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Travelling the Face of the Globe is the fourth studio album released by London, England based band Oi Va Voi. The first single of the album is Every Time. Track listing Personnel Nik Ammar - guitar, charango, strumstick, kazoo, percussion Bridgette Amofah - vocals Josh Breslaw - drums, percussion Steve Levi - clarinet, vocals Dave Orchant - trumpet Anna Phoebe - violin Lucy Shaw - double bass, electric bass External links The Guardian review The Independent review Oi Va Voi's Official MySpace Page Oi Va Voi albums 2009 albums Experimental music albums
Yann Karamoh (born 8 July 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward or right winger for Italian club Torino. Born in the Ivory Coast, he is a youth international for France. Club career Caen Born in Abidjan, Karamoh joined Caen in 2011 from Racing Colombes 92. On 7 December 2015, he signed his first professional contract, with a duration of three years. He made his debut in Ligue 1 on 13 August 2016 in Caen's 3–2 win against Lorient, replacing Ronny Rodelin in the 77th minute. Six days later, he started and played the full 90 minutes in his club's second league match of the season, a 0–2 defeat away to Lyon. Internazionale On 31 August 2017, Karamoh joined Serie A club Inter Milan on a two-year loan deal with the obligation to purchase. He made his Serie A debut 24 September 2017 in 1–0 win over Genoa replacing Borja Valero in the 72nd minute. On 11 February 2018, he started in his first league match and scored the winning goal to give Inter a 2–1 win against Bologna. Loan to Bordeaux On 31 August 2018, Karamoh returned to France moving to Bordeaux for a season-year loan. Parma On 17 July 2019, Karamoh joined Parma on loan for one year with an obligation to make deal permanent. Torino On 1 September 2022, Karamoh signed a one-season contract with Torino, with an option to extend for two more seasons. Career statistics Club References External links Living people 1998 births French men's footballers France men's under-21 international footballers France men's youth international footballers Ivorian men's footballers French sportspeople of Ivorian descent Men's association football midfielders Ligue 1 players Serie A players Süper Lig players Stade Malherbe Caen players Inter Milan players FC Girondins de Bordeaux players Parma Calcio 1913 players Fatih Karagümrük S.K. footballers Torino FC players French expatriate men's footballers French expatriate sportspeople in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in Italy French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Łęki Szlacheckie () is a village in Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Łęki Szlacheckie. It lies approximately south of Piotrków Trybunalski and south of the regional capital Łódź. References Villages in Piotrków County
Bare Skin () is a bestseller novel by Zlatko Topčić, published in 2004. Topčić also wrote the drama of the same name (2007) and the screenplay for the multiple award-winning feature film The Abandoned (2010; working title: Bare Skin), about the same theme. References 2004 novels Fiction set in the 21st century Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina literature Novels set in Bosnia and Herzegovina Novels about rape
Käravete () is a small borough () in Järva Parish, Järva County, central Estonia. As of 2011 Census, the settlement's population was 234. References External links Järva Parish Boroughs and small boroughs in Estonia Kreis Jerwen
Weston-super-Mare is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by John Penrose, a Conservative. History The seat was created under the Representation of the People Act 1918. Its forerunner was the North Somerset division created in 1885. The by-election of 1934 was triggered by the acceptance of the appointment of Lord Erskine to the position of Governor of Madras Presidency, that of 1958 by the death of Ian Orr-Ewing and that of 1969 by the death of David Webster. Political history The seat has alternated in representation between 1992 and 2005: in the election of 1997 the fresh Conservative candidate, Margaret Daly failed to hold the seat which led to Weston Super Mare's first marginal majority since 1923, obtained by Brian Cotter, a Liberal Democrat. Between 1997 and 2010, all the majorities in the constituency were lower than 3,000 votes, remaining strongly marginal and seeing in 2005 Cotter lose the seat to John Penrose. Following the 2015 election however, the seat moved strongly towards the Conservatives, who have increased their share of the vote in every subsequent election. At the 2019 election, Penrose gained a 17,121 over the now second place Labour candidate. Frontbenchers Jerry Wiggin was a Minister for the Armed Services from 1981 to 1983. Brian Cotter was the Liberal Democrat Small Business Spokesman (1997–2005), John Penrose was appointed the Minister for Tourism and Heritage (2010–2012). Boundaries 1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Clevedon, Portishead, and Weston-super-Mare, and the Rural Districts of Axbridge and Long Ashton. 1950–1983: The Borough of Weston-super-Mare, the Urban District of Clevedon, the Rural District of Axbridge, and in the Rural District of Long Ashton the parishes of Kenn, Kingston Seymour, and Yatton. 1983–1997: The District of Woodspring wards of Banwell, Blagdon, Churchill, Congresbury, Hutton, Locking, Weston-super-Mare Ashcombe, Weston-super-Mare East, Weston-super-Mare Ellenborough, Weston-super-Mare North, Weston-super-Mare South, Weston-super-Mare Uphill, Weston-super-Mare West, Winscombe, Wrington, and Yatton. 1997–2010: The District of Woodspring wards of Banwell, Blagdon, Churchill, Congresbury, Hutton, Locking, Weston-super-Mare Ashcombe, Weston-super-Mare East, Weston-super-Mare Ellenborough, Weston-super-Mare North, Weston-super-Mare South, Weston-super-Mare Uphill, Weston-super-Mare West, and Winscombe. 2010–present: The District of North Somerset wards of Banwell and Winscombe, Blagdon and Churchill, Congresbury, Hutton and Locking, Kewstoke, Weston-super-Mare Central, Weston-super-Mare Clarence and Uphill, Weston-super-Mare East, Weston-super-Mare Milton and Old Worle, Weston-super-Mare North Worle, Weston-super-Mare South, Weston-super-Mare South Worle, and Weston-super-Mare West. The constituency covers the southern half of North Somerset Unitary Authority, including its only town, Weston-super-Mare on the Bristol Channel. History of boundaries Changes for 1950 Under the first periodic review the Weston constituency lost the Urban District of Portishead, and most of the Rural District of Long Ashton (excepting the parishes of Kenn, Kingston Seymour, and Yatton) to North Somerset constituency. Changes for 1983 Under the third periodic review the Weston constituency lost Clevedon to Woodspring constituency, and the parishes now within the Sedgemoor district (under the Local Government Act 1972) to Wells constituency. Changes for 1997 Under the fourth periodic review the Weston constituency lost Yatton and Wrington to Woodspring constituency. Changes for 2010 Parliament accepted the Boundary Commission's Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies by making slight changes to this constituency for the 2010 general election, namely the loss of only 181 electors in Butcombe (in the ward of Wrington, no longer in the seat at all) to North Somerset. Constituency profile The town grew as a relatively late-Victorian affluent resort with many green spaces and gardens south of the headland, Sand Point which denotes the sandier beach of the town and of Burnham on Sea relative to northerly shores such as at Clevedon. Work in tourism and visitor attractions is seasonal but other areas of the economy locally, such as customer services operations, freight, haulage and distribution, social, care, elderly and health services as well as retail, manufacturing and materials/foods processing provide employment. Workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were in November 2012 lower than the national average of 3.8%, at 3.5% of the population based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian. Members of Parliament Elections Elections in the 2010s Elections in the 2000s Elections in the 1990s Elections in the 1980s Elections in the 1970s Elections in the 1960s Elections in the 1950s Elections in the 1940s Elections in the 1930s Elections in the 1920s Elections in the 1910s See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Avon Notes References Sources The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913) F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989) Michael Kinnear, The British Voter (London: BH Batsford, Ltd, 1968) Henry Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections 1885–1910 (London: Macmillan, 1967) Frederic A Youngs, jr, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol I (London: Royal Historical Society, 1979) Weston-super-Mare Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918 Weston-super-Mare Politics of North Somerset
Lovesexy is the tenth studio album by American recording artist Prince. The album was released on May 10, 1988, by Paisley Park Records and Warner Bros. Records. The album was recorded in just seven weeks, from mid-December 1987 to late January 1988, at Prince's new Paisley Park Studios, and most of the album is a solo effort from Prince, with a few exceptions. The lyrical themes of the record include positivity, self-improvement, spirituality, and God. Despite being critically acclaimed, Lovesexy only reached number 11 on the Billboard 200, Prince's first album since 1981's Controversy not to crack the top 10; however, it reached number one in the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. It spawned three singles: "Alphabet St."—which became a worldwide top-10 hit in the spring of 1988—and the follow-up singles "Glam Slam" and "I Wish U Heaven", both of which failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100. Subsequently, it was Prince's least successful album in the United States since 1980. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 1988. Lovesexy was accompanied by the Lovesexy Tour, of which the September 9th Dortmund show in Germany was released on video cassette and LaserDisc. The tour was also televised (with a short delay for editorial purposes) on several European channels, with the broadcast containing various alternate camera shots in place of the ones used in the officially released video, which was released a year later in 1989. Recording The opening track, "Eye No", was recorded with the full band (Miko Weaver on guitar, Levi Seacer, Jr. on bass, Doctor Fink and Boni Boyer on keyboards, Eric Leeds on saxophone, Atlanta Bliss on trumpet and Sheila E. on drums). Sheila E., in fact, plays drums on several tracks and sings backup, along with Boyer. Leeds and Bliss provide horns on most tracks, and Ingrid Chavez provides the intro to "Eye No". The album is designed to be heard in the context of a continuous sequence: LP pressings split the album in two side-long tracks, without visual bands to indicate individual songs. Similarly, early CD copies of Lovesexy have the entire album in sequence as a single track, though some later editions have it as nine separate tracks. Lovesexy is also the first Prince album to replace the pronoun "I" with a stylized "👁" symbol, commonly Romanized as "eye" (i.e. "Eye No"), in both song titles and liner notes; the symbol would not be completely adopted, however, until 1992's Love Symbol Album. Music The theme of the album is the struggle between good and evil. God and Satan, virtue and sin (although, with the Gemini character that he developed in 1989, these "sides" may also represent "ego and alter-ego"), the perennial themes of Prince's work, mix as Prince climaxes to "Love is God, God is love, girls and boys love God above" in the song "Anna Stesia". Prince refers to Lovesexy as a gospel album. It opens with a sermon of sorts; "Eye No", a positive energetic track advising people to be free from their vices and to reject Satan, and affirming his belief in God, while using his bully pulpit to encourage the listener to do the same. "Eye No" is a reworking of a song called "The Ball" from the unreleased Crystal Ball. The song ends with a scale of horns and a segue of conversations (originally recorded on "Eye No"'s original version "The Ball" which segued into another song; the "conversations", or background party ambiance, was later used on the Graffiti Bridge album as a segue between "We Can Funk" and "Joy in Repetition") leading to the album's biggest-selling single, "Alphabet St.", which mixes dance music, rock and rap along with playful lyrics about sex, braggadocio, and the heavenly state of feeling "lovesexy". Next is "Glam Slam", a busy dance track which features Prince's full band. It speaks to the uplifting interlude between Prince and a woman, and how, when he fell down, she lifted him. It also praises the woman's love and sense of humanity. The song ends with an almost classical music string solo (performed on keyboard). Ending side one of the vinyl release is "Anna Stesia", a heartfelt confessional number divulging various sins of the flesh, and ends with Prince promising to dedicate his life and music to God. Side two opens with the machine gun-like pace of "Dance On", which lambastes negative aspects of society, somewhat akin to "Sign O' the Times". The title track follows, described by Prince as "The feeling you get when you fall in love ... not with a boy or girl but with the heavens above," and it is another energetic dance track; the "Good News" indeed Prince extols its virtues graphically and then he and Cat Glover share an orgasm, both using sped-up Camille-like vocals, going from Prince's voice to Cat's. This leads into "When 2 R in Love", a sex-infused ballad recorded during the sessions for the untitled black album. Next is the almost sparse, but uplifting "I Wish U Heaven", which says that no matter what controversy or opposition one may bring, the end result is still wishing your enemy the best. It follows a Biblical proverb about "blessing those that curse you, loving those that hate you, for it heaps hot coals on their heads". The last track is "Positivity", which echoes the theme of "Dance On". It extols the virtues of staying positive, while asking the listener to examine examples of negativity and negative aspects of the world; overlooking the quick thrill and pushing toward being positive throughout it. The song continuously asks the question "Have you had your plus sign today?" The vocals are sung, but the bridge and extended portions are more of a spoken rap-type style that Prince had started to display as early as "Annie Christian" in 1981. The song ends with sounds of water rushing and a river over keyboard chords. This final song was later given to Mavis Staples for her 1991 album, The Voice. Critical reception The cover (based on a photo by Jean Baptiste Mondino) caused some controversy upon release as it depicts Prince in the nude. Some record stores refused to stock it or wrapped the album in black, although Lovesexy had been issued as a replacement for the hastily withdrawn The Black Album, which had an achromatic black cover. Lovesexy was Prince's least successful album since 1981, failing to break the top 10, being certified Gold and spending just 21 weeks on the US Billboard 200. While "Alphabet St." managed to crack the top 10, it did not make a lasting impression and the subsequent two single releases failed to chart on the Hot 100. The situation in the United Kingdom was more positive, where the album debuted at number 1 and all the singles became top 40 hits. Track listing Sample credits The opening to "Eye No" contains a sample from a Roger Limb track "Passing Clouds", created at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop released in 1971 on the Out of this World album. Notes The "Eye" in "Eye No" is actually represented by a stylized eye symbol (👁) in place of the pronoun "I" throughout the liner notes. It is commonly transliterated as "Eye" because of "I Wish U Heaven"'s placement later on the album. First pressings of the compact disc feature all content on a single track. Likewise, the vinyl edition presented each side of vinyl with no track indexes. Some later pressings of both CD and vinyl featured nine separate tracks. When Prince's music was added to digital stores and streaming services in 2017, Lovesexy was made available in its single track format only. However, a tracked version was later released digitally in 2021. Personnel Prince (credited solely with "whatever" in the liner notes) – lead and backing vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, Yamaha KX88, Roland MKS20, Ensoniq ESQ-1, E-mu Emax, Fairlight CMI, Roland D-50, Yamaha DX7, bass guitar, Dynacord Add-One, Linn LM-1, drums, percussion, Publison IM90 Infernal Machine Sheila E. – drums and percussion (1, 2, 4, 5, 9), backing vocals (5, 9) Boni Boyer – keyboards (1, 5), backing vocals (2, 4, 9) Dr. Fink – keyboards (1, 5) Miko Weaver – electric guitar (1, 5) Levi Seacer, Jr. – bass guitar (1, 5) Eric Leeds – saxophone (1, 2, 9) Atlanta Bliss – trumpet (1, 2, 9) Ingrid Chavez – spoken intro (1), spoken voice (2) Cat Glover – rap (2), backing vocals (2-4) Singles and Hot 100 chart placings "Alphabet St." (#8 US, #3 US R&B, #9 UK) "Alphabet St. – part 1" – 7" version only "Alphabet St. – part 2" – 7" version only "Alphabet St." – 12" version only "Alphabet St. – This is not music, this is a trip" – 12" version only "Glam Slam" (#44 US R&B, #29 UK) "Glam Slam" – 7" version only "Glam Slam (Remix)" – 12" version only "Escape (Free yo mind from this rat race)" "I Wish U Heaven" (#18 US R&B, #24 UK) "I Wish U Heaven" – 7" version only "I Wish U Heaven (Part 1, 2 and 3)" – 12" version only "Scarlet Pussy" Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales Notes References External links Lovesexy at Discogs 1988 albums Prince (musician) albums Albums produced by Prince (musician) Paisley Park Records albums Warner Records albums Albums recorded in a home studio
Alan Keith Johnson (born 19 February 1971 in Billinge, Wigan) is an English retired football defender. His son, Will, plays for Fleetwood Town. References External links 1971 births Living people Footballers from Wigan Men's association football defenders English men's footballers Wigan Athletic F.C. players English Football League players Lincoln City F.C. players Preston North End F.C. players Rochdale A.F.C. players
Henry Home-Drummond FRSE FSA (28 July 1783 – 12 September 1867) was a Scottish politician, advocate, landowner and agricultural improver. Life He was born on 28 July 1783, the son of George Home Drummond of Blair Drummond and his wife (and cousin) Janet Jardine, daughter of Rev John Jardine minister of the Tron Kirk and Dean of the Chapel Royal. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh and then studied aw at the University of Oxford graduating with a BCL in 1809. The family were one of the first to occupy the new houses in Edinburgh's New Town, living in a townhouse at 128 Princes Street, facing onto Edinburgh Castle in addition to their other estates. His father had a similar house at 110 Princes Street. Home-Drummond was called to the Scottish Bar in 1808, and later served as Vice-Lieutenant of Perthshire. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1815. His proposers were John Playfair, George Steuart Mackenzie and Macvey Napier. He sat as Member of Parliament for Stirlingshire from 1821 to 1831 and for Perthshire as a Conservative from 1840 to 1852. In 1833 his address is listed as 28 Princes Street in Edinburgh's New Town. His country seat is shown as Blair Drummond. He is buried in Kincardine-in-Menteith in the Home-Drummond grave, just west of Blair Drummond. Publications On Wedge-Draining Clay Land On the Salmon Fishery On Sawdust as Manure Family On 14 April 1812 he married Christian Moray of Abercairney (died 1864). She was the eldest daughter of Charles Moray Stirling. They had a daughter who later became Anne Murray, Duchess of Atholl, and two sons, George Stirling Home Drummond FRSE and Charles Stirling Home Drummond Moray of Abercairney. References Oliver & Boyd's new Edinburgh almanac and national repository for the year 1850. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1850 K. D. Reynolds, Murray, Anne, duchess of Atholl (1814–1897), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press External links 1783 births 1867 deaths Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies UK MPs 1820–1826 UK MPs 1826–1830 UK MPs 1830–1831 UK MPs 1837–1841 UK MPs 1841–1847 UK MPs 1847–1852 Deputy Lieutenants of Perthshire Members of the Faculty of Advocates Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Information technology management or IT management is the discipline whereby all of the information technology resources of a firm are managed in accordance with its needs and priorities. Managing the responsibility within a company entails many of the basic management functions, like budgeting, staffing, change management, and organizing and controlling, along with other aspects that are unique to technology, like software design, network planning, tech support etc. Purpose The central aim of IT management is to generate value through the use of technology. To achieve this, business strategies and technology must be aligned. IT Management is different from management information systems. The latter refers to management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making. IT Management refers to IT related management activities in organizations. MIS is focused mainly on the business aspect, with a strong input into the technology phase of the business/organization. A primary focus of IT management is the value creation made possible by technology. This requires the alignment of technology and business strategies. While the value creation for an organization involves a network of relationships between internal and external environments, technology plays an important role in improving the overall value chain of an organization. However, this increase requires business and technology management to work as a creative, synergistic, and collaborative team instead of a purely mechanistic span of control. Historically, one set of resources was dedicated to one particular computing technology, business application or line of business, and managed in a silo-like fashion. These resources supported a single set of requirements and processes, and couldn't easily be optimized or reconfigured to support actual demand. This led technology providers to build out and complement their product-centric infrastructure and management offerings with Converged Infrastructure environments that converge servers, storage, networking, security, management and facilities. The efficiencies of having this type of integrated and automated management environment allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with simpler manageability and maintenance, and enables IT to adjust IT resources (such as servers, storage and networking) quicker to meet unpredictable business demand. IT management disciplines The below concepts are commonly listed or investigated under the broad term IT Management: Business/IT alignment IT governance IT financial management IT service management Sourcing IT configuration management IT infrastructure IT managers IT managers have a lot in common with project managers but their main difference is one of focus: an IT manager is responsible and accountable for an ongoing program of IT services while the project manager's responsibility and accountability are both limited to a project with a clear start and end date. Most IT management programs are designed to educate and develop managers who can effectively manage the planning, design, selection, implementation, use, and administration of emerging and converging information and communications technologies. The program curriculum provides students with the technical knowledge and management knowledge and skills needed to effectively integrate people, information and communication technologies, and business processes in support of organizational strategic goals. Graduates should be able: to explain the important terminology, facts, concepts, principles, analytic techniques, and theories used in IT management. to apply important terminology, facts, concepts, principles, analytic techniques, and theories in IT management when analyzing complex factual situations. to integrate (or synthesize) important facts, concepts, principles, and theories in IT management when developing solutions to IT management multifaceted problems in complex situations. Consequences of IT management deficiencies In 2013, hackers managed to install malware with the intent of stealing Target's customers' information. The malware targeted “40 million credit card numbers—and 70 million addresses, phone numbers, and other pieces of personal information”. About six months before this happened, Target invested 1.6 million dollars to install the malware detection tool made by FireEye, whose security product is also used by the CIA. The software spotted the malware, and alert was sent out as intended. However, nothing was done beyond that point. The hackers successfully got away with one third of US Consumers’ confidential information. Target's security system’s unresponsiveness led to 90 lawsuits being filed against Target, which went on top of another approximate $61 million USD spent just responding to the breach, See also Information Resources Management Journal Information infrastructure References
Druzhba (; ) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Dmitriyevskoye Rural Settlement of Koshekhablsky District, Adygea, Russia. The population of this settlement was 736 as of 2018. There are 9 streets. Geography Druzhba is located 12 km northwest of Koshekhabl (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chekhrak is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Koshekhablsky District
The women's 200 metres event at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 4 March. Medalists Results Heats The first 2 of each heat (Q) and next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals. Semifinals First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final. Final References 200 200 metres at the IAAF World Indoor Championships
Anan () is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Haute-Garonne department References Communes of Haute-Garonne
Silhouette Mirage is a 2D action side-scrolling video game developed by Treasure and released in 1997. The game's primary mechanic is the two opposing attributes, "Silhouette" and "Mirage" and the way they are able to cause damage to each other. Shyna features as the female protagonist who is able to switch between these attributes at will by facing either left or right on-screen. Secondary mechanics in the form of various melee moves are used to get enemies onto the correct side of the screen so that when Shyna is facing them, she is able to use the correct, opposing attribute to damage them. It was first published by ESP for the Sega Saturn in 1997 in Japan. It was ported to the PlayStation in 1998. In 2000, Working Designs translated, made significant alterations to, and published the game for the PlayStation in North America. The game was well received by critics upon release. Critical reception to the changes in the North American version of the game was divided, with some praising the changes and others critical of them. Gameplay Silhouette Mirage is an action side-scroller and features seven levels presented in a 2D view. The game's major mechanic is based around the concept of two opposing attributes, "Silhouette" and "Mirage". Enemies are either "Silhouette", which can only be destroyed using "Mirage" attacks or "Mirage" which can only be destroyed using "Silhouette" attacks". The protagonist Shyna automatically changes between these different forms when facing in a certain direction. When facing right she turns red and uses "Mirage" attacks and when facing left she turns blue and uses "Silhouette" attacks. Both Shyna and enemies have health, which is reduced by being hit with the opposite attribute attack, and "spirit" which is reduced by being hit with the same attribute attack. Spirit determines how much damage a weapon does. Since getting on the correct side of an enemy is an integral part of gameplay, Shyna is capable of grappling, throwing and sliding, all of which can be used to get an enemy on the correct side so they can be damaged with the corresponding (opposite) attribute attack. These melee attacks do not damage enemies. Some bosses are able to switch between "Silhouette" and "Mirage". Shyna also has the ability to triple jump, crawl and dash. Crawling and dashing allows the player to run up walls and along ceilings which acts as both an evasive and defensive technique and also as a means to reach hidden or seemingly unreachable areas. Shyna is also armed with a reflector that allows her to bounce enemy projectiles back at them. Additional weapons/magic known as "parasites", such as "Surosa" (single shots), "Cavitas" (homing blasts) and "Grattoni" (a powerful laser) can be purchased with coins from the Hare Wares vendor at certain points in the game. A small amount of coins are collected by killing enemies; however, more coins can be obtained by mugging them using a technique called "Cash Bash". In addition to being able to save progress, the game also uses a system of continues which was more common in arcade games or games from previous generations. The player only has a single life, but can continue up to nine times. The game's difficulty was increased in the North American version, with weapon prices being increased, enemies causing more damage, and the player's spirit energy reducing as they use weapons. Due to this new spirit reduction feature, when Shyna reduces an enemy's spirit, she now also absorbs this spirit. Most of the initial options are also locked in this version, and can only be modified by completing the game's five paths, upon which a special bonus feature is also unlocked. The games developers explained that they are meant to be played and completed in a single sitting. Story The game is set on Earth in the year "2XXX" after a system known as Edo has catastrophically failed and caused the world's inhabitants to be genetically mutated into beings known as either "Silhouette" or "Mirage". The protagonist is named Shyna Nera Shyna, who is a creation that is activated by the computer system Gehena. Shyna's purpose is to track down and repair Edo to undo the damage that has been done and unite the two opposed types of beings that were created. Shyna learns that Edo experimented on and created a being called Armageddon who was both Silhouette and Mirage. Due to the polar nature of these attributes, Armageddon was split into two individual entities known as Medigo and Hal, respectively the Silhouette and Mirage leaders. Those that display both of the attributes are known as Proteans, and in addition to Armageddon, Shyna and Zohar are also such beings. Shyna battles through Silhouette and Mirage creatures, including Medigo, Hal and Zohar. She is eventually able to repair and reboot Edo. Gehena then notifies Shyna that all Silhouette and Mirage lifeforms will be located, identified, processed and returned to their original selves. Gehena estimates that this process will take 932,000 hours to complete. Development Silhouette Mirage was developed by Japanese video game developer Treasure, who had previously developed games such as Mischief Makers and Gunstar Heroes. At the time the developer was shifting their focus to the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation, and announced that Silhouette Mirage would be their final game for the Sega Saturn. In actuality, Treasure would go on to make one further Saturn game, Radiant Silvergun. Producer Kōichi Kimura said that the goal of Treasure was to develop "fun games" and they pick the system that is best suited to the game rather than picking a system to develop for first. According to director Masaki Ukyo, the original concept was to incorporate the idea of two different attributes to make a unique action game, and that other concepts such as grabbing, throwing and "Cash Bash" were added later in development simply because they felt they had many ideas that they liked and wanted to add them all. The gameplay mechanic of the player's power dropping if the spirit gauge falls was added near the end of development, and was based on a system Treasure used in Guardian Heroes (1996). The gameplay system was designed first and then the story and characters designed later. The character Shyna originally had a more typical fantasy witch design, but producer Kōichi Kimura did not feel comfortable with fantasy settings, so gave the setting and character a futuristic design. He decided to use chibi character designs because he was not skilled at drawing realistic characters. In retrospect, producer Kimura questioned some of his gameplay decisions that potentially resulted in the view that the game was too complex or overwhelming, especially how he introduced players to the mechanics of the game. He said he felt he introduced too much of the various gameplay systems onto the player too fast at the beginning and that this was a mistake. He admitted that reception had not been great for the game, and that for those who didn't understand the game systems the game was perplexing. Treasure re-used the dual attribute damage mechanic of Silhouette Mirage in their shoot 'em up game Ikaruga (2001). In Ikaruga, the concept of attributes is known as polarity which manifests as the player's ship being either black or white. Similarly with Silhouette Mirage, damage can only be done to the player or enemies by projectiles of the opposite attribute. While Shyna changes attributes by facing in different directions, the ship in Ikaruga changes attributes with a button press. Release Silhouette Mirage was released in Japan on the Sega Saturn on September 11, 1997 and published by ESP. Sega, which had published Treasure's previous Saturn game, Guardian Heroes, expressed a lack of interest in releasing the game in the West. The game was ported to the PlayStation as Silhouette Mirage: Reprogrammed Hope in Japan on July 23, 1998. Treasure handled the port completely in house with a small team, including the difficult adaption of the 2D view into the PlayStation format. For the PlayStation version, the soundtrack was trimmed with the training music being replaced and a few minor background elements were simplified or removed. The Reaper and Geluve bosses are exclusive to the PlayStation version. The game's story was also adjusted to accommodate these new characters, resulting in some more dialogue, a new battleground, and another ending. Several background and animations from the Saturn version were removed in the PlayStation version. This version was released as a PS one Classic on the Japanese PlayStation Network on August 25, 2010. American publisher Working Designs localized the PlayStation version for North America and made further alterations. They increased the gameplay difficulty, and added vibration support and memory card selection. Working Designs discovered that the game used virtual controllers to control enemy bosses, and took advantage of this to make Zohar a fully playable character during the credits. Cutscenes were enhanced to run at a slightly higher resolution. There are also secrets such as a debug mode, more options, and "Super Core Fighter 2", a two player mini-game battle between Shyna and Zohar. Also, the Hare Wares sprites were censored/edited. His cigarette was replaced with a gloved hand, and the burning cross was replaced with a dragon. A preview video for Lunar 2: Eternal Blue, another game localized by Working Designs, was also added to the game. Some character and location names that reference the Bible were also changed. Reception Sega Saturn Upon release, Silhouette Mirage received positive reviews. Edge praised the game as being a "frantic, polished battle" and commented on the novel mechanics of the game, however they ultimately summarized that its major flaw was that it "degenerates into mindless button bashing". Next Generation noted that the release of Silhouette Mirage showcased that Treasure was continuing to innovate within the bounds of an outdated video game genre. They called the game a success but also noted that Treasure's "tendency towards too much" and the unbalanced power-ups were substantial shortcomings. PlayStation Critical opinion on the PlayStation version of the game was more divided. The PlayStation release received average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. German magazine Mega Fun reviewed the Japanese version of the game, saying the action is slow and battles are not fun. They also cited the graphics engine as being very poor. Greg Orlando reviewed the game for Next Generation, and stated that "Befuddled baseball player Richie Ashburn once quipped, 'I don't know what it is, but I know I've never seen it before.' He might as well have said it while jamming away on the eminently quirky and playable Silhouette Mirage." IGN praised "revolutionary new play mechanics and an insane amount of depth" and said that "it does push the 2D power of the PS to the max". GameSpots review focused on the differences between the Saturn and PlayStation releases, mentioning the "inflated weapon cost" and the mechanic involving draining enemies' spirits, which they stated is "the biggest flaw in the game". They went as far as to recommend importing the original Saturn release because "a perfectly fun game is now an unrewarding chore overwrought with tedium". A reviewer in Gamers' Republic was critical of the new voice Shyna, in the American version, saying the original voice was much more expressive. In contrast, another reviewer in Gamers' Republic praised the North American version, specifically the translation of Working Designs, saying it is "amazingly religious" compared to the Sega Saturn version. Joypad was also highly negative about this version of the game. Retrospective In 2006, Game Informer magazine called the game a "deep, complicated side-scrolling shooter that will challenge the most skilled players and charm then with its strange story and colorful visuals". In 2007, Eurogamer remarked that the game has aged well due to it being a 2D game and consider the game a cult classic. Retro Gamer magazine noted the game had a tendency to confuse many players but had dedicated fans; and wrote that the game was a "unique 2D experience" for those who are willing to put the time into the game. In 2015, a panel of writers by Dengeki Online listed the game as one of the masterpieces for the Sega Saturn with one writer saying it was their favorite game by Treasure for the system, above Guardian Heroes and Radiant Silvergun. Notes References External links Treasure Official website 1997 video games PlayStation (console) games PlayStation Network games Post-apocalyptic video games Run and gun games Sega Saturn games Side-scrolling video games Treasure (company) games Working Designs Video games based on the Bible Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists Single-player video games Censored video games Entertainment Software Publishing games
Tambukan Lake () is a lake with bitter-salt water on Northern Caucasus in Stavropol Krai (about 33% surface) and the Kabardino-Balkar Republic (about 66% surface) of Russia, located eight kilometers from Pyatigorsk. The lake's surface area is 1.87 square kilometers, and its depth ranges between 1.5 and 3.1 meters. The lake bed is a thick layer of silt, which has been used since 1886 in institutions for mud cures in Yessentuki and other therapeutic mud baths in the region of Caucasian Mineral Water. These mud baths have been used by famous individuals such as Feodor Chaliapin, Anton Chekhov, and Leo Tolstoy. Notable events In 1395, the warlord Timur took a bath in Tambukan Lake. In 1709, Kabardian prince Murzarbek Tambiev defeated the Crimean-Turkish army near this lake . The word Tambukan comes from Turkic words Tambu qanı and means Tambiev’s blood or Tambiev’s asylum. In 1717, Peter The Great sent his physician Shober on expedition to Tambukan Lake to obtain medicinal water and mud. The first scientific description of Tambukan Lake was by Guldenschtedt in 1773. References Lakes of Stavropol Krai Lakes of Kabardino-Balkaria Lakes of the Caucasus Caspian Sea basin
The A-Rosa Viva is a German river cruise ship, cruising in the Rhine – Main – Moselle basin. The ship was built by Neptun Werft GmbH at their shipyard in Warnemünde, Germany, and entered service in March 2010. Her sister ships are A-Rosa Aqua and A-Rosa Brava. Her home port is currently Rostock. Features The ship has two restaurants, lounge and two bars, Finnish sauna and resting area. See also List of river cruise ships References External links 2010 ships River cruise ships
The Agrarian Labor Party (, PAL) was a Chilean political party supporting the candidacy of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo for the 1952 presidential election. Formed in 1945, it was dissolved in 1958. It was formed in 1945 from the merger of the Agrarian Party, the Popular Freedom Alliance (an offshoot of the National Socialist Movement of Chile), the Movimiento Nacionalista de Chile and the Unión Nacionalista. Its foundational program, emphasising law and order, asserted the need to "secure public order in the country, on the functional basis that labour has not only obligations but also indisputable civil rights." In 1951 the PAL proclaimed as its presidential candidate the former dictator Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who had, since his first term, somehow changed political orientation. After his election in 1952, it took part in his first cabinet, along with the Popular Socialist Party formed of dissidents of the Socialist Party. Starting in 1954, the PAL's influence on Ibáñez's cabinet declined, leading to an internal crisis and to the subsequent use of the PAL label by two different organizations. Legally, the ownership of the PAL label was among the faction opposing Ibáñez, led by the senator Julio von Mühlenbrock. New divisions split the PAL for the 1958 presidential election, with the official faction supporting the candidate of the Christian Democrat Party, Eduardo Frei Montalva, while activists from Cautín and Biobío and dissidents who formed the Partido Agrario Laborista Recuperacionista (Recover Agrarian Labor Party) supported the right-wing candidate Jorge Alessandri, along with the United Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. The PAL subsequently dissolved itself in October 1958, merging with the National Party to create the PANAPO (Partido Nacional Popular, National People's Party). The PANAPO itself was dissolved in 1961, a faction joining the Christian Democrats, while another merged with the PADENA (Partido Democrático Nacional, National Democratic Party) which joined the left-wing FRAP coalition. Finally, a third tendency attempted to maintain the original party, without any success. A group tried to revive the PAL for the 1965 parliamentary election under the label of Partido Democracia Agrario Laborista, but did not manage in obtaining any political representation. Electoral results 1949 (147 deputies in total) 14 deputies elected 38.742 voices 8,3% of the votes 1953 (147 deputies in total) 26 deputies elected 118.483 voices 15,2% of the votes 1957 (147 deputies in total) 10 deputies elected 68.602 voices 7,8% of the votes 1965 (147 deputies in total) 0 deputies elected 23.634 voices 1.0% of the votes Presidential candidates The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Agrarian Labor Party. (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections). 1946: Fernando Alessandri (lost) 1952: Carlos Ibáñez (won) 1958: Eduardo Frei Montalva (lost) References See also Chilean Agrarian Party Presidential Republic Era 1945 establishments in Chile 1958 disestablishments in Chile Defunct agrarian political parties Defunct political parties in Chile Far-right political parties in Chile Labour parties Political parties disestablished in 1958 Political parties established in 1945 Presidential Republic (1925–1973) Right-wing parties in South America Right-wing politics in Chile Third Position
"I'm Singing" is the debut single by Christian music singer-songwriter Kari Jobe. It debuted at No. 13 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart on November 25, 2008. Jobe's co-wrote the song with fellow worship singer and Christian artist Chris Tomlin, and producer Ed Cash. Jobe also recorded "I'm Singing" in Spanish titled "Le Canto", which is also the name of the Spanish album. Music video On December 28, 2008, Jobe began asking fans via her YouTube channel to send in brief testimony video clips of their life stories, either good or bad to her to use for a music video. The music video premiered February 4 with all of the fans who had sent in clips, at the end of each testimony, proclaiming the either the words "I'm singing" or "I'm still singing" in reference to their testimony. References External links "I'm Singing" video project Official "I'm Singing" music video 2008 debut singles Kari Jobe songs Songs written by Chris Tomlin Songs written by Ed Cash 2008 songs Columbia Records singles
The 2006 LG Hockey Games were played between April 26 and April 29, 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden. The tournament was played in late-April instead of early-February because of the 2006 Olympic tournament in Torino, Italy. Final standings Matches References External links Hockeyarchives 2005–06 Euro Hockey Tour 2005–06 in Swedish ice hockey 2005–06 in Russian ice hockey 2005–06 in Finnish ice hockey 2005–06 in Czech ice hockey Sweden Hockey Games April 2006 sports events in Europe 2000s in Stockholm
The 2009–10 BYU Cougars men's basketball team represented Brigham Young University in the 2009–10 college basketball season. This was head coach Dave Rose's fifth season at BYU. The Cougars were members of the Mountain West Conference and played their home games at the Marriott Center. They finished the season 30–6, 13–3 in MWC play. They advanced to the semifinals of the 2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament before losing to UNLV. They received an at–large bid to the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, earning a 7 seed in the West Region. They beat 10 seed Florida in double overtime in the first round before losing to 2 seed and AP #7 Kansas State in the second round. Pre-season In the Mountain West preseason polls, released October 6 at The Mtn. studios in Denver, Colorado, BYU was selected to finish first in the media poll. Jr. Jimmer Fredette was selected as the preseason conference player of the year along with being selected to the preseason MWC first team. Sr. Jonathan Tavernari was also selected to the preseason first team. Roster Source Schedule and results \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Exhibition \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Regular Season \|- !colspan=10 style=\| Mountain West tournament \|- !colspan=10 style=\| NCAA tournament Rankings *AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll. References BYU Cougars BYU BYU Cougars men's basketball seasons BYU BYU
A galactosemic cataract is cataract which is associated with the consequences of galactosemia. Types The presence of presenile cataract, noticeable in galactosemic infants as young as a few days old, is highly associated with two distinct types of galactosemia: GALT deficiency and to a greater extent, GALK deficiency. An impairment or deficiency in the enzyme, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), results in classic galactosemia, or Type I galactosemia. Classic galactosemia is a rare (1 in 47,000 live births), autosomal recessive disease that presents with symptoms soon after birth when a baby begins lactose ingestion. Symptoms include life-threatening illnesses such as jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver), hypoglycemia, renal tubular dysfunction, muscle hypotonia (decreased tone and muscle strength), sepsis (presence of harmful bacteria and their toxins in tissues), and cataract among others. The prevalence of cataract among classic galactosemics is markedly less than among galactokinase-deficient patients due to the extremely high levels of galactitol found in the latter. Classic galactosemia patients typically exhibit urinary galactitol levels of only 98 to 800 mmol/mol creatine compared to normal levels of 2 to 78 mmol/mol creatine. Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency, or Type II galactosemia, is also a rare (1 in 100,000 live births), autosomal recessive disease that leads to variable galactokinase activity levels: ranging from high GALK efficiency to undetectably-low GALK efficiency. The early onset of cataract is the main clinical manifestation of Type II galactosemics, most likely due to the high concentration of galactitol found in this population. GALK deficient patients exposed to high-galactose diets show extreme levels of galactitol in blood and urine. Studies on galactokinase-deficient patients have shown that nearly two-thirds of ingested galactose can be accounted for by galactose and galactitol levels in the urine. Urinary levels of galactitol in these subjects approach 2500 mmol/mol creatine as compared to 2 to 78 mmol/mol creatine in control patients. A decrease in activity in the third major enzymes of galactose metabolism, UDP galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE), is the cause of Type III galactosemia. GALE deficiency is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive disease that appears to be most common among the Japanese population (1 in 23,000 live births among Japanese population). While the link between GALE deficiency and cataract prevalence seems to be ambiguous, experiments on this topic have been conducted. A recent 2000 study in Munich, Germany analyzed the activity levels of the GALE enzyme in various tissues and cells in patients with cataract. The experiment concluded that while patients with cataract seldom exhibited an acute decrease in GALE activity in blood cells, "the GALE activity in the lens of cataract patients was, on the other hand, significantly decreased". The study's results are depicted below. The extreme decrease in GALE activity in the lens of cataract patients seems to suggest an irrefutable connection between Type III galactosemia and cataract development. Galactosemia Galactosemia is one of the most mysterious of the heavily-researched metabolic diseases. It is a hereditary disease that results in a defect in, or absence of, galactose-metabolizing enzymes. This inborn error leaves the body unable to metabolize galactose, allowing toxic levels of galactose to build up in human body blood, cells, and tissues. Although treatment for galactosemic infants is a strict galactose-free diet, endogenous (internal) production of galactose can cause symptoms such as long-term morbidity, presenile development of cataract, renal failure, cirrhosis, and cognitive, neurologic, and female reproductive complications. Galactosemia used to be confused with diabetes due to the presence of sugar in a patient's urine. However, screening advancements have allowed the exact identity of those sugars to be determined, thereby distinguishing galactosemia from diabetes. Mechanism A cataract is an opacity that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye. The word cataract literally means, "curtain of water" or "waterfall" as rapidly running water turns white, so the term may have been used metaphorically to describe the similar appearance between mature ocular opacities and water fall. The mechanism by which galactosemia causes cataract is not well understood, but the topic has been approached by researchers for decades, notably by the ophthalmologists, Jonas S. Friedenwald and Jin H. Kinoshita. Through this collective effort, a general mechanism for galactosemia's causation of presenile cataract has come into form. Galactitol's harmful influence In galactosemic cataracts, osmotic swelling of the lens epithelial cells (LEC) occurs. Osmosis is the movement of water from areas of low particle concentration to areas of high particle concentration, to establish equilibrium. Researchers concluded that this osmotic swelling must be the result of an accumulation of abnormal metabolites or electrolytes in the lens. Ruth van Heyningen was the first to discover that the lens's retention of dulcitol, synonymous for galactitol, induces this osmotic swelling in the galactosemic cataract. However, galactose concentration must be fairly high before the enzyme, aldose reductase, will convert significant amounts of the sugar to its galactitol form. As it turns out, the lens is a favorable site for galactose accumulation. The lens phosphorylates galactose at a relatively slow pace in comparison to other tissues. This factor, in combination with the low activity of galactose-metabolizing enzymes in galactosemic patients, allows for the accumulation of galactose in the lens. Aldose reductase is able to dip into this galactose reservoir and synthesize significant amounts of galactitol. As is mentioned above, galactitol is not a suitable substrate for the enzyme, polyol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the next step in the carbohydrate metabolic cycle. Thus, the sugar alcohol idly begins to accumulate in the lens. Ensuing osmotic pressure As galactitol concentration increases in the lens, a hypertonic environment is created. Osmosis favors the movement of water into the lens fibers to reduce the high osmolarity. Figures 2 and 3 show how water concentration increases as galactitol concentration increases inside the lens of galactosemic animals sustained on a galactose diet. This osmotic movement ultimately results in the swelling of lens fibers until they rupture. Vacuoles appear where a significant amount of osmotic dissolution of fiber has taken place. What are left are interfibrillar clefts filled with precipitated proteins: the manifestation of a cataract. Friedenwald was able to show that periphery lens fibers always dissolve before fibers at the equatorial region of the lens. This observation has been confirmed by more recent experiments as well, but is still unexplained. The progression of galactosemic cataract is generally divided into three stages; initial vacuolar, late vacuolar, and nuclear cataract. The formation of a mature, nuclear, cloudy galactosemic cataract typically surfaces 14 to 15 days after the onset of the galactose diet. Fig. 6 depicts the three stages of galactosemic cataract with their respective changes in lens hydration. Changes in lens that accompany galactitol accumulation and osmotic swelling As cataract formation progresses due to galactitol synthesis and subsequent osmotic swelling, changes occur in the lens epithelial cells. For instance, when rabbit lenses are placed in high-galactose mediums, a nearly 40% reduction in lens amino acid levels is observed, along with significant ATP reduction as well. Researchers theorized that this reduction in amino acid and ATP levels during cataract formation is a result of osmotic swelling. To test this theory, Kinoshita placed rabbit lenses in a high-galactose environment, but inhibited the osmotic swelling by constantly regulating galactose and galactitol concentrations. The results show that amino acid levels remained relatively constant and in some cases even increased. Thus, from these experiments it would appear that the loss of amino acids in the lens when exposed to galactose is primarily due to the osmotic swelling of the lens brought about by dulcitol [galactitol] retention. Galactosemic patients will also present with amino aciduria and galactitoluria (excessive levels of amino acids and galactitol in the urine). Osmotic swelling of the lens is also responsible for a reduction in electrolyte concentration during the initial vacuolar stage of galactosemic cataract. The water that is osmotically flowing into the lens fibers is not accompanied by ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl−, and so the electrolyte concentration inside the lens is simply diluted by the influx of water. The net concentration of the individual ions does not change during the initial vacuolar stage however. In Fig. 7, note the decrease in electrolyte concentration due to osmotic swelling during the initial vacuolar stage of galactosemic cataract. But when comparing it to the dry weight of the ions, note that there is no change in individual ion concentration at this stage. However, Kinoshita's experiments showed a remarkable upswing in electrolyte concentration toward the latter stages of the galactosemic cataract and in the nuclear stage in particular. This observation seems to be explained by the continuous increase in lens permeability due to the osmotic swelling from galactitol accumulation. Cation and anion distribution becomes erratic, with N+ and Cl− concentrations increasing while K+ concentration decreases as seen in Figures 8 and 9. Researchers have postulated that as the cataractous lens loses its ability to maintain homeostasis, electrolyte concentration eventually increases within the lens, which further encourages osmotic movement of water into the lens fibers, increasing lens permeability even more so. This damaging cycle may play a pivotal role in accelerating the rupture of lens fibers during the most advanced, nuclear stage of the galactosemic cataract. Diagnosis Treatment Galactosemic infants present clinical symptoms just days after the onset of a galactose diet. They include difficulty feeding, diarrhea, lethargy, hypotonia, jaundice, cataract, and hepatomegaly (enlarged liver). If not treated immediately, and many times even with treatment, severe mental deficiencies, verbal dyspraxia (difficulty), motor abnormalities, and reproductive complications may ensue. The most effective treatment for many of the initial symptoms is complete removal of galactose from the diet. Breast milk and cow's milk should be replaced with soy alternatives. Infant formula based on casein hydrolysates and dextrin maltose as a carbohydrate source can also be used for initial management, but are still high in galactose. The reason for long-term complications despite a discontinuation of the galactose diet is vaguely understood. However, it has been suggested that endogenous (internal) production of galactose may be the cause. The treatment for galactosemic cataract is no different from general galactosemia treatment. In fact, galactosemic cataract is one of the few symptoms that is actually reversible. Infants should be immediately removed from a galactose diet when symptoms present, and the cataract should disappear and visibility should return to normal. Aldose reductase inhibitors, such as sorbinil, have also proven promising in preventing and reversing galactosemic cataracts. AR inhibitors hinder aldose reductase from synthesizing galactitol in the lens, and thus restricts the osmotic swelling of the lens fibers. Other AR inhibitors include the acetic acid compounds zopolrestat, tolrestat, alrestatin, and epalrestat. Many of these compounds have not been successful in clinical trials due to adverse pharmokinetic properties, inadequate efficacy and efficiency, and toxic side effects. Testing on such drug-treatments continues in order to determine potential long-term complications, and for a more detailed mechanism of how AR inhibitors prevent and reverse the galactosemic cataract. Research Although advancement has been slow to come during the decades of research dedicated to the galactosemic cataract, some notable additions have been made. In 2006, Michael L. Mulhern and colleagues further investigated the effects of the osmotic swelling on galactosemic cataract development. Experiments were based on systematic observation of rats fed a 50% galactose diet. According to Mulhern, 7 to 9 days after the onset of the galactose diet, lenses appeared hydrated and highly vacuolated. Lens fibers became liquefied after nine days of the diet, and nuclear cataract formation appeared after 15 days of the diet. The experiment concluded that Apoptosis in lens epithelial cells (LEC) is linked to cataract formation. Essentially, the study suggested that the mechanism outlined by Friedenwald and Kinoshita, which centers on osmotic swelling of the lens fibers, is just the beginning in a cascade of events that causes and progresses the galactosemic cataract. Mulhern determined that osmotic swelling is actually a cataractogenic stressor that leads to LEC apoptosis. This is because osmotic swelling of lens fibers considerably strains LEC endoplasmic reticula. As the endoplasmic reticulum is the principal site of protein synthesis, stressors on the ER can cause proteins to become misfolded. The subsequent accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in LECs. In agreement, it was later observed on galactosemic yeast models, the activation of UPR upon galactose treatment. UPR initiates apoptosis, or cell death, by various mechanisms, one of which is the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, according to recent findings, osmotic swelling, UPR, oxidative damage, and the resultant LEC apoptosis all play key roles in the onset and progression of the galactosemic cataract. Other studies claim that the oxidative damage in LECs is less a result of the release of ROS and more because of the competition between aldose reductase and glutathione reductase for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Aldose reductase requires NADPH for the reduction of galactose to galactitol, while glutathione reductase utilizes NADPH to reduce glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to its sulfhydryl form, GSH. GSH is an important cellular antioxidant. Therefore, what exactly the key roles are for these cataractogenic factors is not yet fully understood or agreed upon by researchers. Recently, it has been shown that the intake of milk (lactose and galactose) in human diet does not seem to be a cause of cataract. See also Metabolic disorder References External links Genetics Home Reference Patient UK Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Eye Galactose
WVTK (92.1 MHz) is an FM radio station airing a classic hits radio format, licensed to Port Henry, New York, near the New York State/Vermont border. It is owned by Vox AM/FM, LLC. WVTK has an effective radiated power of 18,000 watts, most of which radiates into the Champlain Valley. The signal can be heard clearly in Middlebury, Bristol, Brandon, Vergennes and Charlotte, Vermont, along with Port Henry, Ticonderoga and Essex, New York. WVTK's business offices and broadcast studios are located in the Historic Marble Works Complex in Middlebury. The broadcast tower is located off Edgemont Road in Port Henry. The station positions itself as "Addison County's Radio Station." WVTK serves as the voice of the Middlebury College Panthers hockey and football teams, as well providing coverage for local area high school football, hockey, and basketball coverage. History On September 15, 1982, the station first signed on as WHRC-FM. It was owned by Peter Edward Hunn and broadcast a soft adult contemporary format from studios and offices on Joiner Road in Port Henry. WVTK has been through many format and ownership changes during its decades on the air. The station was once oldies for several years under the call sign of WMNM as "Oldies 92." It returned to oldies once again under the call sign of WLCQ ("Q92"). On May 1, 2007, an oldies format based on the 1960s, early 1970s, and late 1950s returned to 92.1 as "The True Oldies Channel", a syndicated radio service from ABC Radio Networks. The format change lasted for only about 16 months, as the new owners, the Vox Radio Group, flipped the station in early September 2008 to an adult contemporary music (AC) format, with an emphasis on serving Addison County, Vermont. The station switched to classic hits in the summer of 2014. Throughout the years, the station has had numerous call signs including WHRC-FM, WKLZ, WHWB-FM, WMNM, WXNT, WLCQ and WJVT. The WHWB-FM and WKLZ call signs were also used in Rutland on the 94.5 frequency prior to going dark in 1993 before the 94.5 frequency was reborn as WJEN "Cat Country." The WHWB-FM call sign was originally used on 98.1 FM in Rutland. WVTK's current air staff includes, Bruce Zeman and his dog, Hobbes, who host "The Wake-Up Crew With Bruce & Hobbes," mid-day host J.J. Thompson, and PM Drive host, Ken Gilbert. Zeman's dog, Hobbes, a rescued dachshund, was added as a co-host to the "Wake-Up Crew," in May, 2010, after his popularity surged as a result of mentions by Zeman on his program. Soon after, the dog became part of the program, WVTK changed the name of the morning show to "The Wake-Up Crew with Bruce & Hobbes." As of 2011, Hobbes was the only full-time, canine, morning radio-show host in the United States. A domestic violence survivor, the dog has become arguably the most prominent canine in Vermont history. Since joining the staff of WVTK, Hobbes has been made an honorary police K-9 in three Vermont communities, and four departments - Middlebury, Vergennes and Bristol. The dog is also an honorary deputy sheriff in the Addison County Sheriff's Department. In 2011, Hobbes made history when he became the first canine in Vermont history to be allowed on the floor of the Vermont House of Representatives, where he was recognized for his work on behalf of animals. The 92.1 frequency started out as a 3,000-watt facility, and was upgraded to the current 18,000 watts with additional height being added to the Port Henry tower in the early 1990s. Formats on the 92.1 frequency have included: religion, country, CHR (from 2003-2008 as 92-1 Kiss FM), adult contemporary, rock, smooth jazz (twice), and once as a part-time simulcast of news/talk 1380 WSYB in Rutland. WVTK has also held an oldies format at three different times in its history. Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) sold its Champlain Valley radio stations to Vox Communications Group on July 25, 2008. Ken and Lori Barlow bought the station for $550,000 in 2009; Ken Barlow is one of Vox's principals. Effective August 8, 2018, Vox reacquired WVTK for $660,000. References External links Classic hits radio stations in the United States Radio stations established in 1982 1982 establishments in New York (state) VTK
Brahmacharini (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मचारिणी) means a devoted female student who lives in an Ashrama with her Guru along with other students. She is the second aspect of the Navadurga forms of Mahadevi and is worshipped on the second day of Navaratri (the nine divine nights of Navadurga). The goddess Brahmacharini is an aspect of Parvati and wears white clothes, holding a japamala in her right hand and a kamandalu in her left. Etymology The word brahmacharini stems from two Sanskrit roots: Brahma(ब्रह्म, shortened from Brahman), means "the one self-existent Spirit, the Absolute Reality, Universal Self, Personal God, the sacred knowledge". charini is the feminine version of one who is a charya(चर्य), which means "occupation with, engaging, proceeding, behaviour, conduct, to follow, moving in, going after". The word brahmacharini in Vedic texts means a female who pursues sacred religious knowledge. Legend of Brahmacharini According to different versions of her story, maiden Parvati resolves to marry Shiva. Her parents try to discourage her, but she remains steadfast and performs a penance for about 5000 years. In the meantime, the gods approach Kamadeva, the Hindu god of love and lust, and ask him to generate desire in Shiva for Parvati. They are driven by an asura named Tarkasur who can only be killed by Shiva's child. Kamadeva shoots Shiva with an arrow of desire. Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns Kama to ashes. Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva. She begins to live in mountains like Shiva and engage in the same activities he does, such as asceticism, yogin and tapas; it is this aspect of Parvati that is deemed to be that of goddess Brahmacharini. Her ascetic pursuit draws the attention of Shiva and awakens his interest. He meets her in disguised form and tries to dissuade her by counting Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems. Parvati refuses to listen and insists in her resolve. During this time, the demon named Prakandasura attacks Parvati with his million asuras. Parvati is at the last stage of completion for her tapas, and is unable to defend herself. Seeing Parvati helpless, goddesses Lakshmi and Saraswati intervene but are outnumbered by the demons. After many days of fighting, the kamandalu beside Parvati falls and all the demons are washed away in the resulting flood. At last, Parvati opens her eyes, emitting fire and burning the demon to ashes. Everyone in the universe is impressed by the tapas performed by Devi Parvati, except Shiva. Shiva at last visits Paravati in disguise of Bhramachari. He then examines Parvati by giving her riddles, which she all answers correctly. After praising Parvati for her brain and beauty, Brahmachari proposes to her. Parvati realizes he is Shiva and accepts. Shiva appears in his true form and finally accepts her and breaks her tapas. During the entire tapas Pravati was feeding herself with belpatra and river water. Her abode is in the Svadhishthana Chakra. Brahmacharini signifies being unmarried and the colour white signifies purity. Prayers Mantra of Brahmacharini: ॐ देवी ब्रह्मचारिण्यै नम: Oṃ Devī Brahmacāriṇyai Namaḥ Prarthana or Prayer: दधाना करपद्माभ्यामक्षमालाकमण्डलू। देवी प्रसीदतु मयि ब्रह्मचारिण्यनुत्तमा॥ या देवी सर्वभू‍तेषु माँ ब्रह्मचारिणी रूपेण संस्थिता। नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमस्तस्यै नमो नमः॥ Dadhana kara Padmabhyam akshamala kamandalu। Devi prasidathu mayi brahmacharinya-uttama॥ Ya Devi Sarvabhuteshu Maa Brahmacharini Rupena Samsthita। Namastasyai Namastasyai Namastasyai Namo Namah॥ Temples Maa Brahmacharini Devi Durga Mandir is located at Panchganga Ghat, Ghasi Tola, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221001 Festival Goddess Brahmacharini is worshipped on the second day of Navratri. References Hindu goddesses
Tadazane may refer to: Ōkubo Tadazane (1782–1837), the 7th daimyō of Odawara Domain in Sagami Province in mid-Edo period Japan Fujiwara no Tadazane (1078–1162), Japanese noble and the grandson of Fujiwara no Morozane Ogasawara Tadazane (1596–1667), Japanese daimyō of the early Edo Period, the son of Ogasawara Hidemasa Japanese masculine given names Masculine given names de:Tadazane
Emmanuel Saban Laryea (born 12 December 1995) is a Ghanaian professional footballer. As of 2019, he plays for Ococias Kyoto AC. Career Laryea began his career at Dragon FC in 2008. He joined Aurorus (Hearts of Oak Junior) in 2010, where he later joined the senior team Hearts of Oak in 2012. Dire Dawa City In late 2017, Laryea signed for Ethiopian Premier League club Dire Dawa City S.C. Ococias Kyoto AC Laryea joined Japanese club Ococias Kyoto AC in February 2019. International Saban played his two games for the Ghana national football team in 2015 African Nations Championship qualification. References External links Sports FR Profile Profile at Scoresok website Living people 1995 births Men's association football midfielders Footballers from Accra Ghanaian men's footballers Ghana men's international footballers Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. players
Najm al-Din Abu'l-Fath Salim/Sulayman ibn Muhammad al-Lukki al-Maghribi (), better known as Ibn Masal (), was a military commander and official of the Fatimid Caliphate, who served briefly as the de facto vizier of the Caliphate from 1144/45 until he was overthrown and killed by al-Adil ibn al-Sallar and his supporters in the winter of 1149/50. Life His nisbah (al-Maghribī) and the name Maṣāl suggest a Berber origin. He was born in the town of Lukk in the Cyrenaica. From his father, he learned falconry and veterinary science, which enabled him to assume a military post in the Fatimid capital Cairo. Details of his military career are not known, but by 1144/45 he had risen to the point where he was entrusted with the leadership of the government by Caliph al-Hafiz. He was not given the title of vizier, however, which had been vacant since the ouster of Ridwan ibn Walakhshi in 1139, but instead was titled "supervisor of affairs" (nāẓir fi'l-umūr) and "supervisor of the public interests" (nāẓir fi'l-maṣāliḥ). When al-Hafiz died in October 1149, his 16-year-old son al-Zafir succeeded him. Al-Zafir, who was more interested in the pleasures of the court than exercising governance, appointed Ibn Masal, despite the latter's advanced age, as his vizier. Ibn Masal received the customary titles of the Fatimid viziers, al-Sayyid al-ʿAjal ("most noble master"), Amīr al-Juyūsh ("commander of the armies"), and al-Mufaḍḍal ("the preferred one") or al-Afḍal ("most superior one"). He was quickly successful in calming the quarrels between the Turkish cavalry (Rayḥānī) and the black military slaves by distributing money and promising to take care of their future welfare. He was soon after confronted with the rebellion of the governor of Alexandria, Ibn al-Sallar, who had entertained hopes of becoming vizier himself. Following the appointment of Ibn Masal, together with his stepson Abbas, Ibn al-Sallar marched on Cairo to seize the vizierate. When al-Zafir learned of Ibn Sallar's intentions, he called upon assistance from the grandees of the realm in support of Ibn Masal, but they proved unwilling to. In the end, the Caliph provided Ibn Masal with funds to raise an army for action against Ibn al-Sallar. Ibn Masal assembled a force of Lawata Berbers, of blacks, of Bedouin Arabs and of native Egyptians, but despite a first success in the field, he was soon forced to leave Cairo in December 1149 for Upper Egypt, to recruit more men, while Ibn al-Sallar took over the city. Ibn al-Sallar sent his stepson Abbas with an army against Ibn Masal and his ally, Badr ibn Rafi, who had tried unsuccessfully to rally resistance among the Arab tribes of the Nile Delta. The two armies met in battle at Dalas in the province of al-Bahnasa on 19 February 1150, in which Ibn Masal was defeated and killed. Abbas brought his severed head back to Cairo as a token of victory. His vizierate had lasted only about 50 days. This was the last time a Fatimid caliph would exercise that right, as with Ibn al-Sallar's coup the vizierate became the object of fierce contest between rival strongmen, and the last Fatimid caliphs were reduced to mere figureheads. References Sources 1150 deaths 12th-century Berber people 12th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate People from Cyrenaica People killed in action
Jean Cotereel was the principal architect of Lausanne Cathedral in the early thirteenth century. He was later responsible for the fortified burgh of Saint-Prex and some historians believe Yverdon Castle. The "English influence" of his design style have led some historians to speculate that he might have been English or had English ancestry. The suggestion that he may have been the Master Jean involved at Yverdon Castle would make him the father of renowned castle builder Master James of Saint George. Christopher Wilson writing Lausanne and Canterbury a ‘Special Relationship’ reconsidered in the German language publication Die Kathedrale von Lausanne und ihr Marienportal im Kontext der europäischen Gotik of 2004 concurred suggesting that Cotereel drew "heavily on contemporary English sources and thereby . . . set himself apart from all of his fellow exponents of the French gothic tradition." Earlier Wilson had agreed with the basic English origins of the Cotereel family, writing "Cotereel was the son of the architect who began the walls of the choir [at Lausanne] and that the latter was of English origin." Swiss historian Marcel Grandjean had earlier written. This English influence – that of Canterbury especially – which appears, according to Bony, through the elevation and proportions of the choir of Lausanne, the pillars of larger and smaller double columns, capitals with cross abacus, the fenestration of the passageway, etc. we would be tempted to see it also in Lausanne in other parts of the building: in the plan of the cathedral and in the great primitive entrance. The plan of the transept offers indeed, with its chapel wide open on the ground floor of the towers, the beginning of an oriental aisle, typical of English Gothic where the Cistercian influence strong reset (Durham, Salisbury, Lincoln , Beverley Minster, Rochester etc. in England, Lisieux and Sées only in Normandy). As for the great western entrance, it is close to English Gothic, if not by its very principle – of which France gives no equivalent, but of which England offers similar versions in Peterborough (early thirteenth century), in Lincoln (middle of the thirteenth century) – in any case by the shape of its arch, whose feet are constituted by two floors of délit small columns surrounding a central column, the first completely detached from the wall, the second supporting the broken arch: this entry strikingly reminds of the general appearance of the pillars blocking the transept crossing of Canterbury (around 1177), which presents the same rhythm and the same type of decoration." Grandjean had also confirmed that Cotereel was a family name unknown in [Vaud] and was of Anglo Norman origin. From 1236 Jean Cotereel had two roles, the aforesaid magister operacionis Lausannensis and castellanus sancti Prothasii – Master of the Lausanne works and Castellan of Saint-Prex. Jean Cotereel had been granted the fief of Saint-Prex as the town history says: “Son fils ainé devra y résider après lui et le fief ne devra pas être divisé” meaning that his eldest son would have to remain there after Jean and the fief be not divided. The eldest son, however, did not inherit the fief because the castellan is reported as Jean Bergier from 1282. A. J. Taylor believed that there was strong circumstantial evidence for Jean Cotereel being the Master Jean cited as having been involved in the initial building of Yverdon Castle Savoyard records attach the name Jean Cotereel to castle building in addition to the aforesaid cathedral work for which he is most known, his confirmed castle work included building for Peter II, Count of Savoy at Saillon. References 13th-century architects
The list of ship launches in 1974 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 1974. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead. References See also 1974 Ship launches Ship launches Ship launches
MW magazine, which was earlier known as Man's World, is one of India's leading men's luxury lifestyle magazines. Founded in 2000, MW mission is to equip Indian men with information and advice to help them lead life to the fullest. The magazine covers fashion, style, grooming, fitness, cars, gizmos, watches, books, movies, music, wines, adventure, travel, relationship, politics, and culture. History Man's World was founded by Anuradha Mahindra and two leading Mumbai-based journalists, Radhakrishnan Nair, then the Executive Editor of Business India and Harsh Man Rai, the Creative Director. It was targeted at a generation of young men who were coming of age in the first decade of the economic boom unleashed by the economic liberalisation in India in early 1990s. The magazine's first issue featured Shah Rukh Khan, followed by the likes of Sachin Tendulkar, Amitabh Bachchan, and a string of achievers from the world of films, sports, and business. The magazine's name was shortened to MW in 2008. MW and its digital edition (mansworldindia.com) have a strong presence in the luxury lifestyle segment of the Indian magazine market. MW works with a range of Indian and international luxury brands, including fashion houses like Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Tod's, Ermenegildo Zegna, etc., watch brands like Rolex, Omega, Hublot, Panerai, IWC, etc., and cars companies like Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, BMW, Audi, etc. Publisher MW parent company, MW.Com India Pvt Ltd, changed hands in September 2021 when the controlling interest was bought over from Spenta Multimedia Pvt Ltd by Ventureland Asia Advisory Services, the venture capital arm of Creativeland Asia group owned by advertising veteran Sajan Raj Kurup. The name of the company was subsequently changed to Creativeland Publishing Pvt Ltd. Creativeland Publishing Pvt Ltd also publishes Rolling Stone India, the local Indian edition of the world's leading music and culture magazine. Radhakrishnan Nair is the publisher and Editor-in-chief of MW and Rolling Stone India edition. The company's contract publishing division publishes OnStage, the culture magazine owned by the National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA), Mumbai. See also List of men's magazines References External links Official website Official website Official website 2000 establishments in Maharashtra English-language magazines published in India Men's magazines published in India Lifestyle magazines Magazines established in 2000 Men's fashion magazines Mass media in Mumbai
Cung Le (; born May 25, 1972) is an American actor, retired mixed martial artist, Sanshou fighter and kickboxer. He competed as a middleweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), holding a record of 2–2 with the organization. In kickboxing and sanshou, he is a former International Kickboxing Federation Light Heavyweight World Champion, having a professional kickboxing record of 17–0 before moving to mixed martial arts. He defeated Frank Shamrock to become the second Strikeforce Middleweight Champion before vacating the title to further pursue his acting career. Le is perhaps best known in mixed martial arts for competing in Strikeforce, holding a record of 7–1 with the organization before its demise. Background Cung Lê was born in Saigon, South Vietnam (now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). In 1975, three days before the Fall of Saigon, Cung Le and his mother Anne left Vietnam by helicopter. Le's father stayed in Vietnam and was caught as a prisoner. After a few months in a refugee camp in the Philippines, Le ended up in San Jose, California, where early discrimination and bullying inspired him to learn Martial Arts. His mother enrolled him in Tae Kwon Do classes at the age of 10. Le began Wrestling competitively at age 14. After being inspired to box by Sylvester Stallone´s Rocky, Le graduated and earned All-American honors in Wrestling his junior year at San Jose High School. He went on to wrestle for West Valley College in Saratoga, California, and won the California Junior College State Championship in the 158 lb weight class in 1990 also earning junior college All-American honors. Le also is practiced in a variety of martial arts such as Judo, Karate, Muay Thai, Boxing, Kuntao and Sambo. He began doing in Sanshou (Sanda) around age of 21 because it complimented his Tae Kwon Do and Wrestling background. Le held a professional Kickboxing record of 17–0 and is a three-time world champion in Kickboxing. Sanshou and kickboxing career Le is undefeated in his Sanshou/kickboxing career (17–0). He has won three US Open International Martial Arts Championships (1994, 1995, 1996). In 1998 he won the Shidokan tournament championship. He has also won four US National Championships (Orlando, FL, 1994, Dallas, TX, 1995, Baltimore, MD, 1997). He earned three bronze medals in his amateur Sanshou world competition compiling an overall amateur record of 18–3. He has been a three-time captain of the United States teams that competed and was the U.S. team captain at the World Wushu Championships in 1997 (Italy) and 1999 (Hong Kong). On December 15, 2001, he defeated Shonie Carter by unanimous decision in San Jose, California, to win the IKF International Kickboxing Federation Pro Light Heavyweight Sanda World Title. In May 2003, Le entered into K-1 competitions where he garnered a 3–0 career record, including one knockout. Mixed martial arts career Strikeforce Le made his mixed martial arts debut at Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Gracie on March 10, 2006, at the HP Pavilion at San Jose, knocking out kickboxing rival Mike Altman at 3:51 of the first round. Le first met Altman in San Jose, in 1999, in a kickboxing bout where he defeated Altman via a body shot in the third round. Three months later he faced KOTC veteran Brian Warren, knocking him out at 4:19 of the first round. Le had also faced Warren in a K-1 Sanshou bout where he won by decision. At Strikeforce: Triple Threat on December 8, 2006, Le defeated UFC veteran Jason Von Flue in 0:43 of round one, when the fight had to be stopped due to a cut from a kick. Le went on to fight Tony Fryklund. Le beat Fryklund via TKO due to strikes late in the third round. Soon after Le fought Sammy Morgan at Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives where he won the bout via TKO. On March 29, 2008, at Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Le, Le defeated long time MMA veteran Frank Shamrock in a fight co-promoted by Strikeforce and EliteXC at the HP Pavilion in San Jose. Le won via TKO when Frank Shamrock's right arm (ulna) was broken after a series of kicks, making him the new Strikeforce Middleweight Champion. On September 17, 2009, Strikeforce CEO Scott Coker announced that Le had relinquished his belt after securing a major motion picture deal. Twenty-one months after his last fight, Le returned to Strikeforce to face Scott Smith at Strikeforce: Evolution on December 19, 2009. Le suffered his first MMA defeat there, losing via TKO at 3:25 of the third round. After the match, Le expressed interest in an immediate rematch with Smith. His wish was granted on June 26, Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Werdum, in which Le defeated Smith via TKO in the second round to avenge his only MMA loss at the time. Ultimate Fighting Championship Le has said that it is basically the UFC or bust for him at this point in his fighting career. "I know for a fact that if I do fight again, it's going to be in the UFC. I've never fought in the UFC, but I would love to fight in the UFC. But right now because of my contract with Showtime and Strikeforce, hopefully things can work out because there is a show in San Jose that Cain Velasquez is the main event. I would love to fight in San Jose for the UFC ...." In an interview with BloodyElbow on October 27, 2011, Le revealed he originally signed a six-fight contract with the UFC. Le was briefly linked to a matchup with Vitor Belfort on November 19, 2011, at UFC 139. However, Belfort was removed from the bout and replaced by former Pride FC Middleweight Champion Wanderlei Silva. Le managed to confuse Silva with his unorthodox kicks, and landed a spinning backfist that dropped Silva. During the second round, Silva managed to shake Le with huge punches and knees that completely broke Le's nose. Le was stunned, bloodied and fell to the ground, and the fight was stopped by the referee. Afterwards, in the press conference, Dana White commented that it was a good stoppage and that Cung was taken to the hospital. Le was scheduled to face former UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin on July 7, 2012, at UFC 148. However, due to an injury to headliner Vitor Belfort, Franklin instead faced Wanderlei Silva in a 190 lb catchweight rematch on June 23, 2012, at UFC 147. Le instead faced former title contender Patrick Côté. He earned his first UFC win via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). Le faced Rich Franklin in the main event on November 10, 2012, at UFC: Macao. Cung Le won the fight via KO with a powerful hook punch to Franklin's head at 2:17 of the first round. The Ultimate Fighter: China In November 2013, it was announced that Le would serve as the chief coach and mentor on The Ultimate Fighter: China, the China-based version of The Ultimate Fighter which began airing in December 2013. After over a year-and-a-half of being away from competition, Le faced Michael Bisping on August 23, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 48. After an even start, Le was cut around both eyes in the second round, as Bisping began to land the more powerful strikes. Bisping eventually won the one sided fight via TKO in the fourth round. Following the fight, Le tested positive for elevated levels of HGH and was subsequently suspended from competition for nine months. However, after reevaluating the evidence against Le, the UFC increased his suspension to 12 months. There has been some dispute of the test, as the testing laboratory in question was not WADA-approved, did not do the appropriate HGH test, and destroyed the blood sample before confirmatory tests could be done. Ultimately, on October 21, the UFC reversed their decision and rescinded Le's suspension in light of the aforementioned flaws. On December 3, 2014, Le told the media that he instructed his manager to request Le's release from UFC due to the drug-test dispute. On December 16, 2014, Le was listed as one of three MMA fighters who filed a class-action lawsuit against Zuffa, LLC., the parent company of the UFC. The suit alleges that the UFC participated in anti-competitive practices that hindered fighters and their mixed martial arts careers. At the time Le was the only active fighter on the organization's roster to be involved in the lawsuit. Retirement from MMA On January 20, 2015, his manager, Gary Ibarra, announced to the media that Le had retired from MMA. Le's decision came after reconsidering his career with his family. He had previously expressed his lack of desire to fight in the UFC and contemplated retirement following the performance-enhancing drug disputes he had with the promotion in 2014. Le believed that the UFC owed him an apology for accusing him of using drugs when the test results later turned out to be faulty. Le, however, said that his retirement was only in MMA. He talked about the possibility of returning to professional kickboxing competitions, where he was active prior to his MMA debut. Acting career Le co-starred in the live-action Tekken film, based upon the popular martial arts fighting game, as Marshall Law, released November 5, 2009, for the American film market. Le had supporting roles in the science fiction film Pandorum with Dennis Quaid and Ben Foster, and Fighting, released in 2009 alongside Channing Tatum. He also starred in a Hong Kong martial arts film Bodyguards and Assassins, which was released on December 18, 2009; his film was the first time he worked with and had a fight scene with Hong Kong martial arts superstar Donnie Yen. He also appeared in a Vietnamese music show Paris By Night 99 – Tôi Là Người Việt Nam where he was interviewed by Nguyen Cao Ky Duyen; this show also marked one of the few times Le has spoken Vietnamese on camera. Le had a lead role in the 2012 action film Dragon Eyes, costarring Jean-Claude Van Damme and produced by Joel Silver. The movie is based on the Akira Kurosawa classic Yojimbo and is "MMA-themed". Also in 2012, Le played Bronze Lion in The Man with the Iron Fists, a film directed by RZA. In 2014, he starred in Puncture Wounds, an action film directed by Giorgio Serafini, co-directed and written by James Coyne. In 2015, he appeared as an abbot in the AMC TV series Into the Badlands. In 2017, he appeared in the action movie Savage Dog alongside martial artists and action stars Scott Adkins and Marko Zaror. Film and television credits Fighting style Cung Le was primarily a stand-up fighter known for his highly unorthodox striking. Drawing from his backgrounds in Wushu, Sanshou, Taekwondo, Wrestling, and Jiu-Jitsu. He had a particularly dangerous kicking game. He was perhaps best known for his use of the spinning back kick and spinning backfist, which he used to win multiple fights by knockout. Personal life Le has two sons with his ex-wife. He is married to a Native American bikini model Sunshine Spring Le. He often honors Vietnamese communities with the flag of South Vietnam in his fighting uniforms to remember his Vietnamese heritage. He is fluent in both English and Vietnamese. Le is a Christian and openly expresses his faith throughout social media Championships and accomplishments Kickboxing International Kickboxing Federation IKF Sanshou World Light Heavyweight Championship (one time) International Sport Karate Association ISKA Sanshou North American Light Heavyweight Sanshou Championship (one time) ISKA Sanshou U.S. Light Heavyweight Championship (one time) ISKA Sanshou U.S. Light Cruiserweight Championship (one time) Ho Tet Tae Kwon Do Ho Tet Tae Kwon Do Tournament 1994 Grand Champion USA International World Championships 1996 Continuous Sparring Tae Kwon Do World Champion World Wide Draka Federation 1998 Draka Tournament winner Shidokan Cup Bare-Knuckle Full Contact Karate 1998 Shidokan Cup U.S. Tournament winner International Wushu Federation 1999 WUF World Wushu Championships Sanshou bronze medalist 1997 WUF World Wushu Championships Sanshou bronze medalist 1995 WUF World Wushu Championships Sanshou bronze medalist Black Belt Magazine 2007 Kung Fu Artist of the Year Submission grappling Amateur Athletic Union AAU Espoir Sambo National Championship (1989) Mixed martial arts Strikeforce Strikeforce Middleweight Championship (one time) Tied most finishes in Strikeforce (7) Most knockouts in Strikeforce (7) Ultimate Fighting Championship Fight of the Night (one time) Knockout of the Night (one time) MMAFighting.com 2012 Knockout of the Year vs. Rich Franklin on November 10 Inside MMA 2008 Fight of the Year Bazzie Award vs. Frank Shamrock on March 29 Amateur wrestling California Community College Athletic Association CCCAA State Championship (1990) CCCAA All-State (1990) West Valley College wrestling team captain (1990, 1991) California Interscholastic Federation CIF All-State (1989) Amateur Athletic Union AAU Espoir Freestyle National Championship (1989) AAU Espoir Greco-Roman National Championship (1989) Mixed martial arts record \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 9–3 \| Michael Bisping \| TKO (knee and punches) \| UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Le \| \| align=center\| 4 \| align=center\| 0:57 \| Macau, SAR, China \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 9–2 \| Rich Franklin \| KO (punch) \| UFC on Fuel TV: Franklin vs. Le \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:17 \| Macau, SAR, China \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 8–2 \| Patrick Côté \| Decision (unanimous) \| UFC 148 \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 7–2 \| Wanderlei Silva \| TKO (knees and punches) \| UFC 139 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 4:49 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 7–1 \| Scott Smith \| KO (body kick) \| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Werdum \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 1:46 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 6–1 \| Scott Smith \| KO/TKO (punches) \| Strikeforce: Evolution \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 3:25 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 6–0 \| Frank Shamrock \| TKO (broken arm) \| Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Le \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 5–0 \| Sam Morgan \| KO (body kick) \| Strikeforce: Four Men Enter, One Man Survives \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 1:58 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 4–0 \| Tony Fryklund \| KO (punch) \| Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Baroni \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 0:25 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 3–0 \| Jason Von Flue \| TKO (doctor stoppage) \| Strikeforce: Triple Threat \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 0:43 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 2–0 \| Brian Warren \| TKO (punches) \| Strikeforce: Revenge \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 4:19 \| San Jose, California, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 1–0 \| Mike Altman \| KO (punch) \| Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Gracie \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 3:51 \| San Jose, California, United States \| Kickboxing/Sanshou record \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \|Brian Ebersole \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|Decision (unanimous) \| 5 \| N/A \| 17–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \|Brian Warren \|K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Las Vegas I \|Las Vegas, Nevada \|Decision (unanimous) \| 4 \| 2:00 \| 16–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \|Phil Petit \|K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 in Las Vegas II \|Las Vegas, Nevada \|Decision (unanimous) \| 4 \| 2:00 \| 15–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Scott Sheely \|K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 in Las Vegas \|Las Vegas, Nevada \|TKO (strikes) \| 2 \| 1:13 \| 14–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \|Shonie Carter \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|Decision (unanimous) \| 5 \| N/A \| 13–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \|Jeff Thornhill \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|KO (spinning back fist) \| 3 \| N/A \| 12–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Laimon M. Keita \|K-1 USA Championships 2000 \|Las Vegas, Nevada \|Decision (unanimous) \| 5 \| 3:00 \| 11–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Mike Altman \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|KO (double roundhouse kick) \| 3 \| 0:30 \| 10–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Na Shun Gerile \|Art of War: China vs. USA \|Honolulu, Hawaii \|TKO (scissor kick) \| 3 \| N/A \| 9–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Scott Sheely \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|TKO (broken cheek bone) \| 2 \| 0:59 \| 8–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Dan Garett \|Strikeforce \|San Jose, California \|KO (body kick) \| 3 \| 0:20 \| 7–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Arne Soldwedel \|1998 Shidokan Cup \|Chicago, Illinois \|KO (right hook) \| 7 \| N/A \| 6–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Laimon M. Keita \|1998 Shidokan Cup \|Chicago, Illinois \|Submission (foot lock) \| 2 \| N/A \| 5–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Ben Harris \|1998 Shidokan Cup \|Chicago, Illinois \|KO (spinning hook kick) \| 2 \| N/A \| 4–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Minaru Taro \|Draka V \|Los Angeles, California \|KO (head kick) \| 1 \| N/A \| 3–0 \| \|- \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Gaik Isrelyan \|Draka V \|Los Angeles, California \|Decision (unanimous) \| 5 \| N/A \| 2–0 \| \|- bgcolor="" \| \| Win \| Jason Yee \|1997 Kung Fu Championships \|Orlando, Florida \|Decision (unanimous) \| 5 \| N/A \| 1–0 \| \|- \| colspan=10 \| Legend: See also List of current UFC fighters References External links IKF San Shou Profile at K-1 ConvictedArtist.com Interview with Cung Le 1972 births 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male kickboxers American male mixed martial artists American male taekwondo practitioners American male sport wrestlers American male television actors American Muay Thai practitioners American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu American sambo practitioners American sanshou practitioners American sportspeople in doping cases American sportspeople of Vietnamese descent Cruiserweight kickboxers Doping cases in mixed martial arts Kickboxers from California Light heavyweight kickboxers Living people Male actors of Vietnamese descent Middleweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists from California Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai Mixed martial artists utilizing taekwondo Mixed martial artists utilizing sanshou Mixed martial artists utilizing sambo Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu People from Ho Chi Minh City Sportspeople from San Jose, California Strikeforce (mixed martial arts) champions Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters Vietnamese emigrants to the United States Amateur wrestlers Sportspeople of Vietnamese descent West Valley College alumni
Tire (; ) is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 716 km2, and its population is 87,462 (2022). It is largely urbanized at the rate of 55.8%. Tire's center is situated at a distance of to the south-east from the point of departure of the traditional center of İzmir (Konak Square in Konkak) and lies at a distance of inland from the nearest seacoast in the Gulf of Kuşadası to its west. Tire district area neighbors the district areas of Selçuk (west) Torbalı (north-west), Bayındır (north) and Ödemiş (east), all part of İzmir Province, while to the south it is bordered by Aydın Province. The district area's physical features are determined by the alluvial plain of Küçük Menderes River in its northern part and in its south by the mountains delimiting the parallel alluvial valley of Büyük Menderes River flowing between Aydın and the Aegean Sea. There is a Jewish community. Advantaged by its fertile soil and suitable climate, Tire district's economy largely relies on production and processing of agricultural products, especially of figs, cotton, corn and other grains, cash crops like tobacco and sesame, fruits like watermelons, cherries, peaches and grenadines and dry fruits like walnuts and chestnuts. Tire center has an attractive old quarter with many impressive examples of Islamic architecture, and lively Tuesday and Friday markets, where the influence of the multicultural population of the surrounding villages can be observed. These two markets on two days of the week are famous across the larger region and among visitors on excursion and tourists for the handcrafted items found on sale and they attract a large customer base. A yearly event that also draws crowds to Tire is one of the liveliest and the most rooted (since 1403) celebrations in western Turkey of Nevruz Day on the third Sunday of every March. A famous local speciality is Tire meatballs. Etymology and history Tire center is an ancient town and it had already acquired considerable importance under the rule of the Lydians, called Tyrrha (occasionally spelled Tarrha) at the time and lying in the middle of the road connection between the capital of Lydia and the prominent portuary center of Ephesus. While there are various suggestions regarding its form, many sources affirm the existence of a fundamental association between the city of Tyrrha and King Gyges of Lydia, who founded Lydia's Mermnad dynasty in the 7th century BC and laid the grounds for the Lydian expansion in the 150 years that followed. Some scholars indicate in all certainty that here was his birthplace, others claim that he first ruled here or the town was founded either by the 7th-century king or a previous namesake. Etymological similarity between the name of the city and such designations as Tyrrhenia, Tyrrhenians and tyrant have also been pointed at or disputed. The etymology of the name Tyrrha itself was suggested as being an indigenous Lydian language word and explained in terms relative to the English language word "tower". Tire developed strong ties with the Ottoman capital and administration, both economically and in terms of its population make-up, especially after the 15th century, since Tire became a retreat where palace personnel, including members of the harem, were sent for their retirement days. Timur (Tamerlane) spent the winter of 1402/1403 based in Tire, after his defeat of the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara, a span of time he used to capture Smyrna lower castle from the Knights of Rhodes, to acquire the city of İzmir fully for the Turks, and his stay here is also at the origin of Tire's noted Nevruz celebrations referred to above. From 1867 until 1922, Tire was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Population and administration The municipality of Tire center is one of the oldest in Turkey, having been established in 1864, coming the ninth across the country in terms of its anteriority. Almost a quarter of the population of Tire village chose outside immigration in the last decade, which was reflected in a slight increase in population for Tire center but contributed to a fall in population of eight percent in the district as a whole. In connection with the same trend, the district receives scanty immigration from outside. The total number of residences in Tire district reach 36,873. A total number of 16,446 enterprises of all sorts are located in Tire district. Seven banks provide services through seven branches across the district. The number of students per teacher is 18 and the number of patients per doctor is 506. Composition There are 88 neighbourhoods in Tire District: Adnan Menderes Akçaşehir Akkoyunlu Akmescit Akyurt Alacalı Alaylı Armutlu Atatürk Ayaklıkırı Bahariye Başköy Boynuyoğun Büyükkale Büyükkemerdere Büyükkömürcü Cambazlı Çayırlı Çeriközü Çiniyeri Çobanköy Çukurköy Cumhuriyet Dağdere Dallık Dere Derebaşı Dereli Dibekçi Dörteylül Doyranlı Dua Tepe Dumlupınar Dündarlı Eğridere Ertuğrul Eskioba Fatih Gökçen Halkapınar Hasançavuşlar Hisarlık Hürriyet İbni Melek İhsaniye İpekçiler Işıklar Işıklı İstiklal Kahrat Kaplan Karacaali Karateke Ketenci Kireli Kırtepe Kızılcahavlu Kocaaliler Küçükburun Küçükkale Küçükkemerdere Küçükkömürcü Kürdüllü Kurşak Kurtuluş Mahmutlar Mehmetler Musalar Ortaköy Osmancık Paşa Peşrefli Sarılar Saruhanlı Somak Toki Topalak Toparlar Turan Turgutlu Üzümler Yamandere Yeğenli Yemişler Yeni Yeniçiftlik Yenioba Yenişehir Economy Tire municipality's anteriority in terms of its date of constitution was reflected in a number of other fields, which indicates an interest in the region by investors of the late-19th century. A railway line built as a connection joining İzmir-Aydın railway started to be laid in 1893 and a 137 km line connecting Tire and its eastern neighbor Ödemiş to that main axis to the west, itself the very first line placed in the History of rail transport in Turkey, was completed in 1911. The Basmane-Tire Regional railway service now runs from İzmir. Presently, the district's average per capita income situates Tire roughly in the middle among depending districts of İzmir Province. The investments made to date have yet fallen short of modifying the district's overall economic picture, despite easy access through Selçuk to the close İzmir-Aydın motorway and to Adnan Menderes International Airport thereof. Industrial activities in Tire are concentrated around two industrial zones, the larger one named Tire Organized Industrial Zone (TOSBİ) and the smaller and more locally focused one named Tire Small Industrial Site. Tourism and related accommodation facilities are still underdeveloped and the accommodation facilities despite the city's potential in terms of cultural tourism and the number of beds available in Tire does not exceed a hundred. Footnotes External links Tire image gallery with also pictures from the museum Sources Populated places in İzmir Province Jewish communities in Turkey Districts of İzmir Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
The Poicu is a right tributary of the river Crișul Repede in Romania. It discharges into the Crișul Repede in Ciucea. Its length is and its basin size is . References Rivers of Romania Rivers of Cluj County
These are the official results of the Women's Long Jump event at the 1997 IAAF World Championships in Athens, Greece. There were a total number of 44 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Saturday August 6, 1997. Medalists Records Results Qualifying round Held on Thursday 1997-08-07 Final See also 1994 Women's European Championships Long Jump (Helsinki) 1995 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Gothenburg) 1996 Women's Olympic Long Jump (Atlanta) 1998 Women's European Championships Long Jump (Budapest) 1999 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Seville) References Results L Long jump at the World Athletics Championships 1997 in women's athletics
Claudio Liverziani (born 4 March 1975) is an Italian former professional baseball player who competed in Minor League Baseball and for the Italian national team. Liverziani made his professional debut in Italy at 16 years old before signing with the Seattle Mariners. In 1997 and 1998, Liverziani played for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in the Midwest League. He was released by the Mariners organization on or about April 1, 1999. He returned to Italy in 1999 and played in the Italian Baseball League until 2016, primarily for Bologna. In 2009, he recorded his 1,000th hit in the Italian league against Abe Alvarez. He was the seventh player to reach that mark. In December 2009, the Italian National Olympic Committee announced that Liverziani would be banned for two years due to a drug offense. Liverziani represented Italy in the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000 and 2004. In 2001, he played for Italy in the Baseball World Cup. He also competed in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. References 1975 births Living people Baseball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Baseball players suspended for drug offenses Italian expatriate baseball players in the United States Olympic baseball players for Italy Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players 2006 World Baseball Classic players Rimini Baseball Club players Fortitudo Baseball Bologna players Sportspeople from Novara Sportspeople from the Province of Novara
Anaptychia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. Anaptychia species have brown, thin-walled spores with a single septum, and a upper . Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in his 1848 work Grundriss der Kryptogamen-Kunde. In his 1962 monograph on the genus, Syo Kurokawa included 88 species. A few years later, Josef Poelt thought the genus should be divided into two genera – Anaptychia and Heterodermia – based largely on differences in spore structure. William Culberson supported this opinion, emphasizing the presence of distinct chemical characteristics between the two groups. Some species of Anaptychia were transferred to the genus Kurokawia, newly circumscribed in 2021. Description Anaptychia lichens have a thallus that ranges from leaf-like (foliose) to slightly shrubby (somewhat fruticose) in nature. These can be of small to medium size, with a degree of attachment that ranges from moderate to quite loose. In terms of colouration, they vary from a muted white or grey to a darker brown shade. The upper surface of the thallus can display a variety of features. In some species, it remains completely smooth, while others might exhibit a light dusting known as . Still, others might have a soft covering of fine, cortex-derived hairs or larger tapering hairs, especially closer to the edges of the lobes. There might also be the presence of marginal hair-like projections, referred to as . The lichen's lower surface can be of a light hue which may darken over time, and it can range from having a sparse to a dense presence of root-like structures known as rhizines. These rhizines might be of a (unbranched) form, split into a few branches, or exhibit intricate branching. The uppermost protective layer, or cortex, displays a patterned cellular arrangement of outward-facing, thick-walled hyphae. In contrast, the lower cortex can either be absent or display a similar arrangement, but it might sometimes appear less structured and not distinctly separate from the inner fleshy layer, known as the medulla. Anaptychia bears reproductive structures known as apothecia, which are encircled by a thallus-derived boundary. Inside these apothecia, there are sac-like structures that typically contain eight spores. These spores resemble those of the Physconia type, are brown, and are partitioned once, measuring in the range of 25–52 μm in length and 13–24 μm in width. Another kind of reproductive structure, the pycnidia, appear on the thallus surface and are darkened and sunken. The pycnidia contain spore-like conidia that are rod-shaped to slightly cylindrical, with sizes ranging between 3.5–6 μm in length and up to 6.1 μm in width. Species , Species Fungorum accepts 5 species of Anaptychia. Anaptychia ciliaris Anaptychia crinalis Anaptychia desertorum Anaptychia elbursiana Anaptychia ethiopica Anaptychia isidiza Anaptychia nevadensis – western North America Anaptychia roemerioides – western North America References Caliciales Lichen genera Caliciales genera Taxa described in 1848 Taxa named by Gustav Wilhelm Körber
Saughton Park is a public park in Edinburgh, Scotland. It includes formal gardens, specimen trees, exotic plant greenhouses, a cafe, a bandstand, playing fields, an athletics track, a skateboard park and a creative play area. The skatepark was constructed in 2010 and is the largest in Scotland. Facilities The park benefitted from an £8m restoration with funding from the National Lottery, and cycling lobby group Sustrans amongst others. The park was awarded Green Flag in 2020. The redevelopment work was developed to include the restoration of key historic features, enhance accessibility and provide visitor facilities. Conservation, sustainability and biodiversity formed an integral part of the masterplan. Garden and building restoration work was done to give an understanding of the heritage, context, place quality and future use the Park. Local community groups were involved in consultation and co-design. The park is well known for its rose gardens and provision of new facilities including community teaching areas, a café and toilets. The new facilities are of a modern design. The restoration of heritge assets included repairs to the walled garden, reinstatement of the wrought iron bandstand and the renovation of the winter gardens glasshouse. The bandstand which had been removed in 1987 due to its condition was made in the Lion Foundry in Kirkintilloch in 1909. The glasshouse features a bust of Gandhi, tropical plants and a statue of the Goddess Sakthi. The replanting of the restored gardens required more than 5,000 hedging plants, 8,000 herbaceous plants, roses worth more than £40,000 for the rose garden. 5,000 plants were added around the bandstand. The herbaceous border has 6,000 plants, including 350 purple allium. In addition, several species of bird nest in the park and otters have been seen in the river and the skatepark. History The park has been managed by City Of Edinburgh Council since 1900 when it was purchased from Sir William Baird and it opened to the public in 1910. It previously included a nine-hole golf course, nursery and playing fields. Saughton park was formerly the Saughton Hall Estate, bought in the 1660s by Robert Baird of Saughtonhall, an Edinburgh merchant, from Janet Mudie or Moodie. The park was the site of the 1908 great Scottish National Exhibition and the grounds were specially adapted for the purpose. Large buildings were constructed, a railway station was built to transport thousands of visitors from Waverley Station, and a new bridge was built for the Water of Leith. The exhibition included industrial and machinery exhibits along with halls featuring Canadian, Russian and Irish showcases. It also featured a Senegalese village "where the inhabitants may be seen carrying on their daily life much as they would do under their own tropical skies". The exhibition followed a previous similar one in the Meadows and was open for six months, attracting nearly 3.5 million visitors. References External links Areas of Edinburgh Parks in Scotland Skateparks Parks and commons in Edinburgh World's fair sites in Scotland
Legal gender, or legal sex, is a sex or gender that is recognized under the law. Biological sex, sex reassignment and gender identity are used to determine legal gender. The details vary by jurisdiction. History In European societies, Roman law, post-classical canon law, and later common law, referred to a person's sex as male, female or hermaphrodite, with legal rights as male or female depending on the characteristics that appeared most dominant. Under Roman law, a hermaphrodite had to be classed as either male or female. The 12th-century Decretum Gratiani states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails". The foundation of common law, the 16th Century Institutes of the Lawes of England, described how a hermaphrodite could inherit "either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile." Legal cases where legal sex was placed in doubt have been described over the centuries. In 1930, Lili Elbe received sexual reassignment surgery and an ovary transplant and changed her legal gender as female. In 1931, Dora Richter received removal of the penis and vaginoplasty. A few weeks after Lili Elbe had her final surgery including uterus transplant and vaginoplasty. Immune rejection from transplanted uterus caused her death. In May 1933, the Institute for Sexual Research was attacked by Nazis, losing any surviving records about Richter. After World War II, transgender issues received public attention again. Christine Jorgensen was unable to marry a man because her birth certificate listed her as male. Some transgender people changed their birth certificates, but the validity of these documents were challenged. In the United Kingdom, Sir Ewan Forbes' case recognized the process of legal gender change. However. legal gender change was not recognized in Corbett v Corbett. Nowadays, many jurisdictions allow transgender individuals to change their legal gender, but some jurisdictions require sterilization, childlessness or an unmarried status for legal gender change. In some cases, sex reassignment surgery is a requirement for legal recognition. The transgender rights movement has promoted legal change in many jurisdictions. Present views See also References Gender Transgender law
The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and commonly referred to as Arizona SB 1070) is a 2010 legislative Act in the U.S. state of Arizona that was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration law in the United States when passed. It has received international attention and has spurred considerable controversy. U.S. federal law requires immigrants older than 18 to possess any certificate of alien registration issued to him or her at all times; violation of this requirement is a federal misdemeanor crime. The Arizona act made it also a state misdemeanor for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents, and required that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest" when there is reasonable suspicion that the individual is an illegal immigrant. The law barred state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws, and imposed penalties on those sheltering, hiring and transporting unregistered aliens. The paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine. Critics of the legislation say it encourages racial profiling, while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status. The law was amended by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing, with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There have been protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities, including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona. The Act was signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer on April 23, 2010. It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after the end of the legislative session. Legal challenges over its constitutionality and compliance with civil rights law were filed, including one by the United States Department of Justice, that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law. The day before the law was to take effect, federal judge Susan R. Bolton issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions. In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case Arizona v. United States, upholding the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but striking down three other provisions as violations of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. Provisions U.S. federal law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government and have registration documents in their possession at all times. The Act makes it a state misdemeanor for an illegal alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest", to determine a person's immigration status if there is reasonable suspicion that the person is an illegal alien. Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's legal immigration status by the federal government pursuant to § 1373(c) of Title 8 of the United States Code. A first offense carries a fine of up to $100, plus court costs, and up to 20 days in jail; subsequent offenses can result in up to 30 days in jail (SB 1070 required a minimum fine of $500 for a first violation, and for a second violation a minimum $1,000 fine and a maximum jail sentence of 6 months). A person is "presumed to not be an immigrant who is unlawfully present in the United States" if he or she presents any of the following four forms of identification: a valid Arizona driver license; a valid Arizona nonoperating identification license; a valid tribal enrollment card or other tribal identification; or any valid federal, state, or local government-issued identification, if the issuer requires proof of legal presence in the United States as a condition of issuance. The Act prohibits state, county, and local officials from limiting or restricting "the enforcement of federal immigration laws to less than the full extent permitted by federal law" and provides that any legal Arizona resident can sue the agencies or officials in question to compel such full enforcement. If the person who brings suit prevails, that person may be entitled to reimbursement of court costs and reasonable attorney fees. The Act makes it a crime for anyone, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, to hire or to be hired from a vehicle which "blocks or impedes the normal movement of traffic." Vehicles used in such manner are subject to mandatory immobilization or impoundment. For a person in violation of a criminal law, it is an offense to transport an illegal alien "in furtherance" of the illegal immigrant's unauthorized presence in the U.S., to "conceal, harbor or shield" an illegal alien, or to encourage or induce an illegal alien to immigrate to the state, if the person "knows or recklessly disregards the fact" that the alien is in the U.S. without authorization or that immigration would be unlawful. Violation is a class 1 misdemeanor if fewer than ten illegal aliens are involved, and a class 6 felony if ten or more are involved. The offender is subject to a fine of at least $1,000 for each illegal immigrant involved. The transportation provision includes exceptions for child protective services workers, ambulance attendants and emergency medical technicians. Arizona HB 2162 On April 30, 2010, the Arizona legislature passed and Governor Brewer signed, House Bill 2162, which modified the Act that had been signed a week earlier, adding text stating that "prosecutors would not investigate complaints based on race, color or national origin." The new text also states that police may only investigate immigration status incident to a "lawful stop, detention, or arrest", lowers the original fine from a minimum of $500 to a maximum of $5000, and changes incarceration limits for first-time offenders from 6 months to 20 days. Background and passage Arizona was the first state to enact such far-reaching legislation. Prior law in Arizona, like most other states, did not require law enforcement personnel to ask the immigration status of people they encountered. Many police departments discourage such inquiries to avoid deterring immigrants from reporting crimes and cooperating in other investigations. Arizona had an estimated 460,000 illegal immigrants in April 2010, a fivefold increase since 1990. As the state with the most unlawful crossings of the Mexico–United States border, its remote and dangerous deserts are the unlawful entry point for thousands of illegal immigrant Mexicans and Central Americans. By the late 1990s, the Tucson Border Patrol Sector had the highest number of arrests by the United States Border Patrol. Whether illegal aliens commit a disproportionate number of crimes is uncertain, with different authorities and academics claiming that the rate for this group was the same, greater, or less than that of the overall population. There was also anxiety that the Mexican Drug War, which had caused thousands of deaths, would spill over into the U.S. Moreover, by late in the decade 2000, Phoenix was averaging one kidnapping per day, earning it the reputation as America's worst city in that regard. Arizona has a history of restricting illegal immigration. In 2007, legislation imposed heavy sanctions on employers hiring undocumented workers. Measures similar to SB 1070 had been passed by the legislature in 2006 and 2008, only to be vetoed by Democratic Governor Janet Napolitano. She was subsequently appointed as Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration and was replaced by Republican Secretary of State of Arizona Jan Brewer. There is a similar history of referendums, such as the Arizona Proposition 200 (2004) that sought to restrict illegal immigrants' use of social services. The 'attrition through enforcement' doctrine had been encouraged by think tanks such as the Center for Immigration Studies for several years. Impetus for SB 1070 was attributed to demographics shifting towards a larger Hispanic population, increased drugs and human smuggling related violence in Mexico and Arizona, and a struggling state economy and economic anxiety during the late-2000s recession. State residents were frustrated by the lack of federal progress on immigration, which they viewed as even more disappointing given that Napolitano had joined the Obama administration. The major sponsor and legislative force behind the bill was state senator Russell Pearce, who had long been one of Arizona's most vocal opponents of illegal aliens and who had successfully pushed several prior pieces of tough legislation against those he termed "invaders on the American sovereignty". Much of the bill was drafted by Kris Kobach, a professor at the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law and a figure long associated with the Federation for American Immigration Reform who had drafted immigration bills for many other states. Pearce and Kobach had worked together on prior immigration legislation, and Pearce contacted Kobach when he was ready to pursue stronger state enforcement of federal immigration laws. A December 2009 meeting of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) in Washington, D.C., produced model legislation that embodied the Pearce initiative. One explanation for the impetus behind the bill was that ALEC is largely funded by corporate contributions, including some from the private prison industry such as the Corrections Corporation of America, Management and Training Corporation, and GEO Group. These companies would benefit from a large increase in the number of illegal immigrants sent to jail. Pearce later denied that he created the bill for any reason other than to stop illegal immigration. He denied that he submitted the idea to ALEC for any reason other than helping it pass in Arizona and, potentially, in other states. The bill was introduced in the Arizona legislature in January 2010 and gained 36 cosponsors. The Arizona State Senate approved an early version of the bill in February 2010. Saying, "Enough is enough," Pearce stated figuratively that this new bill would remove handcuffs from law enforcement and place them on violent offenders. On March 27, 2010, 58-year-old Robert Krentz and his dog were shot and killed while Krentz was doing fence work on his large ranch roughly from the Mexican border. This incident gave a tangible public face to fears about immigration-related crime. Arizona police were unable to name a murder suspect but traced a set of footprints from the crime scene south towards the border. The resulting speculation that the killer was an illegal immigrant increased public support for SB 1070. There was talk of naming the law after Krentz. Some state legislators (both for and against the law) believed, however, that the impact of the Krentz killing has been overstated as a factor in the law's passage. The bill, with several amendments, passed the Arizona House of Representatives on April 13 by a 35–21 party-line vote. The revised measure then passed the State Senate on April 19 by a 17–11 vote that also closely followed party lines, with all but one Republican voting for the bill, ten Democrats voting against it, and two Democrats abstaining. After a bill passes, the Arizona governor has five days to either sign, veto, or allow it to pass without the governor's signature. The question became whether Governor Brewer would sign the bill into law, as she had remained silent on her opinion of SB1070. Immigration had not previously been a focus of her political career, although as secretary of state she had supported Arizona Proposition 200 (2004). As governor, she had made another push for Arizona Proposition 100 (2010), a one percent increase in the state sales tax to prevent cuts in education, health and human services, and public safety, despite opposition from within her own party. These political moves, along with a tough upcoming Republican Party primary in the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial election with other conservative opponents supporting the bill, were considered major factors in her decision. During the bill's development, her staff had reviewed its language line by line with state senator Pearce, but she had said she had concerns about several of its provisions. The Mexican Senate urged the governor to veto the bill and the Mexican Embassy to the U.S. raised concerns about potential racial profiling that may result. Citizen messages to Brewer, however, were 3–1 in favor of the law. A Rasmussen Reports poll taken between the House and Senate votes showed wide support for the bill among likely voters in the state, with 70 percent in favor and 23 percent opposed. The same poll showed 53 percent were at least somewhat concerned that actions taken due to the measures in the bill would violate the civil rights of some American citizens. Brewer's staff said that she was considering the legal issues, the impact on the state's business, and the feelings of the citizens in coming to her decision. They added that "she agonizes over these things," and the governor also prayed over the matter. Brewer's political allies said her decision would cause political trouble no matter what she decided. Most observers expected that she would sign the bill, and on April 23 she did. During the wait for a signing decision, there were over a thousand people at the Arizona State Capitol both in support of and opposition to the bill, and some minor civil unrest occurred. Against concerns that the measure would promote racial profiling, Brewer stated that no such behavior would be tolerated: "We must enforce the law evenly, and without regard to skin color, accent or social status." She vowed to ensure that police forces had proper training relative to the law and civil rights, and on the same day as the signing she issued an executive order requiring additional training for all officers on how to implement SB 1070 without engaging in racial profiling. Ultimately, she said, "We have to trust our law enforcement." (The training materials developed by the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board were released in June 2010.) Sponsor Pearce called the law's passage "a good day for America." News of the law and the debate around immigration gained national attention, especially on cable news television channels, where topics that attract strong opinions are often given extra airtime. Nevertheless, the legislators were surprised by the reaction it gained. State Representative Michele Reagan reflected three months later: "The majority of us who voted yes on that bill, myself included, did not expect or encourage an outcry from the public. The majority of us just voted for it because we thought we could try to fix the problem. Nobody envisioned boycotts. Nobody anticipated the emotion, the prayer vigils. The attitude was: These are the laws, let's start following them." State Representative Kyrsten Sinema, the assistant House minority leader (and current U.S. Senator) tried to stop the bill and voted against it. She similarly reflected: "I knew it would be bad, but no one thought it would be this big. No one." The immigration issue also gained center stage in the re-election campaign of Republican U.S. Senator from Arizona John McCain, who had been a past champion of federal immigration reform measures such as the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. Also faced with a primary battle against the more conservative J. D. Hayworth, who had made legislation against unlawful immigration a central theme of his candidacy, McCain supported SB 1070 only hours before its passage in the State Senate. McCain subsequently became a vocal defender of the law, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border. In September 2014, U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton ordered SB 1070 sponsor Russell Pearce to comply with a subpoena calling for him to turn over his emails and documents about the contentious statute. Challengers of the bill wanted to determine from them whether there was a discriminatory intent in composing the statute. Reaction Opinion polls A Rasmussen Reports poll done nationally around the time of the signing indicated that 60 percent of Americans were in favor of and 31 percent opposed to legislation that allows local police to "stop and verify the immigration status of anyone they suspect of being an illegal immigrant." The same poll also indicated that 58 percent are at least somewhat concerned that "efforts to identify and deport illegal immigrants will also end up violating the civil rights of some U.S. citizens." A national Gallup Poll found that more than three-quarters of Americans had heard about the law, and of those who had, 51 percent were in favor of it against 39 percent opposed. An Angus Reid Public Opinion poll indicated that 71 percent of Americans said they supported the notion of requiring their own police to determine people's status if there was "reasonable suspicion" the people were illegal immigrants, and arresting those people if they could not prove they were legally in the United States. A nationwide The New York Times/CBS News poll found similar results to the others, with 51 percent of respondents saying the Arizona law was "about right" in its approach to the problem of illegal immigration, 36 percent saying it went too far, and 9 percent saying it did not go far enough. Another CBS News poll, conducted a month after the signing, showed 52 percent seeing the law as about right, 28 percent thinking it goes too far, and 17 percent thinking it does not go far enough. A 57 percent majority thought that the federal government should be responsible for determining immigration law. A national Fox News poll found that 61 percent of respondents thought Arizona was right to take action itself rather than wait for federal action, and 64 percent thought the Obama administration should wait and see how the law works in practice rather than trying to stop it right away. Experts caution that in general, polling has difficulty reflecting complex immigration issues and law. Another Rasmussen poll, done statewide after several days of heavy news coverage about the controversial law and its signing, found a large majority of Arizonans still supported it, by a 64 percent to 30 percent margin. Rasmussen also found that Brewer's approval ratings as governor had shot up, going from 40 percent of likely voters before the signing to 56 percent after, and that her margin over prospective Democratic gubernatorial opponent, State Attorney General Terry Goddard (who opposes the law) had widened. A poll done by Arizona State University researchers found that 81 percent of registered Latino voters in the state opposed SB 1070. Public officials United States In the United States, supporters and opponents of the bill have roughly followed party lines, with most Democrats opposing the bill and most Republicans supporting it. The bill was criticized by President Barack Obama who called it "misguided" and said it would "undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe." Obama did later note that the HB 2162 modification had stipulated that the law not be applied in a discriminatory fashion, but the president said there was still the possibility of suspected illegal immigrants "being harassed and arrested". He repeatedly called for federal immigration reform legislation to forestall such actions among the states and as the only long-term solution to the problem of unlawful immigration. Governor Brewer and President Obama met at the White House in early June 2010 to discuss immigration and border security issues in the wake of SB 1070; the meeting was termed pleasant, but brought about little change in the participants' stances. Secretary of Homeland Security and former Arizona governor Janet Napolitano testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that she had "deep concerns" about the law and that it would divert necessary law enforcement resources from combating violent criminals. (As governor, Napolitano had consistently vetoed similar legislation throughout her term.) U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said the federal government was considering several options, including a court challenge based on the law leading to possible civil rights violations. Michael Posner, the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, brought up the law in discussions with a Chinese delegation to illustrate human rights areas the U.S. needed to improve on. This led McCain and fellow senator from Arizona Jon Kyl to strongly object to any possibly implied comparison of the law to human rights abuses in China. Senior Democratic U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer of New York and Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg have criticized the law, with Bloomberg stating that it sends exactly the wrong message to international companies and travelers. In testimony before the Senate Homeland Security Committee, McCain drew out that Napolitano had made her remarks before having actually read the law. Holder also acknowledged that he had not read the statute. The admissions by the two cabinet secretaries that they had not yet read SB 1070 became an enduring criticism of the reaction against the law. Former Alaska governor and vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin accused the party in power of being willing to "criticize bills (and divide the country with ensuing rhetoric) without actually reading them." Governor Brewer's election campaign issued a video featuring a frog hand puppet that sang "reading helps you know what you're talkin' 'bout" and urged viewers to fully read the law. In reaction to the question, President Obama told a group of Republican senators that he had in fact read the law. Democrat Linda Sánchez, U.S. Representative from California's 39th congressional district, has claimed that white supremacy groups are in part to blame for the law's passage, saying, "There's a concerted effort behind promoting these kinds of laws on a state-by-state basis by people who have ties to white supremacy groups. It's been documented. It's not mainstream politics." Republican Representative Gary Miller, from California's 42nd congressional district, called her remarks "an outrageous accusation [and a] red herring. [She's] trying to change the debate from what the law says." Sánchez' district is in Los Angeles County and Miller's district is in both Los Angeles County and neighboring Orange County. The law has been popular among the Republican Party base electorate; however, several Republicans have opposed aspects of the measure, mostly from those who have represented heavily Hispanic states. These include former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives and sitting U.S. Senator Marco Rubio, and former George W. Bush chief political strategist Karl Rove. Some analysts have stated that Republican support for the law gives short-term political benefits by energizing their base and independents, but longer term carries the potential of alienating the growing Hispanic population from the party. The issue played a role in several Republican primary contests during the 2010 congressional election season. One Arizona Democrat who defended some of the motivation behind the bill was Congresswoman Gabby Giffords, who said her constituents were "sick and tired" of the federal government failing to protect the border, that the current situation was "completely unacceptable", and that the legislation was a "clear calling that the federal government needs to do a better job". However, she stopped short of supporting the law itself, saying it "does nothing to secure our border" and that it "stands in direct contradiction to our past and, as a result, threatens our future." Her opposition to the law became one of the issues in her 2010 re-election campaign, in which she narrowly prevailed over her Republican opponent, who supported it. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton included the dispute over SB 1070 in an August 2010 report to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as an example to other countries of how fractious issues can be resolved under the rule of law. Governor Brewer demanded that the reference to the law be removed from the report, seeing its inclusion as implying that the law was a violation of human rights and saying that any notion of submitting U.S. laws to U.N. review was "internationalism run amok". Mexico Mexican President Felipe Calderón's office said that "the Mexican government condemns the approval of the law [and] the criminalization of migration." President Calderón also characterized the new law as a "violation of human rights". Calderón repeated his criticism during a subsequent state visit to the White House. The measure was also strongly criticized by Mexican health minister José Ángel Córdova, former education minister Josefina Vázquez Mota, and Governor of Baja California José Guadalupe Osuna Millán, with Osuna saying it "could disrupt the indispensable economic, political and cultural exchanges of the entire border region." The Mexican Foreign Ministry issued a travel advisory for its citizens visiting Arizona, saying "It must be assumed that every Mexican citizen may be harassed and questioned without further cause at any time." In response to these comments, Chris Hawley of USA Today said that "Mexico has a law that is no different from Arizona's", referring to legislation which gives local police forces the power to check documents of people suspected of being in the country unlawful. Immigration and human rights activists have also noted that Mexican authorities frequently engage in racial profiling, harassment, and shakedowns against migrants from Central America. The law imperiled the 28th annual, binational Border Governors Conference, scheduled to be held in Phoenix in September 2010 and to be hosted by Governor Brewer. The governors of the six Mexican states belonging to the conference vowed to boycott it in protest of the law, saying SB 1070 is "based on ethnic and cultural prejudice contrary to fundamental rights," and Brewer said in response that she was canceling the gathering. Governors Bill Richardson of New Mexico and Arnold Schwarzenegger of California, U.S. border governors who oppose the law, supported moving the conference to another state and going forward with it, and it was subsequently held in Santa Fe, New Mexico without Brewer attending. Arizona law enforcement Arizona's law enforcement groups have been split on the bill, with statewide rank-and-file police officer groups generally supporting it and police chief associations opposing it. The Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police criticized the legislation, calling the provisions of the bill "problematic" and expressing that it will negatively affect the ability of law enforcement agencies across the state to fulfill their many responsibilities in a timely manner. Additionally, some officers have repeated the past concern that undocumented immigrants may come to fear the police and not contact them in situations of emergency or in instances where they have valuable knowledge of a crime. However, the Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, which represents the city's police officers, has supported the legislation and lobbied aggressively for its passage. Officers supporting the measure say they have many indicators other than race they can use to determine whether someone may be an illegal immigrant, such as absent identification or conflicting statements made. The measure was hailed by Joe Arpaio, Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona – known for his tough crackdowns on undocumented immigration within his own jurisdiction – who hoped the measure would cause the federal action to seal the border. Arpaio said, "I think they'll be afraid that other states will follow this new law that's now been passed." Religious organizations and perspectives Activists within the church were present on both sides of the immigration debate, and both proponents and opponents of the law appealed to religious arguments for support. State Senator Pearce, a devout member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which has a substantial population in Arizona, frequently said that his efforts to push forward this legislation was based on that church's 13 Articles of Faith, one of which instructs in obeying the law. This association caused a backlash against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and threatened its proselytizing efforts among the area's Hispanic population. The church emphasized that it took no position on the law or immigration in general and that Pearce did not speak for it. It later endorsed the Utah Compact on immigration and in the following year, took an official position on the issue which opposed Pearce's approach to immigration, saying, "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is concerned that any state legislation that only contains enforcement provisions is likely to fall short of the high moral standard of treating each other as children of God. The Church supports an approach where undocumented immigrants are allowed to square themselves with the law and continue to work without this necessarily leading to citizenship." The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops denounced the law, characterizing it as draconian and saying it "could lead to the wrongful questioning and arrest of U.S. citizens." The National Council of Churches also criticized the law, saying that it ran counter to centuries of biblical teachings regarding justice and neighborliness. Other members of the Christian clergy differed on the law. United Methodist Church Bishop Minerva G. Carcaño of Arizona's Desert Southwest Conference opposed it as "unwise, short sighted and mean spirited" and led a mission of prominent religious figures to Washington to lobby for comprehensive immigration reform. But others stressed the Biblical command to follow laws. While there was a perception that most Christian groups opposed the law, Mark Tooley of the Institute on Religion and Democracy said that immigration was a political issue that "Christians across the spectrum can disagree about" and that liberal churches were simply more outspoken on this matter. Concerns over potential civil rights violations The National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials said the legislation was "an unconstitutional and costly measure that will violate the civil rights of all Arizonans." Mayor Chris Coleman of Saint Paul, Minnesota, labeled it as "draconian" as did Democratic Texas House of Representatives member Garnet Coleman. Edwin Kneedler, the U.S. Deputy Solicitor General, also criticized the legislation for its potential infringement on the civil liberties of Arizona's citizens and lawful permanent residents. Proponents with the law have rejected such criticism, and argued that the law was reasonable, limited, and carefully crafted. Stewart Baker, a former Homeland Security official in the George W. Bush administration, said, "The coverage of this law and the text of the law are a little hard to square. There's nothing in the law that requires cities to stop people without cause, or encourages racial or ethnic profiling by itself." Republican member with the Arizona House of Representatives Steve Montenegro supported the law, saying that "This bill has nothing to do with race or profiling. It has to do with the law. We are seeing a lot of crime here in Arizona because of the open borders that we have." Montenegro, who legally immigrated to the U.S. from El Salvador with his family when he was four, stated, "I am saying if you here illegally, get in line, come in the right way." As one of the main drafters of the law, Kobach has stated that the way the law has been written makes any form of racial profiling unlawful. In particular, Kobach references the phrase in the law that directly states that officers "may not solely consider race, color, or national origin." Kobach also disagrees that the "reasonable suspicion" clause of the bill specifically allows for racial profiling, replying that the term "reasonable suspicion" has been used in other laws prior and therefore has "legal precedent". However, there are ongoing arguments in legal journal articles that racial profiling does exist and threatens human security, particularly community security of the Mexicans living in the United States. India Williams argues that the Border Patrol is very likely to stop anyone if a suspect resembles "Mexican appearance" and states that such generalization of unchangeable physical features threatens the culture and the heritage of the ethnic group. Andrea Nill argues that it is only a small portion of Mexicans and Latinos that are undocumented immigrants, but there is a demonization and illogical discrimination of Latino community by giving less respect, rights, and freedoms, whereas white American citizens will never have to worry about being stopped by the police due to their skin color. Some Latino leaders compared the law to Apartheid in South Africa or the Japanese American internment during World War II. The law's aspect that officers may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country unlawfully became characterized in some quarters as the "show me your papers" or "your papers, please" provision. This echoed a common trope regarding Germans in World War II films. Such an association was explicitly made by Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky of Illinois. Congressman Jared Polis of Colorado and Los Angeles Councilwoman Janice Hahn also said the law's requirement to carry papers all the time was reminiscent of the anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany and feared that Arizona was headed towards becoming a police state. Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles said, "I can't imagine Arizonans now reverting to German Nazi and Russian Communist techniques whereby people are required to turn one another in to the authorities on any suspicion of documentation." The Anti-Defamation League called for an end to the comparisons with Nazi Germany, saying that no matter how odious or unconstitutional the Arizona law might be, it did not compare to the role that Nazi identity cards played in what eventually became the extermination of European Jews. In its final form, HB 2162 limits the use of race. It states: "A law enforcement official or agency of this state or a county, city, town or other political subdivision of this state may not consider race, color or national origin in implementing the requirements of this subsection except to the extent permitted by the United States or Arizona Constitution." The U.S. and Arizona supreme courts have held that race may be considered in enforcing immigration law. In United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, the U.S. Supreme Court found: "The likelihood that any given person of Mexican ancestry is an alien is high enough to make Mexican appearance a relevant factor." The Arizona Supreme Court agrees that "enforcement of immigration laws often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic factors." Both decisions say that race alone, however, is an insufficient basis to stop or arrest. Protests Thousands of people staged protests in state capital Phoenix over the law around the time of its signing, and a pro-immigrant activist called the measure "racist". Passage of the HB 2162 modifications to the law, although intended to address some of the criticisms of it, did little to change the minds of the law's opponents. Tens of thousands of people demonstrated against the law in over 70 U.S. cities on May 1, 2010, a day traditionally used around the world to assert workers' rights. A rally in Los Angeles, attended by Cardinal Mahoney, attracted between 50,000 and 60,000 people, with protesters waving Mexican flags and chanting "Sí se puede". The city had become the national epicenter of protests against the Arizona law. Around 25,000 people were at a protest in Dallas, and more than 5,000 were in Chicago and Milwaukee, while rallies in other cities generally attracted around a thousand people or so. Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois Luis Gutiérrez was part of a 35-person group arrested in front of the White House in a planned act of civil disobedience that was also urging President Obama to push for comprehensive immigration reform. There and in some other locations, demonstrators expressed frustration with what they saw as the administration's lack of action on immigration reform, with signs holding messages such as "Hey Obama! Don't deport my mama." Protests both for and against the Act took place over Memorial Day Weekend in Phoenix and commanded thousands of people. Those opposing it, mostly consisting of Latinos, marched five miles to the State Capitol in high heat, while those supporting it met in a stadium in an event arranged by elements of the Tea Party movement. Protests against the law extended to the arts and sports world as well. Colombian pop singer Shakira came to Phoenix and gave a joint press conference against the bill with Mayor of Phoenix Phil Gordon. Linda Ronstadt, of part Mexican descent and raised in Arizona, also appeared in Phoenix and said, "Mexican-Americans are not going to take this lying down." A concert of May 16 in Mexico City's Zócalo, called Prepa Si Youth For Dignity: We Are All Arizona, drew some 85,000 people to hear Molotov, Jaguares, and Maldita Vecindad headline a seven-hour show in protest against the law. The Major League Baseball Players Association, of whose members one quarter are born outside the U.S., said that the law "could have a negative impact on hundreds of major league players," especially since many teams come to Arizona for spring training, and called for it to be "repealed or modified promptly." A Major League Baseball game at Wrigley Field where the Arizona Diamondbacks were visiting the Chicago Cubs saw demonstrators protesting the law. Protesters focused on the Diamondbacks because owner Ken Kendrick had been a prominent fundraiser in Republican causes, but he in fact opposed the law. The Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association wore their "Los Suns" uniforms normally used for the league's "Noche Latina" program for their May 5, 2010 (Cinco de Mayo) playoff game against the San Antonio Spurs to show their support for Arizona's Latino community and to voice disapproval of the immigration law. The Suns' political action, rare in American team sports, created a firestorm and drew opposition from many of the teams' fans; President Obama highlighted it, while conservative radio commentator Rush Limbaugh called the move "cowardice, pure and simple." Boycotts Boycotts of Arizona were organized in response to SB 1070, with resolutions by city governments being among the first to materialize. The government of San Francisco, the Los Angeles City Council, and city officials in Oakland, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Denver, and Seattle all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with companies headquartered in Arizona. In an attempt to push back against the Los Angeles City Council's action, which was valued at $56 million, Arizona Corporation Commissioner Gary Pierce sent a letter to Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, suggesting that he'd "be happy to encourage Arizona utilities to renegotiate your power agreements so that Los Angeles no longer receives any power from Arizona-based generation." Such a move was infeasible for reasons of ownership and governance, and Pierce later stated that he was not making a literal threat to cut power to the city. U.S. Congressman Raúl Grijalva, from Arizona's 7th congressional district, had been the first prominent officeholder to call for an economic boycott of his state, by industries from manufacturing to tourism, in response to SB 1070. His call was echoed by La Opinión, the nation's largest Spanish-language newspaper. Calls for various kinds of boycotts were also spread through social media sites, and there were reports of individuals or groups changing their plans or activities in protest of the law. The prospect of an adverse economic impact made Arizonan business leaders and groups nervous, and Phoenix officials estimated that the city could lose up to $90 million in hotel and convention business over the next five years due to the controversy over the law. Phoenix Mayor Gordon urged people not to punish the entire state as a consequence. Major organizations opposing the law, such as the National Council of La Raza, refrained from initially supporting a boycott, knowing that such actions are difficult to execute successfully and even if done cause broad economic suffering, including among the people they are supporting. Arizona did have a past case of a large-scale boycott during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when it lost many conventions and several hundred million dollars in revenues after Governor Evan Mecham's cancellation of a Martin Luther King Jr. Day state holiday and a subsequent failed initial referendum to restore it. La Raza subsequently switched its position regarding SB 1070 and became one of the leaders of the boycott effort. The Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce opposed both the law and the idea of boycotting, saying the latter would only hurt small businesses and the state's economy, which was already badly damaged by the collapse of real estate prices and the late-2000s recession. Other state business groups opposed a boycott for the same reasons. Religious groups opposed to the law split on whether a boycott was advisable, with Bishop Carcaño saying one "would only extend our recession by three to five years and hit those who are poorest among us." Representative Grijalva said he wanted to keep a boycott restricted to conferences and conventions and only for a limited time: "The idea is to send a message, not grind down the state economy." Governor Brewer said that she was disappointed and surprised at the proposed boycotts – "How could further punishing families and businesses, large and small, be a solution viewed as constructive?" – but said that the state would not back away from the law. President Obama took no position on the matter, saying, "I'm the president of the United States, I don't endorse boycotts or not endorse boycotts. That's something that private citizens can make a decision about." Sports-related boycotts were proposed as well. U.S. Congressman from New York José Serrano asked baseball commissioner Bud Selig to move the 2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Chase Field in Phoenix. The manager of the Chicago White Sox, Ozzie Guillén, stated that he would boycott that game "as a Latin American" and several players indicated they might as well. Selig refused to move the game and it took place as scheduled a year later, with no players or coaches staying away. Two groups protesting outside the stadium drew little interest from fans eager to get into the game. The World Boxing Council, based in Mexico City, said it would not schedule Mexican boxers to fight in the state. A boycott by musicians saying they would not stage performances in Arizona was co-founded by Marco Amador, a Chicano activist and independent media advocate and Zack de la Rocha, the lead singer of Rage Against the Machine and the son of Beto de la Rocha of Chicano art group Los Four, who said, "Some of us grew up dealing with racial profiling, but this law (SB 1070) takes it to a whole new low." Called the Sound Strike, artists signing on with the effort included Kanye West, Cypress Hill, Massive Attack, Conor Oberst, Sonic Youth, Joe Satriani, Rise Against, Tenacious D, The Coup, Gogol Bordello, and Los Tigres del Norte. Some other Spanish-language artists did not join this effort but avoided playing in Arizona on their tours anyway; these included Pitbull, Wisin & Yandel, and Conjunto Primavera. The Sound Strike boycott failed to gain support from many area- or stadium-level acts, and no country music acts signed on. Elton John very publicly opposed such efforts, saying at a concert performance in Tucson: "We are all very pleased to be playing in Arizona. I have read that some of the artists won't come here. They are fuckwits! Let's face it: I still play in California, and as a gay man I have no legal rights whatsoever. So what's the fuck up with these people?" By November 2010, Pitbull had announced a change of heart, playing a show in Phoenix because large parts of the law had been stopped by the judicial action. My Chemical Romance, an original Sound Strike participant, supposedly dropped out and scheduled a show in the state as well (however, the following day the show was cancelled and the band apologized, explaining that it was an error with tour scheduling and it should not have been booked in the first place due to "the band's affiliation with The Sound Strike" ). De la Rocha said Sound Strike would continue despite the injunction against large parts of SB 1070 in order to battle Arizona's "racist and fear mongering state government" and until the Obama administration stopped participating in federal actions such as the 287(g) program, Secure Communities, and other U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement policies. In reaction to the boycott talk, proponents of the law advocated making a special effort to buy products and services from Arizona in order to indicate support for the law. These efforts, sometimes termed a "buycott", were spread by social media and talk radio as well as by elements of the Tea Party movement. Some supporters of the law and legal scholars have also suggested that the city government boycotts of Arizona represent an unconstitutional violation of the Interstate Commerce Clause. By early May, the state had lost a projected $6–10 million in business revenue, according to the Arizona Hotel & Lodging Association. However, an increase in leisure travel and an overall economic recovery more than compensated for the business travel loss; by July, overall hotel occupancy rates and revenues were up from the same period in 2009. The president of the Greater Phoenix Economic Council said, "Fundamentally, the boycotts have been unsuccessful." A November 2010 study by the progressive-oriented Center for American Progress stated that the boycott had so far cost the state economy as much as $141 million in lost revenues, including $45 million in the lodging industry. However, an examination at the same time by the Associated Press found that while the boycott had been disruptive in some areas, it had had nowhere near the effect some had originally imagined. Visitors at Grand Canyon National Park were up from the year before, several well-known Arizona-based companies that were targeted said they had seen no effect from it, and the actions by the San Francisco and Los Angeles city governments had resulted in few practical consequences. Sports-related boycotts, such as of the Fiesta Bowl, sponsor Frito-Lay and beer distributor Hensley & Co., had also had no effect. In September 2011 La Raza and two associated groups called off their boycott, saying that the action had been successful in discouraging some other states from passing SB 1070-like laws and that continuing the boycott would only punish businesses and workers. Effects Arizona Some Christian churches in Arizona with large immigrant congregations reported a 30 percent drop in their attendance figures. Schools, businesses, and health care facilities in certain areas also reported sizable drops in their numbers. That and the prevalence of yard sales suggested illegal immigrants were leaving Arizona, with some returning to Mexico and others moving to other U.S. states. A November 2010 study by BBVA Bancomer based upon Current Population Survey figures stated that there were 100,000 fewer Hispanics in Arizona than before the debate about the law began; it said Arizona's poor economic climate could also be contributing to the decline. The government of Mexico reported that over 23,000 of its citizens returned to the country from Arizona between June and September 2010. A report by Seminario Niñez Migrante found that about 8,000 students entered into Sonora public schools in 2009–2011 with families quoting the American economy and SB 1070 as the main causes. The weeks after the bill's signing saw a sharp increase in the number of Hispanics in the state registering their party affiliations as Democrats. Some immigration experts said the law might make workers with H-1B visas vulnerable to being caught in public without their hard-to-replace paperwork, which they are ordinarily reluctant to carry with them on a daily basis, and that as a consequence universities and technology companies in the state might find it harder to recruit students and employees. Some college and university administrators shared this fear, and President Robert N. Shelton of the University of Arizona expressed concern regarding the withdrawal of a number of honor roll students from the university in reaction to this bill. Some women with questionable immigration status avoided domestic abuse hotlines and shelters for fear of deportation. Some critics of SB 1070 feared that it will serve as a roadblock to victims getting needed support, while supporters said such concerns were unfounded and that the Act was directed towards criminals, not victims. While a few provisions of the law were left standing following the July 2010 blockage of the most controversial parts, authorities often kept following existing local ordinances in those areas in preference to using the new SB 1070 ones. One county sheriff said, "The whole thing is still on the shelf until the Supreme Court hears it." By mid-2012, those provisions had still rarely been made use of. The training that police forces had gone through to avoid racial profiling and understand federal immigration policies still had a beneficial effect overall. A 2016 study found that the legislation "significantly reduced the flow of illegal workers into Arizona from Mexico by 30 to 70 percent." In April 2020, plans were announced to build a new mural at the Arizona Capitol Museum honoring those harmed by the law. Other states The Arizona legislation was one of several reasons pushing Democratic congressional leaders to introduce a proposal addressing immigration. Senator Schumer sent a letter to Governor Brewer asking her to delay the law while Congress works on comprehensive immigration reform, but Brewer quickly rejected the proposal. Bills similar to SB 1070 were introduced in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Michigan, Minnesota, and South Carolina. None of them went to final votes in 2010; politicians in nearly twenty states had proposed introducing similar legislation during their 2011 legislative calendars. Such proposals drew strong reaction both for and against. The other states along the Mexican border – Texas, New Mexico, and California – generally showed little interest in following Arizona's path. This was due to their having established, powerful Hispanic communities, deep cultural ties to Mexico, past experience with bruising political battles over the issue (such as with California Proposition 187 in the 1990s), and the perception among their populations that illegal immigration was less severe a problem. By March 2011, Arizona-like bills had been defeated or had failed to progress in at least six states and momentum had shifted against such imitative efforts. Reasons ranged from opposition from business leaders to fear among legislators of the legal costs of defending any adopted measure. One state that did pass a law based partly on SB 1070, Utah, combined it with a guest worker program that went in the other direction (and fit into the spirit of the Utah Compact). Even in Arizona itself, additional tough measures against undocumented immigration were having a difficult time gaining passage in the Arizona Senate. Other states were still waiting to see what the outcome of the legal battles would be. By September 2011, Indiana, Georgia, and South Carolina had passed somewhat similar measures and were facing legal action. Another anti-illegal immigration measure, Alabama HB 56, was considered tougher even than SB 1070; it was signed into law in June 2011. However, federal courts subsequently blocked many of the key provisions of these laws in those states, and other provisions were dropped following settlements of lawsuits. Political careers State senator Pearce rose to become President of the Arizona Senate in January 2011. He subsequently suffered a major defeat when he lost a November 2011 recall election. Among the reasons given for his loss were the desire for greater civility in politics and a lessening of the tension over immigration policy, and a loss of support for Pearce among LDS Church members based on character issues. Other reasons for the defeat, such as concerns over Pearce's ethics in taking free trips or the involvement of a third candidacy in the recall election, had little to do with SB 1070. In August 2012, Pearce lost a comeback bid in the Republican primary for the nomination for a state senate seat to businessman Bob Worsley. Pearce was given another government job by the Maricopa County Treasurer. Drafter of the law Kris Kobach won election as Secretary of State of Kansas, first defeating two other candidates in a Republican primary, then winning the general election against Democratic incumbent Chris Biggs by a wide margin. Sheriff Joe Arpaio was among those who campaigned for Kobach. State attorney general Goddard did get the Democratic nomination in the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial election. Governor Jan Brewer went on to defeat him by a 54 to 42 percent margin in the November 2010 general election. A 2016 study found that the up-tick in Brewer's approval ratings due to the legislation "proved enduring enough to turn a losing race for re-election into a victory". Legal challenges Supremacy Clause vs. concurrent enforcement The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) criticized the statute as a violation of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, which states that federal law, so long as it is constitutional, is paramount over state laws. Erwin Chemerinsky, a constitutional scholar and dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law said, "The law is clearly pre-empted by federal law under Supreme Court precedents." According to Kobach, the law embodies the doctrine of "concurrent enforcement" (the state law parallels applicable federal law without any conflict), and Kobach stated that he believed that it would thus survive any challenge: "There are some things that states can do and some that states can't do, but this law threads the needle perfectly.... Arizona only penalizes what is already a crime under federal law." State senator Pearce noted that some past state laws on immigration enforcement had been upheld in federal courts. In Gonzales v. City of Peoria (9th Cir. 1983), a court held that the Immigration and Naturalization Act precludes local enforcement of the Act's civil provisions but not the Act's criminal provisions. The US Attorney General may enter a written agreement with a state or local government agency under which that agency's employees perform the function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States; however, such an agreement is not required for the agency's employees to perform those functions. On the other hand, various legal experts were divided on whether the law would survive a court challenge, with one law professor saying it "sits right on that thin line of pure state criminal law and federally controlled immigration law." Past lower court decisions in the area were not always consistent, and a decision on the bill's legality from the US Supreme Court was one possible outcome. Initial court actions On April 27, 2010, Roberto Javier Frisancho, a natural-born citizen and resident of Washington, D.C., who planned to visit Arizona, filed the first lawsuit against S.B. 1070. On April 29, 2010, the National Coalition of Latino Clergy and Christian Leaders and a Tucson police officer, Martin Escobar, filed suit against SB 1070, both doing so separately in federal court. The National Coalition's filing claimed that the law usurped federal responsibilities under the Supremacy Clause that it led to racial profiling by imposing a "reasonable suspicion" requirement upon police officers to check the immigration status of those they come in official conduct with, which would, in turn, be subject to too much personal interpretation by each officer. Escobar's suit argued that there was no race-neutral criteria available to him to suspect that a person was an illegal alien and that implementation of the law would hinder police investigations in areas that were predominantly Hispanic. The suit also claimed the Act violated federal law because the police and the city have no authority to perform immigration-related duties. The Tucson police department insisted that Escobar was not acting on its behalf and that it had received many calls from citizens complaining about his suit. A Phoenix police officer, David Salgado, quickly followed with his own federal suit, claiming that to enforce the law would require him to violate the rights of Hispanics. He also said that he would be forced to spend his own time and resources studying the law's requirements and that he was liable to being sued whether he enforced the law or not. On May 5, Tucson and Flagstaff became the first two cities to authorize legal action against the state over the Act. San Luis later joined them. However, as of mid-late May, none of them had actually filed a suit. In late May, however, the city of Tucson filed a cross-claim and joined Officer Escobar in his suit. On May 17, a joint class action lawsuit, Friendly House et al. v. Whiting, was filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of ten individuals and fourteen labor, religious, and civil rights organizations. The legal counsel filing the action, the largest of those filed, was a collaboration of the ACLU, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the National Immigration Law Center, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, and the Asian Pacific American Legal Center. The suit seeks to prevent SB 1070 from going into effect by charging: It violates the federal Supremacy Clause by attempting to bypass federal immigration law; It violates the Fourteenth Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause rights of racial and national origin minorities by subjecting them to stops, detentions, and arrests based on their race or origin; It violates the First Amendment rights of freedom of speech by exposing speakers to scrutiny based on their language or accent; it violates the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures because it allows for warrantless searches in absence of probable cause; It violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause by being impermissibly vague; It infringes on constitutional provisions that protect the right to travel without being stopped, questioned, or detained. This suit named County's Attorney and Sheriffs as defendants, rather than the State of Arizona or Governor Brewer, as the earlier suits had. On June 4, the ACLU and others filed a request for an injunction, arguing that the Act's scheduled start date of July 29 should be postponed until the underlying legal challenges against it were resolved. Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice, the state affiliate of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, alleged in an amicus curiae brief for the ACLU et al. case that the prolonged detentions mandated by the law if reasonable suspicion that someone subject to a lawful stop was an undocumented immigrant are not justifiable except under the probable cause standard and so the law requires violations of Fourth Amendment rights. The Anti-Defamation League also filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the case. The Government of Mexico said that the law was unconstitutional and would lead to unlawful discrimination against Mexican citizens and damage to relations between the two nations. Indeed, so many amicus curiae briefs have been filed regarding the law that size limits were imposed upon them. Kobach remained optimistic that the suits would fail: "I think it will be difficult for the plaintiffs challenging this. They are heavy on political rhetoric but light on legal arguments." In late May 2010, Governor Brewer issued an executive order to create the Governor's Border Security and Immigration Legal Defense Fund to handle suits over the law. Brewer got into a dispute with Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard over whether he would defend the law against legal challenges, as a state attorney general normally would. Brewer accused Goddard, who opposed the law personally and was one of Brewer's possible rivals in the gubernatorial election, of colluding with the US Justice Department as it deliberated whether to challenge the law in court. Goddard subsequently agreed to withdraw from the state's defense. Department of Justice lawsuit The United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the state of Arizona in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona on July 6, 2010, asking for the law to be declared invalid since it interferes with the immigration regulations "exclusively vested in the federal government." In a brief to the press, the department's lawyers referenced the notion of federal preemption and stated, "The Constitution and the federal immigration laws do not permit the development of a patchwork of state and local immigration policies throughout the country.... The immigration framework set forth by Congress and administered by federal agencies reflects a careful and considered balance of national law enforcement, foreign relations, and humanitarian concerns – concerns that belong to the nation as a whole, not a single state." That pointed to an additional practical argument: the law would result in federal authorities losing focus on their broader priorities to deal with an influx of deportations from Arizona. The Justice Department requested for the federal courts to enjoin enforcement of the law before it could go into effect. The suit did not argue that the law will lead to racial profiling, but department officials said they would continue to monitor that aspect if the measure went into effect. A direct suit of a state by the federal government is rare, and the action held possible political consequences for the 2010 U.S. midterm elections as well. It was also seen as a pre-emptive measure to discourage other states considering similar laws from moving forward with them. Immediate reaction to the Justice Department's decision was highly split, with liberal groups hailing it but with Governor Brewer calling it "nothing more than a massive waste of taxpayer funds." Senators Kyl and McCain released a joint statement noting that "the American people must wonder whether the Obama Administration is really committed to securing the border when it sues a state that is simply trying to protect its people by enforcing immigration law." Representative Darrell Issa, one of 19 Republicans to sign a letter criticizing the suit on the day that it was announced, said, "For President Obama to stand in the way of a state which has taken action to stand up for its citizens against the daily threat of violence and fear is disgraceful and a betrayal of his Constitutional obligation to protect our citizens." The federal action also led to a surge in contributions to the governor's defense fund for the law. By July 8, total donations were over $500,000, with the large majority of them being for $100 or less and coming from around the nation. The Arizona Latino Republican Association became the first Latino organization to come out in support of SB 1070 and filed a motion to intervene against the Justice Department's lawsuit challenging it. An attempt in the US Senate to block funding for the Justice Department's lawsuit lost by a 55–43 vote that was mostly along party lines. Initial hearings and rulings Hearings on three of the seven lawsuits were held on July 15 and 22, 2010, before U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton. Bolton asked pointed questions of each side during both hearings but gave no indication of how or when she would rule. On July 28, 2010, Bolton issued a ruling on the Justice Department suit, United States of America v. Arizona, granting a preliminary injunction that blocked the most key and controversial portions of SB 1070 from going into effect. They included requiring police to check the immigration status of those arrested or stopped, which the judge ruled would overwhelm the federal government handling of immigration cases and could mean that legal immigrants would be wrongly arrested. She wrote, "Federal resources will be taxed and diverted from federal enforcement priorities as a result of the increase in requests for immigration status determination that will flow from Arizona." Her ruling was not a final decision but was based on the belief that the Justice Department was likely to win a full later trial in federal court on these aspects. Bolton made no rulings in the other six lawsuits. Governor Brewer said that the injunction would be appealed, and on July 29, that was done in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. State senator Pearce predicted that the legal battle would eventually end up in the Supreme Court and likely be upheld by a 5–4 margin. Judge Bolton's ruling let a number of other aspects of the law take effect on July 29, including the ability to prevent state officials from maintaining "sanctuary city" policies and allowing civil suits against those policies, the mandating that state officials work with federal officials on matters related to illegal immigration, and the prohibition of stopping a vehicle in traffic to pick up day laborers. Those parts of the law were challenged not by the Justice Department but by some of the other suits. A three-judge panel from the Ninth Circuit heard arguments in the appeal case on November 1, 2010, and it gave indications that it might reinstate but weaken parts of the law. In February 2011, Arizona filed a countersuit against the federal government in the United States v. Arizona case, accusing it of failing to secure the Mexican border against large numbers of illegal immigrants. Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne acknowledged that precedent surrounding sovereign immunity in the United States made the state's case difficult, but he said, "We're asking the 9th Circuit to take a second look." On April 11, 2011, the Ninth Circuit panel upheld the district court's ban on parts of the law taking effect, thus ruling in favor of the Obama administration and against Arizona. Judge Richard Paez gave the majority opinion in which Judge John T. Noonan Jr. joined; Judge Carlos Bea dissented in part. Paez agreed with the administration's view that the state had intruded upon federal prerogatives. Noonan wrote in his concurrence: "The Arizona statute before us has become a symbol. For those sympathetic to immigrants to the United States, it is a challenge and a chilling foretaste of what other states might attempt." On May 9, 2011, Governor Brewer announced that Arizona would appeal directly to the US Supreme Court, rather than request a hearing en banc before the Ninth Circuit. That appeal was filed on August 10, 2011. In response, the Justice Department requested for the Supreme Court to stay out of the case and said that the lower courts' actions were appropriate. Observers thought it likely that the Supreme Court would take up the matter, but if it declined to step in, the case most likely would be returned to the trial judge in the District Court to review the case on its merits and determine whether the temporary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions should become permanent. The Supreme Court announced in December 2011 that it had granted a petition for writ of certiorari, and oral arguments took place on April 25, 2012. Bolton's court continued to oversee the other lawsuits; by early 2012 three of the seven were still active. On February 29, 2012, Bolton ruled in favor of an action led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and blocked provisions of the law that allowed for the arrest of day workers who block traffic in an effort to gain employment. US Supreme Court ruling On June 25, 2012, the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in the case Arizona v. United States. It determined, by a 5–3 majority, with Justice Anthony Kennedy writing the opinion, that Sections 3, 5(C), and 6 of SB 1070 were pre-empted by federal law. Those sections made it a state misdemeanor for an immigrant not to be carrying documentation of lawful presence in the country, allowed state police to arrest without a warrant in some situations, and made it unlawful under state law for an individual to apply for employment without federal work authorization. All of the justices agreed to uphold the portion of the law allowing Arizona state police to investigate the immigration status of an individual stopped, detained, or arrested if there is reasonable suspicion that individual is in the country unlawfully. However, Justice Kennedy specified in the majority opinion that state police may not detain the individual for a prolonged amount of time for not carrying immigration documents and that cases based upon allegations of racial profiling may proceed through the courts if such cases happen later. Justice Scalia dissented and said that he would have upheld the entire law. Justice Thomas likewise stated that he would have upheld the entire law and that it was not pre-empted by federal law. Justice Alito agreed with Justices Scalia and Thomas on Sections 5(C) and 6 but joined with the majority in finding Section 3 pre-empted. Further rulings and challenges On September 5, 2012, Judge Bolton cleared the way for police to carry out the 2010 law's requirement that officers, while enforcing other laws, may question the immigration status of those they suspect are in the country unlawfully. She said that the Supreme Court had clearly stated that the provision "cannot be challenged further on its face before the law takes effect," but that constitutionality challenges on other grounds could take place in the future. Later that month, the first arrest received some news attention. In November 2013, the ACLU filed the first legal challenge to this provision. See also Chandler Roundup Illegal immigration in the United States Mississippi SB 2179 Special Order 40 Texas Senate Bill 4 Citations General references External links Documents for SB 1070 at the Arizona State Legislature Documents for HB 2162 at the Arizona State Legislature SB1070 as amended by HB 2162 (combined version), unofficial but provided by Arizona State Legislature House Engrossed Senate Bill SB 1070, as enacted, Arizona Governor website. Conference engrossed Bill HB 2162 Amending SB 1070, as enacted , Arizona Governor website. United States Code Title 8 – Aliens and Nationality SB1070 Public Information Center – Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board Gabriel J. Chin, Carissa Byrne Hessick, Toni Massaro & Marc Miller, Arizona Senate Bill 1070: A Preliminary Report, Social Science Research Network Tito Rodriguez, Governor Jan Brewer Signs (SB 1070) Toughest Illegal Immigration Law in the U.S. – Mexican-American.org (4/23/10) Keith Gaddie and Kelly Damphousse (eds.), Social Science Quarterly virtual issue: Immigration on the One Year Anniversary of Arizona SB 1070. Fact sheet for S.B. 1070 (Hoja de resumen para la S.B. 1070) Arizona, et al. v. United States U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments transcript and audio Arizona v. United States Audio Book Bookmarkable .m4b audio book of the arguments in Arizona v. United States 2010 in American law 2010 in Arizona Arizona statutes Illegal immigration to the United States Immigration legislation Race and law in the United States United States immigration law
The blackmouth lanternshark is a species of dogfish shark within the family Etmopteridae. This species is part of a subgroup that includes one other species from within the family. It is known to inhabit the benthic zones of the Eastern Indian Ocean and the Arafura Sea. These sharks were first described in a 2002 issue of Cybium: International Journal of Ichthyology, and there is still much unknown about the species. Taxonomy and phylogeny The blackmouth lanternshark belongs to a subgroup of the genus Etmopterus that also includes the lined lanternshark, Etmopterus dislineatus. The genus name can be broken down into its Greek roots: "ethmos" refers to the sharks' ethmoid bone in the skull and "pteron" refers to sharks' fins. The species name evansi comes from the Australian fishery scientist, David Evans, who has spent years studying specimens of the species. Distribution and habitat Within the Indian ocean, the blackmouth lanternshark can be found in the continental slopes off the northwest coast of Western Australia. The species is also found in the continental slopes of the Arafura Sea south of the Tanimbar Islands in Indonesia. There are additional records of the species found off the coast of Papua New Guinea. Generally these lanternshark are found between 430 and 550 meters below sea level. More specifically, the sharks tend to inhabit shoals and reefs within these locations and depths. It is not known to have a preference for hard or soft substrate environments. Description The Blackmouth lanternshark is known to reach 30 cm in length. Knowledge on the species general description is limited due to its recent discovery and the limited samples currently being studied. Females tend to be larger than males, and the males are known to be mature at roughly 26 cm long. The longest individual found was 32 cm. These lanternsharks are fusiform and approximately cylindrical in shape with a soft trunk. Compared to other species within the genus, evansi's head and snout are relatively short and its nostrils are relatively small. The species has relatively large, narrow eyes. Its mouth is narrow and moderately arched with four sets of functional teeth. The upper jaw contains three of the fours sets with small teeth usually having five cusps, and the lower jaw contains the fourth set with interlocking blade-like teeth with one cusp. The gills of the Blackmouth lanternfish are relatively large, approximately oblique, and roughly all the same size. Individuals have two dorsal fins, one pectoral fin, one pelvic fin and one caudal fin. The first fin is low and small compared to the second, and the pectoral fin is also relatively small. The caudal peduncle is long and thin. The caudal fin is very short, usually roughly the same size as the head. Blackmouth lanternsharks have a light gray/brown dorsal half and a significantly darker ventral half separated by fine black lines. Individuals have denticles covering most of their body. There are a few bare spots but for the most part the denticles are dense and thin throughout, and are arranged in imperfect longitudinal rows. There are well defined melanophores and luminescent markings throughout the sharks' bodies as well. Diet The diet of the Blackmouth lanternshark has yet to be studied in depth but many species from the genus Etmopterus are known to feed on nekton such as krill, cephalopods, small crustaceans, and small teleost fish. Behavior and ecology The blackmouth lanternshark is ovoviviparous. The eggs are hatched within the female's uterus and sustained on a yolk sac until they are ready to hatch. The gestation period varies for many other species of Etmopterus but is generally longer than other sharks. These sharks require two reproductive seasons for one full reproductive cycle: one for reproductive organ development and gamete production and one for embryological development. Females within the Etmopterus genus produce anywhere from 2 to 20 young in one reproductive cycle. The Blackmouth lanternshark's mating behavior includes distinct pairing and a courtship embrace. The blackmouth lanternshark is recognized as Least Concern in terms of conservation status. It is not known to be threatened by human activity due to its habitat. References Etmopterus Taxa named by Peter R. Last Taxa named by George H. Burgess Taxa named by Bernard Séret Fish described in 2002
The Theatre Museum in the Covent Garden district of London, England, was the United Kingdom's national museum of the performing arts. Theatre Museum may also refer to: The Theatre Museum, a museum in New York, U.S. Theatre Museum, Warsaw, Poland Theatre Museum Canada Theatre Museum in the Court Theatre, Copenhagen, Denmark
Qezel Hesar (, also Romanized as Qezel Ḩeṣār) is a village in Radkan Rural District of Radkan District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 65 in 16 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 3,051 people in 48 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 3,570 people in 35 households; it was the largest village in its rural district. After the census, the rural district was separated from the Central District and Radkan District established, with two rural districts and the city of Radkan as its capital. References Chenaran County Populated places in Chenaran County
The Wantok Cup was an international football competition between the national teams of three Melanesian countries: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The Cup was to be a thrice-a-year competition, to be held in July (twice) and September (once), as part of independence commemoration celebrations in the Solomons, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea, respectively. The inaugural edition of the Cup was held during independence celebrations in the Solomon Islands, from July 3 to July 7, 2008, and was won by the hosts. Eddie Ngava, General Secretary of the Solomon Islands Football Federation, had stated: "We hope this will be the inaugural start of the Wantok Cup when each of the three countries will be having a competition on each of their countries' independence days." The Cup has been described by the Oceania Football Confederation as "a tournament reminiscent of the now defunct Melanesian Cup". Ngava, however, has stated that "these two competitions are not linked in any way". Wantok is a Tok Pisin and Pijin word which comes from the English "one talk", and means people who speak the same language, belong to the same culture, and are comrades. The name was chosen so as to emphasise the similarities of the pidgin languages spoken in the three countries - namely Tok Pisin, Pijin and Bislama. Difficulties From the start, the competition was plagued by financial difficulties. Papua New Guinea's team withdrew from the inaugural edition at the last moment, citing financial constraints, and Vanuatu announced that it would be unable to host the second edition of the Cup, for the same reason. Nonetheless, the Wantok Cup was expected to continue, Vanuatu having pledged to host it in July 2009. The 2009 games did not take place. The second edition of the Wantok Cup was then due to be hosted by Vanuatu to coincide with its Independence Day celebrations in July 2010. In March 2010, the Vanuatu Daily Post commented that the Solomon Islands Football Federation was preparing seriously for the Cup, while the Vanuatu Football Federation was yet to do so. On July 9, the Solomon Star reported that Papua New Guinea would not be attending, as it was "occupied by other football programs", and that even scheduled host Vanuatu had yet to confirm it would be taking part. The article concluded: "If Vanuatu agrees to host the tournament then it is likely that the Wantok Cup will only feature Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." There is no record of the July 2010 edition of the Cup having taken place - presumably due to a withdrawal by the hosts. In 2011, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands met for four games, beginning with a match in the Solomons on its Independence Day and culminating in a match held in Vanuatu on the latter's Independence Day, which had been the aim of the Wantok Cup, although the media did not use the Cup's name. Vanuatu won the final match 2-0, and the four matches on aggregate by 3-2. Nonetheless, if one considers the Solomons' Independence Day matches (July 7 & 9) separately from those held around Vanuatu's Independence Day (July 27 & 30), and treats them as separate competitions, then the Solomons won the former 2-1 on aggregate, and Vanuatu the latter 2-0 on aggregate. No further editions of the Cup have been reported as scheduled; the Cup appears to be defunct as such, or to continue only in an informal manner. Thus, Papua New Guinea never actually competed in a Wantok Cup event. New Caledonia never participated in the adult Wantok Cup either, but sent a national team to the inaugural (and so far only) edition of the Junior Wantok Cup in January 2010. Results Wins Summaries The second edition of the Cup, due to be hosted in Vanuatu in July 2008, was cancelled due to the host's financial difficulties. There is no record of the July 2010 edition having taken place. Matches played in 2011 do not appear to have been formally described as an edition of the Wantok Cup. Senior editions July 2008 (first) The inaugural edition of the Wantok Cup was held during Independence Day celebrations in Honiara, Solomon Islands, from July 3 to July 7, 2008. The host nation fielded two teams, and Vanuatu one. The Solomons' team of under-23 year-olds won the Cup. Though it was intended to be the first in a series of regular events, all subsequent editions of the adult Wantok Cup were cancelled. July 2008 (second) The second edition of the Wantok Cup was scheduled to be held during Independence Day celebrations in Vanuatu, in late July 2008. Papua New Guinea having withdrawn from the first edition of the Cup earlier in July, due to financial reasons, the country's participation in the second edition remained uncertain. The Solomon Islands was to be represented by two teams. On July 18, it was announced that Vanuatu would be unable to host the Cup that month, due to financial difficulties. The second edition of the Wantok Cup was consequently cancelled. The Vanuatu Football Federation stated that the country would host the Cup in July 2009. In the end, no games were held in 2009. September 2008 The third edition of the Wantok Cup was scheduled to be held during Independence Day celebrations in Papua New Guinea, in September 2008. The Solomon Islands initially confirmed their participation, and were due to play against the hosts on September 20, but then pulled out, citing financial constraints. The September 2008 edition of the Wantok Cup was then expected to be an encounter between Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu. This edition of the Cup never took place. The second edition of the Cup was rescheduled for July 2010, to be hosted by Vanuatu. July 2010 The second edition of the Wantok Cup was due to be held in Vanuatu, and to begin on July 31, 2010. Had the Cup being held according to schedule, this would have been the seventh or eighth edition, as the Wantok Cup was supposed to be held thrice yearly. Following the inaugural edition in July 2008 in the Solomon Islands, scheduled editions for 2008 were cancelled, and no games were held in 2009. The Solomon Islands national football team confirmed its participation. As of early July, it was the only country to have done so. The Oceania Football Confederation in February spoke of the Solomon Islands team facing Vanuatu in the Wantok Cup in July, thus suggesting that Papua New Guinea would be absent, or that its participation was unconfirmed. In March, the Vanuatu Daily Post commented that the Solomon Islands Football Federation was preparing seriously for the Cup, while the Vanuatu Football Federation was yet to do so. On July 9, the Solomon Star reported that Papua New Guinea would not be attending, as it was "occupied by other football programs", and that even scheduled host Vanuatu had yet to confirm it would be taking part. The article concluded: "If Vanuatu agrees to host the tournament then it is likely that the Wantok Cup will only feature Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." There is no record of the July 2010 edition of the Cup having taken place - presumably due to a withdrawal by the hosts. No further editions of the Cup have been reported as scheduled. July 2011 (1st & 2nd) These may not have been official editions of the Cup. Nonetheless, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands met for four games in July, beginning with two in the Solomons on and around its independence day (July 7), followed by two match in Vanuatu on and around that country's independence day, July 30 - as intended originally by the Wantok Cup. On aggregate, over the span of the four games, Vanuatu scored three goals to the Solomons' two. If the events are considered separately, Solomon Islands won its Independence Day games 2-1 on aggregate, while Vanuatu won its Independence Day games on aggregate Junior edition There has also been a Junior Wantok Cup, for under-15s. Originally scheduled to be launched in 2008, it was -like the adult version- delayed. The official inaugural edition was hosted by Vanuatu in January 2010, with five teams competing (three from the host country, one from the Solomon Islands and one from New Caledonia). The Solomon Islands defeated Vanuatu South 4-1 to take the title, replicating the achievement of their adult counterparts. Wins See also Papua New Guinea national football team Solomon Islands national football team Vanuatu national football team Notes and references Recurring sporting events established in 2008 International association football competitions hosted by Papua New Guinea International association football competitions hosted by the Solomon Islands International association football competitions hosted by Vanuatu
NewsLibrary is an online news database operated by Newsbank that houses a conglomeration of news from over "4,000 outlets in the United States", most of which are "traditional" sources of news coverage, such as "newspapers and television stations". A total of 65 different newspapers are included in the article database. The database itself allows a user to input a search term and then narrow the listed search by date, region and newspaper, with the earliest possible articles to find being from the early 1980s. The site charges a fee for viewing the content, which is done on a pay-per-article scale, with each article costing $1.95. The cost of viewing articles is charged to the user accounts on a monthly basis, though there is the option to purchase 100 articles directly for $77. Originally developed by Knight Ridder, It is described as a successor to the web archive VU/TEXT that was owned by Knight Ridder and shut down in 1996. NewsLibrary was purchased by Newsbank in 2001. NewsLibrary differs from other news databases in that the site allows the user to input a date, region, and newspaper, but nothing in the search bar; this brings up all of the articles published within the narrowed selection string, rather than searching for the use of a term or phrase within an article. Further reading References External links Official website Online archives of the United States Knight Ridder
Graham Law is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Wildcats) (Heritage № 1121), as a , or . Genealogical Information Graham Law is the brother of the rugby union, and rugby league footballer; Neil Law. References External links Saints subdue plucky Wildcats Giants live to fight on Super League preview Halifax halt Trinity charge Wakefield hit by injuries Bulls tame ailing Wildcats Wildcats ease to Wolves win Broncos recover for narrow win Wolves keep Wildcats at bay Salford revival continues Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Living people English rugby league players Place of birth missing (living people) Rugby league centres Rugby league five-eighths Rugby league locks Rugby league players from Sheffield Rugby league second-rows Wakefield Trinity players Year of birth missing (living people)
Printer cable refers to the cable that carries data between a computer and a printer. There are many different types of cables, for example: Serial: RS-232, EIA-422 Parallel FireWire USB Parallel port printers have been slowly phased out, and are now difficult to find for the most part, being considered as an obsolete legacy port on most new computers. Those who have printers and scanners with only parallel port may still be able to connect the devices via the use of USB adapters a.k.a. Parallel-to-USB cable, or use a PCI parallel printer port card. References Computer printers Signal cables
Dissen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Georg Ludolf Dissen (1784–1837), German classical philologist Heinrich von Dissen (1415–1484), German Carthusian theologian and writer German-language surnames
Oxylamia tepahius is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dillon and Dillon in 1959. It is known from Cameroon. References Endemic fauna of Cameroon Lamiini Beetles described in 1959
Campionato Primavera 2 is an Italian football youth competition. The first edition of the Campionato Primavera was held in the 1962–63 season, and a separate playoff for Serie B club took place. This tradition was discontinued after 1969. In 2017–18 season it split into two leagues: Campionato Primavera 1 and Campionato Primavera 2, organized by Lega Serie A and Lega Serie B respectively. Primavera2 is divided in two geographical leagues, the overall winner is decided through the Supercoppa Primavera 2. Format Primavera2 is linked with Primavera1 through a promotion/relegation system, but the respective senior club must be member of one of two Italian national football leagues, the Lega Serie A or the Lega Serie B: if the first team is relegated to the Serie C, the youth team is excluded by both Primavera championships and transferred to the Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti, and eventual re-admissions of other teams take place. Primavera2 is divided in two leagues, for Northern and Southern Italy. The winners of these leagues are promoted to Primavera1, while national playoffs for a third promotion take place. Past winners Primavera B Primavera2 See also Coppa Italia Primavera Serie B Serie A References External links Youth football competitions in Italy Italy
Judith Anne (Judy) Goldsmith is a computer scientist whose publications span a wide range of topics including artificial intelligence, computational complexity theory, decision theory, and computer science education. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Kentucky. Education and career Goldsmith graduated from Princeton University in 1982, with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. She completed her Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in mathematics (with a minor in computer science) in 1988. Her dissertation, Polynomial Isomorphisms and Near-Testable Sets, was supervised by Deborah Joseph. After short-term positions as a lecturer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, research instructor at Dartmouth College, and NSF visiting professor at Boston University, she joined the computer science faculty at the University of Manitoba in 1991. She moved to the University of Kentucky in 1993. Public opinion In computer science education, Goldsmith has spoken in favor of using science fiction in preference to case studies for teaching the ethics of artificial intelligence. She is Jewish, and participates in the Lexington, Kentucky Havurah. Dr. Goldsmith serves on the board of Sapiens Plurum, which offers annual prizes for short science fiction that envisions options for a better future. Recognition Goldsmith won the Mentor Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences in 1997. Selected publications References External links Home page Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American computer scientists American women computer scientists American Jews Princeton University alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty Dartmouth College faculty Boston University faculty Academic staff of the University of Manitoba University of Kentucky faculty American women academics 21st-century American women
Departure Lake is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in geographic Haggart Township, Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on Ontario Highway 11 between the communities of Strickland to the west and Smooth Rock Falls to the east. The community is counted as part of Unorganized North Cochrane District in Canadian census data. The mouth of Haggart Creek at the Poplar Rapids River is southeast of the community, and the Poplar Rapids River itself passes under Highway 11 and the Ontario Northland Railway just east of the community. Departure Lake, a lake on the Poplar Rapids River, is south of the community at the end of North Access Road, where there is a picnic area. References Communities in Cochrane District
Albuquerque tile factory is a tile factory located currently at Hoige Bazaar, Bolar, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. It is the only tile factory whose tiles are recommended for Government buildings. History The firm, A. Albuquerque & Sons, was established in 1868, by Alex Albuquerque Pai. It has since been passed down through the family for four generations of Albuquerque men. Presently, the factory is owned by George Albuquerque Pai. References Companies based in Mangalore Manufacturing companies of India Indian companies established in 1868 Manufacturing companies established in 1868
Joseph Magodaig (MacThegadan or Mac Teichthecháin) was an Irish priest in the mid thirteenth century: the first recorded Archdeacon of Ardagh: he was Bishop of the Diocese from 1230 to 1233. References Archdeacons of Ardagh Bishops of Ardagh
The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón (; ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Castellón, part of the autonomous community of Valencia. The diocese forms part of the ecclesiastical province of Valencia, and is thus suffragan to the Archdiocese of Valencia. History No name of any Bishop of Segorbe is known earlier than Proculus, who signed in the Third Council of Toledo (589). He was followed by a succession of bishop until Anterius, who attended the fifteenth (688) and the sixteenth (693). After this, there is no information of its bishops until the Arab invasion, when its church was converted into a mosque. In 1172 Pedro Ruiz de Azagra, second son of the Lord of Estella, held the city of Albarracín, and succeeded in establishing there a bishop. Pedro's refusal to recognise Aragonese sovereignty extended to his bishop, Martin, who refused to recognise the supremacy of the Bishop of Zaragoza, though ordered to do so by the pope. Instead, Martin swore allegiance to the Metropolitan of Toledo. Four years later, Martin took instead the title of Bishop of Segorbe. This choice of name follows the ideology of the Reconquest, according to which the bishops were simply restoring the old Christian entities only temporarily taken over by the Moors. In this way, the city of Albarracín became the seat of the bishops of Segorbe. When Segorbe was conquered by the king James I of Aragon in 1245, the cathedral seat was relocated from Albarracín to Segorbe. There arose serious territorial disputes with the Archdiocese of Valencia which claimed rights over several churches in Segorbe. The Bishop of Valencia, Arnau of Peralta, entered the church of Segorbe by force and expelled the prelate. The controversy being referred to Rome, Rome agreed with the Bishop of Segorbe-Albarracín. In 1318 Pope John XXII raised the see of Zaragoza to an Archdiocese, with the diocese of Segorbe-Albarracín as a suffragan. The Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady of Segorbe, once a mosque, was reconsecrated in 1534, and in 1795 the nave was lengthened, and new altars added, in the episcopate of Lorenzo Gómez de Haedo.Amadó, In 1577, Pope Gregory XIII, at the urging of Philip II of Spain, separated Albarracín and Segorbe. The terms of the papal bull specified that Segorbe belonged to the Kingdom of Valencia and Albarracín to that of Aragón. The order was well received in Albarracín, but not in Segorbe. The new bishopric of Albarracín was proclaimed a suffragan of Zaragoza, while that of Segorbe was of Valencia. In 1960 the see became the Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón. Following the De mutatione finium Dioecesium Valentinae-Segorbicensis-Dertotensis decree, of 31 May 1960, the parishes belonging to the Province of València were dismembered and aggregated to the Archdiocese of Valencia. On the other hand, the Nules, Vila-real, Castelló de la Plana, Lucena and Albocàsser parishes that had belonged to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tortosa were aggregated to the Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón along with the parish of Betxí. Present day The Cathedral was elevated to the rank of minor basilica in 1985. Its time-stained tower and its cloister are built on a trapezoidal ground plan. It is connected by a bridge with the old episcopal palace. The Cathedral Museum is located in the upper cloister and its adjacent rooms. Bishops of Segorbe (6th and 7th centuries) c. 589: Proculus (Mentioned in the Third Council of Toledo of 589) c. 610: Porcarius (Mentioned in the Council of Gundemar of 610) c. 633: Antonius (Mentioned in the Fourth Council of Toledo of 633) c. 646: Floridius (Mentioned in the Seventh Council of Toledo of 646) c. 655: Eusicius (Mentioned in the Ninth and Tenth Councils of Toledo of 655 and 656) c. 680: Memorius (Mentioned in the eleventh and twelfth Councils of Toledo of 675 and 681) c. 683: Olipa (Mentioned in the Thirteenth Council of Toledo of 683) c. 690: Anterius (Mentioned in the fifteenth and sixteenth Councils of Toledo of 688 and 693) Episcopal see suppressed (unknown–1173) Bishops of Segorbe (1173–1259) Bishops of Segorbe with seat in Albarracín. All the names are given in Spanish: 1173–1213: Martín 1213–1215: Hispano 1216–1222: Juan Gil 1223–1234: Domingo 1235–1238: Guillermo 1245–1246: Jimeno 1246–1259: Pedro Bishops of Segorbe-Albarracín (1259–1576) All the names are given in Spanish: 1259–1265: Martín Álvarez 1265–1272: Pedro Garcés 1272–1277: Pedro Jiménez de Segura 1284–1288: Miguel Sánchez 1288–1301: Aparicio 1302–1318: Antonio Muñoz 1319–1356: Sancho Dull 1356–1362: Elías 1362–1369: Juan Martínez de Barcelona 1369–1387: Iñigo de Valterra 1387–1400: Diego de Heredia 1400–1409: Francisco Riquer y Bastero 1410–1427: Juan de Tauste 1428–1437: Francisco de Aguiló 1438–1445: Jaime Gerart 1445–1454: Gisberto Pardo de la Casta 1455–1459: Luis de Milá y Borja 1461–1473: Pedro Baldó 1473–1498: Bartolomé Martí 1498–1499: Juan Marrades 1500–1530: Gilberto Martí 1530–1556: Gaspar Jofre de Borja 1556–1571: Juan de Muñatones 1571–1576: Francisco de Soto Salazar Bishops of Segorbe (1577–1960) 1577–1578: Francisco Sancho 1579–1582: Gil Ruiz de Liori 1583–1591: Martín de Salvatierra 1591–1597: Juan Bautista Pérez Rubert 1599–1609: Feliciano de Figueroa 1610–1635: Pedro Ginés de Casanova 1636–1638: Juan Bautista Pellicer 1639–1652: Diego Serrano de Sotomayor 1652–1660: Francisco Gavaldá 1661–1672: Anastasio Vives de Rocamora 1673–1679: José Sanchís y Ferrandis 1680–1691: Crisóstomo Royo de Castellví 1691–1707: Antonio Ferrer y Milán 1708–1714: Rodrigo Marín Rubio 1714–1730: Diego Muños de Baquerizo 1731–1748: Francisco de Cepeda y Guerrero 1749–1751: Francisco Cuartero 1751–1757: Pedro Fernández Velarde 1758–1770: Blas de Arganda 1770–1780: Alonso Cano 1780–1781: Lorenzo Lay Anzano 1783–1808: Lorenzo Gómez de Haedo 1814–1816: Lorenzo Algüero Ribera 1816–1821: Francisco de la Dueña Cisneros 1822–1824: Vicente Ramos García (Elected) 1825–1837: Juan Sanz Palanco 1847–1864: Domingo Canubio y Alberto 1865–1868: Joaquín Hernández Herrero 1868–1875: José Luis Montagut 1876–1880: Mariano Miguel Gómez 1880–1899: Francisco Aguilar 1900–1907: Manuel García Cerero y Soler 1907–1911: Antonio María Massanet 1913–1934: Luis Amigó Ferrer 1936–1936: Miguel de los Santos Serra y Sucarrats 1944–1950: Ramón Sanahuja y Marcé 1951–1960: José Pont y Gol Bishops of Segorbe-Castellón (since 1960) 1960–1970: José Pont y Gol 1971–1996: José María Cases Deordal 1996–2005: Juan Antonio Reig Pla 2006–today: Casimiro López Llorente See also List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of Spain Roman Catholic Diocese of Albarracín Segorbe Cathedral References Sources IBERCRONOX: Obispado de Segorbe-Castellón (Segóbriga) Valencian Community Segorbe-Castellon Religious organizations established in the 1170s Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 12th century
The 1st constituency of Hérault is a French legislative constituency in the Hérault département, covering Deputies Election results 2022 \|- \| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"\| \|- 2017 2012 2007 \|- \| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"\| \|- 2002 \|- \| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"\| \|- 1997 \|- \| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"\| \|- Sources French Interior Ministry results website: 1
George Alphonso Headley OD, MBE (30 May 1909 – 30 November 1983) was a West Indian cricketer who played 22 Test matches, mostly before World War II. Considered one of the best batsmen to play for the West Indies and one of the greatest cricketers of all time, Headley also represented Jamaica and played professional club cricket in England. West Indies had a weak cricket team through most of Headley's playing career; as their one world-class player, he carried a heavy responsibility and the side depended on his batting. He batted at number three, scoring 2,190 runs in Tests at an average of 60.83, and 9,921 runs in all first-class matches at an average of 69.86. He was chosen as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1934. Headley was born in Panama but raised in Jamaica, where he quickly established a cricketing reputation as a batsman. He soon gained his place in the Jamaican cricket team, and narrowly missed selection for the West Indies tour of England in 1928. He made his Test debut in 1930, against England in Barbados, and was instantly successful. Further successes followed in series against Australia and in three more against England, as Headley dominated the West Indian batting of the period. Following his tour of England in 1933, Headley signed as a professional at Haslingden in the Lancashire League, where he played until the outbreak of war in 1939. The war interrupted Headley's career; although he returned to Tests in 1948, he was hampered by injuries and did not achieve his previous levels of success. Even so, he was chosen as West Indies captain in 1948 against England, the first black player to be appointed to the position, although a combination of injuries and politics meant he only led his team for one Test match. He did not play Tests between 1949 and 1953, but resumed his career in English league cricket, first in Lancashire and later in the Birmingham League. His playing career ended in 1954 on his return to Jamaica, after a public subscription paid his fare from England. After retiring as a player, Headley was employed as a cricket coach by the Jamaican government until 1962. He lived until 1983; his son Ron and his grandson Dean each played Test match cricket, for West Indies and England respectively. Early life Headley was born in Colón, Panama, on 30 May 1909, the son of DeCourcy Headley and Irene Roberts. Neither of Headley's parents was from Panama; his father was from Barbados and his mother from Jamaica, but they had moved to Panama while DeCourcey worked on the construction of the Panama Canal. By the time Headley was five years old the Canal was complete, and the family moved to Cuba in search of further employment. In 1919, concerned by the amount of Spanish being spoken by her son, Headley's mother took him to Jamaica so he could be educated in an English-speaking school. Headley moved in with his mother's sister-in-law Mrs Clarence Smith, in Rae Town, Kingston, and remained with her until her death in 1933. His mother returned to Cuba, but regularly exchanged letters with her son. He attended Calabar Elementary School, where he played for the school cricket team as a wicket-keeper, although a meagre sporting budget meant he had to do so without gloves. Later, he continued his education at Kingston High School. Taking part in all-day cricket matches at the local Crabhole Park, Headley began to attract local attention, and aged 16, he joined Raetown Cricket Club. In 1925 he scored his first century, batting at number three in the batting order in a match for Raetown against Clovelly. On leaving school, Headley was appointed as a temporary clerk in a magistrate's court; this enabled him to play competitive cricket for the St Andrew's Police side in 1926, in a cup competition. Some impressive performances for the club earned him an invitation to practice with the Jamaica Colts team. However, his job made it impossible to attend, and he was not considered for the Jamaican side against Lord Tennyson's English touring side in 1927. That year, Headley began working for Keeling–Lindo Estates, in St Catherine. The firm were enthusiastic cricket patrons, allowing employees time off to play in matches, so that Headley was able to attend practice with the Jamaica team on a regular basis. He also moved to the St Catherine Cricket Club, captained by his immediate superior in Keeling–Lindo. To generate more income, Headley took a second job, working for the Jamaica Fruit and Shipping Company, but he wanted a secure profession. To this end, he planned to move to America to pursue a career in dentistry. However, he was now on the verge of the Jamaica team and a delay in the arrival of the application forms for his American work permit allowed him to make his first-class debut for Jamaica against another touring team led by Lord Tennyson. Early career Headley made his Jamaica debut against Lord Tennyson's XI at Sabina Park on 9 February 1928, in a match won easily by the home team. Batting at number three, his first innings yielded 16 runs, but in the second innings, he scored 71, reaching fifty runs in as many minutes. In the second game against Lord Tennyson's XI which began in Kingston on 18 February, Headley scored his maiden first-class century. Having scored 22 not out after the first day's play, he reached 50 runs by playing very carefully but subsequently played more adventurous shots. He hit the bowling of Alan Hilder for four consecutive fours and twice hit Lord Tennyson for three fours in a row. At one point, thirteen of his scoring shots in a row went for four. He was finally out for 211, the highest score at the time by a West Indian batsman against an English team. After the innings, Tennyson compared Headley to Victor Trumper and Charlie Macartney, batsmen considered among the best who ever played. Headley concluded the series against Tennyson's team with innings of 40 and 71, to give him an aggregate of 409 runs at an average of 81.80. He also took his maiden first class wicket. Following his success, Headley abandoned his prospective career in dentistry. Although some critics expected his selection for the West Indies tour of England in 1928, Headley was not chosen. While West Indies played their inaugural Test series during that tour, Headley continued to play for St Catherine's. He had another opportunity against English opposition in 1929, when a team led by Julien Cahn arrived to play two first-class games. Jamaica's distance from other Caribbean islands made it difficult for their cricketers to gain good-quality playing experience, so the frequent visits by English sides were important to the development of Jamaican cricket. These tours also served to build Headley's reputation. In the first match, Headley played a slow, defensive innings of 57, but he did not reach fifty in his other three innings. Even so, he was chosen by the Jamaican selectors for a West Indies XI, which included players from other islands, to play Cahn's team in their final tour match. The home side lost the toss and had to bat in very difficult conditions following rain. Headley found the fast bowlers difficult, but survived the period when the pitch was most difficult to bat on before he was out for 44. In the second innings, he attacked from the start and used a wide range of shots to reach 143 before he was run out. In three matches against the tourists, Headley scored 326 runs, averaging 54.33. A change in the location of his job meant that Headley moved to the Lucas Cricket Club in 1929. He visited America and played some exhibition matches for the Jamaican Athletic Club in New York, scoring a century against a touring team from Bermuda; his parents had moved to America by then, which enabled Headley to combine the cricket with his first visit to his parents in ten years. Test match career Debut and first Test series In 1930 the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) undertook a tour of the West Indies which included four Test matches—the first Tests to be played in the West Indies. The MCC side was not at full international strength; it included players who were either just beginning or just ending their international careers, and several star English bowlers were missing. The first Test was played in Barbados and Headley was selected, making his debut for the West Indies on 11 February 1930—to the disapproval of some Barbadians who thought his place should have gone to a local player. Batting at number three, he played aggressively in the first innings but the crowd barracked him and he was bowled for 21. However, in the second innings he scored 176, becoming the first West Indian to score a century on his Test debut and only their second centurion overall. He shared century partnerships with both Clifford Roach and Frank de Caires, but these were insufficient to force victory, and the match was drawn. Headley remained in the Test side for the rest of the series, the only home player other than Roach to appear in all four Tests. In Trinidad, during the second Test, Headley found the unfamiliar conditions difficult—Trinidad was the only Test match ground in the Caribbean which was played on a pitch made from matting instead of grass. Headley scored eight and 39 as West Indies lost the match. The home side levelled the series with their first ever Test victory in the third match of the series, played in British Guiana. In this match Headley became the first West Indian, and only the fifth cricketer of any nation, to score two separate hundreds in a Test match. His first innings of 114 was played mainly in support of Roach, who scored a double century. In the second innings, Headley scored 112 as West Indies batted with a big first innings lead, attacking defensive English bowling. While en route to the final Test in Jamaica, the West Indies team stopped in Panama and Costa Rica where official functions were held in Headley's honour. In Jamaica, where there was widespread jubilation, Headley attended several receptions and celebrations. When the cricket resumed, Headley scored 64, 72 and 55 in three innings against MCC for Jamaica. With the Test series level, it was agreed that the final match of the series would be played until one team won, regardless of how long it took—the other Tests had been limited to four days each. On the first three days, England scored 849. In reply West Indies could only manage 286, with Headley out for ten runs. England batted again, to set West Indies an eventual victory target of 836. This time, Headley batted for 390 minutes, faced 385 balls and hit 28 fours while scoring 223. He and Karl Nunes added 227 for the second wicket. Headley played the hook very effectively and hit many short deliveries for runs. When Headley was stumped, he had made what was at the time the fourth highest individual score in all Test cricket and the highest in a second innings. When West Indies still needed 428 runs, rain fell for two days and the match had to be abandoned after its ninth scheduled day. Headley ended the series with 703 runs at an average of 87.87. Australian tour Headley was selected for the West Indian tour of Australia in the 1930–31 season, under the captaincy of Jackie Grant. After a brief visit to New Zealand where they played a non-first-class match against Wellington, the tourists arrived in Sydney. Headley made a good start to the tour and attracted praise from the press in Australia and West Indies. The first match of the Australian leg was against New South Wales, where the West Indians were bowled out for 188 and Headley was stumped for 25. However, his runs came in less than two overs and Learie Constantine later rated this as one of Headley's best innings. In the second innings, Headley made 82, the top score, but could not prevent the tourists losing. The next match was also lost, as Bert Ironmonger took thirteen wickets in the match for Victoria. In the first innings, Headley scored 131 out of 212, regarded by one critic as one of the best centuries scored on the ground, and top-scored again with 34 in the second innings. By this stage the Australian bowlers had realised that Headley excelled when hitting the ball through the off side, and they began to alter their tactics accordingly. In the final match before the Test series began, against South Australia, Headley had problems playing the Australian bowlers, particularly the leg spin of Clarrie Grimmett. The Australians bowled at Headley's leg stump with fielders concentrated on the leg side, making it difficult for him to score runs. Headley scored 27 and 16 as his team were heavily defeated. These bowling tactics were used in subsequent matches, and Headley found difficulty in countering them. At the beginning of the first Test, West Indies were bowled out 296 as Grimmett took seven wickets, including Headley first ball. In the second innings, with West Indies 80 behind, Grimmett again attacked Headley's leg stump. After having his scoring restricted, Headley lost patience and after scoring 11 was stumped, trying to hit Grimmett. Bowled out for 249, West Indies lost by ten wickets. After scoring only three in the following tour match against Tasmania, Headley contributed 14 and two in an innings defeat in the second Test. After two heavy Test defeats for the tourists, some critics believed that the series was too one-sided and that some of the five Tests should be cancelled. Headley's poor run of form continued in the West Indian victory over Queensland and, having put on weight, he was also struggling with his fitness. In an effort to overcome Australia's leg stump attack Headley had altered his batting stance; instead of standing at right angles to the bowler, he turned his body more front-on, to enable him to improve his placement of the ball on the leg side. His quick footwork enabled him to alter his position if necessary to play the ball on the off side. He also eliminated from his strokes a risky cover drive he had developed on Caribbean pitches. During the third Test at Brisbane, Headley made his first substantial contribution to the series, after Australia scored 558 batting first. Facing Grimmett's leg side tactics, Headley managed to score freely, and forced Grimmett to alter to an off stump attack. With ten fours in total, Headley became the first West Indian to score a century against Australia, and was left 102 not out when West Indies were bowled out for 193. Forced to follow-on, West Indies were dismissed for 148 of which Headley made 28, the highest score of the innings. Ironmonger tricked him into playing the leg glance and he was caught by the wicket-keeper who had moved across in anticipation of the shot. Headley maintained his good form in matches against Victoria and South Australia after the third Test, scoring 77 and 113 in the first match and 75 and 39 in the second. Although neither match was won, the West Indians needed to take only one more wicket to win the first match when it ended drawn, and lost the second by a single wicket. However, the fourth Test was lost by an innings as Ironmonger again caused difficulties for the West Indies batsmen. Headley top-scored with 33 out of the first innings total of 99 but made only 11 on his second attempt, being dismissed both times by Ironmonger. By now the tour was making a financial loss, forcing the tourists to take economy measures such as travelling by tram. In conversation with a member of the Australian Board of Control, Headley, Constantine and fellow tourist Tommy Scott suggested the authorities should produce faster pitches to enable the public to see more attacking cricket. It seems this advice may have been heeded; the pitch was faster in a match against New South Wales, won by the West Indians, in which Headley scored 70 and two. In the fifth Test, West Indies won the toss and batted first, which proved an advantage in a match plagued by uncertain weather. Headley and fellow Jamaican Frank Martin scored centuries on the first day despite bowling from the Australians which the Jamaican newspaper Daily Gleaner described as good. Headley, playing Grimmett comfortably by now, batted for 146 minutes, and hit 13 fours. In the course of the innings he achieved the rare feat in Australia of reaching 1,000 first-class runs on the tour. Grant, the West Indies captain, declared the innings closed after rain had fallen to make the pitch more difficult for batting. Australia were then bowled out for 224, 126 runs behind West Indies. The tourists scored 124 more runs in their second innings, of which Headley made 30, before more rain fell and Grant declared for the second time in the match. Subsequently, the bowlers dismissed Australia for 220 to give West Indies their first win over Australia, although the series ended 4–1 to the home side. Headley scored 336 runs in the Test matches at an average of 37.33, and 1,066 runs at 44.41 in all first-class games. On their return home, the West Indian players were well received by the public and officials; Headley received praise and once again attended functions arranged in his honour. In Australia Donald Bradman, the star Australian batsman, praised Headley, particularly for the way in which he had overcome his problems against Grimmett. C. L. R. James, the writer and historian, later wrote that Headley's success demonstrated his mastery of batting. Headley arrived in Australia as a primarily off-side player which accounted for his difficulty against the Australian bowlers' tactics. However, James notes: "What he did, under fire, so to speak, was to reorganise his batting to meet the new attack." So successful was Headley that he was described by Grimmett as the best on-side batsman against whom the bowler had played. Tour by Lord Tennyson's team Headley resumed playing for Lucas on his return to Jamaica, attracting great crowds and high expectations. Once the cricket season ended, he embarked on another trip to America to play exhibition matches, visiting his parents on the journey. On his return for the 1931–32 season, he was appointed captain of Lucas and began preparing for the forthcoming tour of Jamaica by another team led by Lord Tennyson. In addition to his regular practice, Headley began a programme of running and swimming to improve his overall fitness. After performing well in the trial matches for Jamaica, he was selected in the first match against the tourists. Jamaica made an uncertain start, losing five wickets by the time their score reached 215 but Headley had scored 130. He then shared a partnership of 487 for the sixth wicket with Clarence Passailaigue; 236 not out after the first day's play, Headley went on to score an unbeaten 344, after batting for 407 minutes and hitting 39 fours. Jamaica totalled 702, and won the match by an innings. During his innings, Headley passed the previous highest score by any West Indian batsman, 304 not out by Percy Tarilton in 1920, and the highest score in the West Indies by any batsman, Andy Sandham's 325 in 1930. His partnership with Passailaigue took 248 minutes, and as of 2015 remains a world record for the highest sixth wicket partnership in a first-class match. The success of two home batsmen led to celebrations in Jamaica and praise from the English bowlers for Headley's batting. Headley continued his success in the second game, opening the batting and top-scoring with 84 in the first innings. In the second innings, opening again, he made 155 not out to guide West Indies to their victory target of 363. In the final match, Headley scored his third century of the series after returning to number three, accumulating 140 of Jamaica's total of 561. Jamaica won the match to win the series 3–0; Headley scored 723 runs at an average of 361.50. In the remainder of the season, Headley led Lucas to victory in the Senior Cup, scoring a century in the final. 1933 tour of England After playing in two trial matches, Headley was selected to tour England in 1933 under the continuing captaincy of Jackie Grant. The English press speculated on Headley's ability to cope with English conditions, while expecting him to perform to a high standard. In the event, Wisden believed he justified the expectations and increased his reputation. In the first match of the tour he scored 52 out of a total of 129 against Northamptonshire, in difficult batting conditions on a wet pitch. He scored fifties in each of his next three matches before scoring a century against the MCC during his first appearance at Lord's Cricket Ground. In the second innings of this match, a short ball from Bill Bowes struck Headley on the chest, and as a result of this injury he missed three games, but when he returned to the team he scored 129 against Glamorgan and 224 not out against Somerset. A quieter match followed against Middlesex, but Headley reached his second double century of the tour in the match against Derbyshire, which took him past 1,000 runs for the season. Despite Headley's contributions, the West Indians won only one of these matches and subsequently lost the first Test against England by an innings. Headley scored 13 in the West Indies first innings, and his 50 was the highest score when West Indies followed-on. Critics were impressed by Headley's second innings performance, in which he scored his runs out of 64 added while he was batting. Between the first and second Tests, in matches where conditions were difficult for batting and ideal for spin bowlers, Headley scored three fifties and achieved his side's highest score in each of four innings. West Indies drew the second Test, avoiding defeat for the first time in a Test in England. Headley scored 169 in 375 minutes with 18 fours, sharing a partnership of 200 in 205 minutes with Ivan Barrow—who became the first West Indian to score a Test century in England, minutes before Headley became the second. When the innings ended, Headley was still not out and the crowd gave him an excellent reception. Wisden described Headley's batting as magnificent, displaying "a ready adaptability and perfection of timing." The West Indies bowlers used Bodyline tactics in the England innings; England's Nobby Clark used the tactic in the West Indian second innings, in which Headley scored 24 runs. He was one of the few of his side's batsmen able to resist the bowling tactics. After scoring an unbeaten 257 in a minor match against Norfolk, Headley scored 89 in his team's victory over Glamorgan and 182 against Warwickshire. However, he failed in the third and final Test, scoring nine and 12 as West Indies were defeated by an innings. The tourists thus lost the series 2–0; in the three Tests Headley's aggregate was 277 runs at an average of 55.40, the best figures for the team. After the Test matches were over, Headley had an operation to remove a sebaceous cyst from his forehead and missed several games, before returning for an end-of-season festival match in which he scored 167 against an England XI. When the tour concluded, Headley had scored 2,320 runs with seven hundreds, at an average of 66.28. This was over 1,000 runs more than any other tourist and placed him third in the English first-class batting averages for the season. Ivan Barrow believed Headley reached his batting peak during the tour. He recalled how many bowlers tried to hit his pads with the ball but Headley simply flicked the ball away. Headley's performances earned him selection as one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year. The accompanying article called his tour "almost a triumphant march" and described him as "the best batsman the West Indies have ever produced." Wisden editor Sydney Southerton also described him as a giant in the team and wrote: "From what we had been told by English players who had been to the West Indies, we were fully prepared for Headley's success, but even so, he astonished most of us." Headley bowled more than he had previously: prior to the tour, he had taken three first class wickets, but took 21 wickets in England at an average of 34.33, bowling off spin. During the tour, Headley received news that his aunt had been killed by floods in Kingston which had also destroyed his home. Headley was greatly affected by the news, particularly the nature of her death. Although not able to attend the funeral, he wanted to leave England on an earlier ship than the rest of the team, but this could not be arranged in time. Lancashire League Following his success in England in 1933, Headley was offered a two-year contract to play professional cricket for Haslingden in the Lancashire League for £500 per season, the highest of several offers. The money was far more than he was earning from working as a fruit picker in Jamaica, and after consulting the Jamaican Cricket Board, who advised him to accept, he signed with the club on 8 September 1933. There was a special provision which allowed Headley to be released to play for West Indies. Living in Haslingden where there were few, if any, other black people, Headley faced some prejudice from residents. However, he was generally welcomed and accepted. His first season was in 1934 and his first match was against Nelson, for whom Headley's West Indian Test colleague Learie Constantine played. Headley had a difficult match. As the professional, he was expected to open the bowling although, as a spinner, he would normally have bowled later in an innings. When he batted he was run out for a duck by Constantine after facing one delivery, and Haslingden lost the match. After this poor start, Headley scored 1,063 runs in the season at an average of 50.62, with three centuries. He changed his bowling style to medium pace and took 59 wickets at an average of 16.59. In 1935 he scored over 900 runs at an average of 61.13, and took 34 wickets; his contract was renewed for another two years. In 1936 he again scored over 900 runs, and took 54 wickets. In 1937 he broke the record for most runs scored by any player in a Lancashire League season, accumulating 1,360 at an average of 97.15, with five centuries; he also took 41 wickets. Headley's final two-year contract with the club covered the seasons 1938 and 1940, since he was expected to tour England with the West Indies team in 1939. The war prevented him playing in 1940, so his last season with Haslingden was 1938. Although in that year his overall batting performance declined, to 677 runs at an average of 37.61, he took 76 wickets at 9.70 and had success in the Worsley Cup competition, including one innings of 189 not out in a match played over five evenings. Career in mid-1930s Headley did not play any first-class cricket in the West Indies in 1933–34, but returned to Jamaica in readiness for the 1934–35 MCC tour. The visiting team, under the captaincy of Bob Wyatt, was stronger than English teams that had previously toured the Caribbean; despite some shortcomings, Wisden and other critics considered it strong enough for the task in hand. The first Test in Barbados was badly affected by rain which made the pitch almost impossible to bat on. West Indies batted first and were bowled out for 102; Headley's 44 was the highest score of the match. In reply, England had scored 81 for seven when Wyatt declared in an attempt to make West Indies bat while the pitch was difficult. In the second innings, Headley was out for a duck and Jackie Grant declared when West Indies had scored 51 for six, so that England required 73 to win; they did so after losing six wickets. In the second Test, Headley scored 25 in his first innings; in the second, he adopted a cautious approach as his team led by 44, hitting 93 in 225 minutes. West Indies subsequently bowled out England to win the match and level the series. The rain-affected third Test was drawn, with Headley's 53 his side's top score. The MCC went to Jamaica for the final leg of their tour. Headley played two matches for Jamaica against the tourists; he failed in the first game but scored 127 in the second. The teams went into the fourth and final Test with the series still level at one win apiece. West Indies batted first, facing accurate bowling. The local press criticised the West Indies batsmen for slow batting on the first day, but Headley scored 132. The Daily Gleaner noted that Headley maintained the controlled approach he had established in the season. On the second day, he took his score to 270 not out, and the Gleaner described him as "the genius we all know, scoring with all his old freedom and audacity." In total, he batted for 495 minutes and hit 30 fours, recording the highest score by a West Indian batsman. It remained a West Indian record until Garfield Sobers scored 365 not out in 1958, and was the team's highest against England until Lawrence Rowe scored 302 in 1974. West Indies scored 535 for seven and bowled out England twice to record their first victory in a Test series. Headley contributed 485 runs at an average of 97.00. Headley returned to England to play for Haslingden in the 1935 English season, and played a single first-class game, scoring a century for Sir L Parkinson's XI against Leicestershire. In the 1935–36 season, the Yorkshire team toured Jamaica, playing three first-class matches, winning one and drawing the others. The touring county considered Headley the key batsman, and targeted him by bowling defensively in an attempt to frustrate him. Headley lost his wicket through impatience in the first match, although he scored a pair of fifties, but scored a century in the third game. In total, he scored 266 runs at an average of 53.20, but Yorkshire won the series after winning the first game, Jamaica's first defeat at home in a first-class game for ten years. The matches were played in a very competitive atmosphere, but scoring was slow and Yorkshire played attritional cricket. During the series, Headley demanded expenses, which were not normally granted to the players. The Jamaican Board were reluctant to pay but Headley pointed out that, as a professional cricketer, he was entitled to the same treatment as the Yorkshire players, whose expenses were provided. The Board eventually relented before the series ended. Second tour of England In 1936 Headley returned to England, and played no more first-class cricket until the two trial matches for the 1939 tour of England. These matches were played in Trinidad where it was believed the matting pitches would most closely replicate English conditions; Jamaica played Trinidad and a combination team. When Jamaica's captain, Crab Nethersole, withdrew from the tour due to political commitments, Headley led Jamaica in both matches and scored 160 and 103. Subsequently, he was chosen for his second tour of England, under the captaincy of Rolph Grant. Headley opened his tour with fifties in his first two matches and by the time the Test series started, although the tourists had lost three matches, he had scored three centuries—103 against Cambridge University, 116 not out in a victory over Essex and 227 as the tourists defeated Middlesex. In the first Test, West Indies suffered their only defeat of the series. However, Norman Preston, the editor of Wisden, wrote: "the match provided a personal triumph for Headley", as he became only the second cricketer after Herbert Sutcliffe to make two hundreds in the same Test match on two separate occasions, having previously done so against England in 1930. He became the first player to score two hundreds in a Lord's Test, a feat not repeated until 1990. In the first innings, Headley scored 106 with 13 fours. After sharing a big partnership with Jeff Stollmeyer, he received little help from the other batsmen. He played cautiously during his 250-minute innings, as he was aware that his team were relying on his success. By the time West Indies batted again, England had established a lead of 127. Headley again batted defensively to score 107, taking two hours to reach 50, as West Indies needed to bat for a long time to secure a draw. However, he scored runs from any loose bowling and batted in all for 230 minutes, hitting eight fours. Preston, writing in Wisden, believed the West Indians relied too much on Headley's batting. He also noted that Headley had to play cautiously for his team and although he hit powerful shots, "he was not the same dashing batsmen that England knew in 1933." Headley had scored three centuries in consecutive Test innings, but he could not prevent England winning this first Test by eight wickets. He continued to score heavily in the tour matches, making an unbeaten 234 in an innings win over Nottinghamshire, followed by 61 against Yorkshire on a sticky wicket, one of the best innings Neville Cardus had seen. The second Test was drawn, after being badly affected by rain. Headley, although troubled by the English bowling on a difficult pitch, top-scored with 51 in West Indies' first innings but the other batsmen contributed little. Headley scored just five in West Indies' brief second innings, bringing to an end a sequence of six fifties in successive Test innings. After the Test, Headley scored 93 against Surrey but failed to reach fifty in his next three games, which included three single figure scores. West Indies needed to win the final Test to level the series and the team established a first-innings lead of 146. Headley played cautiously for 140 minutes, attempting to tire out the bowlers, but was run out for 65 in a misunderstanding with Vic Stollmeyer. The remaining batsmen played well, attacking the English bowling. Preston believed this match demonstrated West Indies' ability to compete at the highest level. However, England were able to bat long enough to secure a draw. In the Test series, Headley scored 334 runs at an average of 66.80, but did not play again on the tour after the final Test, as the team were advised to abandon the last seven matches because of the deteriorating political situation in Europe. They arrived in Canada on the day that Britain declared war on Germany. In all first-class matches during the tour, Headley scored 1,745 runs at 72.70, placing him at the top of the season's first-class averages. Wisden judged Headley to be the best batsman of the 1939 season, while other critics rated him among the best batsmen in the world, with favourable comparisons to Bradman. C. B. Fry, a former England captain turned journalist, wrote that Headley's "middle name should be Atlas", suggesting that he carried the team on his shoulders. Later career After the war Following the outbreak of war, the Lancashire League clubs cancelled professionals' contracts, meaning Headley did not complete his final year with Haslingden. Having returned to Jamaica, he worked in the Labour Department for the government and played cricket for Lucas, enjoying batting success and captaining his team to victory in the Senior Cup on three occasions. Headley continued to play for the team until 1947, when he left to play for the Kensington Club. Unlike other Caribbean teams, Jamaica did not take part in inter-island competition, and although Headley played some exhibition matches in America in 1945, it was not until June 1946 that he took part in his next first-class match. Trinidad played three matches in Jamaica and Headley scored 52 in the second game but only reached his best form when he scored 99 in the third. However, he was successful as a bowler, taking five for 33 in the first game, the only five wicket return of his career. This included a spell of three wickets without conceding a run in 14 deliveries, prompting a pitch invasion by the crowd. Headley also captained Jamaica in the final two matches of the series against Trinidad after the official captain was injured during the home team's win in the first match—the other two were drawn. Prior to a visit by Barbados in March 1947, Headley was officially appointed as Jamaican captain. Previous captains of island teams had been almost exclusively white. Around this time, Headley requested the Jamaican board provide support for low income players with their kit and transport costs. In the first game against Barbados, Headley scored 203 not out and 57 not out, took four for 40 in the tourists' first innings and another wicket in the second. Although the game was drawn, he had recorded Jamaica's highest score in a match between the Caribbean islands. The second match was also drawn; Headley made 79 before he had to retire when he fell and injured his knee. Another American tour followed, in which Headley was accompanied by promising young players, before he led the Jamaican team to British Guiana in October 1947. He played only two innings in the two matches, scoring 36 and 4 not out. A thumb injury in the first match meant he could not bat, although he bowled 44 overs in the game. Headley was verbally abused by a section of the crowd, who disapproved of a black captain; he was also dissatisfied with the impartiality of the umpires. Crab Nethersole, the Jamaican manager for the tour, reported that injuries to key players and the poor attitude of the crowd made the tour difficult, although Headley's captaincy was universally praised. Resumption of Test career For reasons related to class and race, it had been unthinkable before the war for the West Indies to appoint a black Test captain, but the postwar world saw social and political changes in the Caribbean. Although opinion was still divided over the merits of a black captain, Headley was appointed as one of the West Indian captains for the series against the England team which toured the Caribbean in 1948. Crab Nethersole, the former Jamaican captain and member of the Board of Control for cricket, argued Headley should be outright captain but a compromise was reached. Headley was scheduled to captain the first and fourth Test matches, played in Barbados and Jamaica, and the white players Gerry Gomez and John Goddard were given the captaincy of the second and third matches. In the event, Headley only played in the first Test. In the first innings, he scored 29 but strained his back while fielding. Batting towards the end of West Indies' second innings, he scored seven not out. Rain helped England to draw the match. Headley's back caused him to miss the second and third Tests, but he was fit enough to play for Jamaica when the tourists arrived there to play two games against the island before the fourth and final Test. After the first island game, in which he scored 65, Headley's request to miss the second match to rest his back was refused by the Jamaican Board. He scored 36 not out, but aggravated his back pains and he withdrew from the final Test. West Indies won this game under the captaincy of Goddard, who had earlier led West Indies to victory in the third Test. He was subsequently chosen to captain West Indies in India in 1948–49, despite Headley's availability and apparently superior claims to the position. Selected for the Indian tour after a specific request by the Indian cricket authorities, Headley did not have much success in the early matches and in the drawn first Test he scored only two in a total of 631. West Indies then moved to Pakistan; in a non-first-class game Headley took six wickets as a bowler, but then in a match against a representative Pakistan XI he fell and injured his side while attempting to take a catch. He batted in discomfort, scoring 57 not out. This injury meant that he played no further part in the five-match Test series against India. Although he continued to travel with the team, he was unable to play in any further matches until the final game of the tour, when he scored 100 against Ceylon Schools as the tourists travelled home via Ceylon. Headley played for the Kensington Club until 1950, when he resumed league cricket in England; he returned for a final season with Kensington in 1955 before retiring from Senior Cup cricket. Meanwhile, he took a new job as an insurance agent. This affected his availability for cricket as he was no longer able to take leave when playing for a team; if he did not work, he received no wages. Consequently, he did not accept the captaincy of Jamaica during the Test trials for the 1950 tour of England and did not travel with the team. Press reaction was unfavourable towards Headley but the West Indies Board still wanted to select him for the tour. However, Headley accepted a contract with Bacup in the Lancashire League, to replace Everton Weekes who was in the touring party. For Bacup Headley scored 909 runs and took 20 wickets in 1950, before signing to play for Dudley in the Birmingham League in 1951. He and his family moved to Birmingham, and in each the next four seasons Headley averaged over 65 with the bat and under 17 with the ball. In his second season, the club topped the league. In total, he scored 2,878 runs for Dudley and, resuming off spin bowling, took 102 wickets. While in England during this time, he played several first-class matches for a Commonwealth XI against an England XI; he scored 20 in 1951 and accumulated 98 and 61 in 1952. End of Test career Headley's success for Dudley was watched keenly in Jamaica and commentators began to discuss his availability for the 1954 series against England. A public subscription to finance his travel to Jamaica, opened by the Daily Gleaner, raised over £1,000, and despite his reservations, Headley returned to Jamaica. Playing in a fund-raising match, he sustained a hand injury and playing for the Combined Parishes in a minor match against the MCC, a short ball from Fred Trueman struck Headley's arm. The latter injury kept him out of the first-class match between Jamaica and the MCC, but he played in the second where, although hampered by his injury, he scored 53 not out. The Test selectors had seen enough to include Headley in the team for the first Test. Reaction among critics was mixed, and Headley, nearing his 45th birthday, remains the oldest man as of 2015 to play a Test match for West Indies. Headley batted at number six, and it appeared that England, under the captaincy of Len Hutton, let Headley score an easy run to begin his innings, which Hutton later confirmed to be the case. However, Headley later argued that the run was given to ensure that he was batting at the beginning of the next over, so that England could try to get him out before he settled down. Headley scored 16 and 1 in the match, his final Test appearance. He used his experience to influence the captain, Jeff Stollmeyer, advising him not to enforce the follow on and to use leg theory bowling to slow down the tourists' scoring. These tactics helped West Indies to a 140-run win in a match they might have lost; Stollmeyer followed a similar approach in the following match. In 22 Tests, Headley scored 2,190 runs at an average of 60.83. Headley finished his career at Dudley at the end of 1954; his son Ron played for the club from 1957, having already played for its second team in 1952 as a 13-year-old. After his final Test match appearance, Headley's only other first-class match was in the Commonwealth XI fixture in 1954, when he scored 64 in his final first-class innings. In a career total of 103 first-class games he aggregated 9,921 runs at 69.86, with 33 centuries, and took 51 wickets at 36.11. Style, technique and legacy Headley is regarded by critics as one of the best batsmen from the Caribbean and one of the greatest batsmen of all time. In his history of West Indies cricket, Michael Manley described Headley as "the yardstick against whom all other West Indian batsmen are measured". In 1988, The Cricketer magazine placed him in an all-time West Indian team, as did a panel of judges for another such team in July 2010, while in 2004, another panel of experts named him among the top five West Indian players. He was given the nicknames "the Black Bradman" and "Atlas" by commentators, and was the first world-class batsman from the West Indies who was black. Bradman remarked in 1988 "I'm proud to think that they dubbed him the 'Black Bradman' - perhaps it should have been in reverse." According to historian Gideon Haigh, Headley's role was made harder by the weakness of his colleagues, as few outstanding players find it easy to play in teams which lose frequently. Although he was a naturally attacking player, Headley felt the need to play cautiously owing to the way his team depended on him. C. L. R. James believed that no other great batsman had to carry such a burden for so long. In the years before the war, Headley scored 25.61% of the runs scored in Tests by West Indies, more than twice as many as the next best batsman, and two-thirds of the team's centuries, scoring ten of the team's first fourteen centuries in Test cricket. Headley usually batted at number three and as the opening batsmen were often dismissed quickly, he frequently began his innings early. As of 2023, Headley's average in Test matches of 60.83 is third highest among those with 2,000 runs, behind Bradman and Graeme Pollock. In all first-class matches, he has the third highest average with 69.86, behind Bradman and Vijay Merchant among those who played 50 innings. He averaged a century every fourth innings in which he batted, second again to Bradman, and did not suffer a poor series in his career before the war. Manley describes Headley as just under medium height with sloping shoulders. His movements were precise and economical on the cricket field; his cap was usually at a slight angle and his sleeves were buttoned down to the wrist. Wisden noted in 1933 that his timing and placement of the ball was perfect. Exceptionally quick on his feet, he watched the ball onto the bat more than any other batsman. According to Wisden, all his shots were equally good but most notable was his on drive played from the back foot. He hit the ball hard and was very difficult to get out. He faced criticism for playing off the back foot so often, but R. C. Robertson-Glasgow believed his square cut, late cut, and hook were exceptionally good. Headley was particularly effective on bad batting wickets. C. L. R. James calculated that Headley averaged 39.85 and passed fifty on seven occasions in thirteen innings on difficult wickets. According to James's reckoning, Bradman in similar conditions passed fifty once, and averaged 16.66 in fifteen innings. Headley himself preferred batting when the odds favoured the bowlers as he had to go for his shots and play his natural attacking game. He stated: "On a bad wicket, it was you and the bowler ...no nonsense." Beyond cricket, Headley's success was regarded as important. Of Headley's meeting with the king of England in 1939, the West Indian writer Frank Birbalsingh said: "That one of us—a black man—could shake the hand of a king introduced possibilities formerly undreamt of in our colonial backwater of racial inferiority, psychological subordination and political powerlessness." Manley notes that Headley rose to success at a time of political awakening in Jamaica, when the black majority of the population were increasingly determined to end the minority rule of landowners and challenge the racism of the time. According to Manley, the middle classes saw in Headley "the reassurance which they needed. He demonstrated black capacity." The white upper classes were proud of his achievements as a West Indian, but Manley writes "it was to the black masses that Headley had the deepest significance ... [He] became the focus for longing of an entire people for proof: proof of their own self-worth, their own capacity. Furthermore, they wanted this proof to be laid at the door of the white man who owned the world which defined their circumstances." Manley sees the title of "Atlas" not just in sporting terms, but in his carrying "the hopes of the black, English-speaking Caribbean man ... He was black excellence personified in a white world and in a white sport." Personal life Coaching career Following the 1955 cricket season, Headley was invited to become a national coach, a post created by the Jamaican government, which involved working mainly with young people. Headley and his second son travelled back to Jamaica, while the rest of the family remained in England. Headley had a heavy workload, particularly in rural areas; together with his assistant Dickie Fuller his role involved encouraging school children to watch and play cricket, and trying to improve standards and facilities throughout the country. Headley became involved in the selection of teams, taking some of them overseas. At this time, he discovered the future West Indian Test player Roy Gilchrist and future Jamaican cricketer Henry Sewell. However, critics in the 1960s complained that there were not enough Jamaicans in the Test side and blamed Headley and Fuller, although the government remained supportive of their performance. In 1961, Headley coached for six months in Nigeria and earned praise from the Nigerian Cricket Association. His official coaching role in Jamaica ended after a new government withdrew funding for coaching in 1962. Family and retirement Headley married Rena Saunders in 1939. He had nine children in total, including Ron Headley who was born two days after the end of the Lord's Test of 1939. Ron Headley went on to play professional cricket for the English counties Worcestershire and Derbyshire, and represented Jamaica before playing two Tests for West Indies in 1973. Another son, Lynn, reached the semi-finals of the 100 metres and came fourth in the 100 metres relay at the 1964 Olympics; he also won a gold medal with Jamaican sprint relay teams in the Central American and Caribbean Games of 1966 and silver with the relay team at the Commonwealth Games of the same year. Ron's son Dean, Headley's grandson, played Test cricket for England; the family thus became the first to have three generations play Test cricket. After his retirement from coaching, Headley remained associated with cricket, presenting awards and playing in friendly matches. He was the official representative of the Jamaican Cricket Board at Constantine's funeral in 1971. Official recognition came Headley's way when he was awarded the M.B.E. in 1956 and was made an honorary life member of the MCC in 1958. In 1969, a bronze sculpture of his head was unveiled in Jamaica's National Stadium, and in 1973 the Norman Manley Foundation gave him the Award for Excellence in Sports. In the latter year, he also received the Order of Distinction. He died in Kingston on 30 November 1983. See also List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations Notes References Bibliography Further reading 1909 births 1983 deaths West Indies Test cricketers Cricketers who made a century on Test debut Sportspeople from Colón, Panama Jamaican cricketers Commonwealth XI cricketers Wisden Cricketers of the Year West Indies Test cricket captains Recipients of the Order of Distinction Jamaica cricketers Members of the Order of the British Empire Sir L. Parkinson's XI cricketers Jamaican people of Barbadian descent
Agonidium fuscicorne is a species in the beetle family Carabidae. It is found in Africa. Subspecies These two subspecies belong to the species Agonidium fuscicorne: Agonidium fuscicorne fuscicorne (Guérin-Méneville, 1847) (Yemen, Eritrea, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Agonidium fuscicorne venustulum (Basilewsky, 1946) (Burkina Faso) References Agonidium Beetles described in 1847
Tri Bourne (born June 20, 1989 in Oahu, Hawaii) is a professional beach volleyball player. He was formerly a professional indoor player and NCAA Division 1 Men's Volleyball player for the USC Trojans. He has been a part of the United States indoor and beach national teams since 2005. He was born on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, where he grew up. His father Peter Bourne and mother Katy Bourne are both triathletes. Bourne and Jake Gibb finished 9th at the 2020 Summer Olympics after replacing Taylor Crabb who tested positive for COVID-19. Bourne is currently partnered with Trevor Crabb. Player Bio 2013 AVP Rookie of the Year 2013 AVP Most Improved Player From the USC Roster: Bourne, one of USC's most versatile players, returns as a starting outside hitter as a senior in 2011. 2010 He started 16 matches (13 at outside hitter and 3 at libero) as a junior. Overall while appearing in 19 matches, he had 142 kills while hitting .244, plus 135 digs, 33 blocks and eight aces. He was in double kill figures nine times and had five-plus digs 16 times (including three times with 10-plus digs). He missed USC's last 5 matches of 2010 with a broken thumb. 2009 After being slowed in the pre-season and the first half of the 2009 campaign with a sore back, Bourne started the final 14 matches of 2009 at outside hitter as a sophomore and was effective. Overall while appearing in 26 matches, he had 162 kills while hitting .236, plus 117 digs, 56 blocks and 11 aces. He was in double kill figures nine times, had five-plus blocks 13 times (including six times with 10-plus digs) and five-plus blocks four times (with a best of 10). 2008 He started the last eight matches of 2008 at opposite hitter as a first-year freshman. Overall while appearing in 16 matches, he had 59 kills, 99 digs, 24 blocks and four aces. He had five-plus digs seven times, including five matches with 10-plus digs (including twice with a USC season-high 20, setting a school record for most 20-dig matches in a season). He was slowed early in the 2008 season after having an appendectomy in the fall of 2007. High school He attended Academy of the Pacific in Honolulu, Hawaii, but played for Maryknoll High because AOP did not have a volleyball team. He helped Maryknoll win the 2006 Division II state volleyball title as a senior. He made the 2007 Volleyball Magazine Fab 50 list, Honolulu Advertiser All-State first team and the All-Interscholastic League of Honolulu Division II first team. He was also played basketball, where he was the 2007 Interscholastic League of Honolulu Division II Co-Player of the Year (with current Trojan Riley McKibbin) while averaging 10.3 points a game as a center, and was involved in canoe racing with the Outrigger Canoe Club. Personal He was on the 2009 U.S Men's Junior National Team that placed eighth at the FIVB World Championship. He was on the 2008 USA Volleyball Junior National team that won a bronze medal at the 2008 NORCECA Junior Championships. He was a member of the 2007 U.S. Boys' Youth National Team that competed in the FIVB Boys' Youth World Championships. He and fellow Trojan Riley McKibbin won the gold medal at the 2007 AAU Junior National Beach Volleyball Under-20 Championships. He made the All-Tournament team of the 18 Open division at the 2007 USA Junior Olympic Boys' Volleyball Championships as he led his Outrigger Canoe Club team to the bronze medal." Tri was a crucial part of the USC Men's volleyball trip to the NCAA championship in 2009. Statistics Tri is 6 feet 5 inches tall and weighs approximately 195 pounds. Career single-match highs: 19 kills (UCLA, 2009), 20 digs (Hawaii and Pepperdine, 2008), 10 blocks (UCLA, 2009). . References External links 1989 births Living people USC Trojans men's volleyball players American men's beach volleyball players Beach volleyball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Roseira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 10,801 (2020 est.) in an area of 130.65 km². The elevation is 551 m. References Municipalities in São Paulo (state)
Wołcza may refer to the following places in Poland: Wołcza (river) Wołcza Mała Wołcza Wielka
Super Bit Mapping (SBM) is a noise shaping process, developed by Sony for CD mastering. Sony claims that the Super Bit Mapping process converts a 20-bit signal from master recording into a 16-bit signal nearly without sound quality loss, using noise shaping to improve signal-to-noise ratio over the frequency bands most acutely perceived by human hearing. Audible quantization error is reduced by noise shaping the error according to an equal-loudness contour. This processing takes place in dedicated hardware inside the recording device. A similar process is used in Sony's DSD to PCM conversion and is called SBM Direct. See also Extended Resolution Compact Disc (XRCD) High Definition Compatible Digital (HDCD) References Sound technology Digital signal processing
Brusići (Chakavian: Brusić) is a village located on the Croatian island of Krk. Administratively, it is part of the town of Krk. As of 2021, it had 43 inhabitants. A chapel devoted to Saint Cecilia is located in the village. References Krk Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Mokon is a division of Protective Industries, Inc. from Buffalo, New York, United States. It is also the brand name of the circulating liquid temperature control systems delivering fluid temperatures from that are designed and manufactured by this division. Created from the need for "mold control", the company's corporate engineers responsible for the manufacture of a line of proprietary plastic closures used worldwide (Caplugs), originally developed a temperature control system to meet their own exacting need for a compact, safe, and efficient means of maintaining close control over their fast-cycle injection molding machines. In 1955, the corporation opened a new division of the company, MOKON, to further design, manufacture, and market their line of high quality water temperature control systems. A few years later, Mokon's engineering team developed a unique hot oil heat transfer system for higher temperature applications. As the two product lines expanded, so did the need for other products, and they next designed a line of portable chillers and full range systems (combination heating and cooling) in the mid-1980s. 2003, MOKON added central chillers and pump tanks and then blown film coolers in early 2008. Looking to complete its industrial products offering, the thermal engineering team pressed on with the development of: power and process control panels (2009); stationary heat transfer oil systems and outdoor air-cooled chillers (2011); low temperature and modulating portable chillers (2012); and a line of high temperature water systems to (2012). In addition to the release of new products, MOKON expanded the kilowatt and tonnage capacities, and temperature range of the process fluid from resulting in one of the most comprehensive lines of temperature control systems for industrial and commercial applications. Today the MOKON product line includes: water temperature control systems, heat transfer oil systems, portable and central chillers, pumping stations and tanks, inline heating and cooling skid packages, blown film coolers, engineered and pre-engineered control panels, positive and negative pressure systems, filtration maintenance products, and custom designed and engineered systems. See also Control panel References Companies based in Buffalo, New York
Historic Washington State Park (formerly Old Washington Historic State Park) is a Arkansas state park in Hempstead County, Arkansas in the United States. The museum village contains a collection of pioneer artifacts from the town of Washington, Arkansas, which is a former pioneer settlement along the Southwest Trail. Walking interpretive tours are available throughout the 54 buildings. Washington served as a major trading point along the Southwest Trail, evolving into the Hempstead county seat and later the capital of Arkansas from 1863 to 1865 when Little Rock was threatened during the Civil War. The original plat of Washington was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 as the Washington Historic District. During the 1820s and 1830s, Washington was a stopover for travelers going to Texas. It was originally the county seat of Hempstead County until a new courthouse was completed in Hope, which was designated the seat of government in 1939. The park emphasizes regional 19th century history from 1824 to 1889. It is located in southwestern Arkansas east of Texarkana and near the entrance to Interstate 30. History of Old Washington The Southwest Trail ran from St. Louis, Missouri, to the Red River port of Fulton in Hempstead County some twelve miles from Washington. At the time, the Red River was the border between the United States and Mexico. The trail was a route taken by people headed to Mexican Texas. William B. Travis, Sam Houston, and Davy Crockett each separately traveled through Washington on their way to Texas. On February 14, 1820, Washington was authorized for a post office. That facility remains the oldest continuous postal operation west of the Mississippi River. A new postal building was dedicated on May 29, 1988, by then U.S. Senator David Hampton Pryor. Washington became a town on George Washington's birthday, February 22, 1824. From 1863-1865, Old Washington was the site of the Confederate capitol of Arkansas after the fall of Little Rock to Union forces. The original Arkansas Confederate capital, where the refugee government fled, still exists in the park. It is a part of the Camden Expedition Sites, named in part for the town of Camden, Arkansas, in southern Arkansas. In 1958, the Pioneer Washington Restoration Foundation began preserving the unique buildings and sites that currently lie within the park. The park was established in 1965 and opened eight years later. The Southwest Regional Archives was established there in 1978. Since that time, more than 200,000 artifacts related to 19th century life have been recovered in the park and is the site of ongoing archaeological research on small-town life. The historic buildings provide excellent examples of the architectural styles popular in the 19th century American South. Examples on display are Southern Greek Revival, Federal architecture, Gothic Revival, Italianate, and the rough-hewn timber or brace-frame construction of the frontier. Visitors follow plank board sidewalks along streets that have never been paved. A Moon tree was planted in the town on March 15, 1976. The largest magnolia tree in Arkansas, planted in 1839, also graces the town. Everything within the original 1824 boundaries of the town are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Collections Historic Washington houses the Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives which is the primary center for historical and genealogical research in the region. The archives contain rare books, court documents, newspapers, census information, photographs, scrapbooks, sheet music, and assorted family histories. See also List of Arkansas state parks National Register of Historic Places listings in Hempstead County, Arkansas References Further reading External links Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry Archaeology at Old Washington Historic Washington State Park 1973 establishments in Arkansas Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Arkansas Heritage Trails System Arkansas in the American Civil War Museums in Hempstead County, Arkansas National Register of Historic Places in Hempstead County, Arkansas Open-air museums in Arkansas Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Pre-statehood history of Arkansas Protected areas established in 1973 Protected areas of Hempstead County, Arkansas State parks of Arkansas Tourist attractions in Hempstead County, Arkansas Works Progress Administration in Arkansas
José Manuel Calderón may refer to: José Calderón (basketball) (born 1981), Spanish basketball executive and former player José Manuel Calderón (musician) (born 1941), Dominican musician José Manuel Calderón (footballer) (born 2000), Spanish footballer José Manuel Calderón (politician), Chilean politician, Secretary of the Navy during the rule of Francisco Ramón Vicuña See also José Calderón (disambiguation)
Brissopsis bengalensis is a species of sea urchins of the family Brissidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Brissopsis bengalensis was first scientifically described in 1914 by Koehler. References Animals described in 1914 bengalensis
1963 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling. List of notable promotions Only two promotions held notable shows in 1963. Calendar of notable shows Notable events January 24 Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) breaks away from the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) to form the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). April 11 - Buddy Rogers was presented the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship at a WWWF TV taping in Washington, D.C., after being billed as the World Champion since late January. May 18 - Bruno Sammartino defeated Buddy Rogers in 48 seconds to win the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in New York, NY. Championship changes EMLL NWA Debuts Debut date uncertain: Beauregard Coloso Colosetti Donna Christianello Johnny Powers Mr. Wrestling Pepe Casas Skandar Akbar January 4 Ernie Ladd January 10 Dory Funk Jr. March Rubén Soria October 13 Great Kojika November Aníbal Births Date of birth uncertain: Marie Lograsso (died in 2006) January 2 Mickie Henson (died in 2022) January 3: Vic Grimes New Jack (died in 2021) January 6 Tony Halme(died in 2010) January 10 Firebreaker Chip January 29 Hardcore Holly February 22 Maxx Muscle(died in 2019) February 25 Doug Stahl February 28 Joey Marella(died in 1994) March 7 Bruce Prichard March 19 Brazo de Plata (died in 2021) March 20 Terry Simms April 6 Neil Superior (died in 1996) April 18 Universo 2000 (died in 2018) April 22 Miguel Pérez Jr. May 2 Big Boss Man(died in 2004) May 18 Gary Albright(died in 2000) May 19 Hollywood May 29 Samu June 1 George Hines June 4 Shigeo Miyato June 6 Ahmed Johnson June 10: Jeff Bearden Scott Peterson (died in 1994) June 12: Jerry Lynn Johnny Hotbody June 16 The Sandman June 20 Don West (died in 2022) June 22 John Tenta(died in 2006) June 24 Ángel Azteca(died in 2007) June 25 Bobby Blaze July 11 Mike Enos July 18 Al Snow July 21: Giant Silva Mark Youngblood July 22 Steve Gillespie (died in 2020) July 24 Karl Malone July 28 Lioness Asuka July 31 Chad Brock August 2 El Hijo del Santo August 5 Pat Tanaka August 12 Koji Kitao(died in 2019) August 15 Tamon Honda August 16 Tarzan Goto(died in 2022) August 28 Lester Speight September 17 Masahiro Chono September 24 Sunny Beach September 26 Knuckles Nelson September 28 Steve Blackman September 30 Mustafa Saed October 8 Diana Hart October 9 Tadao Yasuda October 11 Sam Houston October 12 Dave Legeno (died in 2014) October 16 Missy Hyatt November 11 Billy Gunn December 1 Dave Sullivan December 3 Steve Simpson December 7 Bruiser Bedlam(died in 2017) December 8 Toshiaki Kawada December 12 Jason Knight Deaths January 19 Gus Pappas 80 March 7 Billy Wolfe 66 May 10 Gene Lipscomb 31 June 2 - Century Milstead, 62 December 15 Rikidozan, 39 December 26 Gorgeous George, 48 December 27 - Wildcat Wilson, 63 References professional wrestling
Conacmella vagans is a species of minute, salt marsh snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks, in the family Assimineidae. This species is endemic to Japan. References Molluscs of Japan Assimineidae Gastropods described in 1907 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Hedley John Woodhouse (January 23, 1920 - December 29, 1984) was a Canadian jockey who won the New York state riding championship in 1953. Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, he began his racing career there in 1937 at the Lansdowne Park racetrack as an apprentice with A.C.T. Stock Farm owned by industrialist Austin C. Taylor. Woodhouse's ability would soon see him racing at tracks along the West Coast of the United States and in 1944 he rode Happy Issue to victory in the Grade I Vanity Handicap and Hollywood Gold Cup at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. Woodhouse rode the colt Fisherman to a 3rd-place finish in the 1949 Kentucky Derby, the best result of his four tries between then and 1957. He rode in the Preakness Stakes on three occasions, his best finish a 5th in 1951. Racing out of New York tracks in the first part of the 1950s, Hedley Woodhouse won the 1953 New York riding championship with 138 victories, and was runner-up on three occasions. After finishing 7th in the 1954 Kentucky Derby on "Fisherman", a colt owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney and trained by Sylvester Veitch, Woodhouse came within a neck of winning the Belmont Stakes. His 2nd-place finish was his best in the third of the American Triple Crown races. From being based in New York, Hedley Woodhouse would make his way to the Florida racing circuit where remarkably at age 50 he won the 1970 jockey title at Tropical Park in Miami. He retired the following year having won 2,642 races. He was inducted into the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame in 1979 and the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1980. Married to Elsie Woodhouse (1919–1998), their son Robert was also a successful jockey, capturing a number of important stakes races on the New York circuit. Hedley and Robert Woodhouse are the only father and son to win the Whitney Handicap. Hedley Woodhouse died in 1984. References 1920 births 1984 deaths American jockeys Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees Canadian jockeys Sportspeople from Vancouver Canadian emigrants to the United States
"Rocky Raccoon" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the White Album). It was primarily written by Paul McCartney, although credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. McCartney began writing the song in Rishikesh, India, where the Beatles were studying Transcendental Meditation in the early months of 1968. John Lennon and Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan, who joined the Beatles on their retreat, also made contributions to the song. A cover version by Richie Havens reached number 76 in Canada in 1969. Composition The song, a country ballad, is titled from the character's name, which was originally "Rocky Sassoon", but McCartney changed it to "Rocky Raccoon" because he thought "it sounded more like a cowboy". Former 13th Floor Elevators drummer Danny Thomas claims the name "Rocky" was inspired by Roky Erickson, the American rock band's then-vocalist and -guitarist. According to Beatles historian Kenneth Womack, McCartney drew his inspiration for the song from Robert Service's poem "The Shooting of Dan McGrew". Canadian photographer and filmmaker Paul Saltzman, author of The Beatles in Rishikesh and The Beatles in India, has expressed the belief that Paul McCartney based the lyrics for ‘Rocky Raccoon’ on Saltzman’s description to him in Rishikesh of his girlfriend having recently left him for another man. The Old West-style honky-tonk piano was played by producer George Martin. "Rocky Raccoon" is also the last Beatles song to feature John Lennon's harmonica playing. The lyrics describe a conflict over a love triangle, in which Rocky's girlfriend Lil Magill (known to the public as Nancy) leaves him for a man named Dan, who punches Rocky in the eye. Rocky vows revenge and takes a room at the saloon in the town where Dan and Nancy are staying. He bursts into Dan's room, armed with a gun, but Dan outdraws and shoots him. A drunken doctor attends to Rocky, who insists that the wound is only a minor one. Stumbling back to his room, Rocky finds a Gideon Bible. Starr's accentuated snare drum after the line "He drew first and shot" (mimicking the sound of a gun) is an example of word painting. During take 8 of the song (featured on Anthology 3), McCartney flubbed the line "stinking of gin", singing "sminking" instead (presumably confusing the words "smelling" and "stinking"). This caused him to laugh, exclaim "Sminking?!" and make up the remaining lines in the song. This take also has a noticeably different spoken-word introduction, with Rocky coming from "a little town in Minnesota", rather than the album version's "somewhere in the black mining hills of Dakota", and McCartney's faux Western-American accent is more pronounced. Legacy In Mojo magazine in October 2008, McCartney acknowledged that the style of the song is a pastiche, saying: "I was basically spoofing the folksinger." Lennon attributed the song to McCartney, saying: "Couldn't you guess? Would I have gone to all that trouble about Gideon's Bible and all that stuff?" Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of its release, Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent listed "Rocky Raccoon" at number 22 in his ranking of the White Album's 30 tracks. He called the song "proof of McCartney's songwriting versatility" and continued that the song is "bolstered by a vibrant honky-tonk piano from the group's long-time record producer George Martin". Personnel According to Ian MacDonald: Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic guitar John Lennon – backing vocals, harmonium, six-string bass, harmonica George Harrison – backing vocals, bass Ringo Starr – drums George Martin – honky-tonk piano Yoko Ono – backing vocals References Further reading External links 1968 songs 1960s ballads The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Comedy rock songs Songs written by Lennon–McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs Country rock songs Country ballads
is a 1997 Japanese comedy film directed by Yōjirō Takita and starring the rock band Sharam Q. It was released on 30 August 1997. Cast Tsunku as Rannosuke Amakusa Hatake as Haruo Takanori Jinnai as Hideto Kuroi Asaka Seto as Tamami Naruto Isao Bitō as Ichiro Misaki Masako Motoi as President Koike Takashi Matsuo as Manager Chisato Moritaka as Herself Ken Takayama as Himself Seiko Mineko as Seiko Matsuda Shu as Ryo Makoto as Masato Taisei as Hanyu Kenji Kawabata as Ana Kawabata Rika Sato as Ana Sato Miki Tominaga as New Singer Mikijirō Hira as Daisuke Naruto Release Sharam Q no Enka no Hanamichi was distributed theatrically in Japan by Toho on August 30, 1997. Reception The film was chosen as the seventh best film at the 19th Yokohama Film Festival. References Sources External links 1997 comedy films 1997 films Films directed by Yōjirō Takita Japanese comedy films 1990s Japanese films
Karina Sefron (born 2 July 1967) is a Danish footballer who played as a defender for the Denmark women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup as the team captain. On club level she plays for Malmö FF in Sweden. References External links 1967 births Living people Danish women's footballers Denmark women's international footballers Danish expatriate sportspeople in Germany Place of birth missing (living people) 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup players Women's association football defenders Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden Expatriate women's footballers in Germany Damallsvenskan players Danish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden Grün-Weiß Brauweiler players 1. FFC Frankfurt players TSV Siegen players Frauen-Bundesliga players
Eupithecia maculosa is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1891. It is found in Nepal, north-eastern India and Pakistan. References Moths described in 1981 madura Moths of Asia
The 115th Mechanized Brigade () is a brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces formed in 2022. History The brigade was created at the beginning of March 2022 during the first weeks of the Russian invasion in the village of Blagodatny, Cherkassy. On April 3, its first deployment for a combat mission started in Kreminna, then from May to July the brigade fought in Battles of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk, Siversk, Marinka and Avdiivka. Structure As of 2023 the brigade's structure is as follows: 115th Mechanized Brigade, Cherkasy Oblast Headquarters & Headquarters Company 1st Mechanized Battalion 2nd Mechanized Battalion 3rd Mechanized Battalion Tank Battalion Anti-Tank Guided Missiles Artillery Battery Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battery Anti-Tank Artillery Battery Artillery Division Sniper Platoon Reconnaissance Company 37th Reserve Company Engineer Battalion Logistic Battalion Signal Company Maintenance Battalion Radar Company Medical Company Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense Protection Company (CBRN defense) References Military units and formations of Ukraine in the Russian invasion of Ukraine Mechanized brigades of Ukraine
Matthew "Spider" Burton (born 19 May 1970) is a retired Australian rules footballer. He played as a ruckman and began his Football career at Subiaco. "Spider" Burton, as he's commonly known, because of his frame, was formerly the AFL's tallest player. He has since been eclipsed by another Docker in Aaron Sandilands, Western Bulldogs' Peter Street, Collingwood’s Mason Cox and Ned Reeves, all of whom stand at 211 cm tall. West Coast Selected by West Coast with pick #36 in the 1990 National Draft, Burton spent four seasons on the Eagles' senior list before he was eventually delisted (without playing a game for the club) at the end of the 1994 season (under an AFL ruling that clubs cut list numbers back from 52 to 40). Fremantle Dockers In 1994, Fremantle picked up Burton in the pre-season draft. He played in Fremantle's first match in the AFL. In 1999, he was made vice-captain of the club but played only seven games that year before being delisted. Kangaroos In 1999, Burton was picked by the Kangaroos with selection 74 in the pre-season draft. He retired in 2003 having played a total of 147 games. External links 1970 births Living people Fremantle Football Club players Subiaco Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club players People educated at Newman College, Perth Australian rules footballers from Perth, Western Australia Western Australian State of Origin players
Christina Elisabeth Östberg (born 10 May 1968) is a Swedish politician and a member of the Riksdag for the Sweden Democrats party. She was first elected in 2014 and has served on the Social Affairs Committee and Education Committee in parliament. In parliament, Östberg has called for tougher laws against substance and drug abuse. References Living people 1968 births Members of the Riksdag 2014–2018 Members of the Riksdag 2018–2022 Members of the Riksdag from the Sweden Democrats 21st-century Swedish politicians
The FS Class D.341 is a class of diesel-electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1950s and still in service. Most of the remaining units are in service with La Ferroviaria Italiana (LFI). History The D.341 were part of a post-World War II effort from the Italian state railways FS to replace their steam locomotives on non-electrified lines. They were designed in collaboration with Fiat and Breda and were produced in two series with different engines, depending from the manufacturer. The second series had a slightly different appearance. Two prototypes were also built by Ansaldo and Reggiane. Description D.341 has two small cabs, one at each end, separated by a large compartment including the engine, the cooling devices and the transmission. The two engines were each V-12 engines coupled to a DC 450/700 V generator provided by Magneti Marelli for the FIAT locomotives, and by Breda or Ocren in the others. Power is fed to four electric motors having a maximum power of each in the first series, and in the second one. References D.341 Bo′Bo′ locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1957 Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives Breda locomotives Reggiane locomotives Standard gauge locomotives of Italy Freight locomotives
The Flintstones on Ice is a 1973 American live action television special featuring characters from The Flintstones franchise directed by Walter C. Miller and produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. It premiered on CBS on February 11, 1973. Synopsis The special was taped in Hamburg, Germany before a capacity crowd and starred costumed characters of Fred Flintstone, Wilma Flintstone, Barney Rubble and Betty Rubble (portrayed by champion ice skaters Lothar Dobberstein, Teri Tucker, Malcolm Smith and Mitsuko Funakoshi, respectively). Also featured are several other renowned skaters Donald McPherson, Cliff McArdle, Gudrun Hauss and Walter Häfner, all of whom combine stylish skating and dance techniques into one of the most rousing displays of talent and excitement on the ice, as well as blending precision and timing with an impeccable style as they perform daring acrobatics with intrepid leaps and startling spins. The special shows The Flintstones characters interacting with the other ice-skaters displaying winter-themed performances, elaborate costumes and German-theme pieces which concludes with a big finale as the four characters perform the closing number together, joined by the others in Germanic costumes. Flintstones cast References External links The Flintstones on Ice at The Paley Center for Media The Flintstones on Ice at The Bonham Daily Favorite, retrieved May 13, 2017. 1973 television specials CBS television specials CBS original programming 1970s American television specials Ice shows Television shows directed by Walter C. Miller Hanna-Barbera television specials The Flintstones television specials Television shows filmed in Germany
Scipione Chiaramonti (21 June 1565 – 3 October 1652) was an Italian philosopher and noted opponent of Galileo. Early life The Chiaramonti family was noble and wealthy, claiming to have originated in Clermont and moved to Italy in the fourteenth century. Pope Pius VII (1742–1823) was from the same family. The son of a doctor, Scipione studied at the University of Ferrara, lodging first at the house of Cardinal Alessandro d’Este and later associating with the circle of Cardinal Curzio Sangiorgi. In 1588 he married Virginia Abbati, with whom he was to father twelve children (including at least seven boys). In 1592 he met Galileo, passing through Cesena on his way to Pesaro, who described him as 'very gifted in mathematics'; the same year he graduated in philosophy. He spent a short period in Faenza where, in 1598 he wrote a treatise on mathematical problems in artillery; in 1601, he was hired, at annual salary of 340 scudi, as "interpreter of natural philosophy to the academy of Perugia" and also received an annual allowance of 400 ducats from Cardinal Alessandro d'Este. He was highly regarded by the Cardinal's half-brother, Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena whom he served as mathematician and advisor, and who took two of his sons, Virginio and Niccolò, as his pages. He was for a time also in the service of Cardinal Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini. Some time between 1610 and 1614 he composed a treatise on stage scenery. Opposition to Tycho Brahe In 1618 three comets appeared over Europe, and Chiaromonti dedicated his first printed work, Discorso della cometa pogonare dell'anno MDCXVIII to Cesare d'Este. He thus entered into a scientific polemic on the nature of comets that involved Orazio Grassi and Galileo; while Galileo held that they were most likely optical illusions rather than heavenly bodies, Chiaramonti argued that comets were made of 'elemental substance', did display parallax and were definitely sublunar. Just as Galileo sought to interpret the phenomenon of comets in a way which supported Copernican heliocentrism, Chiaramonti explained it with the intention of supporting the traditional geocentric model. Chiaramonti was such a determined defender of classical astronomy that he rejected even the Tychonic system, which was by then commonly accepted among Jesuit scholars and other astronomers who did not agree with the views of Copernicus. Chiaramonti's second and more significant venture into this scholarly field came with his 1621 work Antitycho which opposed the argument of Tycho Brahe that comets were celestial bodies following an orbit above the Moon. In this work Chiaramonti tackled not only Tycho but Grassi, devoting 10 of the work's 65 chapters to refuting his arguments about comets. When Johannes Kepler received a copy of Antitycho, he replied with Shieldbearer for Tycho. Despite the fundamental difference of views with Chiaramonti, Galileo maintained cordial relations with him at this time, referring to him positively in The Assayer as having conclusively proved the falsity of Tycho's model of the universe. Galileo's views may have hardened after Chiaramonti replied to Kepler's Shieldbearer in 1626 with his Apologia pro Antitychone. In this he reiterated what Benedetto Castelli described as "ridiculous and impossible" opinions on comets and stars. Mario Guiducci scorned him as a "cold, insipid Perpiatetic" who needed "a good ironing." In contrast, Chiaramonti's standing in Church circles continued to rise, and he served as a consultant to the Holy Office in Cesena. Many conservative churchmen in Rome were convinced that they had found in him the champion who would overcome dangerous innovations and restore traditional certainties. As Guiducci reported to Galileo, some believed that Chiaramonti would prove able to resolve the question of the earth's movement in favour of Ptolemy. The poet Pier Francesco Minozzi praised him in verse as ‘the Aristotle of our times.’ 'Enemy of Astronomers' In 1627 Chiaramonti was elected to the chair in philosophy at the University of Pisa with an annual salary of 700 ducats, where he remained until 1636. In 1629 he applied to the more prestigious university of Bologna to teach mathematics, but his appointment was blocked, with particularly strong opposition from Galileo's friend Cesare Marsili, who described him as "such an enemy of astronomers" ("tanto nemico degli astronomi"). In 1628 Chiaramonti published another attack on both Tycho and Copernicus, De Tribus Novis Stellis. This was concerned with three transient 'new stars' in 1572, 1600 and 1604. His purpose was to refute arguments that these were actual stars rather than sublunary events. The publication of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in Italian in 1632 and then in Latin in 1635, dealt a serious blow to Chiaramonti's scientific credibility. In the dialogue, arguments that he had used in past were placed in the mouth of Galileo's idiot character Simplicius in such way that, as Chiaramonti himself commented, only a "scempio" ("disgrace", "total mess") like Simplicio could possibly believe them. The character of Salivati firmly rebuts these points, dismissing "Antitycho" as a work hardly meriting serious attention, and referring to existence of sunspots, which not only darken the surface of the Sun, but cast a shadow on the whole of peripatetic philosophy. Chiaramonti is explicitly named in the "Dialogue", and Salviati says that as he is not present to answer his questions, he invites Simplicio to respond in his place. Simplicio does so, quoting verbatim from Chiaramonti's De Tribus Novis Stellis. Chiaramonti responded to Galileo almost at once with a dialogue of his own, the Difesa di Scipione Chiaramonti da Cesena al suo Antiticone (1633). In this he argued a position that "is neither well presented [i.e. by Salviati to Simplicio].... nor is it answered by him." Chiaramonti rewrote this entire section of Galileo's Dialogue, challenging Galileo's logic and inserting responses in the Salviati-Simplicio conversation to indicate what he would have said in place of Simplicio's weak replies. Galileo's supporters were scathing about this book, but Galileo was unable to respond to it publicly. In October 1632 he had been summoned to Rome for questioning by the Inquisition following the publication of his "Dialogue" and in April 1633 his trial began. One of his judges was Cardinal Francesco Barberini, nephew of the Pope, and Grand Inquisitor, to whom Chiaramonti had dedicated his Difesa. In a letter to Élie Diodati on 25 July 1634 Galileo complained that in the Difesa, Chiaramonti had allowed himself to be drawn into writing 'exaggerated' and 'reckless' things which, outside of present circumstances, could easily have been refuted. Later disputes In 1635 Chiaramonti published a work of political philosophy, Della Ragion di Stato which examined at great length different possible definitions of the terms 'reason' and 'state' and considered the dilemmas of statecraft and morality. The following year he left his position at Pisa, was unsuccessful in soliciting a chair at the University of Padua (which he wanted to secure without competition and with a salary of more than 600 sequins), and retired to Cesena. Here he devoted much of his time to an 887-page history of his native city, Caesenae historia, which was published in 1641. The remainder of his attention returned to the territory of scholarly disputes; Giovanni Camillo Glorioso had criticised his De Tribus and in 1636 Charamonti published a refutation, Examen censurae Gloriosi, to which Glorioso replied the following year Castigatio examinis. To this Chiaramonti responded in turn with Castigatio Ioannis Camilli Gloriosi aduersus Scipionem Claramontium Caesenatem (1638). Glorioso's final contribution to this dispute was his Responsio (1641). As he died soon after, this allowed Chiaramonti the last word, which he took with a volume of more than 500 pages, summarising his Aristotelian positions on a wide range of topics, his Opus Scipionis Claramontis Caesenatis de Universo (1644). No less acrimonious was his dispute with Galileo's friend Fortunio Liceti, founded on the same wish to defend Aristotle against any modern observation or experiment. This polemic was opened by Chiaramonti in 1636 and was fought by exchange of pamphlets until 1648. While pursuing these extended arguments, Chiaramonti produced a number of systematic treatises which reaffirmed classical Aristotelian thinking, and in 1643, the year after Galileo's death, he published an attack on his views in Antiphilolaus. Later life Chiaramonti's wife died in 1644; there is an account that at the age of eighty he remarried to a much younger wife, but the consensus is that soon after he widowed, he joined the Capuchin order to which four of his sons already belonged, and erected at his own expense a church dedicated to Saint Philip and Saint Cecilia. He died in Cesena on 3 October 1652. Works References 1565 births 1652 deaths 17th-century Italian philosophers Galileo Galilei People from Cesena University of Ferrara alumni Academic staff of the University of Pisa
Arthur Laban Bates (June 6, 1859 – August 26, 1934) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Pennsylvania. Arthur L. Bates (nephew of John Milton Thayer) was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He studied under tutors and was graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville in 1880. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1882. He attended Oxford University in England, in 1882 and 1883. He commenced the practice of law in Meadville in 1884, and was also engaged in the newspaper publishing business in 1899. He served as city solicitor of Meadville from 1889 to 1896. Bates was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-seventh and to the five succeeding Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1912. He was a delegate to the International Peace Conference at Brussels in 1905 and at Rome in 1911. He resumed the practice of law and the publishing business in Meadville, and was also engaged in banking. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1924. He died in Meadville in 1934. Interment in Greendale Cemetery. Sources The Political Graveyard 1859 births 1934 deaths People from Meadville, Pennsylvania Baptists from Pennsylvania Allegheny College alumni Pennsylvania lawyers Alumni of the University of Oxford Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania American expatriates in the United Kingdom 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) Burials at Greendale Cemetery
K-T.V. (also known as Kids TV) was a children's network broadcast in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Cyprus and South Africa as a programming block on M-Net and later on FilmNet. It was owned by Multichoice. In Greece, it used to air in the morning and afternoon on Alfa TV exclusively for NOVA.Its sister programming block was K-TV World (also known as K-World), which aired mostly in the afternoon, while K-T.V. aired in the morning. History Scandinavia and the Netherlands: It was a programming block on Filmnet (temporary called FilmNet Plus and renamed later as FilmNet 1 in Sweden), from January 1, 1993 to January 11, 1997. It was broadcasting in the mornings and the noon/afternoon. It had a sister programming block called "K-TV mini". Greece: The network was replaced on October 1, 2001, by Fox Kids. However, the site and the club were still active. Cyprus: It was a programming block on Alfa TV, until January 2002, when it was replaced by a Nickelodeon one. The block is not to be confused with Kids TV, the K-T.V. block's spiritual successor, independently managed by the channel itself. Playback Playback was a weekly K-T.V. original TV show, presented by Jenna Dover. There, you could vote for your favourite video each week and win prizes. Ti Paizei Ti Paizei (Greek: Τι Παίζει) was an original production for the Greek counterpart of the network, presented by Banta Rapti, George Menediatis and Mary Blaxou. Music Mail Music Mail (Greek: Μουσικό Μήνυμα) was an original production for the Greek counterpart of the network, similar to Playback. It featured video clips, tributes, news and exclusive interviews from singers; it was presented by Banta Rapti. See also M-Net Filmnet SuperSport (South African TV channel) References External links Greek-language television stations Television channels and stations established in 1990 Television channels and stations established in 1993 Television channels and stations disestablished in 1997 Television channels and stations disestablished in 2001 Television channels and stations disestablished in 2002 Television channels and stations disestablished in 2011 Defunct mass media in South Africa Defunct television channels in Greece Defunct television channels in Cyprus Defunct television channels in Sweden Defunct television channels in Norway Defunct television channels in Denmark Defunct television channels in Finland Defunct television channels in the Netherlands el:Filmnet#K-T.V.
The Sydney International Archery Park is a stadium is located in the Sydney Olympic Park suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was specially designed for archery during the 2000 Summer Olympics. It was designed by Stutchbury and Pape. The Archery Centre is located opposite the Waterfront Apartments on Bennelong Parkway, and is about 3 km from Sydney Olympic Park town centre. The venue hosts a wide range of events, such as school holiday programs for kids, beginners' courses, school programs, casual archers and professional coaching. There are facilities available for corporate team building, as well as laser clay pigeon shooting. The venue sports a 100 x 10 metre Archery pavilion, and has parking spaces for bicycles and 80 motor vehicles. Simon Fairweather won the first ever gold medal for Australia during the Sydney 2000 Olympic games. See also 2000 Summer Olympics venues List of sports venues in Australia References 2000 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 387. Venues of the 2000 Summer Olympics Olympic archery venues Sports venues in Sydney Archery in Australia Archery
Otto Eckmann (19 November 1865 – 11 June 1902) was a German painter and graphic artist. He was a prominent member of the "floral" branch of Jugendstil. He created the Eckmann typeface, which was based on Japanese calligraphy and medieval font design. Biography Otto Eckmann was born in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Germany in 1865. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Hamburg and Nuremberg and at the academy in Munich. In 1894, Eckmann gave up painting (and auctioned off his works) in order to concentrate on applied design. He began producing graphic work for the magazines Pan in 1895 and Jugend which had roughly 20,000 readers every week in 1896. He also designed book covers for the publishers Cotta, Diederichs, Scherl and Seemann, as well as the logo for the publishing house S. Fischer Verlag. Eckmann used woodblock print for his work on Jugend magazine similar to japanese woodblock prints and later-adapted French styles. Eckmann's work differed from others in the art nouveau movement in that he used dimensionality in his designs, where most designers used a flat look Eckmann's work shows a clear background, middle-ground and foreground. In 1897 he taught ornamental painting at the Unterrichtsanstalt des Königlichen Kunstgewerbemuseums in Berlin. In 1899, he designed the logo for the magazine Die Woche. From 1900 to 1902, Eckmann did graphic work for the Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft (AEG). During this time, he designed the fonts Eckmann (in 1900) and Fette Eckmann (in 1902), probably the most common Jugendstil fonts still in use today. The fonts were also notable in that they were written with a brush, whereas most fonts at the time were written with a pen. Eckmann was also proficient in tile design and furniture design. Eckmann died of the tuberculosis that had plagued him for years on 11 June 1902, at age 37 in Badenweiler, Germany. Style and works Otto Eckmann was skilled in many areas of art and design including tile, textile, embroidery, furniture, and painting. Eckmann worked as a painter from his education in 1865 to 1894 when he changed careers to focus on applied design. Few works from this time remain. Of what does remain there is pottery, painting, sculpture and textile. More works remain from after his shift to applied design. Eckmann's work as part of the arts and crafts movement, art nouveau, and its German counterpart jugendstil. Much of Eckmann's work depicted swans, as well as women. The latter was common for the art nouveau movement, however Eckmann's love of swans was more personal but expanded to all of jugendstil, becoming a common subject of works in the movement and serving as a symbol for it. Eckmann's work has been auctioned many times with prices ranging from US$216 to US$16,250. See also List of German painters Art Nouveau posters and graphic arts References German typographers and type designers 19th-century German painters 19th-century German male artists German male painters 20th-century German painters 20th-century German male artists 1865 births 1902 deaths Art Nouveau painters Artists from Hamburg Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg alumni 20th-century deaths from tuberculosis Tuberculosis deaths in the German Empire
Tranmer House is a country house in Sutton Hoo, Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, dating from 1910. The house is located on the Sutton Hoo Anglo-Saxon burial site, and in 1938 was the home of Edith Pretty. In June 1938, Pretty employed Basil Brown to undertake the excavation of a range of burial mounds on the estate, leading to Brown's discovery in May 1939 of a ship burial, "one of the most important archaeological discoveries of all time". The house is now owned by the National Trust. History and description Tranmer House, then called Sutton Hoo House, was designed in 1910 by John Shewell Corder, an architect based in Ipswich, for a Suffolk artist, John Chadwick Lomax. In 1926 the Sutton Hoo estate was bought by Edith Pretty and her husband, Frank, for £15,250. Edith Pretty, born Edith Dempster in 1883, inherited a considerable fortune from her father upon his death in 1925. Following Frank Pretty's death in 1934, Edith Pretty developed an interest in excavating the burial mounds that lay to the north-east of Tranmer House and engaged a local archaeologist, Basil Brown, to undertake two digs, in 1938 and 1939. During the second dig, Brown located the Anglo-Saxon ship burial site under Mound 1, "the largest Anglo-Saxon ship burial ever discovered". The trove of treasure within made Sutton Hoo "the richest intact early medieval grave in Europe with a burial chamber full of dazzling riches". Edith Pretty died in 1942, having gifted the Sutton Hoo treasure to the British Museum. The house was sold by her son's trustees in the late 1940s, and was owned by a number of local farming families until bought by the Tranmers. Following the death of Annie Tranmer, the house and the Sutton Hoo burial site were bequeathed to the National Trust in 1998. The Trust renamed the house in acknowledgement of the donation. James Bettley and Nikolaus Pevsner, in their Suffolk: East volume of The Buildings of England series, describe the architectural style of Tranmer as "Tudor". The house now operates as a museum, while the stable block, and original squash court, form part of the Sutton Hoo Visitor Centre. Footnotes References Sources External links Sutton Hoo, at the National Trust website Country houses in Suffolk National Trust properties in Suffolk 1938 archaeological discoveries 1939 archaeological discoveries Anglo-Saxon art Archaeological museums in England Archaeological sites in Suffolk Sutton, Suffolk Sutton Hoo
The 1895 Pittsburgh Athletic Club football season was their sixth season in existence. The team finished with a record of 7–1–2. Schedule Notes References Pittsburgh Athletic Club Pittsburgh Athletic Club (football) seasons Pittsburgh Athletic Club football
Carl Gustav Schmitt (9 December 1837 – 22 March 1900) was a notable New Zealand violinist, composer, conductor and university professor. He was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany in about 1833. He lectured on music at the Auckland University College. He composed over 1500 violin concertos throughout his career. He is also responsible for composing the national anthem of Tonga, "Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga", where he had written the music set to lyrics written by ʻUelingatoni Ngū Tupoumalohi, the second Crown Prince of the island kingdom at the time. Schmitt died on 22 March 1900 in Clevedon, New Zealand. His only daughter, Ethel Mildred Schmitt, married Auckland barrister Fred Earl in 1890, but died two years later aged 20. References 1837 births 1900 deaths 19th-century New Zealand musicians Academic staff of the University of Auckland National anthem writers New Zealand composers
Indianola is a village in Carroll Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Danville, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 207 at the 2000 census. Geography According to the 2010 census, Indianola has a total area of , all land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 207 people, 79 households, and 57 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 86 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.55% White, 0.48% African American, 0.48% Asian, and 0.48% from two or more races. There were 79 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.05. In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males. The median income for a household in the village was $42,125, and the median income for a family was $44,688. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,284. About 6.2% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. Notable people Martin B. Bailey, Illinois lawyer and state legislator William Parker McKee, president of Shimer College (1897-1930) Ryan Drew Thomas, UFC Fighter References Villages in Vermilion County, Illinois Villages in Illinois
The GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) is an implementation of a regional satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) by the Government of India. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing reference signals. The Airports Authority of India (AAI)'s efforts towards implementation of operational SBAS can be viewed as the first step towards introduction of modern communication, navigation and surveillance / air traffic management system over the Indian airspace. The project has established fifteen Indian reference stations, three Indian navigation land uplink stations, three Indian mission control centres, and installation of all associated software and communication links. It will be able to help pilots to navigate in the Indian airspace by an accuracy of This will be helpful for landing aircraft in marginal weather and difficult approaches like Mangalore International and Kushok Bakula Rimpochee airports. Implementation The project was created in three phases through 2008 by the Airports Authority of India with the help of the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) technology and space support. The goal is to provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area. It is applicable to safety-to-life operations, and meets the performance requirements of international civil aviation regulatory bodies. The space component became available after the launch of the GAGAN payload on the GSAT-8 communication satellite, which was successfully launched. This payload was also part of the GSAT-4 satellite that was lost when the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) failed during launch in April 2010. A final system acceptance test was conducted during June 2012 followed by system certification during July 2013. All aircraft being registered in India after 1 July 2021 are mandated to be outfitted with GAGAN equipment. Technology To begin implementing a satellite-based augmentation system over the Indian airspace, Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) codes for L1 frequency and L5 frequency were obtained from the United States Air Force and the United States Department of Defense in November 2001 and March 2005. The system will use eight reference stations located in Delhi, Guwahati, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Jammu and Port Blair, and a master control centre at Bengaluru. United States defence contractor Raytheon has stated they will bid to build the system. Technology demonstration A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of technology demonstration system (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept had been prepared jointly by AAI and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Centre (MCC) located near Bengaluru. Preliminary system acceptance testing has been successfully completed in December 2010. The ground segment for GAGAN, which has been put up by the Raytheon, has fifteen reference stations scattered across the country. Two mission control centres, along with associated uplink stations, have been set up at Kundalahalli in Bengaluru. One more control centre and uplink station are to come up at Delhi. As a part of the programme, a network of eighteen total electron content (TEC) monitoring stations were installed at various locations in India to study and analyse the behaviour of the ionosphere over the Indian region. GAGAN's TDS signal in space provides a accuracy as against the requirement of . Flight inspection of GAGAN signal is being carried out at Calicut International, Rajiv Gandhi International, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International and Kempegowda International airports and the results have been satisfactory so far. Study of Ionosphere One essential component of the GAGAN project is the study of the ionospheric behaviour over the Indian region. This has been specially taken up in view of the uncertain nature of the behaviour of the ionosphere in the region. The study will lead to the optimisation of the algorithms for the ionospheric corrections in the region. To study the ionospheric behaviour more effectively over entire Indian airspace, Indian universities and research and development labs, which are involved in the development of regional based ionotropic model for GAGAN, have suggested nine more TEC stations. Technology Integration GAGAN is now in operational phase and is compatible with other SBAS systems such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) and will provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries. While the ground segment consists of fifteen reference stations and a master control centre, which will have sub systems such as data communication network, SBAS correction and verification system, operations and maintenance system, performance monitoring display and payload simulator, Indian land uplinking stations will have dish antenna assembly. The space segment will consist of one geo-navigation transponder. Effective flight-management system A flight management system based on GAGAN will then be poised to save operators time and money by managing climb, descent and engine performance profiles. The FMS will improve the efficiency and flexibility by increasing the use of operator-preferred trajectories. It will improve airport and airspace access in all weather conditions, and the ability to meet the environmental and obstacle clearance constraints. It will also enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures that feature parallel routes and environmentally optimised airspace corridors. GAGAN will increase safety by using a three-dimensional approach operation with course guidance to the runway, which will reduce the risk of controlled flight into terrain i.e., an accident whereby an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, inadvertently flies into terrain, an obstacle, or water. GAGAN will also offer high position accuracies over a wide geographical area like the Indian airspace. These positions accuracies will be simultaneously available to 80 civilian and more than 200 non-civilian airports and airfields and will facilitate an increase in the number of airports to 500 as planned. These position accuracies can be further enhanced with ground-based, augmentation system. Developments The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into the GSAT-4 geostationary satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008. Following a series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned. In 2009, Raytheon had won an $82 million contract. It was mainly dedicated to modernise Indian air navigation system. The vice president of Command and Control Systems, Raytheon Network Centric Systems, Andy Zogg commented: GAGAN will be the world's most advanced air navigation system and further reinforces India's leadership in the forefront of air navigation. GAGAN will greatly improve safety, reduce congestion and enhance communications to meet India's growing air traffic management needs In 2012, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) received a "miniaturised version" of the device with all the features from Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The module weighing just , can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft (e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist "survey applications". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of "tremendous" civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver, integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and GLONASS systems. According to Deccan chronicle: G. Satheesh Reddy, associate director of the city-based Research Centre Imarat, said the product is bringing about a quantum leap in the area of GNSS technology and has paved the way for highly miniaturised GNSS systems for the future. On 30 December 2012, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), India provisionally certified the GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation (GAGAN) system to RNP0.1 (required navigation performance, ) service level. The certification enabled aircraft fitted with SBAS equipment to use GAGAN signal in space for navigation purposes. Satellites GSAT-8 is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude. GSAT-10 is envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and C-band transponders and carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and 12 Extended C Band transponders and a GAGAN payload. The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K structure with power handling capability of around 6 kW with a lift off mass of . GSAT-10 was successfully launched by Ariane 5 on 29 September 2012. GSAT-15 carries 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam and a GAGAN payload. was successfully launched on 10 November 2015, 21:34:07 UTC, completing the constellation. Indian regional navigation satellite system (NAVIC) The Indian government has stated that it intends to use the experience of creating the GAGAN system to enable the creation of an autonomous regional navigation system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), operationally known as NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation). IRNSS-1 Indian regional navigational satellite system (IRNSS)-1, the first of the seven satellites of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System constellation, carries a navigation payload and a C-band ranging transponder. The spacecraft employs an optimised I-1K structure with a power handling capability of around 1660W and a lift off mass of , and is designed for a nominal mission life of 10 years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation was launched onboard Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) (C22) on 1 July 2012. While the full constellation was planned to be realised during 2014 time frame, launch of subsequent satellites was delayed. Currently all seven satellites are in orbit but in 2017 it was announced that all three rubidium based atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed, mirroring similar failures in the Galileo constellation. The first failure occurred in July 2016, following which two other clocks also failed. This rendered the satellite somewhat redundant and required replacement. Although the satellite still performs other functions, the data is coarse, and thus cannot be used for accurate measurements. ISRO plans to replace it with IRNSS-1H in July or August 2017. Two more clocks in the navigational system had started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five. As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining six satellites. Each satellite has three clocks, therefore a total of 27 clocks for all satellites in the system (including standby satellites). The clocks of both IRNSS and GALILEO were supplied by SpectraTime. ISRO replaced the atomic clocks in two standby NavIC satellites. The setback comes at a time when IRNSS is yet to start commercial operations. Applications Karnataka Forest Department has used GAGAN to build a new, accurate and publicly available satellite based database of its forestlands. This is a followup to the Supreme Court directive to states to update and put up their respective forest maps. The geospatial database of forestlands pilot has used data from the Cartosat-2 satellite. The maps are meant to rid authorities of ambiguities related to forest boundaries and give clarity to forest administrators, revenue officials as also the public, according to R.K. Srivastava, chief conservator of forests (headquarters). The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) along with AAI has launched a new satellite-based GEMINI (Gagan Enabled Mariner's Instrument for Navigation and Information) system that will alert deep-sea fishermen of upcoming disasters. The GEMINI app on the cellphone decodes the signals from GEMINI device and alerts the user on imminent threats like cyclones, high waves, strong winds along with PFZ and search and rescue mission. Various Indian manufactured missiles including the BrahMos will use GAGAN for guidance. See also GNSS augmentation References Further reading Rs.378 crore aid for GPS-aided navigation system External links ISRO Satellite Navigation Programme Geographical technology Global Positioning System 2001 establishments in India Navigation satellite constellations Satellite-based augmentation systems
Östra Skrävlinge is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Husie, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden. References Neighbourhoods of Malmö
The College Club of Boston is a private membership organization founded in 1890 as the first women's college club in the United States. Located in the historic Back Bay of Boston, Massachusetts at 44 Commonwealth Avenue, the College Club was established by nineteen college educated women whose mission was to form a social club where they and other like-minded women could meet and share companionship. History In December 1890, 76 Marlborough Street, also located in Boston's Back Bay, became the first home of The College Club. The building at 76 Marlborough was purchased by Club member Mabel Cummings in 1893. The Club was designed by Mary Almy. In April 1905, the College Club acquired the clubhouse at 40 Commonwealth Avenue, which contained an Old English drawing room and seven bedrooms, each of which "were furnished and decorated in the colors of various women's colleges: crimson rambler wallpaper for Radcliffe, blue silk curtains for Wellesley, white (with brass beds) for Smith, dawn pink and gray for Vassar." In 1924, the Club purchased 44 Commonwealth Avenue, which was the family home of Royal E. Robbins, a major stockholder in the Waltham Watch Company. The brownstone townhouse was built in 1864 and was designed in the High Victorian style. Club members took up the cause of educational philanthropy in 1985 and established The College Club Scholarship Fund, Inc. as an IRS 501(c)(3) designated charitable organization. The endowed fund is administered by Club members. Each year since 1986, the Scholarship Fund has awarded college tuition assistance to deserving high school seniors from Boston Public Schools. See also General Federation of Women's Clubs, founded 1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association, founded 1890 References Notes Sources External links Official website of The College Club of Boston Neighborhood of The College Club of Boston Charities based in Massachusetts Back Bay, Boston Clubs and societies in Boston Cultural history of Boston Educational charities based in the United States Financial endowments Organizations established in 1890 Scholarships in the United States Victorian architecture in Massachusetts Women's clubs in the United States History of women in Massachusetts Women in Boston
A petal is one member (or part) of the corolla of a flower. Petal, Petals, or variants may also refer to: Entertainment Petal (band), a rock band from Scranton, Pennsylvania Petals (TV series), 1989–1999 Australian children's TV series A Petal, a 1996 South Korean film Other uses Petal, Mississippi, United States Petal Maps, an online map service based on data from OpenStreetMap Petal Search, a search engine, developed by Huawei Breast petal, a type of nipple shield In mathematics, portions of a topological space; see Rose (topology) See also Pedal (disambiguation) Peddle, to sell something by going from place to place Peddle (surname)
Pandeleteius rotundicollis is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America. References Further reading Entiminae Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1907
Smangaliso Nhlebela (born 2 June 1994) is a South African first-class cricketer. He was included in KwaZulu-Natal's squad for the 2016 Africa T20 Cup. He made his Twenty20 debut for KwaZulu-Natal against Boland in the 2016 Africa T20 Cup on 23 September 2016. He was the leading wicket-taker in the 2017–18 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge tournament for KwaZulu-Natal, with 13 dismissals in nine matches. He was also the joint-leading wicket-taker in the 2017–18 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup for KwaZulu-Natal, with 35 dismissals in ten matches. In July 2018, he was named in the Cricket South Africa Emerging Squad. In September 2018, he was named in KwaZulu-Natal's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. In September 2019, he was named in KwaZulu-Natal's squad for the 2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup. References External links 1994 births Living people South African cricketers KwaZulu-Natal cricketers Place of birth missing (living people)
Marginella luculenta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails. Description Distribution This marine species occurs off Angola. References Gofas S. & Fernandes F. 1994. The Marginellidae of Angola. The genus Marginella. Journal of Conchology 35(2): 103–119 Cossignani T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp. luculenta Gastropods described in 1994
The Norwegian Bible Society (Norwegian: ) is a Norwegian Christian foundation which translates, produces, and distributes the Bible in Norway. It is the official Bible society of Norway. The Norwegian Bible Society is organized as a publishing company that distributes the Bible in various editions and other books related to the purpose, as well as a department that finances Bible distribution in other countries. Most of this is done through the United Bible Societies, which operates in over 200 countries and territories and is represented in 145 countries. Most of the denominations in Norway are represented on the board of the foundation. History The Norwegian Bible Society was founded on May 26, 1816, and is the oldest interchurch organization in Norway. It was founded as part of a broad international movement that started in England in 1804 and was later established in other countries, including Denmark in 1814. It received support from the Swedish Bible Society, including through the work of Swedish Count Mathias Rosenblad, and the British and Foreign Bible Society. The aim of the movement that arose was to make the Bible available to everyone. Translations Initially it primarily focused on publication and distribution of Danish language translations. Only after 1904 were non-Danish translations published. The Bible Society published the first Norwegian language translation of the Bible in 1930. In the 1950s, many considered the language of the 1930 edition to be obsolete, and work began on a complete revision of the Bible. The new translation was published in 1978. In Nynorsk, the New Testament was published in 1899, and the entire Bible in 1921. A new edition was published in 1938, and in the process of the new translation from the 1950s, work was done in parallel so that a new Nynorsk edition was also published in 1978. It was lightly edited and released in a new edition in 1985. Bibel 2011 Around the turn of the millennium, the society planned a thorough overhaul. Early in this work, a need for a completely new translation from the original language became apparent, and the Norwegian Bible Society involved translators, consultants and advisors in a translation project that would take about eleven years. The new translation of the New Testament (NT) was completed in 2005, and the Society published new two-part editions of the 1985 Old Testament text. In October 2011, the new translation, called , was published in its entirety, with minor revisions to NT 2005. The 1930 Bokmål translation, the 1938 Nynorsk translation, and the versions in both target languages with the 78/85 translation will continue to be published, according to the Norwegian Bible Society. Other languages The Norwegian Bible Society has also worked on several translations into Sami, and has been involved in translations and publications of various Sami editions since 1840. The first complete translation of the Bible into Sami came in 1895, translated by Lars Jacobsen Hætta and published by . In 1998, The New Testament in Northern Sami was published. In 2003, The New Testament in Lule Sami was published in collaboration between the Norwegian and Swedish Bible Societies. Magazine The Norwegian Bible Society publishes , called until 2013. Staff Magne Lerø served as publishing manager from 1990 to 1992. See also Bible translations in Norway References External links Norwegian Bible Society Church of Norway Bible societies Religious organizations established in 1816 1816 establishments in Norway Christianity in Norway Religious organisations based in Norway
Thargomindah Airport is an airport near Thargomindah, Queensland, Australia. Airlines and destinations Services are operated under contract to the Government of Queensland and will be taken over by Regional Express Airlines from 1 January 2015. See also List of airports in Queensland References Airports in Queensland Shire of Bulloo
Herzegovina Province, Ottoman Empire may refer to: Sanjak of Herzegovina (1462-1833; 1851-1878) Eyalet of Herzegovina (1833-1851)
Glad All Over Again is a compilation album by The Dave Clark Five, released in 1993. Track listing "Glad All Over" (Dave Clark, Mike Smith) – 2:41 "Do You Love Me" (Berry Gordy, Jr.) – 2:25 "Bits and Pieces" (Clark, Smith, Ron Ryan) – 1:59 "Can't You See That She's Mine" (Clark, Smith) – 2:21 "Don't Let Me Down" (Clark, Smith) – 1:41 "Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)" (Clark, Lenny Davidson) – 1:42 "Any Way You Want It" (Clark) – 2:40 "Catch Us If You Can" (Clark, Davidson) – 1:55 "Having a Wild Weekend" (Clark, Smith) – 1:42 "Because" (Clark) – 2:24 "I Like It Like That" (Allen Toussaint, Chris Kenner) – 1:38 "Over and Over" (Robert Byrd) – 2:01 "Reelin' and Rockin'" (Chuck Berry) – 2:48 "Come Home" (Clark, Smith) – 2:51 "You Got What It Takes" (Tyran Carlo, Gwen Fuqua, Gordy Jr., Marv Johnson) – 3:00 "Everybody Knows" (Barry Mason, Les Reed) – 2:23 "Try Too Hard" (Clark, Smith) – 2:09 "I'll Be Yours My Love" (Clark, Smith) – 2:42 "Good Old Rock & Roll" – 3:48 "Good Old Rock and Roll" "Sweet Little Sixteen" (Chuck Berry) "Long Tall Sally" (Enotris Johnson, Robert Blackwell, Richard Penniman) "Chantilly Lace" (JP Richardson) "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" (Dave "Curlee" Williams) "Blue Suede Shoes" (Carl Perkins) "Here Comes Summer" (Jerry Keller) – 2:48 "Live in the Sky" (Clark, Smith) – 2:42 "The Red Balloon" (Raymond Froggatt) – "Sha-Na-Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" (Paul Leka, Gary DeCarlo, Dale Frashuer) – 3:19 "More Good Old Rock & Roll" – 2:58 "Rock n' Roll Music" (Berry) "Blueberry Hill" (Larry Stock, Al Lewis, Vincent Rose) "Good Golly Miss Molly" (John Marascalco, Robert "Bumps" Blackwell) "My Blue Heaven" (Walter Donaldson, George A. Whiting) "Keep a Knockin'" (Penniman) "Put a Little Love In Your Heart" (Jackie DeShannon, Jimmy Holiday, Randy Myers) – 2:59 "Everybody Get Together" (Chet Powers) – 3:18 Personnel The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark – backing and occasional lead vocals, drums Mike Smith – lead vocals, keyboards Lenny Davidson – backing and occasional lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitars Rick Huxley – backing vocals, bass guitar, rhythm guitar Denis Payton – backing and occasional lead vocals, tenor and baritone saxophones, harmonica, rhythm guitar Technical Dave Clark – producer Adrian Clark – producer (track 7) Andy Engel – cover design Hank Parker – photography References 1993 compilation albums The Dave Clark Five albums EMI Records compilation albums
Angkor EV (mentioned in sources with various names including Angkor 333-1000, Angkor, Angkor EV 2011, Angkor EV 2013 and Angkor EV 2014) is a proposed Cambodian electric car developed by the company Heng Development. History Various vehicles were developed under the name Angkor or Angkor 333-1000 as a private initiative of Nhean Phaloek. They were open-roof, two-seater microcars. Reliable technical specifications of these vehicles, of which the alleged third version caused an increased media interest, are not available. As early as 2011, a mass-production version was announced. In early 2013, Heng Development presented a revised version of the closed-body model. At the same time, technical problems had allegedly been resolved. By mid-2013, production had not started yet. In 2014, after investors withdrew from the project, Heng Development was looking for new ones. For the production going ahead, an investment of for a plant with about 300 employees was needed. However, mass-production can not be verified . Technical specifications According to data given in 2014 by the car developer Phalleok, the vehicle would reach a speed of 60 km/h and have a range of up to 300 kilometres. The equipment would include GPS and keyless ignition system. A possible price tag of was announced. See also VinFast References and sources The entry incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia entry as of 2019-01-20. Cars introduced in 2013 Microcars C
Sphingomonas aestuarii is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments in Yeosu in Korea. References Further reading External links Type strain of Sphingomonas aestuarii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase aestuarii Bacteria described in 2009
The women's long jump event at the 1957 World University Games was held at the Stadium Charlety in Paris on 5 September 1957. Results References Athletics at the 1957 World University Games 1957

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