 – Prix Littéraire des Étudiants for La Chambre des parents 2000 – Prix Lettres frontière Rhône-Alpes for Nico 2007 – Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle for L'amour est très surestimé 2009 – Prix du jury Jean-Giono for Une année étrangère 2014 – Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 2022 – Prix Goncourt for Vivre vite Nominations 2001 – Prix Femina (Selection) for À présent 2001 – Prix du Livre Inter (Selection) for À présent 2004 – Prix du Livre Inter (Selection) for Marée noire 2009 – Prix Fémina (finalist) for Une année étrangère 2011 – Prix Medicis (finalist) for Pas d'inquiétude 2013 – Prix Femina (Selection) for Avoir un corps 2015 – Prix Fémina (finalist) for Nous serons des héros 2017 – Prix Goncourt des lycéens (finalist) for Un loup pour l'homme 2017 – Prix Goncourt (Selection) for Un loup pour l'homme 2017 – Prix Femina (Selection) for Un loup pour l'homme 2017 – Prix Médicis (Selection) for Un loup pour l'homme 2017 – Prix du style (Selection) for Un loup pour l'homme 2017 – Prix des Deux Magots (Selection) for Un loup pour l'homme References External links Page on the website of her publisher Brigitte Giraud on Auterus en Rhône -Alpes Brigitte Giraud's blog Entretien avec Brigitte Giraud, directrice de la collection « la forêt » (Stock) Brigitte Giraud on Confluences, rencontres littéraires Brigitte Giraud on Babelio 1960 births Living people 20th-century French novelists 20th-century French women writers 21st-century French novelists 21st-century French women writers French short story writers French women novelists French women short story writers Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres People from Sidi Bel Abbès Prix Goncourt winners Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle recipients Writers from Lyon
Frances Gillam Holden (9 February 1843 – 21 August 1924) was an Australian nurse who later became the Lady Superintendent of the Hospital for Sick Children (now the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children) in Glebe, Sydney. Holden was also a prolific writer and wrote books, poems, and contributed to journal and newspaper articles with her publications focusing on topics such as nursing practices, physiology, and women's rights. Holden was also the co-founder of The Dawn Club, a women's suffrage group and made regular contributions to its magazine, The Dawn. For her contributions as a writer and as a women's rights supporter, Holden is regarded as a first-wave feminist. Early life Gillam was born into a middle-class family at Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. She was the eldest daughter of Alfred Holden of Penshurst, and his wife Jane (née Osborne). Her father worked as a police magistrate at Brisbane Water and her mother was the daughter of Dr Alick Osborne. Holden was also the niece of George Kenyan Holden, a solicitor and politician, and cousins with John Watt, a businessman. The Holden family lived in Newport for a couple of years before moving to Penshurst in 1849. Holden, along with her eleven siblings, were avid readers and were known as "the little bookworms" by other families in their neighborhood; she herself took her reading tastes from her father, enjoying books on English literature, poems, history, and Shakespeare. The twelve children were educated by in-home tutors due to her father's dislike of the idea of schools. Holden initially worked as a governess but began to show interest in nursing as she deemed it as a "more meaningful and rewarding sphere of work". Nursing Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary At age 31, Holden took up nursing along with three of her younger sisters, Laura, Rosamund, and Edith. On 10 June 1874, Holden and Rosamund entered the Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary to train under Lucy Osburn, Nightingale's protégé at the infirmary. Holden often did not get along with her superior [Osburn]. Privately, Osburn wrote:I have no Sisters now I had a body of the name of Fanny Holden, and she cured me of any wish for sisters which I think will last forever! Dreadfully disagreeable she was.On 3 March 1875, Holden, along with four other nurses, two of whom were her sisters, was dismissed as incompetent by Osburn. Upon her dismissal, Holden "objected to go so very strongly Mr Street (the Honorary Secretary) had to come in and discharge her." After her dismissal, she nursed privately for a few months in Sydney. During her nine months working in the infirmary, Holden had predominantly worked in the men's and accident's wards. Hobart General Hospital In January 1876, Holden and her sisters Laura and Rosamund began work at Hobart General Hospital. There, they assisted the new Lady Superintendent, Florence Abbott, in reconstructing the administration and management of the hospital. During her time at the hospital, Holden was involved in conflict with medical staff who were allegedly undermining the authority of the Lady Superintendent [Abbott] as well the female nurses helping her. As a result, a parliamentary commission was held which resultantly vindicated Holden's complaints. During her time working there, Holden's health began to break down due to stress and within a year, she contracted typhoid and was invalided to Melbourne on a full salary in 1877. Hospital for Sick Children In 1880, Holden began work in Hospital for Sick Children which her cousin, J. B. Watt helped establish. Later, she applied for and was selected to be Lady Superintendent. Throughout her time working, Holden regularly met with and was supervised by the ladies of the House Committee. Under Holden's supervision as Lady Superintendent, the Hospital for Sick Children made great progress: It [The Hospital for Sick Children] has been a wonderful success, and the minimum death rate within its walls, and the maximum of cures effected, have been remarkable. For these good results, the main credit has been admittedly due to Miss Holden, who has had charge of the hospital since its foundation. Despite this success, Holden faced a problem with the honorary physicians and surgeons at the hospital. She was open about her disapproval, complaining to the House Committee regarding the lack of a resident medical officer and the infrequent nature of the visiting doctors, with the doctors visiting the hospital only once or twice a week. She further disliked the perfunctory manner in which some of the doctors dismissed their duties as well as their rudeness to her nurses. Her most serious allegation was made against the influential Dr Anderson Stuart, the Professor of Anatomy at the University of Sydney, when she argued that a young girl might have lived if he had promptly responded to her call. By 1884, the dispute between Holden and the medical staff erupted when the doctors threatened to resign unless Holden was dismissed. As a result, the Board of the hospital decided that the Lady Superintendent be asked to resign; this decision was not supported by the House Committee of ladies. Holden began to publicize her complaints about the doctors and her treatment by Board members. She warned the Board:I have only to take a sheet of foolscap and pen and state the truth to show not Sydney only but all Australia that the management of this institution has been a mixture of burlesque and tragedy. By 1887, the conflict had become a public debate in the press. The issue was considered "an absorbing topic of public discussion in the metropolis for weeks" where it "spread widely throughout the country." Due to the serious nature of Holden's publicized allegations against the doctors and the government's status as a subscriber to the institution, a government inquiry was held. Despite being ill again with typhoid, (Holden was described to have a "delicate constitution", which she supposedly inherited from her father.) Holden prepared her case; however even with the affirmative testimonials provided by her colleagues, ex-patients, and friends, including Dr Andrew Ross, she failed to prove her charges and was formally dismissed in October 1887. Several members of the staff went with her. Nursing beliefs and practices As a nurse, Holden was an advocate of critical and scientific thinking for nurses as opposed to religious moralizing. She placed emphasis on the importance of education for nurses, particularly concerning science and physiology as well as clinical practice that would eventually facilitate the independent decision making of the nurse. Her principles were based on the idea that there was a much-needed transition of nursing from being considered "philanthropic or charitable, towards being considered a trained and science-based area of expertise". For Holden, science and research-based information was the basis for social reform and was important for the progression of medicine- to improve the qualities of nurses would be to improve the quality of a hospital. Holden believed that nurses and female doctors were the quintessential woman. Whilst working at Hobart General Hospital, Holden utilized the following nursing practices to maintain the health and safety of patients diagnosed with typhoid: Moving a patient requires three people to do it safely. It is recommended that the nurses carry the patient as if the patient were a "dishful of liquid diamonds". You must be steady and quiet when lifting and moving Rooms, linen, and person must be clean Bedclothes should be changed frequently (every three hours) and blankets should be aired Patients should be sponged frequently in high temperature Patients must be given good liquid nourishment of beef tea, mutton broth or chicken broth, or Ice Company's milk, acid drinks, and ice to suck Patients must be given plenty of fresh air Use wet sheets insulated by blankets and place on patient's bed to lower their temperature. Replace wet sheet every 10 to 15 minutes depending on their fever (called "packing") Clean the patient's mouth several times a day using a "mop" (strips of lint attached to the end of a small paintbrush) Change soiled linen- disinfect soiled linen by first placing them in a tub of water with carbolic added then through thorough cleaning and exposure to fresh air When a typhoid patient has died, it is important to remove everything from the bed and the surrounding area; the mattress should be taken and left to air for at least one day and the empty bed frame should be aired for a minimum of 24 hours Holden's nursing practices developed during her time at the Hobart General Hospital were crucial in the six months from January to June 1887 when there was an influx of typhoid patients admitted to the institution. As a writer Holden was a prominent writer with several of her books having a wide circulation, with some of her most popular publications were written during the time she worked as Lady Superintendent. As a writer and author, she published a variety of works including lectures, journal and newspaper articles, books, and poems in which she discussed a range of topics including public health, hospital reform, physiology, nursing, and women's rights. Her personal experience with typhoid, both as a sufferer and as a nurse, inspired several articles on its treatment. From the early 1870s, Holden began contributing articles to journals and newspapers, usually under pseudonyms such as "Australienne" and "Lyra Australia". In the early 1880s and early 1890s, Holden became involved in organized feminism and began writing for women's journals. Her publications included arguments for higher education for women and discussion on women's roles as wives and mothers. In essays such as "Woman's Work", she argues that the domesticity of women is not to be shamed or trivialized, rather it should be celebrated as a source of social progress. Holden believed that "no duties were more honorable than domestic duties". In 1887, Holden wrote a collection of poems which she titled, Her Father's Darling. In this publication, her writing has been stated to be "simple, natural, and sympathetic" while being "uneven and unpolished at times". Works Trained Nursing (1882); her treatise Woman's Ignorance and the World's Need: A Plea for Physiology (1883). In this pamphlet, Holden advocates for women's physiological education Plain Words to Mothers and Temperance Reformers on Food and Health (1883) Plain Directions for Nursing Typhoid (1883). Written for the Australian Women's Magazine The Travels of Red-jacket and White-cap; or, a History of the Circulation of the Blood (1884). This was an instructive booklet. Dr Andrew Ross wrote the preface and recommended it as a textbook in schools Scientific and Useful: Dying of Typhoid, or Dying of Ignorance, - Which? (1886). Holden discusses the importance of women's education. Touches specifically on the importance of scientific knowledge in taking care of the sick Her Father's Darling (1887). A small collection of verse and prose. Introduction was given by Rev. William Woolls Women's work (1888). The winning essay in the Sydney Exhibition of Women's industries Holden also contributed to the following publications: The Sydney Mail Humanity and Health Sydney Quarterly Magazine The Launceston Examiner The Mercury Australian Women's Magazine Sydney and Melbourne Universities The Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser Feminism In 1888, Holden co-founded The Dawn Club along with Louisa Lawson, who was also a prominent writer and suffragist. Holden became the vice-president of the association and composed its manifesto. Later, she would become a contributing writer to its journal, The Dawn. In 1902, the editors of the magazine lost contact with Holden. Later years During World War I, although an invalid, Holden worked for the soldiers. She also worked for the Red Cross Society and kindergartens by making ornamental and crochet work, which would be used to sell and collect funds. On 21 August 1924, she died at Burwood and was buried in the Church of England section of Rookwood Cemetery. Impact Despite the controversies Holden was involved in, many sources discuss the positive impact she has had on both nursing and women's recognition. She has been noted to have contributed to the growth of women's sphere of influence by challenging male medical professional power. The Australian Town and Country Journal (1887) states:No one questions her [Holden's] remarkable skill in the noble and self-sacrificing calling she has adopted or her unselfish and single-hearted devotion to that calling. Holden has also been seen to have:Helped place nursing on the public agenda, wrote pamphlets demystifying illness, and argued for women's rights, but her lead was followed by few other nursing leaders. AAHN In 2015, Holden was mentioned in the American Association for the History of Nursing's Annual Conference for her work and life in nursing. See also Nursing in Australia References External links Frances Gillam Holden and the Children's Hospital dispute, 1887: Woman's sphere, feminism, and nursing An Australian Sick Nurse Miss Holden and the Children's Hospital 1843 births 1924 deaths Australian nurses Australian feminists Australian non-fiction writers Australian suffragists 19th-century Australian women 20th-century Australian women
7529 Vagnozzi, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 January 1994, by and at the Colleverde Observatory near Rome, Italy. The asteroid was named for was named for Italian amateur astronomer Antonio Vagnozzi. Orbit and classification Vagnozzi orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,407 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as at Crimea–Nauchnij in 1969. The first used observation was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1988, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 6 years prior to its official discovery. Physical characteristics Rotation period In August 2011, a tentative rotational lightcurve for Vagnozzi was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. It gave a slower than average rotation period of 36 hours (1.5 days) with a high brightness variation of in magnitude, indicating a non-spheroidal shape (). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vagnozzi measures 4.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.29, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.7 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Antonio Vagnozzi (born 1950), an Italian amateur astronomer, discoverer of minor planets, and pioneer in using CCD cameras at the Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory in Italy. He is also an observer and discoverer of supernovae. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 April 1998 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center 007529 Named minor planets 19940116
David Fortune "Taffy" Landale, JP (; 7 November 1905 – 15 December 1970), was a British-Hong Kong entrepreneur and politician who was chairman and managing director of Jardine Matheson & Co. from 1945 to 1951, during which he was appointed by the Hong Kong government as an unofficial member of the Executive Council from 1946 to 1951, as well as the senior unofficial member of the Legislative Council from 1946 to 1950. Later in his life he settled in the United Kingdom, where he was chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland between 1955 and 1965. Landale had a close connection with Jardine Matheson. His father, David Landale, was also chairman and managing director of the firm, and the Landales were distantly related to the family of Dr William Jardine, who was the founder of the Jardine trading house. Landale's chairmanship of Jardine Matheson coincided with the outbreak of the Chinese Communist Revolution that followed the end of the Second World War. The turbulence prevented the firm from reviving the profitable China business that it had enjoyed in the past. In 1947, he founded the Hong Kong Airways with a hope of developing the firm's civil aviation business. The attempt, however, was hit by the growing instability of the region. As the senior unofficial member of the Legislative Council, Landale was an active critic of the Hong Kong government who was noted for his unsuccessful attempt to oppose the government's plan of re-introducing income tax after the war in 1947. Besides, he moved a motion in the Council in 1949 to debate the "Young Plan". The plan, which proposed for the idea of setting up a Municipal Council, was highly questioned by him and other unofficial members, who believed that reforming the Legislative Council would be a better alternative. Nevertheless, having considered the regional instability and the lukewarm response from the general public, the British government announced in 1952 that no major constitutional reform would take place in Hong Kong. Biography Early years Landale was born in the Jardine Matheson office in the Shanghai International Settlement, China, on 7 November 1905. He was the son of David Landale (1868–1935) of Dalswinton, Dumfries, Scotland, and Mildred Sophia Fortune (1880–1965). He had two sisters and one brother, namely Margaret Winifred Landale (1903–1989), Veronica Grizel Kinloch Landale (1911–1985) and Peter Wellwood Fortune Landale (1915–1941). His brother, a pilot of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, died in a plane crash in the North Sea when he was flying to Hanover, Germany, on a military mission in 1941. His body was never found. The Landales were closely connected to Jardine Matheson & Co., the Far Eastern trading firm. Landale's father, David Landale, was the son of the Rev David Landale and Margaret Helen Hassels Jardine, who was a daughter of Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet. Sir William belonged to the Applegirth branch of the Jardine family and he was a distant relative of Dr William Jardine, the founder of the Jardine trading house. Landale's father had a long career in Jardine Matheson, serving for a time as chairman and managing Director of the firm. He was also chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council as well as an unofficial member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. Landale Street in Wan Chai, Hong Kong, was named after him. Early in his life, Landale, who was also known as "Taffy" by his relatives and friends, attended Eton College, and later studied at Balliol College, Oxford. While at Eton and Oxford, he was a keen sports player, serving as a member of the cricket team of Eton and captain of the university rugby team. Far Eastern career After graduation and a short stint working in London, Landale followed the footsteps of his father to join Jardine Matheson in the Far East. He started from the cash desk, spending his time mainly in Shanghai and Hong Kong, and was eventually appointed a director of the firm in 1936, a position that he held until his death in 1970. As a member of the board, he was also appointed to the directorships of a number of subsidiary and affiliated companies of Jardine Matheson, such as the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company Ltd. He was appointed an unofficial Justice of the Peace by the Hong Kong government in 1937. At that time, the future prospect of the firm was shadowed by uncertainties arising from the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War and the increasing instability in the Far East. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, he was enlisted to the Hong Kong Defence Reserve. Yet, he was permitted to quit the Reserve in the following year to join the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He was stationed on HMS Queen Elizabeth and saw active service until 1943, when he retired from the Volunteer Reserve as a lieutenant and was appointed as the Minister of War Transport Representative in the Middle East. His role was to help co-ordinate logistical support and transportation for the Allied Forces in that region. He held that position until the war ended in 1945. In the same year, he returned to Hong Kong, where he served briefly as the first Honorary Air Commodore of the Air Arm of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps. In 1945, Landale succeeded J. J. Paterson to become chairman and managing director of Jardine Matheson with a view to re-establishing the firm's business interests in Hong Kong, China, Japan and other places in the Far East. In that capacity, he was also appointed a member of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce as well as director of a number of private companies, including the Hongkong Electric Company. His chairmanship, however, coincided with the outbreak of the Chinese Communist Revolution that followed the end of the Second World War. During the turbulence, the Canton branch office of Jardine Matheson was burnt down in an anti-British protest in 1948. Despite of that, by the time when the People's Republic of China was founded by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, the firm still managed to maintain its China head office in Shanghai as well as its branch offices in Hankou, Fuzhou, Qingdao, Tianjin, Canton and Shantou, employing some 20,000 employees and having a total asset of around 30 million pound sterling in the mainland. After 1949, the firm's businesses continued to be severely hit by the political instability in China. And when the Korean War broke out in 1950, Landale was forced to move the headquarters of Jardine Engineering Corporation from Shanghai to Hong Kong in face of the worsening relationship between China and the Western countries. By 1955, Jardine Matheson had to abandon the China market completely following a number of anti-capitalist political campaigns staged by the Communist Party, most notably the "Land Reform Campaign" and the "Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns". The retreat was a bitter blow to the firm. Having experienced the turbulence in China, Landale tried to explore new business opportunities in Hong Kong during his chairmanship of Jardine Matheson. In 1947, the firm reached an agreement with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) to establish Hong Kong Airways as an attempt to develop Hong Kong's civil aviation business. At first, the airline was a subsidiary of BOAC and Landale was appointed to chair the board of directors. Further agreement was made between BOAC and the firm in 1949 to formally transfer the ownership of the airline to the latter, with Landale continuing to chair the board of directors. Nevertheless, like the firm's other businesses in China, the airline was badly hit by the instability in China and Korea as its flight services to the two countries, which formed the major network of the airline, were forced to be either discontinued or suspended. The airline was subsequently sold to its main local rival Cathay Pacific Airways, which was controlled by Butterfield & Swire Co., in 1958. Political career Apart from his business interests, Landale was appointed an unofficial member of the Executive Council, from 1946 to 1951, and the senior unofficial member of the Legislative Council, from 1946 to 1950, by the Hong Kong government, being one of the first unofficial members appointed when civilian government resumed after the war in May 1946. As an active critic of the government, he openly criticised the government in the Legislative Council meetings for a number of times, such as to blame the government for the perfunctory way it compiled the annual Budget and for its failure to maintain effective communication between Hong Kong and Whitehall in London, of which he thought was a key factor to achieve good governance. In 1947, the government started to require an increase in the extent of developments on some of the Rural Buildings Lots in offering re-grants to landowners, as a measure to cope with the influx of refugees from mainland China and the housing shortage. The measure was complained by Landale as oppressive to the landowners due to the higher construction costs that they had to bear. Besides, Landale was one of the leading businessmen in the colony who repeatedly opposed the introduction of income tax. As early as during the Second World War, the government proposed for the introduction of the tax to support the British war effort in Europe and to subsidise the local defence budget. Landale was one of the members who were appointed to the War Revenue Committee by the government in October 1939, which was tasked to offer advice on the proposed new tax. The Committee later submitted its report in February 1940 in which Landale and other members expressed strong reservations about the tax proposal. Despite of their reservations, the government eventually managed to secure the support of the Committee to introduce the income tax in April 1940, having promised that the tax, as an interim measure to generate war revenue, would be repealed after the war. Ironically, although the government did repeal the tax after the war as promised, the tax was soon re-introduced in 1947, a move which was strongly opposed by Landale and other unofficial members of the Legislative Council. In response to the tax proposal, Landale requested that it should be put on hold for a year to have sufficient time for further review, but his request was turned down by the government. After heated debates, the bill to reintroduce the tax was read a third time and was passed in the Legislative Council in May 1947, notwithstanding that it was rarely voted against by three unofficial members, namely Chau Tsun-nin, Chau Sik-nin and Leo d'Almada e Castro. Landale, however, was compelled to vote for the Bill during the division. Landale also took part in the debates on the "Young Plan" during his service in the two Councils. The plan was named after the Governor of Hong Kong Sir Mark Young, who unveiled it in 1946. One of the major proposals as recommended in the plan was to establish a Municipal Council that would have a certain number of elected seats. Nevertheless, as the public opinion at the time could not agree on the breadth and depth of the constitutional reform, the plan was stalled for more than two years. It was already March 1949 when Landale moved a motion in the Legislative Council to revive the debate on the "Young Plan". In the debate, he criticised the government for deliberately slowing down the pace of constitutional reform. He described the government as the "Dormouse", a character in the novel Alice in Wonderland, which would wake up to disclose a little bit more about the whole story only when the "Hatter" pours hot tea upon its nose. Landale agreed that constitutional reform was needed for Hong Kong, but instead of supporting the "Young Plan", he believed that reforming the Legislative Council would be a more practical alternative than setting up the Municipal Council. In June the same year, another unofficial member of the Legislative Council, Lo Man-kam, proposed his own reform plan, in which he argued that there should be more unofficial seats in the Legislative Council and some of these seats should be elected. This plan gained the support of all the unofficial members, who had by that time already made themselves clear that they opposed the "Young Plan". Yet, having considered the regional instability and the lukewarm response from the general public, Young's successor, Sir Alexander Grantham, concluded that it was not an appropriate time to implement the reform plan. He particularly feared that Hong Kong would be drawn into the political row between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang if there was a constitutional reform. Finally, the British government told the Parliament in October 1952 that except for increasing the number of elected seats in the Urban Council, no major constitutional reform would take place in Hong Kong. Later years Landale resigned from the Legislative Council in 1950. He retired from the Executive Council as well as the chairmanship of Jardine Matheson the next year, but he retained a seat in the board of directors of the firm. After that, he resided in the United Kingdom, where he was appointed to the directorships of a number of private corporations which counted on his business experience in the Far East. Among them, he joined the board of directors of the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1952, becoming deputy chairman of the board later, and he was appointed chairman of the board from 1955 to 1965. During his chairmanship, he was also appointed director of a number of firms which had close ties with the Royal Bank of Scotland, such as the Northern Assurance Co. Ltd., Glyn, Mills & Co. and William Deacon's Bank Ltd., etc. Apart from that, he was a director of the British Investment Trust Limited, from 1952 to 1970. Although Landale lived in his hometown of Dalswinton, Dumfries, Scotland, he continued to travel to London frequently to manage his business interests. Between 1967 and 1970, he was also appointed by the government as a member of the Review Body on the Remuneration of Doctors and Dentists. In his leisure time he was a keen farmer and forester in his hometown. He died suddenly in London on 15 December 1970 at the age of 65. After his death, his family erected a memorial cairn for him in Dalswinton Wood. Personal life Landale was married in London to Louisa Mary Dorothy Charlotte Forbes (1904–1956), the younger daughter of Charles William Forbes of Callendar House, on 7 December 1929. The couple had one son and three daughters: Janet Stewart Landale (30 August 1930 – 1 January 2010); Sir David William Neil Landale (27 May 1934 – 25 March 2016), a director of Jardine Matheson between 1967 and 1975; Linda Louisa Landale (born 2 November 1937); and Kirsteen Forbes Landale (born 28 May 1944) Louisa was the Chief Commissioner of the Hong Kong Girl Guides Association from 1948 to 1951. After her death in 1956, Landale was married in London, secondly, to Beatrice Helen Bengson Lund, the widow of K. Lund. Besides, Landale was a member of the Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland, the Royal Company of Archers. He was also a member of a number of gentlemen's clubs, including Boodle's and Pratt's in London, as well as the New Club in Edinburgh. In 1946, Landale purchased a ketch in Hong Kong. The ketch, known as Jadalinkir, was christened after his four children "Janet", "David", "Linda" and "Kirsteen". Honours Unofficial Justice of the Peace (J.P.) (1937) See also Jardine Matheson Hong Kong Airways David Landale John Johnstone Paterson Footnotes References "Births", The Hong Kong Telegraph, 11 November 1905, p. 4. "Obituary: Mr. David Landale Passes in London", Hong Kong Sunday Herald, 8 September 1935, p. 18. "No. 375", Hong Kong Government Gazette, 28 May 1937. "Wingsang Launched at the Kowloon Docks", Hong Kong Daily Press, 3 June 1938, p. 7. Report of the War Revenue Committee. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government, February 1940. "No. 760", Hong Kong Government Gazette, 4 July 1940. B.O.A.C. Review. BOAC Public Relations Department, 1946. "The Hong Kong Government appointed members of the Legislative Council yesterday", The Kung Sheung Daily News, 12 May 1946, p. 4. "All members of the Executive Council have been appointed"", The Kung Sheung Daily News, 30 May 1946, p. 4. "Unofficials' Budget Criticism", The China Mail, 28 March 1947, p. 1. "Inland Revenue Bill Goes Through", The China Mail, 2 May 1947, p. 1. "Council Debate on the Budget", The China Mail, 31 March 1948, p. 1. Flight International Vol. 56. IPC Transport Press Limited, 1949. The Aeroplane Vol. 79. Temple Press, 1950. "Personality Parade No 5 - Ruler of the Princely Hong", The China Mail, 3 April 1950, p. 2. The Economist Vol. 174. Economist Newspaper Limited, 1955. The Bankers' Who's who. Indian Business Publications, 1964. British Medical Journal Volume 2(5545). London: British Medical Association, 15 April 1967. The Economist. Economist Newspaper Limited, 29 May 1971. Coates, Austin, A mountain of light: the story of the Hongkong Electric Company. Heinemann, 1977. Keswick, Maggie, The Thistle and The Jade: a celebration of 150 years of Jardine, Matheson & Co.. London: Octopus Books, 1982. Bosanquet, David, Escape Through China. London: R. Hale, 1983. Feng, Bangyan, British Corporations in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1996. "LANDALE, David Fortune", Who was Who. London: A & C Black, 1996. Liu, Runhe, A History of the Municipal Councils of Hong Kong: 1883-1999. Hong Kong: Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2002. Wu, Zhanshi, and He, Yaosheng, Departure from Kai Tak. Hong Kong: Economic Times Press, 2007. Baxter, Walter, "NX9486: Memorial cairn in Dalswinton Wood near to Dalswinton, Dumfries And Galloway, Great Britain", geograph.org, 14 May 2007. Mallet, Victor, "I name this boat ... after a giant Amazon fish", Financial Times, 7 December 2007. "Plaque of Senior Unofficial Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (1850-1985)", Wen Wei Po, 9 May 2009. Webb, David, "Hong Kong Land Lease Reform, Part 1", Webb-site Reports, 7 October 2010. Edited by Evans, C., Freedman, J., and, Krever, R., The Delicate Balance: Tax, Discretion and the Rule of Law. The Netherlands: IBFD, 2011. Cai, Sixing, 100 Events in Hong Kong History II. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited, May 2013. "David Landale", Cricket Archive, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Whitley P4953", Aircraft Accidents in Yorkshire, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Landale", D C O'Driscoll, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Hon. Air Commodores", Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Mildred Margaret Sophia Fortune", Mundia, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Roads and Railways - Road Names Series V: Roads named after British officials", Hong Kong Place, retrieved on 18 April 2014. "Dean, Janet Stewart, formerly Robson, (nee Landale)", Telegraph Announcements, retrieved on 10 April 2016. "Landale, Sir David KCVO", Telegraph Announcements, retrieved on 10 April 2016. External links Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force History of Jardine Matheson & Co. 1905 births 1970 deaths Hong Kong businesspeople Jardine Matheson Group NatWest Group people Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong Members of the Royal Company of Archers Honorary air commodores Hong Kong justices of the peace People educated at Eton College Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford British expatriates in China
Veslehorn, also written Veslehødn, is a mountain located in the Hemsedal municipality in Norway. It is a part of Hemsedal Top 20. Mountains of Viken
California Proposition 187 (also known as the Save Our State (SOS) initiative) was a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a state-run citizenship screening system and prohibit illegal immigrants from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in the State of California. Voters passed the proposed law at a referendum on November 8, 1994. The law was challenged in a legal suit the day after its passage, and found unconstitutional by a federal district court on November 11. In 1999, Governor Gray Davis halted state appeals of this ruling. Passage of Proposition 187 reflected state residents' concerns about illegal immigration into the United States. Opponents believed the law was motivated by bigotry against illegal immigrants of Hispanic or Asian origin; supporters maintained that their concerns were economic: that the state could not afford to provide social services for so many people who had entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas. The California Legislative Analyst's Office later said that the cost of verification would be greater than any fiscal benefits of the ballot measure. As the state's demographics have shifted to include more immigrants, those new citizens' opposition to Proposition 187 has been cited as a reason for the decline of the Republican Party in California. Background and passage In 1994, California had an estimated 1.3 million illegal immigrants. Some residents were increasingly concerned about the costs of providing services to the families of such illegal immigrants. The Republican assemblyman Dick Mountjoy of Monrovia introduced Proposition 187 to the state legislature as the "Save Our State" (SOS) initiative. It gained enough signatures to be placed on the ballot as a statutory initiative during the general election on November 8, 1994. Originally one of several immigration reform bills placed before the California legislature in the early 1990s, polls surveying community responses showed that Proposition 187 began with widespread support—a 37-point lead in July 1994, and 62-29% lead among likely voters by September 1994. Proponents of the bill estimated that California spent $3 billion per year on services for illegal immigrants, about half of which provided education to children of illegal immigrants. Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican, was a prominent supporter of Proposition 187, which ultimately became a key issue during his 1994 re-election campaign against Democratic opponent Kathleen Brown. After facing record low approval ratings during his first term, Wilson trailed Brown in opinion polls by more than 20% early during the gubernatorial campaign. Commentators considered his aggressive support of the Proposition 187 as crucial to his re-election. In the days leading up to the election, Wilson said that he would require all state and local government employees to report suspected illegal immigrants to the Attorney General's Office if Proposition 187 passed. State Attorney General Dan Lungren, also running for re-election, agreed to enforce emergency regulations to implement the law immediately after the election. During the United States Senate election in California, 1994 campaign, the incumbent Senator Dianne Feinstein and Republican challenger Michael Huffington both adopted tough policies against illegal immigration. The candidates each revealed that they had previously hired illegal immigrants for housekeeping and childcare. Unlike Feinstein, Huffington had hired a housekeeper who was an illegal immigrant after the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which made it illegal to knowingly hire illegal immigrants. Feinstein was narrowly re-elected. President Bill Clinton urged Californians to reject Proposition 187 as an impediment to federal policy on immigration. After stating that "it is not wrong for you [Californians] to want to reduce illegal immigration," Clinton asked voters to allow the federal government to "keep working on what we're doing." In November 1994, Clinton publicly criticized the ballot measure, stating that it “is not the answer” to the issues stemming from illegal immigration. In the days leading up to the ballot measure vote, Latino students organized large protests of Proposition 187 across the state, including a mass boycott of high schools. Their protests often included waving the Mexican flag, a controversial symbol that was described by opponents as counterproductive. On November 8, 1994, California voters approved the proposition by a wide margin: 59% to 41%. According to the Los Angeles Times exit polls, 63% of non-Hispanic white voters and 23% of Latino voters voted for Proposition 187; African-American and ethnic Asian voters split their voting equally for and against the law. Although non-Hispanic whites comprised 57% of California's population at the time, they comprised 81% of voters in the 1994 general election. Latinos totaled 8% of voters, although they comprised 26% of the state's population. Among those who voted on the initiative, 78% of Republicans and 62% of Independents voted for it, while 64% of Democrats opposed it. Section 1 of Proposition 187 provides this introduction: The People of California find and declare as follows: That they have suffered and are suffering economic hardship caused by the presence of illegal aliens in this state. That they have suffered and are suffering personal injury and damage caused by the criminal conduct of illegal aliens in this state. That they have a right to the protection of their government from any person or persons entering this country unlawfully. Key elements of Proposition 187 Proposition 187 included the following key elements: All law enforcement agents who suspect that a person who has been arrested is in violation of immigration laws must investigate the detainee's immigration status, and if they find evidence of illegality they must report it to the attorney general of California, and to the federal Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They must also notify the detainee of his or her apparent status as an alien. Local governments are prohibited from preventing or limiting the fulfillment of this requirement. If government agents suspect anyone applying for benefits of being illegal immigrants, the agents must report their suspicions in writing to the appropriate enforcement authorities. People shall not receive any public social services until verified as a United States citizen or as a lawfully admitted alien. People shall not receive any health care services from a publicly funded health care facility until verified as a United States citizen or as a lawfully admitted alien. A public elementary or secondary school shall not admit or permit the attendance of any child until verified as a United States citizen or as a lawfully admitted alien. By 1996, each school district shall verify the legal status of each child enrolled within the district and the legal status of each parent or guardian of each child. A child who is in violation of the requirements above shall not continue to attend the school 90 days from the date of notice to the attorney general and INS. The attorney general must keep records on all such cases and make them available to any other government entity that wishes to inspect them. The manufacture, distribution, sale, or use of false citizenship or residency documents is a state felony punishable by imprisonment or fine. Opposition Activists on campuses, churches, and ethnic communities in California and across the country rallied to express opposition to Proposition 187. Critics argued that the measure was xenophobic and discriminated against ethnic minorities, especially those of Latino origin. Others were fearful that the costs of a state-run citizenship screening system and the potential loss of federal funds would off-set any savings of denying public benefits to unlawful residents. The day after the law was approved, an alliance of Latino and civil rights groups, including Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and American Civil Liberties Union, filed lawsuits against the measure in state court. Multiple local governments outside California, including the city of Denver, Colorado, threatened to boycott the state altogether. Latino organizations announced that they would not hold conventions in California and urged a boycott by their members and supporters of Disneyland, a major tourist attraction. In the weeks leading up to the election, opponents of Proposition 187 led a series of demonstrations. These events gathered several thousands of people. One of the largest protests of the proposition, as well as one of the largest protests in Los Angeles history, was held on October 16, 1994, when an estimated 70,000 people marched through the downtown area. The line of demonstrators stretched at least a mile long. Two weeks later, 7,000 people participated in another rally against Proposition 187 that took the form of a concert in which dozens of musicians and speakers performed. Young people, particularly Hispanic students, organized their own protests. Most often, these involved campus walkouts. Students as young as middle schoolers participated. In one of the largest student-led demonstrations against Proposition 187, more than 10,000 young people walked out from more than 30 campuses in the Los Angeles Unified School District. The protest was held without endorsement by any official groups; instead, students had been encouraged to stay in school and stage sit-ins as an alternative. Due to Proposition 187's statutes requiring children and their parents or legal guardians to prove their legal status, the California State Parent-Teacher Association joined in opposing the bill. The Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Gray Davis, who succeeded Wilson, campaigned against Proposition 187. Proposition 187 was widely supported by conservatives. However, some prominent conservatives, including former Congressman and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp, former Secretary of Education William Bennett, and unsuccessful Republican gubernatorial candidate Ron Unz, publicly opposed the initiative. The Mexican president, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, decried the law as xenophobic and harmful to the human rights of migrant laborers. One week after the bill was approved, Salinas proposed cross-border discussions to develop a "guest worker" program that would permit non-resident Mexicans to work legally in the United States. Such a program had been in place during World War II. Ethnic minority reactions Reactions against the proposition varied between and within different ethnic minority groups. Latino communities are cited as having been the most active; Hispanic students in particular were marked as they marched in the streets with Mexican flags. Some sources claim that this reaction might have caused indecisive voters to vote in favor of the proposition. After the election, Harold Ezell, the former Immigration and Naturalization Service Director who helped author Proposition 187, maintained that the "biggest mistake the opposition made was waving those green and white flags with the snake on it. They should have been waving the American flag." When Hispanic students were criticized for waving Mexican flags during demonstrations in Los Angeles, community leaders responded to the controversy by saying that it was "a symbolic clinging to self-pride". But some movement leaders did attempt to address these criticisms. As the election drew near, organizers sold thousands of American flags at their demonstrations against Proposition 187. Asian communities in particular were divided, with a slight tendency towards supporting the proposition with 57 percent voting in favor. However, as the bill became more visible, Asian communities came to be known as a group that took increasingly more visceral actions. Over time, general populist support for the bill dropped from 49% to 38%, a drop that is credited to the "massive organizing among California's communities of color, particularly the Latino and Asian communities". In fact, the largest organized group in support of Proposition 187 at the time of October 1994 was the Asian Americans for Border Control in Sylmar, which had only ten members. On the other hand, Chinese, Japanese, Cambodian, Thai and Korean alliances and coalitions banded to form the Asian Pacific Islanders Against Proposition 187 which consisted of hundreds of members. Significantly, many consider the strong reactions against Proposition 187 as the first time such numbers of Asian Americans have come together, with around 60 organizations joining forces. Legal challenges The constitutionality of Proposition 187 was challenged by several lawsuits. On November 11, 1994, three days after the bill's passage, Federal Judge W. Matthew Byrne issued a temporary restraining order against institution of the measure, which was filed by State Attorney General Dan Lungren. After Judge Mariana Pfaelzer issued a permanent injunction of Proposition 187 in December 1994, blocking all provisions except those dealing with higher education and false documents, multiple cases were consolidated and brought before the federal court. In November 1997, Pfaelzer found the law to be unconstitutional on the basis that it infringed on the federal government's exclusive jurisdiction over matters relating to immigration. Pfaelzer also explained that Proposition 187's effect on the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, the congressional overhaul of the American welfare system, proved that the bill was a "scheme" to regulate immigration: "California is powerless to enact its own legislative scheme to regulate immigration. It is likewise powerless to enact its own legislative scheme to regulate alien access to public benefits." Governor Wilson appealed the ruling, which brought the case to the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. But in 1999, the newly elected Democratic Governor Gray Davis had the case brought before mediation. His administration withdrew the appeal before the courts in July 1999, effectively killing the law. The unenforceable sections of Proposition 187 remained on the books until 2014. In September of that year, California passed a bill, SB 396, that removed those sections from California's education, health and safety, and welfare codes, as a symbolic act after the overturn of Prop.187. Bill author Kevin de León said this "closes a dark chapter in our state’s history, and brings dignity and respect to the national immigration debate." Legacy Noting a rapid increase in the number of Latinos voting in California elections, some analysts cite Wilson and the Republican Party's embrace of Proposition 187 as a cause of the subsequent failure of the party to win statewide elections. A 2006 study published in the American Journal of Political Science found that Republican support of Proposition 187 and two later state ballot initiatives—Proposition 209 in 1996, which ended affirmative action at governmental institutions, and Proposition 227 in 1998, which limited bilingual education in public schools—shifted both white and Latino voters in California away from identifying with the Republican Party and toward the Democratic Party. The authors of the study said that the "results raise serious questions about the long-term efficacy of racially divisive strategies for electoral gain." Studies published in 2001 and 2011 also show that Proposition 187 mobilized Hispanic voters for the Democratic Party. A 2016 article by pro-immigration researcher Alex Nowrasteh came to the same conclusion. However, a 2018 study questioned the conventional wisdom that Proposition 187 led to an abrupt realignment in Latino voters' political preferences. Conservative group Eagle Forum instead argues that immigration, whether legal or not, made California's electorate more liberal. Fred Bauer of National Review concurs, adding that Democrats have usually controlled both branches of the California state legislature since the 1960s and that the Democratic Party has had consistently strong support among both white and Hispanic voters in California. Bill Whalen, a former aide to Wilson, in an article for Forbes, noted that Proposition 187 was popular among voters and that Republican struggles in California are partly due to women gradually moving away from the party for other reasons, particularly reproductive rights. Whalen also cited Schwarzenegger's reelection as governor in 2006, in which he won 39% of the votes cast by Latinos, as evidence that Proposition 187 did not harm Republicans' chances of being elected in California. Writing after Schwarzenegger's 2003 recall election victory, Debra J. Saunders of The Weekly Standard noted that he won the election despite voting for Proposition 187, which other publications had claimed would seriously jeopardize his bid. Between 1995 and 2004 the following states passed similar ballot initiatives or laws: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma and Texas. During Donald Trump's 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, his use of "anti-immigrant tactics" drew comparisons from media members to Wilson and California Proposition 187. Seema Mehta of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Many have had a visceral reaction to Trump's proposals that include deporting 11 million people and building an enormous border wall. Protests greet Trump whenever he holds rallies in California." See also California Coalition for Immigration Reform Gallegly amendment California Proposition 209 References Further reading Alvarez, R. Michael, and Tara L. Butterfield. "The resurgence of nativism in California? The case of Proposition 187 and illegal immigration." Social Science Quarterly (2000): 167-179. online Balin, Bryan J. "State Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows: An Analysis: School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) (2008) pp 1-20. Bosniak, Linda S. "Opposing Prop. 187: Undocumented immigrants and the national imagination." Connecticut Law Review 28 (1995): 555+ online. Garcia, Ruben J. "Critical race theory and Proposition 187: The racial politics of immigration law." ChiCano-Latino Law Review 17 (1995): 118+ online. Jacobson, Robin Dale. The new nativism: Proposition 187 and the debate over immigration (U of Minnesota Press, 2008) online. Lee, Yueh-Ting, Victor Ottati, and Imtiaz Hussain. "Attitudes toward “illegal” immigration into the United States: California Proposition 187." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 23.4 (2001): 430-443. online Mailman, Stanley. "California's Proposition 187 and Its Lessons". New York Law Journal, (1995) Martin, Philip. "Proposition 187 in California." International Migration Review 29.1 (1995): 255-263. Ono, Kent A., and John M. Sloop. Shifting borders: Rhetoric, immigration, and California's Proposition 187 (Temple University Press, 2002) online. Wroe, Andrew. The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush. (Palgrave, 2008). External links Wilson, Pete. "Illegal Immigration: Past, Present and Future": Remarks of Pete Wilson, Former Governor of California, Monday, June 12, 2006, 4:00 p.m. Hudson Institute (Washington, DC), December 12, 2006. Federal News Service. Accessed December 17, 2008. [Transcript of interview with Wilson about California Proposition 187.] 187 History of immigration to the United States United States immigration law Initiatives in the United States Hispanic and Latino American history of California
Andrzej “Andy” Piotr Mazurczak (born 27 December 1993) is a Polish professional basketball player for Wilki Morskie Szczecin of the Polish Basketball League (PLK). Professional career He played for Kavala of the Greek A2 Ethniki on 2016–17 and for the NINERS Chemnitz of the German ProA league in the 2017–18 season. On July 11, 2018, he signed with Cáceres Patrimonio de la Humanidad of the LEB Oro. On 12 August 2019, Mazurczak signed with Aris Leeuwarden of the Dutch Basketball League (DBL). He led Aris in both scoring and assists, with 16.5 points and 5.5 assists per game before the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 29, 2021, he has signed with Stelmet Zielona Góra of the PLK. On June 10, 2022, he has signed with Wilki Morskie Szczecin of the Polish Basketball League (PLK). National team career In summer 2017, he was a member of Poland’s national basketball team. References External links REAL GM profile Andy Mazurczak Junior Year Highlights (2014-2015) - Youtube.com video Wisconsin–Parkside Rangers bio 1993 births Living people Aris Leeuwarden players Basket Zielona Góra players Basketball players from Chicago Dutch Basketball League players Expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands Kavala B.C. players MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza (basketball) players NINERS Chemnitz players Point guards Polish expatriate basketball people in Germany Polish expatriate basketball people in Greece Polish expatriate basketball people in Spain Polish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands Polish men's basketball players Wilki Morskie Szczecin players Wisconsin–Parkside Rangers men's basketball players
The Order of Saint Charles () is a dynastic order of knighthood established in Monaco on 15 March 1858. Award This order rewards service to the State or Prince. In particular cases, it may be granted to foreigners. It is awarded by the current Sovereign, Prince Albert II. Reception Except for Members of the Princely Family and foreigners, one can only receive the Order first with the rank of Knight. To be awarded the following higher ranks, one must keep the lower rank for a set length of time: Officer: four years as a Knight Commander: three years as an Officer Grand Officer: four years as a Commander Knight Grand Cross: five years as a Grand Officer Nominations belong to the Sovereign. The Chancellor proposes promotions. According to the Prince's orders, the Chancellor proposes the projects of nomination and promotion ordonnances. The grantees must be received in the Order before wearing the decorations. The Grand-Master receives the Grand Crosses, Grand Officers and Commanders. The Chancellor receives the Officers and Knights. Foreigners are admitted to the Order, but not received. Funeral honours Commanders, Officers and Knights are honoured in the choir of the church and warded by four carabiniers in ceremonial uniform and weapon commanded by a Sub-Officer. Knights Grand Cross and Grand Officers are honoured outside the church, at the beginning and end of the funeral ceremony, by 24 carabiniers in ceremonial uniform and weapon commanded by an Officer. Classes and design Knight Grand Cross The Knight Grand Cross wears the badge of the order on a sash and the star of the order on the left of the breast. There is a golden necklet that is attached to the Order. It has small empty egg-shaped sections that form the necklet. The badge is sometimes worn attached to this collar instead of the sash. Grand Officer The Grand Officer wears a badge and a star. The Star of the Order of St. Charles is made of silver. The badge of the Order of St. Charles is worn on a chest ribbon with rosette or on a bow. The star is worn on the right side of the chest. Commander The Commander of the Order of St. Charles wears the badge on a ribbon around the neck or on a bow on the left shoulder. Officer The Officer of the Order of St. Charles wears the badge on a chest ribbon with a rosette. The cross has a thinner laurel-wreath than the Knight of the Order of St. Charles. Knight The Knight of the Order of St. Charles wears the badge of the order on a chest ribbon without rosette. Legal basis Sovereign Ordonnance of 16 January 1863 about the Order of Saint-Charles (modified) : Text (French) Sovereign Ordonnance of 16 January 186 establishing the statutes of the Order of Saint-Charles (modified) : Text (French) Sovereign Ordonnance n° 125 of 23 April 1923 concerning the insignias of the Order of Saint-Charles : Text (French) Notable recipients Knights Grand Cross Granted by Charles III, Prince of Monaco Oscar II of Sweden and Norway – 16 January 1862. Christian IX of Denmark – 7 February 1864. Muhammad III as-Sadiq – 28 December 1864. Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse – 23 April 1865. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine – 23 April 1865. Isabella II of Spain – 17 September 1865. Alfonso XII of Spain – 17 September 1865. Charles I of Württemberg – 24 September 1865. Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys – 24 December 1865. Manuel Bermúdez de Castro y Díez – 2 June 1866. Juan de Zavala – 2 June 1866. Prince Charles of Prussia – 6 April 1869. Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden – 19 October 1869. Napoleon III – 16 November 1869. Pedro II of Brazil – 19 March 1872. Franz Joseph I of Austria – 24 September 1872. Alexander II of Russia – 22 July 1873. Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin – 8 September 1874. Gustaf V of Sweden – 6 April 1875. William III of the Netherlands – 13 April 1875. Amadeo I of Spain – 27 April 1875. Fontes Pereira de Melo – 18 July 1876. Louis, duc Decazes – 20 March 1877. Antoine Chanzy – 30 April 1878. Mustapha Ben Ismaïl – 16 July 1878. Count Gustav Kálnoky – 11 April 1882. Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern – 26 September 1882. Milan I of Serbia – 29 May 1883. Alexander III of Russia – 14 August 1883. Nikolay Girs – 21 August 1883. Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach – 4 December 1883. Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland – 5 August 1884. Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg – 12 February 1889. Granted by Albert I, Prince of Monaco Jules François Émile Krantz – 19 Novembre 1889. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy – 30 Decembre 1890. Ferdinand I of Bulgaria – 11 May 1892. Félix Faure – 3 March 1896. Nicholas II of Russia – 16 May 1896. Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria – 4 Novembre 1897. Wilhelm, German Crown Prince – 15 January 1900. Paul Kruger – 11 December 1900. Émile Loubet – 15 March 1901. Louis André – 31 Decembre 1901. Jules Massenet – 18 February 1902. Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau – 10 June 1902. Edward VII – 25 June 1902. Juan Manuel Sánchez, Duke of Almodóvar del Río – 30 Octobre 1902. Camille Saint-Saëns – 18 February 1904. Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal – 22 July 1904. Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – 21 March 1905. Hugo von Radolin – 3 April 1905. Wilhelm von Hahnke – 14 April 1907. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger – 14 April 1907. Heinrich von Tschirschky – 14 April 1907. Armand Fallières – 27 April 1909. Manuel II of Portugal – 13 August 1909. Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano – 19 May 1910. Marc Hautefeuille – 2 February 1911. Ahmad Shah Qajar – 14 January 1915. Mohammad Hassan Mirza – 14 January 1915. Samad Khan Momtaz os-Saltaneh – 14 January 1915. Pietro Gasparri – 8 February 1916. Arthur Walsh, 3rd Baron Ormathwaite – 5 Јuly 1916. Henri Le Rond – 23 May 1922. Granted by Louis II, Prince of Monaco Alexandre Millerand – 16 January 1923. Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme – 19 June 1923. Raymond Le Bourdon – 23 October 1923. Maurizio Ferrante Gonzaga – 1 April 1924. Louis-Ernest Dubois – 17 May 1924. Fernand David – 19 November 1925. Philippe Pétain – 27 January 1927. Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland – 14 April 1927. Charles D. B. King – 14 July 1927. Edwin Barclay – 20 October 1927. Charles Binet – 11 October 1928. Count Carl August Ehrensvärd – 7 March 1929. Paul Painlevé – 22 August 1929. Umberto II of Italy – 16 January 1930. Benito Mussolini – 16 January 1930. Louis Franchet d'Espèrey – 27 February 1930. Pope Pius XII – 27 February 1930. Edmond de Gaiffier d'Hestroy – 24 July 1930. Leopold III of Belgium – 7 August 1930. Paul Doumer – 31 March 1932. Hubert Lyautey – 21 April 1932. Prajadhipok – 1 March 1934. Albert Lebrun – 5 July 1934. Giuliano Gozi – 2 May 1935. Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark – 5 March 1936. Edvard Beneš – 17 February 1938. Emmanuel Célestin Suhard – 15 September 1938. Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy – 28 December 1938. Édouard Daladier – 1 June 1939. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark – 14 March 1940. George II of Greece – 11 April 1940. Prince Rainier of Monaco – 5 June 1941. Charles de Gaulle – 5 October 1944. Ghislaine, Princess consort of Monaco – 31 October 1946. Pope John XXIII – 10 July 1947. Marie-Pierre Kœnig – 4 September 1947. George VI – 13 November 1947. Paul of Greece – 29 November 1947. Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg – 20 January 1949. Granted by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh – 15 February 1951. Robert Schuman – 21 January 1952. Alcide De Gasperi – 20 January 1954. Giuseppe Pella – 20 January 1954. René Coty – 2 December 1954. Albert II of Belgium – 13 October 1957. Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg – 19 April 1958. Moens de Fernig Georges – 22 November 1958. Jullien André – 28 January 1959. Gobert d'Aspremont Lynden – 24 June 1959. Michel Debré – 12 October 1959. Jacques Chaban-Delmas – 12 October 1959. Giovanni Gronchi – 4 November 1959. Cesare Merzagora – 4 November 1959. Giovanni Leone – 4 November 1959. Antonio Segni – 4 November 1959. Gaetano Azzariti – 4 November 1959. Eugène Tisserant – 27 January 1960. Éamon de Valera – 10 June 1961. Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona – 11 May 1962. Maurice Feltin – 26 January 1963. Américo Tomás – 17 April 1964. António de Oliveira Salazar – 17 April 1964. Marc Jacquet – 18 November 1965. Giovanni Colombo – 6 November 1966. Anastasio Somoza Debayle – 23 October 1968. Pierre Blanchy – 18 November 1971. Princess Caroline of Monaco—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 7.226 of 18 November 1981. Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Head of the Royal Italian Family—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15702 of 1 March 2003. Mireya Moscoso, President of Panama—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15902 of 25 July 2003 (Grand Officer on 26 November 2002). Baroness Elisabeth-Anne de Massy—Sovereign Ordonnance Alejandro Toledo, President of Peru—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 16063 of 21 November 2003. Abel Pacheco de la Espriella, President of Costa Rica—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 16064 of 21 November 2003. Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 16518 of 26 November 2004. Granted by Albert II, Prince of Monaco Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 331 of 13 December 2005. Janez Drnovšek, President of Slovenia—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 531 of 31 May 2006. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 680 of 7 September 2006. Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 1622 of 25 April 2008. Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia—Sovereign Ordonnance n°2164 of 16 April 2009. Traian Băsescu, President of Romania—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 2165 of 16 April 2009. Fra' Matthew Festing, Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 2405 of 14 October 2009. Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 2457 of 9 November 2009. Francesco Mussoni and Stefano Palmieri, Captains Regent of San Marino—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 2654 of 5 March 2010. Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3076 of 11 January 2011. Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3077 of 13 January 2011. Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3668 of 13 February 2012. Joachim Gauck, President of Germany—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3839 of 9 July 2012. Charlene, Princess of Monaco—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4038 of 17 November 2012. Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4251 of 3 April 2013. Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4.491 of 27 September 2013. Vladimir Putin, President of Russia—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4504 of 4 October 2013. François Hollande, President of France—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4575 of 14 November 2013. Andrea Belluzzi, Captain-Regent of San Marino—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 5490 of 16 September 2015. Roberto Venturini, Captain-Regent of San Marino—Sovereign Ordonnance n°5490 of 16 September 2015. Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia—Sovereign Ordonnance n°9115 of 22 February 2022. Grand Officers Granted by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois – 19 April 1958. Juan Carlos I of Spain – 11 May 1962. Constantine II of Greece – 11 May 1962. Fernando Quintaniiha Mendonca Dias – 17 April 1964. Jean Reymond – 18 November 1966. René Maheu – 18 May 1967. Jean-Charles Rey – 18 November 1967. Jean Brouchot – 18 November 1972. Auguste Médecin – 8 May 1974. Louis Trotabas – 18 November 1975. Patrick Leclercq, Minister of State of Monaco—Sovereign Ordonnance n°15560 of 18 November 2002. Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Heir Prince of the Royal Italian Family—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 15703 of 1 March 2003. Granted by Albert II, Prince of Monaco Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of State of Monaco, dead overnight on 7/8 April 2010—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 2694 of 25 March 2010. Dalia Grybauskaite, President of Lithuania—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3987 of 15 October 2012 Bronisław Komorowski, President of Poland—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3989 of 17 October 2012 (French) Anna Komorowska, his wife—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 3990 of 17 October 2012 Hubert Charles, President of the Supreme Court of Monaco—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4039 of 17 October 2012 Commanders Granted by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco Jacques Diouf, Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) -- Sovereign Ordonnance n°15534 of 12 October 2002. Granted by Albert II, Prince of Monaco Max Mosley, Former President of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 526, 27 May 2006. Bernie Ecclestone—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 528 of 27 May 2006. Serge Telle, Ambassador of France in Monaco—Sovereign Ordonnance n° 1140 of 6 June 2007. Gallery See also Coat of arms of Monaco#Exterior Further reading Paul Hieronymussen, "Orders, medals and decorations of Britain and Europe", London 1975 - References Awards established in 1858 1858 establishments in Monaco
The Four Books (, ), or The Four Principles (al-Uṣūl al-Arbaʿah), is a Twelver Shia term referring to their four best-known hadith collections: Most Shi'a Muslims use different books of hadith from those used by other Muslims, who prize the six major hadith collections. In particular, Twelver Shi'a consider many Sunni transmitters of hadith to be unreliable because many of them took the side of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali instead of only Ali (and the rest of Muhammad's family) and the majority of them were narrated through certain personalities that waged war against Ahlul Bayt or sided with their enemies such as Aisha that fought Ali at Jamal, or Muawiya who did so at Siffin. Hussain (grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib) was martyred at the Battle of Karbala. Shia trust traditions transmitted through the Imams, Muhammad's descendants through Fatima Zahra. See also List of Shi'a books Notes References Shia hadith collections
Jack Morrissey (14 July 1898 – 27 August 1968) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Jack Morrissey's profile at Blueseum 1898 births Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) Carlton Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club players 1968 deaths People from Maryborough, Victoria

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