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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1161282687#3_2621830037
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Title: Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? - HISTORY
Headings: Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression?
Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression?
Many New Deal programs established critical economic safeguards.
The modern labor movement was born out of New Deal initiatives.
But New Deal programs alone weren’t enough to end the Great Depression.
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
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Content: It really could be argued World War II, which ultimately lowered unemployment and increased GNP through weapons production really played a much bigger role,” Lichtenstein says. Still, as Dr. Lichtenstein notes, several programs created through the New Deal did have a lasting positive impact on the U.S. economy which was flagging throughout the 1930s, among them the Social Security Act, which provided income for the elderly, disabled and children of poor families. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which effectively insured the savings of Americans in the event of a bank failure, which was all too common at the time. The modern labor movement was born out of New Deal initiatives. In addition, Lichtenstein notes, the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 was enacted to foster “fair competition” through the fixing of prices and wages and the establishment of production quotas, among other measures. The subsequent National Labor Relations Act of 1935 allowed for collective bargaining and essentially led to the development of the labor movement in the United States, which protected workers’ rights and wages. But New Deal programs alone weren’t enough to end the Great Depression. According to Linda Gordon, professor of history at New York University, the Works Progress Administration, created in 1935, also had a positive impact by employing more than 8 million Americans in building projects ranging from bridges and airports to parks and schools. Such programs certainly helped end the Great Depression, “but were insufficient [because] the amount of government funds for stimulus wasn’t large enough,” she notes. “ Only World War II, with its demands for massive war production, which created lots of jobs, ended the Depression.”
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https://www.history.com/news/new-deal-effects-great-depression
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1161282687#4_2621832721
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Title: Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? - HISTORY
Headings: Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression?
Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression?
Many New Deal programs established critical economic safeguards.
The modern labor movement was born out of New Deal initiatives.
But New Deal programs alone weren’t enough to end the Great Depression.
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
SIGN UP FOR MORE HISTORY!
Content: The subsequent National Labor Relations Act of 1935 allowed for collective bargaining and essentially led to the development of the labor movement in the United States, which protected workers’ rights and wages. But New Deal programs alone weren’t enough to end the Great Depression. According to Linda Gordon, professor of history at New York University, the Works Progress Administration, created in 1935, also had a positive impact by employing more than 8 million Americans in building projects ranging from bridges and airports to parks and schools. Such programs certainly helped end the Great Depression, “but were insufficient [because] the amount of government funds for stimulus wasn’t large enough,” she notes. “ Only World War II, with its demands for massive war production, which created lots of jobs, ended the Depression.” FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. SIGN UP FOR MORE HISTORY!
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https://www.history.com/news/new-deal-effects-great-depression
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1161758204#14_2623216741
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Title: Presidential Feuds With the Media Are Nothing New - HISTORY
Headings: Presidential Feuds With the Media Are Nothing New
Presidential Feuds With the Media Are Nothing New
Journalists have angered presidents from the earliest days of America’s founding.
1. Thomas Jefferson
2. Theodore Roosevelt
3. Woodrow Wilson
4. Harry S. Truman
5. Richard Nixon
6. Bill Clinton
7. Donald Trump
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Content: 6. Bill Clinton
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President Bill Clinton’s grand jury testimony on the Monica Lewinsky affair being televised across the nation. ( Credit: Porter Gifford/Getty Images)
Throughout Clinton’s campaign and subsequent presidency, the media doggedly reported stories about his former business dealings and alleged sexual transgressions. But when news broke that not only was the President having a relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, but that he was being investigated by the independent counsel for it, a media storm ensued. Clinton strenuously denied the accusations for months before finally confessing in August of 1998. Following that, perjury charges were filed and a special prosecutor appointed, in a series of events that came to define the Clinton presidency. Clinton’s conduct came under renewed scrutiny due to Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign, when her opponent Donald Trump brought it up to push back on similar allegations about his own treatment of women. However, when asked to compare his treatment by the press during his campaign and in 2016, Bill Clinton stated he thought the press was ”fairer” in 1992. 7.
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https://www.history.com/news/presidents-relationship-with-press
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1163617891#6_2628303065
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Title: The History Behind Brexit - HISTORY
Headings: The History Behind Brexit
The History Behind Brexit
The often-rocky relationship between Britain and the European Union stretches back nearly half a century.
Content: Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown famously missed a televised ceremony in which the leaders of the 26 other member nations signed the treaty. He later signed the document, but was criticized for failing to defend a treaty he had helped to negotiate. In the interests of protecting Britain’s financial sector, David Cameron became the first UK prime minister to veto a EU treaty in 2011. In early 2013, he gave a much-anticipated speech in which he outlined the challenges facing Europe and promised to renegotiate membership in the EU if his Conservative Party won a majority in the next general election. At the same time, support was growing among British voters for the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and its hard line stance against the EU. Against the backdrop of economic unrest in the eurozone (as the territory of the 19 EU countries that use the euro is known) and an ongoing migrant crisis, UKIP and other supporters of a possible British exit from the EU—or Brexit—increased. After winning reelection in May 2015, Cameron went to work renegotiating the UK-EU relationship, including changes in migrant welfare payments, financial safeguards and easier ways for Britain to block EU regulations. In February 2016, he announced the results of those negotiations, and set June 23 as the date of the promised referendum. Turnout for the referendum was 71.8 percent, with more than 30 million people voting. The referendum passed by a slim 51.9 percent to 48.1 percent margin, but there were stark differences across the UK.
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https://www.history.com/news/the-history-behind-brexit
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1164289333#9_2630102175
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Title: Key Provisions in the Treaty of Versailles - HISTORY
Headings: The Treaty of Versailles Punished Defeated Germany With These Provisions
The Treaty of Versailles Punished Defeated Germany With These Provisions
Hand Over Territories and Colonies
Limits on Arms, Forces and Equipment
War Crimes Trials
$33 Billion in Reparations
German Humiliation, Debt & World War II
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Content: “I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible,” economist John Maynard Keynes wrote in 1920. Germany was already in deep financial trouble, due to the former imperial regime’s trick of printing a lot of currency and borrowing heavily to cover its military expenditures. The new German government, struggling under the weight of debt and budget deficits, defaulted on the payments in gold-backed marks that it was obligated to make. France then tried to put on the pressure by occupying the Ruhr, an industrial region in western Germany. That only exacerbated Germany’s economic chaos, and contributed to the hyperinflation that made the nation’s currency virtually worthless in 1923. German Humiliation, Debt & World War II
Eventually, the United States came up with the idea of lending money t o Germany to pay the reparations. In the end, though, the Allies got very little money from Germany, and the reparations were cancelled at the Lausanne Conference in 1932. “The reparations and dismantling of the German military were humiliating for many Germans, primarily because the German military and press had been lying to the public about the war,” Quall says. Anger over the imagined betrayal, in turn, helped fuel the rise of populism and nationalism that eventually led to the rise of Hitler, who proceeded to violate the treaty by rearming Germany. Hitler subsequently defied other provisions as well, including re-militarizing the Rhineland and joining into a union with Austria.
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https://www.history.com/news/treaty-of-versailles-provisions
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1164299653#6_2630122665
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Title: How the Treaty of Versailles and German Guilt Led to World War II - HISTORY
Headings: How the Treaty of Versailles and German Guilt Led to World War II
How the Treaty of Versailles and German Guilt Led to World War II
VIDEO: Stock Market Crash of 1929
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Content: Aside from affecting Germany, the Treaty of Versailles might have caused the Great Depression. Many people, even at the time, agreed with the British economist John Maynard Keynes that Germany could not possibly pay so much in reparations without severe risks to the entire European economy. In his later memoir, U.S. President Herbert Hoover went so far as to blame reparations for causing the Great Depression. But though most Germans were furious about the Treaty of Versailles, calling it a Diktat (dictated peace) and condemning the German representatives who signed it as “November criminals” who had stabbed them in the back, in hindsight it seems clear that the treaty turned out to be far more lenient than its authors might have intended. “ Germany ended up not paying anywhere near what the treaty said Germany should pay,” Neiberg says, adding that hardly anyone had expected Germany to be able to pay the entire amount. And despite the loss of German territory, “there were plenty of people who understood as early as 1919 that the map actually gave Germany some advantages,” Neiberg points out. “ It put small states on Germany’s borders, in eastern and central Europe. It eliminated Russia as a direct enemy of Germany, at least in the 1920s, and it removed Russia as an ally of France. So while the treaty looked really harsh to some people, it actually opened up opportunities for others.” The war guilt clause was more problematic. “
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https://www.history.com/news/treaty-of-versailles-world-war-ii-german-guilt-effects
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1165206787#1_2632584443
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Title: Who is the Miranda warning named for? - HISTORY
Headings: Who is the Miranda warning named for?
Who is the Miranda warning named for?
Content: Elizabeth Nix
“You have the right to remain silent.” You’ve probably heard those words, which are part of the Miranda warning, on countless TV shows following a criminal suspect’s arrest. Thanks to a 1966 landmark ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Miranda v. Arizona, the warning—which also lets a person know that anything he says can be used against him in court, and that he has a right to an attorney and to have one provided by the state if he can’t afford one—must be given to someone in police custody before he can be questioned. The warning is named for a real person, Ernesto Miranda. In 1963, Miranda was arrested for the kidnapping and rape of a woman in Phoenix. After being interrogated by law enforcement officials for several hours, he admitted to the crimes then signed a written confession. When Miranda’s case went to trial, his confession was the main evidence used against him. However, his lawyer argued the confession should be tossed out because his client didn’t have an attorney present during questioning and hadn’t fully understood his rights when he confessed—and therefore the confession wasn’t voluntary. The lawyer’s objection was overruled and Miranda was found guilty and sentenced to 20 to 30 years behind bars. The Arizona Supreme Court later upheld his conviction.
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https://www.history.com/news/who-is-the-miranda-warning-named-for
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1165759662#1_2634055101
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Title: Underpaid, But Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women - HISTORY
Headings: Underpaid, But Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women
Underpaid, But Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women
‘Women’s Work’ During the Great Depression
Eleanor Roosevelt and Frances Perkins
Discrimination Against Women
Mexican-American Women and the Great Depression
Black Women and the Great Depression
Rosie The Riveter
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Content: Jessica Pearce Rotondi
Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images
More women entered the work force during the economically tough era, but the jobs they took were relegated as "women's work" and poorly paid. During the Great Depression, millions of Americans lost their jobs in the wake of the 1929 Stock Market Crash. But for one group of people, employment rates actually went up: women. From 1930 to 1940, the number of employed women in the United States rose 24 percent from 10.5 million to 13 million. The main reason for women’s higher employment rates was the fact that the jobs available to women—so called “women’s work”— were in industries that were less impacted by the stock market. “Some of the hardest-hit industries like coal mining and manufacturing were where men predominated,” says Susan Ware, historian and author of Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s. “ Women were more insulated from job loss because they were employed in more stable industries like domestic service, teaching and clerical work.” pinterest-pin-it
A large group of women working on sewing machines, circa 1937.
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https://www.history.com/news/working-women-great-depression
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1165815397#4_2634209453
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Title: Did World War I Cause the Great Depression? - HISTORY
Headings:
How Economic Turmoil After WWI Led to the Great Depression
World War I’s legacy of debt, protectionism and crippling reparations set the stage for a global economic disaster.
America Retreats From the World
German Reparations Weigh Down Europe
Economic Barriers Restrict Trade
The Global Economy Collapses
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
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Content: German Reparations Weigh Down Europe
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Council of Four at the WWI Paris peace conference, May 27, 1919 (L - R) Great Britain Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty signed at the conference saddled Germany with billions of dollars in reparations. As a result, the punitive Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations to Great Britain, France, Belgium and other Allies. “ The Peace is outrageous and impossible and can bring nothing but misfortune,” wrote economist John Maynard Keynes after resigning in protest as the British Treasury Department’s chief representative to the peace conference. In his international bestseller The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Keynes argued that the onerous reparations would only further impoverish Germany and exacerbate the damage caused to the European economy by the war. What ensued was a vicious flow of money back and forth across the Atlantic as American bankers lent money to Germany to pay reparations to the Allies to repay their debts to the United States. With the Allies refusing to ease reparation terms, Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923, and its economy further crumbled when factories shuttered after France and Belgium occupied the industrial Ruhr region to force German repayment. To come up with the money to meet its obligations, Germany accelerated its currency printing, which caused such hyperinflation that the German mark became virtually worthless. The exchange rate of the German mark to the American dollar plummeted from 32.9 to 1 in 1919 to 433 billion to 1 by 1924. The paper on which German marks were printed had more value as kindling or children’s building blocks than as currency.
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https://www.history.com/news/world-war-i-cause-great-depression
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1166264753#0_2635304336
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Title: Floki - Vikings Cast | HISTORY Channel
Headings: Vikings
Vikings
Cast
Floki Played by Gustaf Skarsgård
Gustaf Skarsgård
Sign up for HISTORY's Vikings email updates!
Content: Floki - Vikings Cast | HISTORY Channel
Vikings
New Season Saturday, June 5 at 8/7c
about
Episodes
cast
photos
Cast
Floki Played by Gustaf Skarsgård
Floki is a genius ship builder and he designs and builds the prototype of the new generation of Viking ships which can sail across the open ocean but also up the shallowest of rivers. Without Floki, Ragnar would have never been able to fulfill his dreams of discovering new lands and new civilizations. Floki is a religious zealot who believes in the Gods above anything and everything, including Ragnar. Gustaf Skarsgård
Gustaf Skarsgård is an internationally acclaimed film, television, and theater actor. Gustaf started acting as a six year old. He fell in love with the craft early on and kept working throughout his entire childhood. He was accepted at the Stockholm Academy of Dramatic Arts at the record early age of 18. After graduating in 2003, he became an ensemble member of the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Sweden’s National Theatre). Gustaf has starred in many European cinematic successes: the academy award nominated Evil (nominated for a Guldbagge for Best Supporting Actor, Sweden’s highest cinema honor), Kidz in da Hood (winning a Guldbagge for Best Actor), and Patrik 1.5 (nominated for a Guldbagge for Best Actor).
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https://www.history.com/shows/vikings/cast/floki
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1166264753#1_2635306014
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Title: Floki - Vikings Cast | HISTORY Channel
Headings: Vikings
Vikings
Cast
Floki Played by Gustaf Skarsgård
Gustaf Skarsgård
Sign up for HISTORY's Vikings email updates!
Content: He fell in love with the craft early on and kept working throughout his entire childhood. He was accepted at the Stockholm Academy of Dramatic Arts at the record early age of 18. After graduating in 2003, he became an ensemble member of the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Sweden’s National Theatre). Gustaf has starred in many European cinematic successes: the academy award nominated Evil (nominated for a Guldbagge for Best Supporting Actor, Sweden’s highest cinema honor), Kidz in da Hood (winning a Guldbagge for Best Actor), and Patrik 1.5 (nominated for a Guldbagge for Best Actor). In 2007, he received the European Film Academy’s prestigious Shooting Star Award. In 2010, he returned to the Theatre to star in “Hamlet” as the title role, to great critical acclaim. Gustaf’s most recent films include the independent psychological thriller VI, Peter Weir’s The Way Back (starring opposite Ed Harris and Colin Farrell), and the Golden Globe and Academy Award nominated adventure drama Kon-Tiki. Sign up for HISTORY's Vikings email updates! Get the latest on new episodes, bonus content, exclusive articles and more.
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https://www.history.com/shows/vikings/cast/floki
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1166331427#0_2635425778
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Title: Asian American and Pacific Islander History - HISTORY
Headings: Asian American and Pacific Islander History
Asian American and Pacific Islander History
Asian American Milestones: Timeline
Building the Transcontinental Railroad: How 20,000 Chinese Immigrants Made It Happen
Japanese Internment Camps
Chinese Exclusion Act
Asian American and Pacific Islander History Videos
A Vietnamese-American Chef Shares How Food Connects Her to Family History
Japanese-American Internment
History of San Francisco’s Chinatown
Internment
Asian American and Pacific Islander History Stories
The Chinese-Born Engineer Who Helped Launch US Commercial Aviation
The Earliest Asian American Settlement Was Established by Filipino Fishermen
When West Coast Cities Tried to Drive Out Their Chinatowns
Hells Canyon Massacre
The Asian American Women Who Fought to Make Their Mark in WWII
When 20,000 Asian Americans Demanded Garment Workers' Rights—And Won
The Rock Springs Massacre
8 Groundbreaking Contributions by Asian Americans Through History
Angel Island Immigration Station
Patsy T. Mink sworn in as first Asian American woman and woman of color in Congress
The 16-Year-Old Chinese Immigrant Who Helped Lead a 1912 US Suffrage March
Before the Chinese Exclusion Act, This Anti-Immigrant Law Targeted Asian Women
How Cesar Chavez Joined Larry Itliong to Demand Farm Workers' Rights
How the 1982 Murder of Vincent Chin Ignited a Push for Asian American Rights
Filipino Americans Fought With US in WWII, Then Had to Fight for Veterans' Benefits
After Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Spent Three Years Under Martial Law
For the Original K-Pop Stars, Survival Depended on Making it in America
The 8-Year-Old Chinese American Girl Who Helped Desegregate Schools—in 1885
Chinese Americans Were Once Forbidden to Testify in Court. A Murder Changed That
These Japanese American Linguists Became America's Secret Weapon During WWII
These Photos Show the Harsh Reality of Life in WWII Japanese-American Internment Camps
The Volatile History of U.S. Immigration
How Hollywood Cast White Actors in Caricatured Asian Roles
Hawai'ian Surfers Have Been Riding Waves Since the 17th Century
Two Japanese American Veterans on Fighting the Nazis—and Discrimination at Home
U.S. Propaganda Film Shows 'Normal' Life in WWII Japanese Internment Camps
This 21-Year-Old College Student Designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Born in the USA: The Chinese Immigrant Son Who Fought for Birthright Citizenship
U.S. approves end to internment of Japanese Americans
Japanese cherry trees planted along the Potomac
First Japanese player makes MLB debut
FDR orders Japanese Americans into internment camps
Content: Asian American and Pacific Islander History - HISTORY
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Shows
This Day In History
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Asian American and Pacific Islander History
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have played vital roles in shaping the nation—from building the Transcontinental Railroad to advocating for labor law changes to fighting in multiple wars. They made these contributions while also facing persistent discrimination and violence throughout U.S. history. Asian American Milestones: Timeline
The first major wave of Asian immigrants arrived at American shores in the mid-1800s and Asian Americans have since played a key role in U.S. history, while also facing discrimination and exclusion. A diverse population, the nation’s 20 million-plus Asian Americans have roots in ...read more
Building the Transcontinental Railroad: How 20,000 Chinese Immigrants Made It Happen
They toiled through back-breaking labor during both frigid winters and blazing summers. Hundreds died from explosions, landslides, accidents and disease. And even though they made major contributions to the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, these 15,000 to 20,000 ...read more
Japanese Internment Camps
Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in ...read more
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Many Americans on the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic ills to Chinese workers.
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https://www.history.com/tag/aapi
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1166586038#0_2635973391
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Title: Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed - HISTORY
Headings: Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
ALSO ON THIS DAY
Doris Day wins lawsuit
Hundreds are accidentally poisoned in Brazil
Castro arrives in New York
Union General George B. McClellan lets Confederates retreat from Antietam
Canada mall sets parking-lot record
Content: Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed - HISTORY
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This Day In History
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THIS DAY IN HISTORY
September 18
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1959
Month Day
September 18
Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed
Serial killer Harvey Glatman is executed in a California gas chamber for murdering three young women in Los Angeles. Resisting all appeals to save his life, Glatman even wrote to the appeals board to say, “I only want to die.” Glatman had been a smart kid. As a Boy Scout, he developed an obsession with rope. When his parents noticed that he was strangling himself on occasion, they took him to a doctor who told them that it was just a phase and that he would grow out of it. As a teenager, he threatened a girl with a toy gun in Colorado. Skipping bail, he made his way to New York, where he later spenttwo years and eight monthsin Sing Sing prison on robbery charges. Following his release, Glatman moved to Los Angeles and opened up a television repair shop. He took up photography as a hobby, in addition to playing with ropes. On August 1, 1957, he combined these two interests in a sinister way.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-serial-killer-is-executed
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1168628478#1_2640571242
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Title: Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness - HISTORY
Headings: Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
ALSO ON THIS DAY
Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight
Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to make solo, nonstop transatlantic flight
Thousands of Jews die in Nazi gas chambers; IG Farben sets up factory
American Red Cross founded
Nazis kill “unfit” people in East Prussia
French troops occupy Fez, sparking second Moroccan Crisis
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Content: Decisive conquest also eluded the Spaniards, as what would become the United States lacked the large, centralized civilizations of Mexico and Peru. As was the method of Spanish conquest elsewhere in the Americas, de Soto mistreated and enslaved the natives he encountered. For the most part, the Indian warriors they encountered were intimidated by the Spanish horsemen and kept their distance. In October 1540, however, the tables were turned when a confederation of Indians attacked the Spaniards at the fortified Indian town of Mabila, near present-day Mobile, Alabama. All the Indians were killed, along with 20 of de Soto’s men. Several hundred Spaniards were wounded. In addition, the Indian conscripts they had come to depend on to bear their supplies had all fled with baggage. De Soto could have marched south to reconvene with his ships along the Gulf Coast, but instead he ordered his expedition north-westward in search of America’s elusive riches. In May 1541, the army reached and crossed the Mississippi River, probably the first Europeans ever to do so. From there, they traveled through Arkansas and Louisiana, still with few material gains to show for their efforts.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/de-soto-dies-in-the-american-wilderness
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1168628478#2_2640573574
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Title: Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness - HISTORY
Headings: Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto dies in American wilderness
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
ALSO ON THIS DAY
Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight
Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to make solo, nonstop transatlantic flight
Thousands of Jews die in Nazi gas chambers; IG Farben sets up factory
American Red Cross founded
Nazis kill “unfit” people in East Prussia
French troops occupy Fez, sparking second Moroccan Crisis
Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.
Content: Several hundred Spaniards were wounded. In addition, the Indian conscripts they had come to depend on to bear their supplies had all fled with baggage. De Soto could have marched south to reconvene with his ships along the Gulf Coast, but instead he ordered his expedition north-westward in search of America’s elusive riches. In May 1541, the army reached and crossed the Mississippi River, probably the first Europeans ever to do so. From there, they traveled through Arkansas and Louisiana, still with few material gains to show for their efforts. Turning back to the Mississippi, de Soto died of a fever on its banks on May 21, 1542. The Spaniards, now under the command of Luis de Moscoso Alvarado, traveled west again, crossing into north Texas before returning to the Mississippi. With nearly half of the original expedition dead, the Spaniards built rafts and traveled down the river to the sea, and then made their way down the Texas coast to New Spain, finally reaching Veracruz, Mexico, in late 1543. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/de-soto-dies-in-the-american-wilderness
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1170072968#1_2643775018
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Title: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR - HISTORY
Headings: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR
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“To Kill a Mockingbird” opens in theaters
Six-year-old JonBenét Ramsey is murdered
George Washington crosses the Delaware
Content: He had, he claimed, overseen the Soviet Union’s trip down the “road of democracy.” His reforms “steered” the communist economy “toward the market economy.” He declared that the Russian people were “living in a new world” in which an “end has been put to the Cold War and to the arms race.” Admitting “there were mistakes made,” Gorbachev remained adamant that he “never had any regrets” about the policies he pursued. In reality, Gorbachev had lost much of his power and prestige in the Soviet Union even before the establishment of the CIS. The economy was unstable. No one seemed pleased by Gorbachev-some opponents demanded even more political freedom while hard-liners in his government opposed any movement toward reform. In August 1991, he survived a coup attempt only through the assistance of Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin. Following the failed attempt, Yeltsin became a vocal critic of the slow pace of economic and political reforms in the country. As Gorbachev’s power slipped away, Yeltsin took over the Kremlin and other Soviet government facilities and replaced the Soviet flag with the flag of Russia.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gorbachev-resigns-as-president-of-the-ussr
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1170072968#2_2643777095
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Title: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR - HISTORY
Headings: Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
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“To Kill a Mockingbird” opens in theaters
Six-year-old JonBenét Ramsey is murdered
George Washington crosses the Delaware
Content: The economy was unstable. No one seemed pleased by Gorbachev-some opponents demanded even more political freedom while hard-liners in his government opposed any movement toward reform. In August 1991, he survived a coup attempt only through the assistance of Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin. Following the failed attempt, Yeltsin became a vocal critic of the slow pace of economic and political reforms in the country. As Gorbachev’s power slipped away, Yeltsin took over the Kremlin and other Soviet government facilities and replaced the Soviet flag with the flag of Russia. After over 70 years of existence, the Soviet Union—America’s archenemy in the Cold War—was gone. READ MORE: How Gorbachev and Reagan's Friendship Helped Thaw the Cold War
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gorbachev-resigns-as-president-of-the-ussr
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1171493979#1_2646953088
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Title: Legal Tender Act passed to help finance the Civil War - HISTORY
Headings: Legal Tender Act passed to help finance the Civil War
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Legal Tender Act passed to help finance the Civil War
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
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First African American congressman sworn in
Young Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston for first world title
John Quincy Adams’ son marries relative at the White House
Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes meet
"The Passion of the Christ" opens in the United States
Actor Robert Mitchum is released after serving time for marijuana possession
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Communists take power in Czechoslovakia
British surrender Fort Sackville
Content: The Legal Tender Act allowed the government to print $150 million in paper money that was not backed by a similar amount of gold and silver. Many bankers and financial experts predicted doom for the economy, as they believed there would be little confidence in the scheme. There were also misgivings in Congress, as many legislators worried about a complete collapse of the nation’s financial infrastructure. The paper notes, called greenbacks, worked much better than expected. The government was able to pay its bills and, by increasing the money in circulation, the wheels of Northern commerce were greased. The greenbacks were legal tender, which meant that creditors had to accept them at face value. In 1862, Congress also passed an income tax and steep excise taxes, both of which cooled the inflationary pressures created by the greenbacks. Another legal tender act passed in 1863, and by war’s end nearly a half-billion dollars in greenbacks had been issued. The Legal Tender Act laid the foundation for the creation of a permanent currency in the decades after the Civil War. FACT CHECK:
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/legal-tender-act-passed
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1172820680#6_2649971538
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Title: Teen gunman kills 17, injures 17 at Parkland, Florida high school - HISTORY
Headings: Teen gunman kills 17, injures 17 at Parkland, Florida high school
THIS DAY IN HISTORY
Teen gunman kills 17, injures 17 at Parkland, Florida high school
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.
ALSO ON THIS DAY
Content: Chants for “No More Guns!” broke out at candlelight vigils and over a thousand people showed up to funerals in the days after. Student survivors took to social media to make their anger known, giving interviews and becoming activists for gun safety legislation. One student, David Hogg, went from school newspaper reporter to activist when his plea to legislators in a CNN interview went viral. “ Please, take action ,” he begged lawmakers. On March 24, less than six weeks after their lives were shattered by violence, students helped organize the March for Our Lives, a demonstration in support of gun violence prevention. Students across the country were encouraged to stage walkouts, and a rally was held in Washington, D.C. There, anti-gun violence protesters from around the country—some survivors of school shootings, and others whose daily lives were affected by gun violence—celebrities, and other activists, spoke to a crowd of thousands, demanding legislative change. Three weeks later, Florida Governor Rick Scott, a supporter of the NRA, responded. He signed a bill imposing a 21-year-old legal age requirement for gun purchases and a three-day waiting period on all gun transactions. The law also controversially permitted the arming of some school employees.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/parkland-marjory-stoneman-douglas-school-shooting
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1174488223#1_2653712797
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Title: Miranda Rights Established - HISTORY
Headings: The Miranda rights are established
The Miranda rights are established
Content: The roots of the Miranda decision go back to March 2, 1963, when an 18-year-old Phoenix woman told police that she had been abducted, driven to the desert and raped. Detectives questioning her story gave her a polygraph test, but the results were inconclusive. However, tracking the license plate number of a car that resembled that of her attacker’s brought police to Ernesto Miranda, who had a prior record as a peeping tom. Although the victim did not identify Miranda in a line-up, he was brought into police custody and interrogated. What happened next is disputed, but officers left the interrogation with a confession that Miranda later recanted, unaware that he didn’t have to say anything at all. The confession was extremely brief and differed in certain respects from the victim’s account of the crime. However, Miranda’s appointed defense attorney (who was paid a grand total of $100) didn’t call any witnesses at the ensuing trial, and Miranda was convicted. While Miranda was in Arizona state prison, the American Civil Liberties Union took up his appeal, claiming that the confession was false and coerced. The Supreme Court overturned his conviction, but Miranda was retried and convicted in October 1966 anyway, despite the relative lack of evidence against him. Remaining in prison until 1972, Ernesto Miranda was later stabbed to death in the men’s room of a bar after a poker game in January 1976.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-miranda-rights-are-established
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1174488223#2_2653714577
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Title: Miranda Rights Established - HISTORY
Headings: The Miranda rights are established
The Miranda rights are established
Content: The confession was extremely brief and differed in certain respects from the victim’s account of the crime. However, Miranda’s appointed defense attorney (who was paid a grand total of $100) didn’t call any witnesses at the ensuing trial, and Miranda was convicted. While Miranda was in Arizona state prison, the American Civil Liberties Union took up his appeal, claiming that the confession was false and coerced. The Supreme Court overturned his conviction, but Miranda was retried and convicted in October 1966 anyway, despite the relative lack of evidence against him. Remaining in prison until 1972, Ernesto Miranda was later stabbed to death in the men’s room of a bar after a poker game in January 1976. As a result of the case against Miranda, each and every person must now be informed of his or her rights when in custody and about to be interrogated.
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-miranda-rights-are-established
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176142232#0_2657407462
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Title: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY
Headings: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY
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Updated: Mar 23, 2021
Original: Mar 9, 2018
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a manmade disaster that occurred when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by the Exxon Shipping Company, spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989. It was the worst oil spill in U.S. history until the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. The Exxon Valdez oil slick covered 1,300 miles of coastline and killed hundreds of thousands of seabirds, otters, seals and whales. Nearly 30 years later, pockets of crude oil remain in some locations. After the spill, Exxon Valdez returned to service under a different name, operating for more than two decades as an oil tanker and ore carrier. On the evening of March 23, 1989, Exxon Valdez left the port of Valdez, Alaska, bound for Long Beach, California, with 53 million gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil onboard. At four minutes after midnight on March 24, the ship struck Bligh Reef, a well-known navigation hazard in Alaska’s Prince William Sound.
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https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/exxon-valdez-oil-spill
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176142232#6_2657419196
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Title: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY
Headings: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: A 2001 study found oil contamination remaining at more than half of the 91 beach sites tested in Prince William Sound. The spill had killed an estimated 40 percent of all sea otters living in the Sound. The sea otter population didn’t recover to its pre-spill levels until 2014, twenty-five years after the spill. Stocks of herring, once a lucrative source of income for Prince William Sound fisherman, have never fully rebounded. READ MORE: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name.
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https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/exxon-valdez-oil-spill
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176142232#7_2657420954
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Title: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - HISTORY
Headings: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Contents
Oil Spill Cleanup
Environmental And Economic Impacts
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Fate of Exxon Valdez
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Water and Air Pollution
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
In the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which President George H.W. Bush signed into law that year. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 increased penalties for companies responsible for oil spills and required that all oil tankers in United States waters have a double hull. Exxon Valdez was a single-hulled tanker; a double-hull design, by making it less likely that a collision would have spilled oil, might have prevented the Exxon Valdez disaster. Fate of Exxon Valdez
The ship, Exxon Valdez —first commissioned in 1986—was repaired and returned to service a year after the spill in a different ocean and under a different name. The single-hulled ship could no longer transport oil in U.S. waters, due to the new regulations. The ship began running oil transport routes in Europe, where single-hulled oil tankers were still allowed. There it was renamed the Exxon Mediterranean, then the SeaRiver Mediterranean and finally the S/R Mediterranean. In 2002, the European Union banned single-hulled tankers and the former Exxon Valdez moved to Asian waters. Exxon sold the infamous tanker in 2008 to a Hong Kong-based shipping company.
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https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/exxon-valdez-oil-spill
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176156543#0_2657441176
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Title: 1990s: Peace, Posperity and the Internet | HISTORY.com - HISTORY
Headings: 1990s
1990s
Los Angeles Riots
Oklahoma City bombing
Columbine Shooting
Bosnian Genocide
Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Waco Siege
The 1990s
Ruby Ridge
Content: 1990s: Peace, Posperity and the Internet | HISTORY.com - HISTORY
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The 1990s is often remembered as a decade of relative peace and prosperity: The Soviet Union fell, ending the decades-long Cold War, and the rise of the Internet ushered in a radical new era of communication, business and entertainment. Los Angeles Riots
Oklahoma City bombing
Columbine Shooting
Bosnian Genocide
Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Waco Siege
The 1990s
Ruby Ridge
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https://www.history.com/topics/1990s
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176167179#4_2657471407
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Title: Monica Lewinsky - Dress, Bill Clinton & Now - HISTORY
Headings: Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Contents
A Presidential Affair
Linda Tripp and Paula Jones
Kenneth Starr
The Media Frenzy and Grand Jury Testimony
Monica Lewinsky’s Blue Dress
Starr Report and Clinton’s Impeachment
Aftermath of the Scandal
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: Soon afterward, FBI agents fitted Tripp with a hidden microphone so she could tape her conversations with Lewinsky. Additionally, Starr expanded his investigation to include the president’s relationship with the former intern, and federal officials told Lewinsky if she didn’t cooperate with the investigation she’d be charged with perjury. When Clinton was deposed that January by Jones’ legal team, he claimed he’d never had sexual relations with Lewinsky. The Media Frenzy and Grand Jury Testimony
On January 17, 1998, the Drudge Report, a conservative online news aggregator founded in 1995, published an item accusing the president of having a sexual relationship with a former White House intern. The next day, the site revealed Lewinsky’s identity. The mainstream media picked up the story a few days later, and a national scandal erupted. Clinton refuted the allegations against him, famously stating at a press conference, “I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.” Monica Lewinsky’s Blue Dress
That July, Lewinsky’s lawyers announced she’d been granted immunity in exchange for her testimony. She also gave Starr’s team physical evidence of her dalliances with Clinton: a blue dress with an incriminating stain containing the president’s DNA.
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https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/monica-lewinsky
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176167179#5_2657473440
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Title: Monica Lewinsky - Dress, Bill Clinton & Now - HISTORY
Headings: Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Monica Lewinsky Scandal
Contents
A Presidential Affair
Linda Tripp and Paula Jones
Kenneth Starr
The Media Frenzy and Grand Jury Testimony
Monica Lewinsky’s Blue Dress
Starr Report and Clinton’s Impeachment
Aftermath of the Scandal
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: The mainstream media picked up the story a few days later, and a national scandal erupted. Clinton refuted the allegations against him, famously stating at a press conference, “I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.” Monica Lewinsky’s Blue Dress
That July, Lewinsky’s lawyers announced she’d been granted immunity in exchange for her testimony. She also gave Starr’s team physical evidence of her dalliances with Clinton: a blue dress with an incriminating stain containing the president’s DNA. At the suggestion of Tripp, Lewinsky had never laundered the garment. On August 17, 1998, Clinton testified before a grand jury and confessed he’d engaged in “inappropriate intimate physical contact” with Lewinsky. However, the president contended his actions with the former intern didn’t meet the definition of sexual relations used by Jones’ attorneys—so he hadn’t perjured himself. That night, he appeared on national TV and apologized for his behavior, but maintained he’d never asked anyone involved to lie or do anything illegal. Starr Report and Clinton’s Impeachment
In September 1998, Starr gave Congress a 445-page report describing Clinton and Lewinsky’s encounters in explicit detail, and putting forth 11 possible grounds for impeachment.
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https://www.history.com/topics/1990s/monica-lewinsky
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176196992#8_2657545156
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Title: Andrew Carnegie - HISTORY
Headings: Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Contents
Andrew Carnegie: Early Life and Career
Andrew Carnegie: Steel Magnate
Andrew Carnegie: Philanthropist
Andrew Carnegie: Family and Final Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: READ MORE: Andrew Carnegie Claimed to Support Unions, But Then Destroyed Them in His Steel Empire
Andrew Carnegie: Philanthropist
After Carnegie sold his steel company, the diminutive titan, who stood 5’3”, retired from business and devoted himself full-time to philanthropy. In 1889, he had penned an essay, “The Gospel of Wealth,” in which he stated that the rich have “a moral obligation to distribute [their money] in ways that promote the welfare and happiness of the common man.” Carnegie also said, “The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” Carnegie eventually gave away some $350 million (the equivalent of billions in today’s dollars), which represented the bulk of his wealth. Among his philanthropic activities, he funded the establishment of more than 2,500 public libraries around the globe, donated more than 7,600 organs to churches worldwide and endowed organizations (many still in existence today) dedicated to research in science, education, world peace and other causes. Among his gifts was the $1.1 million required for the land and construction costs of Carnegie Hall, the legendary New York City concert venue that opened in 1891. The Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Foundation were all founded thanks to his financial gifts. A lover of books, he was the largest individual investor in public libraries in American history.
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https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/andrew-carnegie
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176196992#9_2657547173
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Title: Andrew Carnegie - HISTORY
Headings: Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
Contents
Andrew Carnegie: Early Life and Career
Andrew Carnegie: Steel Magnate
Andrew Carnegie: Philanthropist
Andrew Carnegie: Family and Final Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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RELATED CONTENT
Content: Carnegie eventually gave away some $350 million (the equivalent of billions in today’s dollars), which represented the bulk of his wealth. Among his philanthropic activities, he funded the establishment of more than 2,500 public libraries around the globe, donated more than 7,600 organs to churches worldwide and endowed organizations (many still in existence today) dedicated to research in science, education, world peace and other causes. Among his gifts was the $1.1 million required for the land and construction costs of Carnegie Hall, the legendary New York City concert venue that opened in 1891. The Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Foundation were all founded thanks to his financial gifts. A lover of books, he was the largest individual investor in public libraries in American history. Andrew Carnegie: Family and Final Years
Carnegie’s mother, who was a major influence in his life, lived with him until her death in 1886. The following year, the 51-year-old industrial baron married Louise Whitfield (1857-1946), who was two decades his junior and the daughter of a New York City merchant. The couple had one child, Margaret (1897-1990). The Carnegies lived in a Manhattan mansion and spent summers in Scotland, where they owned Skibo Castle, set on some 28,000 acres.
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https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/andrew-carnegie
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#0_2658111816
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: Patriot Act - HISTORY
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Updated: Aug 21, 2018
Original: Dec 19, 2017
Patriot Act
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act? Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism? Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
The Patriot Act is legislation passed in 2001 to improve the abilities of U.S. law enforcement to detect and deter terrorism. The act’s official title is, “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism,” or USA-PATRIOT. Though the Patriot Act was modified in 2015 to help ensure the Constitutional rights of ordinary Americans, some provisions of the law remain controversial. What Is the Patriot Act? The Patriot Act is a more than 300-page document passed by the U.S. Congress with bipartisan support and signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States.
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#1_2658114012
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
The Patriot Act is legislation passed in 2001 to improve the abilities of U.S. law enforcement to detect and deter terrorism. The act’s official title is, “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism,” or USA-PATRIOT. Though the Patriot Act was modified in 2015 to help ensure the Constitutional rights of ordinary Americans, some provisions of the law remain controversial. What Is the Patriot Act? The Patriot Act is a more than 300-page document passed by the U.S. Congress with bipartisan support and signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States. Prior to the 9/11 attacks, Congress had mainly focused on legislation to prevent international terrorism. But after the April 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in which American citizens blew up a federal building, domestic terrorism gained more attention. On April 24, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the “Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,” to make it easier for law enforcement to identify and prosecute domestic and international terrorists. The law, however, didn’t go far enough for President Clinton. He’d asked Congress to give law enforcement expanded wiretap authority and increased access to personal records in terrorism cases, among other things.
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#2_2658116060
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Prior to the 9/11 attacks, Congress had mainly focused on legislation to prevent international terrorism. But after the April 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in which American citizens blew up a federal building, domestic terrorism gained more attention. On April 24, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the “Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,” to make it easier for law enforcement to identify and prosecute domestic and international terrorists. The law, however, didn’t go far enough for President Clinton. He’d asked Congress to give law enforcement expanded wiretap authority and increased access to personal records in terrorism cases, among other things. Congress refused, mainly because many felt loosening surveillance and records rules was unconstitutional. All bets were off, however, after 9/11, the deadliest terrorist attack on American soil. Faced with millions of fearful voters, Congress approached U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft ’s post-9/11 recommendations with a different eye and overwhelmingly passed the Patriot Act. Details of the Patriot Act
According to the Department of Justice, the Patriot Act simply expanded the application of tools already being used against drug dealers and organized crime. The act aimed to improve homeland security by:
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#3_2658117942
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Congress refused, mainly because many felt loosening surveillance and records rules was unconstitutional. All bets were off, however, after 9/11, the deadliest terrorist attack on American soil. Faced with millions of fearful voters, Congress approached U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft ’s post-9/11 recommendations with a different eye and overwhelmingly passed the Patriot Act. Details of the Patriot Act
According to the Department of Justice, the Patriot Act simply expanded the application of tools already being used against drug dealers and organized crime. The act aimed to improve homeland security by: allowing law enforcement to use surveillance and wiretapping to investigate terror-related crimes
allowing federal agents to request court permission to use roving wiretaps to track a specific terrorist suspect
allowing delayed notification search warrants to prevent a terrorist from learning they are a suspect
allowing federal agents to seek federal court permission to obtain bank records and business records to aid in national security terror investigations and prevent money laundering for terrorism financing
improving information and intelligence sharing between government agencies
providing tougher penalties for convicted terrorists and those who harbor them
allowing search warrants to be obtained in any district where terror-related activity occurs, no matter where the warrant is executed
ending the statute of limitations for certain terror-related crimes
making it harder for aliens involved in terrorist activities to enter the United States
providing aid to terrorism victims and public safety officers involved in investigating or preventing terrorism or responding to terrorist attacks
Many of the Patriot Act’s requirements were slated to expire in 2005. Whether to renew the act was passionately argued in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite continued civil liberties and privacy concerns, President Bush signed the USA Patriot and Terrorism Reauthorization Act on March 9, 2006. Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism? Depending on whom you ask or what you read, the Patriot Act may or may not have prevented terrorism.
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#4_2658120708
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: allowing law enforcement to use surveillance and wiretapping to investigate terror-related crimes
allowing federal agents to request court permission to use roving wiretaps to track a specific terrorist suspect
allowing delayed notification search warrants to prevent a terrorist from learning they are a suspect
allowing federal agents to seek federal court permission to obtain bank records and business records to aid in national security terror investigations and prevent money laundering for terrorism financing
improving information and intelligence sharing between government agencies
providing tougher penalties for convicted terrorists and those who harbor them
allowing search warrants to be obtained in any district where terror-related activity occurs, no matter where the warrant is executed
ending the statute of limitations for certain terror-related crimes
making it harder for aliens involved in terrorist activities to enter the United States
providing aid to terrorism victims and public safety officers involved in investigating or preventing terrorism or responding to terrorist attacks
Many of the Patriot Act’s requirements were slated to expire in 2005. Whether to renew the act was passionately argued in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite continued civil liberties and privacy concerns, President Bush signed the USA Patriot and Terrorism Reauthorization Act on March 9, 2006. Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism? Depending on whom you ask or what you read, the Patriot Act may or may not have prevented terrorism. According to a 2015 Washington Post article, the Justice Department admitted, “ FBI agents can’t point to any major terrorism cases they’ve cracked thanks to the key snooping powers in the Patriot Act.” But a 2012 report from the conservative Heritage Foundation states 50 terrorist attacks have been thwarted since 9/11, with 47 being the direct result of the work of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. They claim the Patriot Act is essential to helping law enforcement identify leads and prevent attacks. In 2004 testimony before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Director Robert Mueller said, “the Patriot Act has proved extraordinarily beneficial in the war on terrorism and has changed the way the FBI does business. Many of our counterterrorism successes, in fact, are the direct results of provisions included in the Act…”
He also stated that without the provisions in the act, “the FBI could be forced back into pre-September 11 practices, attempting to fight the war on terrorism with one hand tied behind our backs.”
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#5_2658123957
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: According to a 2015 Washington Post article, the Justice Department admitted, “ FBI agents can’t point to any major terrorism cases they’ve cracked thanks to the key snooping powers in the Patriot Act.” But a 2012 report from the conservative Heritage Foundation states 50 terrorist attacks have been thwarted since 9/11, with 47 being the direct result of the work of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. They claim the Patriot Act is essential to helping law enforcement identify leads and prevent attacks. In 2004 testimony before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, FBI Director Robert Mueller said, “the Patriot Act has proved extraordinarily beneficial in the war on terrorism and has changed the way the FBI does business. Many of our counterterrorism successes, in fact, are the direct results of provisions included in the Act…”
He also stated that without the provisions in the act, “the FBI could be forced back into pre-September 11 practices, attempting to fight the war on terrorism with one hand tied behind our backs.” Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
Despite the supposed noble intentions behind the Patriot Act, the law is still hotly debated. Civil rights groups have claimed it violates American citizens’ Constitutional rights and allows the government to spy on them without due process, search their homes without consent and increase the risk of ordinary citizens being accused of crimes without just cause. The federal government asserts the Patriot Act has safeguards to protect the rights of American citizens. Still, some parts of the law were found illegal by the courts. For instance, in 2015 the United States of Appeals for the Second Circuit found Section 215 of the Patriot Act could not be used to validate the bulk collection of Americans’ phone records.
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#8_2658130553
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: The benefits of the Patriot Act and the USA Freedom Act to national security will undoubtedly continue to be weighed against the potential intrusion on Americans’ privacy and their civil rights. Sources
Bush Signs Patriot Act Renewal. CBS News. FBI Admits No Major Cases Cracked with Patriot Act Snooping Powers. Washington Post. Fifty Terror Attacks Foiled Since 9/11: The Homegrown Threat and the Long War on Terrorism. The Heritage Foundation. H.R.3162 – Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001. Congress.gov.
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1176467562#9_2658131741
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Title: Patriot Act - HISTORY
Headings: Patriot Act
Patriot Act
Contents
What Is the Patriot Act?
Details of the Patriot Act
Did the Patriot Act Prevent Terrorism?
Patriot Act and Privacy Debate
USA Freedom Act
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Fifty Terror Attacks Foiled Since 9/11: The Homegrown Threat and the Long War on Terrorism. The Heritage Foundation. H.R.3162 – Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001. Congress.gov. N.S.A. Collection of Bulk Call Data is Ruled Illegal. The New York Times. Surveillance Under the Patriot Act. ACLU. The USA Patriot Act:
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https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/patriot-act
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#0_2661360446
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Updated: Jun 10, 2019
Original: May 31, 2017
History of Drug Trafficking
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Drug trafficking in the United States dates back to the 19th century. From opium to marijuana to cocaine, a variety of substances have been illegally imported, sold and distributed throughout U.S. history, often with devastating consequences. Early Opium Trade in the United States
During the mid-1800s, Chinese immigrants arriving in California introduced Americans to opium smoking. The trading, selling, and distribution of opium spread throughout the region. Opium dens, which were designated places to buy and sell the drug, began to crop up in cities throughout California and soon spread to New York and other urban areas. Before long, Americans were experimenting with other opiates like morphine and codeine. Morphine was especially popular for use as a pain reliever during the Civil War, which caused thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers to become addicted to the drug.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#2_2661364316
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: The Harrison Act of 1914 outlawed the use of opium and cocaine for non-medical purposes, but the illicit drugs continued to circulate. In 1925, a black market for opium opened up in New York’s Chinatown. At this time, there were about 200,000 heroin addicts in the United States. The distribution of opiates continued during the Jazz Era of the 1930s and 1940s. Marijuana also became a popular recreational drug in some communities during this era. Mafia Drug Smuggling
American Mafia families were caught smuggling and selling illicit drugs as early as the 1950s, in addition to gambling and other illegal activities. These organized groups paved the way for future drug cartels that focused on drugs for their revenue. The Mafia’s participation in drug trade was sometimes known as the “French Connection” because smugglers in New York City would seize shipments of Turkish opium that arrived from Paris and Marseilles, France. The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War led to a boost in heroin being smuggled into the United States between the years 1965-1970. Drug use among Vietnam soldiers was widespread.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#3_2661366168
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: Mafia Drug Smuggling
American Mafia families were caught smuggling and selling illicit drugs as early as the 1950s, in addition to gambling and other illegal activities. These organized groups paved the way for future drug cartels that focused on drugs for their revenue. The Mafia’s participation in drug trade was sometimes known as the “French Connection” because smugglers in New York City would seize shipments of Turkish opium that arrived from Paris and Marseilles, France. The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War led to a boost in heroin being smuggled into the United States between the years 1965-1970. Drug use among Vietnam soldiers was widespread. In 1971, reports showed 15 percent of active soldiers were heroin addicts, and many more smoked marijuana or used other drugs. The number of people dependent on heroin in the United States soared to 750,000 during these years. Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
In the late 1970s, the illegal cocaine trade became a major moneymaking opportunity throughout the world. The Medellin Cartel, an organized group of drug suppliers and smugglers based in the city of Medellin, Colombia, began operating during this time. In 1975, Colombian police seized 600 kilos of cocaine from a plane.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#4_2661368153
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: In 1971, reports showed 15 percent of active soldiers were heroin addicts, and many more smoked marijuana or used other drugs. The number of people dependent on heroin in the United States soared to 750,000 during these years. Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
In the late 1970s, the illegal cocaine trade became a major moneymaking opportunity throughout the world. The Medellin Cartel, an organized group of drug suppliers and smugglers based in the city of Medellin, Colombia, began operating during this time. In 1975, Colombian police seized 600 kilos of cocaine from a plane. Drug traffickers retaliated by killing 40 people during one weekend in what became known as the “Medellin Massacre.” The event triggered years of violence that led to assassinations, kidnappings and raids. The Medellin cartel surged to power in the 1980s. It was run by brothers Jorge Luis, Juan David, and Fabio Ochoa Vasquez; Pablo Escobar;
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#5_2661369776
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: Drug traffickers retaliated by killing 40 people during one weekend in what became known as the “Medellin Massacre.” The event triggered years of violence that led to assassinations, kidnappings and raids. The Medellin cartel surged to power in the 1980s. It was run by brothers Jorge Luis, Juan David, and Fabio Ochoa Vasquez; Pablo Escobar; Carlos Lehder; George Jung; and Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha. During the peak of its reign, the Medellin cartel brought in up to $60 million a day in drug profits. Importantly, the U.S. and Colombian governments ratified a bilateral extradition treaty in 1981.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#6_2661371073
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: Carlos Lehder; George Jung; and Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha. During the peak of its reign, the Medellin cartel brought in up to $60 million a day in drug profits. Importantly, the U.S. and Colombian governments ratified a bilateral extradition treaty in 1981. This treaty became a significant concern for Columbian traffickers. Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
In 1982, Panamanian General Manuel Noriega allowed Medellin drug lord Pablo Escobar to ship cocaine through Panama. Around this time, Vice President George H.W. Bush created the South Florida Drug Task Force to combat cocaine trade through Miami, where violence involving traffickers was steadily increasing. After learning of the Medellin cartel’s undertakings in Panama, a Miami federal grand jury indicted the group’s top leaders in 1984. A year later, U.S. officials found out that the Medellin cartel had a hit list that included American embassy members, their families, journalists and businessmen.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#7_2661372747
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: This treaty became a significant concern for Columbian traffickers. Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
In 1982, Panamanian General Manuel Noriega allowed Medellin drug lord Pablo Escobar to ship cocaine through Panama. Around this time, Vice President George H.W. Bush created the South Florida Drug Task Force to combat cocaine trade through Miami, where violence involving traffickers was steadily increasing. After learning of the Medellin cartel’s undertakings in Panama, a Miami federal grand jury indicted the group’s top leaders in 1984. A year later, U.S. officials found out that the Medellin cartel had a hit list that included American embassy members, their families, journalists and businessmen. In 1987, the Colombian National Police captured Carlos Lehder and extradited him to the United States, where he was sentenced to life in prison without parole plus 135 years. General Noriega surrendered to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1989 when the United States invaded Panama. He was eventually convicted and sentenced to 40 years in prison on eight counts of drug trafficking, money laundering and racketeering. Also in 1989, Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez was killed by Colombian police during a raid. The Ochoa brothers surrendered in 1990 but were released from jail in 1996.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#11_2661379341
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: and Hélmer Herrera (also known as “Pacho”). At the peak of the Cali Cartel, it was thought to have control over about 80 percent of the cocaine supplied to the United States. By the mid-90s, the organization became a multi-billion-dollar smuggling business. In 1995, top Cali cartel members were captured and arrested. A year later, all of the Cali kingpins were behind bars. El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
By the mid-1980s, the U.S.-Mexican border became the main transport route for cocaine, marijuana and other drugs into the United States. By the late 1990s, Mexican traffickers dominated drug distribution and introduced methamphetamine. The Sinaloa Federation, which is still operating today, is perhaps the largest and most well-known Mexican drug cartel. It’s also known as the “Pacific Cartel,” the “Guzman-Loera Organization,” the “Federation,” and the “Blood Alliance.” According to the U.S. Attorney General’s office, the Sinaloa cartel imported and distributed almost 200 tons of cocaine and large amounts of heroin between 1990-2008.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#12_2661381153
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
By the mid-1980s, the U.S.-Mexican border became the main transport route for cocaine, marijuana and other drugs into the United States. By the late 1990s, Mexican traffickers dominated drug distribution and introduced methamphetamine. The Sinaloa Federation, which is still operating today, is perhaps the largest and most well-known Mexican drug cartel. It’s also known as the “Pacific Cartel,” the “Guzman-Loera Organization,” the “Federation,” and the “Blood Alliance.” According to the U.S. Attorney General’s office, the Sinaloa cartel imported and distributed almost 200 tons of cocaine and large amounts of heroin between 1990-2008. The infamous drug lord Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman led Sinaloa beginning in 1989. In 2003, the United States Department of the Treasury considered Guzman the “most powerful drug trafficker in the world.” After several arrests and escapes from prison, Guzman was recaptured by Mexican authorities in 2016. In early 2017, he was extradited to the United States to face criminal charges. Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
Another Mexican cartel, known as Gulf, started in the 1920s but didn’t gain ground in the area of drug trafficking until the 1980s.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#13_2661383145
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: The infamous drug lord Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman led Sinaloa beginning in 1989. In 2003, the United States Department of the Treasury considered Guzman the “most powerful drug trafficker in the world.” After several arrests and escapes from prison, Guzman was recaptured by Mexican authorities in 2016. In early 2017, he was extradited to the United States to face criminal charges. Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
Another Mexican cartel, known as Gulf, started in the 1920s but didn’t gain ground in the area of drug trafficking until the 1980s. Gulf became one of Sinaloa’s main rivals in the 2000s. The Gulf Cartel worked with Los Zetas, a group made up of former elite members of the Mexican military. Representatives of Los Zetas essentially worked as hitmen for Gulf. When the two groups split in 2010, a bloody fallout occurred that has been called the most violent period in the history of organized crime in Mexico. Los Zetas had a reputation for ruthless violence that included leaving body parts in public places and posting killings on the Internet.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#14_2661384920
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: Gulf became one of Sinaloa’s main rivals in the 2000s. The Gulf Cartel worked with Los Zetas, a group made up of former elite members of the Mexican military. Representatives of Los Zetas essentially worked as hitmen for Gulf. When the two groups split in 2010, a bloody fallout occurred that has been called the most violent period in the history of organized crime in Mexico. Los Zetas had a reputation for ruthless violence that included leaving body parts in public places and posting killings on the Internet. The group’s former leader, Miguel Angel Treviño, was arrested in 2013. The impact of Mexico’s drug cartel violence is still felt today. Newer cartels have emerged in recent years, and some have formed after breaking with old alliances. According to the 2015 Congressional Research Service report, Mexican drug wars claimed more than 80,000 lives between 2006 and 2015. CIA and Drug Trafficking
Over the years, journalists and writers have made claims that the CIA has been involved in various drug trafficking operations.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#15_2661386662
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Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: The group’s former leader, Miguel Angel Treviño, was arrested in 2013. The impact of Mexico’s drug cartel violence is still felt today. Newer cartels have emerged in recent years, and some have formed after breaking with old alliances. According to the 2015 Congressional Research Service report, Mexican drug wars claimed more than 80,000 lives between 2006 and 2015. CIA and Drug Trafficking
Over the years, journalists and writers have made claims that the CIA has been involved in various drug trafficking operations. One of the most notorious accusations involved the CIA’s connection to the Nicaraguan Contra War during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. In 1986, the administration acknowledged that the Contras may have engaged in activity with drug traffickers but insisted that leaders of the rebels were not involved. In 1996, a series of newspaper reports known as the Dark Alliance, which was written by journalist Gary Webb, claimed that the CIA may have offered the Contra smugglers support and protection. These claims are considered controversial and continue to be debated. Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Drug trafficking in the United States remains a significant concern.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1177842933#16_2661388560
|
Title: History of Drug Trafficking - Colombia, U.S. & Mexico - HISTORY
Headings: History of Drug Trafficking
History of Drug Trafficking
Contents
Early Opium Trade in the United States
Mafia Drug Smuggling
The Vietnam War and Drug Trafficking
Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel
Manuel Noriega and the Panamanian Drug Trade
The Cali Cartel
El Chapo, Los Zetas and Mexican Drug Cartels
Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
CIA and Drug Trafficking
Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Content: One of the most notorious accusations involved the CIA’s connection to the Nicaraguan Contra War during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. In 1986, the administration acknowledged that the Contras may have engaged in activity with drug traffickers but insisted that leaders of the rebels were not involved. In 1996, a series of newspaper reports known as the Dark Alliance, which was written by journalist Gary Webb, claimed that the CIA may have offered the Contra smugglers support and protection. These claims are considered controversial and continue to be debated. Drug Trafficking in Recent Years
Drug trafficking in the United States remains a significant concern. Organizations in the Middle East, including the Taliban and al-Qaida, have become major players in the production and shipment of illegal drugs. Mexican and Columbian cartels remain problematic for the U.S. government, in particular the DEA. In 2013, six substances accounted for nearly all drug trafficking offenses: powder cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, crack cocaine, heroin, and oxycodone. A 2014 report revealed Americans spent about $100 billion a year over the previous decade on illicit drugs.
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https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-drug-trafficking
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#0_2663142856
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Publish date: Sep 14, 2020
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Author: History.com Editors
Arthur Schatz/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
The American Hispanic/Latinx history is a rich, diverse and long one, with immigrants, refugees and Spanish-speaking or indigenous people living in the United States since long before the nation was established. And, bringing with them traditions and culture from Mexico, Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and other Latin American and Iberian nations, America’s Hispanic population continues to grow, reaching a record 60.6 million in 2019, or 18 percent of the U.S. population. From early Spanish colonialism to civil and worker rights laws to famous firsts to recent Supreme Court decisions on immigration, here’s a timeline of notable events in U.S. Hispanic and Latinx history. Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
April 2, 1513
Searching for the "Fountain of Youth," Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon lands along the Florida coast, claiming the territory in the name of the Spanish crown. He would return in 1521 to establish a colony, but his party, attacked by Native Americans, were forced to retreat to Cuba, where he died. Sept. 8, 1565
Spanish admiral and explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles lands at what will become the settlement of St. Augustine, Fl orida, near the spot Ponce de Leon reached 52 years earlier.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#4_2663153187
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: A prominent plantation owner born in St. Augustine, Spanish Florida, Hernandez fought first for Spain to stop U.S. encroachment into the state, but later for the United States, eventually running unopposed and serving as Florida’s first territorial delegate. He later served in the U.S. military during the Second Seminole War and was mayor of St. Augustine in 1848. Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
March 6, 1836
After 13 days of siege, Mexico President and General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna, with 1,000-plus Mexican soldiers, storm the The Alamo, killing most of the Texan soldiers inside, who include now-famous heroes Davy Crockett, James Bowie and Lt. Col. William Travis, even those who had surrendered. " Remember the Alamo!" becomes a battle cry for the Texas militia, which eventually wins independence. In 1845, Texas is annexed by the United States. 1846-1848
The Mexican-American War takes place, following a dispute over border control following America's annexation of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war, setting a border at the Rio Grande River between Texas and Mexico, and also giving America control of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, a majority of Colorado and Arizona and part of Oklahoma, Wyoming and Kansas.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#5_2663155374
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: Remember the Alamo!" becomes a battle cry for the Texas militia, which eventually wins independence. In 1845, Texas is annexed by the United States. 1846-1848
The Mexican-American War takes place, following a dispute over border control following America's annexation of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war, setting a border at the Rio Grande River between Texas and Mexico, and also giving America control of California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, a majority of Colorado and Arizona and part of Oklahoma, Wyoming and Kansas. READ MORE: Why Mexican Americans Say ‘The Border Crossed Us’
July 9, 1868
The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is adopted. Section 1 states that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." READ MORE: How the 14th Amendment Made Corporations Into People
April 21, 1898
The U.S. declares war against Spain, with major campaigns fought in Cuba and the Philippines.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#6_2663157349
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: READ MORE: Why Mexican Americans Say ‘The Border Crossed Us’
July 9, 1868
The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is adopted. Section 1 states that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." READ MORE: How the 14th Amendment Made Corporations Into People
April 21, 1898
The U.S. declares war against Spain, with major campaigns fought in Cuba and the Philippines. The Spanish-American War, which ends December 10, 1898 with the Treaty of Paris, marks the end of Spain's colonial power, with the country granting Cuba independence and ceding Guam, Puerto Rico and the Phillipines to the United States. Hawaii is also annexed during the war. Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
pinterest-pin-it
U.S. Immigration officer talking to Mexican refugees at the American end of the International Bridge at El Paso, TX, June 26, 1916. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
1910-1917
The long and violent Mexican Revolution causes a surge of Mexicans to cross the U.S. border, with El Paso, Texas, serving as "Mexican Ellis Island," according to the Library of Congress. The U.S. census finds Mexican immigrants to have tripled in population between 1910 and 1930, from 200,000 to 600,000.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#7_2663159601
|
Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: The Spanish-American War, which ends December 10, 1898 with the Treaty of Paris, marks the end of Spain's colonial power, with the country granting Cuba independence and ceding Guam, Puerto Rico and the Phillipines to the United States. Hawaii is also annexed during the war. Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
pinterest-pin-it
U.S. Immigration officer talking to Mexican refugees at the American end of the International Bridge at El Paso, TX, June 26, 1916. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
1910-1917
The long and violent Mexican Revolution causes a surge of Mexicans to cross the U.S. border, with El Paso, Texas, serving as "Mexican Ellis Island," according to the Library of Congress. The U.S. census finds Mexican immigrants to have tripled in population between 1910 and 1930, from 200,000 to 600,000. Feb. 5, 1917
Congress overrides a veto by President Woodrow Wilson to pass the Immigration Act of 1917, the first sweeping legislation to limit immigration in America. Also referred to as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act and the Literacy Act, it bans immigrants from most Asian countries. It also includes a literacy test for all immigrants older than 16, requiring them to read English or another listed language for entry, and bars convicted criminals, alcoholics, anarchists, those with contagious diseases and epileptics. READ MORE: How Border Crossing Became a Crime in the United States
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
March 2, 1917
President Wilson signs the Jones-Shafroth Act, granting U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and creating a bicameral legislature in the island territory.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#10_2663166636
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
pinterest-pin-it
Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, who served in the U.S. Senate 1928-29. Library of Congress
Dec. 7, 1928
Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo of New Mexico is sworn in as the country's first Hispanic senator. The Republican attorney, born in Mexico, immigrated to the United States when he was a boy. He served one term as governor of New Mexico and later was elected twice to the state House of Representatives before running for the U.S. Senate. But his time in Washington didn't last long: In January he fell gravely ill and returned to New Mexico where he died April 7, 1930. Contributions During World War II
Dec. 7, 1941
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, drawing the U.S. into World War II. More than 500,000 Mexican Americans serve in the American military during the conflict, with 13 Medals of Honor awarded to Latinos. The 158th Regimental Combat Team, largely composed of Latino and Native American soldiers who fought in the Philippines and New Guinea, is called “the greatest fighting combat team ever deployed in battle” by Gen. Douglas MacArthur. READ MORE:
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178614397#11_2663168674
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Title: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline - HISTORY
Headings: Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Hispanic History Milestones: Timeline
Contents
Early Spanish Explorers Reach America
Los Angeles Founded, First Hispanic Congressman Elected
Battle of the Alamo, Mexican-American War
Mexico Revolution Drives Immigration to US
Puerto Ricans Granted US Citizenship
First Hispanic Senator Sworn in
Contributions During World War II
Supreme Court Prohibits Segregation for Mexican-American Students
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cesar Chavez Leads Delano Grape Strike
Mariel Boatlift
Multiple Firsts in White House Cabinets
NAFTA, Prop 187
Sonia Sotomayor Joints US Supreme Court
DAPA, DACA Rulings
Content: In January he fell gravely ill and returned to New Mexico where he died April 7, 1930. Contributions During World War II
Dec. 7, 1941
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, drawing the U.S. into World War II. More than 500,000 Mexican Americans serve in the American military during the conflict, with 13 Medals of Honor awarded to Latinos. The 158th Regimental Combat Team, largely composed of Latino and Native American soldiers who fought in the Philippines and New Guinea, is called “the greatest fighting combat team ever deployed in battle” by Gen. Douglas MacArthur. READ MORE: 6 Facts About the Medal of Honor
Aug. 4, 1942
The U.S. and Mexico sign the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement, called the Bracero Program, America's biggest guest-worker program created to avoid labor shortages during the war that would go on to last more than two decades until 1964. The controversial program allows manual workers (braceros) from Mexico to work in the United States short-term, mostly in agriculture, with basic protections, such as a minimum wage, insurance and free housing, although those standards were not ignored by employers. READ MORE: The Surprising Role Mexico Played in World War II
June 3, 1943: The Zoot Suit Riots begin in the Los Angeles area, lasting 10 days, in which U.S. military men targeted young Mexican Americans dressed in the popular zoot suits of the time—long coats with wide, ankle-pegged pants.
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https://www.history.com/topics/hispanic-history/hispanic-latinx-milestones
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178722739#2_2663387428
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Title: Genocide - HISTORY
Headings: Genocide
Genocide
Contents
WHAT IS GENOCIDE?
NUREMBERG TRIALS
THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION
BOSNIAN GENOCIDE
RWANDAN GENOCIDE
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: As a boy, Lemkin had been horrified when he learned of the Turkish massacre of hundreds of thousands of Armenians during World War I.
Lemkin later set out to come up with a term to describe Nazi crimes against European Jews during World War II, and to enter that term into the world of international law in the hopes of preventing and punishing such horrific crimes against innocent people. In 1944, he coined the term “genocide” by combining genos, the Greek word for race or tribe, with the Latin suffix cide (“to kill”). NUREMBERG TRIALS
In 1945, thanks in no small part to Lemkin’s efforts, “genocide” was included in the charter of the International Military Tribunal set up by the victorious Allied powers in Nuremberg, Germany. The tribunal indicted and tried top Nazi officials for “crimes against humanity,” which included persecution on racial, religious or political grounds as well as inhumane acts committed against civilians (including genocide). After the Nuremberg trials revealed the horrible extent of Nazi crimes, the U.N. General Assembly passed a resolution in 1946 making the crime of genocide punishable under international law. THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION
In 1948, the United Nations approved its Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), which defined genocide as any of a number of acts “committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” This included killing or causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, inflicting conditions of life intended to bring about the group’s demise, imposing measures intended to prevent births (i.e., forced sterilization) or forcibly removing the group’s children. Genocide’s “intent to destroy” separates it from other crimes of humanity such as ethnic cleansing, which aims at forcibly expelling a group from a geographic area (by killing, forced deportation and other methods). The convention entered into force in 1951 and has since been ratified by more than 130 countries. Though the United States was one of the convention’s original signatories, the U.S. Senate did not ratify it until 1988, when President Ronald Reagan signed it over strong opposition by those who felt it would limit U.S. sovereignty.
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https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/what-is-genocide
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1178740184#1_2663423886
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Title: Asian American Timeline - Immigration, Achievements & Famous Firsts - HISTORY
Headings: Asian American Milestones: Timeline
Asian American Milestones: Timeline
Gold Rush Lures New Wave of Immigrants
Page Act, Chinese Exclusion Act Restrict Immigration
White Coal Miners Target Chinese Workers
Japanese Internment
PHOTOS: Japanese Internment Camps
Asian-American Firsts in Congress
Advances in Labor Rights
Asian Americans in Architecture, Film
Asian-American Political Firsts
Sources
Content: George, Hisa, and Yasbei at the Colorado River Relocation Center, c. 1942 (Photo: Corbis/Getty Images)
The first major wave of Asian immigrants arrived at American shores in the mid-1800s and Asian Americans have since played a key role in U.S. history, while also facing discrimination and exclusion. A diverse population, the nation’s 20 million-plus Asian Americans have roots in more than 20 countries in Asia and India, according to the Pew Research Cente r, with Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese making up 85 percent of today’s Asian American population. Here’s a look at some of the notable milestones throughout Asian American history. READ MORE: Full Coverage on Asian American and Pacific Islander History
Gold Rush Lures New Wave of Immigrants
May 7, 1843: A 14-year-old fisherman named Manjiro becomes the first official U.S. Japanese immigrant after being adopted by American Capt. William Whitfield who rescued the boy and his crew after a shipwreck 300 miles from Japan's coast. Years later, Manjiro returned to his home country, where he was named a samurai and worked as a political emissary with the West. 1849:
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https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/asian-american-timeline
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1179901999#2_2666153731
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Title: The Reformation - HISTORY
Headings: The Reformation
The Reformation
Contents
Dating the Reformation
The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
The Reformation: Switzerland and Calvinism
The Reformation: England and the “Middle Way”
The Counter-Reformation
The Reformation’s Legacy
Content: The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience. Did you know? No reformer was more adept than Martin Luther at using the power of the press to spread his ideas. Between 1518 and 1525, Luther published more works than the next 17 most prolific reformers combined. The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated. Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther’s empowering “priesthood of all believers,” revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Germany’s princes.
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https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#0_2666944434
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
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Updated: Aug 21, 2018
Original: Nov 9, 2009
Boris Yeltsin
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007) served as the president of Russia from 1991 until 1999. Though a Communist Party member for much of his life, he eventually came to believe in both democratic and free market reforms, and played an instrumental role in the collapse of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin won two presidential elections, the first of which occurred while Russia was still a Soviet republic. But despite successfully ushering in a freer and more open society, his tenure was marred by economic hardship, increased corruption and crime, a violent war in the breakaway republic of Chechnya and Russia’s diminished influence on world events. Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931, in Butka, a small Russian village in the Ural Mountains. His peasant grandparents had been forcibly uprooted by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture, and his father was arrested during the Stalin-era purges. In 1937 Yeltsin moved to the factory town of Berezniki, where his father—fresh out of a Gulag prison camp—found work as a laborer.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#1_2666947154
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Yeltsin won two presidential elections, the first of which occurred while Russia was still a Soviet republic. But despite successfully ushering in a freer and more open society, his tenure was marred by economic hardship, increased corruption and crime, a violent war in the breakaway republic of Chechnya and Russia’s diminished influence on world events. Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931, in Butka, a small Russian village in the Ural Mountains. His peasant grandparents had been forcibly uprooted by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture, and his father was arrested during the Stalin-era purges. In 1937 Yeltsin moved to the factory town of Berezniki, where his father—fresh out of a Gulag prison camp—found work as a laborer. Rebellious even as a youth, Yeltsin lost two fingers while playing with a hand grenade. He left Berezniki for Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in 1949 to attend the Urals Polytechnic Institute. As a student there, he trained to become a civil engineer, played volleyball and met his future wife, Naina Iosifovna Girina, with whom he would have two daughters. Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#2_2666949130
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Rebellious even as a youth, Yeltsin lost two fingers while playing with a hand grenade. He left Berezniki for Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in 1949 to attend the Urals Polytechnic Institute. As a student there, he trained to become a civil engineer, played volleyball and met his future wife, Naina Iosifovna Girina, with whom he would have two daughters. Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history. Upon graduation, Yeltsin worked as an overseer of residential construction projects. He also stepped into the political arena, becoming a Communist Party member in 1961 and joining Sverdlovsk’s provincial party committee seven years later. After he served as party chief (roughly equivalent to governor) of the province from 1976 to 1985, Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev summoned him to Moscow. Within a year, Yeltsin was party chief there and a non-voting member of the policy-making Politburo. He became well known for railing against corruption, going so far as to fire hundreds of lower-level functionaries.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#3_2666950892
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Upon graduation, Yeltsin worked as an overseer of residential construction projects. He also stepped into the political arena, becoming a Communist Party member in 1961 and joining Sverdlovsk’s provincial party committee seven years later. After he served as party chief (roughly equivalent to governor) of the province from 1976 to 1985, Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev summoned him to Moscow. Within a year, Yeltsin was party chief there and a non-voting member of the policy-making Politburo. He became well known for railing against corruption, going so far as to fire hundreds of lower-level functionaries. He lost both of his posts in late 1987 and early 1988, however, after clashing with Gorbachev over the pace of reform. Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Having been exiled to a relatively obscure position in the construction bureaucracy, Yeltsin began his political comeback in 1989 by winning election to a newly formed Soviet parliament with nearly 90 percent of the vote. The following year he won a similar landslide victory in a race for Russia’s parliament, became its chair and then renounced his membership in the Communist Party. With his momentum building, Yeltsin began calling for Gorbachev’s resignation. He also submitted himself to elections for the Russian presidency, winning 59 percent of the vote in June 1991, compared to just 18 percent for his closest competitor.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#4_2666953036
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: He lost both of his posts in late 1987 and early 1988, however, after clashing with Gorbachev over the pace of reform. Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Having been exiled to a relatively obscure position in the construction bureaucracy, Yeltsin began his political comeback in 1989 by winning election to a newly formed Soviet parliament with nearly 90 percent of the vote. The following year he won a similar landslide victory in a race for Russia’s parliament, became its chair and then renounced his membership in the Communist Party. With his momentum building, Yeltsin began calling for Gorbachev’s resignation. He also submitted himself to elections for the Russian presidency, winning 59 percent of the vote in June 1991, compared to just 18 percent for his closest competitor. Yeltsin’s stature rose even further in August 1991 when he climbed atop a tank to denounce a coup attempt against his rival Gorbachev. The coup, led by conservative Soviet officials, failed after three days. Immediately thereafter, Yeltsin set about dismantling the Communist Party, and all 15 of the Soviet Union’s republics moved to secure their independence. Gorbachev, who with his “perestroika” and “glasnost” program had hoped to change but not destroy the Soviet Union, resigned on December 25, 1991. Six days later the Soviet Union officially dissolved and was replaced by a politically weak Commonwealth of Independent States that Yeltsin had established along with his counterparts in Ukraine and Belarus.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#5_2666955306
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: Yeltsin’s stature rose even further in August 1991 when he climbed atop a tank to denounce a coup attempt against his rival Gorbachev. The coup, led by conservative Soviet officials, failed after three days. Immediately thereafter, Yeltsin set about dismantling the Communist Party, and all 15 of the Soviet Union’s republics moved to secure their independence. Gorbachev, who with his “perestroika” and “glasnost” program had hoped to change but not destroy the Soviet Union, resigned on December 25, 1991. Six days later the Soviet Union officially dissolved and was replaced by a politically weak Commonwealth of Independent States that Yeltsin had established along with his counterparts in Ukraine and Belarus. Boris Yeltsin as President
With the Soviet Union out of the way, Yeltsin eliminated most price controls, privatized a slew of major state assets, allowed for the ownership of private property and otherwise embraced free market principles. Under his watch, a stock exchange, commodities exchanges and private banks all came into being. But although a select few oligarchs became shockingly wealthy, many Russians lapsed deeper into poverty due to rampant inflation and the rising cost of living. Yeltsin’s Russia also struggled with the taint of being an ex-superpower and with corruption, lawlessness, decreased industrial output and falling life expectancies. Moreover, Yeltsin began treating himself to some of the perks, such as chauffeured limousines, that he had previously criticized.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#6_2666957533
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: Boris Yeltsin as President
With the Soviet Union out of the way, Yeltsin eliminated most price controls, privatized a slew of major state assets, allowed for the ownership of private property and otherwise embraced free market principles. Under his watch, a stock exchange, commodities exchanges and private banks all came into being. But although a select few oligarchs became shockingly wealthy, many Russians lapsed deeper into poverty due to rampant inflation and the rising cost of living. Yeltsin’s Russia also struggled with the taint of being an ex-superpower and with corruption, lawlessness, decreased industrial output and falling life expectancies. Moreover, Yeltsin began treating himself to some of the perks, such as chauffeured limousines, that he had previously criticized. As president, Yeltsin broke from his Soviet predecessors by generally supporting freedom of the press, permitting public criticism and letting Western popular culture seep into the country. He also agreed to nuclear arms reductions and brought home soldiers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics. Nonetheless, he did not completely disavow military action. After surviving impeachment proceedings, Yeltsin disbanded the communist-dominated parliament in September 1993 and called for elections to a new legislature. He then resolved the ensuing standoff by ordering tanks to shell the parliamentary building.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#7_2666959637
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: As president, Yeltsin broke from his Soviet predecessors by generally supporting freedom of the press, permitting public criticism and letting Western popular culture seep into the country. He also agreed to nuclear arms reductions and brought home soldiers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics. Nonetheless, he did not completely disavow military action. After surviving impeachment proceedings, Yeltsin disbanded the communist-dominated parliament in September 1993 and called for elections to a new legislature. He then resolved the ensuing standoff by ordering tanks to shell the parliamentary building. The following year Yeltsin sent troops into the breakaway republic of Chechnya, an action that left roughly 80,000 people dead—the majority of them civilians. Though the fighting ceased in August 1996, it picked back up again in 1999 and lasted most of the next decade. Health problems, some of them caused by heavy drinking, eventually began to take their toll on Yeltsin. In 1995 alone he had at least three heart attacks. Yet he decided to run for president anyway in 1996, winning a second term and then undergoing quintuple bypass surgery.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180225204#8_2666961494
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Title: Boris Yeltsin - HISTORY
Headings: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Contents
Boris Yeltsin’s Early Years
Did you know? Boris Yeltsin was the first freely elected leader in Russia’s 1,000-year history.
Boris Yeltsin’s Political Comeback and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin as President
Russia After Boris Yeltsin
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: The following year Yeltsin sent troops into the breakaway republic of Chechnya, an action that left roughly 80,000 people dead—the majority of them civilians. Though the fighting ceased in August 1996, it picked back up again in 1999 and lasted most of the next decade. Health problems, some of them caused by heavy drinking, eventually began to take their toll on Yeltsin. In 1995 alone he had at least three heart attacks. Yet he decided to run for president anyway in 1996, winning a second term and then undergoing quintuple bypass surgery. Near the end of his time in office, he survived another round of impeachment proceedings and went through a string of prime ministers. In August 1998 the ruble collapsed and Russia defaulted on its treasury bills. Soon after, the economy finally turned around with the help of rising oil prices. Russia After Boris Yeltsin
On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin gave a surprise address announcing his resignation and asking the Russian people’s forgiveness for past mistakes. He then handed off power to Vladimir Putin, his chosen successor and the last of his prime ministers, who granted him immunity from prosecution.
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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/boris-yeltsin
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180405515#0_2667393257
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Title: The Olympic Games - HISTORY
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
Contents
The Olympics in Ancient Greece
Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
The Olympics Through the Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: The Olympic Games - HISTORY
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Updated: Aug 21, 2018
Original: Jan 6, 2010
The Olympic Games
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
The Olympics in Ancient Greece
Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
The Olympics Through the Years
The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece as many as 3,000 years ago, were revived in the late 19th century and have become the world’s preeminent sporting competition. From the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the Games were held every four years in Olympia, located in the western Peloponnese peninsula, in honor of the god Zeus. The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, and featured 280 participants from 13 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two years. The Olympics in Ancient Greece
The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 B.C., when a cook named Coroebus won the only event–a 192-meter footrace called the stade (the origin of the modern “stadium”)–to become the first Olympic champion. However, it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years by that time. Legend has it that Heracles (the Roman Hercules ), son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene, founded the Games, which by the end of the 6th century B.C had become the most famous of all Greek sporting festivals.
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https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180405515#1_2667395512
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Title: The Olympic Games - HISTORY
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
Contents
The Olympics in Ancient Greece
Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
The Olympics Through the Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, and featured 280 participants from 13 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two years. The Olympics in Ancient Greece
The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 B.C., when a cook named Coroebus won the only event–a 192-meter footrace called the stade (the origin of the modern “stadium”)–to become the first Olympic champion. However, it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years by that time. Legend has it that Heracles (the Roman Hercules ), son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene, founded the Games, which by the end of the 6th century B.C had become the most famous of all Greek sporting festivals. The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus. The Games were named for their location at Olympia, a sacred site located near the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece. Their influence was so great that ancient historians began to measure time by the four-year increments in between Olympic Games, which were known as Olympiads. Did you know? The 1896 Games featured the first Olympic marathon, which followed the 25-mile route run by the Greek soldier who brought news of a victory over the Persians from Marathon to Athens in 490 B.C. Fittingly, Greece's Spyridon Louis won the first gold medal in the event.
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https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180405515#4_2667401367
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Title: The Olympic Games - HISTORY
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
Contents
The Olympics in Ancient Greece
Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
The Olympics Through the Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: Participation in the ancient Olympic Games was initially limited to freeborn male citizens of Greece; there were no women’s events, and married women were prohibited from attending the competition. Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
After the Roman Empire conquered Greece in the mid-2nd century B.C., the Games continued, but their standards and quality declined. In one notorious example from A.D. 67, the decadent Emperor Nero entered an Olympic chariot race, only to disgrace himself by declaring himself the winner even after he fell off his chariot during the event. In A.D. 393, Emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, called for a ban on all “pagan” festivals, ending the ancient Olympic tradition after nearly 12 centuries. It would be another 1,500 years before the Games would rise again, largely thanks to the efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France. Dedicated to the promotion of physical education, the young baron became inspired by the idea of creating a modern Olympic Games after visiting the ancient Olympic site. In November 1892, at a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris, Coubertin proposed the idea of reviving the Olympics as an international athletic competition held every four years. Two years later, he got the approval he needed to found the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which would become the governing body of the modern Olympic Games. The Olympics Through the Years
The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.
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https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180405515#5_2667403437
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Title: The Olympic Games - HISTORY
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
Contents
The Olympics in Ancient Greece
Decline and Revival of the Olympic Tradition
The Olympics Through the Years
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: It would be another 1,500 years before the Games would rise again, largely thanks to the efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France. Dedicated to the promotion of physical education, the young baron became inspired by the idea of creating a modern Olympic Games after visiting the ancient Olympic site. In November 1892, at a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris, Coubertin proposed the idea of reviving the Olympics as an international athletic competition held every four years. Two years later, he got the approval he needed to found the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which would become the governing body of the modern Olympic Games. The Olympics Through the Years
The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. In the opening ceremony, King Georgios I and a crowd of 60,000 spectators welcomed 280 participants from 13 nations (all male), who would compete in 43 events, including track and field, gymnastics, swimming, wrestling, cycling, tennis, weightlifting, shooting and fencing. All subsequent Olympiads have been numbered even when no Games take place (as in 1916, during World War I, and in 1940 and 1944, during World War II ). The official symbol of the modern Games is five interlocking colored rings, representing the continents of North and South America, Asia, Africa, Europe and Australia. The Olympic flag, featuring this symbol on a white background, flew for the first time at the Antwerp Games in 1920. The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the VIII Games were held in Paris.
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https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180511978#13_2667678454
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Title: First Amendment - Rights, U.S. Constitution & Freedoms - HISTORY
Headings: First Amendment
First Amendment
Contents
Bill Of Rights
First Amendment Text
Freedom Of Speech
Freedom Of The Press
Freedom Of Religion
Right To Assemble, Right To Petition
First Amendment Court Cases
SOURCES
Content: When she applied for unemployment compensation, a South Carolina court denied her claim. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971): This Supreme Court decision struck down a Pennsylvania law allowing the state to reimburse Catholic schools for the salaries of teachers who taught in those schools. This Supreme Court case established the “Lemon Test” for determining when a state or federal law violates the Establishment Clause—that’s the part of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from declaring or financially supporting a state religion. Ten Commandments Cases (2005): In 2005, the Supreme Court came to seemingly contradictory decisions in two cases involving the display of the Ten Commandments on public property. In the first case, Van Orden v. Perry, the Supreme Court ruled that the display of a six-foot Ten Commandments monument at the Texas State Capital was constitutional. In McCreary County v. ACLU, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that two large, framed copies of the Ten Commandments in Kentucky courthouses violated the First Amendment. Right to Assemble & Right to Petition: NAACP v. Alabama (1958):
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https://www.history.com/topics/united-states-constitution/first-amendment
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180558697#8_2667783807
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Title: Miranda Rights - HISTORY
Headings: Miranda Rights
Miranda Rights
Contents
The Crime
Police Catch a Lead
The Confession
ACLU Gets Involved
The Landmark Decision
The Miranda Warning
Retrial, Conviction, Murder
Sources
Content: Also at play was the Fifth Amendment, which protects defendants from being compelled to become witnesses against themselves. Even though Miranda had written his confession under a statement saying that he was fully aware of his legal rights, his lawyers argued those rights had not been made explicitly clear to him. Under the duress of detainment, they argued, his confession should not be deemed admissible. The Landmark Decision
The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, agreed. In a 5-4 ruling, the Supreme Court reversed the Arizona Supreme Court decision and declared that Miranda’s confession could not be used as evidence in a criminal trial. Warren’s 60-plus-page written opinion, released on June 13, 1966, further outlined police procedure to ensure that defendants are clearly informed their rights as they are being detained and interrogated. The Miranda Warning
Those police procedures were encapsulated in the Miranda Warning, which police departments nationwide soon began distributing on index cards to their officers so that they would recite them to suspects. The Miranda Warning reads: “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
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https://www.history.com/topics/united-states-constitution/miranda-rights
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180593002#0_2667857514
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Title: Executive Branch - HISTORY
Headings: Executive Branch
Executive Branch
Contents
Branches of Government
What Does the Executive Branch Do?
Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
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Content: Executive Branch - HISTORY
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Updated: Nov 27, 2019
Original: Nov 17, 2017
Executive Branch
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Branches of Government
What Does the Executive Branch Do? Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch? Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
The executive branch is one of three primary parts of the U.S. government—alongside the legislative and the judicial branches—and is responsible for carrying out and executing the nation’s laws. The president of the United States is the chief of the executive branch, which also includes the vice president and the rest of the president’s cabinet, 15 executive departments and numerous federal agencies, boards, commissions and committees. Branches of Government
At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the framers of the U.S. Constitution worked to build the foundations of a strong federal government. But they also wanted to preserve the liberty of individual citizens and ensure the government didn’t abuse its power. To that end, the first three articles of the Constitution establish the separation of powers and three branches of government:
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/executive-branch
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180593002#1_2667859936
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Title: Executive Branch - HISTORY
Headings: Executive Branch
Executive Branch
Contents
Branches of Government
What Does the Executive Branch Do?
Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
The executive branch is one of three primary parts of the U.S. government—alongside the legislative and the judicial branches—and is responsible for carrying out and executing the nation’s laws. The president of the United States is the chief of the executive branch, which also includes the vice president and the rest of the president’s cabinet, 15 executive departments and numerous federal agencies, boards, commissions and committees. Branches of Government
At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the framers of the U.S. Constitution worked to build the foundations of a strong federal government. But they also wanted to preserve the liberty of individual citizens and ensure the government didn’t abuse its power. To that end, the first three articles of the Constitution establish the separation of powers and three branches of government: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution states: “ The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.” The president not only heads the executive branch of the federal government, but is also head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The modern presidency differs greatly from what the framers intended;
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/executive-branch
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180593002#4_2667865280
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Title: Executive Branch - HISTORY
Headings: Executive Branch
Executive Branch
Contents
Branches of Government
What Does the Executive Branch Do?
Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Initially, electors did not vote separately for president and vice president, but cast a single vote; the candidate who came in second became the vice president. But in 1804, after two highly contentious national elections, the 12th Amendment changed the voting process to the current system. Did you know? President Thomas Jefferson and Vice President George Clinton were the first executives to be voted into the White House after the passage of the 12 Amendment. The federal government has 15 executive departments (including Defense, State, Justice, Labor, Education, Health and Human Services and so on). Each of these departments is led by a member of the presidential cabinet, who serve as advisors to the president. The heads of numerous executive agencies (the Central Intelligence Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.) are not formally members of the Cabinet, but they do fall under the president’s authority. The executive branch also includes more than 50 independent federal commissions, including the Federal Reserve Board, Securities and Exchange Commission and many others.
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/executive-branch
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180593002#5_2667866993
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Title: Executive Branch - HISTORY
Headings: Executive Branch
Executive Branch
Contents
Branches of Government
What Does the Executive Branch Do?
Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch?
Powers of the President and Executive Branch
Executive Orders
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: The federal government has 15 executive departments (including Defense, State, Justice, Labor, Education, Health and Human Services and so on). Each of these departments is led by a member of the presidential cabinet, who serve as advisors to the president. The heads of numerous executive agencies (the Central Intelligence Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.) are not formally members of the Cabinet, but they do fall under the president’s authority. The executive branch also includes more than 50 independent federal commissions, including the Federal Reserve Board, Securities and Exchange Commission and many others. Another integral part of the executive branch is the Executive Office of the President (EOP), which was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Headed up by the White House chief of staff, the EOP includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, the National Security Council and the White House Communications and Press Secretary. Who is in Charge of the Executive Branch? Article II of the Constitution specified that a president —who is in charge of the executive branch—should be elected to a term of four years. According to its terms, only natural-born citizens of the United States of at least 35 years of age, who have lived in the United States for at least 14 years, are eligible for the nation’s highest executive office.
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/executive-branch
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180698325#0_2668111636
|
Title: Judicial Branch - HISTORY
Headings: Judicial Branch
Judicial Branch
Contents
What Does the Judicial Branch Do?
Judiciary Act of 1789
Judicial Review
Selection of Federal Judges
Supreme Court Cases
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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Content: Judicial Branch - HISTORY
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Updated: Aug 21, 2018
Original: Nov 17, 2017
Judicial Branch
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
What Does the Judicial Branch Do? Judiciary Act of 1789
Judicial Review
Selection of Federal Judges
Supreme Court Cases
Sources
The judicial branch of the U.S. government is the system of federal courts and judges that interprets laws made by the legislative branch and enforced by the executive branch. At the top of the judicial branch are the nine justices of the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States. What Does the Judicial Branch Do? From the beginning, it seemed that the judicial branch was destined to take somewhat of a backseat to the other two branches of government. The Articles of Confederation, the forerunner of the U.S. Constitution that set up the first national government after the Revolutionary War, failed even to mention judicial power or a federal court system. In Philadelphia in 1787, the members of the Constitutional Convention drafted Article III of the Constitution, which stated that: “ [
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/judicial-branch
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180706393#3_2668135568
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Title: National Debt - HISTORY
Headings: National Debt
National Debt
Contents
What Is the National Debt?
Debt-to-GDP Ratio
U.S. National Debt Through World War I
U.S. National Debt: Great Depression to Great Recession
What Is the Current National Debt?
Sources
Content: If revenues are greater than spending, the government can use the surplus to pay down some of the existing national debt. The two ways to reduce debt are to increase taxes or reduce spending, both of which can slow economic growth. Debt-to-GDP Ratio
The impact of the national debt can only fully be understood by comparing the debt with the federal government’s ability to pay it off. The debt-to-GDP ratio does this by dividing a nation’s debt by its gross domestic product. Investors worry about a country defaulting on its debt when the debt-to-GDP ratio reaches above 77 percent. U.S. National Debt Through World War I
The United States began incurring debt even before it became a nation, as colonial leaders borrowed money from France and the Netherlands to win their independence from Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress, forerunner to the U.S. Congress, did not have the power to tax citizens, and the debt continued to grow. By 1790, it had topped $75 million, with a 30 percent debt-to-GDP ratio, according to an accounting presented that year by Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury. The growing U.S. economy helped decrease the debt-to-GDP ratio to below 10 percent until the War of 1812, when the country had to go deep in debt to fight Britain once again. By the time Andrew Jackson took office in 1828, the national debt was $58 million, an obligation Jackson called the “national curse.”
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/national-debt
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1180706393#4_2668137507
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Title: National Debt - HISTORY
Headings: National Debt
National Debt
Contents
What Is the National Debt?
Debt-to-GDP Ratio
U.S. National Debt Through World War I
U.S. National Debt: Great Depression to Great Recession
What Is the Current National Debt?
Sources
Content: U.S. National Debt Through World War I
The United States began incurring debt even before it became a nation, as colonial leaders borrowed money from France and the Netherlands to win their independence from Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress, forerunner to the U.S. Congress, did not have the power to tax citizens, and the debt continued to grow. By 1790, it had topped $75 million, with a 30 percent debt-to-GDP ratio, according to an accounting presented that year by Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the U.S. Treasury. The growing U.S. economy helped decrease the debt-to-GDP ratio to below 10 percent until the War of 1812, when the country had to go deep in debt to fight Britain once again. By the time Andrew Jackson took office in 1828, the national debt was $58 million, an obligation Jackson called the “national curse.” By selling off federally owned land in the West, Jackson had paid off all of the national debt by January 1835. Within a year, however, an economic recession led the government to start borrowing, and it would never again be debt-free. During the Civil War, the national debt ballooned to some $2.76 billion by 1866. Economic growth in the late 19th century, accompanied by inflation, helped make debt a smaller percentage of economic output. But after World War I, the debt-to-GDP ratio hit a record high 33 percent, with a debt of more than $25 billion (roughly $334 billion in today’s dollars).
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https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/national-debt
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181029719#0_2668869448
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Title: History of Student Protests - HISTORY
Headings: History of Student Protests
History of Student Protests
Contents
Tiananmen Square
Kent State
White Rose Society of Nazi Germany
Velvet Revolution of 1989
Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Protests
Soweto Uprising
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: History of Student Protests - HISTORY
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History of Student Protests
Contents
Tiananmen Square
Kent State
White Rose Society of Nazi Germany
Velvet Revolution of 1989
Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Protests
Soweto Uprising
Sources
In the wake of the February 14 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida—during which 17 people were killed and more than a dozen injured—students at that high school and across the United States have been galvanized into action. A number of protests are now planned, including nationwide school walkouts on March 14 and April 20 and a march in Washington, D.C., on March 24. These events are but the latest in a long history of student protests. Whether fighting for equality, an end to war, religious freedom, economic opportunity or political ideology, students have recognized there’s power in numbers. Most protests have been peaceful; however, in many cases students put their lives on the line for their voices to be heard. pinterest-pin-it
Students erecting a statue called the Goddess of Democracy in Beijing's Tianamen Square. Jacques Langevin/Sygma/Getty Images
Tiananmen Square
On April 18, 1989, after the funeral of communist leader Hu Yaobang, thousands of students marched in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, to protest the oppressive communist government. The protests continued as students called for strikes and class boycotts. A few weeks later, on May 13, students began a hunger strike in Tiananmen Square insisting the government begin dialogue with them.
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https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/history-of-student-protests
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181029719#10_2668888391
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Title: History of Student Protests - HISTORY
Headings: History of Student Protests
History of Student Protests
Contents
Tiananmen Square
Kent State
White Rose Society of Nazi Germany
Velvet Revolution of 1989
Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Protests
Soweto Uprising
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Chris McGrath/Getty Images
Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Protests
Hong Kong’s “Umbrella Revolution” began on September 22, 2014, as thousands of students—most wearing a yellow ribbon—boycotted classes in support of full democratic elections and descended on the campus of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. As the protests gained momentum, hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong citizens joined in. Over the next several weeks, marchers forced streets, banks and other businesses to close. During the demonstrations, police often used pepper spray and tear gas to control and disperse crowds. The protestors stood firm, however, and opened their umbrellas to protect them from the dangerous mists, turning the umbrella into a powerful symbol of their struggle. The often-violent protests lasted almost three months and eventually fizzled out without the protestors’ demand for universal suffrage being met. Still, the movement inspired an unprecedented interest in democracy and political activism within Hong Kong. pinterest-pin-it
High-school students in Soweto, South Africa, protesting for better education, 1976. Bongani Mnguni/City Press/Gallo Images/Getty Images
Soweto Uprising
On June 16, 1976, thousands of high school students in Soweto, South Africa, protested peacefully against apartheid and the Bantu Education Act, which severely limited educational opportunities to black students and decreased education quality. As the students headed towards a soccer stadium, police tried to disperse them with tear gas and warning gunshots.
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https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/history-of-student-protests
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181229009#5_2669375863
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Title: Feminism's Long History - HISTORY
Headings: Feminism
Feminism
Early Feminists
First Wave Feminism: Women’s Suffrage and The Seneca Falls Convention
The 19th Amendment: Women’s Right to Vote
Women And Work
Second Wave Feminism: Women's Liberation
Third Wave Feminism: Who Benefits From the Feminist Movement?
#MeToo and Women’s Marches
Sources
Content: READ MORE: American Women's Suffrage Came Down to One Man's Vote
The 19th Amendment: Women’s Right to Vote
Slowly, suffragettes began to claim some successes: In 1893, New Zealand became the first sovereign state giving women the right to vote, followed by Australia in 1902 and Finland in 1906. In a limited victory, the United Kingdom granted suffrage to women over 30 in 1918. In the United States, women’s participation in World War I proved to many that they were deserving of equal representation. In 1920, thanks largely to the work of suffragists like Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt, the 19th Amendment passed. American women finally earned the right to vote. With these rights secured, feminists embarked on what some scholars refer to as the “second wave” of feminism. Women And Work
Women began to enter the workplace in greater numbers following the Great Depression, when many male breadwinners lost their jobs, forcing women to find “ women’s work ” in lower paying but more stable careers like housework, teaching and secretarial roles.
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https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/feminism-womens-history
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181310404#0_2669552740
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Title: Roe v. Wade: Decision, Summary & Background - HISTORY
Headings: Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade
Contents
Abortion Before Roe v. Wade
Jane Roe
Henry Wade
Supreme Court Ruling
Legacy of Roe v. Wade
Sources
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Roe v. Wade: Decision, Summary & Background - HISTORY
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Updated: May 15, 2019
Original: Mar 27, 2018
Roe v. Wade
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Abortion Before Roe v. Wade
Jane Roe
Henry Wade
Supreme Court Ruling
Legacy of Roe v. Wade
Sources
Roe v. Wade was a landmark legal decision issued on January 22, 1973, in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute banning abortion, effectively legalizing the procedure across the United States. The court held that a woman’s right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to Roe v. Wade, abortion had been illegal throughout much of the country since the late 19th century. Roe v. Wade has proved controversial, and Americans remain divided in their support for a woman’s right to choose an abortion. Since the 1973 ruling, many states have imposed restrictions on abortion rights. Abortion Before Roe v. Wade
Until the late 19th century, abortion was legal in the United States before “quickening,” the point at which a woman could first feel movements of the fetus, typically around the fourth month of pregnancy.
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https://www.history.com/topics/womens-rights/roe-v-wade
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181530146#0_2670101758
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Title: Marshall Plan - HISTORY
Headings: Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan
Contents
Europe After World War II
What Was the Marshall Plan?
Impact of the Marshall Plan
Political Legacy of the Marshall Plan
Sources
Citation Information
Article Title
Author
Website Name
URL
Access Date
Publisher
Last Updated
Original Published Date
FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
VIDEOS
RELATED CONTENT
Content: Marshall Plan - HISTORY
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Updated: Jun 5, 2020
Original: Dec 16, 2009
Marshall Plan
Author: History.com Editors
Contents
Europe After World War II
What Was the Marshall Plan? Impact of the Marshall Plan
Political Legacy of the Marshall Plan
Sources
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, for whom it was named, it was crafted as a four-year plan to reconstruct cities, industries and infrastructure heavily damaged during the war and to remove trade barriers between European neighbors—as well as foster commerce between those countries and the United States. In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the Marshall Plan was to halt the spread communism on the European continent. Implementation of the Marshall Plan has been cited as the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and its European allies and the Soviet Union, which had effectively taken control of much of central and eastern Europe and established its satellite republics as communist nations. The Marshall Plan is also considered a key catalyst for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance between North American and European countries established in 1949.
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https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall-plan-1
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1181685394#11_2670291591
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Title:
Headings: What Are Turning Points in History, and
What Were They for the Space Age?1
What
Are
Turning
Points
in
History,
and
What
Were
They
for
the
Space
Age?1
Defining
a
Turning
Point
Constructing
Turning
Points
in
Space
History
Sputnik
Kennedy’s
role
Maxims
of
Turning
Points
in
Space
History
Content: “turning
point,”merriam-Webster
online
Dictionary,
(accessed
21
august
2006). 6. World
Book
encyclopedia
and
Learning
Sources,
(accessed
21
august
2006). 7. “midway,
Battle
of,”
encyclopædia
Britannica
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/turning%20point
http://www.worldbook.com/wb/dict?lu=turning%20point
online,
http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9052586? query=turning%20point&ct=eb
(accessed
21
august
2006); “genghis
Khan,”
encyclopædia
Britannica
online,
http://search.eb.com/eb/article-41207?query=turning%20point&ct=eb
(accessed
21
august
2006). macedonian
domination
received
a
decisive
blow; it
would
survive
for
only
46
more
years. ”8tying
the
demise
of
greek
domination
nearly
two
generations
later
to
the
death
of
antiochus
seems
tenuous
at
best.
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https://www.history.nasa.gov/sp4801-chapter2.pdf
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1187157246#1_2677709672
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Title: Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s - 18th Century History -- The Age of Reason and Change
Headings: Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s
Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s
Marriage and Childbirth
Children and Home Life
About The Author
Content: What was it like to have a baby and raise a family in the 1700s? What did the average household look like? In this article, we’re exploring what it was like to get married and have children in the 1700s (or the 18th Century). Ready to travel back in time? Keep reading. Marriage and Childbirth
Marrying a person for love was rare in the 1700s. Most married for money or status. Well-to-do women almost always married wealthy men and men always married upper-class women. Otherwise, they would face major humiliation from their families and social circles. Wealthy people believed that a poor woman wouldn’t possess the social graces necessary to fit in with their class.
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https://www.history1700s.com/index.php/articles/14-guest-authors/1905-marriage-children-and-home-life-in-the-1700s.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1187157246#2_2677710885
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Title: Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s - 18th Century History -- The Age of Reason and Change
Headings: Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s
Marriage, Children, and Home Life in the 1700s
Marriage and Childbirth
Children and Home Life
About The Author
Content: Marriage and Childbirth
Marrying a person for love was rare in the 1700s. Most married for money or status. Well-to-do women almost always married wealthy men and men always married upper-class women. Otherwise, they would face major humiliation from their families and social circles. Wealthy people believed that a poor woman wouldn’t possess the social graces necessary to fit in with their class. Although middle-class status was not common in the 1700s because most people were either wealthy or poor, middle-class individuals had more freedom to marry whomever they choose. Women of the middle class were expected to marry up, although they still had more choice of their own than a wealthier woman might. Sometimes, women of lower-class families were months pregnant before marrying because the families wanted to ensure fertility before the marriage was official. And even though childbirth was dangerous, most women became pregnant many times in their lives. Miscarriages and infant death were common but multiple children were expected regardless.
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https://www.history1700s.com/index.php/articles/14-guest-authors/1905-marriage-children-and-home-life-in-the-1700s.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1187198745#1_2677818870
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Title: Healthcare Advancements of the 1700s - 18th Century History -- The Age of Reason and Change
Headings: Healthcare Advancements of the 1700s
Healthcare Advancements of the 1700s
Nutrition
Glasses
Vaccines
About Author
Content: The preventative care many people take for granted now has helped decrease infant mortality rates, save people from preventable illnesses, and has removed simple but debilitating inconveniences that people dealt with for hundreds of years. Nutrition
Up until the mid-1700s, thousands of seamen died of scurvy during each voyage due to the large amount of physical labor and lack of well balanced diet available to sailors. In 1747, Scottish Naval Surgeon James Lind discovered that scurvy was preventable by citrus fruit intake. In 1754, his book Treatise of Scurvy was published, which identified the simple solution for avoiding the common and deadly disease, which ended the era of an easily preventable sickness. Although the book was published in 1754, it took some time for the information to spread, and almost 50 years before lemon juice became a requirement to be carried on ships. Glasses
Up until the 1200’s, people with poor eyesight simply dealt with their shortcomings. Finally, glasses were invented, which gave people the chance to be unhindered by their eyesight, which was enough for the next 500 years until the 1760s, when Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals. Although there is some speculation about who invented bifocals, Franklin is ultimately given credit. Bifocals are able to accommodate presbyopia, which happens when the crystalline lens of the eye ages and becomes less flexible and unable to change focus. Bifocals provide presbyopic patients with lenses that help people to see up close and far, which make it much easier for people see clearly without carrying around multiple pairs of glasses.
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https://www.history1700s.com/index.php/articles/19-medical-history/1912-healthcare-advancements-of-the-1700s.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188569574#3_2681035389
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Title: Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire | All About History
Headings: Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire
Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire
‘Scipio Africanus Freeing Massiva’ by Gianbattista, Giambattista Tiepolo, 1719 and 1721
10. Scipio Africanus (236-183 BCE)
General of the Republic
‘Marius Amid the Ruins of Carthage’ by John Vanderlyn, 1832
9. Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic
A supposed bust of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Munich Glyptothek
8. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic, and Dictator of Rome
Senators visit Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to urge him to become Dictator
7. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 BCE)
Political and Military Leader of the Roman Republic
Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, painting by Lionel Royer.
6. Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)
Dictator of the Roman Republic
‘The Banquet of Mark Antony and Cleopatra’ by Francesco Trevisani, circa 1705-1710
5. Marcus Antonius (83-30 BCE)
Consul of the Roman Republic
A bust of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, circa 25–24 BCE
4. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63-12 BCE)
General and Consul of the Empire
‘The Death of Germanicus’ by Nicholas Poussin, 1627
3. Germanicus Julius Caesar (15 BCE-19 CE)
A statue of Gnaeus Julius Agricola overlooking the Roman baths in Bath
2. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE)
General of the Empire and Governor of Britain
1. Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 BCE)
General of the Empire
You might also like:
Content: The Carthaginian Commander used enraged war elephants in an attempt to trample Scipio’s marauding troops, but the Roman General simply ordered his men to open ranks, allowing the beasts to stampede through without causing significant casualties. Hannibal was later forced to make a peaceful truce with Rome, bringing an end to the 17-year-long First Punic War. ‘Marius Amid the Ruins of Carthage’ by John Vanderlyn, 1832
9. Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic
Marius is attributed with a number of actions that had significant influence on the transformation of the Roman civilisation from Republic to Empire. He allowed non-landed Romans to join the army (previously, they’d been required to own property). At the same time, he changed the law so that soldiers had to carry their own equipment (such men became known as “Marius’ Mules”). He also held the elected office of Consul an unprecedented seven times from 107 BCE – though the position became increasingly autocratic, with his “election” more to do with the granting of emergency powers to fight off invading hordes than with the application of the constitution. Marius also made a name for himself as a General of considerable acumen in several campaigns, especially in Africa and against German tribes. Notoriously, he defeated the Teutones as they advanced into Italy (the tribe had agreed a two-pronged attack on the country with a fellow Germanic tribe, the Cimbri, from their positions in Gaul), ambushing the hordes on the edge of the Alps and killing a reputed 100,000 invaders. A supposed bust of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Munich Glyptothek
8.
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https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/ancient/roman-leaders-the-10-greatest-generals-of-ancient-rome/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188569574#4_2681038933
|
Title: Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire | All About History
Headings: Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire
Roman Leaders: The 10 Greatest Generals behind the Empire
‘Scipio Africanus Freeing Massiva’ by Gianbattista, Giambattista Tiepolo, 1719 and 1721
10. Scipio Africanus (236-183 BCE)
General of the Republic
‘Marius Amid the Ruins of Carthage’ by John Vanderlyn, 1832
9. Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic
A supposed bust of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Munich Glyptothek
8. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic, and Dictator of Rome
Senators visit Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to urge him to become Dictator
7. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 BCE)
Political and Military Leader of the Roman Republic
Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, painting by Lionel Royer.
6. Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)
Dictator of the Roman Republic
‘The Banquet of Mark Antony and Cleopatra’ by Francesco Trevisani, circa 1705-1710
5. Marcus Antonius (83-30 BCE)
Consul of the Roman Republic
A bust of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, circa 25–24 BCE
4. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63-12 BCE)
General and Consul of the Empire
‘The Death of Germanicus’ by Nicholas Poussin, 1627
3. Germanicus Julius Caesar (15 BCE-19 CE)
A statue of Gnaeus Julius Agricola overlooking the Roman baths in Bath
2. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE)
General of the Empire and Governor of Britain
1. Nero Claudius Drusus (38-9 BCE)
General of the Empire
You might also like:
Content: At the same time, he changed the law so that soldiers had to carry their own equipment (such men became known as “Marius’ Mules”). He also held the elected office of Consul an unprecedented seven times from 107 BCE – though the position became increasingly autocratic, with his “election” more to do with the granting of emergency powers to fight off invading hordes than with the application of the constitution. Marius also made a name for himself as a General of considerable acumen in several campaigns, especially in Africa and against German tribes. Notoriously, he defeated the Teutones as they advanced into Italy (the tribe had agreed a two-pronged attack on the country with a fellow Germanic tribe, the Cimbri, from their positions in Gaul), ambushing the hordes on the edge of the Alps and killing a reputed 100,000 invaders. A supposed bust of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Munich Glyptothek
8. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE)
General and Consul of the Republic, and Dictator of Rome
Despite being born into poverty, Sulla achieved rank within the Roman army and became an essential cog in the winning of the Jugurthine War. Jugurtha, head of the Numidians, had defied Roman decree by dividing up Numidia among his royal family. Rome retaliated, defeating the leader and driving him into exile in Mauretania. Sulla struck a deal with Bocchus, King of Mauretania, that had Jugurtha handed to the Romans, bringing a bloodless end to the war. Sulla was lauded in the Senate.
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https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/ancient/roman-leaders-the-10-greatest-generals-of-ancient-rome/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#0_2681574585
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
The Olympic Games
776 BC – 394 AD
GREECE
Early History
The Olympic Games began in ancient Greece in 776 BC and lasted twelve centuries before being outlawed by the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius in 394 AD. The Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί αγώνες, " Olympiakoi Agones ") were and still are history’s most regularly experienced athletic event. Moreover, the Olympic Games which began as a regional sporting event is now an event attended and viewed by billions of people throughout the entire world. In ancient Greece; city states such as Athens, Sparta, Boeotia, Thessaly and more resided side my side throughout Greece and nearby lands such as present day Turkey. The Greek city states were very civilized mini nations, advanced peoples surrounded by barbarian peoples eagerly wishing to take the richness of the Greeks. The Greeks found themselves in constant warfare with these outside barbarian forces and increasingly among themselves. Over time, the threat to the Greeks came primarily from each other. Each city state struggled to prevent neighboring states from overpowering them and destroying their state.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#9_2681587118
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: Rules were few and rarely enforced. Boxing could continue even if the opponent was beaten or offered to quit. Many contestants died or were severely injured during dangerous events such as wrestling, boxing, javelin throwing and chariot racing. The popular Pankration, combined boxing and wrestling and was similar to today’s martial arts whereby the contestant could attack without specific rules and inflict serious bodily damage or death to his foe. Many Greeks believed this event was started by the hero Theseus himself, the warrior who defeated the mighty Minotaur in the depths of the labyrinth. However, the risk of injury was outweighed by the chance for glory of winning and thereby honoring the gods, your country and your family. Winning athletes were honored and celebrated much like our baseball, football, soccer and basketball athletes are glorified today. Moreover, ancient Olympic winners earned much money and were given gifts and military or political promotions for their success. The End and the Beginning
The Olympics became and continued to be a phenomenal success across the expanding Greek civilization around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As Greek power grew and their empires expanded, more peoples were exposed to the Games.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#10_2681588704
|
Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: However, the risk of injury was outweighed by the chance for glory of winning and thereby honoring the gods, your country and your family. Winning athletes were honored and celebrated much like our baseball, football, soccer and basketball athletes are glorified today. Moreover, ancient Olympic winners earned much money and were given gifts and military or political promotions for their success. The End and the Beginning
The Olympics became and continued to be a phenomenal success across the expanding Greek civilization around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As Greek power grew and their empires expanded, more peoples were exposed to the Games. Attendees to the Games came from Greek colonies and trading port cities from present day Turkey, Sicily/Italy, Egypt, North Africa, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Ukraine, Russia and more. Over time however, the new power of the Western World, Rome; replaced the huge Greek Empire of Alexander the Great and the North African empire of Carthage, and became the biggest empire the world had seen. Even though the Romans now ruled the Greek nation states, the Olympic Games continued to thrive as Romans were heavily influenced by the Greeks centuries before they became the dominant Western power. Romans honored the same gods as the Greeks and adapted many cultural, artistic, political and military attributes of the Greeks.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#11_2681590413
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: Attendees to the Games came from Greek colonies and trading port cities from present day Turkey, Sicily/Italy, Egypt, North Africa, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Ukraine, Russia and more. Over time however, the new power of the Western World, Rome; replaced the huge Greek Empire of Alexander the Great and the North African empire of Carthage, and became the biggest empire the world had seen. Even though the Romans now ruled the Greek nation states, the Olympic Games continued to thrive as Romans were heavily influenced by the Greeks centuries before they became the dominant Western power. Romans honored the same gods as the Greeks and adapted many cultural, artistic, political and military attributes of the Greeks. The Romans allowed and enthusiastically supported the Olympic Games. Over the centuries, the Roman Empire slowly converted to the major force of the time, Christianity. Christians, once severely persecuted by the Romans for their rejection of Roman gods and their allegiance to a single God, became the official religion of the Empire when Emperor Theodosius converted to Christianity. In 394 AD, Emperor Theodosius outlawed the Olympic Games to help the Empire suppress pagan religions. The Games had lasted for twelve centuries.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#12_2681591997
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: The Romans allowed and enthusiastically supported the Olympic Games. Over the centuries, the Roman Empire slowly converted to the major force of the time, Christianity. Christians, once severely persecuted by the Romans for their rejection of Roman gods and their allegiance to a single God, became the official religion of the Empire when Emperor Theodosius converted to Christianity. In 394 AD, Emperor Theodosius outlawed the Olympic Games to help the Empire suppress pagan religions. The Games had lasted for twelve centuries. The Games were instrumental in the cultural development of the Western world. The influence of the Olympics were so powerful that the Games were reinstated in 1896. During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new found fascination and admiration of ancient Greek culture. Later, some European countries began implementing informal athletic events and festivals using the old name of The Olympic Games. In 1892, a French baron, Pierre de Coubertin, a Greek and Olympic Games enthusiast, proposed to various sporting and political leaders that the Olympic Games should be reinstated.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#13_2681593435
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: The Games were instrumental in the cultural development of the Western world. The influence of the Olympics were so powerful that the Games were reinstated in 1896. During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new found fascination and admiration of ancient Greek culture. Later, some European countries began implementing informal athletic events and festivals using the old name of The Olympic Games. In 1892, a French baron, Pierre de Coubertin, a Greek and Olympic Games enthusiast, proposed to various sporting and political leaders that the Olympic Games should be reinstated. A conference on international sports was held in Paris in June, 1894. With Coubertin’s persistence, aggressive politicking and powers of persuasion; seventy nine delegates from nine countries agreed unanimously to approve the reinstatement of the Olympic Games. In 1896 the newly formed, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially launched the first modern Olympic Games in1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece. Today the Olympic Games is one of the most, in not the most, popular sporting event in the World.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_42_1188825502#14_2681594867
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Title: The Olympic Games | Ancient Greece
Headings: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Sporting Events
The End and the Beginning
Content: A conference on international sports was held in Paris in June, 1894. With Coubertin’s persistence, aggressive politicking and powers of persuasion; seventy nine delegates from nine countries agreed unanimously to approve the reinstatement of the Olympic Games. In 1896 the newly formed, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially launched the first modern Olympic Games in1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece. Today the Olympic Games is one of the most, in not the most, popular sporting event in the World. From a small religious, sporting event performed in a small country over 1,500 years ago, the Olympics have grown to an enormous spectacle performed by athletes from virtually every country on Earth and celebrated and watched by billions of people around the globe.
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https://www.historybits.com/olympic-games.htm
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