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Dianthus balbisii is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Dianthus of the family Caryophyllaceae. The genus name Dianthus derives from the Greek words for divine ("dios") and flower ("anthos"), while the species name balbisii honors the Italian botanist Giovanni Battista Balbis (1765–1831). Description Dianthus balbisii is a hemicryptophyte scapose plant reaching on average of height. The stem is erect and glabrous, the leaves are opposite, simple and linear. At the base of the cauline leaves a sheath embraces the stem. The epicalyx is formed by many leafy scales. The cylindrical tube of the calyx is green, deep purple-violet close to the 2 mm long teeth. The flowers are gathered into a dense cluster of 2–6 apical flowers in the axil of two bracts poorly differentiated from normal leaves. They have five pink-purplish petals, with frilled margins. The flowering period extends from June through September. The fruits are capsules with several seeds. Distribution This species is present in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy and France. Habitat This plant grows in dry meadows, woodlands and hillsides. It prefers bright and sunny areas, at an altitude of above sea level. Subspecies Dianthus balbisii subsp. balbisii Dianthus balbisii Ser. subsp. liburnicus (Bartl.) Pignatti Gallery References Pignatti S. – Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. I, pag. 265 External links Alpenbotanicher Dianthus balbisii balbisii
Dortoxin (also called dorsotoxin) is a lethal peptide toxin which is secreted by the South African spitting scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus. Injection of pure dortoxin in mice leads to hyperactivity that lasts until death. Sources Dortoxin is a lethal peptide in the venom that is secreted by Parabuthus transvaalicus. Other toxins in its venom include bestoxin and altitoxin. At least 20% of the peptides in the venom of P. transvaalicus consists of these three toxins, and they are thought to be responsible for most of its toxic potency. Chemistry Dortoxin is a lethal member of the birtoxin family. Apart from its slightly smaller chain length and lower number of disulfide bridges, the toxin has large homology to members of the group of long chain neurotoxins. Dortoxin has a chain length of 58 amino acids and contains three disulfide bridges, whereas long chain neurotoxins generally have a chain length of 60-70 amino acids and contain four disulfide bridges. Dortoxin has a molecular mass of 6641.4 Da. Target On the basis of its structural homology to members of the beta group of long chain neurotoxins, dortoxin may bind to voltage-gated sodium channels. However, electrophysiological tests have not yet been performed. Toxicity Injection of pure dortoxin in mice leads to hyperactivity, tremors, convulsions, profuse salivation, lacrimation, continuous urination and vocalizations. The toxin has a rapid onset. The last period of hyperactivity is more intense and leads to death, after which postmortem twitching occurs for at least 30 seconds. The toxin is lethal at 200 ng of peptide in a 20 g mouse. References Neurotoxins Ion channel toxins Scorpion toxins
Peter Raymont (born February 28, 1950) is a Canadian filmmaker and producer and the president of White Pine Pictures, an independent film, television and new media production company based in Toronto. Among his films are Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Romeo Dallaire (2005), A Promise to the Dead: The Exile Journey of Ariel Dorfman (2007), The World Stopped Watching (2003) and The World Is Watching (1988). The 2011 feature documentary West Wind: The Vision of Tom Thomson and 2009's Genius Within: The Inner Life of Glenn Gould were co-directed with Michèle Hozer. Education Raymont attended Crighton Street School, Rockcliffe Park Public School and Lisgar Collegiate Institute. He graduated from Trinity College School in Port Hope in 1968. At Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario he was honoured with the Tricolour Award for contribution to the university community. Raymont graduated from Queen's University in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in Political Science and Film Studies. Raymont is a graduate of The Canadian Centre for Advanced Film Studies in North York, Ontario (First Year, 1988), now the Canadian Film Centre. He was a co-founder of the Canadian Independent Film Caucus, now The Documentary Organization of Canada and is a member of The Directors' Guild of Canada and The Canadian Media Producers' Association. Early career Raymont's career began at age 21 at the National Film Board of Canada in Montreal. From 1971 to 78, he worked as an editor, director and producer. While at the NFB, Raymont also taught film and video production in the Canadian Arctic. In 1978, Raymont moved to Toronto and established his independent film and television production company, Investigative Productions now operating as White Pine Pictures. He co-partnered the company for many years with his late wife, award-winning filmmaker and author Lindalee Tracey. Career Raymont was executive producer of the television drama series The Border, which he co-created with Lindalee Tracey, Janet MacLean and Jeremy Hole, and Cracked, a Toronto-based police procedural which explores the intersection of the law and mental illness. Cracked's 2 seasons are also broadcast in France, Germany, USA and elsewhere. Raymont's documentary feature Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire was honoured with the 2005 Audience Award for World Cinema Documentaries at The Sundance Film Festival and the 2007 Emmy Award for Best Documentary. A Promise to the Dead: The Exile Journey of Ariel Dorfman]' was longlisted for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.Genius Within premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by invitational presentations at the International Documentary Film Festival in Amsterdam (IDFA) and several other festivals worldwide (Full Frame, Vancouver, Seattle, Sydney, Melbourne, Hawaii, Bermuda). The film opened theatrically across Canada, USA and Australia in 2010, playing in over 50 US cities. A two-hour version of the film was broadcast on the PBS series American Masters in December, 2010. Genius Within'' won the 2010 Gemini Award for Best Biography Documentary presented by the Canadian Academy of Cinema and Television, and was short-listed for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. In 2015 Raymont received an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from Trent University Filmography Awards Allan King Award for Excellence in Documentary (Guantanamo's Child), 2016 Academy of Television Arts & Sciences NEWS AND DOCUMENTARY EMMY AWARD - Best Documentary 2007 GENIE AWARD Gemini Awards: Best Sports Program or Series 1999 Best History-Biography Documentary, 2004 Best Direction of a Documentary, 2004 Best Biography Documentary, 2010 Canadian Film and Television Awards Best Documentary 1983 Sundance Film Festival AUDIENCE AWARD - World Cinema Documentary, 2005 Philadelphia Film Festival JURY AWARD - Best Documentary, 2005 Chicago International Film Festival SILVER HUGO - Best Social/Political Documentary 1991 GOLD HUGO - Best Social/Political Documentary 1988 GOLD PLAQUE - Social/Political Documentary 1983 American Film Festival, New York City Blue Ribbon, Best Social/Political Documentary 1976 Red Ribbon Social/Political Documentary 1983 Nyon International Documentary Film Festival, Switzerland Sesterce d'Argent, 1990 Ecumenical Prize and Second Public Jury Prize, 1988 Leipzig International Film Festival Best Short Documentary 1976 International Jury Award, 1991 Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels (FIPA), Biarritz, France Special Jury Mention, 2004 Honourable Mention, 2004 Association of Canadian Television and Radio Artists, ACTRA Awards Top Ten Award, 1999 Best Writing, TV Documentary 1984 Yorkton International Film Festival, Canada Best Documentary, Sports/Recreation and Best Cinematography 1985 Best Broadcast Documentary 1991 Best Documentary 2010 Alberta Film and Television (AMPIA) Best Documentary 1986 International Arctic Film Festival (Rovaniemi, Finland) Special Award, Television 1986 23rd International Festival of Short Films (Cracow, Poland) Polish National Peace Committee Prize, 1986 National Film and Video Association, Oakland, California Bronze Apple 1990, Gold Apple 1991, Bronze Apple 1994, Gold Apple 1995 Worldfest Houston Gold, Special Jury Prize, 2001 Gold Award for Documentary Series 2000 Special Jury Prize, 2000 Gold Award for Sports Documentary 1999 Gold Medal for Best Documentary Television Series 1998 Silver Award 1992, Certificate of Merit-Finalist 1995 Academy Awards, Los Angeles, USA Honourable Mention, Documentary category, 1983 Berlin Film Festival Honourable Mention, Peace Prize Committee 1989 References External links White Pine Pictures site Watch films by Peter Raymont at NFB.ca 1950 births Living people Canadian documentary film directors Film directors from Ottawa National Film Board of Canada people Queen's University at Kingston alumni Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Short Documentary Film Canadian Film Centre alumni Canadian documentary film producers Lisgar Collegiate Institute alumni
Vladeta Janković (; born 1 September 1940) is a Serbian politician. A former member of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS), Janković previously served as the Yugoslav ambassador to the United Kingdom from 2001 to 2004 and the Serbian ambassador to the Holy See from 2008 to 2012. Janković left DSS in 2014 after its former president, Vojislav Koštunica, announced that he was leaving the party, leading Janković to retire from politics. His eight-year break from politics ended in January 2022 when the United Serbia (US) opposition coalition named Janković as their ballot carrier and candidate for Mayor of Belgrade at the City Assembly election. Following the election, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly. Janković served as the acting president of the National Assembly of Serbia from 1 to 2 August 2022. Additionally, Janković is a literary scholar, university professor, writer, and a former diplomat. Early life and career Vladeta Janković was born on 1 September 1940 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. His father Dragoslav Janković was a left-wing university professor and his mother Bosiljka Janković (née Kokanović) was a librarian. His father was from Vranje, while his mother was of Bosnian Serb, Croatian Serb and Aromanian heritage. One of his maternal great-grandfathers was a member of Young Bosnia. He graduated from a gymnasium in Belgrade in 1959. Janković enrolled at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology, where he studied world literature and graduated in 1964. He finished his master's degree in 1967, and defended his doctoral thesis in 1975 titled "Menander's Characters and European Drama". At the same department, he went from assistant trainee to full professor and department head. For years, he collaborated with Radio Television Belgrade as the author of cultural and historical programs for youth. He has been a lecturer in the United States, England, the Netherlands and Greece. Political and diplomatic career He entered politics in the early 1990s as a member of the Main Board of the Democratic Party (DS). Following the split in DS, Janković became one of the founders of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). He served as a member of the National Assembly of Serbia and the Federal Assembly of FR Yugoslavia. Following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, he was appointed Yugoslav Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 2001. He later called his service in the UK "extremely hard and stressful". In 2004, he was named chief foreign policy adviser to the prime minister of Serbia, Vojislav Koštunica. In 2005, he was elected vice president of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). He was Serbia's Ambassador to the Holy See from February 2008 to August 2012. He left the Democratic Party of Serbia on 14 October 2014 shortly after the party's founder and long term president, Vojislav Koštunica, announced his departure from the party. In late January 2022, the Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP), the People's Party (NS), the Democratic Party and the Movement of Free Citizens (PSG) proposed Janković as their ballot carrier and candidate for Mayor of Belgrade at the upcoming Belgrade City Assembly election, with Janković accepting the offer on 31 January, stating that he is "optimistic" regarding the upcoming election. After being officially presented by the United Serbia (US) coalition as their candidate for Mayor of Belgrade on 2 February, Janković stated that, in case he is elected mayor, "everything in Belgrade will be transparent and that every detail about the contracts will be known". Janković became father of the National Assembly in August 2022. Political positions Janković has been described as a conservative and right-wing politician. He opposes the rule of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) and its leader Aleksandar Vučić accusing him that he behaves like "bullies in schoolyards who are intimidating and blackmailing those weaker than them in order to present themselves as protectors and saviors". Foreign views Janković believes that the accession of Serbia to the European Union is an "unrealistic project" and that the "EU will cease to exist before Serbia becomes it's member". In 2014, Janković stated that "it should be given up on the idea that Serbia will collapse if it does not join the EU, because it is not Switzerland." Kosovo question Janković has repeatedly stated that Kosovo's independence is unacceptable and inadmissible for him, sharply criticizing Vučić's agreements with Kosovo, European Union and the United States, while also opposing the participation of Kosovo Serbs in the elections organized by the authorities of Kosovo. In January 2021, Janković stated that Kosovo "de facto, does not belong to us and everyone can see it, but de jure, according to international law, it certainly belongs to us." In September 2021, he stated that serious armed confrontation will not take place while NATO troops are stationed in Kosovo. Personal life Janković is married to lawyer Slavka (née Srdić), with whom he has a son Uroš and daughter Mara. Orders Selected works Poetska funkcija kovanica Laze Kostića (The Poetic Function of Laza Kostić's Coins), Belgrade 1969. Menandrovi likovi i evropska drama (Menander's Characters and European Drama), SANU, Belgrade 1978. Terencije: Komedije (prevod, komentar, predgovor), Belgrade 1978. Petrijin venac Dragoslava Mihailovića (Petrija's Wreath by Dragoslav Mihailović), Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Belgrade 1985. Nasmejanja životinja: o antičkoj komediji (Smiling Animal: About Ancient Comedy), Književna zajednica Novog Sada, Novi Sad 1987. Hrosvita: Drame (prevod, komentar i predgovor), Latina et Graeca, Zagreb 1988. Imenik klasične starine, Belgrade 1992 Mitovi i legende: judaizam, hrišćanstvo, islam (Myths and Legends: Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Srpska književna zadruga, Belgrade 1996. Beočug, Srpska književna zadruga, Belgrade 2011. Antičke izreke (Ancient proverbs), Laguna, Belgrade 2018. Latinski glosar (Latin glossary), Laguna, Belgrade 2021. References External links Interview with Vladeta Jankovic for the BBC Introduction to Vladeta Jankovic’s lecture at Cambridge University Vladeta Jankovic’s lecture at Cambridge University 1940 births Living people Politicians from Belgrade Democratic Party (Serbia) politicians Democratic Party of Serbia politicians Ambassadors of Yugoslavia to the United Kingdom Ambassadors of Serbia to the Holy See Diplomats from Belgrade Serbian writers Serbian philologists University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology alumni Serbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent Serbian people of Croatian descent Serbian people of Aromanian descent
Istrouma Area Council serves Scouts in both Louisiana and Mississippi, primarily in the Greater Baton Rouge Area and Florida Parishes. Specifically, the council includes Scouts from the following parishes: Ascension, East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, West Feliciana, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, St. James, St. Tammany, Washington, and Tangipahoa. Wilkinson County is the sole Mississippi county in the council. History Scouting came to Louisiana shortly after the establishment of the Boy Scouts of America in 1910. Rev. T. M. Hunter of the First Presbyterian Church of Baton Rouge established the first troop in that year, and two years later, affiliated the troop with BSA. The Istrouma Area Council was officially established in 1919. In 1923, the Rotary Club of Baton Rouge presented the council with a campsite in Greenwell Springs called Camp Istrouma. After the council outgrew the camp, they raised money to move to the Avondale Scout Reservation located in East Feliciana Parish, doing so by the late 1950s. Istrouma was later sold to the United Methodist Church and serves as a Christian camp to this day. In 1917, the Baton Rouge Council (#211) was formed, changing its name to the East Baton Rouge Parish Council (#211) in 1922. It changed its name to the Istrouma Area Council (#211) in 1924. In 1924, the Old Hickory Area Council (#657) was formed, merging into the Istrouma Area Council (#211) in 1931. Since 1935, Scouts from the council serve as ushers and stretcher bearers at LSU home football games at Tiger Stadium. Organization The council is administratively divided into four districts: Nawanganti- Serves cities of Central, Baker, and Zachary in East Baton Rouge Parish, East Feliciana, West Feliciana, Livingston, and Pointe Coupee parishes in Louisiana and Wilkerson County in Mississippi. Sewell-Eagle- Serves the City of Baton Rouge in East Baton Rouge Parish, West Baton Rouge Parish, Iberville Parish, Saint James Parish, and Ascension Parish. Nashoba- Serves Saint Helena Parish, Tangipahoa Parish (including City of Hammond), Washington Parish, and St. Tammany Parish except for the City of Slidell. Red Stick- The Boy Scouts of America, Istrouma Area Council collaborated with the East Baton Rouge Housing Authority in 1999 to bring scouting to inner city youth in the Baton Rouge area. These youth don’t have the funding, transportation, or volunteer leadership available to participate in Scouting in the traditional sense. Scouting units that belong to this program are members of the Red Stick District. In 2020, this expanded to include after school Scouting programs as select elementary schools. Camps Avondale Scout Reservation Avondale Scout Reservation is a reservation for Scouting located in East Feliciana Parish, three miles (5 km) east of Clinton, on Louisiana Highway 10. It opened in 1959 and became the default campground for Istrouma after Camp Istrouma could no longer serve the needs of the council. There are four camping areas: Camp Avondale, Camp McGee, Camp Tigator, and Woodbadge Hill. The summer camp, Camp Avondale, is located at the north end of the reservation and is closest to the front entrance, check-in station, and ranger's houses on Highway 10. There are 17 campsites with a capacity for 360 campers. Most campsites are named after various birds, Indian tribes, and wildlife. The campsites are adjacent to Lake Istrouma with its swimming and canoeing facilities. Camp Avondale also houses a dining hall, Stem Building, Health Lodge, climbing hall, and more facilities built to support the Summer Camp program. Camp McGee is at the south end of the reservation just inside of the back gate on Louisiana Highway 63. There are 26 campsites surrounding Lake McGee and south of Lake Tigator, all named after cities and towns represented by the council. Camp McGee also has two bathhouses, a Cub Scout program building, and a sailing base. Camp Tigator is home to Paul Perkins Lodge and Long House dormitory. Numerous leadership trainings and council meetings are held here. Woodbadge Hill is located one-quarter mile southwest of Lake Istrouma and has ten primitive campsites. Camp Avondale hosts week-long summer camps for Boy Scouts in June in which Scouts can earn merit badges, participate in COPE, First Year Scouting, Shooting Scope, Aquatic, and various other activities. Other annual events include, but are not limited to: Winter Camp (held during the week between Christmas and New Year's Day), District Camporees, Cub Scout Family Camps, and NYLT events. The camp sports a dining hall, which has been referred to as "Roadkill Cafe" since the early 2000s. In addition, there is, among other buildings, an outdoor chapel, rifle and shotgun shooting ranges, an archery range, boat dock, blacksmith's shop, and trading post. In 2001, the Manship family of Baton Rouge built a campground to accommodate handicapped Scouts. Since then, private restrooms and showers, running water, improved sewage and plumbing, better roads, and electricity have all been added to campsites for use by Scouts and Scouters. In addition, existing buildings have been renovated and expanded. The southern part of the Avondale Scout Reservation, specifically, the area around Lakes Tigator and McGee, is used by Cub Scouts. Camp Carruth Camp Carruth is located in West Baton Rouge Parish off Rosedale Road (). Istrouma Area Council purchased the land in the late 1990s, and this campsite is used by Cub Scout and Boy Scout Units for both day events and overnight tent camping. Order of the Arrow Quinipissa Lodge #479 is used by the local Order of the Arrow units. It was established in 1952, and in 1969, the Caddo House at Camp Avondale was dedicated for its use. See also Scouting in Louisiana References Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America Southern Region (Boy Scouts of America) Youth organizations based in Louisiana 1919 establishments in Louisiana
Mariana Peñalva is a multidisciplinary artist, born in Mexico City, 20 February 1979, Founder or Magnificus Films and CEO of the agro-biotechnological start-up Fungus Sapiens. Biography Actress Mariana Peñalva was born in Mexico City, daughter of Mexican painter and Mexican opera singer. Studies At an early age she moved to Cuernavaca, where she first studied acting with Esther Orozco. By the age of 17 she started her professional acting career with the Mexican Telenovela Mirada de mujer as Andrea, which was a complete success in Mexican television. Later she studied acting in Centro de formacion Actoral with Héctor Mendoza y Raul Quintanilla. She also have two MBA degrees (Visual Arts and other in Filmmaking) both from French Universities. Acting She got her first approach to films, when she was proposed to be Angelina Jolie's camera double at Original Sin. In 2000 she travels to Europe and establish in France to finish her degree in Arts, in the almost 4 years she spent in Europe she got the opportunity to work in some Independent Films such as Girl with a Pearl Earring with Scarlett Johansson. At her return to Mexico she worked in some Mexican television programs like La vida es una Cancion, Heredera, Tormenta en el paraíso and El Pantera. She also worked in nine short films, some of theme participated in renamed international film festivals around the world. She won an Award as Best Actress for the short film 1956 in the Proyeccion Corta Film Festival in 2010. In 2007 she got the opportunity to make her first role in the blockbuster Mexican film Tear This Heart Out as Mercedes, working with the renowned Mexican actor Daniel Giménez Cacho and Ana Claudia Talancón with whom she worked again recently at the Mexican TV series Terminales as Vanessa. In 2008 she obtained her first starring role in the independent film Written in Blood as Nina, where she co-starred with Carlos Ortega and the Uruguayan actress Cecilia Cósero. She is support actress in the feature film Return, produced and directed by Mexican film director Alejandro González Padilla, where she shares credits along the renowned actor Jaime Camil, Blanca Soto, Daniela Schmidt, Victor Huggo Martin and the Spanish actor Javier Tolosa, this film contested in the 2010 Edition of the New York International Latino Film Festival and earned the Award of the Best Entertaining Picture at the Monaco Charity Film Festival in its 2010 edition. She moved to France and started acting in two short films and the feature film Bacchanalia a British production filmed in southern France. Filmmaking From 2009 to 2011 she produced and co-produced, three short films with her company Fuffá Films Producciones. In self defence based on a story by Guillermo Arriaga, All 4 Nothing starring Silverio Palacios, with 6 nominations from which 2 awards won in the Festival Pantalla de Cristal and her latest co-production in the short " Tell me about meat", directed by Dolores Otero and starring Tenoch Huerta. From 2014 and 2015 she Produce, write and direct 3 short films with her new Production house Magnificus Films. The short film: Lettres à Steve, Go Vegan, Dehors y La petite porte rouge. She recently finishing the post-production of her first feature film The strange anatomy of dreams, soon in the film festival circuits. The thirteenth seed is announced to be in development. Innovative entrepreneurship Among her interests, besides her acting career and Film-making Mariana Peñalva it’s also involved in science and innovation. In November 2016 she was invited to give a TEDx Conference to talk about her new Start-up FUNGUS SAPIENS which has noting to do with cinema, but rather Disruptive innovation. Inspired by Biomimicry, Circular economy and The Blue Economy, she developed an agro-biotechnological ecosystem to produce mushrooms and biomaterials made of mushroom mycelium with the aim to fight poverty and pollution. Filmography Baccanalia (2013) .... Randy Regresa (2010) .... Isabel Written in Blood (2009) .... Nina Arrancame la vida (2008) .... Mercedes Girl with a Pearl Earring (2002) .... Girl at the church Original Sin (2000) .... Angelina Jolie double Television Bienes Raíces (2010) TV Series .... School Director Terminales (2008) TV Series .... Vanessa El Pantera (2008) TV Series .... Restaurant Manager Tormenta en el paraíso (2008) Telenovela ....Joven Micaela La vida es una cancion (2004) TV series .... Veronica, Julieta, Angeles, etc. Heredera (2004) Telenovela .... Enfermera Perla (1997–1998) Telenovela .... Regina Mirada de mujer (1997) Telenovela .... Andrea References External links mariana-penalva.blogspot.com Official Web Site 1979 births Living people Mexican film actresses Mexican people of Spanish descent Actresses from Mexico City
Kendall is a unisex given name. Notable people with the given name Kendall Kendall Anthony (born 1993), American basketball player Kendall Blanton (born 1995), American football player Kendall Broadbent (1837–1911), English Australian naturalist and explorer Kendall Brown (born 1989), New Zealand snowboarder Kendall Brown (basketball) (born 2003), American basketball player Kendall Carly Browne (1918–2018), American actress and television host Kendall L. Card (born 1955), American aviator and United States Navy Vice Admiral Kendall Chase (born 1994), American rower Kendall Ciesemier, American writer, producer, and reporter Kendall Clements, New Zealand marine fish ecologist Kendall Cornine (born 1996), American ice hockey player Kendall Coyne Schofield (born 1992), American ice hockey player Kendall Donnerson (born 1996), American football player Kendall Ellis (born 1996), American sprinter Kendall Francois (1971–2014), American serial killer Kendall Fuller (born 1995), American football player Kendall Gammon (born 1968), American football player Kendall D. Garff (1906–1997), American businessman and car dealer Kendall Gender, Canadian drag performer Kendall Gill (born 1968), American basketball player Kendall Graveman (born 1990), American baseball player Kendall Gray (born 1992), American basketball player Kendall Grove (born 1982), American mixed martial artist Kendall Hailey, American writer Kendall Harmon (born 1960), American writer and priest Kendall Hart, fictional character in the soap opera All My Children Kendall Hinton (born 1997), American football player Kendall Holt (born 1981), American professional boxer Kendall Houk (born 1943), American chemist Kendall Hunter (born 1988), American football running back Kendall James (born 1991), American football player Kendall Jenner (born 1995), American model and TV personality Kendall Lamm (born 1992), American football player Kendall Langford (born 1986), American football player Kendall Marshall (born 1991), American basketball player Kendall McComas (1916–1981), American child actor Kendall Milton (born 2002), American football running back Kendall Myers (born 1937), American government official and spy Kendall Payne, American singer-songwriter Kendall Phillips (born 1991), American singer-songwriter and actor Kendall Reusing (born 1997), American grappler and practitioner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Kendall Reyes (born 1989), American football player Kendall Ryan (cyclist) (born 1992), American racing cyclist Kendall Ryan (novelist) (born 1981), American novelist Kendall Schmidt (born 1990), American actor and singer G. Kendall Sharp (1934–2022), American judge Kendall Sheffield (born 1996), American football player Kendall Simmons (born 1979), American football player Kendall Stephens (born 1994), American-Australian basketball player Kendall Taylor (1905–1999), British pianist Kendall Thomas, American law professor Kendall Walton (born 1939), American philosopher Kendall Waston (born 1988), Costa Rican footballer Kendall Williamson (born 1999), American football player Kendall Windham (born 1967), American professional wrestler Kendall Wright (born 1989), American football player See also Kendall (surname) English unisex given names Given names originating from a surname
R. Howard Bloch is an American literary critic currently the Sterling Professor of French at Yale University, and also a published author. Bloch was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010. On April 29, 2018, Howard Bloch was married to Ellen Handler Spitz in a private religious ceremony that took place in their home in Hamden, Connecticut, the former dwelling place of American novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder, who built the house with the proceeds from his novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Yale University faculty Yale Sterling Professors 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Members of the American Philosophical Society American male non-fiction writers
The Wheatsheaf is a grade II listed public house in Heatherside, Camberley, Surrey. It was designed by John and Sylvia Reid and opened in 1970. It has a distinctive ratchet-wheel design and connects to the local shopping precinct. History The pub was designed by mass-market furniture designers John and Sylvia Reid, who were interested in experimental pub designs, and opened in May 1971 as part of a new housing estate. It was named after the wheatsheaf on the crest of Sir Henry Goldney whose family had connections with Camberley and previously owned the land before the estate was built. The original owners were First Eleven Limited, a London-based leisure business. Architecture The pub was designed by the Reids in response to changing social changes following World War II, where segregated bars in pubs were becoming rejected and unfashionable. It has a distinctive ratchet-wheel design covering a single-space bar area, and connects to the local shopping precinct. The interior features various triangular segments called "snugs" or "lounges" overlooking a central circular seating area with a central chimney. It was redesigned in 1989 to include additional space and a function room in what was previously a storage area. It was listed grade II by Historic England in 2018. References Buildings and structures completed in 1970 Grade II listed pubs in Surrey Grade II listed buildings in Surrey Camberley
The Russell baronetcy, of Swallowfield in the County of Berkshire, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 10 December 1812 for Henry Russell. He was Chief Justice of Bengal and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1816. The 3rd Baronet represented Berkshire and Westminster in the House of Commons as a Conservative and was also awarded the Victoria Cross. The 4th Baronet sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament for East Berkshire. The 6th Baronet was a noted mineralogist. The baronetcy as of is considered dormant. Russell baronets, of Swallowfield (1812) Sir Henry Russell, 1st Baronet (1751–1836) Sir Henry Russell, 2nd Baronet (1783–1852) Sir Charles Russell, 3rd Baronet (1826–1883) Sir George Russell, 4th Baronet (1828–1898) Sir George Arthur Charles Russell, 5th Baronet (1868–1944) Sir Arthur Edward Ian Montagu Russell, 6th Baronet (1878–1964) (Sir) George Michael Russell, 7th Baronet (1908–1993). He did not formally establish his right to the title. (Sir) Arthur Mervyn Russell, 8th Baronet (1923–2010). His name did not appear on the Official Roll. (Sir) Stephen Charles Russell, presumed 9th Baronet (born 1949). The heir presumptive to the baronetcy is the present baronet's half-brother, Ian Mervyn Russell (born 1956). Notes Baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Kevin Raymond Manion (born June 24, 1972), nicknamed Bono, is an American NASCAR crew chief for Spire Motorsports in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. He is a two-time consecutive NASCAR Xfinity Series championship-winning crew chief and the 2010 Daytona 500 and 2010 Brickyard 400-winning crew chief. Early life Manion was born in Boylston, Massachusetts. He helped Bobby Fuller in the NASCAR Winston Modified Series at the age of 14. His first job was cleaning the car plus general mechanic work. Eventually he was promoted to tire changer. Between 1988 and 1992 he worked as a crew chief for Chris Woods on Late Models at Riverside Park in Agawam, Massachusetts. Manion became the crew chief at Sheba Racing in Hudson, Massachusetts in 1993. His team worked a Modified car for Jeff Fuller and Steve Park. Tommy Baldwin became the crew chief in 1993 and Manion became his main man. Steve Park, the team's driver, missed the 1993 championship by just three points. NASCAR career In 1995, Manion and friend Tommy Baldwin, moved to North Carolina to further their racing career landing the job of general mechanics for the 41 car of Larry Hedrick Motorsports. The team had Ricky Craven as the driver and a crew chief of Charley Pressley. During this time, Manion and Baldwin shared a house and were later, in 1997, joined by Steve Park. Park's move coincided with his becoming the driver of the No. 3 Nationwide Series car owned by Dale and Teresa Earnhardt. Manion would join Dale Earnhardt Inc. shortly after Park's move. Manion became the crew chief of the No. 1 Chevrolet in Sprint Cup but later he was specially selected by Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Teresa Earnhardt to head the newly formed Chance 2 Motorsports team in the Busch Series. That team proceeded to win two championships, 12 victories with Martin Truex Jr. and three with Earnhardt Jr. Manion went on to receive the Crew Chief of the Year award. In 2006, Manion began leading the No. 1 team in the Cup Series. In 2007, with Truex driving, the team claimed their first Pole Award, seven top-five finishes, 14 top-10s and their first Cup win at Dover International Speedway. The win secured Manion's team in the 2007 Chase for the Cup, eventually finishing 11th in points. The team finished 15th in the points for the 2008 season with three top-five finishes and 11 top-10s. When Truex left for Michael Waltrip Racing in 2010, Jamie McMurray replaced him as the driver of the Earnhardt Ganassi Racing No. 1 car (DEI had merged with Chip Ganassi Racing in 2009) and Manion remained the crew chief. He and McMurray won the 2010 Daytona 500 and the 2010 Brickyard 400 together. In 2011, Manion fielded a Whelen Modified Tour car for Ryan Newman to run at New Hampshire International Speedway. Newman won the race, but the car's intake manifold did not conform to NASCAR specification. Newman was later stripped of his win. Manion and crew chief Mike LaRochelle were suspended from NASCAR regional touring series events for the remainder of 2011. The win was awarded to Modified Series staple Todd Szegedy. Manion later joined Tommy Baldwin Racing, working with Alex Bowman's No. 7, though on May 5, 2015, he joined Richard Petty Motorsports as Sam Hornish Jr.'s crew chief on the No. 9. On December 10, Manion announced that he had left RPM. On January 6, 2016, it was announced Manion would become crew chief for a Kyle Busch Motorsports truck shared by Daniel Suárez and Cody Coughlin in the Camping World Truck Series. Manion served as the crew chief for DGR-Crosley's No. 54 truck in 2018, which was fielded for Bo LeMastus, Justin Marks, Kyle Benjamin, and Chris Eggleston. In 2019, he worked with DGR-Crosley's Tyler Ankrum and the No. 17 team as they qualified for the Truck Series playoffs. In 2020, he moved to GMS Racing to become crew chief for Zane Smith on the No. 21. The team change also reunited him with Ankrum, who joined GMS' No. 26. Smith and Manion both returned for a second year in 2021 and won at Martinsville in October to clinch a spot in the Championship 4, where they would finish second in the standings. On November 23, 2021, it was announced that Manion would be leaving GMS to be the crew chief for Spire Motorsports in their expansion into the Truck Series. References External links Living people 1972 births NASCAR crew chiefs People from Boylston, Massachusetts Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts
Uchiyama (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: Akira Uchiyama (born 1954), Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan Atsushi Uchiyama (born 1959), former Japanese football player Uchiyama Gudō (1874–1911), Sōtō Zen priest and anarcho-socialist activist executed in the High Treason Incident , Japanese rower Kanzō Uchiyama (内山完造, 1885–1959), Japanese bookstore owner Kōki Uchiyama (born 1990), Japanese actor and voice actor from Saitama Prefecture Kiyoshi Uchiyama, Japanese consul to the Philippines before WW2 Kōshō Uchiyama (1912–1998), Soto priest, origami master, former abbot of Antaiji near Kyoto, Japan , Japanese table tennis player Masaru Uchiyama (born 1957), former Japanese football player Masato Uchiyama, Japanese actor , Japanese boxer Rina Uchiyama (born 1981), Japanese actress Takashi Uchiyama (born 1979), super featherweight boxer from Japan Toshihiko Uchiyama (disambiguation), multiple people , Japanese tennis player , Japanese artistic gymnast , Japanese footballer , Japanese voice actress See also Okamoto–Uchiyama cryptosystem, discovered in 1998 by T. Okamoto and S. Uchiyama Siege of Uchiyama, one of many battles fought in Takeda Shingen's bid to gain control of Shinano Province Uchiyama Station, train station in Kurobe, Toyama Prefecture, Japan Japanese-language surnames
David Stewart Porter (September 23, 1909 – January 5, 1989) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Education and career Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Porter received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1932 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1934. He was an attorney for the Legal Department of the Tennessee Valley Authority from 1935 to 1936. He was in private practice in Troy, Ohio from 1936 to 1949. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Miami County, Ohio from 1949 to 1966. Federal judicial service Porter was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 30, 1966, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, to a new seat created by 80 Stat. 75. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 20, 1966, and received his commission on November 3, 1966. He served as Chief Judge from 1977 to 1979. He assumed senior status on September 23, 1979. Porter served in that capacity until his death on January 5, 1989. References Sources 1909 births 1989 deaths Ohio state court judges Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson 20th-century American judges University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni Lawyers from Cincinnati 20th-century American lawyers Ohio lawyers
Igor Simčič is a Slovenian sports businessman, winemaker, and owner of the yacht Esimit Europa 2 (formerly Alfa Romeo 2), which in 2010 won all attended regattas, including the 42nd Barcolana regatta sailing race. Simčič is, representing his work as aimed towards promotion of the United Europe, supported by the Slovenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the President of the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and by the Russian energy company Gazprom. The aim is to deepen relations between the nations of Europe as well as between Europe and Russia. References External links Interview with Igor Simčič. STA. 14 December 2010. Living people 1954 births Slovenian businesspeople People from Nova Gorica Sports owners Place of birth missing (living people)
Sir Dominic Anthony Gerard Asquith (born 7 February 1957) is a British career diplomat and former Ambassador to Iraq, Egypt, and Libya. He was First Secretary at the British Embassy in Washington DC. He was most recently the British High Commissioner to the Republic of India. Background and education Asquith is the younger son of The 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith and Anne (born Palairet). He was a great-grandson of H. H. Asquith, the former British Prime Minister. Asquith's elder brother Raymond, father Lord Oxford, and maternal grandfather Sir Michael Palairet, all served as British diplomats. Like his father and brother, he was educated at Ampleforth College. In 1975 he was involved in the Musa Alami project in the West Bank, Palestine, and worked as a researcher at the Institute of Palestine Studies in Beirut. In 1981 he worked as a freelance journalist in Amman, Jordan and then as the Executive Secretary to the Parliamentary Association for Euro-Arab Co-operation in London, until 1983. Diplomatic career Asquith joined HM Diplomatic Service in 1983 as part of the Soviet department and served at Damascus, Muscat, Washington, D.C., Buenos Aires and Riyadh before being appointed Deputy Head of Mission in Iraq in 2004, Director of the Iraq Directorate at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2004–06 and Ambassador to Iraq 2006–07. He was Ambassador to Egypt 2007–11 and Ambassador to Libya 2011–12. On 4 December 2009, Asquith gave evidence before Parliament to The Iraq Inquiry. Asquith survived an assassination attempt in June 2012 when a British convoy was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade. In September 2012 Asquith had to extend a routine break from Libya for medical treatment and in January 2013 he was officially replaced by Michael Aron. Asquith was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 2004, and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 2012 New Year Honours. After spending a few years in the private sector, Asquith returned to diplomatic life, taking charge as High Commissioner to India in April 2016. He concluded his four-year stint in India in January 2020. Outside work In May 2013 Asquith took an unpaid position leading a trade delegation to Libya organised by the Libyan British Business Council. In June 2013 Sir Dominic took a paid position as senior consultant with Tatweer Research, a Libyan research and development company, specialising in technology and engineering. Career overview 1983–1984 Diplomat, Soviet Dept 1984–1985 Diplomat, Southern Europe Dept 1986–1987 Second Secretary, Damascus, Syria 1987–1989 First Secretary (Chancery), Muscat 1989–1990 Diplomat, EC Dept (Internal) Dept 1990–1992 Private Secretary to Minister of State FCO 1992–1996 First Secretary, Washington DC, USA 1996 Drugs and International Crime Dept FCO 1997–2001 Minister and Dep Head of Mission, Buenos Aires 2001–2004 Deputy Head of Mission and Consul-General, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2004 Deputy Special Representative for Iraq, and Deputy Head of Mission, Baghdad, Iraq 2004–2006 Director Iraq, FCO 2006–2007 HM Ambassador to Iraq 2007–2011 HM Ambassador to Egypt 2011–2012 UK Special Representative, then Ambassador, to Libya 2013–2015 Senior Advisor, Dentons LLP 2016–2020 British High Commissioner to India Personal life Asquith was married in 1988 to Louise Cotton, who had worked as a secretary in the British Foreign Office and resigned upon her marriage. Sir Dominic and Lady Asquith have four children: Gabriela Elizabeth Louise Asquith (b. 1989) Helena Lucy Anne Asquith (b. 1990) Thomas Anthony Gerard Asquith (b. 1992) William Raphael Augustine Asquith (b. 1994) References External links Libyan British Business Council website Tatweer Research website Burke's Peerage & Baronetage website 1957 births Living people Dominic Asquith Younger sons of earls People educated at Ampleforth College Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iraq Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Libya High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Família Lima (lit. Lima Family) is a Brazilian band from Rio Grande do Sul state. As the name suggests, all members are part of the Lima family. Members Lucas Lima - lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, viola, western concert flute, violin, bassoon Zeca Lima - cavaquinho, acoustic guitar, violin Allen Lima - keyboards Moisés Lima - bass, cello Amon-Rá Lima - violin Discography Familia Lima (Som Livre, Platinum) Familia Lima Ao Vivo (Som Livre) Pra Você (Abril Music, Platinum) Gira o Mundo (Abril Music, Gold) Italiano (Abril Music) DVD 10 Anos - ao vivo em Gramado Carmina Burana (Antídoto) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 DVD Raízes DVD 20 Anos References Musical groups established in 1994 Brazilian pop rock music groups Family musical groups 1994 establishments in Brazil People from Sapiranga
Dānapāla or Shihu (died 1017) was an Indian Buddhist monk and prolific translator of Sanskrit Buddhist sutras during the Song dynasty in China. Life A native of Oddiyana, he was a Vajrayana monk at Oddiyana's Vaijayanta Saṁghārama before arriving with his brother Devaśāntika in the Song dynasty capital Bianjing (now called Kaifeng) in 980 CE. Emperor Song Taizong wanted the translation of more Indian Buddhist sutras. However, he was unsure about Dānapāla, Devaśāntika, and Dharmadeva's translation abilities. He then invited them to the Imperial Palace and tested their translation abilities with Sanskrit sutras kept at his palace. As they were all bilingual in Chinese and Sanskrit, the three satisfied Emperor Song Taizong's translation expectations. He then built a new translation bureau in 982 CE, called the "Institute for the Translation of Sutras" on the western side of the Taiping Xingguo Monastery. The emperor also bestowed honorary purple robes to Dānapāla and cohorts. The emperor bestowed the honorary title 'Great Master of the Manifested Teaching' on Dānapāla. Dānapāla was assigned as one of the key translators of the newly founded Institute. Along with his cohorts, he thus restarted translation of Sanskrit Buddhist texts in China after a 170-year hiatus. Devaśāntika and Dharmadeva, the two other chief translators at the Institute, passed away in 1000 CE and 1001 CE respectively. He became the only the chief Indian translator left at the Institute with only the assistance of Wei Jing (惟淨), a Chinese monk trained in Sanskrit at the Institute. It was not until 1006 with the arrival of Dharmapāla that he had another Indian translator to assist him in his work. Altogether he translated over 100 sutras, sastras and stotras, greatly contributing to the Chinese understanding of Vajrayana Buddhism and its popularization. Legacy The important Vajrayana root text Sarvatathāgata Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra was originally translated by Amoghavajra into Chinese during the 8th century CE, but it was an incomplete translation. Dānapāla was part of the team of translators who re-translated the entire Sarvatathāgata Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra. Dānapāla's contribution included the 1st and 14th-16th out of 18 sections. He also translated other Vajrayana sutras such as Māyopamasamādhi Sutra among others. Dānapāla also translated many non-Vajrayana texts such as the Nāgārjuna's Yuktiṣaṣṭikā, Mahāyānaviṃsaka, Dignāga's Prajñāpāramitāpiṇḍārthaḥ as well as a version of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, the Heart Sutra entitled 'The Holy Mother of [All] Buddhas Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra' and the Candropama Sūtra the Sanskrit version of Saṃyutta Nikāya 16.3. Notes References Sources Sen, Tansen (2016). Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade-The Realignment of India-China Relations (600-1400). External links Muller, A. Charles, ed. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. Edition of 12/2/2018. (log in with userID "guest") Year of birth missing 1017 deaths 10th-century Buddhists 11th-century Buddhists 10th-century Buddhist monks 11th-century Buddhist monks Indian Buddhist monks Song dynasty translators Song dynasty Buddhist monks Vajrayana Sanskrit scholars Indian emigrants to China Sanskrit–Chinese translators 11th-century Indian translators
Francesco Scianna (born 25 March 1982 in Palermo, Italy) is an Italian actor. Biography Early education and career Francesco Scianna began his acting career in theater, debuting in 1997 with the recital of poems by Salvatore Quasimodo, "CEI". Later he participated in many other works and graduated from the National Academy of Dramatic Art Silvio D'Amico. He debuted in the movie Il più bel giorno della mia vita (2002), directed by Cristina Comencini, followed by L'odore del sangue, (2004), directed by Mario Martone. In 2007, he acted in the movie L'uomo di vetro. After these films he performed on television, in La luna e il lago and Il Capo dei Capi. Major roles His big break came in 2009 when he played the role of Peppino Torrenuova, the male protagonist in Baarìa , directed by Giuseppe Tornatore, next to newcomer Margareth Madè. The film succeeded at the box office and was nominated by Italy as its entry in the Oscars 2010 and also nominated for a Golden Globe. In 2010 Scianna acted in the movie Vallanzasca - Gli angeli del male, playing the role of Francis Turatello, with Kim Rossi Stuart, directed by Michele Placido. Also that year, he acted in Le cose che restano and in 2011 in Ti amo troppo per dirtelo. Filmography Films Television References External links Living people Italian male film actors Male actors from Palermo Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni 1982 births
The Argentina All Stars represent Argentina in women's international roller derby. The team was first formed to compete at the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup, and finished the tournament in last place, out of thirteen teams. They improved on this placing at the 2014 edition, finishing 8th overall. Team roster 2017 As of November 2017, Team Argentina is composed of the following active skaters: 2016 In April 2016, Team Argentina underwent a major restructuring with new open Tryouts. The following skaters passed the tryouts and became part of the national team, road to the 2018 Roller Derby World Cup in Manchester. 2014 Argentina competed at the 2014 Roller Derby World Cup with skaters from the following training roster: 2011 team Several team members struggled to obtain appropriate equipment in advance of the World Cup; a benefit was organised by the Derby News Network, and various sponsors donated kit to the team. However, Nina Brava, one of the team's skaters, claimed that Argentina had an advantage in that they had been able to practise together for more hours than their opponents. After the group stage of the World Cup, Argentina were ranked twelfth, with no wins. They then lost narrowly to Team Scotland, by 114 points to 91, thereby finishing the tournament in last place. Argentina announced its initial team roster in August 2011: References Argentina Roller derby Roller derby in Argentina 2011 establishments in Argentina Sports clubs and teams established in 2011
Asiya Rahman is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a Member of Parliament from reserved seat. Career Rahman was elected to parliament from reserved seat as an Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1991. References Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians Date of birth missing (living people) 5th Jatiya Sangsad members Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad 20th-century Bangladeshi women politicians
The Wedding Singer is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Frank Coraci, written by Tim Herlihy, and produced by Robert Simonds and Jack Giarraputo. The film stars Adam Sandler, Drew Barrymore, Christina Pickles and Christine Taylor, and tells the story of a wedding singer in 1985 who falls in love with a waitress. The film was released on February 13, 1998. Produced on a budget of million, it grossed $123million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics. It is often ranked as one of Sandler's best comedies. The film was later adapted into a stage musical of the same name, debuting on Broadway in April 2006 and closing on New Year's Eve of that same year. Jon Lovitz would reprise his role as Jimmie Moore in the episode of the same name of The Goldbergs, set during the events of The Wedding Singer, with Sandler, Barrymore and Billy Idol appearing through the use of archival footage. The film marks the first collaboration between Sandler and Barrymore, and is followed by 50 First Dates and Blended (the latter also directed by Coraci). Plot Robbie Hart is a wedding singer in Ridgefield, New Jersey in 1985, whose own wedding to his fiancée Linda is approaching. He meets and befriends Julia Sullivan, a new waitress at the reception hall where he works, and promises to sing at her wedding, though her fiancé, businessman and bond investor Glenn Gulia, has yet to set a date. On Robbie's wedding day, his sister Kate informs him as he waits at the altar that Linda has changed her mind about the wedding, leaving him humiliated and emotionally devastated. Later that day, Linda visits Robbie and reveals that she fell in love with him for his ambitions of being a rock star, and hates the idea of being married to just a wedding singer. Robbie sinks into depression, causing his friends and family to be concerned. His best friend Sammy convinces him to return to work, but he gives a depressed performance that is panned, and decides to give up wedding gigs and reneges on his promise to sing for Julia when Glenn finally sets a date. However, Julia convinces him to help her with the planning and their friendship blossoms. During a double date with Julia, Glenn, and Julia's cousin Holly, Robbie learns from Glenn that he cheats on Julia frequently and plans to continue after they are married. Julia and Robbie are increasingly confused by their deepening feelings for each other. When Holly tells Robbie that Julia is marrying Glenn for his money, he unsuccessfully pursues a job at a bank. Julia is dismayed at his materialism, and when he accuses her of the same, she becomes angry with him. Depressed, he decides to follow Sammy's example of only having shallow relationships with women, in response to which Sammy confides that he is unhappy, and encourages Robbie to tell Julia how he feels. Meanwhile, Julia confides in her mother that she has fallen out of love with Glenn and has developed feelings for Robbie, and bursts into tears thinking about becoming "Mrs. Julia Gulia". Robbie arrives to declare his feelings, and sees her through her bedroom window in her wedding dress, where she is happily looking in a mirror pretending she has just married Robbie, but Robbie assumes she is thinking of Glenn. Heartbroken, Robbie leaves to get drunk and finds Glenn in the midst of his pre-wedding bachelor party, arm in arm with another woman. After a heated exchange, Glenn punches Robbie and mocks him. Robbie stumbles home to find Linda waiting for him wanting to reconcile, and passes out. The following morning, she answers the door and introduces herself as his fiancée to a crestfallen Julia. She runs to Glenn, who is sleeping off the events of the previous night, and tells him she wants to be married immediately. He half-heartedly offers to take her to Las Vegas. Robbie awakens and, after shaking off his hangover from the previous night, rejects Linda's reconciliation, having realized how shallow she is during his time with Julia, and kicks her out. At the 50th wedding anniversary party of his neighbor Rosie, to whom he has been giving singing lessons, he realizes he wants to grow old with Julia and, with Rosie's encouragement, he decides to pursue her. Just then, Holly arrives and informs him of Julia's encounter with Linda, so Robbie rushes to the airport and gets a first class ticket to Las Vegas. After telling his story to his empathetic fellow passengers, which include Billy Idol, he learns that Glenn and Julia are on the same flight. With the help of Billy and the flight crew, over the loudspeaker, he sings a song he has written called "Grow Old With You", dedicated to Julia. As Robbie enters the main cabin singing, Glenn tries to assault him only to be thwarted and shoved into a lavatory by the flight attendants with assistance from Billy and a large fan. Robbie and Julia admit their love for each other, and share a kiss. Billy, impressed by Robbie's song, offers to tell his record company executives about him. Later, Robbie and Julia are married, and Robbie's bandmates perform at their wedding. Cast Adam Sandler as Robbie Hart, a wedding singer Drew Barrymore as Julia Sullivan, a waitress and later Robbie's love interest Christine Taylor as Holly Sullivan, Julia's cousin Allen Covert as Sammy, Robbie's best friend Angela Featherstone as Linda, Robbie's fiancée Matthew Glave as Glenn Gulia, a businessman and bond investor who is Julia's fiancé Alexis Arquette as George Stitzer, keyboardist and singer in Robbie's band Frank Sivero as Andy, Kate's husband and Tyler's and Petey's dad as well as Robbie's brother-in-law Christina Pickles as Angie Sullivan Ellen Albertini Dow as Rosie Jodi Thelen as Kate Hart, Robbie's sister and Andy's wife as well as Tyler's and Petey's mom Patrick McTavish as Tyler, Andy's and Kate's son and Petey's brother as well as Robbie's nephew Gemini Barnett as Petey, Andy's and Kate's son and Tyler's brother as well as Robbie's nephew Teddy Castellucci, Randy Razz, and John Vana as the remaining members of Robbie's band Billy Idol as himself Kevin Nealon as Mr. Simms Marnie Schneider as Joyce, Flight Attendant Carmen Filpi as Old Man in Bar Robert Smigel as Andre Todd Hurst as Drunk Teenager Peter Dante as David's friend Jack Nisbet Other notable appearances include future Queens of the Stone Age musician Michael Shuman as The Bar Mitzvah boy, screenwriter Steven Brill as Glenn's buddy, the film's own writer Timothy P. Herlihy as Rudy, a bartender, model Shanna Moakler as a flight attendant, and Al Burke played the large Billy Idol fan. Also appearing uncredited were Steve Buscemi as David Veltri, Jon Lovitz as Jimmie Moore, and Brian Posehn as Man at Dining Table #9. and Chauntal Lewis as Stuck-Up Girl at Bar Mitzvah. Production Adam Sandler had an idea for a comedy about a wedding singer who gets left at the altar, and suggested it to Tim Herlihy. Inspired by the radio show "Lost in the '80s" Herlihy decided to set the film in that decade. Herlihy had not set out to do anything different and thought the script was similar to his previous collaborations with Sandler. The changes came naturally, and he attributed the differences to his recently having gotten married, as well as the chemistry between Sandler and Barrymore. Herlihy was aware that Sandler's previous films had lacked a female perspective, and emphasized the importance of Barrymore. He explained that she was so great in her scenes that test audiences did not complain about Sandler not being in every scene as they had done for his previous films, and as a result more of her scenes survived and were included in the final film. Carrie Fisher, a frequent script doctor, was brought on to make the female part more balanced. Judd Apatow and Sandler also performed uncredited rewrites of the script. Director Frank Coraci was friends with Sandler since they went to college at NYU and could hardly believe that he and his friends had the opportunity to make films together. Coraci had also gotten over his own experiences of romantic heartbreak a few years earlier and was able to look back on it differently and instead allow it to be funny. Coraci was a fan of director John Hughes and mentioned his films as an important influence. Barrymore approached Sandler about working together on a film, saying they were "cinematic soulmates" before they had even worked together. Barrymore had a great relationship with Coraci, and praised him for balancing the broad comedy with the important moments of emotion and intimacy. Sandler would often make Barrymore laugh out of context, so that even after a long day, her laughs on camera would be real. In addition, she would not read or hear the songs until the first shoot so that her reactions would be more spontaneous. Principal photography took place in California from February 3 to March 25, 1997. Reception Box office The film had a budget of $18million and made $123.3 million worldwide in ticket sales. It opened in second in the US with $18.8 million, behind holdover Titanic. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 72% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "It's decidedly uneven -- and surprisingly sappy for an early Adam Sandler comedy -- but The Wedding Singer is also sweet, funny, and beguiling." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Leonard Klady of Variety wrote: "Director Frank Coraci and scripter Tim Herlihy work in concert to maintain a quality of farce rooted in human comedy." Roger Ebert gave the film a negative review and wrote: "The screenplay reads like a collaboration between Jekyll and Hyde." Boy George responded to the film, saying that when he saw Alexis Arquette doing an impersonation of him and singing "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" he thought it was hilarious. The film has frequently been ranked as one of Sandler's best comedies. According to a 2023 poll by Costa Coffee, The Wedding Singer was named by Brits as one of the top ten movies to help them "overcome heartbreak and move on". Soundtrack Two soundtrack albums for the film, called The Wedding Singer and The Wedding Singer Volume 2, were released in 1998. While the film had the actors performing many of the songs, the soundtrack albums, for the most part, contained the original versions of the songs instead, as well as the songs that were in the background during the film and original songs and dialogue from it. Only for "Rapper's Delight" was its rendition (by Ellen Dow) used, in combination with the original recording. The track listing of the first album is: "Video Killed the Radio Star" (originally performed by The Buggles), performed by The Presidents of the United States of America "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me", performed by Culture Club "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic", performed by The Police "How Soon Is Now?", performed by The Smiths "Love My Way", performed by The Psychedelic Furs "Hold Me Now", performed by Thompson Twins "Everyday I Write the Book", performed by Elvis Costello "White Wedding", performed by Billy Idol "China Girl", (Originally performed by Iggy Pop), performed by David Bowie "Blue Monday", performed by New Order "Pass the Dutchie", performed by Musical Youth "Have You Written Anything Lately?" "Somebody Kill Me", written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy, performed by Adam Sandler "Rapper's Delight" (medley), performed by Sugarhill Gang and Ellen Dow The track listing of the second album is: "Too Shy", performed by Kajagoogoo "It's All I Can Do", performed by The Cars "True", performed by Spandau Ballet "Space Age Love Song", performed by A Flock of Seagulls "Private Idaho", performed by The B-52's "Money (That's What I Want)", performed by Flying Lizards "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)", performed by Dead or Alive "Just Can't Get Enough", performed by Depeche Mode "Love Stinks", performed by The J. Geils Band "You Make My Dreams", performed by Hall & Oates "Holiday", performed by Madonna "Grow Old With You", written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy, performed by Adam Sandler Songs and renditions that appeared in the movie, but were not included in the soundtrack albums, were: "Der Kommissar", performed by After the Fire "99 Luftballons", performed by Nena "Till There Was You", written by Meredith Willson, performed by Ellen Dow "Don't Stop Believin'" (originally performed by Journey) "Boys Don't Cry", performed by The Cure "All Night Long (All Night)", performed by Lionel Richie "That's All", written by Alan Brandt & Bob Haymes, performed by Adam Sandler "Ladies' Night" (originally performed by Kool & the Gang), performed by Jon Lovitz "Do You Believe in Love", performed by Huey Lewis and the News "Jam on It", Newcleus "Miami Vice Theme", performed by Jan Hammer "Hungry Heart", performed by Bruce Springsteen "The Goofball Brothers Show", written and performed by Sourcerer "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go", performed by Wham! Musical adaptation In 2006, a musical adaption of the same name was released on Broadway starring Stephen Lynch as Robbie and Laura Benanti as Julia. The show has had two national tours in 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 respectively. It was nominated for five Tony Awards and eight Drama Desk Awards and received generally good reviews. In this show, the airplane scene with Billy Idol was replaced with a scene in Las Vegas where Robbie meets a Billy Idol impersonator, and they and a group of other impersonators including Ronald Reagan, Cyndi Lauper and Imelda Marcos come to convince Julia to give up Glenn. In addition, Robbie's neighbor Rosie is changed to be his grandma with whom he lives and who asks him to write a song out of a poem she wrote for the 50th anniversary party. Also Robbie's friend, Sammy, was changed from being a limousine driver to being a part of Robbie's band. The show only ran on Broadway for 284 performances but has become a popular show among community theaters and high schools. References External links 1998 films 1998 romantic comedy films 1990s American films 1990s English-language films American romantic comedy films Films about singers Films about weddings in the United States Films directed by Frank Coraci Films produced by Robert Simonds Films scored by Teddy Castellucci Films set in 1985 Films set in New Jersey Films with screenplays by Tim Herlihy New Line Cinema films
Jean Marie Henri (Soesoe) van Oostrom Soede (25 October 1911 in Groede – 18 December 1939 in Wassenaar) was a Dutch water polo player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Dutch team which finished fifth in the 1936 tournament. He played all seven matches. References Olympics at Sports-Reference.com 1911 births 1939 deaths Dutch male water polo players Olympic water polo players for the Netherlands People from Sluis Water polo players at the 1936 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Zeeland
In mathematics, a sofic group is a group whose Cayley graph is an initially subamenable graph, or equivalently a subgroup of an ultraproduct of finite-rank symmetric groups such that every two elements of the group have distance 1. They were introduced by as a common generalization of amenable and residually finite groups. The name "sofic", from the Hebrew word meaning "finite", was later applied by , following Weiss's earlier use of the same word to indicate a generalization of finiteness in sofic subshifts. The class of sofic groups is closed under the operations of taking subgroups, extensions by amenable groups, and free products. A finitely generated group is sofic if it is the limit of a sequence of sofic groups. The limit of a sequence of amenable groups (that is, an initially subamenable group) is necessarily sofic, but there exist sofic groups that are not initially subamenable groups. As Gromov proved, Sofic groups are surjunctive. That is, they obey a form of the Garden of Eden theorem for cellular automata defined over the group (dynamical systems whose states are mappings from the group to a finite set and whose state transitions are translation-invariant and continuous) stating that every injective automaton is surjective and therefore also reversible. Notes References . . . . Properties of groups
Sympistis columbia is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1922. It is found in Canada's British Columbia and possibly further south into the United States. It was formerly known as Oncocnemis columbia, but was transferred to the genus Sympistis in 2008. The wingspan is about 35 mm. The larvae feed on Holodiscus discolor. References columbia Moths of North America Taxa named by James Halliday McDunnough Moths described in 1922
Jean Louise Stothert (née Wolf; born February 7, 1954) is an American politician and former nurse serving as the 51st mayor of Omaha, Nebraska. She is the first woman to hold the office and was sworn in as Mayor on June 10, 2013. She was re-elected on May 10, 2017, and May 11, 2021. Personal life Jean Stothert was born on February 7, 1954, in Wood River, Illinois. She earned a Bachelor of Science in nursing from Seattle Pacific University. Stothert married Joe Stothert in 1981. He became a critical care surgery specialist at the Nebraska Medical Center. The couple had two children, and were married until Joe Stothert died by suicide at age 72. In May, 2022 she married Dr. J. Kevin O'Rourke. Dr. O'Rourke is a retired anesthesiologist who Stothert met when he was in medical school at St. Louis University and she was a critical care nurse at St. Louis University Hospital. Career Stothert began her career in nursing. Her 12 years as a critical care nurse and nursing manager included serving as head nurse at St. Louis University in Missouri. She was responsible for her department budgeting, hiring and staff management. Politics In 1997, Stothert was elected to the Millard Board of Education. She was re-elected for three terms, including 3 years as president of the board, serving until 2009. Entering politics after she and her husband moved to Omaha, Stothert was a candidate for the Nebraska Legislature in 2006. She was defeated by Steve Lathrop by 14 votes (5073–5059). In 2009, Stothert was elected to the Omaha City Council (District 5), defeating Jon Blumenthal, 7401 to 4308. Mayor of Omaha On June 29, 2012, Stothert announced her candidacy for Mayor of Omaha. Stothert raised $513,124 for campaign, compared to $804,700 raised by Jim Suttle. Stothert received 32.2% of votes in a primary election of April 2, 2013. She was elected mayor with 57.32% of votes, on May 14, 2013, defeating the incumbent mayor Jim Suttle. She is the first woman to hold this office. Stothert was re-elected in 2017, and won a historic third term for Omaha Mayor in 2021. See also List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States References External links 1954 births 21st-century American politicians 21st-century American women politicians Living people Mayors of Omaha, Nebraska Nebraska Republicans Omaha City Council members People from Wood River, Illinois School board members in Nebraska Seattle Pacific University alumni Women mayors of places in Nebraska Women city councillors in Nebraska
Christian Honneger (born 12 September 1946) is a French field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References External links 1946 births Living people French male field hockey players Olympic field hockey players for France Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people) 20th-century French people
Prostitution, Considered in Its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects, in London and Other Large Cities and Garrison Towns, with Proposals for the Mitigation and Prevention of Its Attendant Evils is an 1857 book by William Acton about prostitution in big cities like London and Paris. First published in 1857 by John Churchill & Sons, it was republished and updated in 1870. Content In the book Acton professed to desiring to "heal the sick prostitute and to cleanse her moral nature". The book was republished in 1870 and updated by Acton, in which he drew upon the scandal of the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s to "reinforce his dire warnings about the ubiquitous threat of unregulated and avaricious prostitutes". Controversy Controversial, it raised considerable attention for its commentary on society in mid 19th century London and concerns among the wider population that the city was the centre of moral decay in Britain and was infested with diseased prostitutes. One author stated that Acton's book demonstrated a "very swift decline and ultimate total loss of health, modesty and temporal posterity". While Acton meant to expose the profession as a risky one healthwise for both prostitutes and clients alike, and as an immoral practice, many considered that Acton humanized prostitutes by denouncing low wages for women as one of the reasons why they would turn to prostitution. This was in contrast to the dominant perception among members of the middle and upper classes that women decided to become prostitutes because of an innate lustfulness and sinful nature. Acton concluded that "Vanity, giddiness, greediness, love of dress, distress, hunger, marke women prostitutes, but not general sensuality." In popular culture In the 1981 film The French Lieutenant's Woman, Meryl Streep's character references commentary from the book, and mentioned that according to Acton's report, The Lancet estimated that in 1857 there were 80,000 prostitutes in the County of London and that one house in 60 functioned as a brothel. References Bibliography 1857 books Books about London 1850s in London Prostitution in England Non-fiction books about prostitution
Montezuma is a city in Macon County, Georgia (ZIP code 31063). The population was 3,047 at the 2020 census, down from 3,460 in 2010. It is home to the armory of Bravo Company, 648th Engineers of the Georgia Army National Guard. History Montezuma had its start in 1851, when the railroad was extended to that point. The city was named after the famous Aztec leader by soldiers returning from the Mexican–American War. It was incorporated in 1854. Montezuma is home to a thriving Mennonite community, founded when 10 to 15 Mennonite families moved from Virginia in the 1950s. Geography Montezuma is in south-central Macon County, on the east side of the Flint River. It is bordered to the west across the river by Oglethorpe, the Macon county seat. Several state highways converge in Montezuma. State Route 26 (Walnut Street) passes through the south side of the city, leading east to Hawkinsville and west past Oglethorpe to Ellaville. State Route 90 passes through the center of Montezuma, leading southeast to Vienna and northwest to Rupert. State Route 49 also passes through the city center, leading northeast to Marshallville and southwest to Andersonville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which , or 1.49%, are water. Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,047 people, 1,276 households, and 898 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,999 people, 1,501 households, and 1,050 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,673 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 28.03% White, 69.84% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.70% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population. There were 1,501 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 29.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.20. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $23,022, and the median income for a family was $27,469. Males had a median income of $26,226 versus $16,995 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,168. About 21.8% of families and 25.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.1% of those under age 18 and 17.1% of those age 65 or over. Education Education is provided by the Macon County School District. Macon County Middle School, and Macon County High School, are both located in Montezuma. Notable people Jim Colzie, baseball player in the Negro leagues J. Griffen Greene, educator References External links CityTown.info Cities in Georgia (U.S. state) Cities in Macon County, Georgia
Witherley is a village and civil parish in the Hinckley and Bosworth district of Leicestershire, England. The civil parish of Witherley includes Atterton, Fenny Drayton, and Ratcliffe Culey as well as the village of Witherley itself. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,373. Location Witherley is situated in the far west of Leicestershire. The Warwickshire-Leicestershire border runs parallel to the parish boundary, along the River Anker to the west and the A5 to the south. The village centre is less than 2 miles from the town of Atherstone and 1 mile from the village of Mancetter. Village features One of its significant features is the church of St Peter, noted for its tall steeple, ""/ 157.4 ft. The village school, Witherley Church of England Primary School, is located next to the church. Usually, children attending the school will transfer to Market Bosworth School at the appropriate age. Other notable attributes are the River Anker that runs alongside the border of Witherley, The Old House B&B and the Blue Lion public house located in the center of the village. History Proximity to the county border meant that parliamentary troops from the Warwickshire garrisons made several visits to Witherley and Atterton during the Civil War. A list of claims for losses and "free quarter" to the Warwickshire county committee in June, 1646 includes a claim for free quarter for a hundred men and horse under the command of Captain Levell and Captain Astewe from Colonel Purefoy's regiment of the Coventry garrison, estimated to be worth £9. Mr Lloyd, the rector, charged Captain Ottway's lieutenant for four horses and mares worth £13.6.8, and for three heifers worth £7.10. In 1650 this same Robert Lloyd was "sequestered" and forced to pay a fine in 1650 as a ‘malignant’ or for neglecting his duties (it is not certain exactly which as few details of his offences are provided). William King claimed that Captain Flower's men had taken a horse worth 5s and John King claimed for a saddle worth 8s taken by Captain Flower's lieutenant and asked for £2 for quartering about forty soldiers from Coventry. The Astley garrison also plundered the villages, leading to a claim for forced requisitioning including the "carriage of a load of hay from Hartshill Leaz to Astley House" worth £1, and the carriage of 14 loads of hay worth £2.6.8. Francis Orton claimed he was taken prisoner by Lieutenant Hunt of Astley about Michaelmas, 1643 and forced to pay £1.13.4 for his release. The constable of the parish claimed 12s 9d for provender. John Mason senior wanted compensation for his gelding, worth £2.10 taken by Lieutenant Hunt to Astley and William King for a mare worth £2.13.4. (Exchequer accounts, SP 28/161) Notable people Kay Alexander, former BBC Midlands Today broadcaster References External links Witherley on leicestershirevillages.com atherstoneforum Witherley and Atherstone online forums Atherstone Organised Includes nearby Witherley. News, property, jobs, photos. Villages in Leicestershire Civil parishes in Leicestershire Hinckley and Bosworth
The following lists events that happened during 1996 in Indonesia. Incumbents President: Suharto Vice President: Try Sutrisno Chief Justice: Suryono (until November 1), Sarwata (starting November 1) Events January January 8 – Mapenduma hostage crisis: The Free Papua Movement took 26 members of a World Wildlife Fund research mission captive at Mapenduma, Jayawijaya in Irian Jaya (now Papua Province), Indonesia. January 19 – An Indonesian ferry sinks off the northern tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people. February February 17 – The 8.2 Biak earthquake strikes the Papua province of eastern Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A large tsunami followed, leaving 166 people dead or missing and 423 injured. July July 27 – Indonesian government forces attacked the head office of the Indonesian Democratic Party, which was being occupied by supporters of recently ousted party leader Megawati Sukarnoputri. August August 1 – A pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police. August 13 – Fuad Muhammad Syafruddin, an Indonesian journalist, was attacked at his house by two unidentified assailants. He died three days later. Births February February 13 – Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Indonesian badminton player October October 13 – Terens Puhiri, Indonesian footballer October 20 – Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player November November 1 – Sean Gelael, Indonesian racing driver Deaths April April 28 – Siti Hartinah, 2nd First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Suharto (b. 1923) May May 23 – Kronid Lyubarsky, Russian journalist and human rights activist (b. 1934) August August 16 – Fuad Muhammad Syafruddin, Indonesian journalist (b. 1963) References Works cited Indonesia Years of the 20th century in Indonesia 1990s in Indonesia Indonesia
The Volvo Margarete Rose was a concept car, which was built by Volvo sometime in 1953. It was planned as the complement to the PV 444. Some of the lines were reused on the Amazon, the 160, and the 260. Margarete Rose
Talmadge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: A. A. Talmadge (1834–1887), American railroad executive Betty Talmadge (1923–2005), American political hostess, businesswoman, writer, and socialite Constance Talmadge (1898–1973), American actress, sister of Norma and Natalie Eugene Talmadge (1884–1946), American politician Herman Talmadge (1913–2002), American politician, son of Eugene Madeleine Talmadge Force (1893–1940), Titanic survivor, widow of Col. John Jacob Astor IV Natalie Talmadge (1896–1969), American actress Norma Talmadge (1894–1957), American actress Phil Talmadge (born c. 1952), Washington State Supreme Court justice Richard Talmadge (1892–1981), American actor, stuntman and film director See also Talmadge Hayer (born 1941), convicted assassin of Malcolm X Tallmadge (disambiguation) Talmage (disambiguation)
Duping () is a town of Fengkai County in western Guangdong province, China, near the border with Guangxi to the west. , It has 1 residential community () and 7 villages under its administration. References Towns in Guangdong Zhaoqing
Scientific writing is writing about science, with an implication that the writing is by scientists and for an audience that primarily includes peersthose with sufficient expertise to follow in detail. (The similar term "science writing" instead tends to refer to writing about a scientific topic for a general audience; this could be by scientists and/or journalists, for example.) Scientific writing is a specialized form of technical writing, and a prominent genre of it involves reporting about scientific studies such as in articles for a scientific journal. Other scientific writing genres include writing literature-review articles (also typically for scientific journals), which summarize the existing state of a given aspect of a scientific field, and writing grant proposals, which are a common means of obtaining funding to support scientific research. Scientific writing is more likely to focus on the pure sciences compared to other aspects of technical communication that are more applied, although there is overlap. There is not one specific style for citations and references in scientific writing. Whether you are submitting a grant proposal, literature review articles, or submitting an article into a paper, the citation system that must be used will depend on the publication you plan to submit to. English-language scientific writing originated in the 14th century, with the language later becoming the dominant medium for the field. Style conventions for scientific writing vary, with different focuses by different style guides on the use of passive versus active voice, personal pronoun use, and article sectioning. Much scientific writing is focused around scientific reports, traditionally structured as an abstract, introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and acknowledgments. History Scientific writing in English started in the 14th century. With the founding in 1665 of the first scientific journal in English, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the features of scientific writing gradually evolved from republication of personal letters to freestanding articles, with greater specificity of methods and findings, as well as conclusions to be drawn from evidence. Modern practices of intertextual reference and citation emerged only at the end of the eighteenth century. The Royal Society established good practice for scientific writing. Founder member Thomas Sprat wrote on the importance of plain and accurate description rather than rhetorical flourishes in his History of the Royal Society of London. Robert Boyle emphasized the importance of not boring the reader with a dull, flat style. Because most scientific journals accept manuscripts only in English, an entire industry has developed to help non-native English speaking authors improve their text before submission. It is just now becoming an accepted practice to utilize the benefits of these services. This is making it easier for scientists to focus on their research and still get published in top journals. Besides the customary readability tests, software tools relying on Natural Language Processing to analyze text help writer scientists evaluate the quality of their manuscripts prior to submission to a journal. SWAN, a Java app written by researchers from the University of Eastern Finland is such a tool. Writing style guides Publication of research results is the global measure used by all disciplines to gauge a scientist's level of success. Different fields have different conventions for writing style, and individual journals within a field usually have their own style guides. Some issues of scientific writing style include: Dissuasion from, and sometimes advocacy of, the passive voice. Advocates for the passive voice argue for its utility in avoiding first-person pronouns, while critics argue that it can be hard to make claims without active voice. Generalizations about tense. In the mathematical sciences, for example, it is customary to report in the present tense, while in experimental sciences reporting is always in the past tense, as the experiments happened in the past. Preferences about "we" vs. "I" as personal pronoun or a first-person pronoun (e.g., mathematical deductions sometimes include the reader in the pronoun "we.") Contemporary researchers in writing studies have pointed out that blanket generalizations about academic writing are seldom helpful, for example, scientific writing in practice is complex and shifts of tense and person reflect subtle changes in the section of the scientific journal article. Additionally, the use of passive voice allows the writer to focus on the subject being studied (the focus of the communication in science) rather than the author. Similarly, some use of first-person pronouns is acceptable (such as "we" or "I," which depends on the number of authors). According to some journal editors, the best practice is to review articles recently published in the journal a researcher is planning to submit to. Scientific writing has a strong emphasis on the use of peer-reviewing throughout the writing process. Primarily at the publication phase, when an article is about to be published, most scientific journals will require 1-3 peers to review. The process of peer-reviewing is to ensure that the information that is attempting to be published is accurate and well thought out. Nobel Prize-winning chemist Roald Hoffmann has stated that, in the chemical sciences, drawing chemistry is as fundamental as writing chemistry. Different types of citation and reference systems are used in scientific papers. The specific citation style scientific articles use depends on the journal in which the article is published. Two examples of styles commonly seen in scientific journals are the Vancouver System and the Harvard System. The Vancouver system is more used for medical journals, while the Harvard System is more used for social and natural science journals. One typical citation style used for a specific discipline is the ACS (American Chemical Society) system, used for Scientific articles on Chemistry. The AMS (American Mathematical Society) style is commonly used for research papers with a base in mathematics. The AIP (American Institute of Physics) Style is typically used for scientific writing pertaining to physics. Scientific report The stages of the scientific method are often incorporated into sections of scientific reports. The first section is typically the abstract, followed by the introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and acknowledgments. The introduction discusses the issue studied and discloses the hypothesis tested in the experiment. The step-by-step procedure, notable observations, and relevant data collected are all included in methods and results. The discussion section consists of the author's analysis and interpretations of the data. Additionally, the author may choose to discuss any discrepancies with the experiment that could have altered the results. The conclusion summarizes the experiment and will make inferences about the outcomes. The paper will typically end with an acknowledgments section, giving proper attribution to any other contributors besides the main author(s). In order to get published, papers must go through peer review by experts with significant knowledge in the field. During this process, papers may get rejected or edited with adequate justification. This historically emerged form of argument has been periodically criticized for obscuring the process or investigation, eliminating the incorrect guesses, false leads, and errors that may have occurred before coming to the final method, data, explanation, and argument presented in the published paper. This lack of transparency was criticized by Joseph Priestley as early as 1767 as mystifying the research process and more recently for similar reasons by Nobel Laureate Peter Medawar in a BBC talk in 1964. See also Academic publishing Academic writing Citation Common English usage misconceptions EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles Fast abstract GLISC Impact factor IMRAD structure (Introduction, Method, Result and Discussion) A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, authored by Kate L. Turabian (The Chicago Manual of Style) Medical writing Parenthetical referencing Peer review Research paper mill Scientific article Scientific journal Scientific literature Scientific method Science journalism Technical writing References Science writing Writings by topic
Iron metallurgy in Africa developed within Africa; though initially assumed to be of external origin, this assumption has been rendered untenable; archaeological evidence has increasingly supported an indigenous origin. Some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 BCE and 2500 BCE. Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge and technological development originated in numerous centers of Africa; the centers of origin were located in West Africa, Central Africa, and East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers are located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments are thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, in Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, in Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, in Niger, and 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, in Togo. Evidence exists for early iron metallurgy in parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central Africa, possibly from as early as around 2,000 BCE. Iron metallurgy may have been independently developed in the Nok culture between the 9th century BCE and 550 BCE. The nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from 250 BCE. The Bantu expansion spread the technology to Eastern and Southern Africa between 500 BCE and 400 CE, as shown in the Urewe culture. Origins and spread in Africa Although the origins of iron working in Africa have been the subject of scholarly interest since the 1860s, it is still not known whether this technology diffused into sub-Saharan Africa from the Mediterranean region, or whether it was invented there independently of iron working elsewhere. Although some nineteenth-century European scholars favored an indigenous invention of iron working in sub-Saharan Africa, archaeologists writing between 1945 and 1965 mostly favored diffusion of iron smelting technology from Carthage across the Sahara to West Africa and/or from Meroe on the upper Nile to central Africa. This in turn has been questioned by more recent research which argues for an independent invention. The invention of radiocarbon dating in the late 1950s enabled dating of metallurgical sites by the charcoal fuel used for smelting and forging. By the late 1960s some surprisingly early radiocarbon dates had been obtained for iron smelting sites in both Niger and central Africa (Rwanda, Burundi), reviving the view that iron-making was independently invented by Africans in sub-Saharan Africa as far back as 3600 BCE. These dates preceded the known antiquity of ironworking in Carthage or Meroe, weakening the diffusion hypothesis. In the 1990s, evidence was found of Phoenician iron smelting in the western Mediterranean (900–800 BCE), though specifically in North Africa it seems to date only to the 5th to 4th centuries BCE, or the 7th century BCE at the earliest, contemporary to or later than the oldest known iron metallurgy dates from sub-Saharan Africa. According to archaeometallurgist Manfred Eggert, "Carthage cannot be reliably considered the point of origin for sub-Saharan iron ore reduction." It is still not known when iron working was first practiced in Kush and Meroe in modern Sudan, but the earliest known iron metallurgy dates from Meroe and Egypt do not predate those from sub-Saharan Africa, and thus the Nile Valley is also considered unlikely to be the source of sub-Saharan iron metallurgy. From the mid-1970s there were new claims for independent invention of iron smelting in central Niger and from 1994 to 1999 UNESCO funded an initiative "Les Routes du Fer en Afrique/The Iron Routes in Africa" to investigate the origins and spread of iron metallurgy in Africa. This funded both the conference on early iron in Africa and the Mediterranean and a volume, published by UNESCO, that generated some controversy because it included only authors sympathetic to the independent-invention view. Two reviews of the evidence from the mid-2000s found technical flaws in the studies claiming independent invention, raising three major issues. The first was whether the material dated by radiocarbon was in secure archaeological association with iron-working residues. Many of the dates from Niger, for example, were on organic matter in potsherds that were lying on the ground surface together with iron objects. The second issue was the possible effect of "old carbon": wood or charcoal much older than the time at which iron was smelted. This is a particular problem in Niger, where the charred stumps of ancient trees are a potential source of charcoal, and have sometimes been misidentified as smelting furnaces. A third issue is the weaker precision of the radiocarbon method for dates between 800 and 400 BCE, attributable to irregular production of radiocarbon in the upper atmosphere. Unfortunately most radiocarbon dates for the initial spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa fall within this range. Controversy flared again in 2007 with the publication of excavations by Étienne Zangato and colleagues in the Central African Republic. At Oboui they excavated an undated iron forge yielding eight consistent radiocarbon dates of 2000 BCE. This would make Oboui the oldest iron-working site in the world, and more than a thousand years older than any other dated evidence of iron in Central Africa. Opinion among African archaeologists is sharply divided. Some specialists accept this interpretation, but archaeologist Bernard Clist has argued that Oboui is a highly disturbed site, with older charcoal having been brought up to the level of the forge by the digging of pits into older levels. Clist also raised questions about the unusually good state of preservation of metallic iron from the site. However, archaeologists such as Craddock, Eggert, and Holl have argued that such disturbance or disruption is highly unlikely given the nature of the site. Additionally, Holl, regarding the state of preservation, argues that this observation was based on published illustrations representing a small unrepresentative number of atypically well-preserved objects selected for publication. At Gbabiri, also in the Central African Republic, Eggert has found evidence of an iron reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop with earliest dates of 896–773 BCE and 907–796 BCE respectively. In north-central Burkina Faso, remains of a blast furnace near Douroula was also dated to the 8th century BCE, leading to the creation of the Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso World Heritage Site. In the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria (now Igboland), archaeological sites containing iron smelting furnaces and slag have been excavated dating to 750 BCE in Opi (Augustin Holl 2009) and 2,000 BCE in Lejja (Pamela Eze-Uzomaka 2009). According to Augustin Holl (2018), there is evidence of ironworking dated to 2,153–2,044 BCE and 2,368–2,200 BCE from the site of Gbatoro, Cameroon. Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge and technological development originated in numerous centers of Africa; the centers of origin were located in West Africa, Central Africa, and East Africa; consequently, as these origin centers are located within inner Africa, these archaeometallurgical developments are thus native African technologies. Iron metallurgical development occurred 2631 BCE – 2458 BCE at Lejja, in Nigeria, 2136 BCE – 1921 BCE at Obui, in Central Africa Republic, 1895 BCE – 1370 BCE at Tchire Ouma 147, in Niger, and 1297 BCE – 1051 BCE at Dekpassanware, in Togo. In 2014, archaeo-metallurgist Manfred Eggert argued that, though still inconclusive, the evidence overall suggests an independent invention of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa. In a 2018 study, archaeologist Augustin Holl also argues that an independent invention is most likely. While the origins of iron smelting are difficult to date by radiocarbon, there are fewer problems with using it to track the spread of ironworking after 400 BCE. In the 1960s it was suggested that iron working was spread by speakers of Bantu languages, whose original homeland has been located by linguists in the Benue River valley of eastern Nigeria and Western Cameroon. Although some assert that no words for iron or ironworking can be traced to reconstructed proto-Bantu, place-names in West Africa suggest otherwise, for example (Okuta) Ilorin, literally "site of iron-work". The linguist Christopher Ehret argues that the first words for iron-working in Bantu languages were borrowed from Central Sudanic languages in the vicinity of modern Uganda and Kenya, while Jan Vansina argues instead that they originated in non-Bantu languages in Nigeria, and that iron metallurgy spread southwards and eastwards to Bantu speakers, who had already dispersed into the Congo rainforest and the Great Lakes region. Archaeological evidence clearly indicates that starting in the first century BCE, iron and cereal agriculture (millet and sorghum) spread together southward from southern Tanzania and northern Zambia, all the way to the eastern Cape region of present South Africa by the third or fourth century CE. It seems highly probable that this occurred through migrations of Bantu-speaking peoples. Techniques All indigenous African iron smelting processes are variants of the bloomery process. A much wider range of bloomery smelting processes has been recorded on the African continent than elsewhere in the Old World, probably because bloomeries remained in use into the 20th century in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, whereas in Europe and most parts of Asia they were replaced by the blast furnace before most varieties of bloomeries could be recorded. W.W. Cline's compilation of eye-witness records of bloomery iron smelting over the past 250 years in Africa is invaluable, and has been supplemented by more recent ethnoarchaeological and archaeological studies. Furnaces used in the 19th and 20th centuries ranges from small bowl furnaces, dug down from the ground surface and powered by bellows, through bellows-powered shaft furnaces up to 1.5 m tall, to 6.5m natural-draft furnaces (i.e. furnaces designed to operate without bellows at all). Over much of tropical Africa the ore used was laterite, which is widely available on the old continental cratons in West, Central and Southern Africa. Magnetite sand, concentrated in streams by flowing water, was often used in more mountainous areas, after beneficiation to raise the concentration of iron. Precolonial iron workers in present South Africa even smelted iron-titanium ores that modern blast furnaces are not designed to use. Bloomery furnaces were less productive than blast furnaces, but were far more versatile. The fuel used was invariably charcoal, and the products were the bloom (a solid mass of iron) and slag (a liquid waste product). African ironworkers regularly produced inhomogeneous steel blooms, especially in the large natural-draft furnaces. The blooms invariably contained some entrapped slag, and after removal from the furnace had to be reheated and hammered to expel as much of the slag as possible. Semi-finished bars of iron or steel were widely traded in some parts of West Africa, as for example at Sukur on the Nigeria-Cameroon border, which in the nineteenth century exported thousands of bars per year north to the Lake Chad Basin. Although many African ironworkers produced steel blooms, there is little evidence in sub-Saharan as yet for hardening of steel by quenching and tempering or for the manufacture of composite tools combining a hard steel cutting edge with a soft but tough iron body. Relatively little metallography of ancient African iron tools has yet been done, so this conclusion may perhaps be modified by future work. Unlike bloomery iron-workers in Europe, India or China, African metalworkers did not make use of water power to blow bellows in furnaces too large to be blown by hand-powered bellows. This is partly because sub-Saharan Africa has much less potential for water power than these other regions, but also because there were no engineering techniques developed for converting rotary motion to linear motion. African ironworkers did however invent a way to increase the size of their furnaces, and thus the amount of metal produced per charge, without using bellows. This was the natural-draft furnace, which is designed to reach the temperatures necessary to form and drain slag by using a chimney effect – hot air leaving the topic of the furnace draws in more air through openings at the base. (Natural-draft furnaces should not be confused with wind-powered furnaces, which were invariably small). The natural-draft furnace was the one African innovation in ferrous metallurgy that spread widely. Natural draft furnaces were particularly characteristic of African savanna woodlands, and were used in two belts – across the Sahelian woodlands from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east, and in the Brachystegia-Julbenardia (miombo) woodlands from southern Tanzania south to northern Zimbabwe. The oldest natural-draft furnaces yet found are in Burkina Faso and date to the seventh/eight centuries The large masses of slag (10,000 to 60,000 tons) noted in some locations in Togo, Burkina Faso and Mali reflect the great expansion of iron production in West Africa after 1000 CE that is associated with the spread of natural-draft furnace technology. But not all large scale iron production in Africa was associated with natural draft furnaces – those of Meroe (Sudan, first to fifth centuries CE) were produced by slag-tapping bellows-driven furnaces, and the large 18th-19th century iron industry of the Cameroon grasslands by non-tapping bellows-driven furnaces. All of the large-scale iron smelting recorded so far are in the Sahelian and Sudanic zones that stretch from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east; there were no iron-smelting concentrations like these in central or southern Africa. There is also evidence that carbon steel was made in Western Tanzania by the ancestors of the Haya people as early as 2,300-2,000 years ago by a complex process of "pre-heating" allowing temperatures inside a furnace to reach up to 1800°C. These techniques are now extinct in all regions of sub-Saharan Africa, except, in the case of some of techniques, for some very remote regions of Ethiopia. In most regions of Africa they fell out of use before 1950. The main reason for this was the increasing availability of iron imported from Europe. Blacksmiths still work in rural areas of Africa to make and repair agricultural tools, but the iron that they use is imported, or recycled from old motor vehicles. Uses Iron was not the only metal to be used in Africa; copper and brass were widely utilised too. However the steady spread of iron meant it must have had more favourable properties for many different uses. Its durability over copper meant that it was used to make many tools from farming pieces to weaponry. Iron was used for personal adornment in jewelry, impressive pieces of artwork and even instruments. It was used for coins and currencies of varying forms. For example, kisi pennies; a traditional form of iron currency used for trading in West Africa. They are twisted iron rods ranging from <30 cm to >2m in length. Suggestions for their uses vary from marital transactions, or simply that they were a convenient shape for transportation, melting down and reshaping into a desired object. There are many different forms of iron currency, often regionally differing in shape and value. Iron did not replace other materials, such as stone and wooden tools, but the quantity of production and variety of uses met were significantly high by comparison. Sociocultural significance It is important to recognize that while iron production had great influence over Africa both culturally in trade and expansion (Martinelli, 1993, 1996, 2004), as well as socially in beliefs and rituals, there is great regional variation. Much of the evidence for cultural significance comes from the practises still carried out today by different African cultures. Ethnographical information has been very useful in reconstructing the events surrounding iron production in the past, however the reconstructions could have become distorted through time and influence by anthropologist's studies. The control of iron production was often by ironworkers themselves, or a "central power" in larger societies such as kingdoms or states (Barros 2000, p. 154). The demand for trade is believed to have resulted in some societies working only as smelters or smiths, specialising in just one of the many skills necessary to the production process. It is possible that this also led to tradesmen specialising in transporting and trading iron (Barros 2000, pg152). However, not every region benefited from industrialising iron production, others created environmental problems that arose due to the massive deforestation required to provide the charcoal for fuelling furnaces (for example the ecological crisis of the Mema Region (Holl 2000, pg48)). Iron smelters and smiths received different social status depending on their culture. Some were lower in society due to the aspect of manual labour and associations with witchcraft, for example in the Maasai and Tuareg (Childs et al. 2005 pg 288). In other cultures the skills are often passed down through family and would receive great social status (sometimes even considered as witchdoctors) within their community. Their powerful knowledge allowed them to produce materials on which the whole community relied. In some communities they were believed to have such strong supernatural powers that they were regarded as highly as the king or chief. For example, an excavation at the royal tomb of King Rugira (Great Lakes, Eastern Africa) found two iron anvils placed at his head (Childs et al. 2005, p. 288 in Herbert 1993:ch.6). In some cultures mythical stories have been built around the premise of the iron smelter emphasising their godlike significance. Rituals The smelting process was often carried out away from the rest of the community. Ironworkers engaged in rituals designed to encourage good production and to ward off bad spirits, including song and prayers, plus the giving of medicines and sacrifices. The latter were usually put in the furnace itself or buried under the base of the furnace. Examples of these date back as far as the early Iron Age in Tanzania and Rwanda (Schmidt 1997 in Childs et al., 2005 p. 293). Some cultures associated sexual symbolism with iron production. Smelting was integrated with the fertility of their society, The production of the bloom was compared to human conception and birth. There were sexual taboos surrounding the process. The smelting process was carried out entirely by men and often away from the village. For women to touch any of the materials or be present could jeopardise the success of the production. The furnaces were also often adorned to resemble a woman, the mother of the bloom. See also Copper metallurgy in Africa Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu KM2 and KM3 sites Bantu expansion References Bibliography Killick, D. 2004. Review Essay: "What Do We Know About African Iron Working?" Journal of African Archaeology. Vol 2 (1) pp. 135–152 Bocoum, H. (ed.), 2004, The origins of iron metallurgy in Africa – New lights on its antiquity, H. Bocoum (ed.), UNESCO publishing Schmidt, P.R., Mapunda, B.B., 1996. "Ideology and the Archaeological Record in Africa: Interpreting Symbolism in Iron Smelting Technology". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Vol 16, pp. 73–102 Rehren, T., Charlton, M., Shadrek, C., Humphris, J., Ige, A., Veldhuijen, H.A. "Decisions set in slag: the human factor in African iron smelting". La Niece, S., Hook, D., and Craddock, P., (eds). Metals and mines : studies in archaeometallurgy. 2007, pp. 211–218. Okafor, E.E., 1993. "New Evidence on Early Iron-Smelting from Southeastern Nigeria". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 432–448 Kense, F.J., and Okora, J.A., 1993. "Changing Perspectives on Traditional Iron Production in West Africa". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 449– 458 Muhammed, I.M., 1993. "Iron Technology in the Middle Sahel/Savanna: With Emphasis on Central Darfur". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 459–467 Buleli, N'S., 1993. Iron-Making Techniques in the Kivu Region of Zaire: Some of the Differences Between the South Maniema Region and North Kivu. Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 468–477 Radimilahy, C., 1993 "Ancient Iron-Working in Madagascar". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 478–473 Kiriama, H.O., 1993. "The Iron Using Communities in Kenya". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 484–498 Martinelli, B., 1993, "Fonderies ouest-africaines. Classement comparatif et tendances", in Atouts et outils de l'ethnologie des techniques – Sens et tendance en technologie comparée, Revue Techniques et culture, no 21 : 195–221. Martinelli, B., 2004, "On the Threshold of Intensive Metallurgy – The choice of Slow Combustion in the Niger River Bend (Burkina Faso and Mali)" in The origins of iron metallurgy in Africa – New lights on its antiquity, H. Bocoum (ed.), UNESCO publishing : pp. 216–247 Collet, D.P., 1993. "Metaphors and Representations Associated with Precolonial Iron-Smelting in Eastern and Southern Africa". Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Bassey, A., Okpoko, A (eds). The Archaeology of Africa Food, Metals and Towns. London, Routledge, pp. 499–511 Further reading External links MetalAfrica: a Scientific Network on African Metalworking History of Africa Science and technology in Africa History of metallurgy + + + + Iron Age Africa Iron Age
Ellis Cliffs is a ghost town in Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Situated atop a high chalky bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, the white cliffs were frequently mentioned by early river voyagers. The settlement was located approximately south of Natchez, and approximately northeast of Hutchins Landing. History The settlement is named for Richard Ellis, a native of Virginia who moved to the area with his family around 1785. Prior to Ellis, the Lieutenant Governor of West Florida, Montfort Browne, received a grant of land at this place and planned to locate the civil government at the site. The Ellis family were one of the first to permanently settle in southwestern Mississippi, which was then still under Spanish rule. Ellis established a plantation known as "White Cliffs", where "towering cliffs lined the east side of the river, providing a floodproof access to the water and vast acres of virgin land and timber". The foundations of the family's first home were still visible in the early 1900s. When Ellis died in 1792, he had accumulated of land, and more than 150 slaves. By 1800, both the settlement and the cliffs were known as "Ellis Cliffs". British artist William Constable visited America between 1806–08 and painted View Down the Mississippi from Ellis's Cliffs, 28 Feby. 1807. Artist John Rowson Smith traveled the Mississippi River before the Civil War and painted The Cotton Region, which included a scene of "the house of a colored slave owner at Ellis Cliffs". Henry Lewis also painted the river, and described Ellis Cliffs as "strikingly bold, wild, and picturesque". During the Civil War, Confederate batteries were installed at the top of Ellis Cliffs. The former settlement is today covered by forest, and bordered to the north by the St. Catherine Creek National Wildlife Refuge. References Former populated places in Adams County, Mississippi Former populated places in Mississippi Mississippi populated places on the Mississippi River
Captain Maurice John Kingscote (30 July 1887 – 5 June 1959) was a British polo champion. Biography He was born on 30 July 1887. He was the son of Thomas Arthur Fitzhardinge Kingscote and Evelyn Mary Gifford. He won the Roehampton Trophy in 1922, 1923 and 1929. He died in 5 June 1959 in an automobile accident. Family Kingscote was married three time, the first two marriages ending in divorce: He married Violet Owen Lord, and had a daughter Joyce Kingscote, who married Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Hugh Trefusis Brassey. Maurice and Violet divorced in 1936. He married Kathleen Sarah Vestey. He married June Darby Philips in 1947, and had a son, Michael John Fitzhardinge Kingscote (born 1950). References English polo players 1887 births 1959 deaths Roehampton Trophy
Parades are a prominent cultural feature of Northern Ireland. The overwhelming majority of parades are held by Ulster Protestant, unionist or Ulster loyalist groups, but some Irish nationalist, republican and non-political groups also parade. Due to longstanding controversy surrounding the contentious nature of some parades, a quasi-judicial public body — the Parades Commission — exists to place conditions and settle disputes. Although not all parading groups recognise the Commission's authority, its decisions are legally binding. Unionist parades The majority of parades in Northern Ireland (nearly 70% in 2003/4) are organised by Protestant and/or unionist groups, leading some people to view attempts to restrict parades as an attack on Protestant and/or unionist culture. Parades typically take place on Saturdays, which means that participants and spectators do not have to take time off work, and avoid parading on Sunday, which some Protestants believe should only be spent on purely religious activities. The only exceptions to this are the Twelfth of July parades, which are held on the same date each year, (unless the 12th falls on a Sunday, in which case it is postponed to Monday the 13th), and church parades, which are held on Sunday. Orange Institution The Orange Institution holds hundreds of parades throughout Northern Ireland every year. The biggest of these are usually on the twelfth of July ('The Twelfth'), in commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne. Individual lodges also parade at various times of the year, particularly leading up to the Twelfth. Parades in memory of the dead of World War I, particularly the 36th (Ulster) Division at the Battle of the Somme, are held in July and November. Junior lodges from Armagh, South Tyrone and Fermanagh parade annually at the end of May. On the last Saturday in October, Reformation Day is celebrated with the year's last major Orange parades. In Belfast, these proceed to Saint Anne's Cathedral for a church service. Apprentice Boys The Apprentice Boys of Derry exist in commemoration of the siege of Derry in the seventeenth century. The Boys' biggest celebration is held in Derry on the Saturday nearest 12 August each year, in commemoration of the lifting of the siege. They also parade on the Saturday nearest 18 December, in commemoration of the original apprentice boys shutting the gates of the town against King James II's troops, and at Easter. Most Apprentice Boys' parades are held in the city of Derry. Royal Black Institution The main parade of the Royal Black Institution is held on the last Saturday of August and is known as Last or Black Saturday. This was originally held on 12 August in commemoration of the end of the siege of Derry, but in the 1950s the date of the event was moved. Local parades are held in Belfast in the two weeks beforehand. Its other major event is the "sham fight" at Scarva on 13 July, in which an actor playing William of Orange ritually defeats an actor playing James II, thus re-enacting the victory of the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne. There is also a 12 August Battle of Newtownbutler celebration parade held in Fermanagh. It was previously held on the same date as the "Remembering the Siege of Derry", but has now been moved to the Saturday before in an attempt to attract larger crowds and more participants. Bands As well as accompanying the above organisations on their parades, many marching bands also hold their own parades, often as a fund-raising activity. These are often combined with band competitions—which other bands in the United Kingdom are invited to compete in—sometimes amounting to over 100 bands for a single parade. Band parades are more regular than loyal order parades, with numerous parades every weekend from early April until the end of September. Nationalist parades Parades are much less common among nationalist or republican communities. According to the Parades Commission, less than 5% of parades in Northern Ireland are nationalist/republican. Ancient Order of Hibernians Compared to most Protestant organisations the Ancient Order of Hibernians parade relatively infrequently, their main parades being on Saint Patrick's Day, at Easter, and on Lady Day. At various points during the Troubles, Hibernians offered to cease parading if Protestant groups did the same. Irish National Foresters The Irish National Foresters are a nationalist fraternal organisation. Although they are open to Irish people of any religion, the majority of their members are Catholics. Their main parading date is the Sunday closest to 1 August. Republican parades Northern Ireland's biggest annual republican parade takes place in August, during Féile an Phobail. This began as a protest against internment without trial and evolved into a festival that celebrates Gaelic and republican culture. Republican parades are also held in January to commemorate Bloody Sunday, and at Easter to commemorate the 1916 Easter Rising. There is a Republican March every year to commemorate the anniversary of the 1981 Hunger Strike. The parade is attended by Republican figures such as Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams. Republican parades are attended by Irish Republican bands that come from Scotland, England and Ireland, especially the march in August to commemorate the anniversary of the 1981 Hunger Strike. Civil rights marches In the late 1960s and early 1970s, groups of civil activists such as the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and People's Democracy attempted to use the protest march tactics of contemporary protest movements elsewhere in the world to draw attention to political, social and economic discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland. The civil rights marches and the reaction to them were a major contributing factor to the outbreak of The Troubles, due largely to heavy-handed policing. Easter Easter is a major parading time for both communities, and is often considered to be the start of the year's "marching season". A number of republican groups also commemorate the Easter Rising. According to Neil Jarman, Protestants began parading at Easter in the 1930s to counter republican parading, but "few people are aware of this, and Easter parades are now an accepted part of the loyalist tradition". Non-sectarian parades A number of parades are held in Northern Ireland, especially in Belfast, which are not associated with any particular religious tradition. They are subject to the same laws and regulations as other parades. Lord Mayor's parade Several cities in Northern Ireland hold Lord Mayor's parades marking the end of the mayor's term in office. These are usually carnival-type events that evolved from the more stately affairs held in many cities in the United Kingdom since the Middle Ages. The Belfast parade takes place in May; the 2007 theme was "Love and Friendship". Salvation Army As in other countries, the Salvation Army in Northern Ireland sometimes parades with brass bands. Salvation Army parades are generally not seen as controversial or sectarian, and their parades have not led to any problems. Belfast Pride An LGBT+ Pride parade has been held in Belfast each year since the early 1990s. As Northern Ireland has high levels of fundamentalist Christianity, it is often controversial. In 2005 a number of Christian groups called for it to be banned, but the Parades Commission ruled that it could go ahead. It is sometimes described as one of the few genuine cross-community events in Northern Ireland. Remembrance Sunday parades War memorial parades are mainly attended by the unionist population of Northern Ireland, but recently nationalists have started to get involved. Some war memorial parades are run by Protestant organisations such as the Orange Order. However those on Remembrance Sunday (the Sunday closest to 11 November) are organised by local councils or the British Legion and commemorate war dead of all religious backgrounds. Remembrance Sunday parades usually consist of a march by veterans or local military units or both to a Remembrance Sunday ceremony, usually held at a war memorial, and often another march to a church service. St. Patrick's Day parades There are many parades on St. Patrick's Day throughout Northern Ireland. Although the parade celebrates the Patron Saint's stature as the Patron Saint of Ireland, it has been recognised that St. Patrick is the patron saint of the island of Ireland, and the patron saint of both Nationalists and Unionists throughout Ireland. In recent years, loyal orders such as the Orange Order and the Apprentice Boys of Derry have held parades to mark St. Patrick's day. Youth organisations Some youth organisations, such as the Boys' Brigade, take part in or organise parades and drills throughout the calendar. Controversy Parading is a controversial issue in Northern Ireland. In general debates centre on the route of particular parades; people from one community often object to parades by "the other side" passing through or near "their" area, exclusively the Orange Order parades marching through mainly nationalist or republican areas(see Inside the Orange Citadel) A few parades are seen as objectionable regardless of route. These involve or commemorate paramilitary groups, such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Ulster Defence Association, and otherwise non-controversial parades have sometimes caused conflict because of a band or lodge carrying a banner or flag associated with a paramilitary group. Gay pride parades have also been controversial. Attempts to control parading Since the nineteenth century the British and Northern Irish governments and various local authorities have attempted to control parades and the disorder that sometimes accompanies them. The Orange Order and its parades were banned for a period in the nineteenth century. In an address to the British House of Commons, in July 1815, Henry Parnell called for an inquiry into the Orange Lodges in Ireland and noted that 14 petitions requesting such an inquiry saying: to the existence of Orange Lodges in Ireland, was mainly attributed the disturbances of public peace, particularly by the celebrations of processions with certain insignia etc.... [and that] besides the agitation which these necessarily produced they beget a counter spirit among the people, that led to animosities, which, in their consequences, produced riots. A Parliamentary Select Committee was set up to investigate the Orange Societies in 1835. When the Select Committee published its report a Cabinet council was held at the Foreign Office for the purpose of agreeing the terms of the resolutions which were to be submitted to the House of Commons by Lord John Russell, Secretary of State for the Home Department, on 23 Feb 1836. This resolution stated: That it is the opinion of this house that the existence of any political society in Ireland, consisting exclusively of persons preferring one religious faith, using secret signs and symbols, and acting by means of affiliated branches, tend to injure the peace of society – to derogate from the authority of the Crown, to weaken the supremacy of the law, and to impair the religious freedom of his majesty's subjects in that part of the United Kingdom. That an humble address be presented to his majesty, laying before him the foregoing resolution, and praying that his majesty will take such steps for the discouragement of all such societies as may seem to his majesty most desirable. The Secretary of State read the following response from the King to the House of Commons on Thursday 25 Feb 1836: William Rex – I willing assert to the prayer of my faithful Commons, that I will be pleased to take such measures as shall seem advisable for the effectual discouragement of Orange Lodges, and generally of all political societies excluding persons of a different religious persuasion using signs and symbols, and acting by means of associated lodges. It is my firm intention to discourage all such societies, and I rely with confidence upon the fidelity of my loyal subjects to support me in my determination. The following day Lord Russell read the response of the Grand Master of the Orange Order, the Duke of Cumberland, brother of King William iv to the House of Commons on 26 February. It said: I have received your Lordships letter, with the copy of the resolutions of the House of Commons on the Subject of Orange Lodges, together with his majesties gracious answer there to. Before I received your lordships communication, I had already taken steps, with several influential members, to recommend their immediate dissolution. In conformity with the wish expressed by his majesty, I shall take all legal steps to dissolve Orange Lodges. The Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland met in Dublin on 13 April 1836 and voted in favour of dissolving the organisation. However, Orangemen in Portadown met in secret and resolved to set up a provisional Grand Lodge in the town. The British government's policy of banning sectarian parades was eventually overturned after a campaign of defiance led by William Johnston of Ballykilbeg. The 1st Government of Northern Ireland passed the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, which allowed the Home Affairs Minister to do virtually anything he thought necessary to preserve law and order. Over the next thirty years this was used many times to ban or re-route nationalist, republican and some left-wing parades, marches and meetings. In 1951, the government passed the Public Order Act, which required parade organisers to give the police forty-eight hours notice of their intent to parade. The local head of police could then ban or re-route the parade if he felt it might lead to a breach of public order. The only exceptions to this rule were funerals and parades normally held along a particular route. Since Orange parades had been allowed along the same routes without interference for years, this essentially meant that most Orange parades were exempt from having to give notice. The new Act was used disproportionately against nationalist parades, although from time to time Ministers attempted to stop unionist groups from parading through predominantly nationalist areas. This always met with fierce hostility from the Orange Order and often from within the Ulster Unionist Party that made up the government. Several Home Affairs Ministers were forced to make public apologies after interfering with unionist parades and two (Brian Maginess and W.W.B. Topping) were moved from the position after banning unionist band parades. From the late 1960s, parading and marching became a much more fraught issue. The Public Order Act was used against numerous marches, and the issue of parading and of who was allowed to march in what area became even more heated. In 1969 an Apprentice Boys parade in Derry led to what is now known as the Battle of the Bogside, considered by many to mark the start of the Troubles. Several months-long bans on parading were made in the early 1970s, although none of these covered the main Protestant parading period. The Special Powers and Public Order Acts were modified on several occasions in the 1970s and 1980s. Several areas have been the focus of a disproportionate amount of conflict over parading. These include Derry, Ormeau Road in Belfast, and especially the Drumcree area of Portadown. The Drumcree conflict flared up in the 1970s, the mid 1980s and the mid to late 1990s. Disputes over whether the Orange Order should be allowed to parade through mainly nationalist areas were often accompanied by severe violence. In 1983-4 a group of republican activists in the town researched the history of sectarian violence in the area as part of a campaign to have the Drumcree and other Orange marches banned from nationalist parts of Portadown. Their findings were distributed to visiting journalists in 1997 and presented in abridged form to the Parades Commission that was set up by the British Government in 1998 in an attempt to deal with contentious parades. An amended version of their findings can be accessed online at Inside the Orange Citadel. The Parades Commission has the power to ban, restrict, re-route or impose conditions on any parade in Northern Ireland. The Orange Order has refused to acknowledge the Commission's authority, although the lodges involved in the Drumcree dispute have recently agreed on principle to negotiate. Dates of major parades Number of parades According to the Parades Commission, a total of 3405 parades (not counting funerals) were held in Northern Ireland in 2007. The following table groups these parades by type and sponsoring organisation. The Police Service of Northern Ireland uses different statistics, and recorded a total of 2863 parades in 2007. Of these, 2270 were loyalist, 144 nationalist, and 449 neither. Four of these were illegal and of these three were nationalist. 45 parades were re-routed, of which all but two (one nationalist, one other) were loyalist, and 78 parades had other conditions imposed, of which 70 were loyalist, 7 nationalist and one neither. Disorder occurred at just ten parades, of which nine were loyalist and one nationalist. This is a significant decline from previous years; in 2005 disorder was recorded at 34 parades. See also Banners in Northern Ireland Drumcree conflict 1997 nationalist riots in Northern Ireland Sources Neil Jarman, extract from Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland (1997) Key dates in the parading calendar at CAIN Web Service Irish Emergency Parades Committee (IPEC) and Brehan Law Society, International Observer and Breannual report on marching season from 2001–2007 References Culture of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland The Troubles (Northern Ireland) Northern Ireland
John Edwards (who used the pseudonym Siôn Treredyn) (1605/6 – December 1656) was a Welsh Anglican priest and translator. Life Edwards was born in Caldicot, Monmouthshire in 1605 or 1606 and matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford in 1624 aged eighteen. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1626 and a Master of Arts degree in 1629. He was ordained as a priest in the Church of England and was appointed to the parish of Llanmartin, Monmouthshire in 1629. Four years later, he moved to the parish of Tredunnock, Monmouthshire, and this was the basis of his pseudonym "Siôn Treredyn". He was deprived of his post in Tredunnock in 1649, but remained in the parish until his death in December 1656. Work Edwards translated Marrow of Modern Divinity by Edward Fisher into Welsh and his translation was published in Bristol in 1651 as . His aim was to encourage books to be produced in Welsh, and he noted with regret in the preface that Welshmen moving to England would learn English, but few English clergymen and scholars moving to Wales would learn Welsh. His aim was not fulfilled, as it was a further fifty years before any major literature was published in Welsh. His own translation had various grammatical errors, reflecting the poor state of Welsh in Monmouthshire at that time. References 1600s births 1656 deaths People from Caldicot, Monmouthshire 17th-century Welsh Anglican priests Welsh translators Translators to Welsh Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford 17th-century translators
The Tres Marías hummingbird (Cynanthus lawrencei) is a Near Threatened species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the broad-billed hummingbird. It is endemic to the Islas Marías island group off the west coast of Mexico. Taxonomy and systematics The Tres Marias hummingbird was long treated as a subspecies of the broad-billed hummingbird. Based on 2014 and 2017 publications, by the end of 2022 the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (AOS), the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW), and the Clements taxonomy had recognized it as a species. The Tres Marias hummingbird is monotypic. Description The Tres Marias hummingbird has a broad reddish bill with a black tip. Both sexes have metallic bronze-green upperparts that is somewhat duller on the forehead and crown. Males have a turquoise-green to emerald green throat, a greeny-bronze breast, a dark green belly, and dark undertail coverts. The tail is glossy blue-black. Females' upperparts are duller than the male's and they have gray underparts. The base of their tail is bronze-green and the rest blue-black to greenish black with white tips on the outermost two pairs of feathers. Distribution The Tres Marias hummingbird is found only on María Madre and María Cleofás of the Islas Marías, an island group off the coast of Nayarit, Mexico. Their specific habitat there has not been described. Behavior Movement The Tres Marias hummingbird is mostly sedentary but individuals have been collected in mainland Nayarit. Feeding The diet of the Tres Marias hummingbird has not separately described from that of the broad-billed hummingbird. In general, and like most hummingbirds, that species feeds on a wide variety of flowering plants and also small arthropods. Breeding No specifics of the Tres Marias hummingbird's breeding phenology have been published. Vocalization The Tres Marias hummingbird's vocalizations have not been separately described from those of the broad-billed hummingbird. That species' song, sung only by males, "[b]egins with short chip note, then a series of similar notes ranging in frequency from 2 to 13 kHz." Status The IUCN has assessed the Tres Marias hummingbird as Near Threatened. It has a very small range and an estimated population of under 2500 mature individuals, though the population is believed to be stable. The potential threats include habitat destruction through urbanization, farming, and wood-cutting, and predation by invasive species. References Tres Marías hummingbird Endemic birds of Western Mexico Fauna of Islas Marías Tres Marías hummingbird
Bosniak epic poetry (Bosnian: Bošnjačke epske narodne pjesme) is a form of epic poetry originating in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the Sandžak region, which is a part of modern-day Serbia and Montenegro. Bosniak epic poetry developed during the Ottoman period. Historically, they were accompanied by the Gusle. History The first records of Bosniak epic songs, discovered and dated so far, come from the first decades of the 18th century. However, there is information about Bosniak epics from the end of the 15th to the end of the 17th century, which were hidden for a long time in little-known travelogues, manuscripts of various profiles, chronicles, and war reports. The Slovene Benedikt Kuripečić brought the earliest attestation about Bosniak oral epic poetry. The attestation originates from the year 1530, when Kuripečić, as a member of the Austrian embassy, on his way to Constantinople, passed through Bosnia and, near the walls of a small town called "Japra" together with other members of the embassy met the subaša Malkosthitz (Malkošić) accompanied by his 50 armed horsemen. "They sing a lot about his heroid ceeds in Croatia and Bosnia," says Kuripečić. Kuripečić's data explicitly states that the songs of the Bosniaks are created and shaped simultaneously with the poetry of other confessional groups in the neighbouring South Slavic areas. It is certainly a rarity in the epic tradition of the Slavs that a person enters epic tradition while they're still alive. Toma Maretić accounts in a mention of South Slavic folk songs "The first absolutely certain" evidence for Bosniak epic poetry in the 16th century. The Ottomanist Hazim Šabanović later verified that the subaša of Kamengrad from 1530 was Malkošić - Malkoč Bey, buried in Banja Luka, and that he had the personal name Malkoč. The inhabitants of the Croatian frontier called him "the most fiery Bosnian beg" which corresponds to what Kuripečić recorded about him. Slavic songs from the Ottoman era played a strong, inciting and artistic role in the Ottoman army, which included a significant proportion of Bosniaks. Evidence of this was left by the Hungarian writer Sebestyén Tinódi, an eyewitness and participant in the Ottoman-Hungarian battles, which he described in his chronicle in verse, which was published with the title in Latin (Chronica) in Kolozsvar, 1554. Milman Parry and Albert Lord Modern field studies of oral epics in the former Yugoslavia, organized by the American classicist Milman Parry in the period from 1932 to 1934 (in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak and Montenegro), will establish the largest collection of South Slavic oral epics, and its most significant part consists of Bosniak epics. Helping Milman Parry, his student Albert B. Lord gained experience and love for further research on oral South Slavic epics, which was of crucial importance in deciding to continue collecting South Slavic poetry after Parry's death, again predominantly Bosniak. Albert Lord will return to the Balkans in the years 1935, 1937, 1950, 1951, and in the period between 1960 and 1965. The entire collection is preserved in the "Parry Collection" at Harvard University's Library. The epic forms the core of this collection, in which there are over 1,000 epic poems. A significant part of the South Slavic collection has been published, including many Bosniak epics in the "Serbian-Croatian Heroic Songs" edition. The first book consists of songs by singers from Novi Pazar: Salih Ugljanin (fourteen songs), Sulejman Fortić (one song), Džemal Zogić (one song), Sulejman Makić (two songs) and Alija Fjuljanin (three songs). Except for Sulejman Fortić, they were all Albanians, and among them Salih Ugljanin and Džemal Zogić were able to translate songs from Albanian into Bosnian, while Sulejman Makić and Alija Fjuljanin were able to sing only in Bosnian. Avdo Međedović Avdo Međedović was a guslar from Bijelo Polje in Sandžak (1875-1955). The researchers, Milman Parry and Albert Lord were led to him after visiting a local kafana and asking for guslars. The researchers were astonished by Avdo and his ability to recite poetry; he was the most skillful performer that they encountered in their voyages through the Balkans. Lord writes that Avdo had a repertoire of fifty-eight epics. Parry recorded nine of these on phonograph discs, and Nikola Vujnović, the translator, wrote down four others from Avdo's dictation. Most of Avdo's songs had an origin in the Krajina region. As can be concluded by the main characters in his songs being semi-historical figures from the Krajina region. Despite the geographic distance between Avdo and Bosnia Albert Lord states that he in his songs would pride himself of the times when Bosnia was the "The lock and the golden key" of the Ottoman Empire. To Avdo, this greatness was in the moral fiber and loyal dedication of the Bosnian heroes. The most impressive song was "The Wedding of Smailagić Meho" (Ženidba Smailagić Meha). It is also known where Avdo learnt this song. This song had been written down by F. S Krauss in 1885, by a Muslim singer from Rotimlje in Herzegovina, later published in Dubrovnik and reprinted in Sarajevo in 1886. Avdo claims that a friend of his had read the song from a published source 5 or 6 times, then followed his memorization of the text. Despite this, Avdo's oral version is very different from the original published one, and much more descriptive:In the case of two of Avdo's songs, "The wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" and "Bećiragić Meho", we had the exact original from which Avdo had learned them and we knew the circumstances under which he acquired them. A friend of his had read "The Wedding of Meho" to him five or six times from a published version. It had been written down in 1885 by F. S. Krauss from an eighty-five year old singer in Rotimlje, Hercegovina, named Ahmed Isakov Šemić, and had been published in Dubrovnik in 1886. It was later reprinted, with minor changes in dialect, in cheap paper editions in Sarajevo, without notes and introduction. In this form it was read to Avdo. Krauss' text has 2,160 lines; Avdo's in 1935 had 12,323 lines and in 1950, 8,488 linesThis song has its origin in the Krajina region. As a majority of the characters are from Krajina, Slavonia and Hungary. The historical setting of the song is in Ottoman ruled Hungary, following Meho, son of Smailaga on his journey to Buda. Avdo learned from many men, firstly from his father Ćor Huso Husein of Kolašin "whose reputation seems to have been prodigious". Lord mentions that though Avdo had a great endurance and mastery as a poet, "his voice was not especially good. He was hoarse, and the goiter on the left side of his neck could not have helped." in 1935 Lord asked Međedović to recall a song he heard only once, for this he asked another guslar, Mumin Vlahovljak of Plevlje, to sing his song "Bećiragić Meho", unknown to Međedović. After he heard the song of 2,294 lines, he sung it himself, but made it almost three times longer, 6,313 lines. Recorded by Parry in 1935 Source "The Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (2,436 lines) "Hrnjica Mujo Avenges the Death of Mustajbey of the Lika" (6,290 lines) "The Wedding of Vlahinjić Alija" (Ženidba Vlahinjić Alije) (6,042 lines; "a dictated version of this song" is slightly different: 5,883 lines) "The Heroism of Đerđelez Alija" (Junaštvo Đerzelez Alije) (2,624 lines). "Osmanbey Delibegović and Pavičević Luka" (13,331 lines) "Sultan Selim Captures Kandija" (5,919 lines) "The Illness of Emperor Dušan in Prizren" (645 lines) "The Captivity of Kara Omeragha" (1,302 lines) "Bećiragić Meho" (6,313 lines) Dictated in 1935 "The Arrival of the Vizier in Travnik" (7,621 lines) "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (Ženidba Smailagić Meha) (12,311 lines) "Gavran Harambaša and Sirdar Mujo" (4,088 lines) "The Captivity of Tale of Orašac in Ozim" (3,738 lines, unfinished) Recorded by Lord 1950–1951 "Osmanbey Delilbegović and Pavičević Luka" (6,119 lines) "The Wedding of Meho, Son of Smail" (8,488 lines) "Bećiragić Meho" (3,561 lines) Classification When looking at the differences between regions, Bosniak epic poetry can usually be divided into the following categories: Songs about Central Bosnia and Krajina. Songs about Bosnian-Hungarian events and heroes whose historical background can be traced to Hungary and Slavonia. Songs of the Herzegovina-Montenegro region and area Songs which originate in the Sandžak region Muslim songs in the Albanian language, this concerns songs that have been transmitted by bilingual singers, either to, or from the Albanian milieu. In addition to this type of spatial-historical classification, there is also a thematic-motive classification, they are usually categorized into six basic themes that are connected to certain motifs. These themes are: The theme of raiding, looting and capture of women The theme of captivity and the release of slaves The theme of heroic marriages and weddings The theme of duels between warriors The theme of the defense and conquest of cities and fortresses The theme of revenge By region The entire Bosniak epic can be differentiated into two different groups, the first being Bosniak epic that originates in the area of Western and Northwestern Bosnia, often called "Krajiška/Krajinska epika" (Frontier Epic). This includes the aforementioned songs about Central Bosnia and Krajina, and the songs about whose origins lie in Hungary and Slavonia. The other group being Bosniak epic that originates in Herzegovina and Eastern Bosnia. This includes songs of the Herzegovina-Montenegro area, and the Sandžak region that was in the same administrative unit as Herzegovina for most of the Ottoman rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Krajina Epic The characteristics of Krajina epic can be defined as following: The content is related to warring in Krajina between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - most of the songs have some historical foundation since they sing about existing people and actual events A depiction of real life on the borders of Bosnia, a frontier situated between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires Most of the recorded songs contain more than one theme The epic song is often very complicated, and parallel events being sung are common There is a realistic element to many of the songs A very small, almost negligible, number of fantastic elements Longer epic songs that contain a large amount of verses Epic narratives and digressions More commonly sung with a tambura and šargija than gusle Herzegovina Epic In most cases, the heroes are borrowed from Krajina. Archaic (mythological) elements are more common Usually only one theme is sung Plot is concise Dialogues are common Shorter epic songs (usually around 300 verses) Sung exclusively with the gusle Characteristics Bosniak epic poetry, just like epic poetry belonging to other people contains mention of heroic and extraordinary deeds done by characters that can be described by the same terms. An often occurrence among the most popular figures such as Đerzelez is that they challenge foes to duels (mejdane). There is also a pre-Islamic element that can be found in Bosniak epic poetry. It is not rare for a fairy (vila) to heal or guide the epic figure through his journeys. This is a trait that Bosniak folk poetry shares with other South Slavic and Slavic national poetries. A good example of this would be the poem "The Mountain Fairies Heal Mujo Hrnjica" (Muja liječe vile planinkinje) where the mountain fairies heal the wounded hero Mujo and help him return home. Except for the fairies being helpful in times of need, there is also an oral tradition in the Krajina region that is connected to the birth of Mujo and Halil Hrnjica. It says that "the mountain fairy nursed them with her milk, from which Mujo received great strength and heroism, and Halil with morning dew, from which he received great beauty." According to tradition, the mountain fairy defended the Kladuša tower and town against the attacks of the invaders along with the inhabitants of Krajina, and thus the mythological being of the fairy stayed with the people. Today the old town is called "Vilinski" (Fairy Town). Folk tales among Krajina singers used to tell of a romantic legend where the originator of all heroic epic from Krajina is a mysterious beauty (most likely a fairy) known as "Ajka Blidolika", a girl from Udbina, it is claimed that she gave the book of songs (Pjesmarica) to someone who spread the songs. The Croat ethnographer Luka Marjanović even embarked on an unsuccessful search for a mysterious book written in Turkish, which was rumored to be in the possession of Bey Beširević from Ostrožac. The dragon is also a prominent figure Bosniak epic poetry. The dragon would usually be a positive figure but could also be portrayed as a negative figure in some instances. In other instances, Đerzelez Alija could be the dragon. Cases of Sibinjanin Janko (John Hunyadi) being portrayed as a fiery werewolf also exist. Gusle Bosniak epic poetry, just like the epic poetry of other Southern Slavs, was accompanied by the Gusle (Lahuta in Albanian). Kosta Hörmann mentions in his collections of epics from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian times that he "recognized joy when his Muslim hosts got lost in Gusle made from maple, after which a sonorous howl came from the singer's ringing throat. Songs about heroism and good horses". Milman Parry and Albert Lord also recorded many epic songs that were accompanied by the Gusle in their journeys through Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Notable characters and events Notable characters Đerzelez Alija, legendary figure also found in the epic poetry of Kosovo and Northern Albania. A symbol of brotherly loyalty, he is known as "Gjergj Elez Alia" in Albanian and "Gerz Ilyas" in Hungarian. Popular throughout all of Bosnia, he was most popular in the Bosnian Krajina region. The Hrnjica Brothers, three brothers named Mujo, Halil and Omer, epic poetry also mentions their beautiful sister Ajkuna. Mujo is mentioned in 69 Songs, while Halil is mentioned in 63. Mustay-Bey of Lika, captain of Udbina and Sandzakbey of Lika. Totally mentioned in 63 Songs. Budalina Tale, translated as "Tale the Fool" in Bosnian. Mentioned in 67 songs. Gazi Husrev Bey, governor of the Bosnian Sandzak. Prince Marko, Serbian epic poetry figure, also mentioned in Bosniak epic poetry. Notably in "Đerzelez Alija and Prince Marko" (Đerzelez Alija i Kraljević Marko). In this tale, Marko considers Đerzelez to be an equally skilled warrior and his bloodbrothers Arnaut Osman, shared epic hero between Bosniak, Serb and Albanian epic poetry Vuk the Dragon-Despot, shared epic figure with Serbian poetry, most notably seen in "Đerzelez Alija and Vuk Jajčanin" (Đerzelez Alija i Vuk Jajčanin) Sibinjanin Janko, most notably mentioned in "Đerzelez Alija and the tsar of Stambol" (Gjerzelez Alija i Car od Stambola) where a duel between Sibinjanin Janko and Alija Đerzelez occurs Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman Vezir, most notably from the epic poem "Coming of vezir Ćuprilić in Travnik" (Dolazak bosanskog vezira Ćuprilića u Travnik) Filip Madžarin, Italian General Pippo Spano, rendered as "Filip the Hungarian" (Filip Madžarin) in South Slavic epic poetry Notable events Siege of Szigetvár (Boj kod Sigeta) Siege of Nagykanizsa (Boj kod Kaniže) Battle at Osijek (Boj kod Osijeka) Conflict between Turkey and Russia (Ratovanje između Turske i Rusije) Building of the bridge in Višegrad (Zidanje ćuprije u Višegradu) The song of Baghdad (Pjesma Bagdata) See also Gusle List of national poetries Đerzelez Alija Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks History of Bosniaks References Works cited Bosniak culture Epic poetry
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe. The concept of "Central Europe" emerged in Germany and Austria in the 19th century as "Mitteleuropa". Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in this region also share certain historical and cultural similarities. The region comprises most of the former territories of the Holy Roman Empire and those of the two neighboring kingdoms of Poland and Hungary. At its height, the Ottoman Empire controlled the vast majority of the Kingdom of Hungary, engulfing southern parts of present-day Slovakia. By the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy extended its dominion to include Hungary and parts of Poland, at which point the monarchy also reigned over the territories of Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, alongside parts of Italy, Switzerland and Germany. The countries that make up Central Europe have historically been, and in some cases continue to be, divided into either Eastern or Western Europe. After World War II, Central Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain into two parts, the capitalist Western Bloc and the communist Eastern Bloc, although Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and Austria declared neutrality. The Berlin Wall was one of the most visible symbols of this division. Respectively, countries in Central Europe have historical, cultural and geopolitical ties with these wider regions of Europe. Central Europe began a "strategic awakening" in the late 20th and early 21st century, with initiatives such as Central European Defence Cooperation, the Central European Initiative, Centrope, and the Visegrád Four Group. This awakening was triggered by writers and other intellectuals, who recognized the societal paralysis of decaying dictatorships and felt compelled to speak up against Soviet oppression. All of the Central European countries are considered to be of "very high human development" by the Human Development Index, with Switzerland and Germany having the highest index values. However, some Central European countries, namely Poland and Hungary, are still considered having "emerging market and developing economies" by the IMF. Historical perspective Middle Ages and early modern period Elements of cultural unity for Northwestern, Southwestern and Central Europe were Catholicism and Latin. However Eastern Europe, which remained Eastern Orthodox, was dominated by Byzantine cultural influence; after the East–West Schism in 1054, Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to Catholic (and later also Protestant) Western Europe within the framework of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Church Slavonic language, and the Cyrillic alphabet. According to Hungarian historian Jenő Szűcs, the foundations of Central European history at the end of the first millennium were in close connection with Western European development. Szűcs argued that between the 11th and 15th centuries, not only Christianization and its cultural consequences were implemented, but well-defined social features emerged in Central Europe based on Western characteristics. The keyword of Western social development after the turn of the millennium was the spread of Magdeburg rights in some cities and towns of Western Europe. These began to spread in the middle of the 13th century in Central European countries, bringing about self-governments of towns and counties. In 1335, the Kings of Poland, Bohemia and Hungary met in the castle of Visegrád and agreed to cooperate closely in the field of politics and commerce, inspiring the post-Cold War Visegrád Group. Before World War I The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century, but it developed further and became an object of intensive interest towards the 20th century. However, the very first concept mixed science, politics and economy – it was strictly connected with the aspirations of German states to dominate a part of European continent called Mitteleuropa. At the Frankfurt Parliament, which was established in the wake of the March Revolution of 1848, there were multiple competing ideas for the integration of German-speaking areas, including the mitteleuropäische Lösung (Central European Solution) propagated by Austria, which sought to merge the smaller German-speaking states with the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, but was opposed by Prussia and others. An imperialistic idea of Mitteleuropa also became popular in the German Empire established in 1871, which experienced intensive economic growth. The term was used when the Union of German Railway Administrations (which had members in the German Empire and Austria-Hungary) established the Mitteleuropäische Eisenbahn-Zeit (Central European Railway Time) time zone, which was applied by the railways from 1 June 1891 and was later widely adopted in civilian life, thus the time zone name shortened to the present-day Central European Time. The German term denoting Central Europe was so fashionable that other languages started referring to it when indicating territories from Rhine to Vistula, or even Dnieper, and from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans. An example of this vision of Central Europe may be seen in Joseph Partsch's book of 1903. On 21 January 1904, Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftsverein (Central European Economic Association) was established in Berlin with economic integration of Germany and Austria–Hungary (with eventual extension to Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans of political, economic and cultural domination. The "bible" of the concept was Friedrich Naumann's book Mitteleuropa in which he called for an economic federation to be established after World War I. Naumann's idea was that the federation would have at its centre Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire but would also include all European nations outside the Triple Entente. The concept failed after the German defeat in World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. The revival of the idea may be observed during the Hitler era. Interwar period According to Emmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Switzerland. The author uses both Human and Physical Geographical features to define Central Europe, but he doesn't take into account the legal development or the social, cultural, economic, infrastructural developments in these countries. The interwar period (1918–1938) brought a new geopolitical system, as well as economic and political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took on a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part – the countries that have (re)appeared on the map of Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Central Europe ceased to be the area of German aspiration to lead or dominate and became a territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political, economic and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet pressures. However, the conflict of interests was too big and neither Little Entente nor Intermarium (Międzymorze) ideas succeeded. These matters were not helped by the fact that Czechoslovakia appeared alone as the only multicultural, democratic, and liberal state among its neighbors. The events preceding World War II in Europe—including the so-called Western betrayal/ Munich Agreement were very much enabled by the rising nationalism and ethnocentrism that typified that time period. The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before World War I, it embraced mainly German states (Germany, Austria), non-German territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination – German leadership position was to be the natural result of economic dominance. After the war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the concept. At that time the scientists took an interest in the idea: the International Historical Congress in Brussels in 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the 1933 Congress continued the discussions. The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernism's evolution, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The Sourcebook of Central European avantgards (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, and Poland from 1910 to 1930. The manifestos and magazines of Central European radical art circles are well known to Western scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western world. Mitteleuropa With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire around 1800, there was a consolidation of power among the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns as the two major states in the area. They had much in common and occasionally cooperated in various channels, but more often competed. One approach in the various attempts at cooperation, was the conception of a set of supposed common features and interests, and this idea led to the first discussions of a Mitteleuropa in the mid-nineteenth century, as espoused by Friedrich List and Karl Ludwig Bruck. These were mostly based on economic issues. Mitteleuropa may refer to a historical concept, or to a contemporary German definition of Central Europe. As a historical concept, the German term Mitteleuropa (or alternatively its literal translation into English, Middle Europe) is an ambiguous German concept. It is sometimes used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of 'Central Europe'; it refers to territories under Germanic cultural hegemony until World War I (encompassing Austria–Hungary and Germany in their pre-war formations but usually excluding the Baltic countries north of East Prussia). According to Fritz Fischer Mitteleuropa was a scheme in the era of the Reich of 1871–1918 by which the old imperial elites had allegedly sought to build a system of German economic, military and political domination from the northern seas to the Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus. Later on, professor Fritz Epstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergence of a Mitteleuropa ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being. In Germany the connotation was also sometimes linked to the pre-war German provinces east of the Oder-Neisse line. The term "Mitteleuropa" conjures up negative historical associations among some elderly people, although the Germans have not played an exclusively negative role in the region. Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German humanistic culture of the 19th century. German-speaking Jews from turn of the 20th century Vienna, Budapest and Prague became representatives of what many consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi version of "Mitteleuropa" destroyed this kind of culture instead. However, the term "Mitteleuropa" is now widely used again in German education and media without negative meaning, especially since the end of communism. In fact, many people from the new states of Germany do not identify themselves as being part of Western Europe and therefore prefer the term "Mitteleuropa". Central Europe during World War II During World War II, Central Europe was largely occupied by Nazi Germany. Many areas were a battle area and were devastated. The mass murder of the Jews depopulated many of their centuries-old settlement areas or settled other people there and their culture was wiped out. Both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin diametrically opposed the centuries-old Habsburg principles of "live and let live" with regard to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages and tried to assert their own ideologies and power interests in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While Stalin tried to get as many states under his control as possible, Winston Churchill preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. There were also plans to add Bavaria and Württemberg to an enlarged Austria. There were also various resistance movements around Otto von Habsburg that pursued this goal. The group around the Austrian priest Heinrich Maier also planned in this direction, which also successfully helped the Allies to wage war by, among other things, forwarding production sites and plans for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft to the USA. So Otto von Habsburg also tried to detach Hungary from its grasp by Nazi Germany and the USSR. There were various considerations to prevent German power in Europe after the war. Churchill's idea of reaching the area around Vienna and Budapest before the Russians via an operation from the Adriatic had not been approved by the Western Allied chiefs of staff. As a result of the military situation at the end of the war, Stalin's plans prevailed and much of Central Europe came under Russian control. Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain Following World War II, large parts of Europe that were culturally and historically Western became part of the Eastern Bloc. Czech author Milan Kundera (emigrant to France) thus wrote in 1984 about the "Tragedy of Central Europe" in the New York Review of Books. The boundary between the two blocks was called the Iron Curtain. Consequently, the English term Central Europe was increasingly applied only to the westernmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) to specify them as communist states that were culturally tied to Western Europe. This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pact when these countries started to undergo transition. The post-World War II period brought blocking of research on Central Europe in the Eastern Bloc countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with the Stalinist doctrine. On the other hand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe. Following the Fall of Communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially the anti-communist opposition, returned to their research. According to Karl A. Sinnhuber (Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term) most Central European states were unable to preserve their political independence and became Soviet satellites. Besides Switzerland and Austria, only the marginal European states of Cyprus, Finland, Malta, Sweden and Yugoslavia preserved their political sovereignty to a certain degree, being left out of any military alliances in Europe. The opening of the Iron Curtain between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an East Germany and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by Otto von Habsburg to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. This broke the bracket of the Eastern Bloc and Central Europe subsequently became free from communism. Roles According to American professor Ronald Tiersky, the 1991 summit held in Visegrád, Hungary and attended by the Polish, Hungarian and Czechoslovak presidents was hailed at the time as a major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but the Visegrád Group became a vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to the European Union, while development of closer ties within the region languished. American professor Peter J. Katzenstein described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformation process of the Visegrád Group countries in different, though comparable ways. According to him, in Germany's contemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. He says there is no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, or Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe. Definitions The issue of how to name and define the Central European area is subject to debates. Very often, the definition depends on the nationality and historical perspective of its author. The concept of "Central Europe" appeared in the 19th century. First, it was understood as a contact zone between the two main European regions of modern times – the Southern (Mediterranean and Catholic) and the Northern (Baltic and Protestant) areas. However, under the influenced of great power rivalry since the late 19th century, the term was redefined along the geopolitical divisions of Europe. Throughout the 20th century, thinkers portrayed "Central Europe" either as a separate region or a buffer zone between the Western and Eastern Europe, but disagreed either it was historically or culturally gravitating more towards the East or the West. The most recent wave of literature underlines the ties between Central and Western Europe. In the early nineteenth century, the terms "Middle" or "Central" Europe (known as "Mitteleuropa" in German and "Europe centrale" in French) were introduced in geographical scholarship in both German and French languages. At first, these terms were linked to the regions spanning from the Pyrenees to the Danube, which, according to German authors, could be united under German authority. However, after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, the French began to exclude France from this area, and later the Germans also adopted this perspective by the end of World War I. The concept of "Central" or "Middle Europe," understood as a region with strong German influence, lost a significant part of its popularity after WWI and was completely dismissed after WWII. Two defeats of Germany in the world wars, but also such Cold War realties as the division of Germany, together with the Communist-led isolation of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary from the Western world as well as an almost complete disappearance of German-speaking communities in these countries, turned the concept of "Central/Middle Europe" into an anachronism. On the other side, the non-German areas of Central Europe were reconceptualised as belonging to the expanded "Eastern Europe," primarily associated with the Soviet sphere of influence in the late 1940s–1980s. Unsurprisingly, this geographical framework lost its attraction after the end of the Cold War. Instead Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other post-Communist countries rather re-identified themselves in the 1990s as "Central European." But avoiding the stained wording of "Middle Europe," more strongly associated with the German-past of the region, this reinvented and reduced notion of "Central Europe" now straightforwardly excludes Germany. Altogether, if the original term "Central Europe" comprised areas from the Pyrenees to the Carpathians, it excluded France since 1870/1918, and Germany since 1918/1945, reducing its coverage chiefly to Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary and to some their eastern and southern neighbours. Academic The main proposed regional definitions, gathered by Polish historian Jerzy Kłoczowski, include: West-Central and East-Central Europe – this conception, presented in 1950, distinguishes two regions in Central Europe: German West-Centre, with imperial tradition of the Reich, and the East-Centre covered by variety of nations from Finland to Greece, placed between great empires of Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian historians, in cooperation (since 1990) with Polish historians, insist on the importance of the concept. Central Europe as a region connected to the Western civilisation since the foundation of the local states and churches, including countries such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Kingdom of Croatia, Holy Roman Empire, later German Empire and the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Crown of Bohemia. Central Europe understood in this way borders on Russia and South-Eastern Europe, but the exact frontier of the region is difficult to determine. Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the Habsburg Empire (later Austria-Hungary) – a concept which is popular in regions along the river Danube: Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia, large parts of Croatia, Romania and Serbia, also smaller parts of Poland and Ukraine. In Hungary, the narrowing of Central Europe into former Habsburg lands is not popular. A concept underlining the links connecting Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine with Russia and treating the Russian Empire together with the whole Slavic Orthodox population as one entity – this position is taken by the Russian historiography. A concept putting the accent on links with the West, especially from the 19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states – this idea is represented by the South-Eastern states, which prefer the enlarged concept of the "East Centre" expressing their links with Western culture. Former University of Vienna professor Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western, Eastern and Southeast Europe: One criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires and kingdoms that largely correspond to the religious frontiers between the Catholic West and the Orthodox East. The pagans of Central Europe were converted to Catholicism while in Southeastern and Eastern Europe they were brought into the fold of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe. Hungary and Poland, small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early histories. The historical Kingdom of Hungary was until 1918 three times larger than Hungary is today, while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the 16th century. Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples. He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamic historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example, Lithuania, a fair share of Belarus and western Ukraine are in Eastern Europe today, but years ago they were in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews in the scientific community. However, according to Romanian researcher Maria Bucur this very ambitious project suffers from the weaknesses imposed by its scope (almost 1600 years of history). Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The World Factbook uses a similar definition and adds also Slovenia. Encarta Encyclopedia and Encyclopædia Britannica do not clearly define the region, but Encarta places the same countries into Central Europe in its individual articles on countries, adding Slovenia in "south central Europe". The German Encyclopaedia Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (Meyers Big Pocket Encyclopedia), 1999, defines Central Europe as the central part of Europe with no precise borders to the East and West. The term is mostly used to denominate the territory between the Schelde to Vistula and from the Danube to the Moravian Gate. Usually the countries considered to be Central European are Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland. According to Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon, Central Europe is a part of Europe composed of Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Switzerland, and northern marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states – Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia), as well as northeastern France. The German (Standing Committee on Geographical Names), which develops and recommends rules for the uniform use of geographical names, proposes two sets of boundaries. The first follows international borders of current countries. The second subdivides and includes some countries based on cultural criteria. In comparison to some other definitions, it is broader, including Luxembourg, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and in the second sense, parts of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, and France. Geographical There is no general agreement either on what geographic area constitutes Central Europe, nor on how to further subdivide it geographically. At times, the term "Central Europe" denotes a geographic definition as the Danube region in the heart of the continent, including the language and culture areas which are today included in the states of Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and usually also Austria and Germany, but never Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union towards the Ural mountains. Governmental and standards organisations The terminology EU11 countries refer the Central, Eastern and Baltic European member states which accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia. Map gallery States The choice of states that make up Central Europe is an ongoing source of controversy. Although views on which countries belong to Central Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section Definitions) the region includes some or all of the states listed in the sections below: Austria Czech Republic Germany Hungary Liechtenstein Poland Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland Depending on the context, Central European countries are sometimes not seen as a specific group, but sorted as either Eastern or Western European countries. In this case, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland are often placed in Western Europe while Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia are placed in Eastern Europe. Furthermore, Slovenia and Hungary are sometimes incorporated in definitions of Southeast Europe, a region with which they share historical, cultural and geopolitical ties. Other countries and regions Some sources also add regions of neighbouring countries for historical reasons (the former Austro-Hungarian and German Empires, and modern Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), or based on geographical and/or cultural reasons: Croatia (alternatively placed in Southeast Europe) Romania (Transylvania, along with Banat, Crișana, Maramureș, Bukovina and Muntenia along with Oltenia) Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) Serbia (primarily Vojvodina and Northern Belgrade) Ukraine (Transcarpathia, Galicia and Northern Bukovina) Luxembourg The three Baltic Countries (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia), geographically in Northern Europe, have been considered part of Central Europe in the German tradition of the term, Mitteleuropa. Benelux countries are generally considered a part of Western Europe, rather than Central Europe. Nevertheless, they are occasionally mentioned in the Central European context due to cultural, historical and linguistic ties. Italy (South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Gorizia, Friuli, Lombardy, and Veneto or all of Northern Italy) France (Alsace, Franconian Lorraine, occasionally the whole of Lorraine, Franche-Comté, the Ardennes and Savoy) Belgium (the Ardennes) Geography Geography defines Central Europe's natural borders with the neighbouring regions to the north across the Baltic Sea, namely Northern Europe (or Scandinavia), and to the south across the Alps, the Apennine peninsula (or Italy), and the Balkan peninsula across the Soča–Krka–Sava–Danube line. The borders to Western Europe and Eastern Europe are geographically less defined, and for this reason the cultural and historical boundaries migrate more easily west–east than south–north. The river Rhine, which runs south–north through Western Germany, is an exception. Southwards, the Pannonian Plain is bounded by the rivers Sava and Danube – and their respective floodplains. The Pannonian Plain stretches over the following countries: Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia, and touches borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine ("peri- Pannonian states"). As the southeastern division of the Eastern Alps, the Dinaric Alps extend for 650 kilometres along the coast of the Adriatic Sea (northwest-southeast), from the Julian Alps in the northwest down to the Šar-Korab massif, north–south. According to the Freie Universität Berlin, this mountain chain is classified as South Central European. The city of Trieste in this area, for example, expressly sees itself as a città mitteleuropea. This is particularly because it lies at the interface between the Latin, Slavic, Germanic, Greek and Jewish culture on the one hand and the geographical area of the Mediterranean and the Alps on the other. A geographical and cultural assignment is made. The Central European flora region stretches from Central France (the Massif Central) to Central Romania (Carpathians) and Southern Scandinavia. Demography Central Europe is one of the continent's most populous regions. It includes countries of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the second largest European country by population. Demographic figures for countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe ("the core countries") number around 165 million people, out of which around 82 million are residents of Germany. Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents, Czech Republic at 10.5 million, Hungary at 10 million, Austria with 8.8 million, Switzerland with 8.5 million, Slovakia at 5.4 million, Slovenia with 2.1 million and Liechtenstein at a bit less than 40,000. If the countries which are occasionally included in Central Europe were counted in, partially or in whole – Croatia (4.3 million), Romania (20 million), Lithuania (2.9 million), Latvia (2 million), Estonia (1.3 million), Serbia (7.1 million) – it would contribute to the rise of between 25 and 35 million, depending on whether regional or integral approach was used. If smaller, western and eastern historical parts of Central Europe would be included in the demographic corpus, further 20 million people of different nationalities would also be added in the overall count, it would surpass the 200 million people figure. Economy Currencies Currently, the members of the Eurozone include Austria, Croatia, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland use their own currencies (Czech koruna, Hungarian forint, Polish złoty), but are obliged to adopt the Euro. Switzerland uses its own currency (Swiss franc), as does Serbia (Serbian dinar) and Romania (Romanian leu). Human Development Index In 2018, Switzerland topped the HDI list among Central European countries, also ranking No. 2 in the world. Serbia rounded out the list at No. 11 (67 world). Globalisation The index of globalization in Central European countries (2016 data): Switzerland topped this list as well (#1 world). Prosperity Index Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2018 data). Switzerland topped the index (#4 world). Corruption Most countries in Central Europe tend to score above the average in the Corruption Perceptions Index (2018 data), led by Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. Rail Central Europe contains the continent's earliest railway systems, whose greatest expansion was recorded in Austro-Hungarian and German territories between 1860-1870s. By the mid-19th century Berlin, Vienna, and Buda/Pest were focal points for network lines connecting industrial areas of Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and Lower Austria with the Baltic (Kiel, Szczecin) and Adriatic (Rijeka, Trieste). Rail infrastructure in Central Europe remains the densest in the world. Railway density, with total length of lines operated (km) per 1,000 km2, is the highest in the Czech Republic (198.6), Poland (121.0), Slovenia (108.0), Germany (105.5), Hungary (98.7), Serbia (49.2), Slovakia (73.9) and Croatia (72.5). River transport and canals Before the first railroads appeared in the 1840s, river transport constituted the main means of communication and trade. Earliest canals included Plauen Canal (1745), Finow Canal, and also Bega Canal (1710) which connected Timișoara to Novi Sad and Belgrade via Danube. The most significant achievement in this regard was the facilitation of navigability on Danube from the Black sea to Ulm in the 19th century. The economies of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland tend to demonstrate high complexity. Industrialisation reached Central Europe relatively early: the Czech lands by 1797, Luxembourg and Germany by 1860, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland by 1870, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia by 1880. Agriculture Central European countries are some of the most significant food producers in the world. Germany is the world's largest hops producer with 34.27% share in 2010, third producer of rye and barley, 5th rapeseed producer, sixth largest milk producer, and fifth largest potato producer. Poland is the world's largest triticale producer, second largest producer of raspberries, currants, third largest of rye, the fifth apple and buckwheat producer, and seventh largest producer of potatoes. Czech Republic is world's fourth largest hops producer and 8th producer of triticale. Hungary is world's fifth hops and seventh largest triticale producer. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums and second largest of raspberries. Slovenia is world's sixth hops producer. Business Central European business has a regional organisation, Central European Business Association (CEBA), founded in 1996 in New York as a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting business opportunities within Central Europe and supporting the advancement of professionals in America with a Central European background. Tourism Central European countries, especially Austria, Croatia, Germany and Switzerland are some of the most competitive tourism destinations. Education Languages Various languages are taught in Central Europe, with certain languages being more popular in different countries. Education performance Student performance has varied across Central Europe, according to the Programme for International Student Assessment. In the 2012 study, countries scored medium, below or over the average scores in three fields studied. Higher education Universities The first university established east of France and north of the Alps was in Prague in 1348 by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. The Charles University was modeled upon the University of Paris and initially included the faculty of law, medicine, philosophy, and theology. Central European University In 1991, Ernest Gellner proposed the establishment of a truly Central European institution of higher learning in Prague (1991–1995). Eventually, the Central European University (CEU) project was taken on and financially supported by the Hungarian philanthropist George Soros, who had provided an endowment of US$880 million, making the university one of the wealthiest in Europe. Over its 30-year history CEU has become one of the most internationally diverse and recognisable universities in the world. For example, as of 2019, 1217 students were enrolled in the university, of which 962 were international students, making the student body the fourth most international in the world. CEU offers highly selective programs with a student to faculty ratio of 7:1. In 2021, the admission rate into its programs was 13%. CEU has thus become a leading global university in Europe promoting a distinctively Central European perspective while emphasizing academic rigor, applied research, and academic honesty and integrity. CEU is a founding member of CIVICCA, a group of prestigious European higher education institutions in the social sciences, humanities, business management and public policy, such as Sciences Po (France), The London School of Economics and Political Science (UK), Bocconi University (Italy) and the Stockholm School of Economics (Sweden). In 2019, Central European University leadership announced their preparatory work on moving CEU to Vienna due to legal constraints against academic freedom in Hungary. Culture and society Research Research centres of Central European literature include Harvard University (Cambridge, MA), Purdue University, and Central European Studies Programme (CESP), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Architecture Religion Central European countries are mostly Catholic (Austria, Croatia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) or historically both Catholic and Protestant, (the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland). Large Protestant groups include Lutheran, Calvinist, and the Unity of the Brethren affiliates. Significant populations of Eastern Catholicism and Old Catholicism are also prevalent throughout Central Europe. Central Europe has been the center of the Protestant movement for centuries, with the majority of Protestants suppressed and annihilated during the Counterreformation. Historically, people in Bohemia in today's Czech Republic were one of the very first Protestants in Europe. As a result of the Thirty Years' War following the Bohemian Revolt, many Czechs were either killed, executed (see for Old Town Square execution), forcibly turned into Roman Catholics, or emigrated to Scandinavia and the Low Countries. In the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War, the number of inhabitants in the Kingdom of Bohemia decreased from three million to only 800,000 due to multiple factors, including devastating ongoing battles such as the significant Battle of White Mountain and the Battle of Prague (1648). However, in recent years, most Czechs report as overwhelmingly non-religious, with some describing themselves as Catholic (10.3%). Before the Holocaust (1941–45), there was also a sizeable Ashkenazi Jewish community in the region, numbering approximately 16.7 million people. Currently, a number of Central European countries present themselves as more secular or non-religious, including a atheists, undeclared, and non-religious people. For example, people in the Czech Republic report the following figures (non-religious 34.2% and undeclared 45.2%), meanwhile persons in Germany (non-religious 38%), and Slovenia (atheist 14.7%), Luxembourg (23.4% non-religious), Switzerland (20.1%), Hungary (27.2% undeclared, 16.7% "non-religious" and 1.5% atheists), Slovakia (atheists and non-religious 13.4%, "not specified" 10.6%) Austria (19.7% of "other or none"), Liechtenstein (10.6% with no religion), Croatia (4%) and Poland (3% of non-believers/agnostics and 1% of undeclared). Cuisine Central European cuisine has evolved through centuries due to social and political change. Most countries share many dishes. The most popular dishes typical to Central Europe are sausages and cheeses, where the earliest evidence of cheesemaking in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE (Kuyavia region, Poland). Other foods widely associated with Central Europe are goulash and beer. The list of countries by beer consumption per capita is led by the Czech Republic, followed by Germany and Austria. Poland comes 5th, Croatia 7th and Slovenia 13th. Human rights Generally, the countries in the region are progressive on the issue of human rights: death penalty is illegal in all of them, corporal punishment is outlawed in most of them and people of both genders can vote in elections. However, Central European countries are divided on the subject of same-sex marriage and abortion. Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland also have a history of participation in the CIA's extraordinary rendition and detention program, according to the Open Society Foundations. Literature Regional writing tradition revolves around the turbulent history of the region, as well as its cultural diversity. Its existence is sometimes challenged. Specific courses on Central European literature are taught at Stanford University, Harvard University and Jagiellonian University The as well as cultural magazines dedicated to regional literature. Angelus Central European Literature Award is an award worth 150,000.00 PLN (about $50,000 or £30,000) for writers originating from the region. Likewise, the Vilenica International Literary Prize is awarded to a Central European author for "outstanding achievements in the field of literature and essay writing". Media Sport There is a number of Central European Sport events and leagues. They include: Central European Tour Miskolc GP (Hungary)* Central European Tour Budapest GP (Hungary) 2008 Central Europe Rally (Romania and Hungary)* 2023 Central Europe Rally (Germany, Austria and Czech Republic) Central European Football League (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey) Central European International Cup (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia; 1927–1960) Central Europe Throwdown* Football is one of the most popular sports. Countries of Central Europe hosted several major competitions. Germany hosted two FIFA World Cups (1974 and 2006) and the UEFA Euro 1988. Yugoslavia hosted the UEFA Euro 1976 before the competition expanded to 8 teams. Recently, the 2008 and 2012 UEFA European Championships were held in Austria & Switzerland and Poland & Ukraine respectively. The UEFA Euro 2024 will be hosted by Germany. Politics Organisations Central Europe is a birthplace of regional political organisations: Visegrád Group Central European Defence Cooperation Three Seas Initiative Centrope Central European Initiative Middleeuropean Initiative Central European Free Trade Agreement Democracy Index Central Europe is a home to some of world's oldest democracies. However, most of them have been impacted by totalitarianism, particularly Fascism and Nazism. Germany and Italy occupied all Central European countries, except Switzerland. In all occupied countries, the Axis powers suspended democracy and installed puppet regimes loyal to the occupation forces. Also, they forced conquered countries to apply racial laws and formed military forces for helping German and Italian struggle against Communists. After World War II, almost the whole of Central Europe (the Eastern and Middle part) had been transformed into communist states, most of which had been occupied and later allied with the Soviet Union, often against their will through forged referendum (e.g., Polish people's referendum in 1946) or force (northeast Germany, Poland, Hungary et alia). Nevertheless, these experiences have been dealt in most of them. Most of Central European countries score very highly in the Democracy Index. Global Peace Index In spite of its turbulent history, Central Europe is currently one of world's safest regions. Most Central European countries are in top 20%. Central European Time The time zone used in most parts of the European Union is a standard time which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Countries using CET include: Hungary Slovakia Czech Republic Germany Austria Poland (1893) Serbia (1884) Slovenia Switzerland Liechtenstein In popular culture Central Europe is mentioned in the 35th episode of Lovejoy, entitled "The Prague Sun", filmed in 1992. While walking over the well-regarded and renowned Charles Bridge in Prague, the main character, Lovejoy, says: "I've never been to Prague before. Well, it is one of the great unspoiled cities in Central Europe. Notice: I said: 'Central', not 'Eastern'! The Czechs are a bit funny about that, they think of Eastern Europeans as turnip heads." Wes Anderson's Oscar-winning film The Grand Budapest Hotel depicts a fictional grand hotel located somewhere in Central Europe which is in actuality modeled on the Grandhotel Pupp in Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic. The film is a celebration of the 1920s and 1930s Central Europe with its artistic splendor and societal sensibilities. See also Central and Eastern Europe Central European Initiative Central European Time (CET) Central European University East-Central Europe Eurovoc Geographical midpoint of Europe Life zones of central Europe Międzymorze (Intermarum) Mitteleuropa References Citations General and cited references Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries. Eds. G. Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015 Further reading Ágh, Attila. Declining Democracy in East-Central Europe: The Divide in the EU and Emerging Hard Populism (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019). Baldersheim, Harald, ed. Local democracy and the processes of transformation in East-Central Europe (Routledge, 2019). Centre of Central European Studies, Agrarianism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (2013) online review. Gardner, Hall, ed. Central and South-central Europe in Transition (Praeger, 2000) Lederer, David. Early Modern Central European History (2011) online review by Linnéa Rowlatt 'Mapping Central Europe' in hidden europe, 5, pp. 14–15 (November 2005) External links Journal of East Central Europe Central European Political Science Association's journal "Politics in Central Europe" CEU Political Science Journal (PSJ) Central European Journal of International and Security Studies Central European Political Studies Review The Centrope region Maps of Europe and European countries CENTRAL EUROPE 2020 Central Europe Economy UNHCR Office for Central Europe Regions of Europe
Hindutva Watch is an independent research project that documents hate crimes and hate speeches against religious minorities in India. Founded by Raqib Hameed Naik, the project focuses on tracking hate crimes and human rights abuses committed by radicalized Hindus and Hindutva militia groups in the country. Background Hindutva Watch was established in April 2021 in response to the growing concern over the rise of hate crimes and violence targeting minority groups in India. The organization employs a real-time data collection methodology to track and catalog instances of violent attacks, hate speech, and human rights violations against communities based on their faith, including Muslims, Christians, and members of lower-ranked castes. Methodology Hindutva Watch collects evidence from various sources, including video and picture submissions from Indian activists, news aggregation, social media platforms, and messaging apps. The organization's network of volunteers, which spans across the world, verifies and validates the information before it is documented on their website. Hindutva Watch also holds virtual meetings to discuss and verify reports of hate crimes, ensuring the accuracy of their data. Impact Since its inception, Hindutva Watch has documented and cataloged over 1,000 instances of violent attacks, hate speech, and other forms of human rights abuses against minority and marginalized communities in India. The organization's work serves as a critical source of evidence for researchers, journalists, lawmakers, and activists who seek to address and combat hate crimes in the country. The Hindutva Watch initiative operates with an 11-member team of online researchers, situated across the United States, Canada, and Europe. While predominantly volunteers, this team has managed to exert a significant influence on the discourse surrounding Indian politics. Their efforts have not gone unnoticed, with a notable example being the incorporation of nine Hindutva Watch reports into a recent Supreme Court of India petition in August 2023. These reports highlighted cases where the police failed to take action against incidents of communal violence. The Supreme Court petition called for enhanced preventive measures to address such occurrences. Controversies Hindutva Watch's efforts to document hate crimes have drawn both praise and criticism. Supporters applaud the organization's dedication to preserving evidence of human rights violations, while critics argue that the initiative may be biased or selective in its reporting. As of 2023, Hindutva Watch's account is active on X. See also Human rights in India Religious violence in India References External links Hindutva Watch Official Website Hindutva Independent research institutes 2021 establishments Hate crimes in Asia
Garfield Community Learning Center is a public high school in Akron, Ohio, United States. It is one of six high schools in the Akron Public Schools. The school's mascot is the Golden Rams. They are a member of the Akron City Series athletic conference. History The school was established in 2017 as Kenmore–Garfield High School following the closure of Garfield High School and Kenmore High School. The two schools had been merged due to declining enrollment and rising costs. Akron Public Schools housed the merged school at the Kenmore High School building while the Garfield building was razed. The new school retained the Golden Rams mascot and maroon and gold colors of Garfield. Both schools were historic staples in the city of Akron, Ohio, with Kenmore High School dating back to 1908 and Garfield High School to 1926. From 2017 to the conclusion of the 2021–22 school year, the school was operated at the former Kenmore High School building in the Akron neighborhood of Kenmore while the current facility, part of the districts district's ongoing $800 million renovation and construction program that dates back to 2002, was built. The facility is and can hold about 1,400 students. In May 2021 the Akron Public Schools approved the name of Garfield Community Learning Center for the facility, which the school board hoped would allow the Kenmore name to stay on a building in the Kenmore neighborhood. Athletics Garfield CLC athletic teams are known as the Golden Rams with school colors of maroon and gold. They compete as a member of the Akron City Series. The school colors and team name were carried over from the original Garfield High School and were also used during the few years the school was known as Kenmore–Garfield. References High schools in Akron, Ohio Educational institutions established in 2017 2017 establishments in Ohio
Sister Vision Press was a Canadian small press publisher that operated from 1985 to 2001, and was the first press in Canada whose mission was to publish writing by and for women of colour. History In 1985, writer Makeda Silvera and her partner, visual artist Stephanie Martin, co-founded Sister Vision Press with Martin as the production manager and Silvera as the managing editor. Silvera had struggled to have her book Silenced: Caribbean Domestic Workers Talk With Makeda Silvera published by both mainstream and alternative publishers, such as Women's Press (Toronto), on the basis that the language was inaccessible and too difficult to understand, and that there was no market for such a book. (The book was eventually published by Williams-Wallace Publishers in 1986, and Sister Vision Press obtained the rights in 1989.) This rejection fueled Silvera and Martin's commitment to starting their own press "for Black women and women of colour, one that addressed working-class issues and concerns, that addressed sexuality and language with an emphasis on Creole." Obstacles included having little to no funding, a lack of public support and awareness for a publishing company for women of colour, and hesitation from the black literary community to stand behind a black lesbian couple. Some of their inspirations were Marie Joseph Angelique, a Montreal slave who spearheaded the first rebellion against slavery in Canada, and Mary Ann Shadd, the first Canadian female editor and publisher of The Provincial Freeman, "one of Canada's earliest Black newspapers" in the 1850s. Silvera and Martin's goals through the Sister Vision Press were to bring awareness about the links "between women and colour in Canada and in the Caribbean and Third World women the world over". Editorial focus Sister Vision Press focused on works that included oral histories of "ordinary women often omitted from traditional history and contemporary writing", books for children and young adults, and lastly works of theory and research that "oppose the negation of women of colour's voices in Canadian feminist theory and movements". Much of their success was in publishing anthologies like Piece of My Heart: A Lesbian of Colour Anthology, which was a finalist in the American Library Association Gay and Lesbian Book Award for 1992. Memories Have Tongue, a 1992 book by Afua Cooper, was one of the finalists in the 1992 Casa de las Americas literary award. After its establishment, Sister Vision Press collaborated with feminist women's organizations in the Caribbean, Britain, Southern Africa, India and North America. One of these partnerships was with CAFRA (Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action) of Trinidad and Tobago and it resulted in the publishing of Creation Fire: A CAFRA Anthology of Caribbean Women Poets (1990), edited by Ramabai Espinet. Silvera also sought out other writers, noting "A lot of writers that we encountered just didn't have the confidence to put out their work or to see their names in print. As the managing editor, I took on the role of mentoring many writers, particularly first-timers, through community centres, through word of mouth, and by offering workshops." Partial list of books published Speshal rikwes [Poems in Dialect], Ahdri Zhina Mandiela (1985) Lionheart Gal: Life Stories of Jamaican Women, ed. Sistren Theatre Collective and Honor Ford-Smith (1986) Blaze a Fire: Significant Contributions of Caribbean Women, ed. Nesha Hanif (1988) Creation Fire: A CAFRA Anthology of Caribbean Women Poets, ed. Ramabai Espinet (1990) Piece of My Heart: A Lesbian of Colour Anthology, ed. Makeda Silvera (1991) Memories Have Tongue, Afua Cooper (1992) Returning the Gaze : Essays on Racism, Feminism and Politics, ed. Himani Bannerji (1993) Ladies of the Night and Other Stories, Althea Prince (1993) Miscegenation Blues: Voices of Mixed Race Women, ed. Carol Camper (1994) The Very Inside: An Anthology of Writings by Asian and Pacific Island Lesbians and Bisexual Women, ed. Sharon Lim-Hing (1994) Onkwehonwe-neha: "Our Ways", Sylvia Maracle (1994) Dread Culture : A Rastawoman's Story, Masanie Montague (1994) Black Girl Talk, ed. the Black Girls (1995) Brown girl in the ring : Rosemary Brown : a biography for young people, Lynette Roy (1992) References Book publishing companies of Canada Feminist book publishing companies
Arthur von Hippel (24 October 1841 – 26 October 1916) was a German ophthalmologist who was a native of Fischhausen, East Prussia. He was the father of criminal lawyer Robert von Hippel (1866-1951), ophthalmologist Eugen von Hippel (1867-1938) and surgeon Richard von Hippel (1869-1918). Arthur von Hippel studied medicine at the Universities of Königsberg, Munich and Berlin, where he earned his doctorate in 1864. Following graduation he furthered his training in Prague, and afterwards became an assistant at the eye clinic at Konigsberg. In 1879 he became a "full professor" of ophthalmology at the University of Giessen, and in 1890 returned as a professor to the University of Königsberg. In 1892 he attained the chair of ophthalmology at the University of Halle, and in 1901 went to Göttingen, where he was director of the newly founded University Eye Clinic. He retired in 1914, and was replaced at the Göttingen eye clinic by his son Eugen. Von Hippel made contributions in his research of intraocular pressure, color blindness and near-sightedness, but is remembered for his pioneer work in lamellar keratoplasty. In 1886, he grafted a full-thickness cornea from a rabbit into the lamellar bed of a young female patient. After the operation the girl was able to count fingers at a distance of two meters, for a visual acuity of 20/200. He is also credited for the invention of a mechanized trephine for corneal procedures. This device became the prototype for trephines that are used in ophthalmology today. Note: Arthur von Hippel is sometimes confused with his grandson Arthur Robert von Hippel (1898-2003), a German-American physicist. References History of Ophthalmology; Evolution of Keratoplasty in Nineteenth Century catalogus-professorum-halensis (biography of Arthur von Hippel) External links 1841 births 1916 deaths People from Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast Physicians from the Province of Prussia German untitled nobility German ophthalmologists Academic staff of the University of Göttingen Academic staff of the University of Giessen
Joseph Akichi (born 1933 in Memni) was an Ivorian clergyman and bishop for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand-Bassam. He became ordained in 1963. He was appointed bishop in 1982. He died in 1993. References 20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Ivory Coast 1933 births 1993 deaths People from Lagunes District Roman Catholic bishops of Grand-Bassam
The 1999 Mobile Alabama Bowl was an American college football bowl game. It was part of the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season, and was the inaugural edition of the Mobile Alabama Bowl (which has subsequently gone though several name changes). It was played on December 22, 1999, and featured the 8–3 East Carolina Pirates (Coaches/ESPN No. 20) of Conference USA, and the 7–4 TCU Horned Frogs of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The game was played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. Game recap East Carolina opened the scoring with a 58-yard touchdown pass from quarterback David Garrard to wide receiver Arnie Powell. TCU running back LaDainian Tomlinson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run to tie the game at 7 after one quarter. Casey Printers threw a 21-yard touchdown pass in the second quarter, and the Horned Frogs took a 14–7 lead. Tomlinson, who had 124 yards rushing in the game, scored on a 3-yard touchdown run before halftime, to give TCU a 21-7 halftime lead. In the third quarter, Jamie Wilson scored on a 13-yard touchdown run to bring East Carolina within a touchdown. Russell Gary scored on an interception return to give TCU a 28–14 lead. TCU, which alternated between the quarterbacks Casey and Patrick Batteaux, made it impossible for the Pirates to adjust to the variance of play styles between the drop back passer Printers and the option running Batteaux. The Frogs defense shut down the Pirates' running game, holding them to minus-16 yards. TCU held on to that lead to win the game by that margin. References Further reading External links USA Today summary Mobile Alabama Bowl 68 Ventures Bowl East Carolina Pirates football bowl games TCU Horned Frogs football bowl games December 1999 sports events in the United States 1999 in sports in Alabama
Google Kythe is a source code indexer and cross-referencer for code comprehension which describes itself as a "pluggable, (mostly) language-agnostic ecosystem for building tools that work with code". Overview The core of Google Kythe is in defining language-agnostic protocols and data formats for representing, accessing and querying source code information as data. Kythe relies on an instrumented build system and compilers that produce indexing information, semantic information and metadata in Kythe specified format. This information obtained from running an instrumented build is stored in a language-agnostic graph structure. Finally, this graph structure can be queried to answer questions about the code base. Google Kythe is an open-source project being developed by Google. It is licensed under an Apache licence 2.0. Grok Google Kythe originates from an internal project called Grok. Grok had been proposed by Steve Yegge in 2008. Yegge observed that software projects routinely use more than 3 programming languages, yet development tools tend to be language specific and don't handle multiple programming languages well. Adding support for a language to an IDE is hard and the ad hoc analysis tools in IDEs tend to be inferior to real parsers and compilers. Some parts of Grok were publicly released even before Google Kythe was announced. In 2010, Google released a Python static analyzer which has been developed as part of Grok. In 2012, C++, Java, Python, JS and "2 internal languages" were supported by Grok. There was a browser client with support for querying the database and visually navigating through the source code. There was an Emacs client. Chromium Code Search Browser uses Grok index to provide quick links to definition for every symbol in the source code. Reception See also Clang Language Server Protocol LXR Cross Referencer OpenGrok References External links Grok Notes from the Mystery Machine Bus, blog Steve Yegge and Grok, blog Stanford Seminar - Google's Steve Yegge on GROK, lecture Project Grok - Steve Yegge - Emacs Conference 2013, talk Steve Yegge on Scalable Programming Language Analysis, talk Kythe Kythe (Google Kythe Homepage) Indexing Large, Mixed-Language Codebases, talk Similar projects Facebook pfff srclib Oracle Frappé Microsoft Language Server Protocol designed as part of Visual Studio Code, with implementations for several languages and integrated by several other development tools. Code comprehension tools Code navigation tools Code search engines Kythe
SteamPunk Magazine was an online and print semi-annual magazine devoted to the steampunk subculture which existed between 2007 and 2016. It was published under a Creative Commons license, and was free for download. In March 2008, SteamPunk Magazine began offering free subscriptions to incarcerated Americans, as a "celebration" of 1% of the US population being eligible. SteamPunk Magazine was formerly published by anarchist zine publisher Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness in the United States and by Vagrants Among Ruins in the United Kingdom. The magazine was then published by the worker-run Combustion Books in New York City and distributed by AK Press. Reception and recognition Two of the editors, Magpie Killjoy and Libby Bulloff, were at the 2008 Maker Faire in the San Francisco Bay Area. The popular blog Boing Boing has also announced every Steampunk Magazine release to date, including their Steampunk's Guide To The Apocalypse. SteamPunk Magazine was mentioned in a Newsweek article discussing the steampunk movement as an example of a steampunk periodical. An article in The Yale Herald uses SteamPunk Magazine as an example of microcultures and their ability to thrive on the Internet. Issues Issue #1 Putting the Punk Back into Steampunk Interviews with: Author Michael Moorcock The Original Steampunk Band, Abney Park Singer/Songwriter Thomas Truax Composer Darcy James Argue Issue #2 A Journal of Misapplied Technology Contents include: John Reppion Issue #3 The Sky is Falling Contents include: Alan Moore Interview with Doctor Steel Issue #4 Our Lives as Fantastic as any Fiction Contents include: Donna Lynch and Steven Archer Issue #5 Long Live Steampunk! Contents include: Musician Voltaire Issue #6 The Pre-Industrial Revolution Contents include: Author John Reppion Interview with Ghostfire Issue #7 Contents include: Articles on race and steampunk as well as the future of steampunk fashion Interviews with Sunday Driver and The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing Issue #8 Contents include: Instructions for making laudanum and a lexicon of 19th century New York City slang Interview with Unwoman References External links Homepage Biannual magazines published in the United States Defunct literary magazines published in the United States Downloadable magazines Magazines established in 2007 Magazines disestablished in 2016 Magazines published in New York City Steampunk literature Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Flinn may refer to: Flinn (surname), of Irish origin Flinn, Mississippi Flinn, West Virginia Flinn Township, Lawrence County, Indiana, dissolved in 1911 See also Kelly Flinn incident Flin, commune in Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France Flynn (surname) Flynn (disambiguation)
Jim Weiss (born November 24, 1948, in Highland Park, Illinois) is an American children's audio storyteller, book narrator and author. Since 1989 Weiss has released over seventy audio recordings, for preschool through college, of classic and/or historical books with an emphasis on character building. He is a Storytelling World Award winner and his work has been recognized by the Film Advisory Board, American Library Association, and Parents' Guide to Children's Media for his contribution to storytelling and audio entertainment. Examples of his expressive retellings include various works of Shakespeare, The Three Musketeers, American Tall Tales, Sherlock Holmes and Aesop's fables. The book selections are supportive of educators within the classical education movement in addition to having a following within homeschool circles and Christian families. Weiss is also the narrator for the audio versions of Susan Wise Bauer's popular The Story of the World series. His work was originally released by Great Hall Productions founded by Weiss and his wife Randy with the maxim "Intelligent Entertainment for the Thinking Family." Today his body of work is published by Well-Trained Mind Press, available on CDs and streaming with audiobook services and apps. As of 2022 he was producing two recordings a year. The Weiss' have one daughter along with her family, and live in Tucson, Arizona. Book Recordings - partial listing G.A. Henty Henty Short Stories (Volume I) \| 1800s, frontier Ohio & England The Cat of Bubastes \| 1250 BC Egypt The Young Carthaginian \| 220 BC Rome & Carthage Beric the Briton. \| 62 AD Ancient Britain & Rome For the Temple \| 70 AD Jerusalem Wulf the Saxon \| 1066, England In Freedom’s Cause \| 1296-1314, Scotland & England The Lion of St Mark \| 1300s, Venice, Italy The Lion of the North \| 1618-1648, Thirty Years War, Europe In the Reign of Terror \| 1793, French Revolution The nine Henty novels are “thoughtfully abridged” which is described as minor edits removing vast amounts of repetition. World history and stories The Ancient World to 70 AD Story of the World, Vol. I: The Ancients \| 5000 BC – 400 AD Bible Stories: Great Men and Women From Noah through Solomon \| 2000s BC - 900s BC Middle East Tales from the Old Testament \| 6000 BC - 400 BC Middle East Egyptian Treasures: Mummies & Myths \| 3000 BC Tales from Cultures Far & Near \| 3000 BC, China The Dragon Diaries: Dragon Stories From Around the World \| 3000 BC Jewish Holiday Stories \| 2000 BC - 300 BC, Middle East Pharaohs and Queens of Ancient Egypt \| 1500 BC - 1200 BC The Cat of Bubastes by G. A. Henty \| 1250 BC, Egypt Greek Myths \| 1000 BC She & He: Adventures in Mythology \| 1000 BC, Greece Courage and a Clear Mind: True Adventures of Ancient Greeks \| 1000 BC Shakespeare for Children, A Midsummer’s Night Dream \| 1000 BC, Greece Heroes in Mythology \| 1000 BC, Greece A Treasury of Wisdom (Solomon) \| 1000 BC, Israel Animal Tales (Aesop) \| 600 BC Galileo & the Stargazers (Archimedes) \| 400 BC, Sicily A Treasury of Wisdom (Diogenes) \| 400 BC, Greece A Treasury of Wisdom (Alexander the Great) \| 300 BC, Greece The Young Carthaginian by G. A. Henty \| 220 BC, Rome/Carthage Julius Caesar and the Story of Rome \| 44 BC A Treasury of Wisdom (The Good Samaritan) \| 1st Century AD Beric the Briton \| 62 AD, Ancient Britain, Rome For The Temple by G. A. Henty \| 70 AD. Jerusalem References External links Official website: Great Hall - Storytelling Recordings and Performances by Jim Weiss, Facebook Well Trained Mind Audible Apple Books Amazon YouTube - Great Hall Productions Audiobook narrators Living people 1948 births
BND may refer to: Organisations Federal Intelligence Service (Germany) (), the foreign intelligence agency of Germany Federal Intelligence Service (disambiguation) Bank of North Dakota, a state-owned and -run financial institution, based in Bismarck, North Dakota, USA Belleville News-Democrat, a newspaper in Belleville, Illinois, USA Bulgarian New Democracy (), a Bulgarian centre-right political party VID (company) (), a Russian TV company Business & Decision (stock ticker: BND), a consulting company Banco Nacional de Desarrollo, the national development bank, for banking in Nicaragua National Digital Library () of Moldova; part of the National Library of Moldova By codename Brunei dollar, currency of the Sultanate of Brunei, by ISO 4217 code Banda language (Maluku) (ISO 639 language code: bnd), found in Indonesia Brandon railway station (National Rail station code: BND), Suffolk, England, UK Bandar Abbas International Airport (IATA airport code BND; ICAO airport code: OIKB), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, Iran Other uses Buy Nothing Day, an international day of protest against consumerism BTEC National Diploma, a further-education qualification in most of the United Kingdom "BND", a song on the album No Doubt by No Doubt Bnd, short for "Bend"; a Street suffix as used in the US See also Band (disambiguation) Bend (disambiguation) Bind (disambiguation) Bond (disambiguation) Bound (disambiguation) Bund (disambiguation)
The Charles A. Brown House is a two-story home on 2420 Harrison Street, in Evanston, Illinois, designed in 1905 by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The building is a two-story clapboard home with four-bedrooms and one-bathroom on the second floor. The structure also has sash windows; one of the last times that the architect would make this choice for window design. See also List of Frank Lloyd Wright works References External links Exterior photographs of the Brown House from the Prairie School Traveler website Exterior photographs of the Brown House The Brown House seen on CBS News Frank Lloyd Wright buildings Houses completed in 1905 1905 establishments in Illinois
Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19, 1921 – October 24, 1991) was an American screenwriter and producer of several television series, best known for his work in creating the Star Trek franchise. He began a writing career while he was a Sergeant in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and his first work to be bought by a network was The Secret Defense of 117, although it took four years to be broadcast. During that time, he wrote four episodes of the police procedural Highway Patrol under the pseudonym "Robert Wesley", as the LAPD required employees to seek formal permission to work a second job. After leaving the force, he wrote for several series, such as Have Gun – Will Travel but wanted to become a producer. He wrote pilots for a series of his own, but these were turned down by the studios until he began work on The Lieutenant. This ran for a single season on NBC on Saturday nights. While involved in that series, he began working on a science fiction premise that became Star Trek. He oversaw the production of the series for the first two seasons, but following budget cuts and the move to an unfavorable timeslot for the third season, he stepped back from working on Star Trek but remained credited as an executive producer. Following the cancellation of the series, he wrote and produced his first feature film, Pretty Maids All in a Row. He also produced several new science fiction pilots: Genesis II (also re-worked into a second pilot, called Planet Earth), The Questor Tapes and Spectre. Of these, Questor was approved to go to a full season, but following disagreements between Roddenberry and the studio over suggested changes, it was canceled. Star Trek was resurrected twice, first as an animated series, and then as Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The studio brought in a new producer for the sequel to the film, to which Roddenberry demanded creative control or else he would refuse an executive producer credit, instead only willing to be credited as creative consultant. This credit started with Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and continued through to Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. He took Star Trek back to television during the late 1980s, with Star Trek: The Next Generation. In order to maintain complete control, he decided to release the series directly into broadcast syndication in order to avoid the interference of networks. Following his death in 1991, two of his 1970s science fiction ideas were re-worked, resulting in Earth: Final Conflict and Andromeda. Films Television Annotations References Sources External links American filmographies Filmography
This is a list of members of the 44th Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1983 to 1986, as elected at the 1983 state election held on 22 October 1983. On 9 March 1984, the Labor member for Archerfield, Kevin Hooper, died. The Labor candidate Henry Palaszczuk won the resulting by-election on 19 May 1984. On 21 June 1984, the Labor member for Stafford, Dr Denis Murphy died. The Liberal candidate Terry Gygar, the member for Stafford from 1974 to 1983, won the resulting by-election on 4 August 1984. Col Miller, the member for Ithaca, was elected as a member of the Liberal Party, but resigned from the party in August 1984 and served out the remainder of his term as an independent. On 5 November 1984, the Labor member for Rockhampton and Opposition Leader, Keith Wright, resigned from parliament in order to contest the Australian House of Representatives seat of Capricornia at the 1984 federal election. The Labor candidate Paul Braddy won the resulting by-election on 16 February 1985. On 10 September 1985, the National member for Redlands, John Goleby, died in a farming accident. National Party candidate Paul Clauson won the resulting by-election on 2 November 1985. See also 1983 Queensland state election Premier: Joh Bjelke-Petersen (National Party) (1968–1987) References Members of Queensland parliaments by term 20th-century Australian politicians
The Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) is a loose group of militants that was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria to help oust Boko Haram Islamist fighters from their city. The group possesses basic weapons and has female members. The vigilante group numbers over 26,000 in the northeastern Borno and Yobe States, of which only 1,800 receive a salary ($50 per month). The CJTF has suffered about 600 casualties in the conflict, counting both lost and missing members. The CJTF has been accused of abuses, including slaughtering men beside a mass grave, diverting food destined for starving families and beating men and subjecting women and girls to systematic sexual violence in camps. References Boko Haram Borno State Counterterrorism in Nigeria Rebel groups in Nigeria Vigilantes Yobe State Irregular units and formations
Joseph Thomas may refer to: V. Joseph Thomas, Indian chief of police Joseph Thomas (boxer), South African Olympic boxer Joe Thomas (wide receiver) (Joseph Earl Thomas), American football player Joseph M. Thomas (1829–?), American politician Joseph Miller Thomas (1898–1979), American mathematician Joseph T. Thomas (born 1973), Australian citizen whose conviction for receiving funds from Al-Qaeda was overturned on appeal Joseph Thomas (surveyor) (1803–?), chief surveyor sent by the Canterbury Association to Canterbury, New Zealand Joseph Thomas (architect) (1838–1901), Cornish civil engineer and entrepreneur, chiefly associated with Looe L. Joseph Thomas (born 1942), American educator and administrator Joseph C. Thomas, member of the Mississippi Senate See also Joe Thomas (disambiguation)
The National Society of Mural Painters (NSMP) is an American artists' organization originally known as The Mural Painters. The charter of the society is to advance the techniques and standards for the design and execution of mural art for the enrichment of architecture in the United States. Background The NSMP was founded in 1895, in an era of Beaux-Arts architecture in the United States, a time when public architecture was integrated with murals, sculpture, mosaics and other artwork, coordinated and themed to assert the identity of the building. Parallel organizations associated with the same principles of integrated public art include the National Sculpture Society, which originally included a large percentage of architectural sculptors, and the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, founded in 1916 as the teaching wing of the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects. Still in existence after more than a hundred years, the society presents exhibitions and organizes competitions. The NSMP is a member of the Fine Arts Federation of New York. Past presidents of the Society include Frederic Crowninshield 1895-1899 John La Farge 1899-1904 Charles Yardley Turner 1904-1909 Edwin Blashfield 1909-1914 John White Alexander 1914-1915 Kenyon Cox 1915-1919 George W. Breck 1919-1920 J. Monroe Hewlett 1921-1926 Arthur Covey 1926-1929 Ernest Peixotto 1929-1935 George Biddle 1935-1936 Hildreth Meiere 1936-1937 J. Scott Williams 1937-1938 Geoffrey Norman 1939-1940 Francine Baehr 1940-1941 Griffith Bailey Coale 1941-1942 Allyn Cox 1942-1946 Hildreth Meiere 1946-1949 Jan Juta 1949-1952 Austin M. Purves, Jr. 1952-1953 Dean Cornwell 1953-1957 Charles Baskerville 1957-1960 Allyn Cox 1960-1963 Helen Treadwell 1963-1967 Xavier Gonzales 1967-1969 Max Spivak 1969-1970 Edward Laning 1970-1974 Buell Mullen 1974-1975 Jan Juta 1975-1979 Dean Fausett 1979-1984 Alton S. Tobey 1984-1988 Everett Molinari 1988-1991 Rhoda Y. Andors 1991-1995 Frank Mason 1995-1996 Jack Stewart 1996-2000 Robert Harding 2001-2005 Jeff Greene 2005 Notable members Edith Barry Pietro Lazzari External links papers of the NSMP located at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art American artist groups and collectives Arts organizations based in New York City Art societies Arts organizations established in 1895 1895 establishments in the United States
Atlas Grove is a grove of Coast redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens) within Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, in Humboldt County, northern California. It contains the third largest known Coast redwood, Iluvatar. Description According to author Richard Preston, the Atlas Grove was discovered by naturalist Michael Taylor in 1991. For old growth specimens importance, the Atlas Grove is similar to the Grove of Titans, another undisclosed grove of first growth Coast redwoods in the park. The exact locations of both are undisclosed, to protect their ecology. Among tree hunters and botanists, some groves and trees are given names unofficially. However, over 900 Coast redwood groves have been named by the Save the Redwoods League, as an "everlasting memorial to an individual, family or organization". It has not been disclosed whether the Atlas Grove is one of the dedicated memorial groves. Botany An area of approximately 1 hectare in the Atlas Grove was studied, known as the Atlas Project. The exact location of the study is undisclosed. Trees in the stand were measured with tapes and laser range finders. Over 20 days with 5 climbers was spent just in measuring the Iluvatar tree. Scientific studies were done with moisture, light, and sap flow sensors. Wildlife in the grove was studied too, including the Wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans). The Atlas Grove contains other old growth Coast redwoods, including: the Atlas Tree, Gaia, Pleiades, Ballantine, Prometheus, and the Bell Tree. Other flora in the Atlas Grove includes: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), Cascara buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana), California laurel (Umbellularia californica), Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Port Orford–cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) and Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus). See also References External links Mdvaden.com: Documentation, photographs, and information Redwood National and State Parks Coast redwood groves
Mulsantina luteodorsa, the clay-colored lady beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is endemic to southeastern United States. It measures in length. References Further reading Coccinellidae Beetles of the United States Endemic insects of the United States Beetles described in 1973 Articles created by Qbugbot
The following are railway stations in Pakistan. Azad Kashmir Balochistan Gilgit-Baltistan Islamabad Capital Territory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Hala Complete alphabetical list 1 Ab-I-Gum railway station (ABG) Aba Khel railway station (ABK) Abad railway station (AAD) Abbasnagar railway station (ABNR) Abbaspur railway station (AHR) Abdul Hakim railway station (XG) Abdullahabad Halt railway station (AABD) Abdullahpur Kolar railway station (ABDK) Ablak railway station (ABL) Adam Khan railway station (ADKM) Adamshaba railway station (ASA) Adamwahan Bridge railway station (ADB) Admwahan railway station (ADW) Ahmedwal railway station (AHW) Air Ship Halt railway station (APSH) Airport Halt Railway Station (APRT) Ajnala railway station (AAJ) Akhtarabad railway station (AKHB) Akora Khattak railway station (AKO) Ala railway station (ALA) Aladana railway station (ADZ) Alam Reg railway station (ALG) Alamgir Town Halt railway station (ALRT) Alhar railway station (ALX) Ali Muhammad Mihar Halt railway station (AMMR) Ali Nawaz Ghoto Halt railway station (ANGH) Alipur Chatta railway station (ACHH) Alipur Sayadan Sharif railway station (ASY) Alisar Halt railway station (ALIS) Allahdad Rahu railway station (ALHU) Allahdadani railway station (ADN) Allahdino Sand railway station (ADS) Alluwali railway station (AWI) Alozai railway station (ALZ) Amirpur Halt railway station (AMRR) Ammiunttion Siding railway station (AMSB) Amri railway station (AMR) Amruka railway station (AMK) Aqilshah railway station (AKSH) Arian Road railway station (AOD) Arif Wala railway station (ARF) Arsala Khan railway station (ARSK) Ashanpur railway station (AHP) Ashraf Shah railway station (AFS) Asrani railway station (ANN) Athilpur railway station (AHU) Attock City Junction railway station (ATCY) Attock Khurd railway station (ATKD) Attock-Khurd railway station (ATK) Azad railway station (AZT) Azmatwala railway station (AZTL) Babakwal railway station (BBKW) Babar Kachh railway station (BBH) Babari Banda railway station (BJB) Badah railway station (BDR) Badal Nala railway station (BDNL) Badami Bagh railway station (BBG) Baddomalhi railway station (BDML) Badin railway station (BDX) Badinzai railway station (BDZI) Badli Mazari railway station (BIZI) Baghdad railway station (BGHD) Bagiarari railway station (BGRI) Bahalike railway station (BKZ) Bahawalnagar Junction railway station (BWU) Bahawalpur railway station (BWPR) Bahram Hathiun railway station (BRHN) Bahrianwala railway station (BZW) Bahuman railway station (BHMN) Bajwa railway station (BJWA) Bakhsh Jatoi railway station (BKJT) Bakhshan Khan railway station (BKK) Bakhshapur railway station (BXZ) Bakhtiarabad Domki railway station (BKDK) Bakrala railway station (BKRA) Bakrani Road railway station (BKR) Baldher railway station (BZD) Baldia railway station (BDAA) Balishah railway station (BSF) Balochabad railway station (BLBD) Balochpur railway station (BLOR) Bandhi railway station (BHE) Bandial railway station (BQD) Banh Mianwala Halt railway station (BMWL) Banni Bangla railway station (BBNG) Bannu railway station (BXU) Barag Khurd railway station (BFK) Barocho railway station (BRBG) Baruli railway station (BRLY) Basal Junction railway station (BOS) Basirpur railway station (BSU) Basti Abdullah railway station (BLAH) Basti Dad Halt railway station (BSTD) Basti Darwesh Lashari railway station (BSHL) Basti Fauja railway station (BIFA) Basti Qutab railway station (BQS) Basti Rahman railway station (BRN) Begmanji railway station (BGE) Begowala railway station (BGW) Behal railway station (BEL) Behkari Halt railway station (BHRI) Beleli railway station (BLI) Bell-Pat railway station (BPT) Bero Chandia railway station (BRCD) Bhakkar railway station (BHKR) Bhalwal railway station (BWQ) Bhan Syedabad railway station (BAN) Bhera railway station (BHH) Bhila Hithar railway station (BZH) Bhiria Road railway station (BRO) Bhit Shah Railway Station (BTSH) Bhoe Asal railway station [closed] (BOC) Bholari railway station (BOL) Bhumb railway station (BHMB) Bhun railway station (BVX) Bhurgri Railway Station (BHGR) Bijirani railway station (BJNI) Bilao railway station (BFO) Bin Qasim railway station (BQM) Bobi Road railway station (BBIR) Bohar railway station (BOU) Bolan railway station (BJC) Bostan Junction railway station (BTN) Boundary Pillar railway station (NP72) Braudabad railway station (BKB) Bubak Road railway station (BUK) Buch railway station (BUC) Bucheri railway station (BCR) Buchiana railway station (BCX) Budapur railway station (BDP) Budh railway station (BVD) Budho railway station (BUO) Bug railway station (BUZ) Burhan railway station (BUN) Burj railway station (BURJ) Bustan Afghanan railway station (BSAN) Cadet Collage Petaro railway station (CCQ) Cadet College Kohat railway station (KTCT) Cement Factory Siding railway station (CFS) Chabiana railway station (CBA) Chachar railway station (CCRB) Chachran railway station (CCN) Chaghi railway station (GNGI) Chah Nur Muhammad railway station (CNQ) Chak railway station (CAK) Chak Abdullah railway station (CAL) Chak Amru railway station (CKRU) Chak Asmat Ullah Halt railway station (CHAA) Chak Ibrahim Bhatti railway station (COB) Chak Jhumra Junction railway station (CKJ) Chak Jhumra West Cabin railway station (WOC) Chak Kambo railway station (CKQ) Chaklala railway station (CKL) Chak Naurang railway station (CKNG) Chak Nizam railway station (CKZ) Chak Pirana railway station (CPI) Chak Saida railway station (CKSA) Chak Saiyiadanwala Halt railway station (CHWA) Chak Turan railway station (CHTR) Chak Waraichanwala railway station (CWW) Chakwal railway station (CWK) Chalisa Junction railway station (CHS) Chaman railway station (CMN) Chandrami railway station (CDRN) Chanesar railway station (CHNS) Chang railway station (CHNG) Changa Manga railway station (CGM) Chanigot railway station (CNG) Channa Halt railway station (CHAN) Charnali railway station (CRH) Charsadda railway station (CSD) Chauntra railway station (CTN) Chaweka Road railway station (CAD) Chawinda railway station (CWD) Chenab Nagar railway station (CNR) Chenab West Bank railway station (CWB) Chet Singhwala railway station (CGW) Chhab railway station (CBB) Chhor railway station (COH) Chichawatni railway station (CCE) Chichoki Mallian railway station (CCM) Chidarzai railway station (CDZ) Chikarkot railway station (CKO) Chilianwala railway station (CHW) Chinot railway station (CHOT) Chistian railway station (CSI) Choa Kariala railway station (CKRL) Chrome Halt railway station (CH) Chukhra railway station (CUA) Chund railway station (CUH) Chur Sharif Halt railway station (CHSF) Churmian railway station [closed] (CRE) Chutiana railway station (CUN) Dabanawala railway station (DBX) Dabheji railway station (DBJ) Dad Fatihana railway station (DDH) Dadu railway station (DDU) Daharki railway station (DRK) Daira Mahram railway station (DRMM) Dajd Halt railway station (DXA) Dajlatpur Safan railway station (DPSN) Dalbandin railway station (DLH) Dalipota railway station (THC) Dalujal railway station (DLJ) Damboli railway station (DMB) Dandot railway station (DRS) Dar Ul Ihsan railway station (DRLN) Darbar Shab Kartarpur railway station (DSKR) Darbelo railway station (DRBO) Dari Azim Khan Halt railway station (DRAK) Darkhana railway station (DKH) Darsmand railway station (DSV) Darya Khan railway station (DYN) Daud Khel Junction railway station (DKL) Daulatala railway station (DTU) Daur railway station (DOU) Deabakha railway station (BKE) Deona Juliani railway station (DEN) Deparja railway station (DPJA) Departure Yard railway station (DPY) Depot Hill railway station (DPHL) Dera Allahyar railway station (DAHR) Dera Dinpanah railway station (DNP) Dera Ghazi Khan railway station (DGK) Dera Murad Jamali railway station (DMJJ) Dera Nawab Sahib railway station (DWBS) Dera Taj railway station (DRTJ) Detha railway station (DET) Dhab Sanateka railway station (DBST) Dhaban Singh railway station (DNS) Dhak railway station (DAK) Dhandi railway station (DDI) Dharowal Kang Halt railway station (DAWK) Dhaunkal railway station (DUX) Dher Ummid Ali railway station (DHUA) Dhjdial railway station (DIZ) Dholan railway station (DOLN) Dhoro Naro railway station (DNO) Dhrema railway station [closed] (DHRM) Digri railway station (DII) Dilmurad railway station (DMQ) Dina railway station (DIN) Dinapur railway station (DINA) Dinga railway station (DGH) Dingra railway station (DNF) Doaba railway station (DOV) Doctor Chah railway station (DRC) Domala railway station (DMLA) Domel railway station (DOME) Domeli railway station (DMI) Dorata railway station (DTA) Dost Muhammad Abad railway station (DMAH) Dost Pura Halt railway station (DSTB) Dozan railway station (DZN) Drakki railway station (DKK) Drig Road railway station (DID) Drigh Colony railway station (DCL) Dungabunga railway station (DNBA) Dunyapur railway station (DYR) Durgai railway station (DRY) Dyz railway station (DYZ) Eminabad railway station (EMBD) Faisalabad railway station (FSLD) Faisalabad Dry Port railway station (FDP) Faiz Muhammad Manahi Halt railway station (FZM) Faqir Hussain Shaheed railway station (FQHD) Faqirabad railway station (FQB) Faqirwali railway station (FQL) Farid Nagar railway station [closed] (FNR) Farm Noor Muhammad railway station (FNM) Farooq Abad railway station (FRQD) Farooqia railway station (FRQ) Fateh Shahpur Halt railway station (FSRR) Fatehjang railway station (FJG) Fazal Bhambro railway station (FZB) Fazilpur Dhandi railway station (FZDI) Fertilizer Factory railway station (FFSH) Firoza railway station (FRA) Fort Abbas railway station (FPA) Gadalar railway station (GRR) Gaddar railway station (GDR) Gagan railway station (GGK) Gagoo railway station (GOO) Gajargola railway station (GGL) Galangur railway station (GAN) Galangur Kotal railway station (GLRK) Gambat railway station (GBT) Ganda Singhwala railway station (GSS) Gandi Khan Khel railway station [closed] (GNQ) Ganja Takkar railway station (GJT) Garhi Khairo railway station (GRK) Gat railway station (GUZ) Gatti railway station (GTZ) Ghakka Mittar railway station (GKMI) Ghakkhar Mandi railway station (GKR) Gharo railway station (GHO) Ghjrazai railway station [closed] (GZI) Ghoriwala railway station (GWR) Ghotki railway station (GHK) Ghribwal railway station (GBW) Ghulamabad railway station (GABD) Ghungrila railway station (GNX) Gidu railway station (GAB) Gilani railway station (GLAN) Gilawala railway station (GLW) Gilmala Halt railway station (GML) Girdhariwala railway station (GHW) Gojra railway station (GJA) Golpur railway station (GPE) Golra railway station (GOL) Golra Sharif Junction railway station (GLRS) Golra Sharif Railway Museum situated at Golra Sharif Junction railway station Goolpur Talbani railway station (GTB) Gopang railway station (GPG) Gosarji railway station (GSRJ) Goth Shah Muhammad railway station (GSM) Gujar Garhi railway station (GJGR) Gujar Khan railway station (GKN) Gujjar railway station (GUJR) Gujranwala railway station (GRW) Gujranwala Cant railway station (GRWC) Gujranwala City railway station (GLCY) Gujrat railway station (GRT) Gul Beg Marri railway station (GBM) Gul Imam railway station (GLX) Gul Sher railway station (GLS) Gulistan railway station (GTN) Gullar Pir Halt railway station (GLPR) Gunna Kalan railway station (GKO) Gurmani railway station (GUI) Gwal railway station [closed] (GWX) Habib Kot Junction railway station (HBKJ) Habibabad railway station (HBAD) Hafeezabad railway station (HFED) Hafizabad railway station (HFD) Haibat Shahid railway station (HTS) Haidar Jatoi railway station (HJTI) Haji Chand railway station (HJC) Haji Muhammad Ihan Halt railway station (HMX) Hakimani Halt railway station (HISD) Hala railway station (HLA) Halloki Halt railway station (HLO) Hamdaniwala Halt railway station (HMLA) Hanapur railway station (HNPR) Hangu railway station (HGU) Haranpur Junction railway station (HNP) Harappa railway station (HAP) Harbanspura railway station (HBR) Hariah railway station (HRA) Haripur Band railway station (HPD) Haripur Hazara railway station (HRU) Harnai railway station (HUR) Harnal railway station (HRNL) Harunabad railway station (HRND) Haryanwala railway station (HYN) Hasan Abdal railway station (HSN) Hasan Rind railway station (HSNR) Hasilpur railway station (HSU) Hasisar railway station (HSS) Hassim Killi railway station (KMKI) Hastedpur railway station (HSTD) Hathiyan railway station (HTN) Hattar railway station (HTTR) Haveli Wasawewala railway station (HWSW) Havelian And Out Agency railway station (HVN) Hayat Sher Pao Shahid railway station (HSPS) Hazarat Karanwala railway station (HKW) Hazart Shama Ghaus Halt railway station (HSGH) Hazurpur railway station (HZP) Hingoro Road Halt railway station (HGO) Hira Singh railway station (HSG) Hiral railway station (HAL) Hirok railway station (HRK) Hngu Camp railway station (HGC) Humayun railway station (HMN) Hump Yard railway station (HY) Humunwala railway station (HWA) Husri railway station (HSE) Hyderabad Junction railway station (HDR) Ibrahim Kachhi Halt railway station (IBKI) Ibrahimzai railway station [closed] (IMZ) Imamia Colony railway station (IMNY) Import Yard railway station (IY) Injra railway station (IJA) Iqbal Nagar railway station (IQP) Isa Khel railway station (IKH) Isa Tahir railway station (ITH) Islamia College railway station (IMC) Ismaili railway station (IMI) Jacobabad Junction railway station (JCD) Jafarabad Halt railway station (JSA) Jafarwala railway station (JFW) Jahania railway station (JAI) Jajja Abbasian railway station (JJH) Jalal Marri railway station (JLMR) Jallo railway station (JLO) Jalu-Jo-Chunrd railway station (JLU) Jam Sahib railway station (JMSB) Jaman Shah railway station (JNS) Jamke Chatta railway station (JCT) Jampur railway station (JMPR) Jamraniwah railway station (JMH) Jamrao Junction railway station (JMO) Jamrud Junction railway station (JRD) Jan Muhammad Wala railway station (JMW) Jand Junction railway station (JAD) Jangal Mariala railway station (JMY) Janiwala railway station (JWA) Jarala railway station (JRF) Jaranwala railway station (JNW) Jassar Junction railway station (JSAR) Jatoi railway station (JTOI) Jauharabad railway station (JAHD) Jaurah Karnana railway station (JRH) Jhalar railway station (JRN) Jhamat railway station (JHMT) Jhang City railway station (JHC) Jhang Sadar railway station (JGH) Jhangira Road railway station (JHR) Jhatpat railway station (JPT) Jhelum railway station (JMR) Jhetha Bhutta railway station (JTA) Jhimpir railway station (JHP) Jhok Ditta railway station (JWT) Jhol railway station (JHO) Jhudo railway station (JDO) Jhuluri railway station (JLE) Jia Bagga railway station (JBA) Jummah Goth railway station (JMTH) Jungshahi railway station (JGS) Kabul River railway station (KVB) Kabul Seen Pul railway station (KBSP) Kacha Ghari railway station (KGC) Kacha Khuh railway station (KHO) Kacha Road railway station (KCR) Kachelo railway station (KEO) Kahal railway station (KHL) Kahi railway station (KHY) Kahror Pakka railway station (KQP) Kala railway station (KAX) Kala Khatai railway station (KLKT) Kala Shah Kaku railway station (KBS) Kalabagh railway station (KWZ) Kalanchwala railway station (KCW) Kalas Goraya Halt railway station (KGRX) Kaleke railway station (KKE) Kalhora railway station (KLHR) Kaliamawan railway station (KWX) Kallur Kot railway station (KLO) Kalpani railway station (KPC) Kaluwal railway station (KOW) Kamalia railway station (KZM) Kamar Mashani railway station (KQH) Kamaro Sharif railway station (KMOS) Kambar Ali Khan railway station (KRAK) Kamoke railway station (KAM) Kan Mehtarzai railway station (KZZ) Kana Kacha railway station [closed] (KKH) Kanak railway station (KBF) Kandiaro railway station (KDRO) Kandkot railway station (KFZ) Kandwal Halt railway station (KDWL) Kanganpur railway station (KZN) Kanjur railway station (KUJ) Kanjwani railway station (KJK) Karachi Bunder And Sidings railway station (KBX) Karachi Cant railway station (KC) Karachi City railway station (KYC) Karachi Port Trust Halt railway station (KPT) Karachi University railway station (KYXU) Karor railway station (KOR) Karsaz railway station (KRSZ) Karyal Halt railway station (KRYL) Kashmor Colony railway station (KZLC) Kashmor Junction railway station (KZL) Kassowal railway station (KSL) Kasur Junction railway station (KUS) Kasur Tehsil railway station [closed] (KXS) Kata Kushta railway station (KKST) Kathala railway station (KTL) Kazi Ahmad railway station (KZO) Kechi Beg railway station (KFB) Khadrd railway station (KHDO) Khair Muhammad Laghari Halt railway station (KRMI) Khairabad Kund railway station (KBD) Khairpur railway station (KHP) Khan railway station (KAN) Khan Muhammad Chah railway station (QMX) Khanai railway station (KNI) Khanewal Junction railway station (KWL) Khanora railway station (KFR) Khanot railway station (KNOT) Khanpur Junction railway station (KPR) Khanqah Muhammad Panah railway station (KEM) Kharian railway station (KRN) Kharian Cant railway station (KRNC) Khatan railway station (KTAN) Khathar railway station (KHZ) Khatian Road railway station (KNX) Khatlani Shaheed Halt railway station (KHSH) Khem railway station [closed?] (KEMK) Khewra railway station (KWA) Khewra Chemical Works railway station (KHW) Khichi Wala railway station (KCWL) Khjdabad railway station (KBW) Khnqah Sirajia railway station (KQSA) Khokhropar railway station (KRB) Khost railway station (KOS) Khudabad railway station Khudian Khas railway station (KHUK) Khudozai railway station (KZD) Khuman railway station (KQM) Khundda Ladheke railway station (KDLE) Khushab Junction railway station (KHB) Khushal Garh railway station [closed] (KHG) Khushhal railway station (KHLK) Kiamari railway station (KMR) Kila Abdulla railway station (KAB) Kila Dewa Singh railway station (KWS) Kila Saifullah railway station (KSFL) Kila Sobha Singh railway station (QSB) Kinjhejhi railway station (KNJE) Kirdagap railway station (KDB) Kiridhor railway station (KIO) Kishingi railway station (KNV) Kissan railway station (KFS) Kobar railway station (KBO) Koh-I-Noor railway station (KONR) Kohat Cant railway station (KHCT) Kohat Tehsil railway station (KHTL) Kohsar railway station (KOSR) Kolpur railway station (KLR) Korangi railway station (KRNG) Kot Abadan Halt railway station (KABN) Kot Abbas Shaheed railway station [closed] (KJMR) Kot Adu Junction railway station (ADK) Kot Behram railway station (KTBM) Kot Chhutta railway station (KOHT) Kot Chhutta railway station (KOHT) Kot Darya Bal railway station (KTDB) Kot Daya Kishen railway station (KVW) Kot Ghulam Muhammad railway station (KGM) Kot Haji Shah Halt railway station (KHJS) Kot Khair Din Halt railway station (KKDN) Kot Lakhpat railway station (LKP) Kot Lalloo railway station (KQO) Kot Mul Chand railway station (KMCD) Kot Najib Ullah railway station (KJQ) Kot Pir Abdul Aziz Halt railway station (KPAA) Kot Radha Kishn railway station (KRK) Kot Salim Shahid railway station (KSHD) Kot Sultan railway station (KTS) Kot-Lalloo railway station (KQO) Kotla Adib Shahid railway station (KASD) Kotla Isan railway station (KTIN) Kotla Jam railway station (KJO) Kotla Laghari Halt railway station (KLRI) Kotla Nasir railway station (KNIR) Kotla Pathan railway station (KLF) Kotri Junction railway station (KOT) Kotsamaba railway station (KTSB) Kuchali railway station (KCL) Kuchlak railway station (KCK) Kuhi-Taftan railway station (TFT) Kul Mokal railway station (KXU) Kulab railway station (KBB) Kundian Junction railway station (KDA) Kunri railway station (KNRS) Kuram Bridge railway station (KMB) Kussam railway station (KMSR) Kutabpur railway station (KUZ) Kutal Imara railway station (KTAM) Kutbal railway station (KTB) Lahore Cant railway station (LRC) Lahore Junction railway station (LHR) Lakha Road railway station (LKRD) Lakhnewala Halt railway station (LKWL) Laki Ghulam Shah Halt railway station (LGLS) Laki Marwat Junction railway station (LMW) Laki Shah Saddar railway station (LSS) Lal Mir Halt railway station (LM) Lal Pir railway station (LLPR) Lal Suhanra railway station (LSA) Lala Musa Junction railway station (LLM) Lalamusa Goods railway station (LLMG) Laleji railway station (LJI) Lalian railway station (LLAN) Landhi Junction railway station (LND) Landi Khana railway station [closed] Landi Kotal railway station (LKL) Landi Kotal railway station (LDKN) Langar railway station (LGR) Langowal Baruhi Halt railway station (LBU) Lar railway station (LAZ) Larkana Junction railway station (LRK) Lashari railway station [closed] (LSH) Latif Abad railway station (LFD) Latif Chang railway station (LTFC) Lawrencepur railway station (LRP) Layari railway station (LYR) Leiah railway station (LAH) Liaqatabad railway station (LQD) Liaquatpur railway station (LQP) Lilla railway station (LLA) Lilla Town railway station (LLT) Lindsay railway station (LDS) Lodhran Junction railway station (LON) Lohi Bhir railway station (LBR) Ludewala railway station (LDWL) Lundo railway station (LDO) Mach railway station (MCH) Machhianwala railway station (MCW) Machhike railway station (MCK) Machi Goth railway station (MGQ) Machur railway station (MCHR) Madali railway station (HDI) Madeji Road railway station (MJI) Madharian Wala railway station (MRW) Madina-Tul-Hijjaj railway station (MTHJ) Madrisa railway station (MEE) Magneja railway station (MGNJ) Mahesar railway station (MHS) Mahiota railway station (MHM) Mahmud Kot railway station (MHK) Mahmunwali railway station (MMW) Mahrabpur Junction railway station (MHR) Maibal railway station (MBX) Mailsi railway station (MSX) Majladad railway station (MLDO) Makhad Road railway station (MBR) Makhdum Sahib Halt railway station (MKMS) Makhdumpur Pahoran railway station (MDO) Malakwal Junction railway station (MKW) Malir railway station (MXB) Malir Cant railway station (MXBC) Malir Colony railway station (MXBH) Matli railway station (MTX) Mamu Kanjan railway station (MMX) Mancher Chatta railway station (MNCH) Mandi Ahmed Abad railway station (MADD) Mandi Baha-Ud-Din railway station (MBDN) Mandi Burewala railway station (MBWL) Mandi Rahme Shah railway station (CRHH) Mandi Sadiq Ganj Junction railway station (MSQJ) Mando Dairo railway station (MDZ) Mandra Junction railway station (MNA) Manga railway station (MNGA) Manghopir railway station (MGHO) Mangoli railway station (MLE) Manguana Halt railway station (MGA) Manjhand railway station (MJD) Manjhla Bagh railway station (MNLB) Mankiala railway station (MKE) Mansurabad railway station (MMBD) Mansurwali railway station (MNW) Mardan Junction railway station (MDX) Margala railway station (MGLA) Marh Balochan railway station (MBN) Mari Indus railway station (MAT) Mariyal railway station (MRYL) Marshalling Yard Pipri railway station (PIE) Mashori Sharif railway station (MHSR) Massan railway station (MSY) Mastung Road railway station (MUF) Masud Akhtar Shahid railway station (MAAS) Matapan railway station (MTPN) Mauladad railway station Maulviwla railway station (MLVA) Mbwn railway station (MBWN) Medanak railway station (MDNK) Mehar-Shah railway station (MEHA) Mehta Suja railway station (MSJ) Melta railway station (MTS) Meting railway station (MTG) Mhn railway station (MHN) Mian Channun railway station (MYH) Mian Ghundi railway station (MUI) Mian Shamir railway station (MSHR) Mian Wali railway station (MWI) Miani railway station (MII) Mihran Halt railway station (MINT) Miman railway station (MMN) Mina Bazar railway station (MNBZ) Minchinabad railway station (MCD) Minhan Khan Rind Halt railway station (MHKD) Mir Allah Dad Talpur Halt railway station (MIRX) Mir Dostali railway station (MDAL) Mir Hassan Khoso Halt railway station (MHKS) Miran Sahib railway station [closed] (MNB) Mirani railway station [closed] (MRNI) Mirdad Muafi railway station (MQD) Mirjal railway station (MRJL) Mirjat railway station (MRJT) Mirjawa railway station (MJB) Mirpur Jhas Goods railway station (MPSY) Mirpur Khas Junction railway station (MPS) Mirpur Mathelo railway station (MRP) Missa Keswal railway station (MSA) Missan Kalar railway station (MSKR) Mitha Lak railway station (MTQ) Mitha Tiwana railway station (MTW) Mithan Kot railway station (KMTN) Mithiani railway station (MTNI) Mithri railway station (MIT) Mitti Roya railway station (MRY) Mlcl railway station (MLCL) Model Colony railway station (MDCL) Moengo Daro railway station (MNJO) Moghalpura Junction railway station (MGPR) Moghari railway station [closed] (MRZ) Mohat railway station (MHTA) Mohra Shahwali railway station (MSWI) Mohsinwal railway station (MOWL) Mona railway station (MOV) Moro railway station (MRS) Mubarakabad Halt railway station (MBAK) Mubarakpur railway station (MBK) Mudduki railway station (MDI) Mughal railway station (MGL) Muhammad Nagar railway station (MHNR) Muhammad Pur Diwan railway station (MRDN) Muhammad Rahim Kalru railway station (MRKU) Mujahidabad railway station (MJC) Mujaldiwala Halt railway station (MJW) Mulla Makhan railway station (MLMN) Multan Cant railway station (MUL) Multan City railway station (MXC) Mumtazabad Halt railway station (MTZB) Munianwala railway station (MNWL) Murad Chishti railway station (MRCH) Muradi Janjil railway station (MRDJ) Murghai railway station (MGHI) Muridke railway station (MDK) Musa Virk railway station (MSVR) Mushkaf railway station (MKF) Muslimaabad railway station (MLMD) Muslimbagh railway station (MMBH) Muzaffarabad railway station (MZJ) Muzaffargarh railway station (MZG) Nabisar Road railway station (NBSR) Nadabad railway station (NAO) Nafis Nagar railway station (NFGR) Naim Ishfaq Shahid Halt railway station (NASD) Najkot railway station (NKOT) Najrang Serai railway station (NUS) Nakus railway station (NKS) Nammal railway station (NLM) Nankana Sahab railway station (NNS) Narang railway station (NRNG) Nari railway station (NAR) Nari Bank railway station (NRB) Nari West railway station (NRWT) Narowal Junction railway station (NWL) Nasai railway station (NSAI) Nasarpur railway station (NPP) Nasrat railway station (NST) or Nusrat railway station (NST) Nasrat Khel railway station [closed] (NSX) Naukot railway station Naurang Serai Sugar Mill Siding railway station (NUSM) Naushahro Feroze railway station (NSFZ) Nautheh railway station (NUT) Nawab Wali Muhammad Khan railway station (NWMK) Nawabshah Junction railway station (NWS) Nawagazi railway station (NZI) Nawan Pind Halt railway station (NWZ) Nawaz Dahri railway station (NZH) Nazikabad railway station (NAZ) Nazirabad railway station (NZRA) New Chhor railway station (NCO) New Saidabad railway station (NSB) Nishatabad railway station (NSTD) Nishtarabad railway station (NSHB) Nizam Sama Halt railway station (NZS) Nizamabad railway station (NZD) Nok Chah railway station (NKG) Nok Kundi railway station (KDD) Noli railway station (NUK) Noori Lal Halt railway station (NRLL) Noorpur railway station (NRPR) Norai Sharif railway station (NRSF) North Nazimabad railway station (NAA) Notak railway station (NTK) Nowshera Junction railway station (NSR) Nur (Rawalpindi) railway station (NQU) Nur railway station (NUR) Nur Muhammad Mokal railway station (NMML) Nur Shah railway station (NSH) Nurkot railway station (NRKT) Nushki railway station (NSE) Nuttall railway station (NTL) Ocepur railway station (OCP) Oderolal railway station (ODL) Odhan railway station (ODN) Okara railway station (OKR) Okara Cant railway station (OKC) Ongar railway station (OAR) Orangi railway station (ORG) P.A.F. Halt railway station (AFH) Pabbi railway station (PBI) Pad Idan Junction railway station (PDN) Padag Road railway station (PGD) Paharpur Thal railway station (PHTL) Pai Khel railway station (PIK) Paigah railway station (PGHA) Pain Mall railway station (PJM) Pakhowal railway station (PHL) Pakka Anna railway station (PCA) Pakka Sidhar railway station (PKS) Pakpattan railway station (PPX) Palh railway station (PAH) Palijani railway station (PJL) Pang Pir railway station (PNP) Panir railway station (PIR) Panj Girain railway station (PJG) Panj Pulla Halt railway station (PJU) Pano Akil railway station (PNL) Parche-Ji-Veri railway station (PJV) Parkhoo Dheri railway station (PDC) Parvezwala railway station (PRWL) Pasrur railway station (PSW) Patla railway station (PTLA) Patoyun railway station (PYO) Pattoki railway station (PTO) Peeru Lishari railway station (PRS) Pehro Kunri railway station (PFK) Pejowali railway station (PJWL) Perak railway station (PRQ) Peshawar Cant railway station (PSC) Peshawar City railway station (PSH) Peshi railway station (PSI) Pezu railway station (PZU) Phularwan railway station (PHW) Phulji railway station (PHJ) Piaro Goth railway station (PRX) Pind Dadan Khan railway station (PDK) Pind Mukko railway station (PIM) Pindi Rasul railway station (PNRS) Pindora railway station (PIND) Piplan railway station (PPL) Pir Bakhir railway station (PBKR) Pir Barkhuradar Halt railway station (PRBR) Pir Jand Halt railway station (PJND) Pir Jewan Sultan railway station (PJS) Pir Katpar railway station (POP) Pir Mahal railway station (PMX) Pir Muhammad Metlo Halt railway station (PLMO) Pir Mukhtiarwala Halt railway station (PMTW) Pir Piai railway station (PII) Pir Sadiq Shah Halt railway station (PRSQ) Piran Ghaib railway station (PGB) Pirawalla railway station (PRW) Pishok railway station [closed] (POK) Pithoro Junction railway station (PHO) Pithu Rana Halt railway station (PITH) Prem Nagar railway station (PNX) Qadirabad railway station [closed] (QDB) Qaidabad railway station (QDG) Qaimpur railway station (QMP) Qalat-I-Nasir railway station (QNR) Qasimwala railway station (QSM) Qila Sattar Shah railway station (QSS) Qila Sheikhupura Junction railway station (QSP) Qudrat railway station (QDT) Qudratabad railway station (QDTB) Quetta railway station (QTA) Rabwah railway station (RBW) Radhan railway station (RDH) Radkhanwala railway station (RKW) Rafiqabad railway station (RFQ) Rafiqabad railway station (RQW) Rahim Yar Khan railway station (RYK) Rahmgul railway station (RHM) Rahuja railway station (RHJA) Rahuki railway station (RHK) Raina railway station [closed] (RIN) Raisalpur Cant railway station (RCS) Raisan railway station (RSN) Raiwind Junction railway station (RND) Raja Jang railway station (RJJ) Rajan Shah railway station (RJSH) Rajanpur railway station (RJPR) Rajar railway station (RJH) Rajput Nagar railway station (RPNG) Rakh Rajar railway station (RAR) Ran Pethani railway station (RPN) Ranbirsinghpura railway station [closed] (RSP) Ranipur Riyasat railway station (RAN) Rashidabad Halt railway station Rashkai railway station (RSK) Ratanabad railway station (RAD) Ratial railway station (RTL) Rattan Halt railway station (RTN) Ratto Kala railway station (RTK) Rawalpindi railway station (RWP) Raya Khas railway station (RKHS) Reception Yard railway station (RYD) Reg-I-Malik railway station (RGC) Rehana railway station (RCN) Rehmani Nagar railway station (RMNR) Rehmanpura Halt railway station (RMPR) Renala Khurd railway station (RKQ) Reti railway station (RTE) Riazabad railway station (RZD) Risalewala railway station (RSE) Rivaz East Bank railway station (REB) Rivaz West Bank railway station (RWB) Rohri Junction railway station (ROH) Roshanabad railway station (RSB) Rojhan railway station (RON) Ruk railway station (RUK) Rukanpur railway station (RKU) Rumian railway station (ROM) Rurala Road railway station (RRLN) Rustam Sargana railway station (RMG) Sabzazar railway station (SBZR) Sachcha Sauda railway station (SCS) Sada Sawaya Halt railway station (SDYA) Sadhar Halt railway station (SADR) Sadhoke railway station (SDQ) Sadikabad railway station (SDK) Sadiq Ali Shaheed railway station (SDAS) Sadiqpur railway station (SFP) Saduro railway station (SDRO) Safdarabad railway station (SFRD) Sahianwala railway station (SAHW) Sahiwal railway station (SWAL) Sahja railway station (SJH) Sahowala railway station (SLA) Sahu railway station [closed] (SUH) Saindad railway station (SAND) Sakhi Shauq Ilahi railway station (SQT) Sakrand Junction railway station (SKRD) Salih Bhambro railway station (SLBO) Salim Awan railway station (SLAW) Samanabad railway station (SMBD) Samandwala railway station (SMW) Samaro Road railway station (SAMR) Samasata Junction railway station (SMA) Sambrial railway station (SMB) Samiah railway station (SMTH) Samungli Road railway station (SMGD) Sanawan railway station (SNW) Sandral railway station (SNRL) Sangi railway station (SGI) Sangjani railway station (SJI) Sangla Hill Junction railway station (SLL) Sanjwal railway station (SJU) Sanjwal Cant railway station (SJC) Sann railway station (SANN) Sar Dheri railway station (SRDI) Sar Shamir Road railway station (SSX) Sar-I-Ab railway station (SRB) Sar-I-Bolan railway station (SBN) Sarai Alamgir railway station (SXG) Saranan railway station (SHO) Sardar Jhandir railway station (SRJR) Sardar Wali Mazari railway station (SWMA) Sargodha Junction railway station (SRQ) Sarhad railway station (SHD) Sarhari railway station (SRH) Sarmall railway station [closed] (SQM) Saroba railway station (SRBX) Sarwar Nagar railway station (SNRR) Sarwar Shaheed Halt railway station (SRSD) Sathoiwala railway station (STWL) Sattar Wala Halt railway station (SRWL) Savzala railway station (SZL) Sayid Hamid railway station (SYD) Sayyad Kasran railway station (SYY) Sehjowal railway station [closed] (SJWL) Sehwan Sharif railway station (SWN) Seni Gambat railway station (SGB) Seowal Halt railway station (SEWL) Serai Saleh railway station (SSQ) Seratangi railway station [closed] (STG) Setharja railway station (STJ) Shadan Lund railway station (SHDL) Shadia railway station (SDEA) Shadipalli railway station (SPI) Shafiabad railway station (SFBD) Shah Abdul Latif railway station (SDLF) Shah Alam railway station (SAM) Shah Jewana railway station (SJW) Shah Murtaza Halt railway station (SHMT) Shah Nal railway station (SFL) Shah Nawaz Bhutto railway station (SNBT) Shah Nikdur railway station (SXU) Shah Panjo Halt railway station (SPJO) Shah Sultan Halt railway station (SHUA) Shahbaz Khel Halt railway station (SXL) Shahbazwala railway station (SZW) Shahdadkot railway station (SDKT) Shahdadpur railway station (SDU) Shahdara Bagh Junction railway station (SDR) Shaheed Allah Bakhsh railway station (SHAB) Shahgai railway station (SHGI) Shahidanwala railway station (SHY) Shahinabad Junction railway station (SHND) Shahpur Chakar railway station (SPCK) Shahpur City railway station (SHPC) Shahpur Jahania railway station (SPJH) Shahpur Sadar railway station (SHPS) Shahtaj railway station (SHAA) Shahwali railway station (SHWA) Shakirabad Halt railway station (SHKR) Shamkote railway station (SMQ) Sharigh railway station (SGH) Sheikh Mandah railway station (SMS) Sheikh Wahan railway station (SKZ) Sheikh Wasil railway station (SWK) Shelabagh railway station (SBA) Sher Shah Junction railway station (SSH) Shikarpur railway station (SHP) Shina Khewra railway station (SK) Shinkai railway station (SNKI) Shori railway station (SHQ) Shori Chatta railway station (SHOA) Shorkot Cant. Junction railway station (SKO) Shujabad railway station (SJB) Sialabad railway station (SLBD) Sialkot Cant railway station (SLKC) Sialkot Junction railway station (SLK) Sibi Junction railway station (SIB) Sidki railway station [closed] (SDX) Signal railway station (SIV) Sihala railway station (SIH) Sihar railway station (SHS) Sillanwali railway station (SWY) Silra Shahdadkot railway station (SDKT) Simzai railway station (SZI) Sind University railway station (SDUT) Sinjhoro railway station (SIJ) Sirajwala railway station (SRJW) Site railway station (SITE) Skhakot railway station (SKC) Sobha Wala railway station (SAX) Sobhaga railway station (SBQ) Sodhra Kopra railway station (SDA) Sohan Bridge railway station (SON) Sohawa railway station (SHA) Sood Bidhana railway station (SDBA) Spezand Junction railway station (SZD) Spin Ghundi railway station (SPH) Spintangi railway station (SPG) Srirampura railway station (SRPA) Stores Pura railway station (AAAA) Suchetgarh Jn. railway station [closed] (SCG) Sufiabad railway station (SFB) Sugar Mill Halt railway station (SRMY) Sukh Beas railway station (SKBS) Sukheke railway station (SKE) Sukhio Manahejo railway station (SKMJ) Sukho railway station (SQZ) Sukkur railway station (SUK) Sulaimanabad railway station (SLMA) Sultan Karori Halt railway station (SLNK) Sultan Khel railway station (STKI) Sultan Nagar railway station (SLNR) Sultanabad railway station (SULB) Sultanabad Colony Halt railway station (SLDC) Sultankot railway station (SOK) Sultanpur railway station (SLPR) Sumar Chandio Halt railway station (SRCD) Sumbal Hamid railway station (SLHD) Sunehri railway station (SNRI) Surain railway station (SURN) Tabruk railway station (TBRQ) Tajpur Nasarpur Road railway station (TJNR) Takht Mahal railway station (TKM) Takht-I-Bhai railway station (TEB) Talhar railway station (THRS) Talhi railway station (TAH) Taloo railway station (TLQ) Tamewali railway station (TMW) Tandliawala railway station (TLW) Tando Adam Junction railway station (TDM) Tando Alahyar railway station (TDA) Tando Jam railway station (JTD) Tando Jam College Halt railway station (TJR) Tando Jan Muhammad railway station (TJMD) Tando Muhammad Khan railway station (TMN) Tando Mustikhan railway station (TMK) Tando Sarwar railway station (TSU) Tandoi railway station (TDIA) Tanduri railway station (TDI) Tang Haiderzai railway station (THZ) Tank Junction railway station (TNC) Taqipur railway station (TQPR) Taragarh railway station (TRX) Tarinda railway station (TRD) Tariqabad railway station (TQD) Tarki railway station (TRI) Taru Jabba railway station (TAJ) Tasirabad railway station (TASD) Tatipur railway station [closed] (TPR) Taunsa Barrage railway station (PBQ) Taunsa-Barrage railway station (TBQ) Taunsa Barrage Colony railway station (TBC) Tawari railway station (TWR) Taxila Cant railway station (TXLC) Taxila Junction railway station (TXL) Tehsil Shakargarh railway station (SKGR) Thal And Out Agency railway station (THAL) Thanedarwala railway station (TWO) Tharushah Junction railway station (TRSH) Thatta Mahla railway station (TTM) Theri Sansi railway station (TSE) Thermal Power Station railway station (TPS) Thole Produce Yard railway station (TPX) Thul Nao (Jacobabad) railway station (THLS) Thul-Nao railway station (THLN) Tibba Alamgir Halt railway station (TBGR) Tibba Meharban Shah Halt railway station (TIB) Tibbi Izzat railway station (TZT) Tilkan railway station [closed] (TKX) Tinoka railway station (TINK) Toba Tek Singh railway station (TTSG) Tobah railway station (TOBA) Togh railway station (TOG) Toraghbargi railway station (TRQ) Torra Tigga railway station (TRTG) Tozghi railway station (TZG) Trag railway station (TGX) Tufail Shahid Halt railway station (TESD) Uchhri railway station (UHI) Ugoke railway station (UGE) Umid Ali Junejo railway station (UAJ) Umn railway station (UMN) Unarpur railway station (UNR) Unharwah railway station (URW) Urdu College railway station (URD) Usman Khattar railway station (UKT) Usmanwala railway station (UMW) Usta Muhammad railway station (UTM) Ustarzai railway station (UTZ) Utram railway station (OTR) Vakilwala railway station (VKW) Vasar Bah railway station (VSB) Vihari railway station (VHR) Wadala Cheema Halt railway station (WDC) Wagha railway station (VWGH) Wagha railway station (WGH) Wah railway station (WAH) Wah Cant railway station (WHC) Wahab Shah railway station (WHB) Walhar railway station (WLR) Wali Khan railway station (WLN) Wali Mazari railway station (WMA) Walton railway station (WTNS) Wan Adhan railway station (WNAD) Wanbhacharan railway station (WBN) Warburton railway station (WRN) Warechah railway station (WCH) Waris Ali Shaheed railway station (WSS) Waryam railway station (WYM) Wazir Mansion railway station (WZN) Wazirabad Junction railway station (WZD) Wazirani railway station [closed] (WZI) Wegowal railway station (WGWL) Wil Sonpur railway station (WSN) Yadgar railway station [closed] (UDR) Yakmach railway station (YMC) Yar Muhammad Kalhoro Halt railway station (YMK) Yaru railway station (ZKZ) Yousaf Shah Halt railway station (YSF) Yru Khosa railway station (YAA) Yusafwala railway station (YSW) Zafar Iqbal railway station (ZBL) Zafarwal railway station (ZFW) Zahidan railway station (ZHN) Zahir Pir railway station (ZRP) Zahirnagar railway station (ZBA) Zangiabad railway station (ZGB) Zardalu railway station (ZLU) Zarghun railway station (ZGH) Zarif Shaheed railway station (ZRSD) Zeal Pak railway station (ZPK) Zero Point railway station (ZPT) Zhob railway station (ZHOB) Zintara railway station (ZTA) Zorgarh railway station (ZRG) Zozlan railway station (ZZN) See also Transport in Pakistan List of railway lines in Pakistan References Lists of railway stations in Pakistan Pakistan Railway-related lists Railway stations Pakistan Railway stations
Kakka was a Mesopotamian god best known as the sukkal (attendant deity or divine messenger) of Anu and Anshar. His cult center was Maškan-šarrum, most likely located in the north of modern Iraq on the banks of the Tigris. A deity named Kakka was also worshiped in Mari in modern Syria, but there is no consensus among experts whether this was the same figure. It has been argued that the Mariote Kakka was a goddess, rather than a god. It is assumed she functioned as a deity associated with medicine. Name The origin of Kakka's name is most likely not Sumerian or Akkadian, but rather Amorite. A deity named dga-ga (a common writing of Kakka's name) is nonetheless already attested in the Early Dynastic god list from Abu Salabikh. The god list An = Anum provides the gloss dgaka-kaga, indicating dga-ga was pronounced as Kakka. Multiple spellings are attested from Mari and Terqa: gag-ga, ka-ak-ka and ka-ka. Gender Piotr Steinkeller considers the Syrian Kakka from Mari and the Mesopotamian messenger god bearing the same name to be one and the same. Similarly, Wilfred G. Lambert assumes that the latter and a homophone of his name present in the Ninkarrak section of the god list An = Anum are identical. However, Ichiro Nakata considers the deity from Mari to be female, pointing at her equation with two female figures, Ninkarrak and Ninshubur, and her presence in theophoric names such as Kakka-asiya, "Kakka is a female physician". He considers her to be one of the three goddesses common in personal names in the kingdom of Mari but unknown from any other locations, the other two bring Admu and Annu. Julia M. Asher-Greve and Joan Goodnick Westenholz also consider Kakka from Mari to be female. Irene Sibbing-Plantholt argues that female Kakka is also attested in the Diyala area. Another deity whose relation to the messenger god Kakka is unclear is the sukkal of Ningal, dMEkà-kàME. assumes that they were analogous. Richard L. Litke also considers Kakka the messenger god and Kakka the medicine goddess to be separate deities. He points out that the gloss is unlikely to point at an otherwise unknown pronunciation of the sign ME, and assumes that the deity in mention was named Meme, while an alternate version of the list had Kakka in the same line. He concludes that in this case Kakka should be understood as a deity elsewhere equated with Ninkarrak, distinct from the male messenger god. According to Dietz-Otto Edzard, the sukkal of Ningal was most likely a Gula-like medicine goddess, and the proposed association between her and the messenger god Kakka might be the result of confusion. Character Kakka was sometimes regarded as the sukkal (attendant or messenger deity) of Anu or, as attested in the Enūma Eliš, of Anshar. According to Piotr Steinkeller, it is uncertain how the latter tradition developed, as Kakka was generally not worshiped in Babylonia, where this text was composed. He tentatively proposes that identification between Anshar and Ashur might have been an older tradition than assumed, and that Kakka, as a god worshiped in at least some locations in Assyria, appears in this myth as a deity who could plausibly be assigned to Ashur as a courtier. The equation of Anshar and Ashur is known from neo-Assyrian fragments of a rewrite of Enuma Elish which also casts Ashur as the protagonist, described by Wilfred G. Lambert as "completely superficial in that it leaves the plot in chaos by attributing Marduk's part to his great-grandfather, without making any attempt to iron out the resulting confusion." It is assumed that it was only written during the reign of Sennacherib. Kakka could be sometimes syncretised with Ninshubur, as already attested as in the Old Babylonian period, or with Papsukkal. Kakka and Ninshubur are identified with each other in the god list An = Anum, but only in the specific role of "one who holds the great scepter". A hymn compares Ninshubur to Kakka, but uses the feminine form of her name in the Emesal dialect, Gashanshubura. In the first millennium BCE Kakka was eclipsed and largely absorbed by Papsukkal, similar to other similar deities, Ninshubur and Ilabrat. In two versions of a single omen text, one associates the francolin (Akkadian: ittidû) with Kakka, but the other with Papsukkal. In Mari, Kakka was associated with Ninkarrak and Ninshubur and served as a medicine deity. A reference to Kakka as a healing deity is also known from an Akkadian incantation. Worship The cult center of Kakka was Maškan-šarrum. A tablet from Puzrish-Dagan from the reign of Amar-Sin states that a nin-dingir priestess of Kakka was present in that city. Its precise location is uncertain, though all experts agree that it was located in the southernmost part of historical Assyria, close to the border with Babylonia. Based on available evidence from administrative and geographical text, it has been proposed that it was located south of Assur, near the mouth of the Lower Zab or, in less price proposals, where Tigris enters the alluvium, or simply on the middle Tigris. Identification with Tell Meškin, located 47 kilometers to the northwest of Baghdad, has also been suggested. Much evidence for the worship of this deity is also available from Mari. Kakka appears in Akkadian and Amorite theophoric names, both feminine and masculine. Locations from which they are attested include Puzrish-Dagan, Ur, Lagash (in the Ur III period) and Nippur, Isin, Terqa, Mari and various settlements in the Diyala area (in later times). It is also possible that names with the element gag-ga or ga-ga, known from Sargonic Eshnunna and Gasur, refer to this deity. One of the sons of Ishbi-Erra bore the name Ishbi-Erra-naram-Kakka, "Ishbi-Erra is the beloved of Kakka". One of the kings of the later kingdom of Khana, known for evoking traditions of Mari, bore the name Iddin-Kakka. Due to the association between Kakka and Maškan-šarrum it has been proposed that Šū-Kakka, a king known from a seal impression found during excavations of Eshnunna, ruled over this city. He was most likely a contemporary of of Eshnunna. Julia M. Asher-Greve and Joan Goodnick Westenholz, who assume the Kakka known from Mari was female, list her among the seven most popular goddesses in women's theophoric names from this city, next to Annu (possibly related to Annunitum), Ishtar, Ishara, Mami, Admu (a wife of Nergal) and Aya. Kakka is also attested in a single Hurrian name from Mari, Ḫazzip-Kakka. A theophoric name presumed to invoke the same deity, ga-ga-a-zu, has also been identified in a text from Tell al-Suleimeh, an archeological site located on the Diyala, possibly to be identified as ancient Awal. Kakka was still worshiped in Assur in the Neo-Assyrian period. While he could be equated with Papsukkal in god lists, he was venerated separately from him there. Mythology The male Kakka acts as Anu's messenger in the Sultantepe version of the myth Nergal and Ereshkigal, but the god fulfilling this role in the Amarna version is anonymous. Piotr Steinkeller argues that his presence in only one version of this myth might indicate that the name was an Assyrian addition. In the beginning of the composition, Kakka descends to the underworld on Anu's behalf to greet Ereshkigal and invite her to send a representative to the banquet held in heaven. He reappears in the end, when Anu tasks him with announcing Nergal's new status as the king of the underworld. In Enūma Eliš, Anshar sends Kakka to tell his parents, Lahmu and Lahamu, that Tiamat is plotting against the gods. References Bibliography External links A hymn to Ninšubur (Ninšubur B) in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Mesopotamian gods Mesopotamian goddesses Messenger gods Medicine goddesses Characters in the Enūma Eliš
Journeys with George is a documentary by Alexandra Pelosi and Aaron Lubarsky that follows George W. Bush for more than a year on his campaign trail in the 2000 United States presidential election. Working for NBC and as part of what she calls the "travelling press corps," Pelosi offers the only behind-the-scenes look at Bush's campaign. With light journalism, she achieves considerable access to the then-Governor of Texas. The film focuses on the relationship between the press and presidential candidates, the life of a traveling journalist in such a relationship, and Bush, usually in a humorous light, with less attention given to the issues. It earned six Emmy nominations including one win for Lubarsky's editing. It scored 48 out of 100 on Metacritic. In April 2007, it was shown on MSNBC. The last two seasons of The West Wing, which follow the presidential campaigns of Matt Santos and Arnold Vinick, were inspired in part by scenes in Journeys. References External links Journeys with George on HBO 2003 films 2003 television films Documentary films about elections in the United States Documentary films about journalism Films about the 2000 United States presidential election Documentary films about presidents of the United States Films about George W. Bush Films directed by Alexandra Pelosi 2003 directorial debut films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films
Dooram Arike is a 1980 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by Jeassy and produced by O. M. John. The film stars Sukumari, Srividya, Sankaradi and Sukumaran . The film has musical score and songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Plot Dooram Arike is an emotional family film of love and sacrifice. Cast M. G. Soman as Venu/Father Michael Sukumaran as James Srividya as Gouri Ambika as Shirley K. P. Ummer as Shirley's father Sankaradi as Mani Iyyar Sukumari as Alamelu Bahadoor as Ramunni Kuthiravattom Pappu as Varkey Alummoodan aa Vasu KPAC Lalitha as Santhamma Suchitra as Elizabeth Soundtrack The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja and the lyrics were written by O. N. V. Kurup. References External links 1980 films 1980s Malayalam-language films Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja Films with screenplays by A. Sheriff
Winifred Graham (born London 21 April 1873; died Hampton-on-Thames 5 February 1950) was an English novelist and anti-Mormon activist. Childhood Matilda Winifred Muriel Graham was born on 21 April 1873 in South Kensington, London. She was baptized in Barnes in June of that year. The daughter of Robert Graham, a wealthy stockbroker, she enjoyed a privileged upbringing in Hampton-on-Thames, displaying literary and dramatic talent from an early age. Career Graham's career as an author began in the 1890s. Her short story "Through the Multitude of Business", published in the summer 1894 issue of Belgravia magazine, described the revenge of a beautiful heiress on a man who had taken advantage of her. Her first book-length novel, On the Down Grade, was published in 1896. Graham was a prolific writer, producing eighty-eight books during her lifetime, as well as several short stories published in newspapers and magazines. In addition to the romantic novels and thrillers which constituted the vast majority of her output, she also wrote a highly critical popular history of Mormonism, two volumes supposedly communicated by her father after his death via automatic writing, and a three-volume autobiography. Between 1908 and 1924, Graham led a campaign to ban Mormon missionaries from the United Kingdom. Her novel The Love Story of a Mormon (1911) was adapted into the silent film Trapped by the Mormons (1922). In addition to her criticisms of Mormonism, Graham also published works critical of Zionism (The Zionists), Christian Science (Christian Murderers), Roman Catholicism (Mary), and the women's suffrage movement (The Enemy of Woman). Family In 1906, Graham married Theodore Cory, wealthy son of a Welsh mine-owner. She continued to use the name "Winifred Graham" professionally, but was known as "Mrs Theodore Cory" in other contexts. She died in 1950 after an illness of several months, and was survived by her husband Theodore. They had no children. Books Reprinted in 1914 by C. Arthur Pearson Reprinted in 1905 by Fleming H. Revell Reprinted under the title Child of the Wilderness in 1910 Reprinted by Mitchell Kennerley, New York, 1910 Reprinted in 1914 by Mitchell and Kennerley, New York New and revised edition published by Hutchinson & Co., 1934 Short stories, etc., first published in periodicals (republished in Beautiful Mamma and Other Stories) (republished in Beautiful Mamma and Other Stories) (republished in Beautiful Mamma and Other Stories) (republished in Beautiful Mamma and Other Stories) (republished in Beautiful Mamma and Other Stories) Stories serialized in periodicals Through the Valley (1895) (serialized in Pearson's Story Teller) Six First-Class Passengers (1895) (serialized in Pearson's Weekly) Closer than a Brother (1896) (serialized in Home Notes) Pauper Blue Blood (1896) (serialized in Short Stories) Notes 1873 births 1950 deaths 20th-century English novelists 20th-century British women writers Criticism of Mormonism
Puget Sound Adventist Academy is a Seventh-day Adventist high school that shares a campus with Kirkland Adventist School in Kirkland, Washington, United States. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. Its extra-curricular activities focus on outreach and community service, but also include music instruction and performance, and athletic programs. Academics The required curriculum includes classes in the following subject areas: Religion, English, Oral Communications, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Physical Education, Health, Computer Applications, Trauma Support, Addiction Support, Simplified Surgery, Fine Arts, and Electives. International students who are interested in applying must take the Internet Based TOEFL (iBT). Spiritual aspects All students take religion classes each year that they are enrolled. These classes cover topics in biblical history and Christian and denominational doctrines. Instructors in other disciplines also begin each class period with prayer or a short devotional thought, many which encourage student input. Weekly, the entire student body gathers together in the auditorium for an hour-long chapel service. Outside the classrooms there is year-round spiritually oriented programming that relies on student involvement. See also List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools Seventh-day Adventist education References External links Educational institutions established in 1997 High schools in King County, Washington Schools in Kirkland, Washington Adventist secondary schools in the United States Private high schools in Washington (state) 1997 establishments in Washington (state)
The Cheleken Peninsula () is a peninsula located in western Turkmenistan, in the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea. The city of Hazar, former Cheleken, is located in the peninsula, which belongs administratively to Turkmenistan's Balkan Province. Geography The Cheleken Peninsula is about 40 km long and 22 km wide. It borders on the Caspian Sea in the west and with the Türkmenbaşy Gulf (former Krasnovodsk Bay) in the north. The peninsula has a continental dry climate with a precipitation of 150 mm/year. The area is desert and the central part is elevated terrain averaging 100 m elevation, with 25 m high cliffs in the central part of the western shore, while the eastern shore is low and sandy. The Peninsula has two spits or bars at the end running meridionally from north to south; the northern or right spit is also known as the Kafaldja Peninsula, while the southern or left spit running towards Ogurja Ada (Ogurchinsky Island) is known as the Dervish Peninsula. From time to time, such as in 1995, the Cheleken Peninsula becomes an island again when the level of the waters of the Caspian rises. There are mud volcanoes in the Cheleken Peninsula. Cartography The Cheleken Peninsula was formerly an island. It was plotted on a rough map for the first time in 1715 by Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky as 'Chereken Island'. The area was mapped by Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov during the Caspian Expedition, which surveyed the Caspian Sea from 1719 to 1727 and in some maps of the 18th to 19th centuries it appeared as 'Neftyanoy' or as 'Neftonia'. The island was also described later by G. S. Karelin in 1832. Karelin commented that there were four types of crude oil in the Cheleken Peninsula. The island merged with the mainland after 1937. See also Hazar, Turkmenistan Ogurja Ada References External links Minerals - Krasnovodsk, Cheleken Peninsula, Balkan Province, Turkmenistan Overview of oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region Last Updated: August 26, 2013 Peninsulas of the Caspian Sea Peninsulas of Turkmenistan Former islands
Baptiste Ulens (born 24 July 1987) is a Belgian football player who plays for K.V. Kortrijk. Career The right midfielder made one appearances in his early career in the Belgian First Division for R.A.E.C. Mons. He joined K.V. Kortrijk from WS Woluwe FC in January 2013 References 1987 births Living people Belgian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders R.A.E.C. Mons (1910) players R. Charleroi S.C. players RWS Bruxelles players K.V. Kortrijk players Challenger Pro League players
"Boomerang" is the debut official single by American recording artist JoJo Siwa. "Boomerang" was written by Griffith Frank, Heather Miley, Jordan Richman, and Siwa. Jordan Richman produced the record with Heather Miley as co-producer. The song was released as a digital single on May 6, 2016. Musical style and lyrics "Boomerang" is an upbeat song that deals with the issue of cyberbullying or normal bullying. The song's message is to achieve a triumph over bullies everywhere. Siwa clarifies, "there are two ways to deal with bullies. Bully them back, or tell them politely what they're doing wrong." Music video The music video directed by Monseé Wood was released on May 17, 2016. As of September 9, 2020, the music video had been viewed on YouTube over 910 million times. The video features Jessalyn Siwa (her mother) and the former Dance Moms cast; Sydney and Halle, Siwa’s friends from the show played her BFFs in the video. Kendall, another dancer from the show, played the lead mean girl. Jill, Kendall’s mother, played the teacher in the video. As of July 2022, it has over 5 million likes and 1 million dislikes. As of October 2023, it is unknown how many likes or dislikes the music video has. Commercial performance On February 24, 2017, the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On August 31, 2017, the song was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Certifications References 2016 songs Songs about bullying Works about cyberbullying JoJo Siwa songs
Sacerdos Cereris, sacerdos Cerealis or sacerdos Cereris publica was the title of the Priestess of the goddess Ceres in Ancient Rome. It was one of two Roman state cults to include female priests (the other being the Vestals). The worship of Demeter and Persephone were introduced in Rome as the worship of Ceres and Proserpina, as well as the Roman versions of Thesmophoria (sacrum anniversarium) and Eleusinian Mysteries (initia Ceres), where Roman wives and daughters sacrificed a sow and enacted the drama between the goddess and her daughter. This cult was supervised by the priestesses of Ceres. As the cult was originally Greek, the priestesses, at least initially, were selected among Greek women from Naples and Elea. They had a high position in Roman society, where they were the only priestesses aside from the Vestals who were active within a publicly funded state cult. See also High Priestess of Demeter Priestess of Hera at Argos References Meghan J. DiLuzio: A Place at the Altar: Priestesses in Republican Rome, 2020 Priestesses from the Roman Empire Ancient Roman religious titles Priestesses from the Roman Republic Ancient Roman priestesses
The 1932 Volta a Catalunya was the 14th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 4 September to 11 September 1932. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Mariano Cañardo. Route and stages General classification References 1932 Volta 1932 in Spanish road cycling September 1932 sports events
Celyphus is a genus of beetle flies. It is known from the Oriental and Afrotropical realms. Up to 1859, all species of beetle flies were placed in this genus. Description Celyphus may be distinguished by the discal and second basal cell of the wing being distinct. Species C. abnormis Tenorio, 1972 C. bisetosus Malloch, 1929 C. cheni Shi, 1998 C. collaris Chen, 1949 C. dentis Shi, 1998 C. divisus Tenorio, 1972 C. eos Frey, 1941 C. forcipus Shi, 1998 C. fujianensis Shi, 1994 C. immitans Tenorio, 1972 C. lacunosus (Frey, 1941) C. lobus Tenorio, 1972 C. maculis Shi, 1998 C. medogis Shi, 1998 C. microchaetus Shi, 1998 C. mirabilis Yang & Liu, 1998 C. nigritarsus Shi, 1998 C. nigrivittis Shi, 1998 C. obtectus Dalman, 1818 C. obtusus Frey, 1941 C. paradentatus (Papp, 2006) C. pellucidus (Frey, 1941) C. planitarsalis Shi, 1998 C. porosus Tenorio, 1972 C. pulchmaculatus Liu & Yang, 2002 C. puncticeps Malloch, 1929 C. quadrimaculatus Tenorio, 1972 C. resplendens (Frey, 1941) C. reticulatus Tenorio, 1972 C. rugosus Tenorio, 1972 C. scutatus Wiedemann, 1830 C. testaceus Malloch, 1929 C. trichoporis Shi, 1998 C. unicolor (Frey, 1941) C. violaceus (Chen, 1949) C. vittalis Shi, 1998 C. xizanganus Yang & Liu, 1998 References Celyphidae Lauxanioidea genera Diptera of Africa Diptera of Asia
Colleen S. De Reuck (born 1964 in Vryheid, Kwazulu-Natal) is a long-distance runner from South Africa, who became an American citizen on 11 December 2000. She has had a long-lasting career, running in her forties, and made a total of four appearances at the Summer Olympics. She was a late bloomer and her first major success came in 1995 and 1996, when she won the Honolulu Marathon and the Berlin Marathon. Despite numerous appearances in the Summer Olympics and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, medals never came on the track. By virtue of winning the Olympic Trials, she was also the 2004 United States National Champion in the Marathon. Just ten days short of moving into the Masters division, she broke the 16-year-old Trials record, and defeated eventually Olympic bronze medalist, Deena Kastor in the process. After her transfer to compete for the United States in 2000 she won her first major world medals, taking the individual bronze and team silver at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Another team bronze came at the following year's championships and she won at the 2004 and 2005 USA Cross Country Championships. She continues to run and finished third at the Houston Half Marathon in 2009, finishing in 1:12:14. Career South Africa De Reuck began competing for South Africa and made her first Olympic appearance at the 1992 Barcelona Games, where she finished ninth in the marathon race. She tried her hand at the half marathon, resulting in a win at the City-Pier-City Loop in 1993 and a fourth-place finish at the 1995 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. She also won the Honolulu Marathon that year with a time of 2:37:29. In 1996 she won the Lilac Bloomsday Run, the Berlin Marathon, and the Eurocross cross country meeting in Luxembourg. She made her second Olympic appearance in the 10,000 m, taking 13th place at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Her first appearance on the world championships stage came at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics and she finished in eighth in the final of the 10,000 meters. At the 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships she finished in 15th overall in the women's long race. Following a missed opportunity at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics, she represented South Africa at the Olympics for the third and final time, but managed on 31st place in the women's marathon with a time of 2:36:58. Switch to United States After making a nationality transfer, De Reuck made her first appearance for "Team USA" at the 2002 World Cross Country Championships in Dublin, Ireland, where she finished third overall (27:17) and helped the United States team to a silver medal. The following year she finished in seventh place at the 2003 World Cross Country Championships, helping the U.S. team to the bronze medal. She made her fourth and final Olympics the 2004 Athens Olympics. She finished in 39th place in the marathon, while U.S. teammate Deena Kastor won the bronze medal. She won the USA Cross Country Championships twice consecutively in 2004 and 2005. De Reuck represented the United States twice more at the World Cross Country Championships, finishing in 13th place in 2005, and 33rd place at her final competition in 2006 at age 41. A resident of Boulder, Colorado De Reuck is a former world record holder at 10 miles (51:16, set at the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run) and 20 km (1:05:11 New Haven). She was fourth at the 2005 Chicago Marathon in 2:28:40, a masters record for United States. At the 2009 Boston Marathon at age 45, she finished 8th overall, beating the W40 winner by over a minute and the next competitor in her own division by 14 minutes. Just nine days earlier she had run 2:32:37 at the Twin Cities Marathon in St. Paul, Minnesota beating the listed American W45 record by over 6 minutes. She ran at the Falmouth Road Race in Massachusetts in August 2010 and took fifth place as the first American past the line. Shortly after she ran in the Copenhagen Marathon in Denmark and placed 1st in 2:30:51, 8 minutes ahead of her nearest opponent. On 14 January 2012, de Reuck ran in the 2012 US Olympic Team Marathon Trials, finishing in 2:38:52. Her pace was 13:14 behind women's winner Shalane Flanagan. Her time was good for a 35th-place finish out of 152. Following her elite career de Reuck took up coaching with Boulder Striders as well as personal training. She was inducted into the Boulder (Colorado) Sports Hall of Fame in 2018. Achievements References External links Colleen De Reuck at marathoninfo.free.fr from SPIKES Magazine 1964 births Living people People from Vryheid Sportspeople from KwaZulu-Natal South African female long-distance runners South African female marathon runners South African female cross country runners American female long-distance runners American female marathon runners American female cross country runners American masters athletes World Athletics Championships athletes for South Africa Olympic athletes for South Africa Olympic track and field athletes for the United States Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics White South African people South African people of Dutch descent South African emigrants to the United States 21st-century American sportswomen
PyMC (formerly known as PyMC3) is a Python package for Bayesian statistical modeling and probabilistic machine learning which focuses on advanced Markov chain Monte Carlo and variational fitting algorithms. It is a rewrite from scratch of the previous version of the PyMC software. Unlike PyMC2, which had used Fortran extensions for performing computations, PyMC relies on PyTensor, a Python library that allows defining, optimizing, and efficiently evaluating mathematical expressions involving multi-dimensional arrays. From version 3.8 PyMC relies on ArviZ to handle plotting, diagnostics, and statistical checks. PyMC and Stan are the two most popular probabilistic programming tools. PyMC is an open source project, developed by the community and fiscally sponsored by NumFOCUS. PyMC has been used to solve inference problems in several scientific domains, including astronomy, epidemiology, molecular biology, crystallography, chemistry, ecology and psychology. Previous versions of PyMC were also used widely, for example in climate science, public health, neuroscience, and parasitology. After Theano announced plans to discontinue development in 2017, the PyMC team evaluated TensorFlow Probability as a computational backend, but decided in 2020 to fork Theano under the name Aesara. Large parts of the Theano codebase have been refactored and compilation through JAX and Numba were added. The PyMC team has released the revised computational backend under the name PyTensor and continues the development of PyMC. Inference engines PyMC implements non-gradient-based and gradient-based Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian inference and stochastic, gradient-based variational Bayesian methods for approximate Bayesian inference. MCMC-based algorithms: No-U-Turn sampler (NUTS), a variant of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo and PyMC's default engine for continuous variables Metropolis–Hastings, PyMC's default engine for discrete variables Sequential Monte Carlo for static posteriors Sequential Monte Carlo for approximate Bayesian computation Variational inference algorithms: Black-box Variational Inference See also Stan is a probabilistic programming language for statistical inference written in C++ ArviZ a Python library for Exploratory Analysis of Bayesian Models References Further reading Probabilistic Programming and Bayesian Methods for Hackers Computational Statistics in Python External links PyMC website PyMC source, a Git repository hosted on GitHub Symbolic PyMC is an experimental set of tools that facilitate sophisticated symbolic manipulation of PyMC models Computational statistics Free Bayesian statistics software Monte Carlo software Numerical programming languages Probabilistic software Python (programming language) scientific libraries
The Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 (29 October – 1 November 1876) was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in history. It hit the coast of Backerganj, British Raj (near Meghna estuary) in present-day Barisal, Bangladesh, killing about 200,000 people, half of whom were drowned by the storm surge, while the rest died from the subsequent famine. Meteorological history The cyclone formed over the SE Bay of Bengal as a depression near 10.0°N and 89.0°E on 27 October, intensified into a cyclonic storm near 15.0°N and 89.0°E on 30 October and subsequently intensified into a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds. The cyclone moved north up to the North Bay and then NNE. On 31 October, the cyclone made landfall on Backerganj. The maximum wind speed was estimated at and the surge height was . See also North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone An Imperial Disaster: The Bengal Cyclone of 1876 References 1876 natural disasters 1876 1876 1876 1876 in India 1876 in British India 1876 disasters in India
In the name of God may refer to: Sa Ngalan ng Diyos, a Tagalog-language novel's title meaning "In The Name of God" Basmala, an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate" Khuda Kay Liye, an Urdu-language film, title translated as "In the name of God" "In the Name of God", an episode of Touched by an Angel Ram ke Naam (English: In the name of God) a 1992 documentary film by Anand Patwardhan In the name of God (sculpture), a project launched by Jens Galschiøt "In the Name of God (Deus Vult)", a song by Powerwolf from the album Preachers of the Night "In the Name of God", a song by Sabaton from the album Attero Dominatus "In the Name of God", a song by Dream Theater from the album Train of Thought "In the Name of God", a song by Slayer from the album Diabolus in Musica See also Names of God In the Name of God, Welcome to Planet Genocide, a 2006 EP by The Meads of Asphodel
Cordylanthus (), commonly known as bird's beaks, is a genus of parasitic plants in the broomrape family, Orobanchaceae. These western North American natives are sparse, weedy-looking annuals with long branching erect stems and little foliage, and many bear bird's-beak–shaped flowers. They are remarkable among the broomrapes for growing at searing temperatures in arid climates. Taxonomy The first species known was Cordylanthus rigidus, which was described as Adenostegia rigida in 1836 by the well-known English plant taxonomist George Bentham. Thomas Nuttall was another English botanist, an explorer of the former British colony, renamed the United States of America, and its recently acquired French territories to the west, as well as the Mexican and British lands of the far west, returning to England in 1841. In one of Nuttall unpublished manuscripts Bentham found another four species, which Nuttall had described using the name Cordylanthus, despite this being a junior synonym, Bentham fancied this new name more, as he found the etymology to more accurately describe the morphology of the plants, thus in 1846 Bentham published these names in Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Bentham also used Nuttall's specific epithet, Cordylanthus filifolius instead of C. rigidus, it took until 1911 before Willis Linn Jepson noticed this was a nomen illegitimum and corrected the name. In three different 1891 publications three different botanical taxonomists, the American Edward Lee Greene, the Austrian Richard Wettstein and the German Otto Kuntze, had all pointed out that Bentham's name had priority. Wettstein recognised 12 species of Adenostegia, following Gray's Flora of North America. Greene listed 15 species of Adenostegia in his work recognising taxonomic names with priority. The Californian botanist Roxana Stinchfield Ferris followed these three authors in classifying the taxa in the genus Adenostegia in her 1918 monograph on the genus. She described a number of new species, bring the number of species up to 21. However, Ferris and many of the botanists in California were in that time in rebellion with the botanists in the rest of the world, and instead of following the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, of which the first congress had met in Vienna in 1905, were following a provincial alternative method of nomenclature, known as the "American code". What Ferris neglected to mention in her monograph was that at the 1905 Vienna congress, the matter of the junior synonym Cordylanthus had been discussed, and it had been decided to conserve Nuttall's name. In Harvard University James Francis Macbride was rather critical of Ferris's work, moved the species back to Cordylanthus the following year, furthermore sinking a number of her newly described taxa into synonymy. In his revisions of the genus in 1947 and 1951 the Scrophulariaceae expert (these plants were classified in that botanical family at the time) Francis W. Pennell expanded the genus with many new species, so that there were approximately 35 species after he was done. In 1976 Tsan-iang Chuang and Lawrence R. Heckard began to revise the genus, being the first to do so since Pennell. They severely cut the number of species, down to 18, mostly by synonymising Pennell's many new species. The next authors to revise the genus were David C. Tank, John Mark Egger and Richard G. Olmstead in 2009, using molecular phylogenetic work to tease out the relationships. These authors removed one species to a new monotypic genus Dicranostegia, and moved another four species to the new genus Chloropyron. Systematics Asa Gray was the first botanist to subdivide the genus Cordylanthus in 1868 and 1886. Although his infrageneric taxa were unranked, he recognised four groups. Wettstein, recognising it under the name Adenostegia, in 1891 divided the genus into four sections in Adolf Engler's classic : Anisocheila, Euadenostegia (Gray's tautonymic Adenostegia, renamed), Dicranostegia and Hemistegia (split into two unnamed subsections) By 1918 Ferris recognised the sections Anisocheila, Euadenostegia, Chloropyron, Dicranostegia, Kingia and Pringlea. Etymology The name Cordylanthus was derived from the combination of the Greek words (), meaning 'club, cudgel', and (), meaning 'flower'. The name is descriptive, and refers to the shape of the inflorescences. The genus's initial name, Adenostegia, was only descriptive of its first species, deriving from Greek ( 'gland') and ( 'covering'), hence the genus being renamed within ten years of its initial publication. Description Bird's beaks are generally sparse, weedy-looking annuals with long branching erect stems and little foliage, and many bear bird's-beak–shaped flowers. All are hemiparasites, meaning they rely on a host plant for some of their nutrients, inserting haustoria into their host's roots to get nutrients. They target various trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials. They're remarkable among the broomrape family for growing at searing temperatures in arid climates. Also unique to the genus is the morphological diversity of its inflorescence structures, which have evolved into some four forms in Cordylanthus, contrasted to almost all other broomrape genera having only one form. Distribution The state of California holds the greatest biodiversity of bird's beak and the greatest number of endemic species. The genus is restricted to western North America. Species As of 2009, when the newest revision of the genus was published, thirteen species were recognised in this genus: Cordylanthus capitatus - Yakima bird's beak Cordylanthus eremicus - desert bird's beak Cordylanthus kingii Cordylanthus laxiflorus Cordylanthus nevinii - Nevin's bird's beak Cordylanthus nidularius - Mt. Diablo bird's beak Cordylanthus parviflorus - purple bird's beak Cordylanthus pilosus - hairy bird's beak Cordylanthus pringlei Cordylanthus ramosus - bushy bird's beak Cordylanthus rigidus - stiffbranch bird's beak Cordylanthus tenuis - slender bird's beak Cordylanthus wrightii - Wright's bird's beak External links USDA Plants Profile Jepson Manual Treatment References Orobanchaceae genera
St. Michael Archangel's Church in Turzańsk ((, ) - a Gothic, wooden church located in the village of Turzańsk from the nineteenth-century, which together with different tserkvas is designated as part of the UNESCO Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine. History The tserkva in Turzańsk, established as an Eastern Orthodox Church tsekva, later Uniate, was referenced in the first half of the sixteenth-century. The present tserkva was built at the start of the nineteenth-century in 1801, and later expanded in 1836, with a foyer and sacristy. In 1896 and 1913, the tserkva had undergone renovations of its roof, strengthening it with tin. After displacing the Ukrainian populous from the area, as part of Operation Vistula, the tserkva was used by Roman Catholics, between 1947 and 1961. In 1963, the tserkva was returned to the Polish Orthodox Church. The interior of the tserkva exhibits original components: iconostasis from 1895, and a polychrome from the turning point of the nineteenth and twentieth-century. References World Heritage Sites in Poland Sanok County Churches in Podkarpackie Voivodeship 1803 establishments in Poland Churches completed in 1803 Polish Orthodox churches 19th-century churches in Poland 19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Sara Telek (born 8 August 1988) is an Austrian football referee. Telek been a referee of the Women Frauen-Bundesliga since 2013. She was selected to become a referee at UEFA Women's Euro 2022. References 1988 births Living people Austrian women's footballers Footballers from Vienna Austrian football referees Women association football referees UEFA Women's Euro 2022 referees
Sandwich bread (also referred to as pan bread, loaf bread, or sandwich loaf) is bread that is prepared specifically to be used for the preparation of sandwiches. Sandwich breads are produced in many varieties, such as white, whole wheat, sourdough, rye, multigrain and others. Description Sandwich bread is overwhelmingly commercially baked and pre-sliced, though any similar shaped loaf can be turned into sandwiches by hand. It may be formulated to slice easily, cleanly or uniformly, and may have a fine crumb (texture) and light body. Sandwich bread may be designed to have a balanced proportion of crumb and crust, whereby the bread holds and supports fillings in place and reduces drips and messiness. Some may be designed to not become crumbly, hardened, dried or have too compressible a texture. Sandwich bread can refer to cross-sectionally square, sliced white and wheat bread, which has been described as "perfectly designed for holding square luncheon meat". The bread used for preparing finger sandwiches is sometimes referred to as sandwich bread. Pain de mie is a sandwich loaf. History In the 1930s in the United States, the term sandwich loaf referred to sliced bread. In contemporary times, U.S. consumers sometimes refer to white bread such as Wonder Bread as sandwich bread and sandwich loaf. American sandwich breads have historically included some fat derived from the use of milk or oil to enrich the bread. Thin-sliced breads, wherein the bread is sliced somewhat thinner than customary, are often labeled as "sandwich bread". Examples of U.S. bakers that produce sandwich bread are Wonder, Pepperidge Farm, and Nature's Pride. Some supermarket chains, such as Texas-based H-E-B, produce their own store brands of sandwich bread. Bonn Group of Industries of Ludhiana Punjab, India, produces a product called Super Sandwich Bread. Tai Pan Bread and Cakes Co. produces sandwich bread in Hong Kong. Mass-produced sandwich breads are sliced before being packaged. Japanese milk bread, a specific style of sandwich bread, is popular in Asia, particularly in Japan, and has artisan status there. Bread was not a traditional food in Japan, but it came into culinary use there after the American response to post-World War II Japanese rice shortages included relief shipments of wheat. The style of bread became popular outside Asia in the 2020s. See also Hoagie roll (also "bulkie" and related sandwich rolls) List of breads List of sandwiches Pullman loaf – sometimes referred to as sandwich loaf References Bibliography Further reading Breads Sandwiches
Douglas Gordon Baird (born July 10, 1953) is an American legal scholar, the Harry A. Bigelow Distinguished Service Professor and a former dean of the University of Chicago Law School. He joined the faculty in 1980 and served as the dean from 1994 to 1999. He is a leader in the field of bankruptcy law. His books, including Elements Of Bankruptcy, Cases, Problems, and Materials on Bankruptcy and Contract Stories are used in law schools around the country. Early life and education Baird was born in Philadelphia. He grew up in suburban Wynnewood, PA. He grew up with his family on the same street as Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper. His older brother Henry and Hickenlooper were childhood friends. He received his B.A. in English summa cum laude from Yale College in 1975. He graduated from Stanford Law School in 1979. At Stanford, he was elected to the Order of the Coif and served as the Managing Editor of the Stanford Law Review. Before joining the faculty in 1980, he was a law clerk to Judge Shirley M. Hufstedler and Judge Dorothy W. Nelson, both of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Academic work Baird has written 13 books and 71 articles. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. In 2008, The Emory Bankruptcy Developments Journal awarded Baird with its Distinguished Service Award which honors an individual who makes a sizable impact on the field of bankruptcy. Baird was named a Fellow of the American College of Bankruptcy and served as the vice-chair of the National Bankruptcy Conference from 1997 until 2005. Publications Books Cases, Problems, and Materials on Contracts (Foundation Press 9th edition 2008) (with Dawson, Harvey, and Henderson). Economics of Contract Law (Edward Elgar 2007) (editor). Contracts Stories (Foundation Press 2007) (editor). Elements of Bankruptcy, 4th ed. (2006). Elements of Bankruptcy, 3d ed. (2001). Cases, Problems, and Materials on Bankruptcy, 3d ed. (Foundation Press 2000) (with Adler and Jackson). Game Theory and the Law (Harvard University Press 1994) (with Gertner and Picker). The Elements of Bankruptcy (Foundation Press revised edition 1993). The Elements of Bankruptcy (Foundation Press 1992). Cases, Problems and Materials on Bankruptcy, 2d ed. (Little, Brown 1990) (with Thomas Jackson). Cases, Problems, and Materials on Security Interests in Personal Property, 2d ed. (Foundation Press 1987) (with Jackson). Cases, Problems, and Materials on Bankruptcy (Little, Brown 1985) (with Jackson). Cases, Problems, and Materials on Security Interests in Personal Property (Foundation Press 1984) (with Jackson). Articles "Bankruptcy's Undiscovered Country" 25 Emory Bankruptcy Developments Journal 1 (2008). "Other People’s Money," 60 Stanford Law Review 1309 (2008) (with Todd Henderson). "The Young Astronomers," 74 University of Chicago Law Review 1641 (2007). “Tribute to Bernard Meltzer,” 74 University of Chicago Law Review 417 (2007). "The Prime Directive," 75 University of Cincinnati Law Review 921 (2007) (with Robert K. Rasmussen). "Technology, Information, and Bankruptcy," 2007 University of Illinois Law Review 305. "Beyond Recidivism," 54 Buffalo Law Review 343 (2006) (with Robert K. Rasmussen). "Legal Approaches to Restricting Distributions to Shareholders: The Role of Fraudulent Transfer Law," 7 European Business Org. L. Rev. 199 (2006). “Reconstructing Contracts: Hamer v. Sidway,” in Contracts Stories 162, Douglas G. Baird, ed. (Foundation Press 2006). "Absolute Priority, Valuation Uncertainty, and the Reorganization Bargain," 115 Yale Law Journal 1930 (2006) (with Bernstein). "Private Debt and the Missing Lever of Corporate Governance," 154 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1209 (2006) (with Rasmussen). "Discharge, Waiver, and the Behavioral Undercurrents of Debtor-Creditor Law," 73 University of Chicago Law Review 17 (2006). "The Boilerplate Puzzle," 104 Michigan Law Review 933 (2006). "Serial Entrepreneurs and Small Business Bankruptcies," 105 Columbia Law Review 2310 (2005) (with Morrison). "Adversary Proceedings in Bankruptcy: A Sideshow," 79 American Bankruptcy Law Journal 951 (2006) (with Morrison). "Substantive Consolidation Today," 47 Boston College Law Review 5 (2005). "The Story of INS v. AP," Intellectual Property Stories (2006). "¿ Bogart permanece en boga?: Rights of publicity en la era digital," Ano XIV, No. 29 ius et veritas 179 (2005). "Remembering Pine Gate," 38 John Marshall L. Rev. 5 (2004). "Secured Lending and Its Uncertain Future," 25 Cardozo L. Rev. 1789 (2004). "The New Face of Chapter 11," 12 Am. Bankr. L. Rev. 69 (2004). "Chapter 11 at Twilight," 56 Stan. L. Rev. 673 (2003) (with Rasmussen). "Enron and the Long Shadow of Stat. 13 Eliz.," in Enron: Corporate Fisacos and their Implications (Foundation Press 2004). "In Coase's Footsteps," 70 U. Chi. L. Rev. 23 (2003). "Llewellyn's Heirs," 62 Louisiana L. Rev. 1287 (2002). "The End of Bankruptcy," 55 Stan. L. Rev. 751 (2002) (with Rasmussen). "Four (or Five) Easy Lessons From Enron," 55 Vand. L. Rev. 1787 (2002) (with Rasmussen). "Control Rights, Priority Rights, and the Conceptual Foundations of Corporate Reorganizations," 87 Va. L. Rev. 921 (2001) (with Rasmussen). "Does Bogart Still Get Scale? Rights of Publicity in the Digital Age," 4 Green Bag 2d 357 (2001). "Bankruptcy Decisionmaking," 17 J. Law Econ. & Org. 356 (2001) (with Morrison). "Commercial Norms and the Fine Art of the Small Con," 98 Mich. L. Rev. 2716 (2000). "Boyd's Legacy and Blackstone's Ghost," 1999 Supreme Court Review 393 (with Rasmussen). "Optimal Timing and Legal Decisionmaking: The Case of the Liquidation Decision in Bankruptcy" (November 1999) (Chicago Working Papers in Law and Economics No. 86 (2d Series)) (with Morrison). "Bankruptcy's Uncontested Axioms," 108 Yale L.J. 573 (1998). "Fraudulent Conveyance," in 2 New Palgrave Dictionary of Law and Economics 192 (1998). "Game Theory and the Law," in 2 New Palgrave Dictionary of Law and Economics 192 (1998). "Leveraged Buyouts," in 2 New Palgrave Dictionary of Law and Economics 192 (1998). "The Importance of Priority," 82 Cornell L. Rev. 1420 (1997). "The Hidden Virtues of Chapter 11" (March 1997) (Chicago Working Papers in Law and Economics No. 43 (2d Series)). "The Future of Law and Economics: Looking Forward," 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1129 (1997). "Security Interests Reconsidered," 80 U. Va. L. Rev. 2249 (1994). "The Reorganization of Closely Held Firms and the 'Opt Out' Problem," 72 Wash. U. L. Rev. 913 (1994). "Revisiting Auctions in Chapter 11," 36 J. Law & Econ. 633 (1993). "Introduction: Taking Stock," 36 J. Law & Econ. 237 (1993). Book Review: Thinking Strategically, Avinash K. Dixit & Barry J. Nalebuff, 100 Journal of Political Economy 1278 (1992). "The Dark Side of Chapter 11: A Comment on Professor Triantis' Article," 20 Canadian Business L.J. 261 (1992). "The Initiation Problem in Bankruptcy," 11 International Review of Law and Economics 223 (1991). "Fraudulent Conveyances, Agency Costs, and Leveraged Buyouts," 20 J. Legal Stud. 1 (1991). "Jury Trials After Granfinanciera," 65 Am. Bankr. L.J. 1 (1991). "Self-Interest and Cooperation in Long-term Contracts," 19 J. Legal Stud. 583 (1990). "Avoiding Powers under the Bankruptcy Code," in Current Developments in Bankruptcy and Reorganization 1990 (PLI 1990). "The Seventh Amendment and Jury Trials in Bankruptcy," 1989 S. Ct. Rev. 261. "Property Rights, Priority Rights, and Ostensible Ownership: The Deep Structure of Article 9," in Secured Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code, P. Coogan, W. Hogan, D. Vagts, & J. McDonnell (1988). "Loss Distribution, Forum Shopping, and Bankruptcy: A Reply to Warren," 54 U. Chi. L. Rev. 815 (1987). "A World Without Bankruptcy," 50 Law & Contemp. Probs. 173 (1987). "The Uneasy Case for Corporate Reorganizations," 15 J. Legal Stud. 127 (1986). Book Review, Commercial Transactions, Jonathan A. Eddy & Peter Winship (1985), 36 J. Legal Educ. 433 (1986). "Changing Technology and Unchanging Doctrine: Sony Corp. v. Universal Studios," 1984 S. Ct. Rev. 237. "Notice Filing and the Problem of Ostensible Ownership," 12 J. Legal Stud. 53 (1983). "Common Law Intellectual Property and the Legacy of International News Service v. Associated Press," 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 411 (1983). "Bankruptcy Procedure and State-Created Rights: The Lessons of Gibbons and Marathon," 1982 S. Ct. Rev. 25. "Standby Letters of Credit in Bankruptcy," 49 U. Chi. L. Rev. 130 (1982). "A Simple Noncooperative Bargaining Model of Corporate Reorganizations," 20 J. Legal Stud. 311 (1991) (with Randal Picker). "Bargaining After the Fall and the Contours of the Absolute Priority Rule," 55 U. Chi. L. Rev. 738 (1988) (with Jackson). "Fraudulent Conveyance Law and its Proper Domain," 38 Vand. L. Rev. 829 (1985) (with Jackson). "Corporate Reorganizations and the Treatment of Diverse Ownership Interests: A Comment on Adequate Protection of Secured Creditors in Bankruptcy," 51 U. Chi. L. Rev. 97 (1984) (with Jackson). "Information, Uncertainty, and the Transfer of Property," 13 J. Legal Stud. 299 (1984) (with Jackson). "Kovacs and Toxic Wastes in Bankruptcy," 36 Stan. L. Rev 1199 (1984) (with Jackson). "Possession and Ownership: An Examination of the Scope of Article 9," 35 Stan. L. Rev. 175 (1983) (with Jackson). "Rules, Standards, and the Battle of the Forms: A Reassessment of §2-207," 68 Va. L. Rev. 1217 (1982) (with Robert Weisberg). "Human Cannonballs and the First Amendment," 30 Stan. L. Rev. 1185 (1978). Other positions Visiting professor of law, Yale University (2000) Robert Braucher Visiting professor of law, Harvard University (1993) Visiting professor of law, Stanford University, (1987–1988) Scholar in Resident, American College of Bankruptcy (since 2009) Board of Directors, American Law Deans Association (1997–1999) Board of Directors, American Law and Economics Association (1992–1995; 2008–present) References 1953 births American legal scholars Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Living people Lawyers from Philadelphia Scholars of contract law Stanford Law School alumni University of Chicago Law School faculty Yale College alumni
The Jerusalem corridor (, Prozdor Yerushalayim) is an area between Jerusalem and the Shephelah in Israel. Its northern border is the old road to Jerusalem; its southern border, the Elah Valley; and its western border, Sha'ar HaGai/Bab el-Wad and the road to Beit Shemesh. The largest towns in the Jerusalem corridor are Beit Shemesh, Mevasseret Zion, Abu Ghosh, Tzur Hadassah and Kiryat Ye'arim. History Historically, terrace farming had been practiced on the hills and in the narrow valleys and wadis of the area. During the 1947-48 war, the Jerusalem corridor was the only route for bringing supplies to besieged Jerusalem. In the Battle of Latrun, Jewish forces attempted to capture the former British police fort at Latrun, where Jordanian forces were stationed. The so-called Burma Road was built as an alternative. In October 1948, Israeli troops brought the area under their control during Operation Ha-Har. The Arab inhabitants fled their villages during the war. As of 1949, the mountainous, rocky region of the corridor was bare of trees. In the first decade of the State of Israel, a total of 35 agricultural settlements were established in the Jerusalem corridor by new immigrants from Yemen, Kurdistan, North Africa, Romania and Hungary. The JNF employed many of the newcomers in afforestation and land reclamation. Since then it has become one of the largest afforested regions in the country. Modern roads and railway in the area Today, in addition to the Jerusalem – Tel Aviv highway (Highway 1), a number of additional routes lead to Jerusalem; route 443 covers the northern part of the corridor. Route 395 leads from Ein Kerem to the coast, via Ramat Raziel and Bet Shemesh, and continues south. Route 386 leads to the Ella Valley, via Bar Giora and Tzur Hadassa. A railway line is active in the corridor, next to the Sorek Stream, which is part of the historical Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. References Regions of Israel Geography of Jerusalem District Geopolitical corridors
This list outlines the names of popular lead film actresses, who previously worked or are currently working in the Tamil film industry Kollywood, based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The list is ordered by the year of their debut as a leading actor or the year of their landmark film. Actresses who have starred in at least five films as lead are included in the list. 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Lists of film actors Tamil film actors
Brian Alfred Christopher Bushell Sewell (; 15 July 1931 – 19 September 2015) was an English art critic. He wrote for the Evening Standard and had an acerbic view of conceptual art and the Turner Prize. The Guardian described him as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic", while the Standard called him the "nation’s best art critic". Early life Sewell was born on 15 July 1931, in Hammersmith, London, taking his mother's surname, Perkins. The man who in later life he claimed was his father, composer Philip Heseltine, better known as Peter Warlock, died of coal gas poisoning seven months before Sewell was born. Brian was brought up in Kensington, west London, and elsewhere by his mother, Mary Jessica Perkins, who married Robert Sewell in 1936. He was educated at the private Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Hampstead, northwest London. Offered a place to read history at Oxford, Sewell instead chose to enter the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, where his tutors included Anthony Blunt, who became his close friend. Sewell graduated in 1957 and worked at Christie's auction house, specialising in Old Master paintings and drawings. After leaving Christie's he became an art dealer. He completed his National Service as a commissioned officer in the Royal Army Service Corps. He took LSD as a young man, describing it in 2007 as a drug "for people of my age. It's wonderful. The one thing you could not do, however, was drip it into your eyeballs. It sent you absolutely bonkers." In 1979, after Blunt's exposure as the fourth man in the Cambridge spy ring, gaining much media attention, Sewell assisted in sheltering him in Chiswick. Art criticism Following the Blunt affair, Sewell was hired as art critic for Tina Brown's revitalised Tatler magazine. In 1984, he replaced the avant-garde critic Richard Cork as art critic for the Evening Standard. He won press awards including Critic of the Year (1988), Arts Journalist of the Year (1994), the Hawthornden Prize for Art Criticism (1995) and the Foreign Press Award (Arts) in 2000. In April 2003, he was awarded the Orwell Prize for his Evening Standard column. In criticisms of the Tate Gallery's art, he coined the term "Serota tendency" after its director Nicholas Serota. Although Sewell appeared on BBC Radio 4 in the early 1990s, it was not until the late 1990s that he became a household figure through his appearances on television. He was known for his formal, old-fashioned RP diction and for his anti-populist sentiments. He offended people in Gateshead by claiming an exhibition was too important to be held at the town's Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art and should instead be shown to "more sophisticated" audiences in London. He also disparaged Liverpool as a cultural city. Controversy In 1994 thirty-five figures from the art world signed a letter to the Evening Standard attacking Sewell for "homophobia", "misogyny", "demagogy", "hypocrisy", "artistic prejudice", "formulaic insults" and "predictable scurrility". Signatories included Karsten Schubert, Maureen Paley, Michael Craig-Martin, Christopher Frayling, John Hoyland, Sarah Kent, Nicholas Logsdail, George Melly, Sandy Nairne, Eduardo Paolozzi, Bridget Riley, Richard Shone, Marina Warner, Natalie Wheen and Rachel Whiteread. Sewell responded with comments about many of the signatories, describing Paley as being "the curatrix of innumerable silly little Arts Council exhibitions" and describing Whiteread as being "mortified by my dismissal of her work for the Turner Prize". A letter supporting Sewell from twenty other art-world signatories accused the writers of attempted censorship to promote "a relentless programme of neo-conceptual art in all the main London venues". Sewell suggested that art world insiders had felt embarrassed by a recent TV stunt in which he, a dealer and another critic had been shown a painting without being told that it had been painted by an elephant. Sewell described the painting as having no merit, while the other participants praised it. Sewell's attitude toward female artists was controversial. In July 2008, he was quoted in The Independent as saying: Despite being attacked in his 2013 memoirs, Veronica Wadley, the editor of the Standard between 2002 and 2009, defended Sewell and said she had defended him from management and arts' lobbyists who wanted him sacked. Sewell was strongly opinionated and was known to insult the general public for their views on art. With regard to public praise for the work of Banksy in Bristol, he was quoted as saying: He went on to assert that Banksy himself "should have been put down at birth." Media personality Clive Anderson described him as "a man intent on keeping his Christmas card list nice and short." In an Evening Standard review, Sewell summed up his view of the David Hockney: A Bigger Picture exhibition at the Royal Academy, as concluding that Hockney had made a mistake focusing on painting in his later career: Sewell was also known for his disdain for Damien Hirst, describing him as "fucking dreadful". In his review of Hirst's 2012 show at Tate Modern, Sewell said "To own a Hirst is to tell the world that your bathroom taps are gilded and your Rolls-Royce is pink" adding, "Put bluntly, this man’s imagination is quite as dead as all the dead creatures here suspended in formaldehyde." Television In 2003, Sewell made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in a documentary called The Naked Pilgrim, produced by Wag TV for Channel 5. Although he had not practised for decades, Sewell considered himself a Roman Catholic, prompting an emotional response to the faith of pilgrims at Lourdes. The series attracted large audiences and won the Sandford St Martin Trust award for Best Religious Programme. Following The Naked Pilgrim Sewell presented on two more series for Channel 5: Brian Sewell's Phantoms & Shadows: 100 Years of Rolls-Royce in 2004 and Brian Sewell's Grand Tour in 2006. Sewell also appeared as a guest film reviewer on Channel 5's Movie Lounge, where he frequently savaged films. In Dirty Dalí: A Private View on Channel 4 on 3 June 2007, Sewell described his acquaintance with Salvador Dalí in the late 1960s, which included lying in the foetal position without trousers in the armpit of a figure of Christ and masturbating for Dalí, who pretended to take photos while fumbling in his trousers. Sewell appeared twice as panellist on the BBC's panel quiz programme Have I Got News for You and tried to teach cricketer Phil Tufnell about art (and learn about cricket) in ITV's Don't Call Me Stupid. Sewell was the voice of Sir Kiftsgate in an episode of the children's cartoon The Big Knights. He also presented a programme on Voom HD Networks' Art Channel: Gallery HD called Brian Sewell's Grand Tour, in which he toured beautiful cities (primarily in Italy) visiting museums, towns, churches, historic sites, public squares, monuments and notable architectural spots whilst meeting local residents to discuss culture and art. Sewell reflected upon the 18th century, giving the perspective of what it would have been like as a Grand Tourist. Then he elaborated on what has become of these sites and those which have become lost over the course of history. In a 2009 BBC documentary about the UK's so-called North-South divide, presented by ex-Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, Sewell caused controversy by declaring that the solution to the divide was to send a pox or a plague upon the North so that the people there could all just die quietly. Brian Badonde, one of the characters from the comedy show Facejacker, played by Kayvan Novak, was said by journalist Jimi Famurewa to be a parody of Sewell. His distinctive voice, described by one journalist as "posher than the queen", was popular with impersonators and added to his public image. Television credits Other activities Sewell was a museum adviser in South Africa, Germany and the United States. He provided voice-overs for a variety of television commercials including for the Victoria and Albert Museum and feta cheese. Sewell was also an aficionado of classic cars, a fan of stock car racing and over several decades wrote extensively about cars, classic and contemporary, in the Evening Standard and elsewhere. In both his TV series, on the pilgrimage to Santiago and the Grand Tour (see above), he drove his Mercedes-Benz 560 SEC coupé, that was previously owned by Formula One world champion Nigel Mansell. Sewell expressed a preference for driving his Mercedes barefoot. Personal life In a television programme broadcast on Channel 4 on 24 July 2007, marking the 40th anniversary of the passing of the Sexual Offences Act 1967 which partially decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales, Sewell said, "I never came out... but I have slowly emerged". Sewell was described as bisexual but also described himself as gay, saying he knew he probably was homosexual at the age of six. Later, Sewell would state that he was more comfortable with the term queer than gay to describe himself, and expressed opposition to same-sex marriage. He had chastised himself for his attraction to men, describing it as an "affliction" and a "disability" and told readers, "no homosexual has ever chosen this sexual compulsion". In the first episode of The Naked Pilgrim Sewell alluded to the loss of his virginity at the hands of a 60-year-old French woman "who knew what she was doing and was determined"; Sewell was 20 at the time. In his autobiography, Sewell indicates that he lost his virginity at the age of 15 to a fellow pupil at Haberdashers' Aske's School. He claimed to have slept with over 1,000 men. In 2011 Sewell exposed the identity of his father, as revealed by his mother on her deathbed. He also revealed that his stepfather Robert Sewell and his mother, Mary Jessica (née Perkins), a publican's daughter from Camden, had admitted that Robert was not his father when he was 11, although he had already known it to be the case (they did not marry until 1936). Death and legacy Sewell died of cancer on 19 September 2015 at the age of 84 in London. The Sewell-Hohler Syndicate (named after Brian Sewell and E.C. Hohler) was launched at Sewell's alma mater, the Courtauld Institute of Art, on 19 September 2016, one year after his death. The society served to promote, in the spirit of Brian Sewell, interest in the arts and art criticism through conferences, interviews and debates. The Brian Sewell Archive is held at the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art in London. It contains papers collected and created by Sewell over the course of his life which includes personal items such as correspondence, photographs, passports, and programmes for cultural events, as well as material relating to his work as an art historian, critic, journalist, author, collector, dealer and media figure. The collection reflects Sewell's diverse interests and includes material on the arts, and also to the other loves of his life: dogs, cars and travel. Bibliography Travel writing South from Ephesus: Travels Through Aegean Turkey (1989) Non-fiction A Life with Food with Peter Langan (1990) Art criticism The Reviews That Caused The Rumpus: And Other Pieces (1994) An Alphabet of Villains (1995) Revised edition of The Reviews That Caused The Rumpus Nothing Wasted: The Paintings of Richard Harrison with Richard Harrison (2010) Naked Emperors: Criticisms of English Contemporary Art (2012) Autobiography Outsider: Always Almost: Never Quite (2011) Outsider II: Always Almost: Never Quite (2012) Sleeping with Dogs: A Peripheral Autobiography (2013) Fiction The White Umbrella (2015) References External links Brian Sewell Archive 1931 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art Bisexual male writers Bisexual journalists English bisexual writers Christie's people Deaths from cancer in England English art critics English autobiographers English male journalists English television personalities English art historians Genital integrity activists English LGBT broadcasters English LGBT journalists London Evening Standard people People educated at Haberdashers' Boys' School People from Kensington Royal Army Service Corps officers 20th-century British Army personnel 20th-century English male writers 21st-century English male writers 20th-century English journalists 21st-century English journalists 20th-century English LGBT people 21st-century English LGBT people
The following is a list of political parties in New Brunswick, Canada. Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly Other registered parties Unregistered parties Historical parties New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party 1989–2002 United Farmers of New Brunswick 1921–1925 Parti Acadien 1972-1986 Confederation Party Anti-Confederation Party Grey Party of New Brunswick 2002–2004 Social Credit Party of New Brunswick Natural Law Party of New Brunswick See also Elections New Brunswick Parties New Brunswick fr:Partis politiques canadiens#Nouveau-Brunswick
The 2022 Big West Conference women's basketball tournament was the postseason women's basketball tournament for the Big West Conference of the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. It was held March 8–12, 2022, at the Dollar Loan Center in Henderson, Nevada. The winner received the conference's automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA tournament. Hawaii won its third title, and its second since rejoining the Big West, for their seventh NCAA Tournament appearance. Seeds Of the 11 conference teams, 10 are eligible for the tournament. UC San Diego remains ineligible for the Big West tournament, as they are in the second year of the four-year transition required for teams transferring to Division I from Division II, despite their games counting in the standings, unlike their men’s counterparts. For this year only, teams were seeded by winning percentage within the conference due to unpredictabilities with COVID-19, with normal additional tiebreakers in place, if necessary. Unlike previous years until 2020, reseeding teams after the quarterfinals does not take place. Schedule and results Bracket References Big West Conference women's basketball tournament Tournament Big West Conference women's basketball tournament Big West Conference women's basketball tournament Sports competitions in Henderson, Nevada Basketball competitions in the Las Vegas Valley Women's sports in Nevada College basketball tournaments in Nevada College sports tournaments in Nevada
Werner Schlichting (1904–1996) was a German art director who worked on over a hundred films during a lengthy career. He worked on a number of Austrian films including The Congress Dances and The Last Ten Days (1955). Selected filmography Luther (1928) The Flame of Love (1930) Calais-Dover (1931) No More Love (1931) Two Hearts Beat as One (1932) The Song of Night (1932) How Shall I Tell My Husband? (1932) All for Love (1933) What Men Know (1933) Her Highness the Saleswoman (1933) A Song for You (1933) My Heart Calls You (1934) So Ended a Great Love (1934) The Princess's Whim (1934) My Heart Is Calling You (1934) Victoria (1935) Artist Love (1935) Casta Diva (1935) The Emperor's Candlesticks (1936) Court Theatre (1936) Serenade (1937) Capers (1937) A Mother's Love (1939) Bel Ami (1939) Destiny (1942) The Secret Countess (1942) Late Love (1943) Archduke Johann's Great Love (1950) Bonus on Death (1950) Maria Theresa (1951) Heidi (1952) The Venus of Tivoli (1953) Fireworks (1954) Walking Back into the Past (1954) Cabaret (1954) The Congress Dances (1955) The Last Ten Days (1955) Mozart (1955) Crown Prince Rudolph's Last Love (1956) The Saint and Her Fool (1957) The Priest and the Girl (1958) Arena of Fear (1959) Jacqueline (1959) Via Mala (1961) Long Legs, Long Fingers (1966) Morning's at Seven (1968) When Sweet Moonlight Is Sleeping in the Hills (1969) References Bibliography Fritsche, Maria. Homemade Men in Postwar Austrian Cinema: Nationhood, Genre and Masculinity. Berghahn Books, 2013. External links 1904 births 1996 deaths German art directors Film people from Berlin
The AFC third round of 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification was decided by a random draw which was conducted in Durban, South Africa on 25 November 2007. The round began on 6 February 2008 and finished on 22 June 2008. The top two countries in each group at the end of the stage progressed to the fourth round, where the ten remaining teams will be divided into two groups of five. Format The 20 teams (five teams given a bye directly to the third round, 11 highest-ranked winners from the first round, and four winners from the second round) were divided into four pots for the draw, each containing five teams. The pots were drawn as follows: The 20 teams were split into five groups of four teams each, with all teams playing home and away against each of the other three teams in the group. The top two teams in each group qualified for the fourth round. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Goalscorers A total of 137 goals were scored over 60 games, for an average of 2.28 goals per game. 6 goals Ahmad Ajab 4 goals Hassan Abdel Fattah Ismail Matar Server Djeparov 3 goals Yuji Nakazawa Hong Yong-jo Yasser Al-Qahtani Malek Mouath Redha Tukar Kim Do-heon Jehad Al-Hussain Odil Ahmedov 2 goals Brett Emerton Harry Kewell A'ala Hubail Salman Isa Gholamreza Rezaei Emad Mohammed Yasuhito Endō Yoshito Ōkubo Ismail Sulaiman Al Ajmi Amad Al Hosni Fábio César Montezine Abdoh Otaif Aleksandar Đurić John Wilkinson Park Chu-young Park Ji-sung Seol Ki-hyeon Firas Al-Khatib Teeratep Winothai Timur Kapadze Maksim Shatskikh 1 goal Mark Bresciano Tim Cahill Joshua Kennedy Faouzi Aaish Ismail Abdullatif Sayed Mohamed Adnan Sun Xiang Zheng Zhi Zhou Haibin Jalal Hosseini Mohsen Khalili Javad Nekounam Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht Ferydoon Zandi Nashat Akram Hawar Mulla Mohammed Seiichiro Maki Kengo Nakamura Shunsuke Nakamura Marcus Tulio Tanaka Atsuto Uchida Waseem Al-Bzour Thaer Bawab Fahad Al-Rashidi Mahmoud El Ali Mohammed Ghaddar Choe Kum-chol Ahmed Mubarak Al Mahaijri Sayed Ali Bechir Khalfan Ibrahim Sebastián Soria Ahmed Al-Fraidi Saad Al-Harthi Osama Hawsawi Mustafic Fahrudin Fazrul Nawaz Kwak Tae-hwi Zyad Chaabo Sanharib Malki Sarayoot Chaikamdee Totchtawan Sripan Datsakorn Thonglao Guvanch Ovekov Saif Mohammed Al Bishr Mohamed Al Shehhi Faisal Khalil Vitaliy Denisov Alexander Geynrikh Aziz Ibrahimov Victor Karpenko 1 own goal Ramez Dayoub (playing against Singapore) Baihakki Khaizan (playing against Lebanon) Anas Al Khouja (playing against Kuwait) Notes References External links Asian zone at FIFA.com Results and schedule at the-AFC.com 3 Qual
Second Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at 4th St. and Broadway in Columbia, Missouri. It was built in 1894, and has Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival design elements. The church was founded by newly emancipated slaves many of whom were members of First Baptist Church. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. References Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri Gothic Revival church buildings in Missouri Romanesque Revival church buildings in Missouri Churches completed in 1894 Baptist churches in Missouri Churches in Columbia, Missouri National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Missouri African-American history of Missouri African-American history in Columbia, Missouri
Wudalianchi (), formerly Dedu County (), is a county-level city in Heilongjiang province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Heihe. It contains a volcanic field. The city's name means "five joint ponds" and refers to a set of interconnected lakes formed after the eruption of the volcanoes of Laoheishan (, means "Old Black Mountain") and Huoshaoshan (, means "Fire Burn Mountain") in 1720–21. The city is served by Wudalianchi Dedu Airport. Administrative divisions Wudalianchi City is divided into 1 subdistrict, 7 towns and 4 townships. 1 subdistrict Qingshan () 7 towns Long (), Heping (), Wudalianchi (), Shuangquan (), Xinfa (), Tuanjie (), Xinglong () 4 townships Jianshe (), Taiping (), Xing'an (), Zhaoyang () Demographics The population of the district was in 1999. Climate See also List of UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia References External links County level divisions of Heilongjiang Cities in Heilongjiang Volcanoes of China Landforms of Heilongjiang Heihe
Lecithocera aulias is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Assam, India. The wingspan is 13–14 mm. The forewings are whitish-ochreous in males, thinly sprinkled with dark fuscous, the costal edge ochreous-yellow, in females, the forewings are ochreous-yellowish, more strongly sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous. The costa is suffused with dark fuscous towards the base. The discal stigmata are black, the second connected with the dorsum by a transverse variable patch of dark fuscous suffusion. The hindwings are light grey. References Moths described in 1910 aulias
Alberto Lionello (12 July 1930 – 14 July 1994) was an Italian film actor, voice actor, singer and presenter. Life and career Born in Milan into a family of Venetian origins, after studying acting at the Accademia dei Filodrammatici Lionello started his career in 1949, in the stage company of Antonio Gandusio. He got his first personal success in the stage play La pulce all' orecchio in 1951, then for several years he was part in the Wanda Osiris' stage company. Lionello had his breakout in 1960 as presenter of the RAI Saturday night musical show Canzonissima together with Lauretta Masiero and Aroldo Tieri. He also performed the opening theme song "La la la", which became a hit ranking 13th on the Italian hit parade. In 1961 he started a 7-years-long collaboration with the Teatro Stabile in Genoa, where he got large critical acclaim, particularly for his performances in Zeno's Conscience, which he later also played in a television adaptation, and in Carlo Goldoni's The Venetian Twins, which he performed in 33 countries including in Broadway. Lionello had a long relationship, from 1978 until his death, with the actress Erika Blanc. His daughter Gea is also an actress. Selected filmography Of Life and Love (1956) Ricordati di Napoli (1958) Mia nonna poliziotto (1958) Who Hesitates Is Lost (1960) Mariti a congresso (1961) Cacciatori di dote (1961) Operation Gold Ingot (1962) Love in Four Dimensions (1964) Una voglia da morire (1965) I soldi (1965) La coscienza di Zeno (TV mini-series) (1966) The Birds, the Bees and the Italians (1966) Oblomov (TV mini-series) (1966) Che notte, ragazzi! (1966) Knock o Il trionfo della medicina (TV movie) (1967) Colpo di sole (1968) Se te lo raccontassi (TV mini-series) (1968) Togli le gambe dal parabrezza (1969) Il killer (TV mini-series) (1969) Porcile (1969) Diary of a Telephone Operator (1969) Orfeo in Paradiso (TV movie) (1971) Puccini (TV mini-series) (1973) How Funny Can Sex Be? (1973) Till Marriage Do Us Part (1974) The Peaceful Age (1974) Sex with a Smile (1976) Sex with a Smile II (1976) L'Italia s'è rotta (1976) Al piacere di rivederla (1976) The Peaceful Age (1976) Policewoman (1976) Black Journal (1977) The Virgo, the Taurus and the Capricorn (1977) Castigo (TV mini-series) (1977) Riavanti... Marsch! (1979) Sarto per signora (TV movie) (1979) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) References External links 1930 births Mass media people from Milan 1994 deaths Male actors from Milan
Grupo Valouro (Valouro Group) or simply Valouro, is one of the largest economic groups in Portuguese agrobusiness industry and the biggest in the poultry sector. Headquartered in Torres Vedras Municipality, it has several companies and a portfolio of leading brands in poultry and animal feeds, including Rações Valouro, Avibom, Kilom and Pinto Valouro. History Working in the Portuguese poultry market since 1875, the Santos family began to modernize and expand the business in 1966 with the construction of a poultry slaughterhouse (the second private facility installed in the country). This unit, now known as Building Avibom, serves as the core of the Valouro, SGPS, SA. In 1978, with the aim of complementing the poultry business, was installed a feed mill in Marteleira in the municipality of Lourinhã, which was followed 10 years later by another unit in Ramalhal in the municipality of Torres Vedras, and then another plant near Badajoz, Spain. The company's expansion continued, and today has several slaughterhouses that produce poultry meat under various trade names for the Portuguese and international markets. External links Rações Valouro website - one of Valouro's core businesses Avibom website - one of Valouro's core businesses Kilom website - one of Valouro's core businesses Animal food manufacturers Brand name poultry meats Meat companies of Portugal
Synandromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contain 10 species. References External links Synandromyces at Index Fungorum Laboulbeniomycetes
Joseph Jones (1891 – 1 April 1948) was a British trade unionist. Born in St Helens, Jones studied at a technical college before becoming a coal miner. He moved to work at Thurcroft, and was elected branch secretary of the Yorkshire Miners' Association (YMA) in 1914. He was an active methodist, and strongly promoted the cause of temperance, later becoming Chairman of the Workers' Temperance League. He was elected as a Labour Party member of West Riding County Council in 1919, serving until 1933. In 1923, Jones was elected as Treasurer of the YMA and, the following year, he became its General Secretary. He was elected to Barnsley Town Council in 1926, serving as Mayor of Barnsley in 1931. In 1924, Jones contested the General Secretaryship of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB) as the candidate of the union's right-wing, but he was narrowly defeated by the communist A. J. Cook. From 1926 until 1931, Jones was on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party, and from 1930 to 1938 he was the government's Coal Mine Reorganisation Commissioner. Jones was elected as Vice President of the MFGB in 1932, then in 1934 became the union's President. He was one of two assessors during the 1937 enquiry into the Gresford disaster. During the enquiry both assessors disagreed with the commissioner's report and published their own reports as addenda. He resigned as MFGB president in 1938 to join the Coal Commission, and in 1947 was appointed as advisor on social insurance to the National Coal Board. Jones was a Justice of the peace (JP) and in the 1932 New Year Honours was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). References 1891 births 1948 deaths Members of West Riding County Council Labour Party (UK) councillors People from St Helens, Merseyside Presidents of the National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain) Vice Presidents of the National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain) Mayors of Barnsley
The dark-bellied cinclodes (Cinclodes patagonicus) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Chile. Taxonomy and systematics The dark-bellied cinclodes was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the wagtails in the genus Motacilla and coined the binomial name Motacilla patagonica. Gmelin based his description on the "Patagonian warbler" that had been described in 1783 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined specimens in the Leverian Museum in London. The dark-bellied cinclodes is now one of 15 species placed in the genus Cinclodes that was introduced in 1840 by George Robert Gray. Genetic data show that the dark-bellied cinclodes, Peruvian seaside cinclodes (C. taczanowskii), and the Chilean seaside cinclodes (C. nigrofumosus) are sister species. Two subspecies of the dark-bellied cinclodes are recognised, the nominate C. p. patagonicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) and C. p. chilensis (Lesson, RP, 1828). Description The dark-bellied cinclodes is long and weighs about . It is a largish cinclodes with a long decurved bill. The sexes have the same plumages, and the two subspecies differ very little. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a white supercilium that begins at the forehead, dark brown lores and ear coverts, and a white malar area with some faint darker flecks. Their crown and nape are dark brown and their upperparts a slightly lighter brown. Their wings are dark brown with blackish brown primary coverts. Their primary coverts and flight feathers each have a thin pale rufous-tinged white band. Their tail is dark brown; the outer three pairs of feathers have progressively more tawny-whitish on their tips. Their throat is whitish with faint darker specks and their underparts mostly dull dark brown. Their upper breast has pale spots that become streaks through the lower breast onto the upper belly. Their undertail coverts are dark brown with whitish tips. Their iris is dark brown, their bill brown to blackish, and their legs and feet brown to blackish. Juveniles are like adults with pale edges on the feathers of their back and less distinct breast markings. Subspecies C. p. chilensis is slightly smaller than the nominate, with buffier tips on the outer tail feathers and slightly browner underparts with less streaking on the belly. Distribution and habitat The dark-bellied cinclodes is native to the southern cone of South America. Subspecies C. p. chilensis is the more northerly. It is found in south-central Chile between the Atacama and Aysén regions and in adjacent western Argentina between Mendoza Province and Santa Cruz Province. The nominate subspecies is found south to Tierra del Fuego from Aysén in Chile and Santa Cruz in Argentina. The species inhabits a variety of landscapes, all of which are associated with water. These include rocky coastal beaches, lakesides, river and stream banks, and the edges of wet forest. Even in semi-arid areas it stays near water. In the northern part of its range it mostly occurs inland but in the south it is found at sea level. In the Andes it reaches elevations of about . Behavior Movement The dark-bellied cinclodes appears to be resident in most of its range, but its pattern of movement is not well known. Some populations appear to move up and down slope between the seasons and some of those in the far south appear to move north and south. Feeding The dark-bellied cinclodes feeds on marine and terrestrial invertbrates, and always near water. It usually forages singly or in pairs, gleaning prey from the ground, rocks, debris on beaches, and the water's edge. Breeding The dark-bellied cinclodes' breeding season is the local austral spring and summer. It varies latitudinally, starting in October in the far south and as early as August in the north. Males make a courtship display from a perch by flapping both wings, shaking the tail up and down, and singing. The nest is built in a chamber in such places as a rock crevice, a stone wall, a burrow (self-dug or preexisting), a tree hole, or on a ledge of a human structure. The nest is a cup made of grass and feathers. The clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known. Vocalization The dark-bellied cinclodes is very vocal during the breeding season. Its song is "a piercing weep weep weep tirrrrRRRrr", sung during the male's display and sometimes in a duet by the pair. Its call is a "short, sharp, and stuttering disyllabic ch'tp lasting from 2 to several (>15) notes". Status The IUCN has assessed the dark-bellied cinclodes as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common throughout its range and occurs in several protected areas. It "[f]requently occurs in human modified landscapes, and will even nest in human structures, but human activities that result in disturbing, modifying, or destroying wetlands and intertidal or river-side habitats could cause displacement of individuals and/or inhibit reproduction". References Further reading External links Dark-bellied cinclodes Dark-bellied cinclodes [Cinclodes patagonicus] BirdForum dark-bellied cinclodes Birds of Chile Birds of Tierra del Fuego dark-bellied cinclodes dark-bellied cinclodes Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
This Being Human is an interview podcast hosted by Abdul-Rehman Malik that focuses on Muslim art and culture. The podcast was created by the Aga Khan Museum and produced by Antica Productions. Background The Aga Khan Museum is North America's first and only museum dedicated to Muslim cultures and heritage. The podcast debuted on January 26, 2021. The podcast was started during the COVID-19 pandemic. The name of the podcast is based on one of Rumi's poems called "The Guest House." The host of the podcast, Abdul-Rehman Malik, is a journalist and educator. Malik was born in Thorncliffe Park to Pakistani immigrants. Malik has explored his own religion and spirituality through the act of storytelling throughout his career as a journalist. He has worked at the Toronto Star and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In each episode Malik interviews someone who has been influenced by the religion and culture of Islam. Malik has interviewed people like Roni Helou and Farah Alibay on the show. The show was relaunched by TVO on February 22, 2022 for a second season. The first episode of the second season featured an interview with Zarqa Nawaz. References External links at Antica Productions at TVO 2021 podcast debuts Audio podcasts Religion and spirituality podcasts Arts podcasts Interview podcasts Canadian podcasts Islamic podcasts
Zombie Nation may refer to: Zombie Nation (musician), a German techno artist best known for the song "Kernkraft 400" Zombie Nation (video game), a 1990 NES video game Zombie Nation (film), a 2004 independent film Z Nation, a 2014 television series on Syfy
Leucanopsis suavina is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1941. It is found in Brazil. References suavina Moths described in 1941

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