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75,660,370 | Grupo Ratensa | Grupo Ratensa (Radio y Televisión de Nicaragua, S.A.) is the Nicaraguan subsidiary of Albavisión, a Latin American media company owned by Guatemalan-Mexican-American businessman Remigio Ángel González. The company operates three core television channels - channels 9, 10 and 11, formerly having interests on channel 4 which González had set up with local Sandinist partners. In addition, Ratensa operates a network of radio stations. It claims to be "the most complete media network and the network with the most reach in national television".<refname="RATENSA">"Grupo RATENSA la red de medios más completa y de mayor alcance de la televisión nacional". Canal 10. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref>
Since 2015, Ángel González also controls Televicentro (channel 2) as an independent operation from Ratensa under the supervision of members of the Nicaraguan government. Together, González forms a media duopoly with the family of president Daniel Ortega.<refname="Televicentro">"Familia Ortega monopoliza medios de comunicación en Nicaragua". Diario Las Américas. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref>
Ángel González started his business career in Nicaragua in the late 1980s when he encountered Octavio Sacasa, de facto owner of Televicentro (from 1979 to 1990, the station was de jure under the control of the state-owned Sistema Sandinista de Televisión) with the aim of selling Mexican productions, mainly from Televisa, to the channel. At first, Ángel did not have much interest in the channel, but since Octavio wanted to sell, talks began which would ultimately lead in the separate buyout of the channel as an independent outlet from Grupo Ratensa in 2011. The two eventually became arch-rivals in 1990, when Sacasa returns to Nicaragua and the channel returns to its rightful owner.
In the early 1990s, González took over the channel 10 frequency, which was initially granted to local businessmen (Carlos Reynaldo and César Augusto Lacayo). At the same time, he assisted in the setup of Canal 4, which had profound links to the FSLN. With the assistance of Dionisio Marenco, he built the channel from scratch in a hostile environment, providing equipment for the channel. Thanks to a crisis experienced by the channel in the late 90s, coupled by a policy shift that saw the removal of local productions, González took over the editorial control of the channel, while creating Canal 10.
Canal 10, which eventually became the main channel of the group, launched on June 23, 1997. The two networks had their bulk of their output comprised mostly of foreign programming; Canal 10 had no newscast until 2001. Initially titled Telediario 10, it was replaced by the current Acción 10 in January 2005..
In 2006, Canal 4 was sold entirely to INTRASA, after accumulating large debts from the González administration.
The group launched Canal 11 (initially TV Red) in July 2010. The channel was created after González bought the VHF allocation, which was initially desired by ESTV, a channel owned by Grupo Pellas that wanted to use the frequency, but was blocked and ultimately conducted its rebrand as Vos TV on UHF channel 14. It was believed that the sale was caused due to the election of Daniel Ortega in 2007 and the return of the FSLN to power. Moreover, using another figurehead company (Digital Media), González bought a third frequency, which was channel 9, the former relayer of Canal 6), disabling the channel from using its relayer upon its return in September 2011. Telecommunications and post regulator Telcor allegedly "offered" the relayer to the figurehead. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Grupo Ratensa (Radio y Televisión de Nicaragua, S.A.) is the Nicaraguan subsidiary of Albavisión, a Latin American media company owned by Guatemalan-Mexican-American businessman Remigio Ángel González. The company operates three core television channels - channels 9, 10 and 11, formerly having interests on channel 4 which González had set up with local Sandinist partners. In addition, Ratensa operates a network of radio stations. It claims to be \"the most complete media network and the network with the most reach in national television\".<refname=\"RATENSA\">\"Grupo RATENSA la red de medios más completa y de mayor alcance de la televisión nacional\". Canal 10. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref>",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Since 2015, Ángel González also controls Televicentro (channel 2) as an independent operation from Ratensa under the supervision of members of the Nicaraguan government. Together, González forms a media duopoly with the family of president Daniel Ortega.<refname=\"Televicentro\">\"Familia Ortega monopoliza medios de comunicación en Nicaragua\". Diario Las Américas. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref>",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ángel González started his business career in Nicaragua in the late 1980s when he encountered Octavio Sacasa, de facto owner of Televicentro (from 1979 to 1990, the station was de jure under the control of the state-owned Sistema Sandinista de Televisión) with the aim of selling Mexican productions, mainly from Televisa, to the channel. At first, Ángel did not have much interest in the channel, but since Octavio wanted to sell, talks began which would ultimately lead in the separate buyout of the channel as an independent outlet from Grupo Ratensa in 2011. The two eventually became arch-rivals in 1990, when Sacasa returns to Nicaragua and the channel returns to its rightful owner.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the early 1990s, González took over the channel 10 frequency, which was initially granted to local businessmen (Carlos Reynaldo and César Augusto Lacayo). At the same time, he assisted in the setup of Canal 4, which had profound links to the FSLN. With the assistance of Dionisio Marenco, he built the channel from scratch in a hostile environment, providing equipment for the channel. Thanks to a crisis experienced by the channel in the late 90s, coupled by a policy shift that saw the removal of local productions, González took over the editorial control of the channel, while creating Canal 10.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Canal 10, which eventually became the main channel of the group, launched on June 23, 1997. The two networks had their bulk of their output comprised mostly of foreign programming; Canal 10 had no newscast until 2001. Initially titled Telediario 10, it was replaced by the current Acción 10 in January 2005..",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2006, Canal 4 was sold entirely to INTRASA, after accumulating large debts from the González administration.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The group launched Canal 11 (initially TV Red) in July 2010. The channel was created after González bought the VHF allocation, which was initially desired by ESTV, a channel owned by Grupo Pellas that wanted to use the frequency, but was blocked and ultimately conducted its rebrand as Vos TV on UHF channel 14. It was believed that the sale was caused due to the election of Daniel Ortega in 2007 and the return of the FSLN to power. Moreover, using another figurehead company (Digital Media), González bought a third frequency, which was channel 9, the former relayer of Canal 6), disabling the channel from using its relayer upon its return in September 2011. Telecommunications and post regulator Telcor allegedly \"offered\" the relayer to the figurehead.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Grupo Ratensa is the Nicaraguan subsidiary of Albavisión, a Latin American media company owned by Guatemalan-Mexican-American businessman Remigio Ángel González. The company operates three core television channels - channels 9, 10 and 11, formerly having interests on channel 4 which González had set up with local Sandinist partners. In addition, Ratensa operates a network of radio stations. It claims to be "the most complete media network and the network with the most reach in national television".<refname="RATENSA">"Grupo RATENSA la red de medios más completa y de mayor alcance de la televisión nacional". Canal 10. 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref> Since 2015, Ángel González also controls Televicentro as an independent operation from Ratensa under the supervision of members of the Nicaraguan government. Together, González forms a media duopoly with the family of president Daniel Ortega.<refname="Televicentro">"Familia Ortega monopoliza medios de comunicación en Nicaragua". Diario Las Américas. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</ref> | 2023-12-27T23:36:43Z | 2023-12-28T12:19:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Ratensa |
75,660,406 | Chimnaz Aslanova | Chimnaz Aslanova (Azerbaijani:Çimnaz Əbdüləli qızı Aslanova; b. 1904 – 25 April 2015) was an Azerbaijani educator, statesman and politician.
Aslanova was born in the village of Mardakan in Baku. She participated in the struggle against illiteracy in Soviet Azerbaijan at the age of 16 and graduated from the Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute.
Aslanova worked as the head of the education department in Baku (1938–1939), later becoming the chairperson of the Central Committee of the Union of Primary and Secondary Schools of the Azerbaijan SSR (1939–1943) and the head of the education department of the Azerbaijan Communist Party (1943–1948). In addition to these roles, she also served as the deputy minister of education in the Azerbaijan SSR (1951–1952) and held positions as the director of the women's department of the Azerbaijan Soviet Communist Party Central Committee (1952–1956).
Aslanova was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1937–1958, and the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan in 1959–1962.
Aslanova was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. | [
{
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"text": "Chimnaz Aslanova (Azerbaijani:Çimnaz Əbdüləli qızı Aslanova; b. 1904 – 25 April 2015) was an Azerbaijani educator, statesman and politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Aslanova was born in the village of Mardakan in Baku. She participated in the struggle against illiteracy in Soviet Azerbaijan at the age of 16 and graduated from the Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Aslanova worked as the head of the education department in Baku (1938–1939), later becoming the chairperson of the Central Committee of the Union of Primary and Secondary Schools of the Azerbaijan SSR (1939–1943) and the head of the education department of the Azerbaijan Communist Party (1943–1948). In addition to these roles, she also served as the deputy minister of education in the Azerbaijan SSR (1951–1952) and held positions as the director of the women's department of the Azerbaijan Soviet Communist Party Central Committee (1952–1956).",
"title": "Life"
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Aslanova was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1937–1958, and the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan in 1959–1962.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Aslanova was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.",
"title": "Awards"
}
] | Chimnaz Aslanova was an Azerbaijani educator, statesman and politician. | 2023-12-27T23:42:33Z | 2024-01-01T00:49:24Z | [
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75,660,411 | Hsenwi Palace | Hsenwi Palace, also known as the Hsenwi Haw (Shan: ႁေႃသႅၼ်ဝီ) or Theinni Haw (Burmese: သိန္နီဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Hsenwi State when it was a principality in modern-day Burma (now Myanmar).
Hsenwi state is traditionally regarded as the first Shan state, with its founding predating 650 AD. In the 19th century,Hsenwi was the largest of the cis-Salween Shan states.
Construction of Hsenwi Palace began in 1910, based on the design of Mandalay Palace by Khun Hsang Tone Hung, the saopha of Hsenwi State. In 1916, Sao Nang Hearn Kham was born in the palace. During World War II, aerial bombings destroyed the palace in April 1944.
Following the 1962 Burmese coup d'état, the palace grounds were used as a military camp. Ownership of the palace was transferred to Hsenwi's Shan Literature and Culture Committee in 1981.
In February 2017, the Burmese government announced plans to rebuild a replica of Hsenwi Palace. Construction of the replica, located 63 feet (19 m) left of the old palace site, began on 5 December 2019. The groundbreaking was held on 5 December 2020, and the palace was re-opened on 11 April 2023 as a museum. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hsenwi Palace, also known as the Hsenwi Haw (Shan: ႁေႃသႅၼ်ဝီ) or Theinni Haw (Burmese: သိန္နီဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Hsenwi State when it was a principality in modern-day Burma (now Myanmar).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hsenwi state is traditionally regarded as the first Shan state, with its founding predating 650 AD. In the 19th century,Hsenwi was the largest of the cis-Salween Shan states.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Construction of Hsenwi Palace began in 1910, based on the design of Mandalay Palace by Khun Hsang Tone Hung, the saopha of Hsenwi State. In 1916, Sao Nang Hearn Kham was born in the palace. During World War II, aerial bombings destroyed the palace in April 1944.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following the 1962 Burmese coup d'état, the palace grounds were used as a military camp. Ownership of the palace was transferred to Hsenwi's Shan Literature and Culture Committee in 1981.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In February 2017, the Burmese government announced plans to rebuild a replica of Hsenwi Palace. Construction of the replica, located 63 feet (19 m) left of the old palace site, began on 5 December 2019. The groundbreaking was held on 5 December 2020, and the palace was re-opened on 11 April 2023 as a museum.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Hsenwi Palace, also known as the Hsenwi Haw or Theinni Haw, is the former residence of the local ruler of Hsenwi State when it was a principality in modern-day Burma. | 2023-12-27T23:43:49Z | 2023-12-29T12:18:38Z | [
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75,660,427 | Self-Portrait with Skeleton | Self-Portrait with Skeleton is an oil on canvas painting by the German painter Lovis Corinth, from 1896. It is held in the Lenbachhaus, in Munich.
The painting depicts Corinth and the skeleton as the two protagonists, they are seen near each other, with the panorama of the city of Munich in the background, seen through the wide studio window. The painting cuts off the bodies at chest height and therefore only shows their upper parts. According to Charlotte Berend-Corinth's catalog raisonné, the canvas shows “Corinth in front of a large studio window, in a pale blue checked shirt."
The painter presents himself in a realistic way, with little or any idealization. He wears a mustache and short, dark hair, marked by a receding hairline, as well as a light-colored checkered shirt with a dark tie. The skeleton is suspended from a pole with a bracket in the skull and is slightly lower than the artist. A studio window in the background illuminates the scene and places the two figures in backlight. The window runs across the entire width of the painting and consists of small fields, of which two rows of four fields each are partially visible. One of these metal-framed windows is open. This pane, which opens into the room towards the viewer, is located directly behind Corinth and thus visually moves him forward. The metal frames of the window panes form two crosses that can be seen to the right and left of Corinth. A third window cross is hidden by the skeleton. The window offers a view of a white-gray sky. In the lower half of the lower row of windows, buildings, roofs and church towers can be seen in an ocher tone. The smoking chimneys indicate industry.
Corinth's signature can be found on the upper right edge of the picture in fine letters and is therefore actually very untypical for him. In a cartouche he wrote in German: Lovis Corinth./ 38 J. a. 1896. (English: Lovis Corinth./ 38 years old 1896.)
The “J.” stands for year and indicates its age, the “a.” for anno and indicates the year. This signature is interpreted as a reference to the frontal “self-portrait” of Albrecht Dürer (c. 1500) who served as a model.
Corinth is believed to have painted the Self-Portrait with Skeleton in response to the Self-Portrait with Fiddling Death (1872), by the Swiss painter Arnold Böcklin, who was widely admired back then in Germany. Böcklin depicted the skeleton in his work as a live figure, he plays the violin while the artist listens to it. He wanted to illustrate the fact that life is finite, similarly to a Memento mori, and at the same time, death served as his muse. In this context, he was quoting motifs that had been used frequently in visual arts since the Middle Ages. Hans Thoma also adopted the motif of the skeleton as a muse in his Self-Portrait (1875). Here a skull decorated with a laurel wreath looks over the artist's shoulder and above his head, in the branches of a tree, sits the god Cupid.
Corinth took the motif of the skeleton but placed it in a completely new context. He presents a skeleton, as was normally used back then as a teaching model for anatomical demonstrations in medicine, lifeless and in the form of an object that had been stripped of all threat and symbolic power. The skeleton as a utensil can only be kept upright by hanging it on an iron stand. The connection to reality is reinforced by the real depiction of a big city with smoking chimneys that enters through the window into the brightly lit room. By depicting himself with the skeleton, the artist shows the clear and natural limitation of life through death, in which there is no mysticism.
The current work is one of the most famous of his numerous self-portraits. This painting was created when he was not yet at the peak of his popularity, and before his important move from Munich to Berlin. In the same year, he also created View from the Munich-Schwabing Studio, which shows a thematic connection with this self-portrait, through the depiction of the view from his studio window.
Corinth had been painting self-portraits regularly since 1886, but the skeleton does not appear in any other of them. He would return to the motif of the hanging skeleton depicted with him, twenty years later, and five years after his troke, in 1916, in The Artist and Death. This time, there isn't a studio window visible, but instead, as a darker metaphore, a goat skull in the form of a trophy hungs on the wall at the background.
In his later graphics and drawings, created after the German defeat at World War I, in 1918, death in the form of a skull appears quite very often. He gives death a threatening symbolism again, which is misisng in this painting. This is particularly impressive in the portfolio with six drypoint etchings, published under the name The Danse Macabre, in 1921. In all six pictures, the people depicted are confronted with death in the form of a skull.
The painting had been in the possession of Dr. A. Ulrich, since 1899. It was later sold by him to the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, in Munich. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Self-Portrait with Skeleton is an oil on canvas painting by the German painter Lovis Corinth, from 1896. It is held in the Lenbachhaus, in Munich.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The painting depicts Corinth and the skeleton as the two protagonists, they are seen near each other, with the panorama of the city of Munich in the background, seen through the wide studio window. The painting cuts off the bodies at chest height and therefore only shows their upper parts. According to Charlotte Berend-Corinth's catalog raisonné, the canvas shows “Corinth in front of a large studio window, in a pale blue checked shirt.\"",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The painter presents himself in a realistic way, with little or any idealization. He wears a mustache and short, dark hair, marked by a receding hairline, as well as a light-colored checkered shirt with a dark tie. The skeleton is suspended from a pole with a bracket in the skull and is slightly lower than the artist. A studio window in the background illuminates the scene and places the two figures in backlight. The window runs across the entire width of the painting and consists of small fields, of which two rows of four fields each are partially visible. One of these metal-framed windows is open. This pane, which opens into the room towards the viewer, is located directly behind Corinth and thus visually moves him forward. The metal frames of the window panes form two crosses that can be seen to the right and left of Corinth. A third window cross is hidden by the skeleton. The window offers a view of a white-gray sky. In the lower half of the lower row of windows, buildings, roofs and church towers can be seen in an ocher tone. The smoking chimneys indicate industry.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Corinth's signature can be found on the upper right edge of the picture in fine letters and is therefore actually very untypical for him. In a cartouche he wrote in German: Lovis Corinth./ 38 J. a. 1896. (English: Lovis Corinth./ 38 years old 1896.)",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The “J.” stands for year and indicates its age, the “a.” for anno and indicates the year. This signature is interpreted as a reference to the frontal “self-portrait” of Albrecht Dürer (c. 1500) who served as a model.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Corinth is believed to have painted the Self-Portrait with Skeleton in response to the Self-Portrait with Fiddling Death (1872), by the Swiss painter Arnold Böcklin, who was widely admired back then in Germany. Böcklin depicted the skeleton in his work as a live figure, he plays the violin while the artist listens to it. He wanted to illustrate the fact that life is finite, similarly to a Memento mori, and at the same time, death served as his muse. In this context, he was quoting motifs that had been used frequently in visual arts since the Middle Ages. Hans Thoma also adopted the motif of the skeleton as a muse in his Self-Portrait (1875). Here a skull decorated with a laurel wreath looks over the artist's shoulder and above his head, in the branches of a tree, sits the god Cupid.",
"title": "Influences and interpretation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Corinth took the motif of the skeleton but placed it in a completely new context. He presents a skeleton, as was normally used back then as a teaching model for anatomical demonstrations in medicine, lifeless and in the form of an object that had been stripped of all threat and symbolic power. The skeleton as a utensil can only be kept upright by hanging it on an iron stand. The connection to reality is reinforced by the real depiction of a big city with smoking chimneys that enters through the window into the brightly lit room. By depicting himself with the skeleton, the artist shows the clear and natural limitation of life through death, in which there is no mysticism.",
"title": "Influences and interpretation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The current work is one of the most famous of his numerous self-portraits. This painting was created when he was not yet at the peak of his popularity, and before his important move from Munich to Berlin. In the same year, he also created View from the Munich-Schwabing Studio, which shows a thematic connection with this self-portrait, through the depiction of the view from his studio window.",
"title": "Influences and interpretation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Corinth had been painting self-portraits regularly since 1886, but the skeleton does not appear in any other of them. He would return to the motif of the hanging skeleton depicted with him, twenty years later, and five years after his troke, in 1916, in The Artist and Death. This time, there isn't a studio window visible, but instead, as a darker metaphore, a goat skull in the form of a trophy hungs on the wall at the background.",
"title": "Context in his work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In his later graphics and drawings, created after the German defeat at World War I, in 1918, death in the form of a skull appears quite very often. He gives death a threatening symbolism again, which is misisng in this painting. This is particularly impressive in the portfolio with six drypoint etchings, published under the name The Danse Macabre, in 1921. In all six pictures, the people depicted are confronted with death in the form of a skull.",
"title": "Context in his work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The painting had been in the possession of Dr. A. Ulrich, since 1899. It was later sold by him to the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, in Munich.",
"title": "Provenance"
}
] | Self-Portrait with Skeleton is an oil on canvas painting by the German painter Lovis Corinth, from 1896. It is held in the Lenbachhaus, in Munich. | 2023-12-27T23:46:52Z | 2023-12-28T18:49:08Z | [
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75,660,452 | Monte Giove | Monte Giove is a mountain of Piedmont, Italy, with an elevation of 3,009 metres (9,872 ft). It is located in the Lepontine Alps, in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola.
An excellent viewpoint over most of the Val Formazza owing to its isolated position, it can be reached via a hiking path starting from the hamlet of Ponte (Formazza). | [
{
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"text": "Monte Giove is a mountain of Piedmont, Italy, with an elevation of 3,009 metres (9,872 ft). It is located in the Lepontine Alps, in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "An excellent viewpoint over most of the Val Formazza owing to its isolated position, it can be reached via a hiking path starting from the hamlet of Ponte (Formazza).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Monte Giove is a mountain of Piedmont, Italy, with an elevation of 3,009 metres (9,872 ft). It is located in the Lepontine Alps, in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola. An excellent viewpoint over most of the Val Formazza owing to its isolated position, it can be reached via a hiking path starting from the hamlet of Ponte (Formazza). | 2023-12-27T23:51:29Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:58Z | [
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75,660,480 | Jeremie Dominique | Jeremie Dominique (born July 9, 1997) is a Canadian professional gridiron football defensive backs for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Dominique first played college football for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors in 2017, where he played in seven games as a backup defensive back and had four tackles. In 2018, he had a severe ankle injury, but played in six games, sparingly, despite the injury. After undergoing foot surgery, he transferred to the University of North Dakota in order to be closer to his family home in Montreal. However, he did not play for the North Dakota Fighting Hawks as his ankle healed in 2019. Instead, Dominique entered the transfer portal in early 2020 with the intention of playing for an FBS program. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic caused many programs to cancel their seasons and he received no substantial offers.
With the lack of NCAA Division I opportunities, Dominique transferred to the University of Charleston to play for Golden Eagles for their 2020–21 spring season, where he played in three games. In the 2021 season, he played in ten games where he had 40 total tackles, two sacks, and three pass deflections.
Dominique was drafted in the second round, 19th overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2022 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 11, 2022. Following training camp in 2022, he made the team's active roster and made his professional debut on June 11, 2022, against the BC Lions. He played in 15 regular season games in his rookie year where he recorded three defensive tackles, six special teams tackles, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery.
In 2023, Dominique played in 14 regular season games where he had seven special teams tackles. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jeremie Dominique (born July 9, 1997) is a Canadian professional gridiron football defensive backs for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dominique first played college football for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors in 2017, where he played in seven games as a backup defensive back and had four tackles. In 2018, he had a severe ankle injury, but played in six games, sparingly, despite the injury. After undergoing foot surgery, he transferred to the University of North Dakota in order to be closer to his family home in Montreal. However, he did not play for the North Dakota Fighting Hawks as his ankle healed in 2019. Instead, Dominique entered the transfer portal in early 2020 with the intention of playing for an FBS program. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic caused many programs to cancel their seasons and he received no substantial offers.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "With the lack of NCAA Division I opportunities, Dominique transferred to the University of Charleston to play for Golden Eagles for their 2020–21 spring season, where he played in three games. In the 2021 season, he played in ten games where he had 40 total tackles, two sacks, and three pass deflections.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Dominique was drafted in the second round, 19th overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2022 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 11, 2022. Following training camp in 2022, he made the team's active roster and made his professional debut on June 11, 2022, against the BC Lions. He played in 15 regular season games in his rookie year where he recorded three defensive tackles, six special teams tackles, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2023, Dominique played in 14 regular season games where he had seven special teams tackles.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] | Jeremie Dominique is a Canadian professional gridiron football defensive backs for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). | 2023-12-28T00:00:06Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:55Z | [
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75,660,493 | Soplica (disambiguation) | Soplica is one of the older brands of Polish vodkas.
Soplica may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Soplica is one of the older brands of Polish vodkas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Soplica may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Soplica is one of the older brands of Polish vodkas. Soplica may also refer to: A family from the epic Polish poem Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz
Tadeusz Soplica
Jacek Soplica
Sędzia Soplica
Severyn Soplica, a literary character created by Henryk Rzewuski: a fictional author of Pamiątki Soplicy
Soplica, alias of:
Kajetan Stefanowicz (1886-1920), Polish painter
Walery Sławek (1879-1939), Polish politician and military officer | 2023-12-28T00:01:44Z | 2023-12-28T20:14:16Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soplica_(disambiguation) |
75,660,508 | 2025 Women's World Floorball Championships | The 2025 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 15th edition of this competition. It will held from 5 to 14 December 2025 in Brno and Ostrava in the Czech Republic. Sweden are the 7-time defending champions.
Czech Republic was given the hosting rights on 24 May 2023.
Similar to 2013, Brno and Ostrava are the Czech venues. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2025 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 15th edition of this competition. It will held from 5 to 14 December 2025 in Brno and Ostrava in the Czech Republic. Sweden are the 7-time defending champions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Czech Republic was given the hosting rights on 24 May 2023.",
"title": "Host selection"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Similar to 2013, Brno and Ostrava are the Czech venues.",
"title": "Venues"
}
] | The 2025 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 15th edition of this competition. It will held from 5 to 14 December 2025 in Brno and Ostrava in the Czech Republic. Sweden are the 7-time defending champions. | 2023-12-28T00:05:06Z | 2023-12-31T00:07:25Z | [
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75,660,538 | Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour | Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour is a 1991 book by William C. Davis, published by HarperCollins Publishers. It is a biography of Jefferson Davis.
The author is not a relative of Jefferson Davis.
William C. Davis wrote at least 25 books about the Southern United States and the U.S. Civil War.
The author used Rice University's "Papers of Jefferson Davis" collection for research.
There are 706 pages.
According to Herman Hattaway of University of Missouri–Kansas City, Civil War coverage and coverage of pre-Civil War affairs make up around 48% and 42% of the book, and the time Davis was imprisoned is covered in 19 pages. John M. McCardell, Jr. of Middlebury College stated that the Civil War coverage is around 50% of the work. Gary Marotta of University of Southwest Louisiana stated that the pre-1861 content is almost 33%, and that the post-Civil War content is the "slimist" [sic] (meaning "slimmest") aspect. According to Hattaway, the conclusion is expressed in 18 pages.
Marotta stated that the author "sees through the Jefferson Davis myth."
David Herbert Donald, in The New York Times, described the book as "richly textured", "a standard, authoritative account of" the subject's life, and "the fullest and best biography yet written".
Hattaway described the book as "the best extant biography of" Davis. Hattaway characterized the book as being imbalanced, with the amount of coverage of content other than the Civil War period and Davis' life prior to the Civil War as "disappointingly scant".
Marotta praised the "factual verification and reassessment" and characterized the book as being "thoroughly researched" and "heavily annotated". Marotta argued that the author should have focused on "uncovering meaning and significance" as opposed to "events of history".
McCardell described the book as a "fine biography".
Kirkus Reviews stated that the book is "dispassionate, well-researched, and skillful".
Publishers Weekly stated that the work is "pragmatic but sympathetic". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour is a 1991 book by William C. Davis, published by HarperCollins Publishers. It is a biography of Jefferson Davis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The author is not a relative of Jefferson Davis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "William C. Davis wrote at least 25 books about the Southern United States and the U.S. Civil War.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The author used Rice University's \"Papers of Jefferson Davis\" collection for research.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "There are 706 pages.",
"title": "Contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "According to Herman Hattaway of University of Missouri–Kansas City, Civil War coverage and coverage of pre-Civil War affairs make up around 48% and 42% of the book, and the time Davis was imprisoned is covered in 19 pages. John M. McCardell, Jr. of Middlebury College stated that the Civil War coverage is around 50% of the work. Gary Marotta of University of Southwest Louisiana stated that the pre-1861 content is almost 33%, and that the post-Civil War content is the \"slimist\" [sic] (meaning \"slimmest\") aspect. According to Hattaway, the conclusion is expressed in 18 pages.",
"title": "Contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Marotta stated that the author \"sees through the Jefferson Davis myth.\"",
"title": "Contents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "David Herbert Donald, in The New York Times, described the book as \"richly textured\", \"a standard, authoritative account of\" the subject's life, and \"the fullest and best biography yet written\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Hattaway described the book as \"the best extant biography of\" Davis. Hattaway characterized the book as being imbalanced, with the amount of coverage of content other than the Civil War period and Davis' life prior to the Civil War as \"disappointingly scant\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Marotta praised the \"factual verification and reassessment\" and characterized the book as being \"thoroughly researched\" and \"heavily annotated\". Marotta argued that the author should have focused on \"uncovering meaning and significance\" as opposed to \"events of history\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "McCardell described the book as a \"fine biography\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews stated that the book is \"dispassionate, well-researched, and skillful\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Publishers Weekly stated that the work is \"pragmatic but sympathetic\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour is a 1991 book by William C. Davis, published by HarperCollins Publishers. It is a biography of Jefferson Davis. The author is not a relative of Jefferson Davis. | 2023-12-28T00:12:00Z | 2023-12-31T22:48:22Z | [
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75,660,541 | Karpaty Stadium | Karpaty Stadium (Ukrainian: Стадіон Карпати) is a football stadium in Khust, Ukraine. It is the home stadium of FC Khust.
Stadium was opened in 1982 as Avanhard and holds 5,200 spectators. It was used as home stadium by Rus Khust during the 1993-95 seasons in Ukrainian Third league. On 28 May 2003 stadium was reorganized into a municipal enterprise, run by the Khust city council. On 20 October 2019 stadium reopened after three year renovation. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Karpaty Stadium (Ukrainian: Стадіон Карпати) is a football stadium in Khust, Ukraine. It is the home stadium of FC Khust.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Stadium was opened in 1982 as Avanhard and holds 5,200 spectators. It was used as home stadium by Rus Khust during the 1993-95 seasons in Ukrainian Third league. On 28 May 2003 stadium was reorganized into a municipal enterprise, run by the Khust city council. On 20 October 2019 stadium reopened after three year renovation.",
"title": ""
}
] | Karpaty Stadium is a football stadium in Khust, Ukraine. It is the home stadium of FC Khust. Stadium was opened in 1982 as Avanhard and holds 5,200 spectators. It was used as home stadium by Rus Khust during the 1993-95 seasons in Ukrainian Third league. On 28 May 2003 stadium was reorganized into a municipal enterprise, run by the Khust city council. On 20 October 2019 stadium reopened after three year renovation. | 2023-12-28T00:12:15Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:48Z | [
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75,660,551 | Henry Fong Ping | Henry Fong Ping is an Asian film producer. | [
{
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"text": "Henry Fong Ping is an Asian film producer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Henry Fong Ping is an Asian film producer. | 2023-12-28T00:15:29Z | 2023-12-28T06:57:32Z | [
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75,660,555 | Shri Raosaheb Ramrao Patil Mahavidyalaya | Shri Raosaheb Ramrao Patil Mahavidyalaya is an arts and science college of Sangli District in Maharashtra India. The college was established in June 1991 and recognized by Majarashtra State Government and University Grants Commission, New Delhi. It is a nationally assessed and accredited Institution by NAAC, Bangaluru. The founder of the institution was Dr. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil who established Rayat Shikshan Sanstha in 1919. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shri Raosaheb Ramrao Patil Mahavidyalaya is an arts and science college of Sangli District in Maharashtra India. The college was established in June 1991 and recognized by Majarashtra State Government and University Grants Commission, New Delhi. It is a nationally assessed and accredited Institution by NAAC, Bangaluru. The founder of the institution was Dr. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil who established Rayat Shikshan Sanstha in 1919.",
"title": ""
}
] | Shri Raosaheb Ramrao Patil Mahavidyalaya is an arts and science college of Sangli District in Maharashtra India. The college was established in June 1991 and recognized by Majarashtra State Government and University Grants Commission, New Delhi. It is a nationally assessed and accredited Institution by NAAC, Bangaluru. The founder of the institution was Dr. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil who established Rayat Shikshan Sanstha in 1919. | 2023-12-28T00:16:14Z | 2023-12-28T15:25:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Raosaheb_Ramrao_Patil_Mahavidyalaya |
75,660,558 | Kenya National Academy of Sciences | The Kenya National Academy of Sciences (KNAS) is an independent academic institution, founded on 2 November 1983. KNAS collaborates with the Government of Kenya, scientific organisations, the scientific community, and the public to promote the use of scholarly and scientific knowledge and technology for national development. KNAS encompasses all scientific disciplines, including humanities and technology. It is associated with the International Science Council, the InterAcademy Partnership, and the Network of African Science Academies.
KNAS was registered as a learned society by the Registrar of Societies in Kenya on 2 November 1983. It was established by a group of Kenyan scientists, including Prof. Thomas Odhiambo, Prof. Festo Abby Mutere, Prof. Simeon Hongo Ominde, Prof. Japheth Kimanzi Mati, Prof. Joseph Otieno Malo, Prof. John Kokwaro, etc. They aimed to create an independent body that could offer advice to the government and the public on science, technology, and innovation.
KNAS was founded with the objectives of promoting scientific and technological knowledge, acknowledging significant contributions to science, technology, and innovation, building relationships between Kenyan scientists and the international scientific community, publishing and disseminating scientific knowledge, collaborating with the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) to promote the development and application of science and technology for national development, offering scientific advice to the Government for policy formulation, and conducting activities in line with the objectives of the academy and in alignment with the constitution (2010) and Vision 2030.
KNAS achieves these objectives through activities such as publications, scientific meetings, public lecture series, Kenya Science Congress, research projects, and consensus studies.
The academy provides membership to Kenyan citizens who fulfill certain academic requirements. The process for membership includes an application and subsequent election, as per the academy's by-laws. KNAS categorises membership into three types: Fellows, Members, and Honorary Fellows. Fellows and Members are identified by the initials FKNAS and MKNAS, respectively, after their names. Honorary Fellows are non-Kenyan scientists who have contributed to science and technology in Kenya or have aided the academy.
As of 2023, KNAS included 56 Fellows and 114 Members, with individuals such as Prof. Calestous Juma, Prof. Wangari Maathai, Prof. Richard Leakey, Prof. Ali Mazrui, Prof. Julius Kiano, Prof. George Magoha, Prof. Francis Gichaga, Prof. Shem Wandiga, Prof. Raphael Munavu, Prof. Miriam Were, Prof. Catherine Ngila, and Prof. Ruth Oniang'o.
KNAS conducts various activities to advance science, technology, and innovation for national development. These activities encompass publishing a biannual scholarly journal, the Journal of the Kenya National Academy of Sciences, which includes all fields of sciences, humanities, and technology. The journal is indexed by African Journals Online and Google Scholar.
KNAS acknowledges and promotes excellence in scientific research and innovation by conferring prizes and scientific awards. It organises scientific meetings, conferences, symposia, and workshops on diverse topics of national and international interest.
The academy collaborates with other scientific organisations and academies globally. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC), the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), and the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC).
Additionally, KNAS carries out research projects and consensus studies on various nationally significant issues, such as climate change, food security, health, education, energy, and biodiversity. Based on these research projects and studies, KNAS offers evidence-based policy advice and recommendations to the Government and other stakeholders. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Kenya National Academy of Sciences (KNAS) is an independent academic institution, founded on 2 November 1983. KNAS collaborates with the Government of Kenya, scientific organisations, the scientific community, and the public to promote the use of scholarly and scientific knowledge and technology for national development. KNAS encompasses all scientific disciplines, including humanities and technology. It is associated with the International Science Council, the InterAcademy Partnership, and the Network of African Science Academies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "KNAS was registered as a learned society by the Registrar of Societies in Kenya on 2 November 1983. It was established by a group of Kenyan scientists, including Prof. Thomas Odhiambo, Prof. Festo Abby Mutere, Prof. Simeon Hongo Ominde, Prof. Japheth Kimanzi Mati, Prof. Joseph Otieno Malo, Prof. John Kokwaro, etc. They aimed to create an independent body that could offer advice to the government and the public on science, technology, and innovation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "KNAS was founded with the objectives of promoting scientific and technological knowledge, acknowledging significant contributions to science, technology, and innovation, building relationships between Kenyan scientists and the international scientific community, publishing and disseminating scientific knowledge, collaborating with the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) to promote the development and application of science and technology for national development, offering scientific advice to the Government for policy formulation, and conducting activities in line with the objectives of the academy and in alignment with the constitution (2010) and Vision 2030.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "KNAS achieves these objectives through activities such as publications, scientific meetings, public lecture series, Kenya Science Congress, research projects, and consensus studies.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The academy provides membership to Kenyan citizens who fulfill certain academic requirements. The process for membership includes an application and subsequent election, as per the academy's by-laws. KNAS categorises membership into three types: Fellows, Members, and Honorary Fellows. Fellows and Members are identified by the initials FKNAS and MKNAS, respectively, after their names. Honorary Fellows are non-Kenyan scientists who have contributed to science and technology in Kenya or have aided the academy.",
"title": "Membership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "As of 2023, KNAS included 56 Fellows and 114 Members, with individuals such as Prof. Calestous Juma, Prof. Wangari Maathai, Prof. Richard Leakey, Prof. Ali Mazrui, Prof. Julius Kiano, Prof. George Magoha, Prof. Francis Gichaga, Prof. Shem Wandiga, Prof. Raphael Munavu, Prof. Miriam Were, Prof. Catherine Ngila, and Prof. Ruth Oniang'o.",
"title": "Membership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "KNAS conducts various activities to advance science, technology, and innovation for national development. These activities encompass publishing a biannual scholarly journal, the Journal of the Kenya National Academy of Sciences, which includes all fields of sciences, humanities, and technology. The journal is indexed by African Journals Online and Google Scholar.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "KNAS acknowledges and promotes excellence in scientific research and innovation by conferring prizes and scientific awards. It organises scientific meetings, conferences, symposia, and workshops on diverse topics of national and international interest.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The academy collaborates with other scientific organisations and academies globally. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC), the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), and the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC).",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Additionally, KNAS carries out research projects and consensus studies on various nationally significant issues, such as climate change, food security, health, education, energy, and biodiversity. Based on these research projects and studies, KNAS offers evidence-based policy advice and recommendations to the Government and other stakeholders.",
"title": "Activities"
}
] | The Kenya National Academy of Sciences (KNAS) is an independent academic institution, founded on 2 November 1983. KNAS collaborates with the Government of Kenya, scientific organisations, the scientific community, and the public to promote the use of scholarly and scientific knowledge and technology for national development. KNAS encompasses all scientific disciplines, including humanities and technology. It is associated with the International Science Council, the InterAcademy Partnership, and the Network of African Science Academies. | 2023-12-28T00:16:49Z | 2023-12-30T13:04:25Z | [
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75,660,570 | Edmund Wigley | Edmund Meysey Wigley (1758 – 9 September 1821), called Edmund Wigley until 1811, was a British lawyer and politician, who served as Member of Parliament for Worcester.
Edmund Wigley was the son of Rev. Henry Wigley and his wife Mary, daughter of Edward Ludlam, alderman of Leicester. Although ordained, Henry was vicar of Scraptoft, Leicestershire only until 1767, retiring before he turned 40; he was also lord of the manors of Ullesthorpe, Leicestershire (from his father) and Pensham, Worcestershire (from his mother).
Wigley entered the Middle Temple in 1776, and was called to the bar in 1788.
He worked as a lawyer on the Oxford circuit, and served as Recorder of Leicester 1787–1798.
In 1788, William Ward MP succeeded to the peerage as Viscount Dudley. In the ensuing by-election at Worcester, on 4 March 1789, Wigley was elected unopposed. The independent freemen of Worcester supported him as a respectable local man, and guaranteed his expenses. He would be re-elected in 1790 (heading the poll) and 1796 (unopposed). He opposed the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, speaking several times against it, and as a member of the committee reviewing the impeachment, dissented against the committee's favourable report. He repeatedly opposed the government's tax measures, in line with the wishes of his middle-class constituents. He opposed the union with Ireland.
Wigley was unexpectedly defeated by a third candidate in 1802. He had relied on local support, and had not kept a promise to treat his supporters to a feast after the previous election. His friends thought the defeat was "effected by prejudices as groundless and unfounded as derogatory to the general character of the inhabitants of this city".
On 24 September 1795, Edmund Wigley married Anna Maria Meysey, daughter of Charles Watkins Meysey and Anna Maria Meysey.
Charles Watkins Meysey was born Charles Watkins, son of Rev. Richard Watkins and Anne Meysey; he assumed the name Meysey on inheriting the Meysey family estate of Shakenhurst near Bayton, Worcestershire in 1764, and married his cousin Anna Maria Meysey. Anna Maria (the daughter) inherited Shakenhurst on Watkins' death in 1777. As his father-in-law had done, Wigley adopted the additional name Meysey, by Act of Parliament on 15 June 1811.
They had five children: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Edmund Meysey Wigley (1758 – 9 September 1821), called Edmund Wigley until 1811, was a British lawyer and politician, who served as Member of Parliament for Worcester.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Edmund Wigley was the son of Rev. Henry Wigley and his wife Mary, daughter of Edward Ludlam, alderman of Leicester. Although ordained, Henry was vicar of Scraptoft, Leicestershire only until 1767, retiring before he turned 40; he was also lord of the manors of Ullesthorpe, Leicestershire (from his father) and Pensham, Worcestershire (from his mother).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Wigley entered the Middle Temple in 1776, and was called to the bar in 1788.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He worked as a lawyer on the Oxford circuit, and served as Recorder of Leicester 1787–1798.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1788, William Ward MP succeeded to the peerage as Viscount Dudley. In the ensuing by-election at Worcester, on 4 March 1789, Wigley was elected unopposed. The independent freemen of Worcester supported him as a respectable local man, and guaranteed his expenses. He would be re-elected in 1790 (heading the poll) and 1796 (unopposed). He opposed the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, speaking several times against it, and as a member of the committee reviewing the impeachment, dissented against the committee's favourable report. He repeatedly opposed the government's tax measures, in line with the wishes of his middle-class constituents. He opposed the union with Ireland.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Wigley was unexpectedly defeated by a third candidate in 1802. He had relied on local support, and had not kept a promise to treat his supporters to a feast after the previous election. His friends thought the defeat was \"effected by prejudices as groundless and unfounded as derogatory to the general character of the inhabitants of this city\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 24 September 1795, Edmund Wigley married Anna Maria Meysey, daughter of Charles Watkins Meysey and Anna Maria Meysey.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Charles Watkins Meysey was born Charles Watkins, son of Rev. Richard Watkins and Anne Meysey; he assumed the name Meysey on inheriting the Meysey family estate of Shakenhurst near Bayton, Worcestershire in 1764, and married his cousin Anna Maria Meysey. Anna Maria (the daughter) inherited Shakenhurst on Watkins' death in 1777. As his father-in-law had done, Wigley adopted the additional name Meysey, by Act of Parliament on 15 June 1811.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "They had five children:",
"title": "Family"
}
] | Edmund Meysey Wigley, called Edmund Wigley until 1811, was a British lawyer and politician, who served as Member of Parliament for Worcester. | 2023-12-28T00:18:47Z | 2023-12-31T15:21:40Z | [
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75,660,571 | Louise Harris (singer) | Louise Harris is a climate activist and singer from Harpenden Hertfordshire. By December 2023 her climate protest song ‘We tried’ had topped the UK iTunes chart. She was arrested for singing the song outside a politician's house in London. She posted a video from a gantry above the M25 whilst taking part in a Just Stop Oil protest on 7 November 2022.
Harris attended Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge until 2019, studying psychology. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Louise Harris is a climate activist and singer from Harpenden Hertfordshire. By December 2023 her climate protest song ‘We tried’ had topped the UK iTunes chart. She was arrested for singing the song outside a politician's house in London. She posted a video from a gantry above the M25 whilst taking part in a Just Stop Oil protest on 7 November 2022.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Harris attended Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge until 2019, studying psychology.",
"title": "Education"
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] | Louise Harris is a climate activist and singer from Harpenden Hertfordshire. By December 2023 her climate protest song ‘We tried’ had topped the UK iTunes chart. She was arrested for singing the song outside a politician's house in London. She posted a video from a gantry above the M25 whilst taking part in a Just Stop Oil protest on 7 November 2022. | 2023-12-28T00:19:01Z | 2023-12-29T16:01:41Z | [
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75,660,577 | Keith Ellis (rugby union) | Keith James Ellis (30 March 1927 – 17 April 1989) was an Australian rugby union international.
Raised in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Ellis was a prop and got his nickname "Bluey" on account of his red hair. After starting out in Sydney club rugby in the lower grades at Drummoyne, he moved in 1951 to Manly, where he featured in a then club record 185 first-grade games.
Ellis was capped five times for the Wallabies, playing all three Tests on the 1958 tour of New Zealand and both Tests against the visiting British Lions the following year. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Keith James Ellis (30 March 1927 – 17 April 1989) was an Australian rugby union international.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Raised in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Ellis was a prop and got his nickname \"Bluey\" on account of his red hair. After starting out in Sydney club rugby in the lower grades at Drummoyne, he moved in 1951 to Manly, where he featured in a then club record 185 first-grade games.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ellis was capped five times for the Wallabies, playing all three Tests on the 1958 tour of New Zealand and both Tests against the visiting British Lions the following year.",
"title": ""
}
] | Keith James Ellis was an Australian rugby union international. Raised in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Ellis was a prop and got his nickname "Bluey" on account of his red hair. After starting out in Sydney club rugby in the lower grades at Drummoyne, he moved in 1951 to Manly, where he featured in a then club record 185 first-grade games. Ellis was capped five times for the Wallabies, playing all three Tests on the 1958 tour of New Zealand and both Tests against the visiting British Lions the following year. | 2023-12-28T00:21:44Z | 2023-12-29T21:16:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ellis_(rugby_union) |
75,660,579 | 2027 Women's World Floorball Championships | The 2027 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 16th edition of this competition. It will held from 3 to 12 December 2027 in Turku, Finland.
Turku, Finland was given the hosting rights on 24 May 2023.
Both venues for the tournament are in Turku. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2027 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 16th edition of this competition. It will held from 3 to 12 December 2027 in Turku, Finland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Turku, Finland was given the hosting rights on 24 May 2023.",
"title": "Host selection"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Both venues for the tournament are in Turku.",
"title": "Venues"
}
] | The 2027 Women's World Floorball Championships will be the 16th edition of this competition. It will held from 3 to 12 December 2027 in Turku, Finland. | 2023-12-28T00:21:55Z | 2023-12-31T12:40:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_Women%27s_World_Floorball_Championships |
75,660,583 | Janczewski | Janczewski (masculine), Janczewski (feminine) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Janczewski (masculine), Janczewski (feminine) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Janczewski (masculine), Janczewski (feminine) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Edward Janczewski, Polish biologist
Marta Sosińska-Janczewska, Polish pianist
Simon Janczewski, French professional footballer | 2023-12-28T00:22:14Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:37Z | [
"Template:Intitle",
"Template:John-surname",
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janczewski |
75,660,598 | Mongpawn Palace | Mongpawn Palace, also known as the Mongpawn Haw (Shan: ႁေႃၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉမိူင်းပွၼ်) or Maingpun Haw (Burmese: မိုင်းပွန်ဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Mongpawn State, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is best known for being the residence of Sao San Htun, a national martyr who was assassinated in 1947, now commemorated as Martyrs' Day.
The palace was built c. 1887 by Sao Khun Ti as a large wooden structure built atop stone stilts.
The property fell into disuse after the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. For years, local monasteries attempted to raise funds to renovate the derelict palace.
In 2020, the Burmese military announced plans to renovate the palace. Renovations were completed on 5 February 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mongpawn Palace, also known as the Mongpawn Haw (Shan: ႁေႃၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉမိူင်းပွၼ်) or Maingpun Haw (Burmese: မိုင်းပွန်ဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Mongpawn State, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is best known for being the residence of Sao San Htun, a national martyr who was assassinated in 1947, now commemorated as Martyrs' Day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The palace was built c. 1887 by Sao Khun Ti as a large wooden structure built atop stone stilts.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The property fell into disuse after the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. For years, local monasteries attempted to raise funds to renovate the derelict palace.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2020, the Burmese military announced plans to renovate the palace. Renovations were completed on 5 February 2021.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Mongpawn Palace, also known as the Mongpawn Haw or Maingpun Haw, is the former residence of the local ruler of Mongpawn State, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is best known for being the residence of Sao San Htun, a national martyr who was assassinated in 1947, now commemorated as Martyrs' Day. | 2023-12-28T00:26:20Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:34Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongpawn_Palace |
75,660,689 | New Ireland masked flying fox | Pteropus ennisae is a species of megabat that is endemic to Papua New Guinea.
Pteropus ennisae was initially described in 1991 by Tim Flannery and J. P. White, who regarded it as a subspecies of Temminck's flying fox (Pteropus temminckii ennisae). The holotype had been collected by Flannery, Lester Seri, T. Heinsohn, and Patricia Ennis on the island of New Ireland in 1988. In a 1995 publication, Flannery considered it instead as a subspecies of the Bismarck masked flying fox (Pteropus capistratus ennisae). However, a 2014 study found that the genetic distance between P. capistratus and P. c. ennisae (4.7%), along with several physical differences, was enough to warrant elevating P. ennisae to species level. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pteropus ennisae is a species of megabat that is endemic to Papua New Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pteropus ennisae was initially described in 1991 by Tim Flannery and J. P. White, who regarded it as a subspecies of Temminck's flying fox (Pteropus temminckii ennisae). The holotype had been collected by Flannery, Lester Seri, T. Heinsohn, and Patricia Ennis on the island of New Ireland in 1988. In a 1995 publication, Flannery considered it instead as a subspecies of the Bismarck masked flying fox (Pteropus capistratus ennisae). However, a 2014 study found that the genetic distance between P. capistratus and P. c. ennisae (4.7%), along with several physical differences, was enough to warrant elevating P. ennisae to species level.",
"title": "Taxonomy and etymology"
}
] | Pteropus ennisae is a species of megabat that is endemic to Papua New Guinea. | 2023-12-28T00:38:21Z | 2023-12-28T01:21:53Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_masked_flying_fox |
75,660,727 | Kandarawadi Palace | Kandarawadi Palace, also known as the Kandarawadi Haw (Burmese: ကန္ဒရဝတီဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Kandarawadi, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is the last remaining palace in Kayah State to survive World War II.
Kandarawadi Palace was built between 1912 and 1916 by Sao Khun Li. The palace was built in a mixture of British, Indian, and Burmese architectural styles.
During World War II, the palace was relatively unscathed, unlike other palaces in the region.
The last chieftain to occupy the palace was Sao Lawi. After his death in 1987, his children, Sao Lapor and Sao Kemawadi inherited the palace. They donated the palace in 1994 in order to establish a monastic school, which is now called Thiri Mingalabon Monastery (သီရိမင်္ဂလာပုံ ကျောင်း), locally known as the "Hawgyi Monastery." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kandarawadi Palace, also known as the Kandarawadi Haw (Burmese: ကန္ဒရဝတီဟော်နန်း), is the former residence of the local ruler of Kandarawadi, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is the last remaining palace in Kayah State to survive World War II.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kandarawadi Palace was built between 1912 and 1916 by Sao Khun Li. The palace was built in a mixture of British, Indian, and Burmese architectural styles.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During World War II, the palace was relatively unscathed, unlike other palaces in the region.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The last chieftain to occupy the palace was Sao Lawi. After his death in 1987, his children, Sao Lapor and Sao Kemawadi inherited the palace. They donated the palace in 1994 in order to establish a monastic school, which is now called Thiri Mingalabon Monastery (သီရိမင်္ဂလာပုံ ကျောင်း), locally known as the \"Hawgyi Monastery.\"",
"title": "History"
}
] | Kandarawadi Palace, also known as the Kandarawadi Haw, is the former residence of the local ruler of Kandarawadi, a small principality in modern-day Myanmar (Burma). It is the last remaining palace in Kayah State to survive World War II. | 2023-12-28T00:44:54Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandarawadi_Palace |
75,660,755 | Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett | Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett (September 29, 1903 – August 1, 1992) was a great-granddaughter of 17th U.S. President Andrew Johnson.
She is of some small importance to the historiography of his Presidency as she lived in the Johnson family home for half of her life, was the heir to family artifacts associated with the family, and gave tours at Andrew Johnson National Historic Site "until 1976...when she died in 1992, she laid in state in the Homestead parlor." She was the last family member to be buried in the fenced Johnson family plot atop the hill at what is now Andrew Johnson National Cemetery.
As the reputation of Andrew Johnson and his role in the failure of Reconstruction is reevaluated by historians, Bartlett's role as the "foremost figure behind Greeneville's interpretation of Johnson from 1958 until 1993" is also being reassessed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett (September 29, 1903 – August 1, 1992) was a great-granddaughter of 17th U.S. President Andrew Johnson.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She is of some small importance to the historiography of his Presidency as she lived in the Johnson family home for half of her life, was the heir to family artifacts associated with the family, and gave tours at Andrew Johnson National Historic Site \"until 1976...when she died in 1992, she laid in state in the Homestead parlor.\" She was the last family member to be buried in the fenced Johnson family plot atop the hill at what is now Andrew Johnson National Cemetery.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As the reputation of Andrew Johnson and his role in the failure of Reconstruction is reevaluated by historians, Bartlett's role as the \"foremost figure behind Greeneville's interpretation of Johnson from 1958 until 1993\" is also being reassessed.",
"title": ""
}
] | Margaret Johnson Patterson Bartlett was a great-granddaughter of 17th U.S. President Andrew Johnson. She is of some small importance to the historiography of his Presidency as she lived in the Johnson family home for half of her life, was the heir to family artifacts associated with the family, and gave tours at Andrew Johnson National Historic Site "until 1976...when she died in 1992, she laid in state in the Homestead parlor." She was the last family member to be buried in the fenced Johnson family plot atop the hill at what is now Andrew Johnson National Cemetery. As the reputation of Andrew Johnson and his role in the failure of Reconstruction is reevaluated by historians, Bartlett's role as the "foremost figure behind Greeneville's interpretation of Johnson from 1958 until 1993" is also being reassessed. | 2023-12-28T00:50:15Z | 2023-12-28T06:25:57Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Johnson_Patterson_Bartlett |
75,660,761 | Voiced labial–velar implosive | The voiced labial-velar implosive is a rare type of consonantal sound. It occurs in Lese, a language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Features of the voiced labial–velar implosive: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The voiced labial-velar implosive is a rare type of consonantal sound. It occurs in Lese, a language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Features of the voiced labial–velar implosive:",
"title": "Features"
}
] | The voiced labial-velar implosive is a rare type of consonantal sound. It occurs in Lese, a language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | 2023-12-28T00:51:26Z | 2023-12-31T11:25:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive |
75,660,771 | Domínguez's Expedition to Honduras | Domínguez's Expedition to Honduras was an unsuccessful military expedition carried by the Mexican general, Vicente Domínguez in an attempt to re-establish Spanish control on Honduras.
Vicente Domínguez a Mexican Colonel was expelled from Central America for opposing Honduras' leader Morazán, he returned in 1831. Seizing the northern coast, he joined a conservative federalist plan led by Manuel José Arce to invade Honduras from three fronts. Supported by Spain, the plan aimed to disable ports and capture Comayagua, with El Salvador providing additional troops.
In November of 1831, Colonel Ramón Guzmán surprised the Fortaleza de San Fernando de Omoa with 200 men, raising the Spanish flag. Colonel Vicente Domínguez seized Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara, executing the French captain Richard Duplessis. Domínguez sought support for a return to Spanish monarchy, loading the ship "Fénix" with arms for a revolution in Cuba. Alleged supporters included traders and priests. Meanwhile, General Francisco Morazán defended the Central American Federal Territory against Mexican intervention. Morazán's troops, led by Colonel Nícolas Raoul and Mexican Colonel José Martínez, defeated forces supporting Manuel José Arce on February 24, 1832. Simultaneously, in El Salvador, Morazán, with Colonels Narciso Benítez and Ramón Valladares, engaged in battles against Salvadoran forces, ultimately capturing San Salvador on March 28 and calling for elections.
The rebels managed to get in Honduras territory. Colonel José Antonio Márquez led government forces against rebels. The decisive Jaitique clash marked a turning point, resulting in Márquez's death. Subsequently, Ramón Guzmán's rebellion crumbled with the fall of Omoa after a six-month siege. Despite efforts by Vicente Domínguez, his defeat and capture occurred in May 1832. The battles encompassed confrontations in Trujillo, Tercales, and the significant engagement at Jaitique, leading to the ultimate surrender of Omoa and the capture of key rebel leaders.
During the 6-month siege of San Fernando de Omoa, an estimated 1,000 casualties occurred. Colonel Vicente Domínguez was executed on September 14, 1832. Caribbeans supporting conservatives faced persecution, with some fleeing to British Honduras (Belize). Honduras incurred debts for the campaign, and the government took measures post-war, including creating health boards and addressing military service regulations. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Domínguez's Expedition to Honduras was an unsuccessful military expedition carried by the Mexican general, Vicente Domínguez in an attempt to re-establish Spanish control on Honduras.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Vicente Domínguez a Mexican Colonel was expelled from Central America for opposing Honduras' leader Morazán, he returned in 1831. Seizing the northern coast, he joined a conservative federalist plan led by Manuel José Arce to invade Honduras from three fronts. Supported by Spain, the plan aimed to disable ports and capture Comayagua, with El Salvador providing additional troops.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In November of 1831, Colonel Ramón Guzmán surprised the Fortaleza de San Fernando de Omoa with 200 men, raising the Spanish flag. Colonel Vicente Domínguez seized Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara, executing the French captain Richard Duplessis. Domínguez sought support for a return to Spanish monarchy, loading the ship \"Fénix\" with arms for a revolution in Cuba. Alleged supporters included traders and priests. Meanwhile, General Francisco Morazán defended the Central American Federal Territory against Mexican intervention. Morazán's troops, led by Colonel Nícolas Raoul and Mexican Colonel José Martínez, defeated forces supporting Manuel José Arce on February 24, 1832. Simultaneously, in El Salvador, Morazán, with Colonels Narciso Benítez and Ramón Valladares, engaged in battles against Salvadoran forces, ultimately capturing San Salvador on March 28 and calling for elections.",
"title": "Conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The rebels managed to get in Honduras territory. Colonel José Antonio Márquez led government forces against rebels. The decisive Jaitique clash marked a turning point, resulting in Márquez's death. Subsequently, Ramón Guzmán's rebellion crumbled with the fall of Omoa after a six-month siege. Despite efforts by Vicente Domínguez, his defeat and capture occurred in May 1832. The battles encompassed confrontations in Trujillo, Tercales, and the significant engagement at Jaitique, leading to the ultimate surrender of Omoa and the capture of key rebel leaders.",
"title": "Conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During the 6-month siege of San Fernando de Omoa, an estimated 1,000 casualties occurred. Colonel Vicente Domínguez was executed on September 14, 1832. Caribbeans supporting conservatives faced persecution, with some fleeing to British Honduras (Belize). Honduras incurred debts for the campaign, and the government took measures post-war, including creating health boards and addressing military service regulations.",
"title": "Conflict"
}
] | Domínguez's Expedition to Honduras was an unsuccessful military expedition carried by the Mexican general, Vicente Domínguez in an attempt to re-establish Spanish control on Honduras. | 2023-12-28T00:52:24Z | 2023-12-30T20:15:34Z | [
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75,660,773 | Jane H. Rider | Jane H. Rider (August 18, 1889 – March 4, 1981) was an engineer and bacteriologist. She was the first female engineer in Arizona. Her career largely focused on the health field, including sanitary engineering, hospital surveying, and hospital construction. She worked as the Arizona State Director of Hospital Surveys from 1948 to 1961.
Jane Herbst Rider was born on August 18, 1889, to Percy Sower Rider and Bessie (née Herbst) Rider in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Her father and grandfather were both engineers, partially inspiring her profession.
In 1911, Rider was the first female engineering graduate at the University of Arizona and the fourth graduate of the Department of Civil Engineering. She was the first woman licensed in Arizona as an engineer. Rider also completed some graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania.
In her senior year of college, Rider discovered an interest in bacteriology. After she graduated from College, Rider worked as a bacteriologist at the Arizona State Laboratories (now the Arizona Health Services Laboratory). In 1916, she became the director of the lab– the first woman in the position. In this position, she ensured the safety of Arizona's water and milk and promoted sanitation and pasteurization. The lab also tested food and drugs, as there was not yet a federal act to do so.
During World War I, Rider took a leave of absence to work with the American Red Cross.
In 1920, Rider's role was expanded to include her commission as a Collaboration Sanitary Engineer by the Public Health Service. In this position, she inspected water supplies shipped interstate on the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railroads. That year, there was a botulism outbreak in Florence, Arizona, which involved the first time searching a dump for cans with the causative agent (in this instance, canned beets).
Rider and a Public Health Engineer conducted a large survey, an E. coli index of irrigation ditches. The project was a large and complicated one. The Public Health Service published the results and Rider presented the project to the American Public Health Association in 1930.
In 1935, Rider moved to Phoenix to take a job as the coordinator of women's projects at the Works Progress Administration. She was later appointed to head the Arizona National Youth Administration. She served in both positions until the agencies separated in 1939. Following the separation, she served as the director of the Arizona NYA office until it was discontinued She was one of only seven women to lead a state NYA office.
In 1947, Rider was appointed to chairman of the Arizona State Board of Health.
In 1948, Rider began working as the state director of hospital surveys. She remained in this position until her retirement in 1961. In 1964, she returned to work as the head of the Arizona Health Department's Hospital and Nursing Home Licensing Division, with special permissions being made for her to work past the department's retirement age.
Rider died on March 4, 1981. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jane H. Rider (August 18, 1889 – March 4, 1981) was an engineer and bacteriologist. She was the first female engineer in Arizona. Her career largely focused on the health field, including sanitary engineering, hospital surveying, and hospital construction. She worked as the Arizona State Director of Hospital Surveys from 1948 to 1961.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Jane Herbst Rider was born on August 18, 1889, to Percy Sower Rider and Bessie (née Herbst) Rider in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. Her father and grandfather were both engineers, partially inspiring her profession.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1911, Rider was the first female engineering graduate at the University of Arizona and the fourth graduate of the Department of Civil Engineering. She was the first woman licensed in Arizona as an engineer. Rider also completed some graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In her senior year of college, Rider discovered an interest in bacteriology. After she graduated from College, Rider worked as a bacteriologist at the Arizona State Laboratories (now the Arizona Health Services Laboratory). In 1916, she became the director of the lab– the first woman in the position. In this position, she ensured the safety of Arizona's water and milk and promoted sanitation and pasteurization. The lab also tested food and drugs, as there was not yet a federal act to do so.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During World War I, Rider took a leave of absence to work with the American Red Cross.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1920, Rider's role was expanded to include her commission as a Collaboration Sanitary Engineer by the Public Health Service. In this position, she inspected water supplies shipped interstate on the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railroads. That year, there was a botulism outbreak in Florence, Arizona, which involved the first time searching a dump for cans with the causative agent (in this instance, canned beets).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Rider and a Public Health Engineer conducted a large survey, an E. coli index of irrigation ditches. The project was a large and complicated one. The Public Health Service published the results and Rider presented the project to the American Public Health Association in 1930.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1935, Rider moved to Phoenix to take a job as the coordinator of women's projects at the Works Progress Administration. She was later appointed to head the Arizona National Youth Administration. She served in both positions until the agencies separated in 1939. Following the separation, she served as the director of the Arizona NYA office until it was discontinued She was one of only seven women to lead a state NYA office.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1947, Rider was appointed to chairman of the Arizona State Board of Health.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1948, Rider began working as the state director of hospital surveys. She remained in this position until her retirement in 1961. In 1964, she returned to work as the head of the Arizona Health Department's Hospital and Nursing Home Licensing Division, with special permissions being made for her to work past the department's retirement age.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Rider died on March 4, 1981.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Jane H. Rider was an engineer and bacteriologist. She was the first female engineer in Arizona. Her career largely focused on the health field, including sanitary engineering, hospital surveying, and hospital construction. She worked as the Arizona State Director of Hospital Surveys from 1948 to 1961. | 2023-12-28T00:53:11Z | 2023-12-29T01:37:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_H._Rider |
75,660,811 | Michael Brodrique | Michael Brodrique (born August 21, 1998) is a Canadian professional gridiron football linebacker for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Brodrique played U Sports football for the Montreal Carabins. He played in 22 games where he had 68.5 tackles, 9.5 sacks, one interception, one forced fumble, and two fumble recoveries.
Brodrique was ranked as the 11th best player in the Canadian Football League's Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings for players eligible in the 2023 CFL Draft and was the top ranked player from U Sports football. He was then drafted in the first round, second overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2023 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 8, 2023. Following training camp in 2023, he made the team's active roster and made his professional debut on June 11, 2023, against the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He played in all 18 regular season games in his rookie year where he recorded eight special teams tackles. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Michael Brodrique (born August 21, 1998) is a Canadian professional gridiron football linebacker for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Brodrique played U Sports football for the Montreal Carabins. He played in 22 games where he had 68.5 tackles, 9.5 sacks, one interception, one forced fumble, and two fumble recoveries.",
"title": "University career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Brodrique was ranked as the 11th best player in the Canadian Football League's Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings for players eligible in the 2023 CFL Draft and was the top ranked player from U Sports football. He was then drafted in the first round, second overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2023 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 8, 2023. Following training camp in 2023, he made the team's active roster and made his professional debut on June 11, 2023, against the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He played in all 18 regular season games in his rookie year where he recorded eight special teams tackles.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] | Michael Brodrique is a Canadian professional gridiron football linebacker for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). | 2023-12-28T01:00:06Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brodrique |
75,660,820 | Jose Kasongo | Born in Kinshasa on (1973-05-22) May 22, 1973 (age 50), José Kasongo, is a director at Centre d'Expertise, d'Evaluation et de Certification. He is also one of the initiators of the Congolese Alliance for Agriculture and Development (CAAD) of which he is president.
Kasongo's parents are committed Catholics although they are both from different ethnic groups: Professeur Kasongo Munganga (his father) is a Luba from Katanda Territory while his multilingual mother, Antoinette Mbwaki, is from Kisantu in Kongo Central. He married Regine Nseya in 2000, making him the father of two. He is the oldest child in a family of seven who are: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Born in Kinshasa on (1973-05-22) May 22, 1973 (age 50), José Kasongo, is a director at Centre d'Expertise, d'Evaluation et de Certification. He is also one of the initiators of the Congolese Alliance for Agriculture and Development (CAAD) of which he is president.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kasongo's parents are committed Catholics although they are both from different ethnic groups: Professeur Kasongo Munganga (his father) is a Luba from Katanda Territory while his multilingual mother, Antoinette Mbwaki, is from Kisantu in Kongo Central. He married Regine Nseya in 2000, making him the father of two. He is the oldest child in a family of seven who are:",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Born in Kinshasa on May 22, 1973, José Kasongo, is a director at Centre d'Expertise, d'Evaluation et de Certification. He is also one of the initiators of the Congolese Alliance for Agriculture and Development (CAAD) of which he is president. | 2023-12-28T01:01:28Z | 2023-12-30T00:41:41Z | [
"Template:Prod blp/dated",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Birth date and age",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Kasongo |
75,660,824 | Hayden Hatten | Hayden Hatten is an American football wide receiver for the Idaho Vandals.
Hatten attended Saguaro High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He previously attended Pinnacle High School in Phoenix, Arizona where he recorded 68 receptions for 1,029 yards and 16 touchdowns as junior. After originally being committed to Brown, Hatten flipped his commitment to play college football at the University of Idaho.
After playing relatively sparingly in 2019, Hatten's production increased during the 2021 spring season, tallying 43 receptions for 613 yards and three touchdowns and being named to the First team All-Big Sky. The following season, Hatten would battle a shoulder injury and only appear in three games, catching 12 receptions for 215 yards and three touchdowns. In 2022, he led the FCS and broke the program record for single season receiving touchdowns (16), and finished the season with 1,209 receiving yards, earning All-American honors. In 2023, Hatten recorded 1,231 yards and nine touchdowns before declaring for the 2024 NFL Draft on December 15, 2023.
Hatten finished his college career as Idaho's all-time leader in receiving touchdowns with 33 and he finished his career with over 3,000 yards receiving. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hayden Hatten is an American football wide receiver for the Idaho Vandals.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hatten attended Saguaro High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He previously attended Pinnacle High School in Phoenix, Arizona where he recorded 68 receptions for 1,029 yards and 16 touchdowns as junior. After originally being committed to Brown, Hatten flipped his commitment to play college football at the University of Idaho.",
"title": "High school career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After playing relatively sparingly in 2019, Hatten's production increased during the 2021 spring season, tallying 43 receptions for 613 yards and three touchdowns and being named to the First team All-Big Sky. The following season, Hatten would battle a shoulder injury and only appear in three games, catching 12 receptions for 215 yards and three touchdowns. In 2022, he led the FCS and broke the program record for single season receiving touchdowns (16), and finished the season with 1,209 receiving yards, earning All-American honors. In 2023, Hatten recorded 1,231 yards and nine touchdowns before declaring for the 2024 NFL Draft on December 15, 2023.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Hatten finished his college career as Idaho's all-time leader in receiving touchdowns with 33 and he finished his career with over 3,000 yards receiving.",
"title": "College career"
}
] | Hayden Hatten is an American football wide receiver for the Idaho Vandals. | 2023-12-28T01:01:40Z | 2023-12-28T20:41:04Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Hatten |
75,660,837 | 2024 Ohio State Buckeyes football team | The 2024 Ohio State Buckeyes football team will represent Ohio State University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team will be coached by Ryan Day who will be heading into his sixth season as Ohio State's head coach. The Buckeyes will play their home games at Ohio Stadium located in Columbus, Ohio. It will be the Buckeyes' 134th season overall and 111th as a member of the Big Ten. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Ohio State Buckeyes football team will represent Ohio State University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team will be coached by Ryan Day who will be heading into his sixth season as Ohio State's head coach. The Buckeyes will play their home games at Ohio Stadium located in Columbus, Ohio. It will be the Buckeyes' 134th season overall and 111th as a member of the Big Ten.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The 2024 Ohio State Buckeyes football team will represent Ohio State University as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team will be coached by Ryan Day who will be heading into his sixth season as Ohio State's head coach. The Buckeyes will play their home games at Ohio Stadium located in Columbus, Ohio. It will be the Buckeyes' 134th season overall and 111th as a member of the Big Ten. | 2023-12-28T01:04:09Z | 2023-12-29T15:13:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team |
75,660,840 | 2023 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament | The 2023 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Mid-American Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting matches. The host for the matches was determined by seeding from regular season play. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Buffalo Bulls were the defending champions, and they were unsuccessful in defending their title as they did not qualify for the tournament. The Ohio Bobcats finished as tournament champions from the sixth seed, defeating fourth seed Kent State in the final, 2–1. The title was the first in program history for the Buffalo women's soccer program and first for head coach Aaron Rodgers. As tournament champions, Ohio earned the Mid-American's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.
Six Mid-American Conference schools participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record.
Source:
There were 14 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.8 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).
Source:
MVP in bold | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Mid-American Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting matches. The host for the matches was determined by seeding from regular season play. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Buffalo Bulls were the defending champions, and they were unsuccessful in defending their title as they did not qualify for the tournament. The Ohio Bobcats finished as tournament champions from the sixth seed, defeating fourth seed Kent State in the final, 2–1. The title was the first in program history for the Buffalo women's soccer program and first for head coach Aaron Rodgers. As tournament champions, Ohio earned the Mid-American's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Six Mid-American Conference schools participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record.",
"title": "Seeding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Bracket"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "There were 14 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.8 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "All-Tournament team"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "MVP in bold",
"title": "All-Tournament team"
}
] | The 2023 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Mid-American Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting matches. The host for the matches was determined by seeding from regular season play. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Buffalo Bulls were the defending champions, and they were unsuccessful in defending their title as they did not qualify for the tournament. The Ohio Bobcats finished as tournament champions from the sixth seed, defeating fourth seed Kent State in the final, 2–1. The title was the first in program history for the Buffalo women's soccer program and first for head coach Aaron Rodgers. As tournament champions, Ohio earned the Mid-American's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament. | 2023-12-28T01:05:08Z | 2023-12-28T01:40:12Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mid-American_Conference_women%27s_soccer_tournament |
75,660,841 | Indiana State Normal football, 1896–1898 | The Indiana State Normal football program's first three seasons of competition were from 1896 to 1898, representing Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent. The school did not field a team in 1899 or 1900, and resumed play in 1901.
The 1896 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1896 college football season. This was the inaugural team for the school. Indiana State Normal played one game, versus Terre Haute High School; later Terre Haute William Wiley High. Few to no records remain, though it is known the Sycamores lost to the high schoolers. The coach is unknown and the only player known is Lotus Coffman, future college president.
The 1897 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1897 college football season. The coach was R. Clark; also described as the team manager, the roster consisted of at least 11 lettermen.
The 1898 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1898 college football season. This was the third team fielded by the school. Led by Fred DuBridge in his first and only season as head coach, Indiana State compiled a record of 1–2. The roster consisted of at least 18 lettermen.
DuBridge, the director of the local YMCA, spend most of his career managing YMCA facilities; his son Lee achieved fame as one of the most preeminent scientists of the 20th century. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Indiana State Normal football program's first three seasons of competition were from 1896 to 1898, representing Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent. The school did not field a team in 1899 or 1900, and resumed play in 1901.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 1896 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1896 college football season. This was the inaugural team for the school. Indiana State Normal played one game, versus Terre Haute High School; later Terre Haute William Wiley High. Few to no records remain, though it is known the Sycamores lost to the high schoolers. The coach is unknown and the only player known is Lotus Coffman, future college president.",
"title": "1896"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "1896"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The 1897 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1897 college football season. The coach was R. Clark; also described as the team manager, the roster consisted of at least 11 lettermen.",
"title": "1897"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "1897"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The 1898 Indiana State Normal football team represented Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent during the 1898 college football season. This was the third team fielded by the school. Led by Fred DuBridge in his first and only season as head coach, Indiana State compiled a record of 1–2. The roster consisted of at least 18 lettermen.",
"title": "1898"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "DuBridge, the director of the local YMCA, spend most of his career managing YMCA facilities; his son Lee achieved fame as one of the most preeminent scientists of the 20th century.",
"title": "1898"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "1898"
}
] | The Indiana State Normal football program's first three seasons of competition were from 1896 to 1898, representing Indiana State Normal School—now known as Indiana State University—as an independent. The school did not field a team in 1899 or 1900, and resumed play in 1901. | 2023-12-28T01:05:21Z | 2023-12-31T18:57:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Normal_football,_1896%E2%80%931898 |
75,660,882 | Amenyseneb | Amenyseneb was the Controller of a Phyle or Regulator of a Watch at Abydos during the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom. While he was an official of lower rank, his attestations binds important persons like king Khendjer and vizier Ankhu in time.
He is not to be confused with Amenyseneb, Governor of Elephantine, dated to the same period.
Amenyseneb is attested by several important Egyptian artworks.
At Abydos, a limestone rectangular stela inscribed on both sides. The stela has unusual features like a large ankh sign in the middle, and being inscribed and decorated on both sides.
Stele of Amenyseneb mentioning king Khendjer.
Translation: (17) The good god, lord of the Two Lands, lord of action, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nimaaenkare? (n-mAa-n-xa-ra), may he be given life forever!, the son of Ra of his body, Khendjer, may he be given life (18) eternally, stability and dominance!. It is entrusted [1] to the administrator of the phylum of priests of Abydos, Amenyseneb, justified, (19) saying: 'Look, we have seen the work you have done. May the sovereign favor you, may he favor (20) to you his ka and make your old age beautiful in the temple of your (21) god'. Then it was ordered to give me the hindquarters of a calf. Then (22) He charged me saying: 'Carry out all the investigations of what is in the temple.' (23) I was acting according to everything that had been ordered. I have had the chapels restored (24) all of all the gods that are in the temple, that they be renewed (01) their altars and the cedar of the great altar that is in their presence. (02) I was managing My wish was beneficial to my god and the sovereign was favoring me. - From spanish translation by Ángel Sánchez Rodríguez
Stele of Amenyseneb mentioning vizier Ankhu.
Translation: (2) An offering that the king gives to Osiris, who is in charge of the westerners, great god, lord of Abydos to give an invocation of offerings of bread, milk, oxen, birds, glory and power (3) in the necropolis for the ka of the administrator of the phylum of priests of Abydos, Amenyseneb, justified, whom W'emkau fathered, (4) to whom the lady of the house Nebetit gave birth. He says: The vizier's scribe Seneb (cf. Resseneb), son of the vizier, came to (5) notify me (with) a message from the vizier. so i went with him (6) and I found the overseer of the city and vizier Ankhu in his office. Then he gave an officer a commission (7) to me saying: Behold, it is commanded that you have the temple of Abydos cleansed. They will be given (8) to you craftsmen for their execution and priests of the temples of this district and of the granary of (9) divine offerings. So I have made it clean from bottom to top and on its walls on the outside (10) and inside; painters fill with paints on the pictures and on the plaster (11) renewing what the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare did, justified. So 'the shining protector' (12) traveled to take his throne in this temple and the deputy overseer of the treasury Sa-inheret accompanied (13) him. Then he thanked me much more than all things saying: 'May he be prosperous who has done this for (14) his God. So he gave me an amount of 10 debens equipped with date cakes and half a veal. So (15) a cabin officer traveled north. The works were then inspected (16) Then he rejoiced over it much more than over all things. - From spanish translation by Ángel Sánchez Rodríguez
At Abydos, a granite seated statue of Amenyseneb. This statue has the same name, title and loction as the main person, but the link has not been confirmed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Amenyseneb was the Controller of a Phyle or Regulator of a Watch at Abydos during the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom. While he was an official of lower rank, his attestations binds important persons like king Khendjer and vizier Ankhu in time.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He is not to be confused with Amenyseneb, Governor of Elephantine, dated to the same period.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Amenyseneb is attested by several important Egyptian artworks.",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At Abydos, a limestone rectangular stela inscribed on both sides. The stela has unusual features like a large ankh sign in the middle, and being inscribed and decorated on both sides.",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Stele of Amenyseneb mentioning king Khendjer.",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Translation: (17) The good god, lord of the Two Lands, lord of action, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nimaaenkare? (n-mAa-n-xa-ra), may he be given life forever!, the son of Ra of his body, Khendjer, may he be given life (18) eternally, stability and dominance!. It is entrusted [1] to the administrator of the phylum of priests of Abydos, Amenyseneb, justified, (19) saying: 'Look, we have seen the work you have done. May the sovereign favor you, may he favor (20) to you his ka and make your old age beautiful in the temple of your (21) god'. Then it was ordered to give me the hindquarters of a calf. Then (22) He charged me saying: 'Carry out all the investigations of what is in the temple.' (23) I was acting according to everything that had been ordered. I have had the chapels restored (24) all of all the gods that are in the temple, that they be renewed (01) their altars and the cedar of the great altar that is in their presence. (02) I was managing My wish was beneficial to my god and the sovereign was favoring me. - From spanish translation by Ángel Sánchez Rodríguez",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Stele of Amenyseneb mentioning vizier Ankhu.",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Translation: (2) An offering that the king gives to Osiris, who is in charge of the westerners, great god, lord of Abydos to give an invocation of offerings of bread, milk, oxen, birds, glory and power (3) in the necropolis for the ka of the administrator of the phylum of priests of Abydos, Amenyseneb, justified, whom W'emkau fathered, (4) to whom the lady of the house Nebetit gave birth. He says: The vizier's scribe Seneb (cf. Resseneb), son of the vizier, came to (5) notify me (with) a message from the vizier. so i went with him (6) and I found the overseer of the city and vizier Ankhu in his office. Then he gave an officer a commission (7) to me saying: Behold, it is commanded that you have the temple of Abydos cleansed. They will be given (8) to you craftsmen for their execution and priests of the temples of this district and of the granary of (9) divine offerings. So I have made it clean from bottom to top and on its walls on the outside (10) and inside; painters fill with paints on the pictures and on the plaster (11) renewing what the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare did, justified. So 'the shining protector' (12) traveled to take his throne in this temple and the deputy overseer of the treasury Sa-inheret accompanied (13) him. Then he thanked me much more than all things saying: 'May he be prosperous who has done this for (14) his God. So he gave me an amount of 10 debens equipped with date cakes and half a veal. So (15) a cabin officer traveled north. The works were then inspected (16) Then he rejoiced over it much more than over all things. - From spanish translation by Ángel Sánchez Rodríguez",
"title": "Attestations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "At Abydos, a granite seated statue of Amenyseneb. This statue has the same name, title and loction as the main person, but the link has not been confirmed.",
"title": "Attestations"
}
] | Amenyseneb was the Controller of a Phyle or Regulator of a Watch at Abydos during the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom. While he was an official of lower rank, his attestations binds important persons like king Khendjer and vizier Ankhu in time. He is not to be confused with Amenyseneb, Governor of Elephantine, dated to the same period. | 2023-12-28T01:12:27Z | 2023-12-31T01:08:54Z | [
"Template:Infobox Egyptian dignitary",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenyseneb |
75,660,897 | George Hart (luthier) | George Hart (1839 – May 1891) was a violin maker and dealer of London. He was the author of The Violin: Its Makers and its Imitators and The Violin.
His father, John Thomas Hart (17 December 1805 – 1 January 1874), taught him the art and craft of violin making. They had a shop "Hart and Son" at 28 Wardour Street, Leicester Square, London.
He learned to play at the Royal Academy of Music under Sir George Macfarren and from Prosper Sainton.
His son George Hart (4 January 4 1860 – ) was also a violin maker.
Category:Luthiers Category:British luthiers Category:1839 births Category:1891 deaths | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "George Hart (1839 – May 1891) was a violin maker and dealer of London. He was the author of The Violin: Its Makers and its Imitators and The Violin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "His father, John Thomas Hart (17 December 1805 – 1 January 1874), taught him the art and craft of violin making. They had a shop \"Hart and Son\" at 28 Wardour Street, Leicester Square, London.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He learned to play at the Royal Academy of Music under Sir George Macfarren and from Prosper Sainton.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "His son George Hart (4 January 4 1860 – ) was also a violin maker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Category:Luthiers Category:British luthiers Category:1839 births Category:1891 deaths",
"title": "References"
}
] | George Hart was a violin maker and dealer of London. He was the author of The Violin: Its Makers and its Imitators and The Violin. His father, John Thomas Hart, taught him the art and craft of violin making. They had a shop "Hart and Son" at 28 Wardour Street, Leicester Square, London. He learned to play at the Royal Academy of Music under Sir George Macfarren and from Prosper Sainton. His son George Hart was also a violin maker. | 2023-12-28T01:14:35Z | 2023-12-28T02:54:53Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hart_(luthier) |
75,660,898 | 1875 Dinar earthquake | The 1875 Dinar earthquake occurred in Afyonkarahisar Province in present-day Turkey. More than 1,300 people died and 1,000 homes were destroyed when the Ms 6.5 earthquake struck. The communities of Civril and Yaka were destroyed while Igikli and Dinar were badly damaged. Ground fissures and hot springs appeared near Civril although these reports may have been exaggerated. There was minor damage in Ugak and Afyon. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1875 Dinar earthquake occurred in Afyonkarahisar Province in present-day Turkey. More than 1,300 people died and 1,000 homes were destroyed when the Ms 6.5 earthquake struck. The communities of Civril and Yaka were destroyed while Igikli and Dinar were badly damaged. Ground fissures and hot springs appeared near Civril although these reports may have been exaggerated. There was minor damage in Ugak and Afyon.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1875 Dinar earthquake occurred in Afyonkarahisar Province in present-day Turkey. More than 1,300 people died and 1,000 homes were destroyed when the Ms 6.5 earthquake struck. The communities of Civril and Yaka were destroyed while Igikli and Dinar were badly damaged. Ground fissures and hot springs appeared near Civril although these reports may have been exaggerated. There was minor damage in Ugak and Afyon. | 2023-12-28T01:14:40Z | 2023-12-28T08:34:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Dinar_earthquake |
75,660,939 | Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo | Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo (born 1965 or 1966) is an Italian contemporary art collector, patron and private museum owner, known for her extensive collection, support of young artists, and her role in transforming cultural spaces. She is the presdient of the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo.
Sandretto Re Rebaudengo graduated in Economics and Commerce before venturing into contemporary art collecting in the early 1990s. Her journey into contemporary art began in 1992 during a trip to London, where she visited Anish Kapoor’s studio and met art world figures like Nicholas Logsdail of Lisson Gallery, Jay Jopling of White Cube, and future Tate director Nicholas Serota.
In 1995, she established the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, initially displaying her growing collection in her family home in Guarene. In 2002, she opened a dedicated art space in Turin, designed by Claudio Silvestrin.
Sandretto Re Rebaudengo owns an extensive collection of works of contemporary art and has supported and commissioned around 100 art projects. Her collection includes works by artists of her generation such as Carla Accardi and Mario Merz, younger artists like Avery Singer and Adrián Villar Rojas, around 1,000 pieces of costume jewelry, roughly 3,000 photographs, and works by major artists like Maurizio Cattelan and Damien Hirst. Her collection was showcased in 2023 at Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, in the exhibition “Reaching for the Stars,” celebrating the 30th anniversary of her collection.
Sandretto Re Rebaudengo actively supports young artists, particularly through producing and commissioning new works. Her foundation collaborates with various institutions, including a partnership with the Philadelphia Museum of Art for time-based works.
Sandretto Re Rebaudengo sits on numerous boards, including the International Councils of New York’s Museum of Modern Art and London’s Tate.
In 2018, Sandretto Re Rebaudengo and her husband bought the island of San Giacomo in Paludo in the Venice lagoon. The island, abandoned since the 1960s, is being transformed into a multicultural center for culture and sustainability. The project includes artist residencies, exhibitions, performances, and research activities in sustainability and renewable energy, set to open for the 2024 Venice Biennale.
She is married to Agostino Re Rebaudengo, founder of Asja Ambiente Italia, a renewable energy company, and co-founder and vice-president of the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo. They have two sons. She is also known for her collection of vintage American costume jewelry, which she has been collecting since the late 1980s. | [
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"text": "Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo (born 1965 or 1966) is an Italian contemporary art collector, patron and private museum owner, known for her extensive collection, support of young artists, and her role in transforming cultural spaces. She is the presdient of the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo.",
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},
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"text": "Sandretto Re Rebaudengo graduated in Economics and Commerce before venturing into contemporary art collecting in the early 1990s. Her journey into contemporary art began in 1992 during a trip to London, where she visited Anish Kapoor’s studio and met art world figures like Nicholas Logsdail of Lisson Gallery, Jay Jopling of White Cube, and future Tate director Nicholas Serota.",
"title": "Early life"
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"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1995, she established the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, initially displaying her growing collection in her family home in Guarene. In 2002, she opened a dedicated art space in Turin, designed by Claudio Silvestrin.",
"title": "Art spaces and collection"
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sandretto Re Rebaudengo owns an extensive collection of works of contemporary art and has supported and commissioned around 100 art projects. Her collection includes works by artists of her generation such as Carla Accardi and Mario Merz, younger artists like Avery Singer and Adrián Villar Rojas, around 1,000 pieces of costume jewelry, roughly 3,000 photographs, and works by major artists like Maurizio Cattelan and Damien Hirst. Her collection was showcased in 2023 at Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, in the exhibition “Reaching for the Stars,” celebrating the 30th anniversary of her collection.",
"title": "Art spaces and collection"
},
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"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sandretto Re Rebaudengo actively supports young artists, particularly through producing and commissioning new works. Her foundation collaborates with various institutions, including a partnership with the Philadelphia Museum of Art for time-based works.",
"title": "Contributions and influence"
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Sandretto Re Rebaudengo sits on numerous boards, including the International Councils of New York’s Museum of Modern Art and London’s Tate.",
"title": "Contributions and influence"
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"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2018, Sandretto Re Rebaudengo and her husband bought the island of San Giacomo in Paludo in the Venice lagoon. The island, abandoned since the 1960s, is being transformed into a multicultural center for culture and sustainability. The project includes artist residencies, exhibitions, performances, and research activities in sustainability and renewable energy, set to open for the 2024 Venice Biennale.",
"title": "San Giacomo Island"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "She is married to Agostino Re Rebaudengo, founder of Asja Ambiente Italia, a renewable energy company, and co-founder and vice-president of the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo. They have two sons. She is also known for her collection of vintage American costume jewelry, which she has been collecting since the late 1980s.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Patrizia Sandretto Re Rebaudengo is an Italian contemporary art collector, patron and private museum owner, known for her extensive collection, support of young artists, and her role in transforming cultural spaces. She is the presdient of the Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo. | 2023-12-28T01:21:17Z | 2023-12-29T21:52:10Z | [
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75,660,950 | Renaissance in Lombardy | The Italian Renaissance in Lombardy, in the Duchy of Milan in the mid-15th century, started in the International Lombard Gothic period and gave way to Lombard humanism with the passage of power between the Visconti and Sforza families. In the second half of the 15th century the Lombard artistic scene developed without disruption, with influences gradually linked to Florentine, Ferrarese, and Paduan styles. With the arrival of Bramante (1479) and Leonardo da Vinci (1482), Milan reached absolute artistic heights in the Italian and European panorama, while still demonstrating the possibilities of coexistence between the artistic avant-garde and the Gothic substratum.
In the first half of the 15th century, Lombardy was the Italian region where the International Gothic style had the greatest following, so much so that in Europe the expression ouvrage de Lombardie was synonymous with an object of precious workmanship, referring especially to the miniatures and jewelry that were an expression of an elitist, courtly taste.
After the marriage of Galeazzo II Visconti to Bianca of Savoy, sister of Amadeus VI of Savoy, French and English chivalric culture spread in Lombardy. The marriage of their children to members of the English and French royal families left a mark on the ideology and culture of the court. The great Visconti Castle, built by Galeazzo II in Pavia, was furnished in the style of a French castle, despite being an imposing fortified building. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who succeeded him, built the great Carthusian monastery in Pavia that was to contain his mausoleum. The court spirit also prevails in the monks' cells converted into small houses of "courtiers" with loggias.
However, contacts with the Tuscan and Flanders artistic avant-gardes were quite frequent, due to the particularly well-articulated network of commercial and dynastic relations. French, Burgundian, German, and Italian craftsmen worked on the construction site of Milan Cathedral, which began in 1386, developing an international style, especially in the school of sculpture, which was indispensable for the realization of the cathedral's impressive decorative set. As early as around 1435 Masolino was working in Castiglione Olona, near Varese, showing innovations in the use of perspective, attenuated, however, by an attention to local figurative culture that made the new style more comprehensible and assimilable.
After the utopian attempt to revive the communal institutions on the death of Filippo Maria Visconti with the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the transfer of power to the Sforzas, with Francesco, husband of Bianca Maria Visconti, had almost the appearance of a legitimate succession, with no clear ruptures from the past.
In the field of art as well, Francesco's taste, and to a large extent that of his descendants, was aligned with the sumptuous, ornate and pompously celebratory taste of the Visconti: many "Visconti" artists were commissioned, such as Bonifacio Bembo. Nevertheless, the alliance with Florence and repeated contacts with Padua and Ferrara favored a penetration of the Renaissance style, especially through the exchange of miniaturists.
To consolidate his power, Francesco immediately began the reconstruction of the castle of Porta Giovia, the Visconti's Milanese residence. In architecture, however, the most significant undertaking remained the Cathedral, while the Solari's buildings still looked towards the Gothic or even Lombard Romanesque tradition.
In addition, to emphasize his legitimacy and piety, Francesco Sforza had a new cloister built in the Certosa di Pavia and confirmed all the privileges granted by his predecessors to the monastery, thus exploiting the Certosa as a link between the old Visconti dynasty and the Sforza lineage.
The stay of Filarete, beginning in 1451, was the first significant Renaissance presence in Milan. The artist, recommended by Piero de' Medici, was given important commissions, due to his hybrid style that won over the Sforza court. He was a proponent of sharp lines, but he did not dislike a certain decorative richness, nor did he apply Brunelleschi's "grammar of orders" with extreme rigor. He was entrusted with the construction of the Castle Tower, Bergamo Cathedral, and the Ospedale Maggiore.
In the latter work in particular, linked to a desire of the new prince to promote his own image, one can see the inequalities between the rigor of the basic design, set to a functional division of space and a regular plan, and the lack of integration with the surrounding building fabric, due to the oversized building. The Hospital's floor plan is rectangular, a central courtyard dividing it into two zones each traversed by two inner orthogonal arms that form eight vast courtyards. The same plan would later be taken up in the same years by similar buildings in Lombardy, such as the San Matteo Hospital in Pavia. The rhythmic purity of the succession of round arches of the courtyards, derived from Brunelleschi's teachings, is counterbalanced by an exuberance of the terracotta decorations (although they were largely due to Lombard successors).
The arrival of more mature Renaissance formulations in the city is linked to commissions from Pigello Portinari, the Medici's agent for their banking branch in Milan. In addition to the construction of an office of the Banco Mediceo, now lost, Pigello had a family funeral chapel built in Sant'Eustorgio that bears his name, the Portinari Chapel, where the relic of the head of St. Peter Martyr was also located.
The structure is inspired by Brunelleschi's Sagrestia Vecchia in San Lorenzo in Florence, with a square room equipped with a scarsella and covered by a dome with sixteen ribbed segments. Some details in the decoration are also inspired by the Florentine model, such as the frieze of cherubs or the roundels in the spandrels of the dome, but others depart from it, marking a Lombard origin. These are the tiburium protecting the dome, the terracotta decoration, the presence of pointed biforas, and the general decorative exuberance. The interior in particular departs from the Florentine model in the vibrant richness of its decorations, such as the rich imbrication of the dome in sloping hues, the frieze with angels on the drum, and the numerous frescoes by Vincenzo Foppa in the upper part of the walls.
Research in town planning under Francesco Sforza did not result in major concrete interventions, but it nevertheless produced a singular project of an ideal city, Sforzinda, the first to be fully theorized. The city was described by Filarete in the Treatise on Architecture and is characterized by an intellectual abstraction that prescinds from the earlier scattered indications of a more practical and empirical approach described by Leon Battista Alberti and other architects, especially in the context of the Urbino Renaissance. The city had a stellar plan, linked to cosmic symbols, and included aggregated buildings without organicity or internal logic, so much so that they were not even linked by a road network, which was instead set to a perfectly radial pattern.
One of the most remarkable pictorial undertakings of Francesco Sforza's lordship is precisely related to the Portinari Chapel, frescoed in the upper parts of the walls by Vincenzo Foppa between 1464 and 1468. The decoration, which is in an excellent state of preservation, includes four roundels with Doctors of the Church in the pendentives, eight Busts of Saints in the oculi at the base of the dome, four Stories of St. Peter Martyr in the side walls, and two large frescoes in the triumphal arch and the arch of the counterfacade, respectively an Annunciation and an Assumption of the Virgin.
The painter particularly cared for the relationship with the architecture, seeking an illusive integration between real and painted space. The four scenes of stories of the saint have a common vanishing point, placed outside the scenes (in the center of the wall, on the central mullion of the bifora) on a horizon that falls at the eye level of the characters (according to Leon Battista Alberti's indications). It departs, however, from classical geometric perspective for its original atmospheric sensibility, which softens contours and geometric rigidity: it is the light that makes the scene humanly real. Moreover, a predilection for a simple but effective and comprehensible narrative prevails, set in realistic places with characters resembling everyday types, in line with the Dominicans' preference for didactic narrative.
In his later works Foppa also used the medium of perspective in a flexible manner that was in any case secondary to other elements. An example of this is the Pala Bottigella (1480-1484), with a spatial layout derived from Bramante, but saturated with figures, where the accents are placed on the human representation of the various types and on the refraction of light on the various materials. This attention to optical truth, devoid of intellectualism, was one of the most typical features of later Lombard painting, also studied by Leonardo da Vinci.
Galeazzo Maria Sforza was undoubtedly attracted to Gothic-style sumptuousness, and his commissions seemed driven by a desire to do a lot and do it quickly, so his interests did not include encouraging original and up-to-date figurative production, finding it easier to draw from the past. To meet the many demands of the court, large and heterogeneous groups of artists were often formed, such as those who decorated the ducal chapel in the Castello Sforzesco, led by Bonifacio Bembo. In those frescoes, datable to 1473, despite some sober hints at figurative novelties (as in the spatiality of the Annunciation or the plastic setting of the saints), an archaic gilded pastiglia background still remains. This feature is also present in the cycle of frescoes commissioned by Galeazzo Maria Sforza, again to the same group of artists led by Bonifacio Bembo, for the Visconti Castle, and in particular in the Blue Room, where the decoration consists of panels with raised frames in gilded pastiglia.
The artists who worked for Galeazzo Maria Sforza were never "interlocutors" with the patron, but rather docile executors of his wishes.
The most significant works of the period developed the trend toward covering Renaissance architecture with exuberant decoration, as had already happened in part at the Ospedale Maggiore, with a crescendo that had a first culmination in the Colleoni Chapel in Bergamo (1470-1476) and a second in the façade of the Certosa di Pavia (from 1491), both by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo along with others.
The Colleoni Chapel was built as a mausoleum for the condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni, with a layout that again echoed Brunelleschi's Sacrestia Vecchia. The plan is square, surmounted by a segmented dome with octagonal drum and scarsella with the altar, also covered by a small dome. However, the structural clarity was enriched with pictorial motifs, especially on the facade, with the use of a white/pink/purple trichromy and the lozenge motif.
The Certosa di Pavia, started in 1396 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was resumed only in the mid-15th century, following in a sense the fortunes of the Milanese ducal family, with long periods of stagnation and abrupt accelerations, welcoming the gradually more modern ideas of the artistic scene. It was mainly taken care of by Guiniforte and Giovanni Solari, who kept the original design (Latin cross plan with three naves and simple brick masonry), enriching only the apse part with a trefoil closure that is also repeated in the arms of the transepts. The two cloisters with round arches, decorated with exuberant terracotta ferrules, hark back to the Ospedale Maggiore, while the interior cites the Milan Cathedral.
In sculpture, the most significant building site of the period was the Certosa di Pavia. The numerous sculptors engaged in the decoration of the facade, not all of whom have been identified, were subject to obvious Ferrara and Bramante influences. For example, in the relief of the Expulsion of the progenitors (c. 1475) attributed to Cristoforo Mantegazza, there is a graphic sign, sharp angles, unnatural and unbalanced deviations of the figures, and violent chiaroscuro, with results of great expressiveness and originality. In Giovanni Antonio Amadeo's Resurrection of Lazarus (c. 1474), on the other hand, the setting emphasizes more the depth of architecture in perspective, with more composed figures albeit etched by abrupt contours.
At the time of Ludovico il Moro, in the last two decades of the 15th century, artistic production in the Milanese duchy progressed between continuity and innovation. The tendency toward pomp and ostentation reached its peak, especially at special court celebrations.
With the arrival of the two great masters Donato Bramante (from 1477) and Leonardo da Vinci (from 1482), coming from Urbino and Florence, respectively, Lombard culture underwent a sharp turn in the Renaissance direction, albeit without conspicuous ruptures, due to a terrain that was by then ready to absorb novelties as a result of the innovations of the previous period. The two thus managed to integrate perfectly into the Lombard court and, at the same time, to renew the relationship between artist and patron, now based on lively and fruitful exchanges.
Art in the duchy during this period recorded the mutual influences between Lombard artists and the two foreign innovators, often working in parallel or at cross paths.
Compared to his predecessor, Ludovico was concerned about reviving the great architectural worksites, partly due to the new awareness of their political significance linked to the fame of the city and, by extension, of its prince. Among the most important works, in which the fruitful exchanges between masters were consummated, were essentially the Pavia Cathedral (of which a wooden model dating from 1497 is still preserved), the castle and square of Vigevano, and the tiburium of the Milan Cathedral. Studies on centrally planned buildings enlivened Bramante's research and fascinated Leonardo, filling pages of his codices with solutions of increasing complexity.
Sometimes a more traditional style continued to be practiced, made up of a decorative exuberance set on Renaissance lines. The main work of this style was the facade of the Certosa di Pavia, which was executed starting in 1491 by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, who made it to the first cornice, and was completed by Benedetto Briosco. The rather rigid layout, with two overlapping quadrangular bands, is enlivened by vertical pilasters, openings of various shapes, small loggias and, above all, a multitude of reliefs and polychrome marble motifs. Not much differently, Amadeo made for Palazzo Bottigella, where the space between the terracotta architectural lines is (literally) filled with paintings depicting coats of arms, plant motifs, candelabras, fantastic figures and animals.
Among the first works in which Bramante ventured for Ludovico il Moro was the reconstruction of the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro (c. 1479-1482), in which the problem of centralized space was already emerging. A longitudinal body with three naves was designed, with equal width between the nave and transept arms, both covered by mighty barrel vaults with painted coffers that evoked Alberti's model of Sant'Andrea. The intersection of the arms features a dome, an ever-present Bramantean motif, but the harmony of the whole was jeopardized by the insufficient breadth of the apex, which, in the impossibility of extending it, was illusionistically "lengthened" by constructing a mock stucco vanishing point in a space less than a meter deep, complete with an illusory coffered vault.
The other major project to which Bramante devoted himself was the reconstruction of the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie, which was transformed despite the fact that work on the complex conducted by Guiniforte Solari had been completed just ten years before: Il Moro wished to give a more monumental appearance to the Dominican basilica, to make it the burial place of his own family. The naves built by Solari, immersed in half-light, were illuminated by the monumental tribune at the intersection of the arms, covered by a hemispherical dome. Bramante also added two large side apses and a third, beyond the choir, in axis with the naves. The orderly arrangement of spaces is also reflected on the exterior in an interlocking pattern of volumes that culminates in the tiburium that covers the dome, with a loggia that harkens back to the motifs of early Christian and Lombard Romanesque architecture.
Concordantly attributed to Bramante is the planimetric design of the imposing Pavia Cathedral (of which the wooden model from 1497 is also preserved), based on the grafting of an octagonal domed core with a longitudinal body with three naves, as in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence or in the Sanctuary of the Holy House of Loreto, then under construction and with which Bramante was probably familiar. The crypt (finished in 1492) and the basement part of the apse area of the building are attributed to Bramante's design, in addition to the general plan scheme.
On the occasion of his wedding to Beatrice d'Este, Ludovico had the Sala della Balla in the Castello Sforzesco decorated, calling upon all the Lombard masters available on the square. Alongside masters such as Bernardino Butinone and Bernardo Zenale thus arrived in Milan a crowd of masters of medium and small caliber, almost entirely unknown to art-historical studies, who were required to work side by side to quickly set up a lavish apparatus, rich in political significance, but with wide qualitative fluctuations that seemed the least of the patron's concerns.
Between 1488 and 1495 the Lombard painter Bergognone was involved in the decoration of the Certosa di Pavia. His production was inspired by Vincenzo Foppa, but also shows strong Flemish accents, probably filtered through Ligurian contacts. This feature was particularly evident in the small-format panels intended for the devotion of the monks in the cells, such as the so-called Madonna del certosino (1488-1490), where luminous values prevail in a quiet and somewhat dull color scheme. Later the artist abandoned nacreous tones, accentuating chiaroscuro passages and adhering to the innovations introduced by Leonardo and Bramante. In the Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (c. 1490) the scenic construction is linked to a skillful use of perspective with a lowered point of view, but there remain echoes of courtly elegance in the undulating contours of the figures, although purified and simplified.
Lombard workshops of the period were generally organized according to collective work practices and were gradually affected by the most modern innovations, which were translated into hybrids with local traditions. An excellent example is that of the association between Bernardino Butinone and Bernardo Zenale of Treviglio, who cooperated respectively as master and pupil (but perhaps also simply as associated artists) in works on important commissions. The Polyptych of St. Martin (1481-1485), for the church of San Martino in Treviglio, shows an equal division of labor, with a homogenization of personal styles toward a harmonious result. The perspective layout, inspired by Vincenzo Foppa, is also affected by the illusionism between frame and painted architecture derived from Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece (1457-1459), with the faux portico where figures are neatly staggered. Perspective, however, is linked to optical gimmicks rather than strict geometric construction, with convergence toward a single vanishing point (placed in the center of the central panel of san Martino), but without exact proportionality of the glimpses into depth. Elements such as garlands or railings enhance the foreground and the figures behind, while its use of gilded decorations is linked to a courtly Gothic heritage.
Bramante was also a painter, the author in Milan of a series of humanistic-themed frescoes on the Illustrious Men, the so-called Men-at-Arms of the House of Visconti-Panigarola, as well as a famous panel with Christ at the Column (c. 1480-1490). In the latter, references to Urbino culture are evident, with the figure of the suffering Redeemer thrust into the foreground, almost in direct contact with the viewer, with a classical modeling in the nude torso and with clear Flemish reminiscences, both in the landscape and in the meticulous rendering of details and their luminous reflections, especially in the red and blue glows of the hair and beard.
Like Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci was also attracted to Lombardy by the job opportunities offered by the policy of energetic expansion promoted by the Sforza family. In a famous self-presentation letter of 1482, the artist enumerated his skills in ten points, ranging from military and civil engineering, hydraulics to music and art (mentioned last, to be exercised "in time of peace").
At first, however, Leonardo found no response to his overtures to the Duke, devoting himself to the cultivation of his own scientific interests (numerous codices date from this fruitful period) and receiving a first major commission from a confraternity, which in 1483 asked him and his brothers Giovanni Ambrogio and Cristoforo de Predis, who were his hosts, for a triptych to be displayed on their altar in the destroyed church of San Francesco Grande. Leonardo painted the central panel with the Virgin of the Rocks, a work of great originality in which the figures are set in a pyramid shape, with a strong monumentality, and with a circular movement of gazes and gestures. The scene is set in a shadowy cave, with light filtering through openings in the rocks in subtle variations of chiaroscuro planes, amid reflections and colored shadows, capable of generating a sense of atmospheric binding that eliminates the effect of plastic isolation of the figures.
Having finally entered the Sforza circle, Leonardo was long engaged in the creation of an equestrian colossus, which never saw the light of day. In 1494 Ludovico il Moro assigned him the decoration of one of the minor walls of the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, where Leonardo made The Last Supper, by 1498. As in the Adoration of the Magi painted in Florence, the artist investigated the deeper meaning of the Gospel episode, studying the reactions and "motions of the soul" to Christ's announcement of betrayal by one of the apostles. Emotions spread violently among the apostles, from one end of the scene to the other, overwhelming the traditional symmetrical alignments of the figures and grouping them three by three, with Christ isolated in the center (a loneliness both physical and psychological), due in part to the framing of the luminous openings in the background and the perspective box. Real space and painted space indeed appear illusionistically linked, due in part to the use of light analogous to the real light in the room, extraordinarily involving the viewer, in a procedure similar to what Bramante was experimenting with in architecture in those years.
A similar principle, of nullifying the walls, was also applied in the decoration of the Sala delle Asse in the Castello Sforzesco, covered with an interweaving of arboreal motifs.
Also commissioned by the Milanese court are a series of portraits, the most famous of which is the Lady with an Ermine (1488-1490). This is Moro's mistress Cecilia Gallerani, whose image, struck by a direct light, emerges from the dark background making a spiral motion with her bust and head that enhances the woman's grace and definitively breaks with the rigid setting of fifteenth-century "humanistic" portraits. Another of his mistresses was perhaps portrayed in La Belle Ferronnière, now in the Louvre.
For the wedding between Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Isabella of Aragon, he staged the so-called Festa del Paradiso.
The death of Beatrice d'Este and the fall of Ludovico il Moro caused an abrupt interruption of all artistic commissions and a diaspora of artists. Nevertheless, the recovery was relatively quick, and the atmosphere in Milan and related territories remained lively. A key episode is the return of Leonardo da Vinci in 1507, until 1513.
Entirely alien to the Lombard tradition and style were the interventions, carried out by Galeazzo Sanseverino between 1515 and 1521, inside Mirabello Castle, seat of the Captain of the Visconti Park. The Sforza-era structure was reworked by inserting, a unicum in Lombardy, elements of French style, such as rectangular, stone-profiled windows and large late Gothic stone fireplaces. The interiors were also re-frescoed (most of the frescoes are still hidden under several layers of plaster). Until the Battle of Pavia in 1525, the political situation in the territory of the Duchy of Milan remained uncertain, with numerous armed clashes, after which Spanish dominance was established.
The French governor of Milan, Charles d'Amboise, urged as early as 1506 that Leonardo enter the service of Louis XII. The following year the king requested Leonardo, who agreed to return to Milan from July 1508. His second stay in Milan was an intense period: he painted The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, completed, in collaboration with De Predis, the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks, and worked on geological, hydrographical and urban problems. Among other things, he studied a project for an equestrian statue in honor of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio as the architect of the French conquest of the city.
The illustrious examples produced by Leonardo were picked up and replicated by a conspicuous number of pupils (direct and indirect), the so-called "leonardeschi": Boltraffio, Andrea Solario, Cesare da Sesto, and Bernardino Luini among the main ones. Thus, at the beginning of the century, there was a uniformity of style in the Duchy linked to Leonardo's style.
The limitation of these artists, however gifted they were, was that they stuck to the style of the master, never coming to equal or propose an overcoming of his style. The most important merit of these painters was that, through their travels, they spread Leonardo's innovative style even to areas alien to his passage, such as Giovanni Agostino da Lodi in Venice or Cesare da Sesto in southern Italy and Rome.
The best known of the group was Bernardino Luini, who, however, adhered to Leonardo's influence in only a few works, particularly those on wood panels: exemplary in this respect is the Sacred Family in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, modeled on Leonardo's Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. In the third decade of the century, contact with Venetian works and personal maturation led him to achieve significant results in fresco cycles with a pleasing narrative vein, as in the church of San Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore in Milan, the sanctuary of the Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno, and the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Lugano. Also interesting is the humanistic cycle formerly in Villa Rabia alla Pelucca near Monza (now in the Pinacoteca di Brera).
The only notable exception to the dominant Leonardesque style was the activity of Bartolomeo Suardi, known as the Bramantino because he was formed at the school of Bramante. His works are monumental and of great austerity, with a geometric simplification of forms, cold colors, graphic sign and pathetic intonation of sentiments.
In the early part of the century his works demonstrated a firm perspective approach, eventually turning to more explicitly devotional themes, such as the Christus Dolens in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. Favored by Marshal Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, governor of Milan, he reached the height of fame in 1508, when he was called by Julius II to decorate the Raphael Rooms, although his works were soon destroyed to make room for Raphael.
In Rome he developed a taste for scenes framed by architecture, as seen in works after his return such as the Crucifixion in Brera or the Madonna of the Towers in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. He then gained great prestige from creating the cartoons for the cycle of the Trivulzio tapestries, commissioned by the Trivulzio and executed between 1504 and 1509 by the Vigevano manufactory, the first example of a cycle of tapestries produced in Italy without the use of Flemish craftsmen. In the early 1520s his style underwent further development from his contact with Gaudenzio Ferrari, which led him to accentuate realism, as seen in the landscape of the Flight into Egypt at the sanctuary of the Madonna del Sasso in Orselina, near Locarno (1520-1522).
Gaudenzio Ferrari, a probable companion of Bramantino in Rome, was the other major player on the Lombard scene in the early 16th century. His training was based on the example of the Lombard masters of the late fifteenth century (Foppa, Zenale, Bramante, and especially Leonardo), but he also updated himself to the styles of Perugino, Raphael (from the period of the Stanza della Segnatura), and Dürer, whom he met through engravings.
All these stimuli are combined in grand works such as the frescoes of the Stories of Christ in the great cross-wall of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Varallo (1513), the success of which later secured his engagement as painter and sculptor in the nascent Sacro Monte complex, where he worked industriously from about 1517 to 1528.
Later, during the 1530s, he worked in Vercelli (Stories of the Virgin and Stories of Magdalene in the church of San Cristoforo) and Saronno (Glory of Musician Angels in the dome of the sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin of Miracles. His career then ended in Milan.
In the first decades of the sixteenth century, the border cities Bergamo and Brescia benefited from a remarkable artistic development, first under the impulse of foreign painters, especially from Venice, then of prominent local masters. The last outpost of the territories of the Serenissima and a territory subject in alternating phases to Milan and Venice, the two cities are united not only by their proximity but also by certain characteristics in the artistic field.
The Renaissance in these areas arrived in the middle of the second decade of the 16th century, initially with the sojourn of artists such as Vincenzo Foppa, who voluntarily moved away from the dominant Leonardism of Milan. A quantum leap occurred in Bergamo when Gaudenzio Ferrari and, especially, Lorenzo Lotto (from 1513) settled there. The latter, supported by a cultured and wealthy patronage, was able to develop his own dimension untethered from the language dominant in the more important centers of the peninsula, characterizing his works with a very bright palette, a sometimes unprejudiced compositional freedom and a tense psychological characterization of the characters. In addition to grandiose altarpieces such as the Martinengo Altarpiece or the San Bernardino Altarpiece and to cycles of frescoes rich in iconographic novelties, such as that of the Suardi Chapel in Trescore, it was above all the ambitious project of the inlays of the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore that kept him busy, until his departure in 1526.
In Brescia, the arrival of Titian's Averoldi Polyptych in 1522 gave rise to a group of local painters, almost of the same age, who, fusing their Lombard and Venetian cultural roots, developed results of great originality in the peninsula's artistic panorama: Romanino, Moretto and Savoldo.
The second half of the century is dominated by the figure of Charles Borromeo and the Counter-Reformation. In 1564 the archbishop gave the "instructions" on architecture and art and found the best interpreter of his guidelines in Pellegrino Tibaldi.
A leading figure in late 16th-century Lombardy was Giovan Paolo Lomazzo, first a painter and then, following his blindness, an essayist. His work, extolling the local tradition, appears as a response to Vasari's "Tuscan-centrism," and elicited attention to unusual expressions of art and subjects. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Italian Renaissance in Lombardy, in the Duchy of Milan in the mid-15th century, started in the International Lombard Gothic period and gave way to Lombard humanism with the passage of power between the Visconti and Sforza families. In the second half of the 15th century the Lombard artistic scene developed without disruption, with influences gradually linked to Florentine, Ferrarese, and Paduan styles. With the arrival of Bramante (1479) and Leonardo da Vinci (1482), Milan reached absolute artistic heights in the Italian and European panorama, while still demonstrating the possibilities of coexistence between the artistic avant-garde and the Gothic substratum.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the first half of the 15th century, Lombardy was the Italian region where the International Gothic style had the greatest following, so much so that in Europe the expression ouvrage de Lombardie was synonymous with an object of precious workmanship, referring especially to the miniatures and jewelry that were an expression of an elitist, courtly taste.",
"title": "The Visconti"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After the marriage of Galeazzo II Visconti to Bianca of Savoy, sister of Amadeus VI of Savoy, French and English chivalric culture spread in Lombardy. The marriage of their children to members of the English and French royal families left a mark on the ideology and culture of the court. The great Visconti Castle, built by Galeazzo II in Pavia, was furnished in the style of a French castle, despite being an imposing fortified building. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who succeeded him, built the great Carthusian monastery in Pavia that was to contain his mausoleum. The court spirit also prevails in the monks' cells converted into small houses of \"courtiers\" with loggias.",
"title": "The Visconti"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "However, contacts with the Tuscan and Flanders artistic avant-gardes were quite frequent, due to the particularly well-articulated network of commercial and dynastic relations. French, Burgundian, German, and Italian craftsmen worked on the construction site of Milan Cathedral, which began in 1386, developing an international style, especially in the school of sculpture, which was indispensable for the realization of the cathedral's impressive decorative set. As early as around 1435 Masolino was working in Castiglione Olona, near Varese, showing innovations in the use of perspective, attenuated, however, by an attention to local figurative culture that made the new style more comprehensible and assimilable.",
"title": "The Visconti"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the utopian attempt to revive the communal institutions on the death of Filippo Maria Visconti with the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the transfer of power to the Sforzas, with Francesco, husband of Bianca Maria Visconti, had almost the appearance of a legitimate succession, with no clear ruptures from the past.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the field of art as well, Francesco's taste, and to a large extent that of his descendants, was aligned with the sumptuous, ornate and pompously celebratory taste of the Visconti: many \"Visconti\" artists were commissioned, such as Bonifacio Bembo. Nevertheless, the alliance with Florence and repeated contacts with Padua and Ferrara favored a penetration of the Renaissance style, especially through the exchange of miniaturists.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "To consolidate his power, Francesco immediately began the reconstruction of the castle of Porta Giovia, the Visconti's Milanese residence. In architecture, however, the most significant undertaking remained the Cathedral, while the Solari's buildings still looked towards the Gothic or even Lombard Romanesque tradition.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In addition, to emphasize his legitimacy and piety, Francesco Sforza had a new cloister built in the Certosa di Pavia and confirmed all the privileges granted by his predecessors to the monastery, thus exploiting the Certosa as a link between the old Visconti dynasty and the Sforza lineage.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The stay of Filarete, beginning in 1451, was the first significant Renaissance presence in Milan. The artist, recommended by Piero de' Medici, was given important commissions, due to his hybrid style that won over the Sforza court. He was a proponent of sharp lines, but he did not dislike a certain decorative richness, nor did he apply Brunelleschi's \"grammar of orders\" with extreme rigor. He was entrusted with the construction of the Castle Tower, Bergamo Cathedral, and the Ospedale Maggiore.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In the latter work in particular, linked to a desire of the new prince to promote his own image, one can see the inequalities between the rigor of the basic design, set to a functional division of space and a regular plan, and the lack of integration with the surrounding building fabric, due to the oversized building. The Hospital's floor plan is rectangular, a central courtyard dividing it into two zones each traversed by two inner orthogonal arms that form eight vast courtyards. The same plan would later be taken up in the same years by similar buildings in Lombardy, such as the San Matteo Hospital in Pavia. The rhythmic purity of the succession of round arches of the courtyards, derived from Brunelleschi's teachings, is counterbalanced by an exuberance of the terracotta decorations (although they were largely due to Lombard successors).",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The arrival of more mature Renaissance formulations in the city is linked to commissions from Pigello Portinari, the Medici's agent for their banking branch in Milan. In addition to the construction of an office of the Banco Mediceo, now lost, Pigello had a family funeral chapel built in Sant'Eustorgio that bears his name, the Portinari Chapel, where the relic of the head of St. Peter Martyr was also located.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The structure is inspired by Brunelleschi's Sagrestia Vecchia in San Lorenzo in Florence, with a square room equipped with a scarsella and covered by a dome with sixteen ribbed segments. Some details in the decoration are also inspired by the Florentine model, such as the frieze of cherubs or the roundels in the spandrels of the dome, but others depart from it, marking a Lombard origin. These are the tiburium protecting the dome, the terracotta decoration, the presence of pointed biforas, and the general decorative exuberance. The interior in particular departs from the Florentine model in the vibrant richness of its decorations, such as the rich imbrication of the dome in sloping hues, the frieze with angels on the drum, and the numerous frescoes by Vincenzo Foppa in the upper part of the walls.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Research in town planning under Francesco Sforza did not result in major concrete interventions, but it nevertheless produced a singular project of an ideal city, Sforzinda, the first to be fully theorized. The city was described by Filarete in the Treatise on Architecture and is characterized by an intellectual abstraction that prescinds from the earlier scattered indications of a more practical and empirical approach described by Leon Battista Alberti and other architects, especially in the context of the Urbino Renaissance. The city had a stellar plan, linked to cosmic symbols, and included aggregated buildings without organicity or internal logic, so much so that they were not even linked by a road network, which was instead set to a perfectly radial pattern.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "One of the most remarkable pictorial undertakings of Francesco Sforza's lordship is precisely related to the Portinari Chapel, frescoed in the upper parts of the walls by Vincenzo Foppa between 1464 and 1468. The decoration, which is in an excellent state of preservation, includes four roundels with Doctors of the Church in the pendentives, eight Busts of Saints in the oculi at the base of the dome, four Stories of St. Peter Martyr in the side walls, and two large frescoes in the triumphal arch and the arch of the counterfacade, respectively an Annunciation and an Assumption of the Virgin.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The painter particularly cared for the relationship with the architecture, seeking an illusive integration between real and painted space. The four scenes of stories of the saint have a common vanishing point, placed outside the scenes (in the center of the wall, on the central mullion of the bifora) on a horizon that falls at the eye level of the characters (according to Leon Battista Alberti's indications). It departs, however, from classical geometric perspective for its original atmospheric sensibility, which softens contours and geometric rigidity: it is the light that makes the scene humanly real. Moreover, a predilection for a simple but effective and comprehensible narrative prevails, set in realistic places with characters resembling everyday types, in line with the Dominicans' preference for didactic narrative.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In his later works Foppa also used the medium of perspective in a flexible manner that was in any case secondary to other elements. An example of this is the Pala Bottigella (1480-1484), with a spatial layout derived from Bramante, but saturated with figures, where the accents are placed on the human representation of the various types and on the refraction of light on the various materials. This attention to optical truth, devoid of intellectualism, was one of the most typical features of later Lombard painting, also studied by Leonardo da Vinci.",
"title": "Francesco Sforza (1450-1466)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza was undoubtedly attracted to Gothic-style sumptuousness, and his commissions seemed driven by a desire to do a lot and do it quickly, so his interests did not include encouraging original and up-to-date figurative production, finding it easier to draw from the past. To meet the many demands of the court, large and heterogeneous groups of artists were often formed, such as those who decorated the ducal chapel in the Castello Sforzesco, led by Bonifacio Bembo. In those frescoes, datable to 1473, despite some sober hints at figurative novelties (as in the spatiality of the Annunciation or the plastic setting of the saints), an archaic gilded pastiglia background still remains. This feature is also present in the cycle of frescoes commissioned by Galeazzo Maria Sforza, again to the same group of artists led by Bonifacio Bembo, for the Visconti Castle, and in particular in the Blue Room, where the decoration consists of panels with raised frames in gilded pastiglia.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The artists who worked for Galeazzo Maria Sforza were never \"interlocutors\" with the patron, but rather docile executors of his wishes.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The most significant works of the period developed the trend toward covering Renaissance architecture with exuberant decoration, as had already happened in part at the Ospedale Maggiore, with a crescendo that had a first culmination in the Colleoni Chapel in Bergamo (1470-1476) and a second in the façade of the Certosa di Pavia (from 1491), both by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo along with others.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The Colleoni Chapel was built as a mausoleum for the condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni, with a layout that again echoed Brunelleschi's Sacrestia Vecchia. The plan is square, surmounted by a segmented dome with octagonal drum and scarsella with the altar, also covered by a small dome. However, the structural clarity was enriched with pictorial motifs, especially on the facade, with the use of a white/pink/purple trichromy and the lozenge motif.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The Certosa di Pavia, started in 1396 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was resumed only in the mid-15th century, following in a sense the fortunes of the Milanese ducal family, with long periods of stagnation and abrupt accelerations, welcoming the gradually more modern ideas of the artistic scene. It was mainly taken care of by Guiniforte and Giovanni Solari, who kept the original design (Latin cross plan with three naves and simple brick masonry), enriching only the apse part with a trefoil closure that is also repeated in the arms of the transepts. The two cloisters with round arches, decorated with exuberant terracotta ferrules, hark back to the Ospedale Maggiore, while the interior cites the Milan Cathedral.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In sculpture, the most significant building site of the period was the Certosa di Pavia. The numerous sculptors engaged in the decoration of the facade, not all of whom have been identified, were subject to obvious Ferrara and Bramante influences. For example, in the relief of the Expulsion of the progenitors (c. 1475) attributed to Cristoforo Mantegazza, there is a graphic sign, sharp angles, unnatural and unbalanced deviations of the figures, and violent chiaroscuro, with results of great expressiveness and originality. In Giovanni Antonio Amadeo's Resurrection of Lazarus (c. 1474), on the other hand, the setting emphasizes more the depth of architecture in perspective, with more composed figures albeit etched by abrupt contours.",
"title": "Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466-1476)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "At the time of Ludovico il Moro, in the last two decades of the 15th century, artistic production in the Milanese duchy progressed between continuity and innovation. The tendency toward pomp and ostentation reached its peak, especially at special court celebrations.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "With the arrival of the two great masters Donato Bramante (from 1477) and Leonardo da Vinci (from 1482), coming from Urbino and Florence, respectively, Lombard culture underwent a sharp turn in the Renaissance direction, albeit without conspicuous ruptures, due to a terrain that was by then ready to absorb novelties as a result of the innovations of the previous period. The two thus managed to integrate perfectly into the Lombard court and, at the same time, to renew the relationship between artist and patron, now based on lively and fruitful exchanges.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Art in the duchy during this period recorded the mutual influences between Lombard artists and the two foreign innovators, often working in parallel or at cross paths.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Compared to his predecessor, Ludovico was concerned about reviving the great architectural worksites, partly due to the new awareness of their political significance linked to the fame of the city and, by extension, of its prince. Among the most important works, in which the fruitful exchanges between masters were consummated, were essentially the Pavia Cathedral (of which a wooden model dating from 1497 is still preserved), the castle and square of Vigevano, and the tiburium of the Milan Cathedral. Studies on centrally planned buildings enlivened Bramante's research and fascinated Leonardo, filling pages of his codices with solutions of increasing complexity.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Sometimes a more traditional style continued to be practiced, made up of a decorative exuberance set on Renaissance lines. The main work of this style was the facade of the Certosa di Pavia, which was executed starting in 1491 by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, who made it to the first cornice, and was completed by Benedetto Briosco. The rather rigid layout, with two overlapping quadrangular bands, is enlivened by vertical pilasters, openings of various shapes, small loggias and, above all, a multitude of reliefs and polychrome marble motifs. Not much differently, Amadeo made for Palazzo Bottigella, where the space between the terracotta architectural lines is (literally) filled with paintings depicting coats of arms, plant motifs, candelabras, fantastic figures and animals.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Among the first works in which Bramante ventured for Ludovico il Moro was the reconstruction of the church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro (c. 1479-1482), in which the problem of centralized space was already emerging. A longitudinal body with three naves was designed, with equal width between the nave and transept arms, both covered by mighty barrel vaults with painted coffers that evoked Alberti's model of Sant'Andrea. The intersection of the arms features a dome, an ever-present Bramantean motif, but the harmony of the whole was jeopardized by the insufficient breadth of the apex, which, in the impossibility of extending it, was illusionistically \"lengthened\" by constructing a mock stucco vanishing point in a space less than a meter deep, complete with an illusory coffered vault.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The other major project to which Bramante devoted himself was the reconstruction of the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie, which was transformed despite the fact that work on the complex conducted by Guiniforte Solari had been completed just ten years before: Il Moro wished to give a more monumental appearance to the Dominican basilica, to make it the burial place of his own family. The naves built by Solari, immersed in half-light, were illuminated by the monumental tribune at the intersection of the arms, covered by a hemispherical dome. Bramante also added two large side apses and a third, beyond the choir, in axis with the naves. The orderly arrangement of spaces is also reflected on the exterior in an interlocking pattern of volumes that culminates in the tiburium that covers the dome, with a loggia that harkens back to the motifs of early Christian and Lombard Romanesque architecture.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Concordantly attributed to Bramante is the planimetric design of the imposing Pavia Cathedral (of which the wooden model from 1497 is also preserved), based on the grafting of an octagonal domed core with a longitudinal body with three naves, as in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence or in the Sanctuary of the Holy House of Loreto, then under construction and with which Bramante was probably familiar. The crypt (finished in 1492) and the basement part of the apse area of the building are attributed to Bramante's design, in addition to the general plan scheme.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "On the occasion of his wedding to Beatrice d'Este, Ludovico had the Sala della Balla in the Castello Sforzesco decorated, calling upon all the Lombard masters available on the square. Alongside masters such as Bernardino Butinone and Bernardo Zenale thus arrived in Milan a crowd of masters of medium and small caliber, almost entirely unknown to art-historical studies, who were required to work side by side to quickly set up a lavish apparatus, rich in political significance, but with wide qualitative fluctuations that seemed the least of the patron's concerns.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Between 1488 and 1495 the Lombard painter Bergognone was involved in the decoration of the Certosa di Pavia. His production was inspired by Vincenzo Foppa, but also shows strong Flemish accents, probably filtered through Ligurian contacts. This feature was particularly evident in the small-format panels intended for the devotion of the monks in the cells, such as the so-called Madonna del certosino (1488-1490), where luminous values prevail in a quiet and somewhat dull color scheme. Later the artist abandoned nacreous tones, accentuating chiaroscuro passages and adhering to the innovations introduced by Leonardo and Bramante. In the Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (c. 1490) the scenic construction is linked to a skillful use of perspective with a lowered point of view, but there remain echoes of courtly elegance in the undulating contours of the figures, although purified and simplified.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Lombard workshops of the period were generally organized according to collective work practices and were gradually affected by the most modern innovations, which were translated into hybrids with local traditions. An excellent example is that of the association between Bernardino Butinone and Bernardo Zenale of Treviglio, who cooperated respectively as master and pupil (but perhaps also simply as associated artists) in works on important commissions. The Polyptych of St. Martin (1481-1485), for the church of San Martino in Treviglio, shows an equal division of labor, with a homogenization of personal styles toward a harmonious result. The perspective layout, inspired by Vincenzo Foppa, is also affected by the illusionism between frame and painted architecture derived from Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece (1457-1459), with the faux portico where figures are neatly staggered. Perspective, however, is linked to optical gimmicks rather than strict geometric construction, with convergence toward a single vanishing point (placed in the center of the central panel of san Martino), but without exact proportionality of the glimpses into depth. Elements such as garlands or railings enhance the foreground and the figures behind, while its use of gilded decorations is linked to a courtly Gothic heritage.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Bramante was also a painter, the author in Milan of a series of humanistic-themed frescoes on the Illustrious Men, the so-called Men-at-Arms of the House of Visconti-Panigarola, as well as a famous panel with Christ at the Column (c. 1480-1490). In the latter, references to Urbino culture are evident, with the figure of the suffering Redeemer thrust into the foreground, almost in direct contact with the viewer, with a classical modeling in the nude torso and with clear Flemish reminiscences, both in the landscape and in the meticulous rendering of details and their luminous reflections, especially in the red and blue glows of the hair and beard.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Like Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci was also attracted to Lombardy by the job opportunities offered by the policy of energetic expansion promoted by the Sforza family. In a famous self-presentation letter of 1482, the artist enumerated his skills in ten points, ranging from military and civil engineering, hydraulics to music and art (mentioned last, to be exercised \"in time of peace\").",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "At first, however, Leonardo found no response to his overtures to the Duke, devoting himself to the cultivation of his own scientific interests (numerous codices date from this fruitful period) and receiving a first major commission from a confraternity, which in 1483 asked him and his brothers Giovanni Ambrogio and Cristoforo de Predis, who were his hosts, for a triptych to be displayed on their altar in the destroyed church of San Francesco Grande. Leonardo painted the central panel with the Virgin of the Rocks, a work of great originality in which the figures are set in a pyramid shape, with a strong monumentality, and with a circular movement of gazes and gestures. The scene is set in a shadowy cave, with light filtering through openings in the rocks in subtle variations of chiaroscuro planes, amid reflections and colored shadows, capable of generating a sense of atmospheric binding that eliminates the effect of plastic isolation of the figures.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Having finally entered the Sforza circle, Leonardo was long engaged in the creation of an equestrian colossus, which never saw the light of day. In 1494 Ludovico il Moro assigned him the decoration of one of the minor walls of the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, where Leonardo made The Last Supper, by 1498. As in the Adoration of the Magi painted in Florence, the artist investigated the deeper meaning of the Gospel episode, studying the reactions and \"motions of the soul\" to Christ's announcement of betrayal by one of the apostles. Emotions spread violently among the apostles, from one end of the scene to the other, overwhelming the traditional symmetrical alignments of the figures and grouping them three by three, with Christ isolated in the center (a loneliness both physical and psychological), due in part to the framing of the luminous openings in the background and the perspective box. Real space and painted space indeed appear illusionistically linked, due in part to the use of light analogous to the real light in the room, extraordinarily involving the viewer, in a procedure similar to what Bramante was experimenting with in architecture in those years.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "A similar principle, of nullifying the walls, was also applied in the decoration of the Sala delle Asse in the Castello Sforzesco, covered with an interweaving of arboreal motifs.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Also commissioned by the Milanese court are a series of portraits, the most famous of which is the Lady with an Ermine (1488-1490). This is Moro's mistress Cecilia Gallerani, whose image, struck by a direct light, emerges from the dark background making a spiral motion with her bust and head that enhances the woman's grace and definitively breaks with the rigid setting of fifteenth-century \"humanistic\" portraits. Another of his mistresses was perhaps portrayed in La Belle Ferronnière, now in the Louvre.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "For the wedding between Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Isabella of Aragon, he staged the so-called Festa del Paradiso.",
"title": "Ludovico il Moro (1480-1500)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "The death of Beatrice d'Este and the fall of Ludovico il Moro caused an abrupt interruption of all artistic commissions and a diaspora of artists. Nevertheless, the recovery was relatively quick, and the atmosphere in Milan and related territories remained lively. A key episode is the return of Leonardo da Vinci in 1507, until 1513.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Entirely alien to the Lombard tradition and style were the interventions, carried out by Galeazzo Sanseverino between 1515 and 1521, inside Mirabello Castle, seat of the Captain of the Visconti Park. The Sforza-era structure was reworked by inserting, a unicum in Lombardy, elements of French style, such as rectangular, stone-profiled windows and large late Gothic stone fireplaces. The interiors were also re-frescoed (most of the frescoes are still hidden under several layers of plaster). Until the Battle of Pavia in 1525, the political situation in the territory of the Duchy of Milan remained uncertain, with numerous armed clashes, after which Spanish dominance was established.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The French governor of Milan, Charles d'Amboise, urged as early as 1506 that Leonardo enter the service of Louis XII. The following year the king requested Leonardo, who agreed to return to Milan from July 1508. His second stay in Milan was an intense period: he painted The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, completed, in collaboration with De Predis, the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks, and worked on geological, hydrographical and urban problems. Among other things, he studied a project for an equestrian statue in honor of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio as the architect of the French conquest of the city.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The illustrious examples produced by Leonardo were picked up and replicated by a conspicuous number of pupils (direct and indirect), the so-called \"leonardeschi\": Boltraffio, Andrea Solario, Cesare da Sesto, and Bernardino Luini among the main ones. Thus, at the beginning of the century, there was a uniformity of style in the Duchy linked to Leonardo's style.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "The limitation of these artists, however gifted they were, was that they stuck to the style of the master, never coming to equal or propose an overcoming of his style. The most important merit of these painters was that, through their travels, they spread Leonardo's innovative style even to areas alien to his passage, such as Giovanni Agostino da Lodi in Venice or Cesare da Sesto in southern Italy and Rome.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "The best known of the group was Bernardino Luini, who, however, adhered to Leonardo's influence in only a few works, particularly those on wood panels: exemplary in this respect is the Sacred Family in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, modeled on Leonardo's Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. In the third decade of the century, contact with Venetian works and personal maturation led him to achieve significant results in fresco cycles with a pleasing narrative vein, as in the church of San Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore in Milan, the sanctuary of the Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno, and the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Lugano. Also interesting is the humanistic cycle formerly in Villa Rabia alla Pelucca near Monza (now in the Pinacoteca di Brera).",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "The only notable exception to the dominant Leonardesque style was the activity of Bartolomeo Suardi, known as the Bramantino because he was formed at the school of Bramante. His works are monumental and of great austerity, with a geometric simplification of forms, cold colors, graphic sign and pathetic intonation of sentiments.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "In the early part of the century his works demonstrated a firm perspective approach, eventually turning to more explicitly devotional themes, such as the Christus Dolens in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. Favored by Marshal Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, governor of Milan, he reached the height of fame in 1508, when he was called by Julius II to decorate the Raphael Rooms, although his works were soon destroyed to make room for Raphael.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "In Rome he developed a taste for scenes framed by architecture, as seen in works after his return such as the Crucifixion in Brera or the Madonna of the Towers in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. He then gained great prestige from creating the cartoons for the cycle of the Trivulzio tapestries, commissioned by the Trivulzio and executed between 1504 and 1509 by the Vigevano manufactory, the first example of a cycle of tapestries produced in Italy without the use of Flemish craftsmen. In the early 1520s his style underwent further development from his contact with Gaudenzio Ferrari, which led him to accentuate realism, as seen in the landscape of the Flight into Egypt at the sanctuary of the Madonna del Sasso in Orselina, near Locarno (1520-1522).",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "Gaudenzio Ferrari, a probable companion of Bramantino in Rome, was the other major player on the Lombard scene in the early 16th century. His training was based on the example of the Lombard masters of the late fifteenth century (Foppa, Zenale, Bramante, and especially Leonardo), but he also updated himself to the styles of Perugino, Raphael (from the period of the Stanza della Segnatura), and Dürer, whom he met through engravings.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "All these stimuli are combined in grand works such as the frescoes of the Stories of Christ in the great cross-wall of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Varallo (1513), the success of which later secured his engagement as painter and sculptor in the nascent Sacro Monte complex, where he worked industriously from about 1517 to 1528.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "Later, during the 1530s, he worked in Vercelli (Stories of the Virgin and Stories of Magdalene in the church of San Cristoforo) and Saronno (Glory of Musician Angels in the dome of the sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin of Miracles. His career then ended in Milan.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "In the first decades of the sixteenth century, the border cities Bergamo and Brescia benefited from a remarkable artistic development, first under the impulse of foreign painters, especially from Venice, then of prominent local masters. The last outpost of the territories of the Serenissima and a territory subject in alternating phases to Milan and Venice, the two cities are united not only by their proximity but also by certain characteristics in the artistic field.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "The Renaissance in these areas arrived in the middle of the second decade of the 16th century, initially with the sojourn of artists such as Vincenzo Foppa, who voluntarily moved away from the dominant Leonardism of Milan. A quantum leap occurred in Bergamo when Gaudenzio Ferrari and, especially, Lorenzo Lotto (from 1513) settled there. The latter, supported by a cultured and wealthy patronage, was able to develop his own dimension untethered from the language dominant in the more important centers of the peninsula, characterizing his works with a very bright palette, a sometimes unprejudiced compositional freedom and a tense psychological characterization of the characters. In addition to grandiose altarpieces such as the Martinengo Altarpiece or the San Bernardino Altarpiece and to cycles of frescoes rich in iconographic novelties, such as that of the Suardi Chapel in Trescore, it was above all the ambitious project of the inlays of the choir of Santa Maria Maggiore that kept him busy, until his departure in 1526.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "In Brescia, the arrival of Titian's Averoldi Polyptych in 1522 gave rise to a group of local painters, almost of the same age, who, fusing their Lombard and Venetian cultural roots, developed results of great originality in the peninsula's artistic panorama: Romanino, Moretto and Savoldo.",
"title": "First half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "The second half of the century is dominated by the figure of Charles Borromeo and the Counter-Reformation. In 1564 the archbishop gave the \"instructions\" on architecture and art and found the best interpreter of his guidelines in Pellegrino Tibaldi.",
"title": "Second half of the 16th century"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "A leading figure in late 16th-century Lombardy was Giovan Paolo Lomazzo, first a painter and then, following his blindness, an essayist. His work, extolling the local tradition, appears as a response to Vasari's \"Tuscan-centrism,\" and elicited attention to unusual expressions of art and subjects.",
"title": "Second half of the 16th century"
}
] | The Italian Renaissance in Lombardy, in the Duchy of Milan in the mid-15th century, started in the International Lombard Gothic period and gave way to Lombard humanism with the passage of power between the Visconti and Sforza families. In the second half of the 15th century the Lombard artistic scene developed without disruption, with influences gradually linked to Florentine, Ferrarese, and Paduan styles. With the arrival of Bramante (1479) and Leonardo da Vinci (1482), Milan reached absolute artistic heights in the Italian and European panorama, while still demonstrating the possibilities of coexistence between the artistic avant-garde and the Gothic substratum. | 2023-12-28T01:22:02Z | 2023-12-29T08:28:14Z | [
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75,660,971 | Now or Later | Now Or Later is a play by the American playwright Christopher Shinn. The play premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2008. Set in Democratic campaign headquarters on an American election night, the play deals with contemporary political themes, such as freedom of speech and depictions of the prophet Muhammad. The original run of the play was directed by Dominic Cooke, and featured actors Eddie Redmayne and Domnhall Gleason. | [
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"text": "Now Or Later is a play by the American playwright Christopher Shinn. The play premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2008. Set in Democratic campaign headquarters on an American election night, the play deals with contemporary political themes, such as freedom of speech and depictions of the prophet Muhammad. The original run of the play was directed by Dominic Cooke, and featured actors Eddie Redmayne and Domnhall Gleason.",
"title": ""
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] | Now Or Later is a play by the American playwright Christopher Shinn. The play premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2008. Set in Democratic campaign headquarters on an American election night, the play deals with contemporary political themes, such as freedom of speech and depictions of the prophet Muhammad. The original run of the play was directed by Dominic Cooke, and featured actors Eddie Redmayne and Domnhall Gleason. | 2023-12-28T01:24:15Z | 2023-12-29T01:57:17Z | [
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75,660,986 | Veronika Raquel | Jessica Rachel Friend (born August 21, 1981), known professionally as Veronika Raquel, is an American former pornographic film actress. She was born in Georgetown, Delaware. She is also known as Veronica Raquel and Veronika Rackel. | [
{
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"text": "Jessica Rachel Friend (born August 21, 1981), known professionally as Veronika Raquel, is an American former pornographic film actress. She was born in Georgetown, Delaware. She is also known as Veronica Raquel and Veronika Rackel.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jessica Rachel Friend, known professionally as Veronika Raquel, is an American former pornographic film actress. She was born in Georgetown, Delaware. She is also known as Veronica Raquel and Veronika Rackel. | 2023-12-28T01:26:01Z | 2023-12-29T01:22:44Z | [
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75,660,991 | Paul Alappatt | Mar Paul Alappatt (born 21 April 1962) is an Indian-born bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in the India. He currently serves as the Eparch of Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram since 2010
Mar Paul Alappatt was born to Varunny and Eliakutty Alappatt in Edathiruthy, Kerala on April 21, 1962. He attended Primary and Junior Schooling in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur before he joined St. Mary's Minor Seminary on June 19, 1977 to begin his priestly formation. He then proceeded to go to the St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary in Kottayam for his Formation in Philosophical and Theological Studies. During his Seminary Formation, he also attended Osmania University. He was ordained on December 27 1987 by Joseph Kundukulam as a priest for Thrissur. He also attended the Pontifical Gregorian University for a diploma in jurisprudence and also went to the Pontifical Oriental Institute for Eastern Cannon Law.
He began his priestly ministry in stints as priests in Mattam, Pudussery, Parannur, Puthur, and Mundur. After coming back from his studies in Rome, He was appointed the new Archbishop of Thrissur Jacob Thoomkuzhy as Vice Chancellor and Judge in the Eparchial Tribunal in the Eparchy in 1997 before being elevated to Chancellor in 1998. He held the role of chancellor for 9 years with dual roles as the Public Relations Director and Adjucant Eparchial Judge of the Tribunal. He also served as a member of the Archdiocesan Finance Council, Advisory Committee of St. Thomas College, Thrissur, Judical Vicar of the Metropolitan Tribunal of Trichur, Judge of the Major Archiepiscopal Tribunal in Kakkanad, and Convenor of the Archdiocesan Statues Committee. After his Chancellorship, He served as the Rector of the Minor Seminary in Trichur and Vocation Director. He also served as the Promoter for the Causes of Augustine John Ukkenm, Fr. Joseph Vithayathil, and Venerable Euphrasia Eluvathingal.
After the erection of the Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram in 2010, Alappatt was elected as the Bishop of the newly erected eparchy on January 18, 2010. He was ordained bishop on April 11, 2010. | [
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Mar Paul Alappatt was born to Varunny and Eliakutty Alappatt in Edathiruthy, Kerala on April 21, 1962. He attended Primary and Junior Schooling in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur before he joined St. Mary's Minor Seminary on June 19, 1977 to begin his priestly formation. He then proceeded to go to the St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary in Kottayam for his Formation in Philosophical and Theological Studies. During his Seminary Formation, he also attended Osmania University. He was ordained on December 27 1987 by Joseph Kundukulam as a priest for Thrissur. He also attended the Pontifical Gregorian University for a diploma in jurisprudence and also went to the Pontifical Oriental Institute for Eastern Cannon Law.",
"title": "Early life and priesthood"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He began his priestly ministry in stints as priests in Mattam, Pudussery, Parannur, Puthur, and Mundur. After coming back from his studies in Rome, He was appointed the new Archbishop of Thrissur Jacob Thoomkuzhy as Vice Chancellor and Judge in the Eparchial Tribunal in the Eparchy in 1997 before being elevated to Chancellor in 1998. He held the role of chancellor for 9 years with dual roles as the Public Relations Director and Adjucant Eparchial Judge of the Tribunal. He also served as a member of the Archdiocesan Finance Council, Advisory Committee of St. Thomas College, Thrissur, Judical Vicar of the Metropolitan Tribunal of Trichur, Judge of the Major Archiepiscopal Tribunal in Kakkanad, and Convenor of the Archdiocesan Statues Committee. After his Chancellorship, He served as the Rector of the Minor Seminary in Trichur and Vocation Director. He also served as the Promoter for the Causes of Augustine John Ukkenm, Fr. Joseph Vithayathil, and Venerable Euphrasia Eluvathingal.",
"title": "Early life and priesthood"
},
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the erection of the Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram in 2010, Alappatt was elected as the Bishop of the newly erected eparchy on January 18, 2010. He was ordained bishop on April 11, 2010.",
"title": "Episcopal Ministry"
}
] | Mar Paul Alappatt is an Indian-born bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in the India. He currently serves as the Eparch of Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram since 2010 | 2023-12-28T01:26:26Z | 2023-12-28T20:40:00Z | [
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75,661,063 | Esquire (heraldry) | The Esquire is a heraldic charge that is classed as a subordinary in Anglophone heraldry. Its form is defined as resembling the Gyron, as formed of a right triangle; but, with the difference that whereas the Gyron extends from the outer edge of the field to the center, the Esquire extends across the whole of the field, from one edge to its opposite.
The Base (or Baste) Esquire is a variant of the esquire where the right angle is positioned at the lower edge. Each variant is equivalent to the shape given when a square or other quadrilateral is partitioned diagonally. Some vexillologists have dubbed this charge the Triangular panel.
Heraldic writers have used the term esquire to describe not only a field-spanning Ordinary-like charge but more diminutive examples as well. The "chief examples” of the esquire for some writers are the Arms of Mortimer. When blazoning these arms, esquire is used to describe the treatment of the corners of the bordure componée. Other heraldists have blazoned these as “gyronny”, and some writers consider the introduction of the term esquire unhelpful, favoring the term gyron instead. Writers who have favored the introduction of the term esquire stress, apparently, that the triangular charge extends across the length of the bordure, rather than to its center.
The etymology of the term Esquire reveals the relation between the form of the charge and its name, and the relation between the charge and other charges. In form, the Esquire resembles the triangular variant of the implement used by carpenters, engineers, or mathematicians, but one plein (full or filled in) rather than voided. That resemblance suggests the relation of the Esquire to the heraldic ordinary the Esquarre. Esquire is an Anglicized variant of the French esquierre, which is a synonym or variant spelling of esquarre/escarre. Both Esquire and Esquarre refer to the ‘square’, the tool used to measure and set right angles. The former referring primarily to the triangular variant and the latter, as an ordinary, to the two-armed variant.
In French, the word équerre—the contemporary form of the word esquierre—is also used to refer to metallic plates formed with right angles that are used to reinforce joins in woodwork and carpentry (as well as the outer corners of suitcases). In English, these devices are known as gusset plates, while the term gyron is term derived from the Old French term for the Middle French gousset or gusset. Thus, the heraldic terms Esquire, Esquarre, Gusset, and Gyron share commonalities of both origin and usage. Unlike the other three, however, the Esquire is not considered an ordinary. This may be due perhaps to the relative rarity of its field-spanning form.
Gyron Esquarre (heraldry) Gusset (heraldry) Ordinary (heraldry) Charge (heraldry) Liste de pièces héraldiques | [
{
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The Base (or Baste) Esquire is a variant of the esquire where the right angle is positioned at the lower edge. Each variant is equivalent to the shape given when a square or other quadrilateral is partitioned diagonally. Some vexillologists have dubbed this charge the Triangular panel.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Heraldic writers have used the term esquire to describe not only a field-spanning Ordinary-like charge but more diminutive examples as well. The \"chief examples” of the esquire for some writers are the Arms of Mortimer. When blazoning these arms, esquire is used to describe the treatment of the corners of the bordure componée. Other heraldists have blazoned these as “gyronny”, and some writers consider the introduction of the term esquire unhelpful, favoring the term gyron instead. Writers who have favored the introduction of the term esquire stress, apparently, that the triangular charge extends across the length of the bordure, rather than to its center.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The etymology of the term Esquire reveals the relation between the form of the charge and its name, and the relation between the charge and other charges. In form, the Esquire resembles the triangular variant of the implement used by carpenters, engineers, or mathematicians, but one plein (full or filled in) rather than voided. That resemblance suggests the relation of the Esquire to the heraldic ordinary the Esquarre. Esquire is an Anglicized variant of the French esquierre, which is a synonym or variant spelling of esquarre/escarre. Both Esquire and Esquarre refer to the ‘square’, the tool used to measure and set right angles. The former referring primarily to the triangular variant and the latter, as an ordinary, to the two-armed variant.",
"title": "Etymology and relation to other charges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In French, the word équerre—the contemporary form of the word esquierre—is also used to refer to metallic plates formed with right angles that are used to reinforce joins in woodwork and carpentry (as well as the outer corners of suitcases). In English, these devices are known as gusset plates, while the term gyron is term derived from the Old French term for the Middle French gousset or gusset. Thus, the heraldic terms Esquire, Esquarre, Gusset, and Gyron share commonalities of both origin and usage. Unlike the other three, however, the Esquire is not considered an ordinary. This may be due perhaps to the relative rarity of its field-spanning form.",
"title": "Etymology and relation to other charges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Gyron Esquarre (heraldry) Gusset (heraldry) Ordinary (heraldry) Charge (heraldry) Liste de pièces héraldiques",
"title": "See also"
}
] | The Esquire is a heraldic charge that is classed as a subordinary in Anglophone heraldry. Its form is defined as resembling the Gyron, as formed of a right triangle; but, with the difference that whereas the Gyron extends from the outer edge of the field to the center, the Esquire extends across the whole of the field, from one edge to its opposite. The Base Esquire is a variant of the esquire where the right angle is positioned at the lower edge. Each variant is equivalent to the shape given when a square or other quadrilateral is partitioned diagonally. Some vexillologists have dubbed this charge the Triangular panel. Heraldic writers have used the term esquire to describe not only a field-spanning Ordinary-like charge but more diminutive examples as well. The "chief examples” of the esquire for some writers are the Arms of Mortimer. When blazoning these arms, esquire is used to describe the treatment of the corners of the bordure componée. Other heraldists have blazoned these as “gyronny”, and some writers consider the introduction of the term esquire unhelpful, favoring the term gyron instead. Writers who have favored the introduction of the term esquire stress, apparently, that the triangular charge extends across the length of the bordure, rather than to its center. | 2023-12-28T01:43:23Z | 2023-12-30T04:11:59Z | [
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75,661,075 | African Descent-Citizens Reparations Commission | The African Descent-Citizens Reparations Commission in a commission created to determine whether or not the State of Illinois should award reparations to black people.
The Commission can have up to 18 members, by law at least 3 members must be representatives of organizations that support reparations and at least 8 of the members must be black. | [
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"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The African Descent-Citizens Reparations Commission in a commission created to determine whether or not the State of Illinois should award reparations to black people.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Commission can have up to 18 members, by law at least 3 members must be representatives of organizations that support reparations and at least 8 of the members must be black.",
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] | The African Descent-Citizens Reparations Commission in a commission created to determine whether or not the State of Illinois should award reparations to black people. The Commission can have up to 18 members, by law at least 3 members must be representatives of organizations that support reparations and at least 8 of the members must be black. | 2023-12-28T01:47:18Z | 2023-12-28T06:18:03Z | [
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75,661,092 | This Charming Man (disambiguation) | "This Charming Man" is a 1983 song by the Smiths
This Charming Man may also refer to: | [
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] | "This Charming Man" is a 1983 song by the Smiths This Charming Man may also refer to: This Charming Man (film), 2002 Danish short film
This Charming Man (novel), 2008 novel by Marian Keyes
Brian Fallon § This Charming Man, a 2004–2005 band
"This Charming Man", an episode of Degrassi: The Next Generation, a teen drama TV series | 2023-12-28T01:52:27Z | 2023-12-28T02:29:11Z | [
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75,661,098 | Siow Kim Leong | Siow Kim Leong is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Legislative Assembly for Lobak from 2013 to 2018. He was a member of Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions. | [
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"text": "Siow Kim Leong is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Legislative Assembly for Lobak from 2013 to 2018. He was a member of Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions.",
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] | Siow Kim Leong is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of Legislative Assembly for Lobak from 2013 to 2018. He was a member of Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions. | 2023-12-28T01:55:20Z | 2023-12-29T02:29:09Z | [
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75,661,128 | Cordero's Expedition | Cordero's Expedition was an unsuccessful expedition by the Guatemalan commander, Indalecio Cordero in 1838.
In 1838, once the State of Honduras had been declared, the Guatemalan general Indalecio Cordero, of republican ideology, attacked western Honduras and took the town of Santa Rosa de Los Llanos while a transition occurred in the Honduran presidency between José María Martínez Salinas and José Lino. Matute. In response, the unionist general José Trinidad Cabañas immediately ordered the movement of troops, commanded by General Eusebio Toro and General Ciriaco Braan y Carrascosa, for the defense of the inhabitants and their properties. After General Cordero was cornered, he retreated to Guatemala, defeated. 300 soldiers of the Guatemalan army invaded Honduras, but the liberal forces of José Trinidad Cabañas, composed of 107 soldiers plus two officers, stopped the invasion, which caused a victory for the Honduran army, being This is its first victory in its history as an individualistic nation. | [
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"text": "Cordero's Expedition was an unsuccessful expedition by the Guatemalan commander, Indalecio Cordero in 1838.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "In 1838, once the State of Honduras had been declared, the Guatemalan general Indalecio Cordero, of republican ideology, attacked western Honduras and took the town of Santa Rosa de Los Llanos while a transition occurred in the Honduran presidency between José María Martínez Salinas and José Lino. Matute. In response, the unionist general José Trinidad Cabañas immediately ordered the movement of troops, commanded by General Eusebio Toro and General Ciriaco Braan y Carrascosa, for the defense of the inhabitants and their properties. After General Cordero was cornered, he retreated to Guatemala, defeated. 300 soldiers of the Guatemalan army invaded Honduras, but the liberal forces of José Trinidad Cabañas, composed of 107 soldiers plus two officers, stopped the invasion, which caused a victory for the Honduran army, being This is its first victory in its history as an individualistic nation.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cordero's Expedition was an unsuccessful expedition by the Guatemalan commander, Indalecio Cordero in 1838. In 1838, once the State of Honduras had been declared, the Guatemalan general Indalecio Cordero, of republican ideology, attacked western Honduras and took the town of Santa Rosa de Los Llanos while a transition occurred in the Honduran presidency between José María Martínez Salinas and José Lino. Matute. In response, the unionist general José Trinidad Cabañas immediately ordered the movement of troops, commanded by General Eusebio Toro and General Ciriaco Braan y Carrascosa, for the defense of the inhabitants and their properties. After General Cordero was cornered, he retreated to Guatemala, defeated. 300 soldiers of the Guatemalan army invaded Honduras, but the liberal forces of José Trinidad Cabañas, composed of 107 soldiers plus two officers, stopped the invasion, which caused a victory for the Honduran army, being This is its first victory in its history as an individualistic nation. | 2023-12-28T02:01:40Z | 2023-12-31T03:46:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordero%27s_Expedition |
75,661,133 | Bob Berry (reading clerk) | Robert Ellis Berry (May 2, 1930 – October 8, 2022) was an American government official, army officer and lawyer who served as Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1978 to 1987. He had previously served as a staffer for Senator Karl Mundt from 1958 to 1965 and as a Counsel for the Senate Government Operations Committee.
Robert Ellis Berry was born in Mobridge, South Dakota in to future U.S. Representative E. Y. Berry and Rose Berry. He was the oldest of two siblings, with his sister, Nila Berry, being born four years later. Berry grew up in McLaughlin, South Dakota.
Berry attended the University of South Dakota where he earned a bachelor's degree in business, then went to the University of South Dakota School of Law to earn his law degree.
Following his graduation, Berry joined the United States Army for two years, achieving the rank of First Lieutenant. After his service in the Army concluded, Berry practiced law in Lemmon, South Dakota, later joining his father in Washington D.C. following his election to the House of Representatives in 1950.
He had two children, Nancy, born in April 1964 and Brian, born in July 1966.
Berry was a member of the Aldersgate United Methodist Church.
In 1958, Berry joined the staff of Senator Karl Mundt, as a legislative Aide, working with him until 1965, beginning his career within the United States Congress.
Berry then moved to work within the Senate Government Operations Committee as a counsel.
In 1978, the House Republican Conference chose Bob Berry to serve as the Republican Reading Clerks of the House of Representatives to his Democratic counterpart. He served in this position until 1987, when he retired from work in the United States Congress.
Upon retirement, Berry was honored by the United States House of Representatives on December 21, 1987, by receiving an honorary gavel from then Speaker of the House Jim Wright.
Berry then became a lobbyist for the American Gas Association from 1987 to 1997, when he fully retired from his work. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "Robert Ellis Berry was born in Mobridge, South Dakota in to future U.S. Representative E. Y. Berry and Rose Berry. He was the oldest of two siblings, with his sister, Nila Berry, being born four years later. Berry grew up in McLaughlin, South Dakota.",
"title": "Personal life and early career"
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"text": "Berry attended the University of South Dakota where he earned a bachelor's degree in business, then went to the University of South Dakota School of Law to earn his law degree.",
"title": "Personal life and early career"
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"text": "Following his graduation, Berry joined the United States Army for two years, achieving the rank of First Lieutenant. After his service in the Army concluded, Berry practiced law in Lemmon, South Dakota, later joining his father in Washington D.C. following his election to the House of Representatives in 1950.",
"title": "Personal life and early career"
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"text": "He had two children, Nancy, born in April 1964 and Brian, born in July 1966.",
"title": "Personal life and early career"
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"title": "Personal life and early career"
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"text": "In 1958, Berry joined the staff of Senator Karl Mundt, as a legislative Aide, working with him until 1965, beginning his career within the United States Congress.",
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"text": "Berry then moved to work within the Senate Government Operations Committee as a counsel.",
"title": "Career on Capitol Hill"
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"text": "In 1978, the House Republican Conference chose Bob Berry to serve as the Republican Reading Clerks of the House of Representatives to his Democratic counterpart. He served in this position until 1987, when he retired from work in the United States Congress.",
"title": "Career on Capitol Hill"
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"text": "Upon retirement, Berry was honored by the United States House of Representatives on December 21, 1987, by receiving an honorary gavel from then Speaker of the House Jim Wright.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Berry then became a lobbyist for the American Gas Association from 1987 to 1997, when he fully retired from his work.",
"title": "Career on Capitol Hill"
}
] | Robert Ellis Berry was an American government official, army officer and lawyer who served as Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1978 to 1987. He had previously served as a staffer for Senator Karl Mundt from 1958 to 1965 and as a Counsel for the Senate Government Operations Committee. | 2023-12-28T02:02:34Z | 2023-12-30T09:00:16Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Berry_(reading_clerk) |
75,661,157 | March Haynes | March Haynes (March 4, 1825 Pocotaligo, Jasper, South Carolina) - July 16, 1899 Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia) was an African American abolitionist. He freed over three hundred enslaved people using his knowledge of the waterways of Savannah, Georgia, after his enslaver, John C. Rowland became a prisoner during the American Civil War.
Though little is known of Haynes early life, he became a member of Wilmington Baptist Church in 1838.
During 1858 Haynes relocated to Savannah, Georgia where he became the property of John C. Rowland. He hired Haynes out as a boat pilot and stevedore involved in the transportation of goods. Traveling the waterways and marshes of the Savannah watershed provided him with knowledge of the area that would later prove valuable. After Rowland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861 and was sent to Fort Pulaski, Haynes joined him working in the fort as a carpenter.
After a 30-hour bombardment by the Union Army, Fort Pulaski was taken by the Union Army on April 11, 1862.
May 9, 1862 General David Hunter issued his General Order No.11. In which he stated Marshall Law had commenced April 25, 1862. Furthermore, he announced:
Slavery and martial law in a free country are altogether incompatible; the persons in these three States, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, heretofore held as slaves are therefore declared forever free.
After the fall of Fort Pulaski, Haynes made the acquaintance of Union Chaplain Frederic Denison. Denison described Haynes as being one of "two remarkable negroes of large native ability" along with Robert Smalls. Denison makes note of Haynes' "character and worth" noting he had been severely wounded, learned to read as a slave, and acted as a stevedore in Savannah. A year later, in April 1863, Haynes was reported to have been jailed for "harboring and running off to the Yankees several Negroes from" Savannah.
Haynes formally joined the United States Colored Troops on August 20, 1864
Haynes was accomplished in assisting people to reach freedom from Savannah to Fort Pulaski by boat. Making reconnaissances at night, he would secretly enter the city to gather information and bring away enslaved people by the boatload. He spent days gathering information on rebel forts, batteries, and camps. One of his expeditions had been delayed until after dawn resulting in an encounter with a group of six Confederate soldiers. During an exchange of fire three of the opposing men were felled by March. He himself escaped capture though wounded in the thigh.
In 1849 he became a deacon of Savannah's First African Baptist Church. | [
{
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"text": "March Haynes (March 4, 1825 Pocotaligo, Jasper, South Carolina) - July 16, 1899 Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia) was an African American abolitionist. He freed over three hundred enslaved people using his knowledge of the waterways of Savannah, Georgia, after his enslaver, John C. Rowland became a prisoner during the American Civil War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Though little is known of Haynes early life, he became a member of Wilmington Baptist Church in 1838.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During 1858 Haynes relocated to Savannah, Georgia where he became the property of John C. Rowland. He hired Haynes out as a boat pilot and stevedore involved in the transportation of goods. Traveling the waterways and marshes of the Savannah watershed provided him with knowledge of the area that would later prove valuable. After Rowland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861 and was sent to Fort Pulaski, Haynes joined him working in the fort as a carpenter.",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
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"text": "After a 30-hour bombardment by the Union Army, Fort Pulaski was taken by the Union Army on April 11, 1862.",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
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"text": "May 9, 1862 General David Hunter issued his General Order No.11. In which he stated Marshall Law had commenced April 25, 1862. Furthermore, he announced:",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Slavery and martial law in a free country are altogether incompatible; the persons in these three States, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, heretofore held as slaves are therefore declared forever free.",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "After the fall of Fort Pulaski, Haynes made the acquaintance of Union Chaplain Frederic Denison. Denison described Haynes as being one of \"two remarkable negroes of large native ability\" along with Robert Smalls. Denison makes note of Haynes' \"character and worth\" noting he had been severely wounded, learned to read as a slave, and acted as a stevedore in Savannah. A year later, in April 1863, Haynes was reported to have been jailed for \"harboring and running off to the Yankees several Negroes from\" Savannah.",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Haynes formally joined the United States Colored Troops on August 20, 1864",
"title": "Fall of Fort Pulaski"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Haynes was accomplished in assisting people to reach freedom from Savannah to Fort Pulaski by boat. Making reconnaissances at night, he would secretly enter the city to gather information and bring away enslaved people by the boatload. He spent days gathering information on rebel forts, batteries, and camps. One of his expeditions had been delayed until after dawn resulting in an encounter with a group of six Confederate soldiers. During an exchange of fire three of the opposing men were felled by March. He himself escaped capture though wounded in the thigh.",
"title": "Underground Railroad"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1849 he became a deacon of Savannah's First African Baptist Church.",
"title": "Later life"
}
] | March Haynes - July 16, 1899 Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia) was an African American abolitionist. He freed over three hundred enslaved people using his knowledge of the waterways of Savannah, Georgia, after his enslaver, John C. Rowland became a prisoner during the American Civil War. Though little is known of Haynes early life, he became a member of Wilmington Baptist Church in 1838. | 2023-12-28T02:10:38Z | 2023-12-29T04:04:27Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Haynes |
75,661,182 | Light Fingers (1929 film) | Light Fingers is a 1929 American sound all-talking pre-Code drama film directed by Joseph Henabery. The sound was recorded via the Western Electric sound-on-film process. The film was produced by Harry Cohn for Columbia Pictures.
Con artist Light Fingers slips past defenses to steal jewels from the Madisons. Young Donald's own jewel heist attempt is foiled by Dorothy. Smitten Light Fingers vows to go straight, but his loyalty forces him to retrieve the jewels for his gang. Misunderstood, he's arrested, saved only by Dorothy's faith.
Production for Light Fingers began by Columbia Pictures on June 3, 1929.
John Francis Natteford wrote the screenplay. He stated that the title character was based on a criminal that Natteford encountered when he worked as a court reporter for a New York newspaper. | [
{
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"text": "Light Fingers is a 1929 American sound all-talking pre-Code drama film directed by Joseph Henabery. The sound was recorded via the Western Electric sound-on-film process. The film was produced by Harry Cohn for Columbia Pictures.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Con artist Light Fingers slips past defenses to steal jewels from the Madisons. Young Donald's own jewel heist attempt is foiled by Dorothy. Smitten Light Fingers vows to go straight, but his loyalty forces him to retrieve the jewels for his gang. Misunderstood, he's arrested, saved only by Dorothy's faith.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Production for Light Fingers began by Columbia Pictures on June 3, 1929.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "John Francis Natteford wrote the screenplay. He stated that the title character was based on a criminal that Natteford encountered when he worked as a court reporter for a New York newspaper.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Light Fingers is a 1929 American sound all-talking pre-Code drama film directed by Joseph Henabery. The sound was recorded via the Western Electric sound-on-film process. The film was produced by Harry Cohn for Columbia Pictures. | 2023-12-28T02:16:16Z | 2023-12-30T04:28:42Z | [
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75,661,210 | Ann Wilson (painter) | Ann Wilson (October 14, 1931 - March 11, 2023) was an American painter.
Ann Marie Ubinger was born to a blue collar family on October 14, 1931 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her father worked in public relations for a steel company and her mother was a librarian and painter who studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. She enrolled at her mother's alma mater with a scholarship to study the Bahaus, but graduated from Temple University. After graduation, she taught art history at West Virginia University.
After moving to New York City Wilson met Jack Youngerman and Robert Indiana at the Coenties Slip Drawing School. These connections led to her becoming the youngest member of the Coenties Slip artist group based in Lower Manhattan in the 1950s. The area along the East River had previously held the earliest publishing houses, theaters, and home to writers. By the 1950s it had declined and became the first community of New York artists to live in industrial spaces. The interactions and influences of the area inspired her to paint earthy-hued geometric quilts. In 1955, she created the 5-by-7-foot quilt painting "Moby Dick" now owned by the Whitney Museum. Her work inspired avant-guard women artists and helped establish the folk art of quilting as a fine-art medium.
In the 1960s, the Coenties Slip scene began to break apart due to urban renewal. Wilson moved and shifted her work to performance art "Happenings." She later moved to upstate New York, teaching art at Dutchess Community College.
In 2018, the Emily Harvey Foundation in Manhattan held a retrospective of her work.
Ann Wilson married writer William S. Wilson in 1957, seperating but never divorcing in 1966. The couple had three children. | [
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},
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"text": "Ann Marie Ubinger was born to a blue collar family on October 14, 1931 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her father worked in public relations for a steel company and her mother was a librarian and painter who studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. She enrolled at her mother's alma mater with a scholarship to study the Bahaus, but graduated from Temple University. After graduation, she taught art history at West Virginia University.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After moving to New York City Wilson met Jack Youngerman and Robert Indiana at the Coenties Slip Drawing School. These connections led to her becoming the youngest member of the Coenties Slip artist group based in Lower Manhattan in the 1950s. The area along the East River had previously held the earliest publishing houses, theaters, and home to writers. By the 1950s it had declined and became the first community of New York artists to live in industrial spaces. The interactions and influences of the area inspired her to paint earthy-hued geometric quilts. In 1955, she created the 5-by-7-foot quilt painting \"Moby Dick\" now owned by the Whitney Museum. Her work inspired avant-guard women artists and helped establish the folk art of quilting as a fine-art medium.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the 1960s, the Coenties Slip scene began to break apart due to urban renewal. Wilson moved and shifted her work to performance art \"Happenings.\" She later moved to upstate New York, teaching art at Dutchess Community College.",
"title": "Biography"
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"text": "In 2018, the Emily Harvey Foundation in Manhattan held a retrospective of her work.",
"title": "Biography"
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"text": "Ann Wilson married writer William S. Wilson in 1957, seperating but never divorcing in 1966. The couple had three children.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Ann Wilson was an American painter. | 2023-12-28T02:22:45Z | 2023-12-28T20:35:21Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wilson_(painter) |
75,661,214 | Louis Crevier | Louis Crevier (born May 4, 2001) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Crevier played junior for the Chicoutimi Saguenéens and the Quebec Remparts in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) and was selected by the Blackhawks in the seventh round, 188th overall, of the 2020 NHL Entry Draft. He signed with the Blackhawks in 2023 and made his debut on December 8, 2023, against the Anaheim Ducks. | [
{
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"text": "Louis Crevier (born May 4, 2001) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Crevier played junior for the Chicoutimi Saguenéens and the Quebec Remparts in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) and was selected by the Blackhawks in the seventh round, 188th overall, of the 2020 NHL Entry Draft. He signed with the Blackhawks in 2023 and made his debut on December 8, 2023, against the Anaheim Ducks.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Louis Crevier is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). | 2023-12-28T02:23:18Z | 2023-12-30T21:43:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Crevier |
75,661,226 | Angelo Tsirekas | Angelo Tsirekas is an Australian politician. He is the longest-serving mayor of the City of Canada Bay in New South Wales, serving in the role from 2002 to 2016 and again from 2017 until he was sacked in 2023.
Tsirekas became mayor of Canada Bay in 2002, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012.
In 2016, he was announced as the Labor Party candidate for Reid at the federal election, and subsequently resigned as mayor. He was unsuccessful, finishing with a two-party-preferred vote of 45.31%.
Tsirekas was returned as mayor at the 2017 local elections with 54.9% of the vote after preferences.
On 19 October 2021, Tsirekas joined Our Local Community after not being re-endorsed by Labor for the December local elections. He was re-elected, this time with 57.5% of the vote after preferences.
On 6 April 2022, it was announced Tsirekas was under investigation by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) over allegations he accepted benefits from developer I-Prosperity Group in return for "favourable planning decisions" dating back to 2012.
Tsirekas was suspended as mayor on 9 November 2023 after ICAC found he had engaged in corrupt conduct. It was found he received benefits including overseas flights and accommodation, worth at least $18,800, between 2015 and 2019.
On 13 December 2023, Tsirekas was sacked as mayor by Minister for Local Government Ron Hoenig. He was banned from civic office for a period of five years. | [
{
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"text": "Angelo Tsirekas is an Australian politician. He is the longest-serving mayor of the City of Canada Bay in New South Wales, serving in the role from 2002 to 2016 and again from 2017 until he was sacked in 2023.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Tsirekas became mayor of Canada Bay in 2002, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "In 2016, he was announced as the Labor Party candidate for Reid at the federal election, and subsequently resigned as mayor. He was unsuccessful, finishing with a two-party-preferred vote of 45.31%.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
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"text": "Tsirekas was returned as mayor at the 2017 local elections with 54.9% of the vote after preferences.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 19 October 2021, Tsirekas joined Our Local Community after not being re-endorsed by Labor for the December local elections. He was re-elected, this time with 57.5% of the vote after preferences.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 6 April 2022, it was announced Tsirekas was under investigation by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) over allegations he accepted benefits from developer I-Prosperity Group in return for \"favourable planning decisions\" dating back to 2012.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Tsirekas was suspended as mayor on 9 November 2023 after ICAC found he had engaged in corrupt conduct. It was found he received benefits including overseas flights and accommodation, worth at least $18,800, between 2015 and 2019.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On 13 December 2023, Tsirekas was sacked as mayor by Minister for Local Government Ron Hoenig. He was banned from civic office for a period of five years.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Angelo Tsirekas is an Australian politician. He is the longest-serving mayor of the City of Canada Bay in New South Wales, serving in the role from 2002 to 2016 and again from 2017 until he was sacked in 2023. | 2023-12-28T02:26:15Z | 2024-01-01T00:18:48Z | [
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75,661,228 | Activism against violence against women | Activism against violence against women aims at decreasing violence disproportionally committed against women.
Activism refers to "a doctrine or practice that emphasizes direct vigorous action especially in support of or opposition to one side of a controversial issue". In the activism for violence against women, the objectives are to address and draw public attention on the issues of VAW as well as seek and recommend measures to prevent and eliminate this violence. Many scholarly articles suggest that the VAW is considered as a violation of human rights as well as "public health issue".
In order to better comprehend the anti-violence movements against VAW, there is a need to also understand the generic historical background of feminist movements in a holistic manner. Talking about the international women's movement, many feminist scholars have categorized these movements into three waves according to their different beliefs, strategies and goals.
The emergence of the first women's movements, or so called the first wave of feminism, dated back in the years the late 19th Century and early 20th Century in the United States and Europe. During this period, feminist movements developed from the context of industrialization and liberal politics that triggered the rise of feminist groups concerned with gaining equal access and opportunity for women. This wave marks a period of "suffrage, independence, rights to nationality, work and equal pay" for women.
The second wave of feminist movements was the series of movements from the period of the late 1960s to early 1970s. It was noted by feminist scholars that this wave could be characterized as a period of women's liberation and the rise of a branch of feminism known as radical feminism. This wave of feminism emerged in the context of the postwar period in society where other mainstream movements also played a large role; for instance, the civil rights movements, which meant to condemn capitalism, imperialism and the oppression of people based on the notions of race, ethnicity, gender identity and sexual orientation. This wave marks a period of equal rights at home and workplace as well as rights to development for the purposes of people of different races, ethnicities, economic statuses and gender identities.
The third wave of feminism is the newest wave of feminism led by young feminists whose understanding and context are of the globalized world order and the technological advances that have come with it. Also, this wave is a transition of the fall communism to more complex issues of new kinds of 'warfare', threats and violence. This new wave also "embraces ambiguity" and introduced a feminist approach of 'intersectionality' that includes the issues of race, gender, age, and class. Other than that, the third wave marks a period of feminism dealing with identity politics, body politics as well as the issues of violence.
Nonetheless, the VAW movement was initiated in the 1970s where some feminist movements started to bring the discussion on the issue of violence into the feminist discourse and that many other groups, on the national as well as international levels, had attempted to push for the betterment of women through lobbying of the state officials and delegates, demanding the conferences on 'gender issues' and thus made the VAW known to a wider range of population. Therefore, to put this into the theoretical context, VAW can be categorized along with the second and third waves of feminism which share a focus on violence.
VAW activist movements come in many forms, operating at international, national, and local levels and utilizing different approaches based on Health and Human Rights frameworks. The movements stemmed mostly from social movements and groups of women who see the need to create organizations to 'lobby' their governments to establish "sanctuaries, shelters" and provision of services that help protecting these victims, also called "battered women", from acts of violence. The term "battered women" was used in a number of VAW movements and had its root in the early stage of organizing efforts to tackle the problem of violence against women in many regions of the world such as Africa, Asia Pacific, Latin American and the Caribbean. The activist organizations against VAW, some with and the others without the support of their governments, attempted to develop "innovative efforts" to assist battered women by providing them services such as shelters and centers; drafting and lobbying governments to include the recognition and language of VAW into national legislations and international human rights instruments; advocating to raise the awareness of people via education and training sessions; forming national, regional as well as international networks to empower the movements; organizing demonstrations and gathering more efforts to end violent acts against women. In addition, many women's rights activist groups see the issue of violence against women as a central focus of their movements. Many of these groups take a human rights approach as the integral framework of their activism. These VAW movements also employ the idea that "women's rights are human rights", transform the concepts and ideas of human rights, which are mostly reckoned to be "Western concepts" and 'vernacularize them into the concepts that can be understood in their local institutions.
On the local or national level, the VAW movements are diverse and differ in their strategic program of intervention. The strategies used in a number of the movements focus on the individual level with the emphases on individuals, relationships and family. Also, many of them take the 'preventive' as an approach to tackle the issues on the ground by encouraging people to "reexamine their attitudes and beliefs" in order to trigger and create fundamental changes in these "deep-rooted beliefs and behaviors". Despite the fact that these strategies can be life changing, helpful to those who participate and feasible over a long time frame, the effects on societal level seem to be restricted and of minimal effects. In order to achieve the objectives of the movement, many activists and scholars argue that they have to initiate changes in cultural attitudes and norms on a communal level. An example of activism on the local level can be seen in South Africa. The movements of VAW in this context employ a strategy that is based on the 'prevention' approach, which is applicable on individual and societal levels: in families and communities. This movement encourages the individuals and small populations to rethink their attitudes and beliefs in order to create a possibility to alter these deep-rooted beliefs and behaviors, which lead to the acts of violence against women. Another example is the local level movement in East Africa that employs the prevention approach, which is applicable on a communal level. They call this a "raising voices" approach. This approach employs an 'ad hoc' framework that can be used alongside the individual approach where the strategy is to aggravate the status quo issues onto the individuals' and communities' perception and establish a common ground of interests for them to push for the movement, all in a short time period. In addition, on the domestic level, there seems to be many 'autonomous movements.' feminist movements (for VAW) can be understood as "a form of women's mobilization that is devoted to promoting women's status and well-being independently of political parties and other associations that do not have the status of women as their main concern".
A number of regions of the world have come together to address violence against women. In South America, the Southern Cone Network Against Domestic Violence has worked extensively to address sexual and domestic violence since 1989. The Latin American and Caribbean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, formed in 1990, includes representation from twenty-one different countries and has been instrumental in increasing the visibility of VAW. In September 1999, the Heads of States of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) met and drafted the "Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women and Children", a document condemning violence against women and children, and resolved a set of 13 methods of addressing it, reaching into the legal; social, economic, cultural, and political; social service; and education, training, and awareness building sectors.
On the transnational or regional level, the anti-violence movements also deploy different strategies based on the specificities of their cultures and beliefs in their particular regions. On this level, the activist movements are known as "transnational feminist networks" or TFNs. The TFNs have a significant effect, like the autonomous movements on the national level, in shaping sets of policies as well pushing for the recognition and inclusion of language of VAW in the United Nations human rights mechanisms: the international human rights agreements. Their activities are ranging from lobbying the policy makers; organizing demonstrations on the local and regional levels; to creating institutional pressure that could push for changes in the international institutional measures.
On an international level, the movements that advocate for women's rights and against VAW are the mixture of (civil society) actors from domestic and regional levels. The objectives of these VAW movements focus on "creating shared expectations" within the domestic and regional levels as well as "mobilizing numbers of domestic civil society" to create "standards in global civil society". The global women's movement works to transform numbers of international conventions and conferences to "a conference on women's rights" by pushing for a "stronger language and clearer recognition" of the VAW issues. In addition, the United Nations also plays a vital role in promoting and campaigning for the VAW movements on the international level. For instance, in 2008 UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon initiated and launched a campaign called "UNiTE to End Violence against Women". This campaign "calls on governments, civil society, women's organizations, young people, the private sector, the media and the entire UN system to join forces in addressing the global pandemic of violence against women and girls". Moreover, this campaign also announces every 25th of the month to be "Orange Day" or "a day to take action to raise awareness and prevent violence against women and girls".
In conclusion, each level of activism is intertwined and has the common purpose to end violence against women. Activism on local levels can significantly affect national, transnational, and international levels as well. In a scholarly article on Combating Violence Against Women, the authors illustrated from their research analysis on how the norms of international society can shape and influence policy making on the domestic or national level and vice versa. They argue that there are three mechanisms which have effects on the making of national policies as well as global agreements and conventions: "1) the influence of global treaties and documents such as CEDAW on women's rights" on the national policies, "2) the influence of regional agreements on VAW (particularly after certain tipping points are reached)" on both domestic policies and international conventions and "3) regional demonstration effects or pressure for conformity captured as diffusion within regions" on the international norms and agreements.
In November 2021, Iamhere international, a group focused on increasing counter-speech on social media, started a 16-day campaign all forms of gender-based violence, in particular cyber violence.
Artists worldwide have addressed violence against women, highlighting the unique manifestations of violence across cultural and political histories. For example, Argentinian Italian artist Natalia Saurin (2020) responds to the Italian newspaper's use of love narratives to justify partner homicide in her mixed media postcard series, "Ti Amo Troppo". In the United States, artist street artist Sophie Sandberg encourages individuals to chalk their experiences of harassment in the places in which they occurred. Augmented reality comic "Priya's Shakti" addresses victim-blaming attitudes in India in response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape of a middle-caste college-educated woman. Through the utilization of Hindu mythologies, "Priya's Shakti" tells the story of a rape survivor in a controversial heroic role inviting Indian society to reckon with patriarchal societal views. Artworks addressing violence against women span across artistic mediums and illuminate the issue of violence against women and provoke change in laws and government. In "And So I Stayed" (2021), a documentary film addressing unjustly incarcerated survivors of domestic violence in the United States, co-directors Natalie Pattillo, and Daniel Nelson confront the lack of legal understanding of abused women. As a result of the film, Pattillo and Nelson assembled a short film for the court case of Tanisha Davis, a survivor of domestic violence who was unable to receive leniency for the killing of her boyfriend despite years of physical and emotional abuse. In 2021, Tanisha Davis was released from prison thanks to the "Domestic Violence Survivor's Justice Act" and Pattillo and Nelson's nuanced portrait of Davis through their short film.
The "Violence Against Women Art Map" came to fruition in 2021 as part of a Pennsylvania State University research study by Lauren Stetz to visualize artists' responses to violence against women. Featuring 24 artists globally, the map highlights the diverse ways in which women experience violence as a result of intersectional identity, culture, and history. The interactive digital map was co-created through a participatory action arts-based research methodology, using artist interviews and their artworks. Through visual mapping, artists addressing violence against women through their work connected transnationally for the purpose of coalition building.
Second-order sexual harassment (SOSH) is the harassment suffered by those who stand with and support victims of violence against women (VAW). Addressing this type of sexual harassment is basic to protect victims of gender violence. According to scientific evidence, the most successful actions for overcoming gender violence are those that promote bystander intervention, thus it is necessary to protect the people who support the victims. If society wants to empower victims to denounce and help them not to feel alone, it is necessary to ensure to protect persons who are actively protecting the victims for breaking the silence. There is pioneer legislation in the world regarding legal issues, In 2020 the Catalan Parliament passed the first legislation in the world against this form of violence under the name of Second-Order Violence. In 2013 the UN General Assembly passed its first resolution calling for the protection of defenders of women's human rights. The resolution urges states to put in place gender-specific laws and policies for the protection of women's human rights defenders and to ensure that defenders themselves are involved in the design and implementation of these measures, and calls on states to protect women's human rights defenders from reprisals for cooperating with the UN and to ensure their unhindered access to and communication with international human rights bodies and mechanisms. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is also a global initiative with a target to eliminate all forms of violence against women. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Activism against violence against women aims at decreasing violence disproportionally committed against women.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Activism refers to \"a doctrine or practice that emphasizes direct vigorous action especially in support of or opposition to one side of a controversial issue\". In the activism for violence against women, the objectives are to address and draw public attention on the issues of VAW as well as seek and recommend measures to prevent and eliminate this violence. Many scholarly articles suggest that the VAW is considered as a violation of human rights as well as \"public health issue\".",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In order to better comprehend the anti-violence movements against VAW, there is a need to also understand the generic historical background of feminist movements in a holistic manner. Talking about the international women's movement, many feminist scholars have categorized these movements into three waves according to their different beliefs, strategies and goals.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The emergence of the first women's movements, or so called the first wave of feminism, dated back in the years the late 19th Century and early 20th Century in the United States and Europe. During this period, feminist movements developed from the context of industrialization and liberal politics that triggered the rise of feminist groups concerned with gaining equal access and opportunity for women. This wave marks a period of \"suffrage, independence, rights to nationality, work and equal pay\" for women.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The second wave of feminist movements was the series of movements from the period of the late 1960s to early 1970s. It was noted by feminist scholars that this wave could be characterized as a period of women's liberation and the rise of a branch of feminism known as radical feminism. This wave of feminism emerged in the context of the postwar period in society where other mainstream movements also played a large role; for instance, the civil rights movements, which meant to condemn capitalism, imperialism and the oppression of people based on the notions of race, ethnicity, gender identity and sexual orientation. This wave marks a period of equal rights at home and workplace as well as rights to development for the purposes of people of different races, ethnicities, economic statuses and gender identities.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The third wave of feminism is the newest wave of feminism led by young feminists whose understanding and context are of the globalized world order and the technological advances that have come with it. Also, this wave is a transition of the fall communism to more complex issues of new kinds of 'warfare', threats and violence. This new wave also \"embraces ambiguity\" and introduced a feminist approach of 'intersectionality' that includes the issues of race, gender, age, and class. Other than that, the third wave marks a period of feminism dealing with identity politics, body politics as well as the issues of violence.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Nonetheless, the VAW movement was initiated in the 1970s where some feminist movements started to bring the discussion on the issue of violence into the feminist discourse and that many other groups, on the national as well as international levels, had attempted to push for the betterment of women through lobbying of the state officials and delegates, demanding the conferences on 'gender issues' and thus made the VAW known to a wider range of population. Therefore, to put this into the theoretical context, VAW can be categorized along with the second and third waves of feminism which share a focus on violence.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "VAW activist movements come in many forms, operating at international, national, and local levels and utilizing different approaches based on Health and Human Rights frameworks. The movements stemmed mostly from social movements and groups of women who see the need to create organizations to 'lobby' their governments to establish \"sanctuaries, shelters\" and provision of services that help protecting these victims, also called \"battered women\", from acts of violence. The term \"battered women\" was used in a number of VAW movements and had its root in the early stage of organizing efforts to tackle the problem of violence against women in many regions of the world such as Africa, Asia Pacific, Latin American and the Caribbean. The activist organizations against VAW, some with and the others without the support of their governments, attempted to develop \"innovative efforts\" to assist battered women by providing them services such as shelters and centers; drafting and lobbying governments to include the recognition and language of VAW into national legislations and international human rights instruments; advocating to raise the awareness of people via education and training sessions; forming national, regional as well as international networks to empower the movements; organizing demonstrations and gathering more efforts to end violent acts against women. In addition, many women's rights activist groups see the issue of violence against women as a central focus of their movements. Many of these groups take a human rights approach as the integral framework of their activism. These VAW movements also employ the idea that \"women's rights are human rights\", transform the concepts and ideas of human rights, which are mostly reckoned to be \"Western concepts\" and 'vernacularize them into the concepts that can be understood in their local institutions.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On the local or national level, the VAW movements are diverse and differ in their strategic program of intervention. The strategies used in a number of the movements focus on the individual level with the emphases on individuals, relationships and family. Also, many of them take the 'preventive' as an approach to tackle the issues on the ground by encouraging people to \"reexamine their attitudes and beliefs\" in order to trigger and create fundamental changes in these \"deep-rooted beliefs and behaviors\". Despite the fact that these strategies can be life changing, helpful to those who participate and feasible over a long time frame, the effects on societal level seem to be restricted and of minimal effects. In order to achieve the objectives of the movement, many activists and scholars argue that they have to initiate changes in cultural attitudes and norms on a communal level. An example of activism on the local level can be seen in South Africa. The movements of VAW in this context employ a strategy that is based on the 'prevention' approach, which is applicable on individual and societal levels: in families and communities. This movement encourages the individuals and small populations to rethink their attitudes and beliefs in order to create a possibility to alter these deep-rooted beliefs and behaviors, which lead to the acts of violence against women. Another example is the local level movement in East Africa that employs the prevention approach, which is applicable on a communal level. They call this a \"raising voices\" approach. This approach employs an 'ad hoc' framework that can be used alongside the individual approach where the strategy is to aggravate the status quo issues onto the individuals' and communities' perception and establish a common ground of interests for them to push for the movement, all in a short time period. In addition, on the domestic level, there seems to be many 'autonomous movements.' feminist movements (for VAW) can be understood as \"a form of women's mobilization that is devoted to promoting women's status and well-being independently of political parties and other associations that do not have the status of women as their main concern\".",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "A number of regions of the world have come together to address violence against women. In South America, the Southern Cone Network Against Domestic Violence has worked extensively to address sexual and domestic violence since 1989. The Latin American and Caribbean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, formed in 1990, includes representation from twenty-one different countries and has been instrumental in increasing the visibility of VAW. In September 1999, the Heads of States of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) met and drafted the \"Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women and Children\", a document condemning violence against women and children, and resolved a set of 13 methods of addressing it, reaching into the legal; social, economic, cultural, and political; social service; and education, training, and awareness building sectors.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On the transnational or regional level, the anti-violence movements also deploy different strategies based on the specificities of their cultures and beliefs in their particular regions. On this level, the activist movements are known as \"transnational feminist networks\" or TFNs. The TFNs have a significant effect, like the autonomous movements on the national level, in shaping sets of policies as well pushing for the recognition and inclusion of language of VAW in the United Nations human rights mechanisms: the international human rights agreements. Their activities are ranging from lobbying the policy makers; organizing demonstrations on the local and regional levels; to creating institutional pressure that could push for changes in the international institutional measures.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On an international level, the movements that advocate for women's rights and against VAW are the mixture of (civil society) actors from domestic and regional levels. The objectives of these VAW movements focus on \"creating shared expectations\" within the domestic and regional levels as well as \"mobilizing numbers of domestic civil society\" to create \"standards in global civil society\". The global women's movement works to transform numbers of international conventions and conferences to \"a conference on women's rights\" by pushing for a \"stronger language and clearer recognition\" of the VAW issues. In addition, the United Nations also plays a vital role in promoting and campaigning for the VAW movements on the international level. For instance, in 2008 UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon initiated and launched a campaign called \"UNiTE to End Violence against Women\". This campaign \"calls on governments, civil society, women's organizations, young people, the private sector, the media and the entire UN system to join forces in addressing the global pandemic of violence against women and girls\". Moreover, this campaign also announces every 25th of the month to be \"Orange Day\" or \"a day to take action to raise awareness and prevent violence against women and girls\".",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In conclusion, each level of activism is intertwined and has the common purpose to end violence against women. Activism on local levels can significantly affect national, transnational, and international levels as well. In a scholarly article on Combating Violence Against Women, the authors illustrated from their research analysis on how the norms of international society can shape and influence policy making on the domestic or national level and vice versa. They argue that there are three mechanisms which have effects on the making of national policies as well as global agreements and conventions: \"1) the influence of global treaties and documents such as CEDAW on women's rights\" on the national policies, \"2) the influence of regional agreements on VAW (particularly after certain tipping points are reached)\" on both domestic policies and international conventions and \"3) regional demonstration effects or pressure for conformity captured as diffusion within regions\" on the international norms and agreements.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In November 2021, Iamhere international, a group focused on increasing counter-speech on social media, started a 16-day campaign all forms of gender-based violence, in particular cyber violence.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Artists worldwide have addressed violence against women, highlighting the unique manifestations of violence across cultural and political histories. For example, Argentinian Italian artist Natalia Saurin (2020) responds to the Italian newspaper's use of love narratives to justify partner homicide in her mixed media postcard series, \"Ti Amo Troppo\". In the United States, artist street artist Sophie Sandberg encourages individuals to chalk their experiences of harassment in the places in which they occurred. Augmented reality comic \"Priya's Shakti\" addresses victim-blaming attitudes in India in response to the 2012 Delhi gang rape of a middle-caste college-educated woman. Through the utilization of Hindu mythologies, \"Priya's Shakti\" tells the story of a rape survivor in a controversial heroic role inviting Indian society to reckon with patriarchal societal views. Artworks addressing violence against women span across artistic mediums and illuminate the issue of violence against women and provoke change in laws and government. In \"And So I Stayed\" (2021), a documentary film addressing unjustly incarcerated survivors of domestic violence in the United States, co-directors Natalie Pattillo, and Daniel Nelson confront the lack of legal understanding of abused women. As a result of the film, Pattillo and Nelson assembled a short film for the court case of Tanisha Davis, a survivor of domestic violence who was unable to receive leniency for the killing of her boyfriend despite years of physical and emotional abuse. In 2021, Tanisha Davis was released from prison thanks to the \"Domestic Violence Survivor's Justice Act\" and Pattillo and Nelson's nuanced portrait of Davis through their short film.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The \"Violence Against Women Art Map\" came to fruition in 2021 as part of a Pennsylvania State University research study by Lauren Stetz to visualize artists' responses to violence against women. Featuring 24 artists globally, the map highlights the diverse ways in which women experience violence as a result of intersectional identity, culture, and history. The interactive digital map was co-created through a participatory action arts-based research methodology, using artist interviews and their artworks. Through visual mapping, artists addressing violence against women through their work connected transnationally for the purpose of coalition building.",
"title": "Background and history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Second-order sexual harassment (SOSH) is the harassment suffered by those who stand with and support victims of violence against women (VAW). Addressing this type of sexual harassment is basic to protect victims of gender violence. According to scientific evidence, the most successful actions for overcoming gender violence are those that promote bystander intervention, thus it is necessary to protect the people who support the victims. If society wants to empower victims to denounce and help them not to feel alone, it is necessary to ensure to protect persons who are actively protecting the victims for breaking the silence. There is pioneer legislation in the world regarding legal issues, In 2020 the Catalan Parliament passed the first legislation in the world against this form of violence under the name of Second-Order Violence. In 2013 the UN General Assembly passed its first resolution calling for the protection of defenders of women's human rights. The resolution urges states to put in place gender-specific laws and policies for the protection of women's human rights defenders and to ensure that defenders themselves are involved in the design and implementation of these measures, and calls on states to protect women's human rights defenders from reprisals for cooperating with the UN and to ensure their unhindered access to and communication with international human rights bodies and mechanisms. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is also a global initiative with a target to eliminate all forms of violence against women.",
"title": "Background and history"
}
] | Activism against violence against women aims at decreasing violence disproportionally committed against women. | 2023-12-28T02:26:32Z | 2023-12-29T22:12:45Z | [
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75,661,236 | Mary Lovett Cameron | Mary Lovett Cameron (1848 – 20 April 1930) was a British artist and writer of fiction and travel books, based in Cornwall.
Cameron was born in Wavertree, Lancashire, the daughter of Charles Francis Lovett Cameron and Julia Buckley Cameron. Her father was born in Ireland.
Cameron lived in St Ives, Cornwall after 1891, and spent time in Italy. In 1898, she was one of the artists who signed the "Glanville letter", a call for less commercial development along the coast at St Ives. In 1918, she was the first woman elected to the office of librarian of the St. Ives Arts Club. She died in 1930, in her late seventies, in Langport, Somerset.
There were several British writers who used the name "Lovett Cameron" in Mary Lovett Cameron's time. The following works credit her with the full name "Mary Lovett Cameron". Her short stories were published in newspapers in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and North America. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mary Lovett Cameron (1848 – 20 April 1930) was a British artist and writer of fiction and travel books, based in Cornwall.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cameron was born in Wavertree, Lancashire, the daughter of Charles Francis Lovett Cameron and Julia Buckley Cameron. Her father was born in Ireland.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Cameron lived in St Ives, Cornwall after 1891, and spent time in Italy. In 1898, she was one of the artists who signed the \"Glanville letter\", a call for less commercial development along the coast at St Ives. In 1918, she was the first woman elected to the office of librarian of the St. Ives Arts Club. She died in 1930, in her late seventies, in Langport, Somerset.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "There were several British writers who used the name \"Lovett Cameron\" in Mary Lovett Cameron's time. The following works credit her with the full name \"Mary Lovett Cameron\". Her short stories were published in newspapers in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and North America.",
"title": "Publications"
}
] | Mary Lovett Cameron was a British artist and writer of fiction and travel books, based in Cornwall. | 2023-12-28T02:28:31Z | 2023-12-28T06:17:37Z | [
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75,661,244 | Jone Ibáñez | Jone Ibáñez Mazo (born July 22, 1997) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eibar.
She joined the youth academy of Spanish side Athletic Club at the age of fifteen.
She studied sports science.
She played for Spanish side Eibar, helping the club achieve promotion.
She mainly operates as a midfielder and has been described as a "solid midfielder in marking, hard-working and with a great competitive character".
She is a native of Galdakao, Spain. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jone Ibáñez Mazo (born July 22, 1997) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eibar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She joined the youth academy of Spanish side Athletic Club at the age of fifteen.",
"title": "Early life"
},
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"text": "She studied sports science.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She played for Spanish side Eibar, helping the club achieve promotion.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She mainly operates as a midfielder and has been described as a \"solid midfielder in marking, hard-working and with a great competitive character\".",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "She is a native of Galdakao, Spain.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Jone Ibáñez Mazo is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eibar. | 2023-12-28T02:30:43Z | 2023-12-28T06:17:35Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jone_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez |
75,661,248 | Martin Moynihan (judge) | The Hon Justice Martin Patrick Moynihan AO QC was an eminent Australian lawyer and judge.
Moynihan was born the son of barrister and acting Supreme Court Justice Nicholas Moynihan. After completing high school in 1958 at Marist College Ashgrove, Moynihan went on to study Bachelor of Laws at the University of Queensland. Graduating in 1965, he was subsequently called to the bar of the Supreme Court of Queensland. He practiced as a barister for 19 years before becoming Queen's Council in 1980.
In 1984 Moynihan was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 1986, He famously heard the Mabo case for the High Court of Australia. Between 1991 and 2007, he served as Queensland's inaugural Senior Judge Administrator of the Supreme Court, forging many of the court's contemporary protocols. Moynihan served as chair of the Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission from 2010-2011.
In 2001, Moynihan was awarded the Centenary Medal for long and distinguished service as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 2002, he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to the judiciary. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Hon Justice Martin Patrick Moynihan AO QC was an eminent Australian lawyer and judge.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Moynihan was born the son of barrister and acting Supreme Court Justice Nicholas Moynihan. After completing high school in 1958 at Marist College Ashgrove, Moynihan went on to study Bachelor of Laws at the University of Queensland. Graduating in 1965, he was subsequently called to the bar of the Supreme Court of Queensland. He practiced as a barister for 19 years before becoming Queen's Council in 1980.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1984 Moynihan was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 1986, He famously heard the Mabo case for the High Court of Australia. Between 1991 and 2007, he served as Queensland's inaugural Senior Judge Administrator of the Supreme Court, forging many of the court's contemporary protocols. Moynihan served as chair of the Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission from 2010-2011.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2001, Moynihan was awarded the Centenary Medal for long and distinguished service as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 2002, he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to the judiciary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Hon Justice Martin Patrick Moynihan was an eminent Australian lawyer and judge. Moynihan was born the son of barrister and acting Supreme Court Justice Nicholas Moynihan. After completing high school in 1958 at Marist College Ashgrove, Moynihan went on to study Bachelor of Laws at the University of Queensland. Graduating in 1965, he was subsequently called to the bar of the Supreme Court of Queensland. He practiced as a barister for 19 years before becoming Queen's Council in 1980. In 1984 Moynihan was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 1986, He famously heard the Mabo case for the High Court of Australia. Between 1991 and 2007, he served as Queensland's inaugural Senior Judge Administrator of the Supreme Court, forging many of the court's contemporary protocols. Moynihan served as chair of the Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission from 2010-2011. In 2001, Moynihan was awarded the Centenary Medal for long and distinguished service as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland. In 2002, he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to the judiciary. | 2023-12-28T02:32:13Z | 2023-12-30T06:56:23Z | [
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75,661,284 | 3072 | 3072 three tousand seventy two following 3071 and preceding 3073.
2*4*8*16*3 = 3072 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "3072 three tousand seventy two following 3071 and preceding 3073.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "2*4*8*16*3 = 3072",
"title": ""
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] | 3072 three tousand seventy two following 3071 and preceding 3073. 2*4*8*16*3 = 3072 | 2023-12-28T02:36:36Z | 2023-12-28T03:00:31Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3072 |
75,661,290 | Samad Davis | Samad Davis is an American entrepreneur focusing on film and television development, financing, production and distribution. He is known for directing Three Can Play That Game, Love By Chance and Kings of Jo'burg.
Samad was born in Newark, New Jersey in the United States of America.
Samad began his journey into film in 2001 with the release of Comedy Only In Da Hood. In 2007, Samad directed Three Can Play That Game, a sequel to the 2002 movie, Two Can Play That Game.
In expanding his work in Africa, he made the first stop in Ghana, where he directed the music video for Becca's "African Woman". His work won the Music Video of the Year at the 2011 4syte Music Video Awards, Ghana.
He also directed the music video for "Dadie Kye" by Samini, a Ghanaian dancehall artiste which won the Most Gifted Ragga Dancehall Video at the Channel O Music Video Awards in 2011.
Samad made his way to South Africa in 2013, where he launched his TV debut, the Top Actor SA (later renamed to Top Actor Africa) as a reality show on Viacom's BET Africa to discover acting talent from Africa.
His biggest break came in 2017, when he directed and released Love By Chance. It featured at the Carthage Film Festival, the Greater Cleveland Film Fest as well as the American Black Film Festival and won the Best International Feature Film at the Urban Mediamakers Film Festival in 2017.
Alongside his business partners creators Shona Ferguson & Connie Ferguson, they launched and Executive Produced Season One of the Kings of Jo'burg franchise, which released December 4, (2020) globally on Netflix. He later Executive Produced and served as the series Showrunner and Lead Director for Season Two of Kings of Joburg released globally in January(2023) on Netflix. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Samad Davis is an American entrepreneur focusing on film and television development, financing, production and distribution. He is known for directing Three Can Play That Game, Love By Chance and Kings of Jo'burg.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Samad was born in Newark, New Jersey in the United States of America.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Samad began his journey into film in 2001 with the release of Comedy Only In Da Hood. In 2007, Samad directed Three Can Play That Game, a sequel to the 2002 movie, Two Can Play That Game.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In expanding his work in Africa, he made the first stop in Ghana, where he directed the music video for Becca's \"African Woman\". His work won the Music Video of the Year at the 2011 4syte Music Video Awards, Ghana.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He also directed the music video for \"Dadie Kye\" by Samini, a Ghanaian dancehall artiste which won the Most Gifted Ragga Dancehall Video at the Channel O Music Video Awards in 2011.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Samad made his way to South Africa in 2013, where he launched his TV debut, the Top Actor SA (later renamed to Top Actor Africa) as a reality show on Viacom's BET Africa to discover acting talent from Africa.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "His biggest break came in 2017, when he directed and released Love By Chance. It featured at the Carthage Film Festival, the Greater Cleveland Film Fest as well as the American Black Film Festival and won the Best International Feature Film at the Urban Mediamakers Film Festival in 2017.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Alongside his business partners creators Shona Ferguson & Connie Ferguson, they launched and Executive Produced Season One of the Kings of Jo'burg franchise, which released December 4, (2020) globally on Netflix. He later Executive Produced and served as the series Showrunner and Lead Director for Season Two of Kings of Joburg released globally in January(2023) on Netflix.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Samad Davis is an American entrepreneur focusing on film and television development, financing, production and distribution. He is known for directing Three Can Play That Game, Love By Chance and Kings of Jo'burg. | 2023-12-28T02:38:02Z | 2023-12-30T00:42:39Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Imdbname",
"Template:Infobox film director"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samad_Davis |
75,661,295 | Honduran-Salvadoran War of 1845 | The First Honduran-Salvadoran War was a military conflict between El Salvador and Honduras in 1845.
The Salvadoran government, aware of Honduran support for Malespín against Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, sought a peaceful resolution. Failed negotiations led to El Salvador questioning Honduras, escalating tensions. Despite attempts at peace, conflict preparations ensued, with General Cabañas leading Salvadoran forces. The situation intensified with the Chinameca agreement's rejection by the Honduran government.
In late May, General Cabañas invaded Honduras, reaching Comayagua. Salvadoran forces faced defeats in Comayagua, and Sensenti prompting Honduran invasion. President Guzmán declared a state of emergency. Battles ensued in, leading the Honduran occupation of Eastern part of El Salvador, the salvadoran victory in El Obrajuelo led to the Sempul Armistice, broken by the Honduran general Jose Santos Guardiola launching an offensive, capturing La Union, and San Miguel. Finally he ended up withdrawing and ending the conflict with the Sensenti Peace Agreement on 27 November 1845. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The First Honduran-Salvadoran War was a military conflict between El Salvador and Honduras in 1845.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Salvadoran government, aware of Honduran support for Malespín against Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, sought a peaceful resolution. Failed negotiations led to El Salvador questioning Honduras, escalating tensions. Despite attempts at peace, conflict preparations ensued, with General Cabañas leading Salvadoran forces. The situation intensified with the Chinameca agreement's rejection by the Honduran government.",
"title": "Conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In late May, General Cabañas invaded Honduras, reaching Comayagua. Salvadoran forces faced defeats in Comayagua, and Sensenti prompting Honduran invasion. President Guzmán declared a state of emergency. Battles ensued in, leading the Honduran occupation of Eastern part of El Salvador, the salvadoran victory in El Obrajuelo led to the Sempul Armistice, broken by the Honduran general Jose Santos Guardiola launching an offensive, capturing La Union, and San Miguel. Finally he ended up withdrawing and ending the conflict with the Sensenti Peace Agreement on 27 November 1845.",
"title": "Conflict"
}
] | The First Honduran-Salvadoran War was a military conflict between El Salvador and Honduras in 1845. | 2023-12-28T02:39:55Z | 2023-12-31T23:58:18Z | [
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"Template:Use dmy dates",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduran-Salvadoran_War_of_1845 |
75,661,347 | Russell Manning | [] | 2023-12-28T02:51:50Z | 2023-12-31T23:12:03Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Manning |
||
75,661,352 | Ladislav Hagara | [] | REDIRECT Draft:Ladislav Hagara | 2023-12-28T02:53:01Z | 2023-12-30T09:50:05Z | [
"Template:Db-r2",
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Hagara |
|
75,661,355 | New York Reparations Task Force | The New York Reparations Task Force was created by Governor Kathy Hochul to determine whether or not the State of New York should award reparations to black people.
The Task Force will be led by 9 members. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The New York Reparations Task Force was created by Governor Kathy Hochul to determine whether or not the State of New York should award reparations to black people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Task Force will be led by 9 members.",
"title": ""
}
] | The New York Reparations Task Force was created by Governor Kathy Hochul to determine whether or not the State of New York should award reparations to black people. The Task Force will be led by 9 members. | 2023-12-28T02:53:32Z | 2023-12-28T21:55:04Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Reparations_Task_Force |
75,661,363 | Ryusei Nishioka | Ryusei Nishioka (born 2003) (Japanese: 西岡隆成, Nishioka Ryusei) is a Japanese athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.
He won three medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2021 to 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ryusei Nishioka (born 2003) (Japanese: 西岡隆成, Nishioka Ryusei) is a Japanese athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He won three medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2021 to 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ryusei Nishioka is a Japanese athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. He won three medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2021 to 2023. | 2023-12-28T02:54:57Z | 2023-12-28T18:01:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryusei_Nishioka |
75,661,376 | Zelma (given name) | Zelma is a feminine given name, a variant of the name Selma. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zelma is a feminine given name, a variant of the name Selma.",
"title": ""
}
] | Zelma is a feminine given name, a variant of the name Selma. | 2023-12-28T02:57:40Z | 2023-12-28T20:24:01Z | [
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelma_(given_name) |
75,661,389 | 2010–11 Texas Southern Tigers basketball team | The 2010–11 Texas Southern Tigers basketball team represented Texas Southern University during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by 3rd-year head coach Tony Harvey, played their home games at the Health and Physical Education Arena and were members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 19–13 and 16–2 in SWAC play to finish in first place. They defeated Arkansas–Pine Bluff in the quarterfinals of the SWAC Basketball tournament before being upset by eventual champion Alabama State in the semifinals. They were invited to the 2011 National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Colorado.
The Tigers finished the 2009–10 season 17–16 overall; 11–7 in SWAC play. They were not invited to either the NCAA tournament or the NIT.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2010–11 Texas Southern Tigers basketball team represented Texas Southern University during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by 3rd-year head coach Tony Harvey, played their home games at the Health and Physical Education Arena and were members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 19–13 and 16–2 in SWAC play to finish in first place. They defeated Arkansas–Pine Bluff in the quarterfinals of the SWAC Basketball tournament before being upset by eventual champion Alabama State in the semifinals. They were invited to the 2011 National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Colorado.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
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] | The 2010–11 Texas Southern Tigers basketball team represented Texas Southern University during the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Tigers, led by 3rd-year head coach Tony Harvey, played their home games at the Health and Physical Education Arena and were members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 19–13 and 16–2 in SWAC play to finish in first place. They defeated Arkansas–Pine Bluff in the quarterfinals of the SWAC Basketball tournament before being upset by eventual champion Alabama State in the semifinals. They were invited to the 2011 National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Colorado. | 2023-12-28T02:59:43Z | 2023-12-30T02:59:47Z | [
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75,661,448 | William Cowen (gymnast) | William Cowen (born 2003 in Reading) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. Cowen comes from Wokingham. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "William Cowen (born 2003 in Reading) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. Cowen comes from Wokingham.",
"title": ""
}
] | William Cowen is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. Cowen comes from Wokingham. | 2023-12-28T03:12:51Z | 2023-12-28T06:17:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cowen_(gymnast) |
75,661,450 | Joe Bartlett | Dorsey Joseph Bartlett (August 7, 1926 - March 1, 2013) was a United States Government Official and Marine Corps General who served as the Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1953 to 1971.
Dorsey "Joe" Bartlett was born August 7, 1926, in Clarksburg, West Virginia to Flavius Dorsey Bartlett, who was an engineer within the glass industry, and Blanche Bartlett as the sixth child of ten children, living at their family farm throughout his childhood.
On August 1, 1941, Bartlett was appointed as a Page of the United States House of Representatives, assisted by Texas Representative Wright Patman for a period of thirty days. Then Clerk of the United States House of Representatives South Trimble, who was satisfied with Bartletts work as a page, awarded additional page appointments to Bartlett serving as Page Overseer. Bartlett graduated from the Capitol Page School in 1944, where he then temporarily ended his service within Congress to join the United States Marine Corps during World War II.
Following Bartlett's service in World War II, Bartlett returned to work within Congress as the Republican Chief of Pages by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin Jr., where he presided over the United States House of Representatives Page program that he had previously participated in.
At the conclusion of Bartlett's active service within the Korean War, he was appointed as Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serving in this position from 1953, until his retirement in 1977. During this period, Bartlett served as Chief Reading Clerk for six Republican National Conventions.
Bartlett served as the Minority from May 1971 to 1977, in tandem with his appointment as House Reading Clerk.
In 1944, Bartlett enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving throughout the end of World War II. He was discharged from the Marine Corps honorably in September 1945. He then enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve.
From January 1951 to June 1952, Bartlett was recalled to active duty service to serve in the Korean War.
Bartlett retired from the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1978, having achieved the rank of Brigadier general. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his services.
In Bartlett's retirement, he was made the Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the Federal Executive Institute in 1982, and awarded honorary law degrees from the Atlanta Law School and Salem College.
Bartlett died in his home at Richmond, Virginia on March 1, 2013. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dorsey Joseph Bartlett (August 7, 1926 - March 1, 2013) was a United States Government Official and Marine Corps General who served as the Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1953 to 1971.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dorsey \"Joe\" Bartlett was born August 7, 1926, in Clarksburg, West Virginia to Flavius Dorsey Bartlett, who was an engineer within the glass industry, and Blanche Bartlett as the sixth child of ten children, living at their family farm throughout his childhood.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On August 1, 1941, Bartlett was appointed as a Page of the United States House of Representatives, assisted by Texas Representative Wright Patman for a period of thirty days. Then Clerk of the United States House of Representatives South Trimble, who was satisfied with Bartletts work as a page, awarded additional page appointments to Bartlett serving as Page Overseer. Bartlett graduated from the Capitol Page School in 1944, where he then temporarily ended his service within Congress to join the United States Marine Corps during World War II.",
"title": "Career in Congress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following Bartlett's service in World War II, Bartlett returned to work within Congress as the Republican Chief of Pages by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin Jr., where he presided over the United States House of Representatives Page program that he had previously participated in.",
"title": "Career in Congress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At the conclusion of Bartlett's active service within the Korean War, he was appointed as Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serving in this position from 1953, until his retirement in 1977. During this period, Bartlett served as Chief Reading Clerk for six Republican National Conventions.",
"title": "Career in Congress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Bartlett served as the Minority from May 1971 to 1977, in tandem with his appointment as House Reading Clerk.",
"title": "Career in Congress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1944, Bartlett enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving throughout the end of World War II. He was discharged from the Marine Corps honorably in September 1945. He then enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve.",
"title": "Military Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "From January 1951 to June 1952, Bartlett was recalled to active duty service to serve in the Korean War.",
"title": "Military Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Bartlett retired from the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1978, having achieved the rank of Brigadier general. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his services.",
"title": "Military Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In Bartlett's retirement, he was made the Distinguished Scholar in Residence at the Federal Executive Institute in 1982, and awarded honorary law degrees from the Atlanta Law School and Salem College.",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Bartlett died in his home at Richmond, Virginia on March 1, 2013.",
"title": "Later life"
}
] | Dorsey Joseph Bartlett was a United States Government Official and Marine Corps General who served as the Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives from 1953 to 1971. | 2023-12-28T03:13:58Z | 2023-12-30T08:59:08Z | [
"Template:More citations needed",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bartlett |
75,661,457 | Lisa DePaulo | Lisa DePaulo (born January 1961) is an American journalist, feature magazine writer, correspondent and editor whose articles have appeared in The New York Times, George, Elle, New York Magazine, Vanity Fair, GQ, Harper's Bazaar and Philadelphia magazine, among others.
DePaulo was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania to Joseph and Josephine DePaulo, one of four children. At Dunmore High School, from where she graduated in 1978, she received a Breslin journalism award for her reporting for the school newspaper. She graduated with a journalism degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 and then went to work as a writer for Philadelphia Magazine, where she interned during college, ultimately writing for the magazine for more than 10 years.
She left Philadelphia in January 1998 after John F. Kennedy Jr., editor and co-founder of George magazine, offered her a full-time writing position at his magazine, where she stayed until the publication folded in 2001. DePaulo continued writing feature stories for national magazines. After 23 years living and working in New York City, she returned to Philadelphia in 2021.
DePaulo sits on the advisory committee for the annual Nora Magid Mentorship Prize at The University of Philadelphia.
She taught writing part-time at New York University's Graduate Journalism School.
DePaulo wrote an article for The Hollywood Reporter on the 20th anniversary of JFK Jr.'s death, which included interviews from former George magazine staff writers, editors and celebrities.
For years, DePaulo covered real estate heir Robert Durst's lengthy investigation into the murder of Durst's decades-long friend and mafia daughter Susan Berman and the eventual trial, at which Durst was convicted in September 2021. DePaulo began writing about Durst when her editors at New York Magazine assigned her to cover Durst soon after Berman's December 2000 murder. DePaulo temporarily halted writing about Durst before she testified for the prosecution because of information she gleaned during interviews with Durst and Berman's family and friends.
In 2015, DePaulo signed a work-for-hire agreement with Jeanine Pirro, a TV personality and former Westchester County prosecutor, to write a book for the Simon and Schuster publishing house about then-accused killer Robert Durst for Berman's murder. But, according to a lawsuit filed against Pirro, DePaulo claimed that Pirro had “little regard for truth and accuracy” as Pirro directed the writer to “describe events and circumstances that never occurred and to aggrandize” Pirro's “role in the story at the expense of the truth.” Pirro terminated the collaboration and did not make a second $37,500 payment to DePaulo, as per the agreement. The case went to arbitration but failed to settle.
DePaulo noted that Pirro forced her to perform menial tasks and tried to include material in the book that she knew to be untrue. Pirro eventually went on to complete her book, titled He Killed Them All: Robert Durst and My Quest for Justice, with another collaborator, releasing it in November 2015. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lisa DePaulo (born January 1961) is an American journalist, feature magazine writer, correspondent and editor whose articles have appeared in The New York Times, George, Elle, New York Magazine, Vanity Fair, GQ, Harper's Bazaar and Philadelphia magazine, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "DePaulo was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania to Joseph and Josephine DePaulo, one of four children. At Dunmore High School, from where she graduated in 1978, she received a Breslin journalism award for her reporting for the school newspaper. She graduated with a journalism degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 and then went to work as a writer for Philadelphia Magazine, where she interned during college, ultimately writing for the magazine for more than 10 years.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She left Philadelphia in January 1998 after John F. Kennedy Jr., editor and co-founder of George magazine, offered her a full-time writing position at his magazine, where she stayed until the publication folded in 2001. DePaulo continued writing feature stories for national magazines. After 23 years living and working in New York City, she returned to Philadelphia in 2021.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "DePaulo sits on the advisory committee for the annual Nora Magid Mentorship Prize at The University of Philadelphia.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She taught writing part-time at New York University's Graduate Journalism School.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "DePaulo wrote an article for The Hollywood Reporter on the 20th anniversary of JFK Jr.'s death, which included interviews from former George magazine staff writers, editors and celebrities.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "For years, DePaulo covered real estate heir Robert Durst's lengthy investigation into the murder of Durst's decades-long friend and mafia daughter Susan Berman and the eventual trial, at which Durst was convicted in September 2021. DePaulo began writing about Durst when her editors at New York Magazine assigned her to cover Durst soon after Berman's December 2000 murder. DePaulo temporarily halted writing about Durst before she testified for the prosecution because of information she gleaned during interviews with Durst and Berman's family and friends.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2015, DePaulo signed a work-for-hire agreement with Jeanine Pirro, a TV personality and former Westchester County prosecutor, to write a book for the Simon and Schuster publishing house about then-accused killer Robert Durst for Berman's murder. But, according to a lawsuit filed against Pirro, DePaulo claimed that Pirro had “little regard for truth and accuracy” as Pirro directed the writer to “describe events and circumstances that never occurred and to aggrandize” Pirro's “role in the story at the expense of the truth.” Pirro terminated the collaboration and did not make a second $37,500 payment to DePaulo, as per the agreement. The case went to arbitration but failed to settle.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "DePaulo noted that Pirro forced her to perform menial tasks and tried to include material in the book that she knew to be untrue. Pirro eventually went on to complete her book, titled He Killed Them All: Robert Durst and My Quest for Justice, with another collaborator, releasing it in November 2015.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Lisa DePaulo (born January 1961) is an American journalist, feature magazine writer, correspondent and editor whose articles have appeared in The New York Times, George, Elle, New York Magazine, Vanity Fair, GQ, Harper's Bazaar and Philadelphia magazine, among others. | 2023-12-28T03:14:44Z | 2023-12-30T18:42:47Z | [
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75,661,463 | Collin Anderson | Collin Anthony Anderson (born April 17, 1999) is a Jamaican footballer who plays as a striker for Bregalnica.
Anderson attended Calabar High School in Jamaica.
Anderson played for Jamaican side Cavalier, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.
Anderson mainly operates as a striker and is known for his speed.
Anderson has been nicknamed "Tracks Man".
Cavalier
Individual | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Collin Anthony Anderson (born April 17, 1999) is a Jamaican footballer who plays as a striker for Bregalnica.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Anderson attended Calabar High School in Jamaica.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Anderson played for Jamaican side Cavalier, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Anderson mainly operates as a striker and is known for his speed.",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Anderson has been nicknamed \"Tracks Man\".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Cavalier",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Individual",
"title": "Honors"
}
] | Collin Anthony Anderson is a Jamaican footballer who plays as a striker for Bregalnica. | 2023-12-28T03:16:20Z | 2023-12-30T02:04:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Anderson |
75,661,465 | Psychopath (album) | Psychopath is a 2023 studio album by American country musician Morgan Wade. It has received positive reviews from critics. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Psychopath is a 2023 studio album by American country musician Morgan Wade. It has received positive reviews from critics.",
"title": ""
}
] | Psychopath is a 2023 studio album by American country musician Morgan Wade. It has received positive reviews from critics. | 2023-12-28T03:16:43Z | 2023-12-28T20:06:16Z | [
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75,661,467 | Transient abnormal myelopoiesis | Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) , also known as transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), is a rare hematologic disorder. It is a medical condition involving the excessive proliferation of bone marrow elements (a myeloproliferative condition).
It typically is a disease that occurs in some newborns with Downs syndrome, specifically in the perinatal period (1 year before to 18 to 24 months after birth) in up to 10% of patients of those who have Down syndrome.
Clinical features of TAM include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pericardial/pleural effusions, and skin rash. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) , also known as transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), is a rare hematologic disorder. It is a medical condition involving the excessive proliferation of bone marrow elements (a myeloproliferative condition).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It typically is a disease that occurs in some newborns with Downs syndrome, specifically in the perinatal period (1 year before to 18 to 24 months after birth) in up to 10% of patients of those who have Down syndrome.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Clinical features of TAM include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pericardial/pleural effusions, and skin rash.",
"title": ""
}
] | Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), also known as transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), is a rare hematologic disorder. It is a medical condition involving the excessive proliferation of bone marrow elements. It typically is a disease that occurs in some newborns with Downs syndrome, specifically in the perinatal period in up to 10% of patients of those who have Down syndrome. Clinical features of TAM include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pericardial/pleural effusions, and skin rash. | 2023-12-28T03:17:34Z | 2023-12-28T03:43:43Z | [
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_abnormal_myelopoiesis |
75,661,475 | Fred Teague | Fred Teague (born 2006) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fred Teague (born 2006) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.",
"title": ""
}
] | Fred Teague is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. | 2023-12-28T03:20:43Z | 2023-12-28T07:38:52Z | [
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"Template:Bronze medal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Teague |
75,661,485 | Nissan GT-R in motorsport | The GT-R upheld its predecessor's exceptional pedigree in motorsports, competing across a range of racing disciplines and attaining success. Notable motorsport achievements came through from its participation in sports car racing, including championship triumphs in the approvingly competitive FIA GT1 World Championship, GT World Challenge and in the Super GT series. As well as in endurance races, consistently vying at the top in the Bathurst 12 Hour, Nürburgring 24 Hours, Spa 24 Hours among others. The car was used as official safety cars in numerous motorsport events, such as in the Super GT series, FIA GT1 World Championship, British Superbike Championship, and in the Supercars Championship as well.
Nismo, the motorsport division of Nissan, participated with the GT-R Nismo GT500 in the Super GT series for the first time in 2008, replacing the 350Z GT. The GT500 version of the car featured a completely different drivetrain compared to the production car. It featured the VK45DE 4.5-litre naturally aspirated V8 engine, replacing the VR38DETT engine. It used a 6-speed sequential manual gearbox and a rear-wheel-drive layout derived from its predecessor. A prototype was spotted testing around the Suzuka Circuit, as well as at the Fuji Speedway in Japan. It went onto win the opening round of its debut season, at Suzuka scoring a 1–2 finish for Nissan. In the following race, repeated its 1–2 result, won the drivers' championship in its debut season, through team Xanavi, and drivers Satoshi Motoyama and Benoît Tréluyer, although they only managed to finish third in the teams' championship. The car's dominant debut season saw it winning 7 out of 9 races and 10 podium finishes with four different teams.
Due to engine reliability issues, the car only managed to achieve 4 victories and 8 podium finishes in 2009, reigning champions won 2 races and 3 podium finishes to end up 3rd in the championship standings. In 2010, the VK45DE engine was replaced by the exclusively developed VRH34A 3.4-litre engine. The season was not that successful, as the car only managed to win 2 races and 4 podium finishes. Team Impul finished 5th in standings. In 2011 and 2012, Team Mola with drivers Ronnie Quintarelli and Masataka Yanagida won back-to-back championships in both teams' and drivers' classifications. During the two dominant seasons, the car won 8 out of 16 races and achieved 19 podium finishes with three different teams. In addition, it also won the JAF Grand Prix in 2011, Quintarelli won the first race, starting from pole position, while Yanagida finished 2nd to score a podium finish with the fastest lap in the second race. Quintarelli again won the first race in the 2012 round, starting from 10th on the grid. Team Impul GT-R Nismo GT500 set the fastest lap. In the 2013 Super GT season, it only managed to score a race win and 4 podium finishes, Team Nismo finished 6th in standings. In the last ever JAF Grand Prix, team Impul scored a podium finish in the second race, finishing the race in 3rd position, starting from 7th on the grid.
In 2014, Super GT regulations were aligned with those of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and so the V8 engine was replaced by the NR20A 2.0-litre, 4-cylinder turbocharged engine. The car took the most out of the regulation overhaul, it repeatedly won both 2014 and 2015 championships with Team Nismo drivers, Quintarelli and Tsugio Matsuda. It won 7 races and 21 podium finishes during both seasons. In 2016, reigning champions ended up 3rd in standings, the car scored 5 race wins, 2 pole positions and 7 podium finishes with four different teams during the season. Although the team scored a race win, a pole position and 3 podium finishes, both Nismo drivers missed out in the championship by 2 points in 2017. Combined with other teams' results, the car ended the season with a race win, 2 pole positions, and 4 podium finishes.
Regulation changes in 2018 saw the beginning of an unsuccessful era for the GT-R Nismo GT500, as it only managed to achieve a race win, a pole position, and 2 podium finishes. End of the season, Team Nismo were a disappointing 8th in championship standings. The 2019 season saw improvements, attaining a race win, 3 pole positions, 2 fastest laps and 6 podium finishes during the season. Team Nismo finished 3rd in standings, 32.5 points behind the championship winners. In 2020, Team Nismo fell back to 5th in standings, as the car only scored 2 race wins, a fastest lap, and 3 podium finishes. Scoring 2 race wins and 6 podium finishes during the 2021 season, it was announced that the GT-R Nismo GT500 will be retired by the end of the season. Including its 5 drivers' and 4 teams' championships, the GT-R Nismo GT500 has the most race wins for a GT500 car, a record 41 race wins (including 2 Suzuka 10 Hours wins) and 89 podium finishes from 113 race starts, making it one of the most successful GT500 race cars of all time. The car was replaced by the Nissan Z GT500 for the 2022 season, after the model's 15-years of absence.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Super GT debut in 2012 at the Okayama International Circuit, with drivers Katsumasa Chiyo and Yuhi Sekiguchi. The car won its first race in the fourth round of the season at Sportsland Sugo, and also scored a podium finish in the following round at Suzuka. It was 4th in the final standings. A couple of difficult seasons followed, in 2013 the car failed to score a single podium finish, in 2014 it only managed to win a race. But in the 2013 JAF Grand Prix, team NDDP Racing, with driver Daiki Sasaki won the first race, starting from pole position. In the second race, the car only managed to finish 7th, and ended up being the runner-up of the 2013 JAF Grand Prix. It set the fastest laps in both races, as Nismo Athlete Global Team and NDDP Racing set the fastest laps of the first and second races respectively. The car bounced back in the 2015 season, team Gainer No.10 car, driven by André Couto won the championship, scoring 2 race wins and 4 podium finishes. Including the results of team NDDP Racing, the car finished the season with a total of 4 race wins and 7 podium finishes.
In 2016, the reigning champions only managed to achieve a podium finish at the Suzuka 10 Hour round. NDDP Racing finished the season 4th in standings, scored a race win, and 2 podium finishes during the season. In 2017, neither teams were able to score at least a podium finish. In 2018, Gainer participated with two upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars, No.10 car finished 5th in standings with a race win and two podium finishes, while the other car only managed to score a podium finish. In 2019, Gainer No.11 car won 2 races to finish 3rd in standings. No.10 car also won a race, and Kondo Racing scored a pole position and a podium finish. Kondo Racing with the GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo won the championship in 2020, with drivers Kiyoto Fujinami and João Paulo de Oliveira, they won 2 races and 3 podium finishes. No.11 car achieved a race win and 2 podium finishes, while Tomei Sports managed to score a pole position and a podium finish as well. Reigning champions returned to defend their title in 2021, but was unsuccessful as they finished the season 2nd in standings, with a race win and 3 podium finishes. No.11 car set a fastest lap, a podium finish, and two pole positions during the season.
Fujinami and Oliveira again won the championship in 2022, with a race win and two podium finishes. It was the 3rd Super GT GT300 championship win for the car. Gainer No.10 car also won a race win, a pole position, and 3 podium finishes, while the No.11 car achieved 2 podium finishes. For the first time, a third different team, Busou Drago Corse scored a podium finish at the Fuji GT 450 km race. Reigning champions Kondo Racing, along with teams NILZZ Racing, Tomei Sport and Gainer returned for the 2023 season. Fujinami was replaced by Teppei Natori. Kondo Racing won the second race of the season at Fuji, starting from pole position. Gainer No.11 car won the fourth round again at Fuji. Despite involving in unfortunate incidents, Kondo Racing could only manage to score a single point during both Suzuka and Sugo races, causing threats to their crucial title challenge. In the penultimate round, starting from a disappointing 17th on the grid, the team could only manage to finish 5th in the race. It mathematically eliminated them from the championship battle. The car finished 3rd in standings with 2 race wins, 1 pole position and 2 podium finishes.
On February 27, 2009, Nismo announced a partnership with British racing team, Gigawave Motorsports to participate in the top tier GT/sports car racing series at the time, the FIA GT1 World Championship. In 2009, the GT-R GT1 was built exclusively for the series, it featured the VK56DE, (5,552 cc (339 cu in) naturally aspirated V8 engine, powering the rear wheels through a Ricardo sequential transmission. The ambition was to fine-tune the performance of the car and to be able to provide customer cars for future customer teams in the upcoming seasons. Nismo driver Michael Krumm and Gigawave driver Darren Turner recruited by the team, former Formula One driver, Anthony Davidson also joined them for the 24 Hours of Spa race, where the car scored an in class podium finish, finishing the race in 3rd position, starting from 8th on the grid. The car was not eligible for championship points, as it was concerned as a factory team.
In 2010, team Sumo Power GT participated with two cars and drivers, Krumm, Peter Dumbreck, Jamie Campbell-Walter and Warren Hughes. Swiss Racing Team also with two cars and drivers, former Formula One driver Karl Wendlinger, Henri Moser, Max Nilsson and Seiji Ara. The car made its official FIA GT1 World Championship debut in the Abu Dhabi. In the following round, it scored its first race win, Sumo Power GT No.22 car driven by Walter and Hughes secured their qualifying position during the qualifying race and went on to win the championship race by just over two seconds. In the following round at Brno, the No.23 car finished both races in 3rd position to score double podium finishes during the race weekend. Sumo Power GT continued their podium streak into the next round as well, No.22 car finished 3rd in the qualifying race, starting from 5th on the grid and the No.23 car finished 2nd in the championship race. The next major achievement was followed during the seventh round of the season, as the No.23 car with drivers Krumm and Dumbreck won the qualifying race. In the next round at Navarra, the No.22 car again scored a podium finish, finishing 3rd in the championship race, starting from 5th on the grid. The car scored its last podium finish of the season at Interlagos, No.23 car finished the qualifying race in 2nd position, starting from 6th on the grid. End of the season, the No.23 car was 9th in the driver's championship and Sumo Power GT were 6th in the team's championship. The Swiss Racing Team were not that competitive, finishing 10th in the final standings after barely managing to score points during the second, third, and sixth rounds of the season. Although it was the debut season for the car, it finished its competitive outing with 2 race wins and 8 podium finishes.
The 2011 season saw the Swiss Racing Team switching to Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV race cars, leaving Sumo Power GT running four GT-R GT1 race cars, two under the same team with drivers, Walter, Hughes, Enrique Bernoldi, Ricardo Zonta, Nicky Catsburg and former Formula One driver David Brabham. Two under the sister team JR Motorsports with drivers, Krumm, Dumbreck, Richard Westbrook and Lucas Luhr. In the opening round, JR Motorsports scored a double-podium finish in the qualifying race, No.22 and No.23 cars finished the race 2nd and 3rd respectively. No.22 car maintained 2nd position to score another podium finish in the championship race. The car dominated the third round of the season, all four cars started from the 1st and 2nd rows for the qualifying race. Dumbreck and Westbrook took pole position ahead of the other three GT-R GT1 race cars, which were 2nd, 3rd, and 4th on the grid. In the qualifying race, it was a 1–2–3 finish for the car and a 1–2 finish for JR Motorsports, pole sitters won the race. The momentum continued into the championship race as well, the No.23 car driven by Krumm and Luhr won the race, while the Sumo Power GT No.21 car finished 3rd to score another double podium finish.
In the fifth round at Silverstone, it was again a double-podium race weekend for the car, as the No.23 car finished 2nd in the qualifying race and won the championship race following an intense battle between the team Young Driver AMR's Aston Martin DBR9. In the following round, the No.21 car finished 3rd in the championship race to score a podium finish. During the seventh round of the season, JR Motorsports again dominated the whole weekend. Qualified 1st and 2nd, the No.23 car won both qualifying and championship races. In the following round at Ordos, the No.22 car finished 2nd in both races to score two podium finishes, while the No.21 car also finished on the podium in 3rd position. In the ninth round, the No.23 car finished 3rd in the championship race to score another podium finish, starting from 4th on the grid. Heading onto the final round at San Luis, the No.23 car was just a point behind the driver's championship leaders. It took pole position and finished 2nd in the qualifying race, winning the driver's championship for Krumm and Luhr by over 17 points. In the championship race, due to a racing incident in the opening lap, the car was forced to retire and was unable to score points during the race. No.22 car served a drive-through penalty while leading the race and finished 8th, missing out on winning the team's championship by just 3 points. JR Motorsports were 2nd in the teams' championship, while Sumo Power GT were 5th. The car finished the season with 5 race wins, 3 pole positions, and 18 podium finishes. It was the last competitive outing for the car, as in 2012 GT1 cars got replaced by GT3 cars and Nissan did not return to defend their title with a GT3 variant of the GT-R.
Due to the 2011 GT1 World Championship being the last possible competitive outing for the GT-R GT1, Nissan were forced to develop a GT3 variant of the GT-R. Nismo and JR Motorsports joint team immediately began development of the GT-R Nismo GT3. Following numerous testing sessions and three competitive race outings, the car was soon proven to be competitive enough for customer racing teams. It was officially introduced in a press release in January 2012, and was claimed to be fully conformed with Group GT3 regulations. It featured the standard VR38DETT engine with a power output of 390 kW (530 PS; 523 hp) at 6,400 rpm, working in conjunction with a Ricardo six-speed sequential transmission, providing power to the rear wheels. Fitted with an adjustable suspension setup and driver controls, the chassis was also re-tuned for competitive racing. Sales and services were provided by Nissan in Japan, Asia, and North America, and by JR Motorsports in Europe, Russia, and the Middle East as well. Nissan were the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to sell a Group GT3 race car, the GT-R Nismo GT3 was sold to numerous customer racing teams throughout the years. Keeping up with the competition, Nismo offered several update kits, with the first update as early as 2013.
The car featured significant performance upgrades for the year 2013. Increased engine output to 405 kW (551 PS; 543 hp) at 6,500 rpm, due to new camshaft timing and reinforced engine parts. Gear ratios were changed to optimize the increase in power. Front canards and a re-positioned rear wing, increased overall downforce without any changes in drag. Additionally, the suspension setup and brake balance were enhanced to further improve handling. In 2014, the car received minor upgrades to reduce running cost and improve reliability. In 2015, fuel efficiency was improved, along with better weight distribution and refined aerodynamics.
The car received another major update in 2016. Nismo claimed the updated GT-R Nismo GT3 is faster, lighter, and more fuel-efficient than the previous model. It was fitted with a new brake system, including larger AP Racing brake rotors, calipers, and master cylinders, to provide more stopping power. Weight distribution was improved by moving the starter motor to the rear transaxel, lowering air jacks, revising the steering column and driver seating position, refining chassis brackets, revising the wiring harness and carbon-fibre air intake pipes. The car was also proved to be aero efficient than before, as Nismo engineers made the front dive planes, rear diffuser, front and rear bumpers more effective with the help of wind tunnel and trackside testing. Driver safety was also concerned, offered with a lowered dashboard and a flat-bottom steering wheel to improve visibility. Additional side roll cage tubes were added to improve side protection.
In 2018, the GT-R Nismo GT3 received its road car facelift and other upgrades as well. Lowered centre of gravity and further improved weight distribution, significant changes were made over the previous specification. The engine was moved backward and lowered by 150 mm (5.9 in) due to a thin oil pan. The entire drivetrain and driver seating positioning were lowered to the ground, further lowering the centre of gravity and improving weight distribution. The enhanced aerodynamic package featured optimized airflow inside the engine compartment, and a refined layout of air inlets, outlets, radiator, and intercooler produced more downforce and improved cooling. Driver comfort was improved by redesigning the steering wheel and centre console switch panel, and an optional air conditioning system was also offered. The rear suspension setup was changed to a double-wishbone system. Nismo claimed the upgrades led the car to reduce its weight by around 15 kg (33 lb), and improve driving stability, handling, and downforce while reducing drag. The car received minor upgrades in 2020. Which include, repositioned cockpit switches, the introduction of a Power Distribution Module (PDM), upgraded ABS, and TCS systems. The upgraded version was renamed as the "GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo".
End of 2017, Nissan/Nismo officially withdrew from participating in international GT3 racing as a manufacturer, due to the interest of participating in Formula E. But resumed providing technical support for customer racing teams, which were in racing with customer-spec GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars. End of 2019, Nissan did not renew their relationship with the customer team KCMG. Meaning that the car would no longer race outside of Japan. It has competed in almost every major Group GT3 competitions and has won several championships. In 2023, it only participated in the Super GT GT300 class, Japan Cup Series and Super Taikyu Series. The car is FIA homologated for use until the end of 2028.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 participated in the largest and most competitive GT championship, the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup (known as the Blancpain Endurance Series at the time). The car was proved to be successful in this tremendously competitive championship. Despite making its debut in the fourth round of the 2011 season at Magny-Cours, it was not in championship contention, only raced in the fourth and fifth rounds of the season. But it had good enough pace to finish an impressive 6th in Pro class, as well as to set the fastest lap of its debut race. 2012 season was also similar, only competed in the first to fourth rounds of the season.
2013 was the first full season the car participated in, and it was soon proved to be a successful season as well. In the second round at Silverstone, the car scored its first race win. Driven by Lucas Ordóñez, Peter Pyzera, and Alex Buncombe, claimed overall pole position as well as the race win in Pro-Am class. It scored a double-podium finish in the following round at Paul Ricard, with JR Motorsports and GT Academy, and took the championship lead in Pro-Am championship. Following another podium finish in the challenging 24 Hours of Spa, GT Academy ultimately won the Pro-Am team's championship in the final round at Nürburgring, by beating the Ferrari works team, AF Corse. Ordóñez won the Pro-Am driver's championship, while Pyzera and Buncombe finished 3rd and 4th in the final standings respectively. The car was able to win a race, take a pole position, and 4 podium finishes during the season. The team returned for the 2014 season to defend their title. In the second round at Silverstone, starting from 3rd on the grid, the car managed to win the Pro-Am class after an intense between an Aston Martin Vantage GT3. It also scored a podium finish at Paul Ricard as well. In the final round at Nürburgring, it took Pro-Am pole position and led the race in the early stages, due to a gearbox issue it was forced to pit and lost positions, missing out on winning the team's championship. End of the season, the car was 4th in the team's championship, tied on points with the team AF Corse, and 7th in the driver's championship with a race win, a pole position, and 2 podium finishes.
In 2015, the GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in both Pro and Pro-Am classes. It took pole position and finished on the podium in the second round of the season at Silverstone. Winning an impressive overall race, starting from 2nd at Paul Ricard, it was in championship battle heading onto the final round at Nürburgring. The car qualified 2nd and managed to finish the race in 3rd to score another podium finish, and won the driver's championship for Buncombe, Chiyo and Wolfgang Reip, although GT Academy finished 3rd in the team's championship. The sister car from the Pro-Am class took pole position in the final race as well. The GT-R Nismo GT3 won a race, scored 2 pole positions and 3 podiums to finish another successful season. In 2016, reigning champions were unsuccessful to defend their title. Although they started on with a strong 4th-place finish at Monza, unfortunate incidents in Silverstone, Paul Ricard, and 24 Hours of Spa races made the team lack on points. The car was 7th in the team's championship and 9th in the driver's championship. A podium finish at the Nürburgring, starting from 11th on the grid secured its successive podium streak.
GT Academy quit being the title sponsor in 2017, and Motul as a replacement joined the Nissan works team. Similar incidents to the previous season resulted in another unsuccessful season for the car, with a 5th-place finish at Paul Ricard being the best result of the season. The car finished the season again 7th in the team's championship, with neither a race win nor a podium finish. In 2018, Nissan and Nismo did not return, instead a customer team, GT Sport participated in the championship. The team finished on the podium in Silver Cup class at Silverstone, starting from 7th on the grid. The car consistently finished on points for the rest of the season to finish 6th in the Silver Cup driver's championship and 12th in the overall team's championship standings. 2019 was the last season the car participated in, with team KCMG it was not in championship contention, only raced in the 24 Hours of Spa.
In 2013, the FIA GT1 World Championship was replaced by the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup (known as the FIA GT Series at the time). Nissan GT Academy Team RJN made their debut with the GT-R Nismo GT3 in the Pro-Am class. In the inaugural 2013 season, it finished on the podium in every race it participated in. It did not race in the final round at Baku, as the team withdrew the race in order to participate in the 2013 Dubai 24 Hour race with the 370Z GT4, missing out in a possible team's championship win. End of the season, it was 2nd in the team's championship and 5th in the driver's championship with 2 wins, 2 pole positions and 10 podium finishes. The car did not return for the 2014 season. But in 2015, only for the fourth round at Moscow, where GT Academy finished on the podium in Pro-Am class. End of the season, a customer racing team, MRS GT-Racing/Always Involving Motorsport were 7th in the team's championship and 14th in the driver's championship with a podium finish in the second round at Brands Hatch. In 2016, GT Academy participated in both Pro and Silver classes. Finished 4th in the Silver class driver's championship with 2 podium finishes at Brand Hatch and Hungaroring. It was the last appearance of a GT-R Nismo GT3 in this championship.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its GT World Challenge Asia (known as the Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia at the time) debut in 2018, with team KCMG in Pro-Am and Silver Cup classes. In the second round at Buriram, the car achieved its maiden podium finish. After serving a drive-through penalty, it finished 2nd and set the fastest lap of the race. Following 2 race wins, 3 pole positions, fastest laps, and 11 podium finishes, it finished its successful debut season 2nd in the Pro-Am driver's championship and 5th in the Silver Cup driver's championship. It finished 4th in the overall team's championship as well.
RunUp Sports and Team 5ZIGEN participated in the 2023 Japan Cup Series using two GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo race cars, meaning that the car would race in the Japanese rounds of the 2023 GT World Challenge Asia. Both teams competed in Am and Pro-Am classes respectively. End of the season, RunUp Sports finished 2nd in Am class standings with consistent points finishes throughout the season. 5ZIGEN scored 2 podiums at Suzuka and Okayama. Due to unfortunate incidents in other races, the team withdrew from the Motegi round. It mathematically eliminated them from championship contention. The team finished the season 5th in overall standings.
In 2015, Nissan officially announced entry into the GT World Challenge America (known as the Pirelli World Challenge at the time), with team AE Replay XD Nissan GT Academy. In the fourth round at Birmingham, the car scored its first race win, starting from pole position and driven by James Davison. Its consistent performance led to 7 consecutive podium finishes, starting from Wisconsin to Utah rounds, including a race win at Road America and a fastest lap at Ohio as well. Mid-season driver changes resulted in losing the potential of winning the GTA class championship, it made the car ineligible for points although it scored multiple race wins, pole positions, fastest laps, and podium finishes. End of the season, it was 4th in GT class driver's championship with 3 wins, a pole position, fastest lap and 10 podium finishes, while 5th in the team's championship.
The team returned for the 2016 season, The car started the season on a high, it finished 2nd in the opening race and set the fastest lap. In the next race, it claimed a pole position as well. It repeated the same result at St. Petersburg and Bowmanville rounds. Including 2 back-to-back race wins at Utah, 2 additional podium finishes were followed at Ohio and Laguna Seca rounds. The car finished the season 5th in the driver's championship and 4th in the team's championship. It did not participate since 2017. But in 2018, with teams Nissan Motorsports North America and Always Involving Motorsport, only for the third round at Streets of Long Beach.
Having participated in a few races in the past seasons, the GT-R Nismo GT3 made its full season GT World Challenge Australia (known as Australian GT Championship at the time) debut in 2021. Driver Brett Hobson with Hobson Motorsport chose to race with the same car, used by Nissan in the 2016 Bathurst 12 Hour. It raced under the GT Trophy class. Beginning of a successful season, it won its maiden race and finished on the podium in the opening round at Phillip Island. Following another race win, pole position, and a podium finish, the car required a complete refresh before the championship-deciding final round at Mount Panorama, despite a gearbox issue. Ultimately, it dominated the whole weekend with back-to-back race wins and pole positions. Although it failed to start and retired from a couple of races during the season, it made an impressive comeback to finish 2nd in the final standings, 8 points behind the championship-winning Audi R8 LMS Ultra. End of the season, the car scored 4 race wins, 3 pole positions, and finished every race in the podium to score 6 podium finishes. The team returned for the 2022 season, but only for the first round at Phillip Island, where it took a pole position and scored a double-podium finish.
Having only participated in the Bathurst 12 Hour and Spa 24 Hours in 2017, 2019 was the first and only full season, a GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in the Intercontinental GT Challenge. Team KCMG with an updated 2018-spec car, managed to score points in every race of the season. It also set the fastest laps in Bathurst 12 Hour and California 8 Hours. It was the only GT championship where the car did not manage to score a podium finish. End of the season, it was 6th in the manufacturer's championship, just a point behind Ferrari.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its British GT Championship debut in 2012, with team RJN Motorsport, and drivers Buncombe and Jann Mardenborough. It set its maiden pole position as well as the podium finish in the first round at Nürburgring. In the fourth round at Brands Hatch, it scored its first race win starting from 10th on the grid. It finished on the podium again at Snetterton Circuit. The car was 6th in the final standings with a race win, pole position, and 3 podium finishes. In 2013, JR Motorsport participated in the championship instead, but only for the first and second rounds of the season. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN scored a podium finish at Spa-Francorchamps, in 2014. Since then, 2018 was the first and final full season, a GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in the British GT Championship. RJN Motorsport participated under Silver Cup class, Straun Moore won the championship after taking pole positions and winning every race the car participated in.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 is the most successful Group GT3 car in the Super Taikyu Series (also known as the Super Endurance Series), it has won 6 out of 11 full-season championships. It made its series debut in the second round of the 2012 season at Motegi, with team Threebond Nissan Technical College, qualifying 3rd on the grid, but returned to the pits after completing 5 laps in the race, as it was revealed that the race was a testing session to gather data for future competitive outings. The car scored its dominant first race win in the fourth round at Okayama, driven by Fuji, Gamisan and Chiyo, it crossed the finish line by over 21 seconds ahead of the 2nd-placed BMW Z4 GT3. 3 podium finishes were followed, including a double in the fifth round at Suzuka, and another in the final round at Autopolis. Starting from the back of the grid due to technical issues, it ultimately was able to finish on the podium. Although it was not a full season, the car was able to win a race and score 5 podium finishes.
In collaboration with Kondo Racing the team returned for the 2013 season, and additional GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars from team GTNET Advan and Mach GoGoGo Syaken were entered as well. Following the exceptional debut season, the car carried on its momentum to have another successful season. 10 podium finishes were followed from all three teams throughout the season, as well as 7 pole positions, it also won the final round at Autopolis to score a 1–2 finish. Including few double podium finishes, the car was 3rd in the final standings. Starting on in the 2014 season, it was a dominant era for the GT-R Nismo GT3 until the 2017 season. In 2014, except for team Mach Syaken, both teams returned to compete. Winning the opening round at Motegi, it went on to win 4 more races. The car also took 6 pole positions and 8 podium finishes, team GTNET ultimately won the championship with drivers Hoshino, Aoki, and Omoto. Both teams returned in 2015, with additional teams using the car include, Endless Sports and Team Mach. It was already a 1–2 finish in the opening round at Motegi, including several such dominant results, Endless Sports went on to win the championship with drivers, Yukinori Taniguchi, Kyosuke Mineo, and Yuya Motojima. Including the results of all five teams, the car finished the season with 5 race wins, 3 pole positions, and 11 podium finishes. 2016 season was the most dominant season for the car, it won every race of the season to finish 1–2–3 in the final standings. Although it won all 6 races consecutively, it also took 5 pole positions and 15 podium finishes as well. Kondo Racing won the championship, with drivers Fuji, Yudai Uchida, and Kazuki Hiramine.
All teams returned for the 2017 season, and it was the end of consecutive championship wins for the car. Defending champions, Kondo Racing ended up 2nd in the championship. The car scored 3 race wins and 10 podium finishes by the end of the season. It bounced back in 2018 with the updated 2018-spec, starting the season with a 1–2 finish in the opening round at Suzuka, it won 4 more races, took 3 pole positions and 10 podium finishes. Ultimately won the championship for GTNET, with drivers Hoshino, Teruhiko Hamano and Kiyoto Fujinami. Kondo Racing and Endless Sports finished 2nd and 3rd in final standings respectively. In 2019, reigning champions returned to defend their title, while Kondo Racing and Endless Sports were replaced by MP Racing and Tairoku Racing. Reigning champions already secured their title in the fourth race and withdrew the following race, held in Motegi. The car won 3 races, took 2 pole positions and 8 podium finishes during the season. In 2020, GTNET and MP Racing were the only teams that participated in with the car. In the opening round at Fuji, GTNET No.81 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position. MP Racing were 2nd in the final standings, it was the first and so far only season that the car did not win a race since its debut in 2012. But scored 8 podium finishes to wrap up a winless season. Both teams returned for the 2021 season with upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo race cars, but were not in championship contention, as both teams did not participate in every race. GTNET won the Fuji 24 Hour race, and they were 4th in final standings. The car finished the season with a race win and 3 podium finishes.
For the 2022 season, both teams returned, and HELM Motorsports with an additional GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo participated as well. Also winning the Fuji 24 Hour race, HELM Motorsports were in championship contention with a Mercedes AMG GT3 Evo throughout the season. The team headed on to the championship decider with 2.5 points behind the AMG GT3 Evo, where the car finished 2nd ahead of the AMG GT3 Evo at 4th to win the championship by 7.5 points. It was driven by Yutaka Toba, Yuya Hiraki and Reiji Hiraki. The car won 3 races and scored 6 podium finishes during the season. Defending champions and GTNET Motorsports returned for the 2023 season. Team 5ZIGEN also raced in the opening round at Suzuka, and won the race starting from pole position and set the fastest lap as well. HELM Motorsports were again in championship contention with the same AMG GT3 Evo, head onto the final round of the season with 21.5 points behind. Although they finished 2nd on the podium, it was not enough to win the championship as their rivals finished 3rd. Including 2 podium finishes from GTNET Motorsports, the car won a race, scored 3 pole positions, 6 podium finishes and end up 3rd in final standings.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its ADAC GT Masters full-season debut in 2015, with team MRS GT-Racing. Although it was its debut season, it managed to finish in points in most of the races. But three race retirements and two race withdrawals resulted, 11th in the team's championship. In 2016, switching to the Junior class mid-season, it lost its potential of winning the Trophy class championship. End of the season, it was 4th in the Trophy class championship standings. In 2017, scoring multiple class wins and podium finishes, it eventually won the Trophy class championship with the reigning champion, Remo Lips. It was the last season for the car in the championship.
The Bathurst 12 Hour has been one of the most successful endurance races for the car. One of its predecessors, the Skyline GT-R R32 Group A originally earned its nickname "Godzilla" at this particular endurance race. The standard GT-R made its debut in 2012, with team Donut King Racing and drivers Tony Alfred, Adam Beechey and Peter Leemhuis, it won the C class and finished 6th overall. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its debut in 2014, with Nismo Athlete Global Team. It qualified 5th but was involved in an incident while fighting for a podium finish, forced to retire from the race. The car bounced back in 2015, with drivers Strauss, Chiyo and Reip, it qualified 3rd and won the race after an intensive battle up front in the final 20 minutes of the race. It charged itself from 3rd to 1st on the penultimate lap. In 2016, although the car qualified in a disappointing 13th position, it finished 2nd in the race behind the race-winning McLaren 650S GT3 of Tekno Autosports. The car closed a 14-second gap deficit to 1.2 seconds during the final stages, led the most laps of 107 out of the 297 laps and set a record fastest lap during the race as well.
The team did not return in 2017, instead Nissan Motorsport and Wall Racing participated using four GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars. Nissan Motorsport led the race at some stages, but due to a gearbox issue, the car was forced to pit and rejoined 10th, and managed to finish the race 4th in class and 8th overall. The sister car was retired from the race due to technical errors, but was classified as 8th in class and 32nd overall. Both Wall Racing cars were retired from the race. The car did not race in 2018. But in 2019 with team KCMG, due to the race being part of the Intercontinental GT Challenge. The car finished the race in 7th position. The team returned for the 2020 race as well, qualified 4th and finished 9th in class, and 12th overall. Another GT-R Nismo GT3 of Hobson Motorsport qualified 6th and finished the race 5th in its class.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Dubai 24 Hour debut in 2012, finished the race 22nd in A6 class. The car did not participate in 2013 and 2014. But in 2015, with Nissan GT Academy Team RJN and drivers, Strauss, Ricardo Sanchez, Ahmed Bin Khanen, Nick Hammann, and Gaetan Paletou, the car qualified on pole in Pro-Am class. Although it served a couple of drive-through penalties, it finished 2nd to score a podium finish in its class, and 5th overall. In 2016, a customer team, MRS GT-Racing participated in Pro class. They finished the race 11th in Pro class, starting from 10th on the grid. Following a two year hiatus in 2017 and 2018, the car returned for the 2019 race. KCMG with two cars, qualified 10th and 12th, and finished the race 8th in Pro class while the sister car retired from the race, due to an incident during the race.
The car made its Nürburgring 24 Hours debut in 2013, with a customer team Schulze Motorsport, it qualified 26th overall. During the race, due to technical issues, the team was forced to replace its engine but rejoined and finished 134th overall. In 2014, they finished 11th in SP9 GT3 class. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN with two cars, finished 13th in the SP9 class while the other car was retired from the race, due to making contact with a barrier. In 2015, the car's best result was a 9th-place finish, starting from 31st on the grid.
GT Academy returned for the 2016 race, qualified 25th, and climbed up positions to finish 11th overall. After two years of absence in 2017 and 2018, the car returned to the race in 2019. Kondo Racing with a 2018-spec GT-R Nismo GT3, qualified in 25th overall, and finished 8th in the SP9 class and 9th overall during the race. KCMG were retired from the race, due to incidents and reliability concerns. Apart from these Nürburgring 24 Hours races, the car has won races and scored podium finishes in the Nürburgring Endurance Series as well.
Despite being part of the Super GT series, both GT-R Nismo GT500 and GT-R Nismo GT3 have raced in the Suzuka 10 Hours (also known as the Suzuka 1000 km). The GT-R Nismo GT500 was the most successful, as it had a 100 percent podium finish percentage in this particular endurance race. It made its debut in 2008, won the race with team Impul and drivers, Tsugio Matsuda and Sébastien Philippe. In 2009 and 2010, it scored 2 podium finishes and the fastest lap in 2010 as well. In 2011, Hasemi Motorsport drivers, Quintarelli and Yanagida took overall pole position, finished 2nd with the fastest lap of the race, while team Impul finished 3rd to make it a double-podium finish. In 2012, Quintarelli and Yanagida dominated the whole race weekend to win the race starting from pole position, as well as to set the fastest lap. Kondo Racing finished 3rd to make it two consecutive double-podium finishes for the car. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its debut and went on to score a podium finish in the GT300 class.
In 2013, the GT-R Nismo GT500 finished 2nd, starting from pole position, and took over the Super GT championship lead. Following another podium finish in 2014, Nismo drivers, Quintarelli and Matsuda took pole position and finished 7th, while team Impul finished on the podium in 2015. Gainer Tanax GT-R Nismo GT3 with drivers, Couto, Chiyo, and Ryuichiro Tomita won the GT300 class, starting from 2nd on the grid. The team scored a GT300 class podium finish in the 2016 race as well, while team Mola GT-R Nismo GT500 also finished on the podium. Team Forum Engineering Advan set the fastest lap of the race. 2017 was the last Suzuka 10 Hours race for the GT-R Nismo GT500. Kondo Racing car with drivers, Sasaki and Oliveira took pole position and finished 5th with the fastest lap of the race as well. Team Nismo finished 2nd to score a podium finish.
Since 2018, Suzuka 10 Hours has no longer taken part in the Super GT series, but in the Intercontinental GT Challenge. In 2018, KCMG GT-R Nismo GT3 qualified 4th on the grid but retired during the race. Team Gainer qualified 10th and finished 14th. In 2019, KCMG qualified in a disappointing 13th place, but made enough positions to finish 6th in the race. MP Racing scored a podium finish in Am class. Since then the race was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other concerns.
The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Macau Grand Prix (known as the FIA GT World Cup at the time) debut in 2018, with KCMG in both Platinum and Gold classes. Although it was the debut year, the car was proved to be successful in the race. It qualified 3rd in the Gold class and held onto that position during the qualifying race. The other cars qualified 9th and 10th in the Platinum class and climbed up to finish 8th, while the other car was forced to retire from the race due to an engine issue. In the main race, the car again maintained 3rd position to score a podium finish in the Gold class, while the other cars finished 8th and 9th in the Platinum class.
A production-based GT-R made its world motorsport debut in Australia's Targa Tasmania tarmac rally in April 2008, however it sustained damage early in the event and did not complete the rally. Later in 2008, the car won the Competition Modern class in the Targa West, before returning to Targa Tasmania in 2009 to take the outright win in the Modern class. In 2009, it won the One Lap of America competition. In 2010, the car finished 2nd overall in the One Lap of America competition. During the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season, a pair of GT class cars were campaigned by Brass Monkey Racing and driven by Steve Ott and Tony Rivera.
On June 4, 2010, Nismo introduced the GT-R Club Track Edition, which was available via the Nismo Omori aftermarket factory. This domestic market trim was a non-street legal, race-ready variant equipped with a 6-point roll cage and upgraded with the Nismo race package developed through its Tokachi endurance racer program. On June 25 and 26, 2011, the No.71 Schulze Motorsport GT-R Club Track Edition took part in the 2011 24 Hours of Nürburgring. Driven by Michael Schulze, Tobias Schulze, Kazunori Yamauchi and Yasuyoshi Yamamoto, it finished the race 36th overall, achieving a victory in the SP8T class after overcoming several technical problems. It was the first time a GT-R (R35) took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring. In 2012, Nissan as a works team, participated in the SP8T class with two Club Track Edition race cars. Team Nissan and GT Academy, both teams made it a 1–2 finish in class, 30th and 99th overall.
Succeeding the Skyline GT-R, the GT-R is also well recognized for its tuning capabilities among enthusiasts. It has set numerous speed records and victories in drag racing, time attacks, hill climbing, drifting among others. Despite early concerns about the difficulty of modifying the GT-R, many aftermarket tuning parts have become available throughout the years. Previously reported "untunable" ECU has since been hacked by several tuning houses. COBB Tuning was the first company to access its encrypted ECU. Japan based tuner, Mine's has limited control of the ECU as well, and others in the likes of MCR, HKS, and Top Secret have bypassed the unit. They have been seen testing modified variations of the car, with the former two having conducted tests at the Tsukuba Circuit.
Ecutek tuning, were the first company to manipulate and change its automatic mode shift points in the transmission control module (TCM), which could be done at the will of the driver. Ecutek also offered a system that could adjust its launch control on the fly, available with a wrap-around boost gauge that can read over 20 psi. COBB Tuning and Ecutek offered engine tuning on the ECU and TCM with different launch control software from LC1 up to LC5. On January 16, 2013, Ecutek also became the first company to construct and offer Flex Fuel hardware and software capability for all models. The fuel kit was required the Ecutek specific TCM as well. It provided changes in the cold start cranking compensation, maximum target boost, ignition timing, target airflow, cam timing and in the fuel economy gauge reading all based solely on ethanol content in the gas tank.
Mine's upgraded the high potential VR38DETT engine, using lightened engine internals such as titanium rods, lightened pistons and many other components that allow the engine to rev quickly, as well as to produce power more than 588 kW; 789 hp; 800 PS. AMS Performance and Extreme Turbo Systems were the major turner companies for building drag cars and aftermarket tuner parts for the GT-R in North America.
Motor Trend editor Scott Kanemura, revealed that the GPS system fitted to the GT-R would remove the 180 km/h (112 mph) speed limiter when it arrives to a race track, but only on tracks approved by Nissan. Aftermarket ECUs have been developed to bypass that speed limiter, in addition to stand-alone speed-limiter defeaters. The GPS check will not be implemented in American models. Nismo themselves have offered various tuning packages for the car, the "Club Sports" tuning package, which contained the upgraded parts of the GT-R SpecV, among others. Including the Nürburgring Nordschleife record setting N-Attack Package, Clubman Race Spec (CRS), Sports Resetting and Version Up sets which offered facelifted upgrades for pre-facelifted models.
AMS Performance, based in West Chicago, Illinois, are well known for the car's drag racing success, having set record power levels and performance numbers, they became the first tuner house to reach 9, 8, 7 and 6 second quarter mile runs. In June 2013, the Alpha Omega GT-R broke into the 7 seconds, ran a 7.98 second quarter mile at 299.56 km/h (186.14 mph). Later during the same day, it also broke couple of other records as well. It bested its previous 97–209 km/h (60–130 mph) time with 2.67 seconds, broke the 161–241 km/h (100–150 mph) record of 2.58 seconds, held by an Underground Racing TT Lamborghini Gallardo with 2.45 seconds. In June 2015, the car was generating over 1,529 kW; 2,050 hp; 2,078 PS and boasted from 0–60 mph in just 1.49 seconds. It set multiple world records at the WannaGoFast 1/2 Mile Shootout. Including a trap speed of 361.8 km/h (224.91 mph) from a standing 1/2 mile, from 97 to 209 km/h (60–130 mph) in 2.28 seconds, 0–161 km/h (0–100 mph) in 2.78 seconds, 0–300 km/h (0–186 mph) in 7.07 seconds and 0–322 km/h (0–200 mph) in 10.49 seconds. Its best quarter-mile time was 7.49 seconds at 310 km/h (193 mph), making it the quickest and fastest road-legal vehicle at the time. It also won the King of The Streets competition two times in a row. Its AMS Performance Alpha Omega package was a research and development project and was not available for customers. But the Alpha 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, and X packages were available; with each respectively producing approximately 447 kW; 600 hp; 608 PS, 669 kW; 898 hp; 910 PS, 746 kW; 1,000 hp; 1,014 PS, 895 kW; 1,200 hp; 1,217 PS, 1,044 kW; 1,400 hp; 1,419 PS, 1,193 kW; 1,600 hp; 1,622 PS, 1,641 kW; 2,200 hp; 2,231 PS when installed and tuned.
In 2017, AMS Performance built the Alpha-G GT-R, it was the first to run a quarter-mile in 6 seconds, completed a quarter mile run in 6.937 seconds. Driven by Gidi Chamdi with a trap speed of 315.36 km/h (196 mph), it held the fastest all-wheel-drive vehicle record. Later, ETS (Extreme Turbo Systems) with their car, broke the record with a 6.88 seconds in a quarter-mile run at 358.80 km/h (223 mph), also setting the record for fastest standing half-mile with a trap speed of 410.29 km/h (255 mph). In December 2018, Alpha Logic Performance from Dubai set the quarter-mile record for fastest all-wheel-drive vehicle, using the "Panda" GT-R. It ran a quarter mile distance in 6.582 seconds at 373.82 km/h (232.28 mph). In 2019 Import vs Domestic finals, the 2,610 kW; 3,500 hp; 3,549 PS and 100 psi of boost, ETS-G GT-R again broke the fastest all-wheel-drive and stock unibody world record, as it completed a quarter mile run in 6.56 seconds with a trap speed of 362.02 km/h (225 mph), winning the competition by beating the AMS Performance's Alpha Queen GT-R, which ran a 6.87 second quarter mile. T1 Race's Nightfury GT-R set the record for fastest stock location turbo GT-R as well as the fastest and quickest GT-R record, completing a quarter mile distance in 6.51 seconds with a trap speed of 370 km/h (230 mph).
In the Dragtimes competition in Russia, AMS Alpha 12 GT-R set the fastest road-legal standing 1 mile record, driven by Jury with a trap speed of 382 km/h (237 mph). Later in the same competition, Switzer Goliath GT-R broke the record in 22.602 seconds at a trap speed of 402 km/h (250 mph).
Modified variations of the GT-R have participated in several time attack challenges, especially in the World Time Attack Challenge (WTAC), with teams HKS, Precision Automotive Racing and LYFE. In 2015, HKS built the fastest time attack GT-R, it had the same VR38DETT engine with generating over 883 kW; 1,184 hp; 1,200 PS. It became fastest at Fontana, California, Fuji Speedway (achieving a peak speed of over 322 km/h (200 mph) in the main start/finish straight) and also in Sydney Motorsport Park. It participated in the 2015 WTAC and won the GT-R R35 class with the fastest lap time of 1:30.838 minutes. In 2017, LYFE's 847 kW; 1,136 hp; 1,152 PS GT-R broke all the records of HKS and won the WTAC. The GT-R of Precision Automotive Racing, driven by Aaron McGranahan, set a peak speed of 269 km/h (167 mph) and won the Flying 500 class title. The team did not return for the 2018 season. But in 2019, finished 5th in Pro class championship standings. The car also won the Super Lap Battle USA, setting a lap time of 2:07.18 minutes around the Circuit of the Americas. It also claimed to be the fastest time attack automobile in North America.
The GT-R have participated in many hill climb competitions in both stock and modified forms, notably in the Jaguar Simola Hill Climb in South Africa. In the 2019 season, the factory standard GT-R was named "the most successful supercar", winning the final Top 10 Shootout event. Kyle Mitchell driving, it set a time of 40.862 seconds to become the fastest road-legal vehicle.
The driver of the GT-R Nismo fastest drift world record, Masato Kawabata won the 2015 D1 Grand Prix with the modified Toyo Tires Drift Trust Racing GT-R. Darren Kelly with team The Heart of Racing won the Pro-series championships of 2019 and 2021 D1NZ Drifting Championship seasons.
On August 13, 2014, Mike Newman set a Guinness world record for the "Fastest speed for a car driven blindfolded", in a GT-R modified by Litchfield Motors from the United Kingdom. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The GT-R upheld its predecessor's exceptional pedigree in motorsports, competing across a range of racing disciplines and attaining success. Notable motorsport achievements came through from its participation in sports car racing, including championship triumphs in the approvingly competitive FIA GT1 World Championship, GT World Challenge and in the Super GT series. As well as in endurance races, consistently vying at the top in the Bathurst 12 Hour, Nürburgring 24 Hours, Spa 24 Hours among others. The car was used as official safety cars in numerous motorsport events, such as in the Super GT series, FIA GT1 World Championship, British Superbike Championship, and in the Supercars Championship as well.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nismo, the motorsport division of Nissan, participated with the GT-R Nismo GT500 in the Super GT series for the first time in 2008, replacing the 350Z GT. The GT500 version of the car featured a completely different drivetrain compared to the production car. It featured the VK45DE 4.5-litre naturally aspirated V8 engine, replacing the VR38DETT engine. It used a 6-speed sequential manual gearbox and a rear-wheel-drive layout derived from its predecessor. A prototype was spotted testing around the Suzuka Circuit, as well as at the Fuji Speedway in Japan. It went onto win the opening round of its debut season, at Suzuka scoring a 1–2 finish for Nissan. In the following race, repeated its 1–2 result, won the drivers' championship in its debut season, through team Xanavi, and drivers Satoshi Motoyama and Benoît Tréluyer, although they only managed to finish third in the teams' championship. The car's dominant debut season saw it winning 7 out of 9 races and 10 podium finishes with four different teams.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Due to engine reliability issues, the car only managed to achieve 4 victories and 8 podium finishes in 2009, reigning champions won 2 races and 3 podium finishes to end up 3rd in the championship standings. In 2010, the VK45DE engine was replaced by the exclusively developed VRH34A 3.4-litre engine. The season was not that successful, as the car only managed to win 2 races and 4 podium finishes. Team Impul finished 5th in standings. In 2011 and 2012, Team Mola with drivers Ronnie Quintarelli and Masataka Yanagida won back-to-back championships in both teams' and drivers' classifications. During the two dominant seasons, the car won 8 out of 16 races and achieved 19 podium finishes with three different teams. In addition, it also won the JAF Grand Prix in 2011, Quintarelli won the first race, starting from pole position, while Yanagida finished 2nd to score a podium finish with the fastest lap in the second race. Quintarelli again won the first race in the 2012 round, starting from 10th on the grid. Team Impul GT-R Nismo GT500 set the fastest lap. In the 2013 Super GT season, it only managed to score a race win and 4 podium finishes, Team Nismo finished 6th in standings. In the last ever JAF Grand Prix, team Impul scored a podium finish in the second race, finishing the race in 3rd position, starting from 7th on the grid.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2014, Super GT regulations were aligned with those of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and so the V8 engine was replaced by the NR20A 2.0-litre, 4-cylinder turbocharged engine. The car took the most out of the regulation overhaul, it repeatedly won both 2014 and 2015 championships with Team Nismo drivers, Quintarelli and Tsugio Matsuda. It won 7 races and 21 podium finishes during both seasons. In 2016, reigning champions ended up 3rd in standings, the car scored 5 race wins, 2 pole positions and 7 podium finishes with four different teams during the season. Although the team scored a race win, a pole position and 3 podium finishes, both Nismo drivers missed out in the championship by 2 points in 2017. Combined with other teams' results, the car ended the season with a race win, 2 pole positions, and 4 podium finishes.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Regulation changes in 2018 saw the beginning of an unsuccessful era for the GT-R Nismo GT500, as it only managed to achieve a race win, a pole position, and 2 podium finishes. End of the season, Team Nismo were a disappointing 8th in championship standings. The 2019 season saw improvements, attaining a race win, 3 pole positions, 2 fastest laps and 6 podium finishes during the season. Team Nismo finished 3rd in standings, 32.5 points behind the championship winners. In 2020, Team Nismo fell back to 5th in standings, as the car only scored 2 race wins, a fastest lap, and 3 podium finishes. Scoring 2 race wins and 6 podium finishes during the 2021 season, it was announced that the GT-R Nismo GT500 will be retired by the end of the season. Including its 5 drivers' and 4 teams' championships, the GT-R Nismo GT500 has the most race wins for a GT500 car, a record 41 race wins (including 2 Suzuka 10 Hours wins) and 89 podium finishes from 113 race starts, making it one of the most successful GT500 race cars of all time. The car was replaced by the Nissan Z GT500 for the 2022 season, after the model's 15-years of absence.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Super GT debut in 2012 at the Okayama International Circuit, with drivers Katsumasa Chiyo and Yuhi Sekiguchi. The car won its first race in the fourth round of the season at Sportsland Sugo, and also scored a podium finish in the following round at Suzuka. It was 4th in the final standings. A couple of difficult seasons followed, in 2013 the car failed to score a single podium finish, in 2014 it only managed to win a race. But in the 2013 JAF Grand Prix, team NDDP Racing, with driver Daiki Sasaki won the first race, starting from pole position. In the second race, the car only managed to finish 7th, and ended up being the runner-up of the 2013 JAF Grand Prix. It set the fastest laps in both races, as Nismo Athlete Global Team and NDDP Racing set the fastest laps of the first and second races respectively. The car bounced back in the 2015 season, team Gainer No.10 car, driven by André Couto won the championship, scoring 2 race wins and 4 podium finishes. Including the results of team NDDP Racing, the car finished the season with a total of 4 race wins and 7 podium finishes.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2016, the reigning champions only managed to achieve a podium finish at the Suzuka 10 Hour round. NDDP Racing finished the season 4th in standings, scored a race win, and 2 podium finishes during the season. In 2017, neither teams were able to score at least a podium finish. In 2018, Gainer participated with two upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars, No.10 car finished 5th in standings with a race win and two podium finishes, while the other car only managed to score a podium finish. In 2019, Gainer No.11 car won 2 races to finish 3rd in standings. No.10 car also won a race, and Kondo Racing scored a pole position and a podium finish. Kondo Racing with the GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo won the championship in 2020, with drivers Kiyoto Fujinami and João Paulo de Oliveira, they won 2 races and 3 podium finishes. No.11 car achieved a race win and 2 podium finishes, while Tomei Sports managed to score a pole position and a podium finish as well. Reigning champions returned to defend their title in 2021, but was unsuccessful as they finished the season 2nd in standings, with a race win and 3 podium finishes. No.11 car set a fastest lap, a podium finish, and two pole positions during the season.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Fujinami and Oliveira again won the championship in 2022, with a race win and two podium finishes. It was the 3rd Super GT GT300 championship win for the car. Gainer No.10 car also won a race win, a pole position, and 3 podium finishes, while the No.11 car achieved 2 podium finishes. For the first time, a third different team, Busou Drago Corse scored a podium finish at the Fuji GT 450 km race. Reigning champions Kondo Racing, along with teams NILZZ Racing, Tomei Sport and Gainer returned for the 2023 season. Fujinami was replaced by Teppei Natori. Kondo Racing won the second race of the season at Fuji, starting from pole position. Gainer No.11 car won the fourth round again at Fuji. Despite involving in unfortunate incidents, Kondo Racing could only manage to score a single point during both Suzuka and Sugo races, causing threats to their crucial title challenge. In the penultimate round, starting from a disappointing 17th on the grid, the team could only manage to finish 5th in the race. It mathematically eliminated them from the championship battle. The car finished 3rd in standings with 2 race wins, 1 pole position and 2 podium finishes.",
"title": "Super GT"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On February 27, 2009, Nismo announced a partnership with British racing team, Gigawave Motorsports to participate in the top tier GT/sports car racing series at the time, the FIA GT1 World Championship. In 2009, the GT-R GT1 was built exclusively for the series, it featured the VK56DE, (5,552 cc (339 cu in) naturally aspirated V8 engine, powering the rear wheels through a Ricardo sequential transmission. The ambition was to fine-tune the performance of the car and to be able to provide customer cars for future customer teams in the upcoming seasons. Nismo driver Michael Krumm and Gigawave driver Darren Turner recruited by the team, former Formula One driver, Anthony Davidson also joined them for the 24 Hours of Spa race, where the car scored an in class podium finish, finishing the race in 3rd position, starting from 8th on the grid. The car was not eligible for championship points, as it was concerned as a factory team.",
"title": "FIA GT1 World Championship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2010, team Sumo Power GT participated with two cars and drivers, Krumm, Peter Dumbreck, Jamie Campbell-Walter and Warren Hughes. Swiss Racing Team also with two cars and drivers, former Formula One driver Karl Wendlinger, Henri Moser, Max Nilsson and Seiji Ara. The car made its official FIA GT1 World Championship debut in the Abu Dhabi. In the following round, it scored its first race win, Sumo Power GT No.22 car driven by Walter and Hughes secured their qualifying position during the qualifying race and went on to win the championship race by just over two seconds. In the following round at Brno, the No.23 car finished both races in 3rd position to score double podium finishes during the race weekend. Sumo Power GT continued their podium streak into the next round as well, No.22 car finished 3rd in the qualifying race, starting from 5th on the grid and the No.23 car finished 2nd in the championship race. The next major achievement was followed during the seventh round of the season, as the No.23 car with drivers Krumm and Dumbreck won the qualifying race. In the next round at Navarra, the No.22 car again scored a podium finish, finishing 3rd in the championship race, starting from 5th on the grid. The car scored its last podium finish of the season at Interlagos, No.23 car finished the qualifying race in 2nd position, starting from 6th on the grid. End of the season, the No.23 car was 9th in the driver's championship and Sumo Power GT were 6th in the team's championship. The Swiss Racing Team were not that competitive, finishing 10th in the final standings after barely managing to score points during the second, third, and sixth rounds of the season. Although it was the debut season for the car, it finished its competitive outing with 2 race wins and 8 podium finishes.",
"title": "FIA GT1 World Championship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The 2011 season saw the Swiss Racing Team switching to Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV race cars, leaving Sumo Power GT running four GT-R GT1 race cars, two under the same team with drivers, Walter, Hughes, Enrique Bernoldi, Ricardo Zonta, Nicky Catsburg and former Formula One driver David Brabham. Two under the sister team JR Motorsports with drivers, Krumm, Dumbreck, Richard Westbrook and Lucas Luhr. In the opening round, JR Motorsports scored a double-podium finish in the qualifying race, No.22 and No.23 cars finished the race 2nd and 3rd respectively. No.22 car maintained 2nd position to score another podium finish in the championship race. The car dominated the third round of the season, all four cars started from the 1st and 2nd rows for the qualifying race. Dumbreck and Westbrook took pole position ahead of the other three GT-R GT1 race cars, which were 2nd, 3rd, and 4th on the grid. In the qualifying race, it was a 1–2–3 finish for the car and a 1–2 finish for JR Motorsports, pole sitters won the race. The momentum continued into the championship race as well, the No.23 car driven by Krumm and Luhr won the race, while the Sumo Power GT No.21 car finished 3rd to score another double podium finish.",
"title": "FIA GT1 World Championship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In the fifth round at Silverstone, it was again a double-podium race weekend for the car, as the No.23 car finished 2nd in the qualifying race and won the championship race following an intense battle between the team Young Driver AMR's Aston Martin DBR9. In the following round, the No.21 car finished 3rd in the championship race to score a podium finish. During the seventh round of the season, JR Motorsports again dominated the whole weekend. Qualified 1st and 2nd, the No.23 car won both qualifying and championship races. In the following round at Ordos, the No.22 car finished 2nd in both races to score two podium finishes, while the No.21 car also finished on the podium in 3rd position. In the ninth round, the No.23 car finished 3rd in the championship race to score another podium finish, starting from 4th on the grid. Heading onto the final round at San Luis, the No.23 car was just a point behind the driver's championship leaders. It took pole position and finished 2nd in the qualifying race, winning the driver's championship for Krumm and Luhr by over 17 points. In the championship race, due to a racing incident in the opening lap, the car was forced to retire and was unable to score points during the race. No.22 car served a drive-through penalty while leading the race and finished 8th, missing out on winning the team's championship by just 3 points. JR Motorsports were 2nd in the teams' championship, while Sumo Power GT were 5th. The car finished the season with 5 race wins, 3 pole positions, and 18 podium finishes. It was the last competitive outing for the car, as in 2012 GT1 cars got replaced by GT3 cars and Nissan did not return to defend their title with a GT3 variant of the GT-R.",
"title": "FIA GT1 World Championship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Due to the 2011 GT1 World Championship being the last possible competitive outing for the GT-R GT1, Nissan were forced to develop a GT3 variant of the GT-R. Nismo and JR Motorsports joint team immediately began development of the GT-R Nismo GT3. Following numerous testing sessions and three competitive race outings, the car was soon proven to be competitive enough for customer racing teams. It was officially introduced in a press release in January 2012, and was claimed to be fully conformed with Group GT3 regulations. It featured the standard VR38DETT engine with a power output of 390 kW (530 PS; 523 hp) at 6,400 rpm, working in conjunction with a Ricardo six-speed sequential transmission, providing power to the rear wheels. Fitted with an adjustable suspension setup and driver controls, the chassis was also re-tuned for competitive racing. Sales and services were provided by Nissan in Japan, Asia, and North America, and by JR Motorsports in Europe, Russia, and the Middle East as well. Nissan were the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to sell a Group GT3 race car, the GT-R Nismo GT3 was sold to numerous customer racing teams throughout the years. Keeping up with the competition, Nismo offered several update kits, with the first update as early as 2013.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The car featured significant performance upgrades for the year 2013. Increased engine output to 405 kW (551 PS; 543 hp) at 6,500 rpm, due to new camshaft timing and reinforced engine parts. Gear ratios were changed to optimize the increase in power. Front canards and a re-positioned rear wing, increased overall downforce without any changes in drag. Additionally, the suspension setup and brake balance were enhanced to further improve handling. In 2014, the car received minor upgrades to reduce running cost and improve reliability. In 2015, fuel efficiency was improved, along with better weight distribution and refined aerodynamics.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The car received another major update in 2016. Nismo claimed the updated GT-R Nismo GT3 is faster, lighter, and more fuel-efficient than the previous model. It was fitted with a new brake system, including larger AP Racing brake rotors, calipers, and master cylinders, to provide more stopping power. Weight distribution was improved by moving the starter motor to the rear transaxel, lowering air jacks, revising the steering column and driver seating position, refining chassis brackets, revising the wiring harness and carbon-fibre air intake pipes. The car was also proved to be aero efficient than before, as Nismo engineers made the front dive planes, rear diffuser, front and rear bumpers more effective with the help of wind tunnel and trackside testing. Driver safety was also concerned, offered with a lowered dashboard and a flat-bottom steering wheel to improve visibility. Additional side roll cage tubes were added to improve side protection.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In 2018, the GT-R Nismo GT3 received its road car facelift and other upgrades as well. Lowered centre of gravity and further improved weight distribution, significant changes were made over the previous specification. The engine was moved backward and lowered by 150 mm (5.9 in) due to a thin oil pan. The entire drivetrain and driver seating positioning were lowered to the ground, further lowering the centre of gravity and improving weight distribution. The enhanced aerodynamic package featured optimized airflow inside the engine compartment, and a refined layout of air inlets, outlets, radiator, and intercooler produced more downforce and improved cooling. Driver comfort was improved by redesigning the steering wheel and centre console switch panel, and an optional air conditioning system was also offered. The rear suspension setup was changed to a double-wishbone system. Nismo claimed the upgrades led the car to reduce its weight by around 15 kg (33 lb), and improve driving stability, handling, and downforce while reducing drag. The car received minor upgrades in 2020. Which include, repositioned cockpit switches, the introduction of a Power Distribution Module (PDM), upgraded ABS, and TCS systems. The upgraded version was renamed as the \"GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo\".",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "End of 2017, Nissan/Nismo officially withdrew from participating in international GT3 racing as a manufacturer, due to the interest of participating in Formula E. But resumed providing technical support for customer racing teams, which were in racing with customer-spec GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars. End of 2019, Nissan did not renew their relationship with the customer team KCMG. Meaning that the car would no longer race outside of Japan. It has competed in almost every major Group GT3 competitions and has won several championships. In 2023, it only participated in the Super GT GT300 class, Japan Cup Series and Super Taikyu Series. The car is FIA homologated for use until the end of 2028.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 participated in the largest and most competitive GT championship, the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup (known as the Blancpain Endurance Series at the time). The car was proved to be successful in this tremendously competitive championship. Despite making its debut in the fourth round of the 2011 season at Magny-Cours, it was not in championship contention, only raced in the fourth and fifth rounds of the season. But it had good enough pace to finish an impressive 6th in Pro class, as well as to set the fastest lap of its debut race. 2012 season was also similar, only competed in the first to fourth rounds of the season.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "2013 was the first full season the car participated in, and it was soon proved to be a successful season as well. In the second round at Silverstone, the car scored its first race win. Driven by Lucas Ordóñez, Peter Pyzera, and Alex Buncombe, claimed overall pole position as well as the race win in Pro-Am class. It scored a double-podium finish in the following round at Paul Ricard, with JR Motorsports and GT Academy, and took the championship lead in Pro-Am championship. Following another podium finish in the challenging 24 Hours of Spa, GT Academy ultimately won the Pro-Am team's championship in the final round at Nürburgring, by beating the Ferrari works team, AF Corse. Ordóñez won the Pro-Am driver's championship, while Pyzera and Buncombe finished 3rd and 4th in the final standings respectively. The car was able to win a race, take a pole position, and 4 podium finishes during the season. The team returned for the 2014 season to defend their title. In the second round at Silverstone, starting from 3rd on the grid, the car managed to win the Pro-Am class after an intense between an Aston Martin Vantage GT3. It also scored a podium finish at Paul Ricard as well. In the final round at Nürburgring, it took Pro-Am pole position and led the race in the early stages, due to a gearbox issue it was forced to pit and lost positions, missing out on winning the team's championship. End of the season, the car was 4th in the team's championship, tied on points with the team AF Corse, and 7th in the driver's championship with a race win, a pole position, and 2 podium finishes.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In 2015, the GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in both Pro and Pro-Am classes. It took pole position and finished on the podium in the second round of the season at Silverstone. Winning an impressive overall race, starting from 2nd at Paul Ricard, it was in championship battle heading onto the final round at Nürburgring. The car qualified 2nd and managed to finish the race in 3rd to score another podium finish, and won the driver's championship for Buncombe, Chiyo and Wolfgang Reip, although GT Academy finished 3rd in the team's championship. The sister car from the Pro-Am class took pole position in the final race as well. The GT-R Nismo GT3 won a race, scored 2 pole positions and 3 podiums to finish another successful season. In 2016, reigning champions were unsuccessful to defend their title. Although they started on with a strong 4th-place finish at Monza, unfortunate incidents in Silverstone, Paul Ricard, and 24 Hours of Spa races made the team lack on points. The car was 7th in the team's championship and 9th in the driver's championship. A podium finish at the Nürburgring, starting from 11th on the grid secured its successive podium streak.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "GT Academy quit being the title sponsor in 2017, and Motul as a replacement joined the Nissan works team. Similar incidents to the previous season resulted in another unsuccessful season for the car, with a 5th-place finish at Paul Ricard being the best result of the season. The car finished the season again 7th in the team's championship, with neither a race win nor a podium finish. In 2018, Nissan and Nismo did not return, instead a customer team, GT Sport participated in the championship. The team finished on the podium in Silver Cup class at Silverstone, starting from 7th on the grid. The car consistently finished on points for the rest of the season to finish 6th in the Silver Cup driver's championship and 12th in the overall team's championship standings. 2019 was the last season the car participated in, with team KCMG it was not in championship contention, only raced in the 24 Hours of Spa.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 2013, the FIA GT1 World Championship was replaced by the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup (known as the FIA GT Series at the time). Nissan GT Academy Team RJN made their debut with the GT-R Nismo GT3 in the Pro-Am class. In the inaugural 2013 season, it finished on the podium in every race it participated in. It did not race in the final round at Baku, as the team withdrew the race in order to participate in the 2013 Dubai 24 Hour race with the 370Z GT4, missing out in a possible team's championship win. End of the season, it was 2nd in the team's championship and 5th in the driver's championship with 2 wins, 2 pole positions and 10 podium finishes. The car did not return for the 2014 season. But in 2015, only for the fourth round at Moscow, where GT Academy finished on the podium in Pro-Am class. End of the season, a customer racing team, MRS GT-Racing/Always Involving Motorsport were 7th in the team's championship and 14th in the driver's championship with a podium finish in the second round at Brands Hatch. In 2016, GT Academy participated in both Pro and Silver classes. Finished 4th in the Silver class driver's championship with 2 podium finishes at Brand Hatch and Hungaroring. It was the last appearance of a GT-R Nismo GT3 in this championship.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its GT World Challenge Asia (known as the Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia at the time) debut in 2018, with team KCMG in Pro-Am and Silver Cup classes. In the second round at Buriram, the car achieved its maiden podium finish. After serving a drive-through penalty, it finished 2nd and set the fastest lap of the race. Following 2 race wins, 3 pole positions, fastest laps, and 11 podium finishes, it finished its successful debut season 2nd in the Pro-Am driver's championship and 5th in the Silver Cup driver's championship. It finished 4th in the overall team's championship as well.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "RunUp Sports and Team 5ZIGEN participated in the 2023 Japan Cup Series using two GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo race cars, meaning that the car would race in the Japanese rounds of the 2023 GT World Challenge Asia. Both teams competed in Am and Pro-Am classes respectively. End of the season, RunUp Sports finished 2nd in Am class standings with consistent points finishes throughout the season. 5ZIGEN scored 2 podiums at Suzuka and Okayama. Due to unfortunate incidents in other races, the team withdrew from the Motegi round. It mathematically eliminated them from championship contention. The team finished the season 5th in overall standings.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "In 2015, Nissan officially announced entry into the GT World Challenge America (known as the Pirelli World Challenge at the time), with team AE Replay XD Nissan GT Academy. In the fourth round at Birmingham, the car scored its first race win, starting from pole position and driven by James Davison. Its consistent performance led to 7 consecutive podium finishes, starting from Wisconsin to Utah rounds, including a race win at Road America and a fastest lap at Ohio as well. Mid-season driver changes resulted in losing the potential of winning the GTA class championship, it made the car ineligible for points although it scored multiple race wins, pole positions, fastest laps, and podium finishes. End of the season, it was 4th in GT class driver's championship with 3 wins, a pole position, fastest lap and 10 podium finishes, while 5th in the team's championship.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The team returned for the 2016 season, The car started the season on a high, it finished 2nd in the opening race and set the fastest lap. In the next race, it claimed a pole position as well. It repeated the same result at St. Petersburg and Bowmanville rounds. Including 2 back-to-back race wins at Utah, 2 additional podium finishes were followed at Ohio and Laguna Seca rounds. The car finished the season 5th in the driver's championship and 4th in the team's championship. It did not participate since 2017. But in 2018, with teams Nissan Motorsports North America and Always Involving Motorsport, only for the third round at Streets of Long Beach.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Having participated in a few races in the past seasons, the GT-R Nismo GT3 made its full season GT World Challenge Australia (known as Australian GT Championship at the time) debut in 2021. Driver Brett Hobson with Hobson Motorsport chose to race with the same car, used by Nissan in the 2016 Bathurst 12 Hour. It raced under the GT Trophy class. Beginning of a successful season, it won its maiden race and finished on the podium in the opening round at Phillip Island. Following another race win, pole position, and a podium finish, the car required a complete refresh before the championship-deciding final round at Mount Panorama, despite a gearbox issue. Ultimately, it dominated the whole weekend with back-to-back race wins and pole positions. Although it failed to start and retired from a couple of races during the season, it made an impressive comeback to finish 2nd in the final standings, 8 points behind the championship-winning Audi R8 LMS Ultra. End of the season, the car scored 4 race wins, 3 pole positions, and finished every race in the podium to score 6 podium finishes. The team returned for the 2022 season, but only for the first round at Phillip Island, where it took a pole position and scored a double-podium finish.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Having only participated in the Bathurst 12 Hour and Spa 24 Hours in 2017, 2019 was the first and only full season, a GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in the Intercontinental GT Challenge. Team KCMG with an updated 2018-spec car, managed to score points in every race of the season. It also set the fastest laps in Bathurst 12 Hour and California 8 Hours. It was the only GT championship where the car did not manage to score a podium finish. End of the season, it was 6th in the manufacturer's championship, just a point behind Ferrari.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its British GT Championship debut in 2012, with team RJN Motorsport, and drivers Buncombe and Jann Mardenborough. It set its maiden pole position as well as the podium finish in the first round at Nürburgring. In the fourth round at Brands Hatch, it scored its first race win starting from 10th on the grid. It finished on the podium again at Snetterton Circuit. The car was 6th in the final standings with a race win, pole position, and 3 podium finishes. In 2013, JR Motorsport participated in the championship instead, but only for the first and second rounds of the season. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN scored a podium finish at Spa-Francorchamps, in 2014. Since then, 2018 was the first and final full season, a GT-R Nismo GT3 was raced in the British GT Championship. RJN Motorsport participated under Silver Cup class, Straun Moore won the championship after taking pole positions and winning every race the car participated in.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 is the most successful Group GT3 car in the Super Taikyu Series (also known as the Super Endurance Series), it has won 6 out of 11 full-season championships. It made its series debut in the second round of the 2012 season at Motegi, with team Threebond Nissan Technical College, qualifying 3rd on the grid, but returned to the pits after completing 5 laps in the race, as it was revealed that the race was a testing session to gather data for future competitive outings. The car scored its dominant first race win in the fourth round at Okayama, driven by Fuji, Gamisan and Chiyo, it crossed the finish line by over 21 seconds ahead of the 2nd-placed BMW Z4 GT3. 3 podium finishes were followed, including a double in the fifth round at Suzuka, and another in the final round at Autopolis. Starting from the back of the grid due to technical issues, it ultimately was able to finish on the podium. Although it was not a full season, the car was able to win a race and score 5 podium finishes.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "In collaboration with Kondo Racing the team returned for the 2013 season, and additional GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars from team GTNET Advan and Mach GoGoGo Syaken were entered as well. Following the exceptional debut season, the car carried on its momentum to have another successful season. 10 podium finishes were followed from all three teams throughout the season, as well as 7 pole positions, it also won the final round at Autopolis to score a 1–2 finish. Including few double podium finishes, the car was 3rd in the final standings. Starting on in the 2014 season, it was a dominant era for the GT-R Nismo GT3 until the 2017 season. In 2014, except for team Mach Syaken, both teams returned to compete. Winning the opening round at Motegi, it went on to win 4 more races. The car also took 6 pole positions and 8 podium finishes, team GTNET ultimately won the championship with drivers Hoshino, Aoki, and Omoto. Both teams returned in 2015, with additional teams using the car include, Endless Sports and Team Mach. It was already a 1–2 finish in the opening round at Motegi, including several such dominant results, Endless Sports went on to win the championship with drivers, Yukinori Taniguchi, Kyosuke Mineo, and Yuya Motojima. Including the results of all five teams, the car finished the season with 5 race wins, 3 pole positions, and 11 podium finishes. 2016 season was the most dominant season for the car, it won every race of the season to finish 1–2–3 in the final standings. Although it won all 6 races consecutively, it also took 5 pole positions and 15 podium finishes as well. Kondo Racing won the championship, with drivers Fuji, Yudai Uchida, and Kazuki Hiramine.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "All teams returned for the 2017 season, and it was the end of consecutive championship wins for the car. Defending champions, Kondo Racing ended up 2nd in the championship. The car scored 3 race wins and 10 podium finishes by the end of the season. It bounced back in 2018 with the updated 2018-spec, starting the season with a 1–2 finish in the opening round at Suzuka, it won 4 more races, took 3 pole positions and 10 podium finishes. Ultimately won the championship for GTNET, with drivers Hoshino, Teruhiko Hamano and Kiyoto Fujinami. Kondo Racing and Endless Sports finished 2nd and 3rd in final standings respectively. In 2019, reigning champions returned to defend their title, while Kondo Racing and Endless Sports were replaced by MP Racing and Tairoku Racing. Reigning champions already secured their title in the fourth race and withdrew the following race, held in Motegi. The car won 3 races, took 2 pole positions and 8 podium finishes during the season. In 2020, GTNET and MP Racing were the only teams that participated in with the car. In the opening round at Fuji, GTNET No.81 car scored a podium finish, as it finished the race in 3rd position. MP Racing were 2nd in the final standings, it was the first and so far only season that the car did not win a race since its debut in 2012. But scored 8 podium finishes to wrap up a winless season. Both teams returned for the 2021 season with upgraded GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo race cars, but were not in championship contention, as both teams did not participate in every race. GTNET won the Fuji 24 Hour race, and they were 4th in final standings. The car finished the season with a race win and 3 podium finishes.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "For the 2022 season, both teams returned, and HELM Motorsports with an additional GT-R Nismo GT3 Evo participated as well. Also winning the Fuji 24 Hour race, HELM Motorsports were in championship contention with a Mercedes AMG GT3 Evo throughout the season. The team headed on to the championship decider with 2.5 points behind the AMG GT3 Evo, where the car finished 2nd ahead of the AMG GT3 Evo at 4th to win the championship by 7.5 points. It was driven by Yutaka Toba, Yuya Hiraki and Reiji Hiraki. The car won 3 races and scored 6 podium finishes during the season. Defending champions and GTNET Motorsports returned for the 2023 season. Team 5ZIGEN also raced in the opening round at Suzuka, and won the race starting from pole position and set the fastest lap as well. HELM Motorsports were again in championship contention with the same AMG GT3 Evo, head onto the final round of the season with 21.5 points behind. Although they finished 2nd on the podium, it was not enough to win the championship as their rivals finished 3rd. Including 2 podium finishes from GTNET Motorsports, the car won a race, scored 3 pole positions, 6 podium finishes and end up 3rd in final standings.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its ADAC GT Masters full-season debut in 2015, with team MRS GT-Racing. Although it was its debut season, it managed to finish in points in most of the races. But three race retirements and two race withdrawals resulted, 11th in the team's championship. In 2016, switching to the Junior class mid-season, it lost its potential of winning the Trophy class championship. End of the season, it was 4th in the Trophy class championship standings. In 2017, scoring multiple class wins and podium finishes, it eventually won the Trophy class championship with the reigning champion, Remo Lips. It was the last season for the car in the championship.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "The Bathurst 12 Hour has been one of the most successful endurance races for the car. One of its predecessors, the Skyline GT-R R32 Group A originally earned its nickname \"Godzilla\" at this particular endurance race. The standard GT-R made its debut in 2012, with team Donut King Racing and drivers Tony Alfred, Adam Beechey and Peter Leemhuis, it won the C class and finished 6th overall. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its debut in 2014, with Nismo Athlete Global Team. It qualified 5th but was involved in an incident while fighting for a podium finish, forced to retire from the race. The car bounced back in 2015, with drivers Strauss, Chiyo and Reip, it qualified 3rd and won the race after an intensive battle up front in the final 20 minutes of the race. It charged itself from 3rd to 1st on the penultimate lap. In 2016, although the car qualified in a disappointing 13th position, it finished 2nd in the race behind the race-winning McLaren 650S GT3 of Tekno Autosports. The car closed a 14-second gap deficit to 1.2 seconds during the final stages, led the most laps of 107 out of the 297 laps and set a record fastest lap during the race as well.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "The team did not return in 2017, instead Nissan Motorsport and Wall Racing participated using four GT-R Nismo GT3 race cars. Nissan Motorsport led the race at some stages, but due to a gearbox issue, the car was forced to pit and rejoined 10th, and managed to finish the race 4th in class and 8th overall. The sister car was retired from the race due to technical errors, but was classified as 8th in class and 32nd overall. Both Wall Racing cars were retired from the race. The car did not race in 2018. But in 2019 with team KCMG, due to the race being part of the Intercontinental GT Challenge. The car finished the race in 7th position. The team returned for the 2020 race as well, qualified 4th and finished 9th in class, and 12th overall. Another GT-R Nismo GT3 of Hobson Motorsport qualified 6th and finished the race 5th in its class.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Dubai 24 Hour debut in 2012, finished the race 22nd in A6 class. The car did not participate in 2013 and 2014. But in 2015, with Nissan GT Academy Team RJN and drivers, Strauss, Ricardo Sanchez, Ahmed Bin Khanen, Nick Hammann, and Gaetan Paletou, the car qualified on pole in Pro-Am class. Although it served a couple of drive-through penalties, it finished 2nd to score a podium finish in its class, and 5th overall. In 2016, a customer team, MRS GT-Racing participated in Pro class. They finished the race 11th in Pro class, starting from 10th on the grid. Following a two year hiatus in 2017 and 2018, the car returned for the 2019 race. KCMG with two cars, qualified 10th and 12th, and finished the race 8th in Pro class while the sister car retired from the race, due to an incident during the race.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The car made its Nürburgring 24 Hours debut in 2013, with a customer team Schulze Motorsport, it qualified 26th overall. During the race, due to technical issues, the team was forced to replace its engine but rejoined and finished 134th overall. In 2014, they finished 11th in SP9 GT3 class. Nissan GT Academy Team RJN with two cars, finished 13th in the SP9 class while the other car was retired from the race, due to making contact with a barrier. In 2015, the car's best result was a 9th-place finish, starting from 31st on the grid.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "GT Academy returned for the 2016 race, qualified 25th, and climbed up positions to finish 11th overall. After two years of absence in 2017 and 2018, the car returned to the race in 2019. Kondo Racing with a 2018-spec GT-R Nismo GT3, qualified in 25th overall, and finished 8th in the SP9 class and 9th overall during the race. KCMG were retired from the race, due to incidents and reliability concerns. Apart from these Nürburgring 24 Hours races, the car has won races and scored podium finishes in the Nürburgring Endurance Series as well.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Despite being part of the Super GT series, both GT-R Nismo GT500 and GT-R Nismo GT3 have raced in the Suzuka 10 Hours (also known as the Suzuka 1000 km). The GT-R Nismo GT500 was the most successful, as it had a 100 percent podium finish percentage in this particular endurance race. It made its debut in 2008, won the race with team Impul and drivers, Tsugio Matsuda and Sébastien Philippe. In 2009 and 2010, it scored 2 podium finishes and the fastest lap in 2010 as well. In 2011, Hasemi Motorsport drivers, Quintarelli and Yanagida took overall pole position, finished 2nd with the fastest lap of the race, while team Impul finished 3rd to make it a double-podium finish. In 2012, Quintarelli and Yanagida dominated the whole race weekend to win the race starting from pole position, as well as to set the fastest lap. Kondo Racing finished 3rd to make it two consecutive double-podium finishes for the car. The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its debut and went on to score a podium finish in the GT300 class.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "In 2013, the GT-R Nismo GT500 finished 2nd, starting from pole position, and took over the Super GT championship lead. Following another podium finish in 2014, Nismo drivers, Quintarelli and Matsuda took pole position and finished 7th, while team Impul finished on the podium in 2015. Gainer Tanax GT-R Nismo GT3 with drivers, Couto, Chiyo, and Ryuichiro Tomita won the GT300 class, starting from 2nd on the grid. The team scored a GT300 class podium finish in the 2016 race as well, while team Mola GT-R Nismo GT500 also finished on the podium. Team Forum Engineering Advan set the fastest lap of the race. 2017 was the last Suzuka 10 Hours race for the GT-R Nismo GT500. Kondo Racing car with drivers, Sasaki and Oliveira took pole position and finished 5th with the fastest lap of the race as well. Team Nismo finished 2nd to score a podium finish.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Since 2018, Suzuka 10 Hours has no longer taken part in the Super GT series, but in the Intercontinental GT Challenge. In 2018, KCMG GT-R Nismo GT3 qualified 4th on the grid but retired during the race. Team Gainer qualified 10th and finished 14th. In 2019, KCMG qualified in a disappointing 13th place, but made enough positions to finish 6th in the race. MP Racing scored a podium finish in Am class. Since then the race was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other concerns.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo GT3 made its Macau Grand Prix (known as the FIA GT World Cup at the time) debut in 2018, with KCMG in both Platinum and Gold classes. Although it was the debut year, the car was proved to be successful in the race. It qualified 3rd in the Gold class and held onto that position during the qualifying race. The other cars qualified 9th and 10th in the Platinum class and climbed up to finish 8th, while the other car was forced to retire from the race due to an engine issue. In the main race, the car again maintained 3rd position to score a podium finish in the Gold class, while the other cars finished 8th and 9th in the Platinum class.",
"title": "Group GT3"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "A production-based GT-R made its world motorsport debut in Australia's Targa Tasmania tarmac rally in April 2008, however it sustained damage early in the event and did not complete the rally. Later in 2008, the car won the Competition Modern class in the Targa West, before returning to Targa Tasmania in 2009 to take the outright win in the Modern class. In 2009, it won the One Lap of America competition. In 2010, the car finished 2nd overall in the One Lap of America competition. During the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season, a pair of GT class cars were campaigned by Brass Monkey Racing and driven by Steve Ott and Tony Rivera.",
"title": "Other categories"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "On June 4, 2010, Nismo introduced the GT-R Club Track Edition, which was available via the Nismo Omori aftermarket factory. This domestic market trim was a non-street legal, race-ready variant equipped with a 6-point roll cage and upgraded with the Nismo race package developed through its Tokachi endurance racer program. On June 25 and 26, 2011, the No.71 Schulze Motorsport GT-R Club Track Edition took part in the 2011 24 Hours of Nürburgring. Driven by Michael Schulze, Tobias Schulze, Kazunori Yamauchi and Yasuyoshi Yamamoto, it finished the race 36th overall, achieving a victory in the SP8T class after overcoming several technical problems. It was the first time a GT-R (R35) took part in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring. In 2012, Nissan as a works team, participated in the SP8T class with two Club Track Edition race cars. Team Nissan and GT Academy, both teams made it a 1–2 finish in class, 30th and 99th overall.",
"title": "Other categories"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "Succeeding the Skyline GT-R, the GT-R is also well recognized for its tuning capabilities among enthusiasts. It has set numerous speed records and victories in drag racing, time attacks, hill climbing, drifting among others. Despite early concerns about the difficulty of modifying the GT-R, many aftermarket tuning parts have become available throughout the years. Previously reported \"untunable\" ECU has since been hacked by several tuning houses. COBB Tuning was the first company to access its encrypted ECU. Japan based tuner, Mine's has limited control of the ECU as well, and others in the likes of MCR, HKS, and Top Secret have bypassed the unit. They have been seen testing modified variations of the car, with the former two having conducted tests at the Tsukuba Circuit.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "Ecutek tuning, were the first company to manipulate and change its automatic mode shift points in the transmission control module (TCM), which could be done at the will of the driver. Ecutek also offered a system that could adjust its launch control on the fly, available with a wrap-around boost gauge that can read over 20 psi. COBB Tuning and Ecutek offered engine tuning on the ECU and TCM with different launch control software from LC1 up to LC5. On January 16, 2013, Ecutek also became the first company to construct and offer Flex Fuel hardware and software capability for all models. The fuel kit was required the Ecutek specific TCM as well. It provided changes in the cold start cranking compensation, maximum target boost, ignition timing, target airflow, cam timing and in the fuel economy gauge reading all based solely on ethanol content in the gas tank.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "Mine's upgraded the high potential VR38DETT engine, using lightened engine internals such as titanium rods, lightened pistons and many other components that allow the engine to rev quickly, as well as to produce power more than 588 kW; 789 hp; 800 PS. AMS Performance and Extreme Turbo Systems were the major turner companies for building drag cars and aftermarket tuner parts for the GT-R in North America.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "Motor Trend editor Scott Kanemura, revealed that the GPS system fitted to the GT-R would remove the 180 km/h (112 mph) speed limiter when it arrives to a race track, but only on tracks approved by Nissan. Aftermarket ECUs have been developed to bypass that speed limiter, in addition to stand-alone speed-limiter defeaters. The GPS check will not be implemented in American models. Nismo themselves have offered various tuning packages for the car, the \"Club Sports\" tuning package, which contained the upgraded parts of the GT-R SpecV, among others. Including the Nürburgring Nordschleife record setting N-Attack Package, Clubman Race Spec (CRS), Sports Resetting and Version Up sets which offered facelifted upgrades for pre-facelifted models.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "AMS Performance, based in West Chicago, Illinois, are well known for the car's drag racing success, having set record power levels and performance numbers, they became the first tuner house to reach 9, 8, 7 and 6 second quarter mile runs. In June 2013, the Alpha Omega GT-R broke into the 7 seconds, ran a 7.98 second quarter mile at 299.56 km/h (186.14 mph). Later during the same day, it also broke couple of other records as well. It bested its previous 97–209 km/h (60–130 mph) time with 2.67 seconds, broke the 161–241 km/h (100–150 mph) record of 2.58 seconds, held by an Underground Racing TT Lamborghini Gallardo with 2.45 seconds. In June 2015, the car was generating over 1,529 kW; 2,050 hp; 2,078 PS and boasted from 0–60 mph in just 1.49 seconds. It set multiple world records at the WannaGoFast 1/2 Mile Shootout. Including a trap speed of 361.8 km/h (224.91 mph) from a standing 1/2 mile, from 97 to 209 km/h (60–130 mph) in 2.28 seconds, 0–161 km/h (0–100 mph) in 2.78 seconds, 0–300 km/h (0–186 mph) in 7.07 seconds and 0–322 km/h (0–200 mph) in 10.49 seconds. Its best quarter-mile time was 7.49 seconds at 310 km/h (193 mph), making it the quickest and fastest road-legal vehicle at the time. It also won the King of The Streets competition two times in a row. Its AMS Performance Alpha Omega package was a research and development project and was not available for customers. But the Alpha 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, and X packages were available; with each respectively producing approximately 447 kW; 600 hp; 608 PS, 669 kW; 898 hp; 910 PS, 746 kW; 1,000 hp; 1,014 PS, 895 kW; 1,200 hp; 1,217 PS, 1,044 kW; 1,400 hp; 1,419 PS, 1,193 kW; 1,600 hp; 1,622 PS, 1,641 kW; 2,200 hp; 2,231 PS when installed and tuned.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "In 2017, AMS Performance built the Alpha-G GT-R, it was the first to run a quarter-mile in 6 seconds, completed a quarter mile run in 6.937 seconds. Driven by Gidi Chamdi with a trap speed of 315.36 km/h (196 mph), it held the fastest all-wheel-drive vehicle record. Later, ETS (Extreme Turbo Systems) with their car, broke the record with a 6.88 seconds in a quarter-mile run at 358.80 km/h (223 mph), also setting the record for fastest standing half-mile with a trap speed of 410.29 km/h (255 mph). In December 2018, Alpha Logic Performance from Dubai set the quarter-mile record for fastest all-wheel-drive vehicle, using the \"Panda\" GT-R. It ran a quarter mile distance in 6.582 seconds at 373.82 km/h (232.28 mph). In 2019 Import vs Domestic finals, the 2,610 kW; 3,500 hp; 3,549 PS and 100 psi of boost, ETS-G GT-R again broke the fastest all-wheel-drive and stock unibody world record, as it completed a quarter mile run in 6.56 seconds with a trap speed of 362.02 km/h (225 mph), winning the competition by beating the AMS Performance's Alpha Queen GT-R, which ran a 6.87 second quarter mile. T1 Race's Nightfury GT-R set the record for fastest stock location turbo GT-R as well as the fastest and quickest GT-R record, completing a quarter mile distance in 6.51 seconds with a trap speed of 370 km/h (230 mph).",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "In the Dragtimes competition in Russia, AMS Alpha 12 GT-R set the fastest road-legal standing 1 mile record, driven by Jury with a trap speed of 382 km/h (237 mph). Later in the same competition, Switzer Goliath GT-R broke the record in 22.602 seconds at a trap speed of 402 km/h (250 mph).",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "Modified variations of the GT-R have participated in several time attack challenges, especially in the World Time Attack Challenge (WTAC), with teams HKS, Precision Automotive Racing and LYFE. In 2015, HKS built the fastest time attack GT-R, it had the same VR38DETT engine with generating over 883 kW; 1,184 hp; 1,200 PS. It became fastest at Fontana, California, Fuji Speedway (achieving a peak speed of over 322 km/h (200 mph) in the main start/finish straight) and also in Sydney Motorsport Park. It participated in the 2015 WTAC and won the GT-R R35 class with the fastest lap time of 1:30.838 minutes. In 2017, LYFE's 847 kW; 1,136 hp; 1,152 PS GT-R broke all the records of HKS and won the WTAC. The GT-R of Precision Automotive Racing, driven by Aaron McGranahan, set a peak speed of 269 km/h (167 mph) and won the Flying 500 class title. The team did not return for the 2018 season. But in 2019, finished 5th in Pro class championship standings. The car also won the Super Lap Battle USA, setting a lap time of 2:07.18 minutes around the Circuit of the Americas. It also claimed to be the fastest time attack automobile in North America.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "The GT-R have participated in many hill climb competitions in both stock and modified forms, notably in the Jaguar Simola Hill Climb in South Africa. In the 2019 season, the factory standard GT-R was named \"the most successful supercar\", winning the final Top 10 Shootout event. Kyle Mitchell driving, it set a time of 40.862 seconds to become the fastest road-legal vehicle.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "The driver of the GT-R Nismo fastest drift world record, Masato Kawabata won the 2015 D1 Grand Prix with the modified Toyo Tires Drift Trust Racing GT-R. Darren Kelly with team The Heart of Racing won the Pro-series championships of 2019 and 2021 D1NZ Drifting Championship seasons.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "On August 13, 2014, Mike Newman set a Guinness world record for the \"Fastest speed for a car driven blindfolded\", in a GT-R modified by Litchfield Motors from the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Aftermarket tuning"
}
] | The GT-R upheld its predecessor's exceptional pedigree in motorsports, competing across a range of racing disciplines and attaining success. Notable motorsport achievements came through from its participation in sports car racing, including championship triumphs in the approvingly competitive FIA GT1 World Championship, GT World Challenge and in the Super GT series. As well as in endurance races, consistently vying at the top in the Bathurst 12 Hour, Nürburgring 24 Hours, Spa 24 Hours among others. The car was used as official safety cars in numerous motorsport events, such as in the Super GT series, FIA GT1 World Championship, British Superbike Championship, and in the Supercars Championship as well. | 2023-12-28T03:23:21Z | 2023-12-28T06:17:07Z | [
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75,661,519 | Suleiman I of Jandar | Shujāʿ al-Dīn Suleimān I Pasha (Medieval Greek: Σολυμάμπαξι; died 1341) was Bey of Jandar from 1309 until his death. He was initially under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate but later declared independence and conquered Sinop from the daughter of Mesud II. | [
{
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"text": "Shujāʿ al-Dīn Suleimān I Pasha (Medieval Greek: Σολυμάμπαξι; died 1341) was Bey of Jandar from 1309 until his death. He was initially under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate but later declared independence and conquered Sinop from the daughter of Mesud II.",
"title": ""
}
] | Shujāʿ al-Dīn Suleimān I Pasha was Bey of Jandar from 1309 until his death. He was initially under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate but later declared independence and conquered Sinop from the daughter of Mesud II. | 2023-12-28T03:29:05Z | 2023-12-31T16:19:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I_of_Jandar |
75,661,533 | Siiickbrain | Caroline Miner Smith, known professionally as Siiickbrain, is an American singer, songwriter, and model. She began independently releasing music in 2020 and her debut studio album, My Masochistic Mind, was released in 2023.
Caroline Miner Smith was born and raised in Morganton, North Carolina, where she lived on a farm. She has stated that she "didn't fit in" with those from her conservative hometown and that she had anxiety stemming from her agoraphobia, which kept her from pursuing music as a career. She moved to Brooklyn to attend the Makeup Designory, a cosmetology school in SoHo, and later worked as a makeup artist. She also started modeling after walking the runway at a hairstylist convention and soon moved to Los Angeles and signed to Next Management.
In March 2020, following the death of her best friend from a drug overdose, she wrote and independently released her first song, "Cigarettes and Cartier", as Siiickbrain, which was her Instagram handle at the time. She was featured on Maggie Lindemann's single "Gaslight!" in September 2020. Siiickbrain appeared in the 2021 film Downfalls High, which was directed by Machine Gun Kelly and based on his 2020 album Tickets to My Downfall. Her single "Power", a collaboration with Pussy Riot founder Nadya Tolokonnikova, was released in March 2021 and later included on the soundtrack for the 2022 film Bullet Train. She was featured on the Skrillex song "Too Bizarre" alongside Swae Lee in May 2021 and on the Willow single "Purge" in April 2022. Her single "Hellslide" was released in September 2021, while her single "Jealousy" was released in July 2022.
Siiickbrain was featured on Maggie Lindemann's song "Break Me!" in June 2022 and performed as a supporting act on Bring Me the Horizon's North American tour in fall 2022. Siiickbrain released her single "Bloodpuddle" in March 2023. She was featured on Maggie Lindemann's single "Deprecating" in October 2023. She signed to Lowly Records in 2023 and her debut studio album, My Masochistic Mind, was released through the label on December 1, 2023. Its singles "Die Quietly" and "Psychopath" were released in August and October 2023, respectively.
Siiickbrain has listed Death Grips, Deftones, and Suicideboys as her biggest musical influences. For V, Kala Herh wrote that Siiickbrain "blends dark pop with alternative rock", while Sam Law of Kerrang! wrote that she was "caught between the worlds of airy alt. pop and thumping dark electro" and described her lyrics as "a runaway stream-of-consciousness". Steffanee Wang of Nylon wrote described her songs as "jagged part-metal, part-hyperpop explosions on which she screams most of her downcast lyrics". Her music has also been described as alternative metal, alt-punk, and experimental rock. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Caroline Miner Smith, known professionally as Siiickbrain, is an American singer, songwriter, and model. She began independently releasing music in 2020 and her debut studio album, My Masochistic Mind, was released in 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Caroline Miner Smith was born and raised in Morganton, North Carolina, where she lived on a farm. She has stated that she \"didn't fit in\" with those from her conservative hometown and that she had anxiety stemming from her agoraphobia, which kept her from pursuing music as a career. She moved to Brooklyn to attend the Makeup Designory, a cosmetology school in SoHo, and later worked as a makeup artist. She also started modeling after walking the runway at a hairstylist convention and soon moved to Los Angeles and signed to Next Management.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In March 2020, following the death of her best friend from a drug overdose, she wrote and independently released her first song, \"Cigarettes and Cartier\", as Siiickbrain, which was her Instagram handle at the time. She was featured on Maggie Lindemann's single \"Gaslight!\" in September 2020. Siiickbrain appeared in the 2021 film Downfalls High, which was directed by Machine Gun Kelly and based on his 2020 album Tickets to My Downfall. Her single \"Power\", a collaboration with Pussy Riot founder Nadya Tolokonnikova, was released in March 2021 and later included on the soundtrack for the 2022 film Bullet Train. She was featured on the Skrillex song \"Too Bizarre\" alongside Swae Lee in May 2021 and on the Willow single \"Purge\" in April 2022. Her single \"Hellslide\" was released in September 2021, while her single \"Jealousy\" was released in July 2022.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Siiickbrain was featured on Maggie Lindemann's song \"Break Me!\" in June 2022 and performed as a supporting act on Bring Me the Horizon's North American tour in fall 2022. Siiickbrain released her single \"Bloodpuddle\" in March 2023. She was featured on Maggie Lindemann's single \"Deprecating\" in October 2023. She signed to Lowly Records in 2023 and her debut studio album, My Masochistic Mind, was released through the label on December 1, 2023. Its singles \"Die Quietly\" and \"Psychopath\" were released in August and October 2023, respectively.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Siiickbrain has listed Death Grips, Deftones, and Suicideboys as her biggest musical influences. For V, Kala Herh wrote that Siiickbrain \"blends dark pop with alternative rock\", while Sam Law of Kerrang! wrote that she was \"caught between the worlds of airy alt. pop and thumping dark electro\" and described her lyrics as \"a runaway stream-of-consciousness\". Steffanee Wang of Nylon wrote described her songs as \"jagged part-metal, part-hyperpop explosions on which she screams most of her downcast lyrics\". Her music has also been described as alternative metal, alt-punk, and experimental rock.",
"title": "Musical style"
}
] | Caroline Miner Smith, known professionally as Siiickbrain, is an American singer, songwriter, and model. She began independently releasing music in 2020 and her debut studio album, My Masochistic Mind, was released in 2023. | 2023-12-28T03:31:31Z | 2023-12-30T01:07:14Z | [
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75,661,534 | Gill Berkeley | Gillian Berkeley FRSC FRSE is a Scottish academic administrator who specializes in curriculum management. A native of Dundee, she has served as assistant director of curriculum and quality at Moray College, chair for education in Scotland at the Royal Society of Chemistry, and head of curriculum at Inverness College.
Gillian Berkeley, a native of Dundee, was born in 1962 or 1963. Her career in education began sometime in the mid-1980s, and she initially taught science at a secondary school.
In 1991, she began working at Moray College, where she worked as their assistant director of curriculum and quality. In March 2015, she was hired by Inverness College to be their head of curriculum. She has served as chair for education in Scotland at the Royal Society of Chemistry.
She was a co-founder of the Moray Science Festival and promoted the use of networked science degrees within the Highlands and Islands. She also worked on the implementation of chemistry within courses and on the implementation and design of academic qualifications.
In 2019, she was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry Award for Exceptional Service "for outstanding service to the Royal Society of Chemistry and the chemical education community in Scotland". In 2023, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. She is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gillian Berkeley FRSC FRSE is a Scottish academic administrator who specializes in curriculum management. A native of Dundee, she has served as assistant director of curriculum and quality at Moray College, chair for education in Scotland at the Royal Society of Chemistry, and head of curriculum at Inverness College.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gillian Berkeley, a native of Dundee, was born in 1962 or 1963. Her career in education began sometime in the mid-1980s, and she initially taught science at a secondary school.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1991, she began working at Moray College, where she worked as their assistant director of curriculum and quality. In March 2015, she was hired by Inverness College to be their head of curriculum. She has served as chair for education in Scotland at the Royal Society of Chemistry.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She was a co-founder of the Moray Science Festival and promoted the use of networked science degrees within the Highlands and Islands. She also worked on the implementation of chemistry within courses and on the implementation and design of academic qualifications.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2019, she was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry Award for Exceptional Service \"for outstanding service to the Royal Society of Chemistry and the chemical education community in Scotland\". In 2023, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. She is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Gillian Berkeley is a Scottish academic administrator who specializes in curriculum management. A native of Dundee, she has served as assistant director of curriculum and quality at Moray College, chair for education in Scotland at the Royal Society of Chemistry, and head of curriculum at Inverness College. | 2023-12-28T03:31:43Z | 2023-12-28T20:02:30Z | [
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75,661,590 | Martin Moynihan | Martin Humphrey Moynihan (5 February 1928 – 3 December 1996) was a behavioral evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who studied under Ernst Mayr and Niko Tinbergen, and was a contemporary of Desmond Morris. He was the founding director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama.
His early research was mainly on seagulls. Later work included the octopus, and Terence McKenna quotes Moynihan in his book Food of the Gods as saying, with respect to the octopus' ability to change its body's shape, texture and color, "Like the octopi, our destiny is to become what we think, to have our thoughts become our bodies and our bodies become our thoughts."
He was married to Olga F. Linares, a Panamanian-American anthropologist and STRI senior research scientist.
Moynihan died in Albi, France in 1996 of lung cancer, aged 68. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Martin Humphrey Moynihan (5 February 1928 – 3 December 1996) was a behavioral evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who studied under Ernst Mayr and Niko Tinbergen, and was a contemporary of Desmond Morris. He was the founding director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "His early research was mainly on seagulls. Later work included the octopus, and Terence McKenna quotes Moynihan in his book Food of the Gods as saying, with respect to the octopus' ability to change its body's shape, texture and color, \"Like the octopi, our destiny is to become what we think, to have our thoughts become our bodies and our bodies become our thoughts.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was married to Olga F. Linares, a Panamanian-American anthropologist and STRI senior research scientist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Moynihan died in Albi, France in 1996 of lung cancer, aged 68.",
"title": ""
}
] | Martin Humphrey Moynihan was a behavioral evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who studied under Ernst Mayr and Niko Tinbergen, and was a contemporary of Desmond Morris. He was the founding director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama. His early research was mainly on seagulls. Later work included the octopus, and Terence McKenna quotes Moynihan in his book Food of the Gods as saying, with respect to the octopus' ability to change its body's shape, texture and color, "Like the octopi, our destiny is to become what we think, to have our thoughts become our bodies and our bodies become our thoughts." He was married to Olga F. Linares, a Panamanian-American anthropologist and STRI senior research scientist. Moynihan died in Albi, France in 1996 of lung cancer, aged 68. | 2023-12-28T03:41:44Z | 2023-12-28T03:45:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Moynihan |
75,661,603 | 2023–24 Queens Royals women's basketball team | The 2023–24 Queens Royals women's basketball team represents the Queens University of Charlotte during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Royals, led by fourth-year head coach Jen Brown, play their home games at Curry Arena located in Charlotte, North Carolina, as second-year members of the ASUN Conference.
This season marks Queens' second year of a four-year transition period from Division II to Division I. As a result, the Royals are not eligible for NCAA postseason play until the 2026–27 season.
The Royals finished the 2022–23 season 8–21, 3–15 in ASUN play to finish in a tie for 13th (last) place. They failed to qualify for the ASUN tournament, as only the top 10 teams qualify.
Sources: | [
{
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"text": "The 2023–24 Queens Royals women's basketball team represents the Queens University of Charlotte during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Royals, led by fourth-year head coach Jen Brown, play their home games at Curry Arena located in Charlotte, North Carolina, as second-year members of the ASUN Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "This season marks Queens' second year of a four-year transition period from Division II to Division I. As a result, the Royals are not eligible for NCAA postseason play until the 2026–27 season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Royals finished the 2022–23 season 8–21, 3–15 in ASUN play to finish in a tie for 13th (last) place. They failed to qualify for the ASUN tournament, as only the top 10 teams qualify.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 Queens Royals women's basketball team represents the Queens University of Charlotte during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Royals, led by fourth-year head coach Jen Brown, play their home games at Curry Arena located in Charlotte, North Carolina, as second-year members of the ASUN Conference. This season marks Queens' second year of a four-year transition period from Division II to Division I. As a result, the Royals are not eligible for NCAA postseason play until the 2026–27 season. | 2023-12-28T03:43:48Z | 2023-12-28T03:44:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Queens_Royals_women%27s_basketball_team |
75,661,606 | Nissan GT-R variants | The GT-R Black Edition is the first trim level introduced for the car, it featured both exterior and interior performance upgrades over the standard car. Its lightweight wheels, carbon-fibre rear spoiler and Recaro bucket seats were derived from the SpecV. The car originally had a kerb weight of 1,730 kg (3,814 lb). The interior was finished in red and black leather, but an optional beige colour known as "Pale Ivory" was offered. No mechanical changes were made over the standard car. It offered improved handling similar to the GT-R SpecV as well. The Black Edition was re-introduced in 2016. It featured no changes over the standard car, except for the Recaro seats. It was primarily sold in Japan and United Kingdom.
The GT-R Track Edition (known as the "GT-R Track Edition Engineered by Nismo" in Japan) is a high-performance version, similar to the GT-R SpecV and Black Edition, and was introduced in 2013 originally for the 2014 model year. It was offered with no rear seats saving 10 kg (22 lb) over the Black Edition, stiffer suspension, carbon fibre air inlets, titanium exhaust, improved brake cooling, unique front spoiler and Recaro black and gray leather seats. The car featured improved handling and cornering, although no improvements in acceleration compared to the standard model. It originally had a kerb weight of 1,720 kg (3,792 lb).
Nissan introduced the updated GT-R Track Edition in 2019, for the 2020 model year at the 2019 New York Auto Show. The car featured the drivetrain from the GT-R Nismo, the VR38DETT engine producing 441 kW; 592 hp (600 PS) at 6,800 rpm and 652 N⋅m (481 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,200–5,800 rpm. Due to new turbocharges from its GT3 race car, acceleration reaction time was improved by 20 percent compared to the previous model year. The car was offered with a re-tuned independent suspension setup, carbon-fibre roof, wider front fenders, revised wheels and Dunlop tyres from the GT-R Nismo. Carbon ceramic brakes and a dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler were fitted to further improve handling and reduce weight. It was 25 kg (55 lb) lighter than the standard GT-R, weighing at 1,760 kg (3,880 lb).
In February 2013, at the new Nismo headquarters opening ceremony in Yokohama, Nissan announced the higher-powered and track focused GT-R Nismo will be introduced in the near future. It was expected to be the third Nissan model to join the Nismo line up, next to the 370Z Nismo and Juke Nismo. Then CEO, Carlos Ghosn insisted that the car should set the lap record for mass-produced cars at the Nürburgring Nordschleife before its official launch. In May, development of the car was began with Nismo engineers and drivers from the GT3 racing program. Numerous testing sessions took place in the Sendai Hi-Land Raceway and Nürburgring. At the end of September, development was finalized at the Nürburgring and the car set a lap time of 7:08.679 minutes. The GT-R Nismo officially made its public debut at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.
Due to larger turbochargers from the GT3 race car, revised ignition timing and an upgraded fuel pump, the power output was increased to 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp) at 6,800 rpm and 652 N⋅m (481 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,200–5,800 rpm. The revised front end featured a larger front splitter and enhanced brake cooling ducts. The larger diffuser, carbon-fibre wing and cooling ducts in the rear completes the enhanced aero package. It contributed 100 kg (220 lb) more downforce at 300 km/h (186 mph) compared to the standard version, without altering the original drag coefficient. The Nismo tuned suspension system featured stiffer springs and re-valved Bilstein adaptive dampers. Revisions were made to the geometry up front to optimize wheel positioning under high g-force, while the rear gets a stiffer and hollow 17.3 mm (0.68 in) stabilizer bar. Nismo-spec Dunlop SP Sport Maxx GT 600 DSST CTT run-flat tyres provided more grip, along with lighter Rays 20-inch forged alloys wheels. The standard aluminium boot lid, bonnet and bumpers were replaced with full carbon-fibre panels. Additional spot welds increased chassis rigidity by 8 percent. Including a titanium exhaust system with additional heatsinks, the weight of the car was reduced to 1,730 kg (3,814 lb). Recaro bucket seats, instrument binnacle and steering wheel covered with Alcantara synthetic suede can be found in the interior. The active noise control in the Bose stereo system was removed, and red colour accents can be found in the gauge meter.
Nissan unveiled the updated GT-R Nismo at the 2019 New York Auto Show, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand. The car featured a revised "R mode" gear setting, with quicker gear shifts. Turbochargers were upgraded to improve acceleration. Lighter wheels with revised Dunlop tyres and a re-tuned suspension setup improved grip. GT3-inspired fender vents improved downforce. The car featured a carbon-fibre roof, front fenders and carbon-ceramic brakes. It used the largest brake rotors to be ever fitted to a Japanese production car. In an interview with Motor Trend, chief product specialist, Hiroshi Tamura said the acceleration from 0 to 80 km/h (0 to 50 mph) was quicker by 2.4 m (8 ft), and the Nürburgring Nordschleife lap time was 5 seconds quicker compared to the previous model year, making a potential lap time of 7:03 minutes due to a 5 percent improvement in cornering force and braking performance. Overall weight of the car was reduced by 25 kg (55 lb), to 1,750 kg (3,858 lb). According to Nissan, the upgraded version was 2.5 seconds quicker than the previous model year around their test track.
In 2023, for the 2024 model year, the car was offered with major performance upgrades. Cornering was improved, as a mechanical limited-slip differential was fitted for the first time in the front of the car. A swan neck rear wing with a 10 percent increase in surface area, revised front lip canards and rear diffuser increased downforce by 13 percent over the previous model year. It also featured enhanced carbon-fibre bucket seats. The Nismo Appearance Package was introduced, offering special exterior features of the GT-R Nismo Special Edition. This included the exclusive Stealth Grey body colour, clear coated carbon-fibre hood, exclusive engine cover and the red-accented Nismo wheels.
The N-Attack Package is a special post-production performance package, which consisted of the performance upgrades used to set the lap times at the Nürburgring. It featured a re-programmed ECU for enhanced power distribution. Changes were made to stiffer suspension springs and shock absorbers, anti-roll bars, front brake pads, front and rear limited-slip differentials for improved handling. It provided more downforce using carbon-fibre front fenders with aerodynamic flics, larger front splitter and rear wing with two height and 12 angle adjustment options. Carbon-fibre intercooler pipes, Recaro full-carbon bucket seats and a carbon-fibre bulkhead replacing the back seats reduced weight by 64 kg (141 lb) over the standard GT-R Nismo. It also contained competition-only components, the bonnet gurney and six-point harness seat belt which were offered as optional parts and could not be used on public roads. The package was offered for the 2017 model year GT-R Nismo as well. The upgrades were offered in two trim levels, A kit and B kit. The A kit included all of these, but the B kit only featured the suspension setup, brake system, stabilizer bars, carbon-fibre rear wing, front fenders and splitter, both ESM and TCM, and a driver only bucket seat. In Japan, installation was handled by the Nismo Omori factory. In North America and the United Kingdom, the conversion was handled by Stillen and JR Motorsports respectively.
Nissan introduced the T-spec variant, inspired by the words "Trend Maker" and "Traction Master" used to represent the first GT-R concept back in 2001. This model is a high-performance variant with exclusive upgrades and changes over the standard GT-R, similar to the GT-R Track Edition. It was offered with the iconic Millennium Jade and Midnight Purple exterior colours, used exclusively in the Skyline GT-R R34. Exclusive gold and black engine cover, T-spec badging, carbon-fibre rear spoiler and Rays wheels finished in bronze colour completes the cosmetic changes. Performance upgrades, such as carbon ceramic brakes, air ducts, wider front fenders, increased wheel-rim width, exclusive carbon-fibre roof (boot lid for the Track Edition T-spec) and suspension weight reduction below the springs provided smoother and improved handling, and reduced weight as well. The interior featured a plenty of leather and Alcantara suede finished in Mori Green. The T-spec trim was offered for both the standard and GT-R Track Edition trims. Orders were open from 15–29 September 2021. Deliveries began in the second half of October along with the GT-R Nismo Special Edition in 2021 (for the 2022 model year in the United States). The GT-R T-Spec was re-introduced in 2023, for the 2024 model year, replacing the GT-R Track Edition for the North American market.
Nissan introduced the GT-R SpecV ("V" stands for "Victory") at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon. A high-performance version with significant performance upgrades over the standard car. It used carbon fibre rear spoiler, front grille, brake ducts, Recaro bucket seats, and had no rear seats. Brembo carbon-ceramic brakes, lightweight aluminium wheels and a titanium exhaust system was used to further reduce its weight by 60 kg (132 lb), to be rated at 1,680 kilograms (3,704 lb) – making it the lightest GT-R ever built. Its stylish exterior featured an exclusive body colour, the LAC Black Opal matching the blacked-out wheels, which were wrapped up with Bridgestone Potenza RE070R street tyres with stiffer side walls, providing more grip. Although it featured no improvements in engine power, an over boost button on the steering wheel was added, which could over boost the engine using its larger turbochargers, for up to 80 seconds and increase mid-range torque to 609 N⋅m (449 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 to 5,000 rpm. Its fixed Bilstein dampers were 20 percent stiffer than the standard car.
Although the car featured no improvements in acceleration, handling was edgier and more sensitive to driver input. Deliveries began in February 2 in Japan, at seven preselected dealers staffed with specially trained mechanics knowledgeable about racing driving. A total of 110 units were built. Japanese motor publication Best Motoring, around the Nürburgring Nordschleife, recorded a lap of 7:34.46 minutes on damp conditions using a GT-R SpecV. In November 2011, Nismo introduced the "Track Pack" package, which provided the upgraded accessories of the GT-R SpecV. It went on sale on November 24, and was exported to other regions in January 2012. It was limited to 150 units worldwide.
The GT-R Egoist (known as the VVIP Edition in Middle East), is a luxury version which featured premium materials and components over the standard car. It was a limited production variant exclusively offered in 2021, for the 2012 model year. It featured a premium interior with a Wajima Lacquer steering emblem. Exclusive leather and Alcantara suede for the instrument panel, console, door trim, rear side, pillar trim and for the roof trim as well. 12 exclusive leather colour options, fabric carpets, leather cleaners, leather car verification case and leather seats were offered for an enhanced interior quality. Exterior changes include a dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler, titanium muffler, lightweight wheels and carbon-ceramic brakes derived from the GT-R SpecV. Dedicated "Egoist" badges were also offered. The VVIP Edition was introduced with minor changes by Nissan Middle East. The GT-R Egoist was sold 43 units worldwide.
The GT-R Gentleman Edition, is a limited production variant based on the Black Edition, sold exclusively in France and Belgium. Only a total of 10 units were built, making it the rarest GT-R to date. It featured an exclusive Grey Squale body colour and "Gentleman Edition" badges next to the front fender vents. Amber red leather upholstery, individually numbered titanium plaque, hand-stitched leather accents and a bespoke sunglass case were added to the interior. No mechanical changes were made over the standard car.
The GT-R Midnight Opal Special Edition, is a limited production variant, limited to 115 units worldwide. The car featured the exclusive Midnight Opal body colour (similar to the Midnight Purple body colour offered in the R33 and R34 Skyline GT-R models), carbon-fibre rear spoiler, increased antifreeze concentration, exclusive Rays wheels finished in a unique hyper titanium paint colour, gold aluminium number plate in the engine bay and a new SRS curtain airbag system.
The GT-R 45th Anniversary Gold Edition is a limited production variant, introduced to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the GT-R brand. The featured improved ride quality and significant cosmetic changes, and went on sale in the beginning of February 2015. A unique gold "Silica Brass" body colour was offered, which was used in the Skyline GT-R R34 M-Spec. A gold-tone VIN plate in the engine compartment, commemorative plaque on the centre console, revised Rays wheels finished in black and the production number plate under the hood were the exclusive changes made over the standard car. Nissan sold a total of 80 units worldwide.
In order to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand, Nissan announced the high-performance, limited production GT-R50. Built in collaboration with Italdesign, as the former celebrating its 50th anniversary as well in 2018. The car was limited to a total of 50 units. It borrowed its powertrain from the GT-R Nismo, with a higher-rated power out put of 720 PS (530 kW; 710 hp) and 780 N⋅m (575 lb⋅ft) of torque. Achieved by large diameter turbochargers, heavy-duty crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, modified intake system and an upgraded exhaust system. A recalibrated gearbox, reinforced differential, Bilstein continuously variable dampers and carbon-ceramic brakes were added to further improve performance. The car was featured 21-inch carbon-fibre wheels and Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres. Construction of the bodywork was mainly made out of aluminium and carbon-fibre. Nissan revealed, production of the GT-R50 will be delayed until 2020, due to modifications required to make it road legal.
Nissan's European and American designers were involved with its design, the car was described as a "car within a car". The front and back ends were designed to be emerging from the bodywork. Key design elements include a redesigned rear section, stretched LED headlamps at the front, a power bulge on the hood, lowered roofline, and "Samurai blade" cooling ducts behind the front wheels. Production version of the GT-R50 was unveiled in May 2020, in Italy. It retained all design elements from the concept car, such as the headlamps, bumper designs, splitters, rocker panels, active rear wing, hollow taillamps and dual tailpipes among others. In July 2022, Nissan stopped accepting orders for the car, as all of its 50 units were reportedly sold out.
The Naomi Osaka Edition is a limited production variant, celebrating the partnership between Nissan and its brand ambassador, Naomi Osaka. It was introduced in September 2018 for the 2019 model year, and was limited to 50 units based on the standard GT-R. The car featured three exclusive body colours, Midnight Opal, Brilliant White Pearl and Meteor Flake Black Pearl. Both exterior and interior colour options were chosen by Osaka herself. Interior colours options were Ivory, Amber Red and Tan with Urban Black colour seats. A dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler, gold aluminium model number plate in the engine compartment, privacy glass, increased antifreeze concentration and dark grey front fender outlet ducts were also offered for the car.
The GT-R 50th Anniversary Edition is a limited production model, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand, it was introduced at the 2019 New York Auto Show. The car featured exclusive two-tone exterior colours – Bayside (Wangan) Blue with white racing stripes and blue accents on the wheel spokes, Pearl White with red stripes and Super Silver with white stripes, which were used in the Skyline GT-R KPGC10 race cars that dominated the Japan GP series back in the 1970s. Changes inside of the car were, a unique steering wheel, shift knob trim, special embossed seats, Alcantara headliner with unique stitching and Alcantara-wrapped sun visors.
The GT-R Nismo Special Edition (known as the "GT-R Nismo SV" in Japan and Australia), is a limited production, built-to-order variant offered in 2021, for the 2022 model year. It was originally limited to 300 units worldwide. The car featured a Nismo-exclusive Stealth Gray body colour. Its clear-coated carbon-fibre bonnet, derived from the Skyline GT-R R34 V-Spec N1 models, reduced 100g of weight. The Rays aluminium wheels with red accents, matches existing accents around the body. It was the first GT-R variant to adorn the new Nissan logo, introduced on the Nissan Ariya. The car used high-precision weight-balanced engine components, such as the piston rings, connecting rods, flywheel, crank pulley and valve springs dialed in with tighter tolerances. Delivering snappier revs and quicker turbo spooling. The typical Takumi certification plate, placed on the engine was replaced with an exclusive red colour. By August 6, The car was sold out and Nissan concluded accepting orders. It was re-introduced in 2023 but only in Japan.
Various one-off editions of the GT-R were built throughout the years. In 2012, "Usain Bolt" one-off GT-R, named after the athlete Usain Bolt, was built and auctioned off to raise funds for charity. A display model was held in Tokyo, Japan. In 2016, a heavily modified GT-R Nismo set a Guinness World Record for the Fastest Drift, with a trap speed of 304.96 km/h at a 30-degree angle drift. It was driven by Masato Kawabata at the Fujairah International Airport. Three attempts were undertaken by the team of Nissan Middle East, to set the record. The GT-R Predzilla was exclusively built and donated to the Nashville Predators Foundation. The car was based on a standard 2016 (2017 model year) GT-R, and it was the main attraction in the Predators Foundation fundraising auction. It was custom-painted in Preds' official colours and graphics. The one-off Tomica 50th Anniversary GT-R, was built to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Tomica. Based on the 2016 (2017 model year) GT-R, it was wrapped up with the iconic red and black "Tomica Skyline Turbo Super Silhouette" livery, symbolises the relationship between Tomica and Nissan. On April 15, 2021, Nissan unveiled a one-off special version of the GT-R Nismo, wrapped in a gold body colour, built in collaboration with McDonald's in Japan. A toy model GT-R Nismo was offered with the “Tomica Happy Set" meal. It was on sale for a limited time in Japan, began on April 30.
The GT-R/C was built to celebrate the release of the Gran Turismo Sport video game, and also to mark 20 years of Nissan's involvement in the Gran Turismo gaming series. It was extensively modified to be driven entirely by a DualShock 4 controller. It was controlled by the Nismo athlete and GT Academy winner, Jann Mardenborough around in a cockpit of a helicopter at the Silverstone Circuit. Mardenborough's fastest lap time was 1:17.47 minutes, averaging 122 km/h and reached a top speed of 211 km/h. The GT-R/C was fitted with four robots to operate the steering, transmission, brakes, and throttle. Six computers mounted in the rear of the car to update the controls up to 100 times per second. The unmodified Dual-Shock 4 connects to a micro-computer that interprets the joystick and button signals and transmits them to its onboard systems. The wireless operation had a primary control range of one kilometre. To help Mardenborough judge the vehicle's speed through the corners, a Racelogic Vbox Motorsport sensor was installed to relay speed data to an LCD display in the helicopter cockpit. The car was fitted with two independent safety systems operating on different radio frequencies in order to allow two additional operators to apply full ABS braking and cut the engine in the event of the main operator losing control of the vehicle. In 2018, the GT-R/C was used in a tour of primary and secondary schools in the United Kingdom to promote future careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) subjects.
The GT-R was used as police vehicles by several police departments. Including the Tochigi Prefectural Police in Japan, Abu Dhabi Police and Dubai Police Force in the United Arab Emirates among others. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The GT-R Black Edition is the first trim level introduced for the car, it featured both exterior and interior performance upgrades over the standard car. Its lightweight wheels, carbon-fibre rear spoiler and Recaro bucket seats were derived from the SpecV. The car originally had a kerb weight of 1,730 kg (3,814 lb). The interior was finished in red and black leather, but an optional beige colour known as \"Pale Ivory\" was offered. No mechanical changes were made over the standard car. It offered improved handling similar to the GT-R SpecV as well. The Black Edition was re-introduced in 2016. It featured no changes over the standard car, except for the Recaro seats. It was primarily sold in Japan and United Kingdom.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The GT-R Track Edition (known as the \"GT-R Track Edition Engineered by Nismo\" in Japan) is a high-performance version, similar to the GT-R SpecV and Black Edition, and was introduced in 2013 originally for the 2014 model year. It was offered with no rear seats saving 10 kg (22 lb) over the Black Edition, stiffer suspension, carbon fibre air inlets, titanium exhaust, improved brake cooling, unique front spoiler and Recaro black and gray leather seats. The car featured improved handling and cornering, although no improvements in acceleration compared to the standard model. It originally had a kerb weight of 1,720 kg (3,792 lb).",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nissan introduced the updated GT-R Track Edition in 2019, for the 2020 model year at the 2019 New York Auto Show. The car featured the drivetrain from the GT-R Nismo, the VR38DETT engine producing 441 kW; 592 hp (600 PS) at 6,800 rpm and 652 N⋅m (481 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,200–5,800 rpm. Due to new turbocharges from its GT3 race car, acceleration reaction time was improved by 20 percent compared to the previous model year. The car was offered with a re-tuned independent suspension setup, carbon-fibre roof, wider front fenders, revised wheels and Dunlop tyres from the GT-R Nismo. Carbon ceramic brakes and a dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler were fitted to further improve handling and reduce weight. It was 25 kg (55 lb) lighter than the standard GT-R, weighing at 1,760 kg (3,880 lb).",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In February 2013, at the new Nismo headquarters opening ceremony in Yokohama, Nissan announced the higher-powered and track focused GT-R Nismo will be introduced in the near future. It was expected to be the third Nissan model to join the Nismo line up, next to the 370Z Nismo and Juke Nismo. Then CEO, Carlos Ghosn insisted that the car should set the lap record for mass-produced cars at the Nürburgring Nordschleife before its official launch. In May, development of the car was began with Nismo engineers and drivers from the GT3 racing program. Numerous testing sessions took place in the Sendai Hi-Land Raceway and Nürburgring. At the end of September, development was finalized at the Nürburgring and the car set a lap time of 7:08.679 minutes. The GT-R Nismo officially made its public debut at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Due to larger turbochargers from the GT3 race car, revised ignition timing and an upgraded fuel pump, the power output was increased to 600 PS (441 kW; 592 hp) at 6,800 rpm and 652 N⋅m (481 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,200–5,800 rpm. The revised front end featured a larger front splitter and enhanced brake cooling ducts. The larger diffuser, carbon-fibre wing and cooling ducts in the rear completes the enhanced aero package. It contributed 100 kg (220 lb) more downforce at 300 km/h (186 mph) compared to the standard version, without altering the original drag coefficient. The Nismo tuned suspension system featured stiffer springs and re-valved Bilstein adaptive dampers. Revisions were made to the geometry up front to optimize wheel positioning under high g-force, while the rear gets a stiffer and hollow 17.3 mm (0.68 in) stabilizer bar. Nismo-spec Dunlop SP Sport Maxx GT 600 DSST CTT run-flat tyres provided more grip, along with lighter Rays 20-inch forged alloys wheels. The standard aluminium boot lid, bonnet and bumpers were replaced with full carbon-fibre panels. Additional spot welds increased chassis rigidity by 8 percent. Including a titanium exhaust system with additional heatsinks, the weight of the car was reduced to 1,730 kg (3,814 lb). Recaro bucket seats, instrument binnacle and steering wheel covered with Alcantara synthetic suede can be found in the interior. The active noise control in the Bose stereo system was removed, and red colour accents can be found in the gauge meter.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Nissan unveiled the updated GT-R Nismo at the 2019 New York Auto Show, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand. The car featured a revised \"R mode\" gear setting, with quicker gear shifts. Turbochargers were upgraded to improve acceleration. Lighter wheels with revised Dunlop tyres and a re-tuned suspension setup improved grip. GT3-inspired fender vents improved downforce. The car featured a carbon-fibre roof, front fenders and carbon-ceramic brakes. It used the largest brake rotors to be ever fitted to a Japanese production car. In an interview with Motor Trend, chief product specialist, Hiroshi Tamura said the acceleration from 0 to 80 km/h (0 to 50 mph) was quicker by 2.4 m (8 ft), and the Nürburgring Nordschleife lap time was 5 seconds quicker compared to the previous model year, making a potential lap time of 7:03 minutes due to a 5 percent improvement in cornering force and braking performance. Overall weight of the car was reduced by 25 kg (55 lb), to 1,750 kg (3,858 lb). According to Nissan, the upgraded version was 2.5 seconds quicker than the previous model year around their test track.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2023, for the 2024 model year, the car was offered with major performance upgrades. Cornering was improved, as a mechanical limited-slip differential was fitted for the first time in the front of the car. A swan neck rear wing with a 10 percent increase in surface area, revised front lip canards and rear diffuser increased downforce by 13 percent over the previous model year. It also featured enhanced carbon-fibre bucket seats. The Nismo Appearance Package was introduced, offering special exterior features of the GT-R Nismo Special Edition. This included the exclusive Stealth Grey body colour, clear coated carbon-fibre hood, exclusive engine cover and the red-accented Nismo wheels.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The N-Attack Package is a special post-production performance package, which consisted of the performance upgrades used to set the lap times at the Nürburgring. It featured a re-programmed ECU for enhanced power distribution. Changes were made to stiffer suspension springs and shock absorbers, anti-roll bars, front brake pads, front and rear limited-slip differentials for improved handling. It provided more downforce using carbon-fibre front fenders with aerodynamic flics, larger front splitter and rear wing with two height and 12 angle adjustment options. Carbon-fibre intercooler pipes, Recaro full-carbon bucket seats and a carbon-fibre bulkhead replacing the back seats reduced weight by 64 kg (141 lb) over the standard GT-R Nismo. It also contained competition-only components, the bonnet gurney and six-point harness seat belt which were offered as optional parts and could not be used on public roads. The package was offered for the 2017 model year GT-R Nismo as well. The upgrades were offered in two trim levels, A kit and B kit. The A kit included all of these, but the B kit only featured the suspension setup, brake system, stabilizer bars, carbon-fibre rear wing, front fenders and splitter, both ESM and TCM, and a driver only bucket seat. In Japan, installation was handled by the Nismo Omori factory. In North America and the United Kingdom, the conversion was handled by Stillen and JR Motorsports respectively.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Nissan introduced the T-spec variant, inspired by the words \"Trend Maker\" and \"Traction Master\" used to represent the first GT-R concept back in 2001. This model is a high-performance variant with exclusive upgrades and changes over the standard GT-R, similar to the GT-R Track Edition. It was offered with the iconic Millennium Jade and Midnight Purple exterior colours, used exclusively in the Skyline GT-R R34. Exclusive gold and black engine cover, T-spec badging, carbon-fibre rear spoiler and Rays wheels finished in bronze colour completes the cosmetic changes. Performance upgrades, such as carbon ceramic brakes, air ducts, wider front fenders, increased wheel-rim width, exclusive carbon-fibre roof (boot lid for the Track Edition T-spec) and suspension weight reduction below the springs provided smoother and improved handling, and reduced weight as well. The interior featured a plenty of leather and Alcantara suede finished in Mori Green. The T-spec trim was offered for both the standard and GT-R Track Edition trims. Orders were open from 15–29 September 2021. Deliveries began in the second half of October along with the GT-R Nismo Special Edition in 2021 (for the 2022 model year in the United States). The GT-R T-Spec was re-introduced in 2023, for the 2024 model year, replacing the GT-R Track Edition for the North American market.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Nissan introduced the GT-R SpecV (\"V\" stands for \"Victory\") at the 2009 Tokyo Auto Salon. A high-performance version with significant performance upgrades over the standard car. It used carbon fibre rear spoiler, front grille, brake ducts, Recaro bucket seats, and had no rear seats. Brembo carbon-ceramic brakes, lightweight aluminium wheels and a titanium exhaust system was used to further reduce its weight by 60 kg (132 lb), to be rated at 1,680 kilograms (3,704 lb) – making it the lightest GT-R ever built. Its stylish exterior featured an exclusive body colour, the LAC Black Opal matching the blacked-out wheels, which were wrapped up with Bridgestone Potenza RE070R street tyres with stiffer side walls, providing more grip. Although it featured no improvements in engine power, an over boost button on the steering wheel was added, which could over boost the engine using its larger turbochargers, for up to 80 seconds and increase mid-range torque to 609 N⋅m (449 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 to 5,000 rpm. Its fixed Bilstein dampers were 20 percent stiffer than the standard car.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Although the car featured no improvements in acceleration, handling was edgier and more sensitive to driver input. Deliveries began in February 2 in Japan, at seven preselected dealers staffed with specially trained mechanics knowledgeable about racing driving. A total of 110 units were built. Japanese motor publication Best Motoring, around the Nürburgring Nordschleife, recorded a lap of 7:34.46 minutes on damp conditions using a GT-R SpecV. In November 2011, Nismo introduced the \"Track Pack\" package, which provided the upgraded accessories of the GT-R SpecV. It went on sale on November 24, and was exported to other regions in January 2012. It was limited to 150 units worldwide.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The GT-R Egoist (known as the VVIP Edition in Middle East), is a luxury version which featured premium materials and components over the standard car. It was a limited production variant exclusively offered in 2021, for the 2012 model year. It featured a premium interior with a Wajima Lacquer steering emblem. Exclusive leather and Alcantara suede for the instrument panel, console, door trim, rear side, pillar trim and for the roof trim as well. 12 exclusive leather colour options, fabric carpets, leather cleaners, leather car verification case and leather seats were offered for an enhanced interior quality. Exterior changes include a dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler, titanium muffler, lightweight wheels and carbon-ceramic brakes derived from the GT-R SpecV. Dedicated \"Egoist\" badges were also offered. The VVIP Edition was introduced with minor changes by Nissan Middle East. The GT-R Egoist was sold 43 units worldwide.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The GT-R Gentleman Edition, is a limited production variant based on the Black Edition, sold exclusively in France and Belgium. Only a total of 10 units were built, making it the rarest GT-R to date. It featured an exclusive Grey Squale body colour and \"Gentleman Edition\" badges next to the front fender vents. Amber red leather upholstery, individually numbered titanium plaque, hand-stitched leather accents and a bespoke sunglass case were added to the interior. No mechanical changes were made over the standard car.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The GT-R Midnight Opal Special Edition, is a limited production variant, limited to 115 units worldwide. The car featured the exclusive Midnight Opal body colour (similar to the Midnight Purple body colour offered in the R33 and R34 Skyline GT-R models), carbon-fibre rear spoiler, increased antifreeze concentration, exclusive Rays wheels finished in a unique hyper titanium paint colour, gold aluminium number plate in the engine bay and a new SRS curtain airbag system.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The GT-R 45th Anniversary Gold Edition is a limited production variant, introduced to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the GT-R brand. The featured improved ride quality and significant cosmetic changes, and went on sale in the beginning of February 2015. A unique gold \"Silica Brass\" body colour was offered, which was used in the Skyline GT-R R34 M-Spec. A gold-tone VIN plate in the engine compartment, commemorative plaque on the centre console, revised Rays wheels finished in black and the production number plate under the hood were the exclusive changes made over the standard car. Nissan sold a total of 80 units worldwide.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In order to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand, Nissan announced the high-performance, limited production GT-R50. Built in collaboration with Italdesign, as the former celebrating its 50th anniversary as well in 2018. The car was limited to a total of 50 units. It borrowed its powertrain from the GT-R Nismo, with a higher-rated power out put of 720 PS (530 kW; 710 hp) and 780 N⋅m (575 lb⋅ft) of torque. Achieved by large diameter turbochargers, heavy-duty crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, modified intake system and an upgraded exhaust system. A recalibrated gearbox, reinforced differential, Bilstein continuously variable dampers and carbon-ceramic brakes were added to further improve performance. The car was featured 21-inch carbon-fibre wheels and Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres. Construction of the bodywork was mainly made out of aluminium and carbon-fibre. Nissan revealed, production of the GT-R50 will be delayed until 2020, due to modifications required to make it road legal.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Nissan's European and American designers were involved with its design, the car was described as a \"car within a car\". The front and back ends were designed to be emerging from the bodywork. Key design elements include a redesigned rear section, stretched LED headlamps at the front, a power bulge on the hood, lowered roofline, and \"Samurai blade\" cooling ducts behind the front wheels. Production version of the GT-R50 was unveiled in May 2020, in Italy. It retained all design elements from the concept car, such as the headlamps, bumper designs, splitters, rocker panels, active rear wing, hollow taillamps and dual tailpipes among others. In July 2022, Nissan stopped accepting orders for the car, as all of its 50 units were reportedly sold out.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The Naomi Osaka Edition is a limited production variant, celebrating the partnership between Nissan and its brand ambassador, Naomi Osaka. It was introduced in September 2018 for the 2019 model year, and was limited to 50 units based on the standard GT-R. The car featured three exclusive body colours, Midnight Opal, Brilliant White Pearl and Meteor Flake Black Pearl. Both exterior and interior colour options were chosen by Osaka herself. Interior colours options were Ivory, Amber Red and Tan with Urban Black colour seats. A dry carbon-fibre rear spoiler, gold aluminium model number plate in the engine compartment, privacy glass, increased antifreeze concentration and dark grey front fender outlet ducts were also offered for the car.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The GT-R 50th Anniversary Edition is a limited production model, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the GT-R brand, it was introduced at the 2019 New York Auto Show. The car featured exclusive two-tone exterior colours – Bayside (Wangan) Blue with white racing stripes and blue accents on the wheel spokes, Pearl White with red stripes and Super Silver with white stripes, which were used in the Skyline GT-R KPGC10 race cars that dominated the Japan GP series back in the 1970s. Changes inside of the car were, a unique steering wheel, shift knob trim, special embossed seats, Alcantara headliner with unique stitching and Alcantara-wrapped sun visors.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The GT-R Nismo Special Edition (known as the \"GT-R Nismo SV\" in Japan and Australia), is a limited production, built-to-order variant offered in 2021, for the 2022 model year. It was originally limited to 300 units worldwide. The car featured a Nismo-exclusive Stealth Gray body colour. Its clear-coated carbon-fibre bonnet, derived from the Skyline GT-R R34 V-Spec N1 models, reduced 100g of weight. The Rays aluminium wheels with red accents, matches existing accents around the body. It was the first GT-R variant to adorn the new Nissan logo, introduced on the Nissan Ariya. The car used high-precision weight-balanced engine components, such as the piston rings, connecting rods, flywheel, crank pulley and valve springs dialed in with tighter tolerances. Delivering snappier revs and quicker turbo spooling. The typical Takumi certification plate, placed on the engine was replaced with an exclusive red colour. By August 6, The car was sold out and Nissan concluded accepting orders. It was re-introduced in 2023 but only in Japan.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Various one-off editions of the GT-R were built throughout the years. In 2012, \"Usain Bolt\" one-off GT-R, named after the athlete Usain Bolt, was built and auctioned off to raise funds for charity. A display model was held in Tokyo, Japan. In 2016, a heavily modified GT-R Nismo set a Guinness World Record for the Fastest Drift, with a trap speed of 304.96 km/h at a 30-degree angle drift. It was driven by Masato Kawabata at the Fujairah International Airport. Three attempts were undertaken by the team of Nissan Middle East, to set the record. The GT-R Predzilla was exclusively built and donated to the Nashville Predators Foundation. The car was based on a standard 2016 (2017 model year) GT-R, and it was the main attraction in the Predators Foundation fundraising auction. It was custom-painted in Preds' official colours and graphics. The one-off Tomica 50th Anniversary GT-R, was built to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Tomica. Based on the 2016 (2017 model year) GT-R, it was wrapped up with the iconic red and black \"Tomica Skyline Turbo Super Silhouette\" livery, symbolises the relationship between Tomica and Nissan. On April 15, 2021, Nissan unveiled a one-off special version of the GT-R Nismo, wrapped in a gold body colour, built in collaboration with McDonald's in Japan. A toy model GT-R Nismo was offered with the “Tomica Happy Set\" meal. It was on sale for a limited time in Japan, began on April 30.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The GT-R/C was built to celebrate the release of the Gran Turismo Sport video game, and also to mark 20 years of Nissan's involvement in the Gran Turismo gaming series. It was extensively modified to be driven entirely by a DualShock 4 controller. It was controlled by the Nismo athlete and GT Academy winner, Jann Mardenborough around in a cockpit of a helicopter at the Silverstone Circuit. Mardenborough's fastest lap time was 1:17.47 minutes, averaging 122 km/h and reached a top speed of 211 km/h. The GT-R/C was fitted with four robots to operate the steering, transmission, brakes, and throttle. Six computers mounted in the rear of the car to update the controls up to 100 times per second. The unmodified Dual-Shock 4 connects to a micro-computer that interprets the joystick and button signals and transmits them to its onboard systems. The wireless operation had a primary control range of one kilometre. To help Mardenborough judge the vehicle's speed through the corners, a Racelogic Vbox Motorsport sensor was installed to relay speed data to an LCD display in the helicopter cockpit. The car was fitted with two independent safety systems operating on different radio frequencies in order to allow two additional operators to apply full ABS braking and cut the engine in the event of the main operator losing control of the vehicle. In 2018, the GT-R/C was used in a tour of primary and secondary schools in the United Kingdom to promote future careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) subjects.",
"title": "Variants"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The GT-R was used as police vehicles by several police departments. Including the Tochigi Prefectural Police in Japan, Abu Dhabi Police and Dubai Police Force in the United Arab Emirates among others.",
"title": "Variants"
}
] | 2023-12-28T03:44:14Z | 2023-12-28T08:16:14Z | [
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75,661,621 | Town of fools | A town of fools is the base of a number of joke cycles found in various cultures. Jokes of these cycles of this type poke fun at the stupidity of the inhabitants of real or fictional populated places (villages, towns, regions, etc.). In English folklore the best known butt of jokes of this type are the Wise Men of Gotham.
The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J1703: "Town (country) of fools". | [
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"text": "A town of fools is the base of a number of joke cycles found in various cultures. Jokes of these cycles of this type poke fun at the stupidity of the inhabitants of real or fictional populated places (villages, towns, regions, etc.). In English folklore the best known butt of jokes of this type are the Wise Men of Gotham.",
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},
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"text": "The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J1703: \"Town (country) of fools\".",
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] | A town of fools is the base of a number of joke cycles found in various cultures. Jokes of these cycles of this type poke fun at the stupidity of the inhabitants of real or fictional populated places. In English folklore the best known butt of jokes of this type are the Wise Men of Gotham. The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J1703: "Town (country) of fools". | 2023-12-28T03:47:17Z | 2023-12-28T20:12:05Z | [
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75,661,632 | Government of Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya | The government of Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya was the 15th government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, in office between 9 August 2019 and 6 August 2020. It was a coalition between the Union for the Republic and the Union for Democracy and Progress, whose leader Naha Mint Mouknass was the only member representing the party.
The government was formed after Mohamed Ould Ghazouani won the 2019 presidential election, thus deciding to appoint a new government as such a move is seen as a major indicator of Ghazouani's governance plans.
Some of the new ministers were considered to be close to the previous president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.
The list of members was announced by the Presidency of the Republic on 9 August, taking position immediately. | [
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"text": "The government was formed after Mohamed Ould Ghazouani won the 2019 presidential election, thus deciding to appoint a new government as such a move is seen as a major indicator of Ghazouani's governance plans.",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "Some of the new ministers were considered to be close to the previous president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz.",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "The list of members was announced by the Presidency of the Republic on 9 August, taking position immediately.",
"title": "Ministers"
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] | The government of Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya was the 15th government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, in office between 9 August 2019 and 6 August 2020. It was a coalition between the Union for the Republic and the Union for Democracy and Progress, whose leader Naha Mint Mouknass was the only member representing the party. | 2023-12-28T03:50:13Z | 2023-12-30T04:13:29Z | [
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75,661,640 | Craig Butler (football manager) | Craig Butler is a Jamaican football manager.
Butler attended Jamaica College in Jamaica. He is the son of a real estate broker.
Butler managed Mona High School in Jamaica, helping the team win their first league title.
He has been nicknamed "Bull Head". He is the father of Jamaican footballer Kyle Butler. | [
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"text": "Craig Butler is a Jamaican football manager.",
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"text": "Butler attended Jamaica College in Jamaica. He is the son of a real estate broker.",
"title": "Life"
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"text": "Butler managed Mona High School in Jamaica, helping the team win their first league title.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He has been nicknamed \"Bull Head\". He is the father of Jamaican footballer Kyle Butler.",
"title": "Life"
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] | Craig Butler is a Jamaican football manager. | 2023-12-28T03:52:27Z | 2023-12-29T11:43:15Z | [
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75,661,648 | Kirsty Way | Kirsty Way (born 1998) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.
She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2017 to 2023. | [
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"text": "Kirsty Way (born 1998) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.",
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"text": "She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2017 to 2023.",
"title": ""
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] | Kirsty Way is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2017 to 2023. | 2023-12-28T03:53:21Z | 2023-12-28T06:16:33Z | [
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75,661,670 | Andrew Johnson's drunken vice-presidential inaugural address | On March 4, 1865, on the occasion of the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln and of his swearing-in as Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson made a floridly drunk speech in the chamber of the U.S. Senate. Serious historians describe him as "plastered." The speech is generally described as "humiliating" for Johnson, Lincoln, and the country at large. This incident, which could not be effectively covered up, set the stage for some of Johnson's difficulties as Chief Executive when he succeeded to the presidency 45 days later, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth. According to two Congressional Research Service staffers, Johnson's speech is "unfortunately, the most remembered inaugural address by a Vice President."
Abraham Lincoln's first Vice President was Hannibal Hamlin from Maine. Hamlin was respectable enough, but when Lincoln's re-election prospects looked dim in 1864, it was determined to replace the New Englander on the ticket. Lincoln's choice was Andrew Johnson, a slave-owning Southern Unionist who was the only member of the U.S. Senate from a secessionist state who stayed loyal. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Tennessee had initially seceded to the Confederate States of America under governor Isham G. Harris, but when the Volunteer State was restored/recaptured in 1862, Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson to be the military/Union governor in Nashville. Lincoln believed "that the success of his candidacy in a close contest called for the support of a large number of War Democrats who might be brought to his standard along with their vote for Johnson; and then, too, Lincoln believed that a favorable impression would be made upon observers abroad by the selection of the vice president from a reconstructed state in the heart of the Confederacy."
Johnson had a reputation as a politically astute character of no particular dogma with a chip on his shoulder about growing up poor and a marked tendency to demagogic speeches. In additional to perhaps having some common experiences as frontier boys with roots in the Old Southwest, the Lincoln and Johnson families had some remote kinship ties and friends in common (for example, Johnson's 1827 wedding was officiated by Lincoln's uncle Mordecai Lincoln).
The Lincoln–Johnson ticket of the National Union Party was successful, re-electing Lincoln and returning Johnson to Washington. Lincoln telegraphed Johnson in January 1865 asking when he would be able to come to Washington. Johnson replied with a request that his inauguration be delayed until after the newly organized Tennessee state government was operational, which would not be until early April. On January 24, 1865, Lincoln in turn replied that he had consulted with the Cabinet, and "it is our unanimous conclusion that it is unsafe for you to not be here on the fourth of March. Be sure to reach here by that time."
Johnson was reported to be "seriously ill" in Nashville in mid-February 1865. John Trotwood Moore, a Southern writer known for works idealizing "Anglo-Saxon purity and incorruptible aristocratic will," claimed in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929 that Johnson's doctors told him going to the inauguration "would doubtless be fatal." After apparently being confined to his room with a "severe cold" for the better part of February, Johnson set off for Washington the week before the inauguration and was at the Louisville Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky on Sunday, February 26. Two days later the Cincinnati Gazette reported that Johnson, who made an impromptu speech there, seemed "somewhat the worse for the wear and tear of the past year or two" and "did not respond in as clear a voice or, it seemed to us, with as clear a head as we have heard him on former occasions. It was with difficulty we could hear or understand him at all from where we stood." The Cincinnati Enquirer published the following report on Tuesday, February 28:
Yesterday the Vice President elect, Hon. Andrew Johnson, arrived in our city, en route for the scene of his future glories at Washington. In the evening, after a collection had been made by several prominent Republicans in the city, a brass band was hired to serenade the dignitary at the Burnet House. The Hon. Johnson came forward to respond, but appeared to be suffering from severe physical weakness, and could not be long exposed to the keen night air. Our short hand reporter's notes of the speech, when written out, present an unintelligible appearance, exhibiting three or four "fellow citizens" on each line...We must apologize...and promise Mr. Johnson a better report next time.
Johnson then traveled east through Pittsburgh, via railroads including the Northern Central Railway, in company of his long-time secretary William A. Browning, and fellow Tennesseans including General Alvan C. Gillem and future U.S. Senator Joseph S. Fowler, Capt. John H. Jones, Col. J. W. Scully, Lt. A. K. Long (A. D. C.), Capt. Wm. Tracy, and Jas. R. Dillim, as well as Kentuckian James Embry. They stopped in Baltimore, dined at the Eutaw House, and then took a special car that departed Camden Depot at 3:30 p.m., delivering them to Washington late afternoon on March 1. Upon arrival Johnson took rooms at the Metropolitan Hotel. The day after his arrival one newspaper stated that he arrived "in fine spirits and ready to assume his important public duties," while another reported "The health of Governor Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice President elect, is improving, but he is still unable to attend to his business." As festivities for the upcoming inauguration got underway, on the evening of either March 2 or March 3, Johnson attended a "lavish" party thrown by John W. Forney, which reportedly left Johnson with a "thunderous hangover."
Johnson was picked up at 10:30 a.m. by U.S. Senator James R. Doolittle and escorted from his hotel to the U.S. Capitol. There, at approximately noon, Johnson was to be sworn in by Hamlin and make a scheduled address of seven minutes. According to George Milton's Age of Hate (1930), "When the party had entered the Vice President's Room, he remarked to Hamlin: 'I am not fit to be here, and ought not to have left my home, as I was slow recovering from an attack of typhoid fever. But Mr. Lincoln telegraphed me, as did other friends, that I must be here, and I came. I am now very weak and enervated, and require all the strength I can get. Can you give me some good whiskey?' Accordingly, Hamlin sent out for a bottle of whiskey and Johnson 'drank a good potation.' The two remained seated for some minutes, until it was announced that it was time for them to go into the Senate chamber for the ceremony. Johnson said again 'I will take some more of the whiskey, as I need all the strength for the occasion I can have.'" Milton cites Doolittle by way of John B. Henderson and two versions recounted by Hamlin as a source for this account. (The quotes from Johnson in Milton's rendition do not appear in Henderson or the later Hamlin.)
Henderson's account was published in Century Magazine in 1912:
Senator Doolittle, who had escorted the Vice-President elect to the Capitol, told me that when they went into Mr. Hamlin's room Johnson said to the retiring Vice-President: "Mr. Hamlin, I have been feeling very ill. Can you give me some good brandy?" A bottle of French brandy was found, and to brace his nerves for the task before him, he poured out the full glass that wrought the mischief.
An account of the morning from a biography of Hannibal Hamlin written by his grandson Charles Eugene Hamlin (published 1899) reads as follows:
When Johnson came to Washington to be inaugurated, he was accompanied by enthusiastic friends and admirers from Tennessee. There was a great deal of drinking and jubilation among them, and Johnson was already on the verge of another spree when the day came for him to be inducted into office. He called at the senate chamber shortly before the hour of inaugural, and found Vice-President Hamlin and General Charles Hamlin waiting for him in the former's private room. There was a cordial conversation, and then Johnson said, 'Mr. Hamlin, I am not well, and need a stimulant. Have you any whiskey?' 'No,' replied Mr. Hamlin, 'when I became Vice-President, I gave an order prohibiting the sale of liquor in the senate restaurant; but if you desire, I will send across the street for some whiskey.' Mr. Johnson expressed his wish for liquor, and a messenger procured him a bottle. He filled a table glass up to the brim, and drank it down without any water. He then resumed conversation, and began to tell Mr. Hamlin of his ambition to make the effort of his life when taking the oath of office. While talking on this theme, he poured out another glass full to the brim, and rapidly poured that down. Mr. Hamlin afterwards said to his son that this made him a little apprehensive, but knowing that Johnson was a hard drinker, he supposed that he could stand the liquor he had taken. There was up to this time, indeed, nothing to indicate that the whiskey had affected Johnson. A moment later, word was given that it was time for the inaugural procession to start. Vice-President Hamlin offered Mr. Johnson his arm, and they started to leave the room, with General Hamlin following them. They had hardly stepped out of the room when Johnson, excusing himself hurriedly, turned back, almost running into General Hamlin. The general naturally turned around to see what the matter was, and saw Johnson step up to the table where the whiskey was and pour down a third tumblerful. He then hurried back to the senate chamber and took his seat on the dais.
Thus, the speech. The report of the Washington Star of the speech is a straightforward account that makes no allegations of inebriation but does suggest some incoherence or repetitiveness on the part of Johnson:
Mr. Johnson then came forward on the dais front of the chair and addressed the assembly. He announced it as wholly by the aid of the people that he was there to take the oath as Vice President of the United States, and we were yet a nation. It was not because of your President, your Vice President, your Secretary of State, your Secretary of War, your Secretary of the Navy, or any or all these, because of your Supreme Court Judges, who like the rest, were creatures of the people, that the nation, that the American government, had been preserved. It was because of the people, and because this government was so closely connected with, and was of the people.
He himself was a plebian, and he wished to announce it here to the ministers of foreign governments before him and to this vast multitude that all this power of the nation was because of the people. lt was by them and through them that the nation had maintained this great struggle, and was putting down its enemies, and this Union had been and would be maintained. Tennessee was a State of this Union, and he thanked God and the people that she was. The power of the people had made her such, and would keep her so.
He wished to announce this fact, as well as repeat that other general idea of the power and efficiency of our institutions through their popular character. Mr. Johnson, after further enforcing these views, announced himself ready to take the oath of office. He was then sworn by Vice President Hamlin.
Another contemporary account of Andrew Johnson's swearing-in as vice president, as published in a Pennsylvania paper from the "correspondent of the New York Herald, a person sufficiently mendacious to praise Lincoln profusely and ready to go so far as to call his inaugural address eloquent," (meaning that the Herald was known as a relatively liberal, pro-Republican news outlet) reads thus:
[The Senators began] to look at each other with significance as if to say, 'Is he crazy, or what is the matter?'...It was not only a ninety-ninth rate stump speech but disgraceful in the extreme...the Democratic senators leaned forward and appeared to be chuckling with each other at the figure made by the Republican Party through their Vice President-elect...the sentences so incoherent it is impossible to give an accurate report of the speech...("Who is the Secretary of the Navy?"—was then heard, in a voice of less volume. Someone responded 'Mr. Welles'.)...'Has he no friends?'...It is charitable to say that his condition was such that he was unfit to make a speech...The effort of the Vice President elect to go through with the form of reading the sentences [of the oath] as read by Mr. Hamlin was painful in the extreme. He stumbled, he stammered, he repeated portions of it several times over...
According to Milton by way of Walter P. Brownlow by way of Parson Brownlow, at one point he turned and said, "And you, gentlemen of the Diplomatic Corps, with all your fine feathers and geegaws." The Hamlin biography claims he tried to intercede: "Leaning forward quietly, to attract as little attention as possible, Mr. Hamlin took hold of Johnson's coat, pulled it gently, and whispered, 'Johnson, stop!' But this had no effect; Johnson was thoroughly excited, and wound up for a speech." The New York Herald called it "almost impossible to follow," described wildly varying volume and projection (vacillating between "backwoods" shout and inaudible mumble) and wrote that Johnson "intimated very broadly that Tennessee was personified in Andrew Johnson" and repeated "'I announce here today'...at least 20 times in the 20 minutes misused by Mr. Johnson." The Times of London commented that any other man would have been arrested by the sergeant at arms "for drunkenness in the Senate chamber." The Hartford Press correspondent refused to cover it out of shame, writing his editor Charles Dudley Warner, "The second official of the Nation—drunk—drunk—when about the take his oath of office, bellowing and ranting and shaking his fists at Judges, Cabinet and Diplomats, and making a fool of himself to such a degree that indignation is almost compelled to pity."
Johnson's biographer Hans L. Trefousse wrote that Johnson loudly and theatrically pronounced, "I kiss this Book in the face of my nation of the United States." Rev. Henry Ward Beecher was apparently present; "He saw the Bible whirled by the incoming V.P. about his head, like a cap when a man gives three cheers...The spectacle of an inebriated Vice President hiccoughing out his oath of office furnished such a text for discourse on temperance as hardly turns up once in an age." Someone working in the Ordnance Department wrote in a private letter to his father that Johnson had been "disgracefully drunk." A Cincinnati paper reported that he had "driveled over the Holy Book as he took the oath of office," described the speech as "the idiotic babble of a mind besotted by a fortnight's debauch," demanded that Johnson resign, and editorialized "This cannot be covered up as a private infirmity...Mr. Johnson made a similar exhibition of himself here, and we then refrained on commenting on it because we thought it might only be a lapse in the interval when he was free from public duties."
Multiple accounts had it that the "reporters for the Congressional Globe are said to have been tampered with" in order to prevent the release of an accurate transcript. The Papers of Andrew Johnson, published in 16 volumes by the University of Tennessee, offers in volume seven two variant transcripts of the speech, a "sanitized" version from the Congressional Globe, and one from the New York Times, as well as a mention of a flattering rendition from the Philadelphia Press that "totally concealed the humiliating episode" while simultaneously revealing that the audience in the chamber responded with stunned silence rather than applause when Johnson concluded his remarks. According to the Andrew Johnson Biographical Companion, news reports of the content of the speech tended to itemize the topics as bullet points and/or assert that "there was so much noise in the galleries" that Johnson could not be heard. The Baltimore Sun referred its readers to "the Senate's proceedings" should they care to know the content of the speech.
As for Lincoln, he apparently simply slumped down in his seat during the speech and closed his eyes, and later told his Treasury Secretary Hugh McCulloch not to worry about it: "I have known Andy Johnson for many years; he made a bad slip the other day, but you need not be scared; Andy ain't a drunkard." John B. Henderson, who was sitting beside Lincoln, reported "During the painful ordeal, Mr. Lincoln's head dropped in the deepest humiliation. As I offered him my arm for the procession to the steps of the Capitol where he delivered the inaugural, he turned to the marshal [Benjamin B. French] and said, 'Don't let Johnson speak outside.'" Forney later wrote:
I can never forget President Lincoln's face as he came into the Senate Chamber while Johnson was delivering his incoherent harangue. Lincoln had been detained signing the bills that had just passed the old Congress, and could not witness the regular opening of the new Senate till the ceremonies had fairly commenced. He took his seat facing the brilliant and surprised audience, and heard all that took place with unutterable sorrow.
Per a Pennsylvania paper, Johnson "had to be pushed through his role in a condition of maudlin bewilderment." Johnson was too disoriented to successfully administer the oath of office to incoming Senators, so Forney stepped in and did so. Johnson did not return to the Senate after Lincoln's speech (the now-totemic second inaugural address) to conduct further business of the Senate.
U.S. Senator Zachariah Chandler of Michigan wrote his wife, "I was never so mortified in my life. Had I been able to find a small hole, I should have dropped through it out of sight." Gideon Welles recorded in his diary:
The Vice-President elect made a rambling and strange harangue, which was listened to with pain and mortification by all his friends. My impressions were that he was under the influence of stimulants, yet I know not that he drinks. He has been sick and is feeble; perhaps he may have taken medicine, or stimulants, or his brain from sickness may have been overactive in these new responsibilities. Whatever the cause, it was all in very bad taste. The delivery of the inaugural address, the administering of the oath, and the whole deportment of the President were well done, and the retiring Vice-President appeared to advantage when contrasted with his successor, who has humiliated his friends. Speed, who sat at my left, whispered me that "all this is in wretched bad taste", and very soon he said, "The man is certainly deranged." I said to Stanton, who was on my right, "Johnson is either drunk or crazy." Stanton replied, "There is evidently something wrong." Seward says it was emotion on returning and revisiting the Senate; that he can appreciate Johnson's feelings, who was much overcome. I hope Seward is right, but don't entirely concur with him. There is, as Stanton says, something wrong. I hope it is sickness.
In the handwritten original diary, rather than the transcription published by his son, Welles had originally written the word drunk and then struck out "the short stark word," replacing it with the phrase "under the influence of stimulants."
Following the inauguration there was a roiling debate about what, exactly, had happened, but "there was no disagreement as to the baneful effect his maudlin performance had on those in attendence. Reaction throughout the country was one of shock, dismay, and humilitation." The New York World read the entrails and saw augurs of doom: "And to think that only one frail human stands between this insolent clownish drunkard and the Presidency! May god bless and spare Abraham Lincoln! Should this Andrew Johnson become his successor, the decline and fall of the American republic would smell as rank in history as that of atrocious monsters in human shape as Nero and Caligula." Cincinnati journalist "Mack" (Joseph B. McCullagh) wrote, "...the subject is really too sickening to write about...All I have to say about the inauguration is, may He who controls the lives of men and the destinies of nations preserve the life of Abraham Lincoln, and spare the country the humiliation it would be made to feel in the contingency of Andrew Johnson's assumption of the reins of government." Years later, Forney wrote a passage that is suggestive of the incident: "Lincoln, without seeming to aspire, reached the highest station in the world; while Johnson, always reaching forth for the golden fruit, got it, and lost it in a fit of inconceivable madness. Abraham Lincoln died at the best moment for himself; Andrew Johnson lives to prove how great opportunities may be wasted."
The spectacle inspired a song performed at a theater on E Street:
And there Great Andy Johnson got And took a brandy-toddy hot, Which made him drunk as any sot, At the Inauguration. And now to wipe out the disgrace, The President has closed the place, Where Andy Johnson fell from grace,— At the Inauguration!
Per Henderson, "His reputation was that of a temperate man; and this was his only show of inebriety; but the scene was so deeply humiliating that a caucus of senators a few days afterward seriously considered the propriety of asking him to resign as their presiding officer." As a direct consequence of the speech fiasco, did vote "to drop McDougal of California and Saulsbury of Delaware from all its standing committees 'because of their habitual inebriety and incapacity for business.'" Amidst the crisis, "No voice of anger was heard from Abraham Lincoln. While nearly all censured and many threatened, Mr. Lincoln simply said, 'It has been a severe lesson for Andy, but I do not think he will do it again.'"
After the fact, Johnson retreated to the Silver Spring estate of the Blair family in Maryland, "where he recuperated and hid from the press." He made no public appearances until April 3, when he made a speech in front of a Pennsylvania Avenue hotel about the fall of the Confederate capital. There were rumors that he had been in a binge but he wrote letters explaining that he was in fact "prostrated" by typhoid. According to James G. Blaine, Johnson returned to Washington from Maryland about April 9, 1865 and "when Mr. Johnson arrived from Fortress Monroe on the morning of April 10, and found the National Capital in a blaze of patriotic excitement over the surrender of Lee's army the day before at Appomattox, he hastened to the White House, and addressed to the unwilling ears of Mr. Lincoln an earnest protest against the indulgent terms conceded by General Grant." In 1866, a newspaper account had it that Lincoln met with Johnson on April 11, 1865, forgoing a family carriage ride to take the meeting, and when he returned, "remarked with much apparent concern 'That miserable man; I cannot imagine the trouble he will cause during my second term of office.'" According to the standard account, Johnson and Lincoln supposedly did not meet again until the afternoon of April 14. That night John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in back of the head; the 16th president died the following morning. Johnson's 42-day vice presidency would be the second-shortest V.P. term in American history.
In the end, whether or not he exhibited clinically significant symptoms of alcoholism during his presidency, after the March 4 spectacle at the U.S. Capitol, "it did not much matter what the truth was about his drinking habits. The truth that mattered was that he had set himself up, made himself vulnerable to charges of drunkenness at virtually every crisis that beset his late political career." Excuses were later made that Johnson's obvious intoxication was the result of medication for typhoid, or that outgoing V.P. Hannibal Hamlin manipulated him into drinking to excess.
These formulations ignore a salient fact: Andrew Johnson was a grown man and responsible for his actions. If he was seriously ill before one of the most important events in American political life—at perhaps the most critical juncture in the nation's history—he should have taken better care of himself, and known that drinking multiple tumblers of whiskey was not a good idea. If he was the kind of person whom another man could ply with drinks against his will before he participated in what was, until then, the crowning achievement of his career, he was even less qualified to be president than he showed himself to be.
According to political scientist Gautam Mukunda: "[Johnson's] combination of weakness, rigidity, and racism was exceptional even by nineteenth-century standards. The South was able to successfully win the peace after losing the war because Johnson inspired recalcitrant southerners to keep up the fight longer than a war-weary North was willing to maintain the pressure...Johnson's selection as vice president in 1864 was Lincoln's greatest mistake. Given the scale of Johnson's damage, Lincoln's assassination may be the greatest tragedy in American history." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On March 4, 1865, on the occasion of the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln and of his swearing-in as Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson made a floridly drunk speech in the chamber of the U.S. Senate. Serious historians describe him as \"plastered.\" The speech is generally described as \"humiliating\" for Johnson, Lincoln, and the country at large. This incident, which could not be effectively covered up, set the stage for some of Johnson's difficulties as Chief Executive when he succeeded to the presidency 45 days later, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth. According to two Congressional Research Service staffers, Johnson's speech is \"unfortunately, the most remembered inaugural address by a Vice President.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Abraham Lincoln's first Vice President was Hannibal Hamlin from Maine. Hamlin was respectable enough, but when Lincoln's re-election prospects looked dim in 1864, it was determined to replace the New Englander on the ticket. Lincoln's choice was Andrew Johnson, a slave-owning Southern Unionist who was the only member of the U.S. Senate from a secessionist state who stayed loyal. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Tennessee had initially seceded to the Confederate States of America under governor Isham G. Harris, but when the Volunteer State was restored/recaptured in 1862, Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson to be the military/Union governor in Nashville. Lincoln believed \"that the success of his candidacy in a close contest called for the support of a large number of War Democrats who might be brought to his standard along with their vote for Johnson; and then, too, Lincoln believed that a favorable impression would be made upon observers abroad by the selection of the vice president from a reconstructed state in the heart of the Confederacy.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Johnson had a reputation as a politically astute character of no particular dogma with a chip on his shoulder about growing up poor and a marked tendency to demagogic speeches. In additional to perhaps having some common experiences as frontier boys with roots in the Old Southwest, the Lincoln and Johnson families had some remote kinship ties and friends in common (for example, Johnson's 1827 wedding was officiated by Lincoln's uncle Mordecai Lincoln).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Lincoln–Johnson ticket of the National Union Party was successful, re-electing Lincoln and returning Johnson to Washington. Lincoln telegraphed Johnson in January 1865 asking when he would be able to come to Washington. Johnson replied with a request that his inauguration be delayed until after the newly organized Tennessee state government was operational, which would not be until early April. On January 24, 1865, Lincoln in turn replied that he had consulted with the Cabinet, and \"it is our unanimous conclusion that it is unsafe for you to not be here on the fourth of March. Be sure to reach here by that time.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Johnson was reported to be \"seriously ill\" in Nashville in mid-February 1865. John Trotwood Moore, a Southern writer known for works idealizing \"Anglo-Saxon purity and incorruptible aristocratic will,\" claimed in the Saturday Evening Post in 1929 that Johnson's doctors told him going to the inauguration \"would doubtless be fatal.\" After apparently being confined to his room with a \"severe cold\" for the better part of February, Johnson set off for Washington the week before the inauguration and was at the Louisville Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky on Sunday, February 26. Two days later the Cincinnati Gazette reported that Johnson, who made an impromptu speech there, seemed \"somewhat the worse for the wear and tear of the past year or two\" and \"did not respond in as clear a voice or, it seemed to us, with as clear a head as we have heard him on former occasions. It was with difficulty we could hear or understand him at all from where we stood.\" The Cincinnati Enquirer published the following report on Tuesday, February 28:",
"title": "Pre-inaugural week"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Yesterday the Vice President elect, Hon. Andrew Johnson, arrived in our city, en route for the scene of his future glories at Washington. In the evening, after a collection had been made by several prominent Republicans in the city, a brass band was hired to serenade the dignitary at the Burnet House. The Hon. Johnson came forward to respond, but appeared to be suffering from severe physical weakness, and could not be long exposed to the keen night air. Our short hand reporter's notes of the speech, when written out, present an unintelligible appearance, exhibiting three or four \"fellow citizens\" on each line...We must apologize...and promise Mr. Johnson a better report next time.",
"title": "Pre-inaugural week"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Johnson then traveled east through Pittsburgh, via railroads including the Northern Central Railway, in company of his long-time secretary William A. Browning, and fellow Tennesseans including General Alvan C. Gillem and future U.S. Senator Joseph S. Fowler, Capt. John H. Jones, Col. J. W. Scully, Lt. A. K. Long (A. D. C.), Capt. Wm. Tracy, and Jas. R. Dillim, as well as Kentuckian James Embry. They stopped in Baltimore, dined at the Eutaw House, and then took a special car that departed Camden Depot at 3:30 p.m., delivering them to Washington late afternoon on March 1. Upon arrival Johnson took rooms at the Metropolitan Hotel. The day after his arrival one newspaper stated that he arrived \"in fine spirits and ready to assume his important public duties,\" while another reported \"The health of Governor Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, Vice President elect, is improving, but he is still unable to attend to his business.\" As festivities for the upcoming inauguration got underway, on the evening of either March 2 or March 3, Johnson attended a \"lavish\" party thrown by John W. Forney, which reportedly left Johnson with a \"thunderous hangover.\"",
"title": "Pre-inaugural week"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Johnson was picked up at 10:30 a.m. by U.S. Senator James R. Doolittle and escorted from his hotel to the U.S. Capitol. There, at approximately noon, Johnson was to be sworn in by Hamlin and make a scheduled address of seven minutes. According to George Milton's Age of Hate (1930), \"When the party had entered the Vice President's Room, he remarked to Hamlin: 'I am not fit to be here, and ought not to have left my home, as I was slow recovering from an attack of typhoid fever. But Mr. Lincoln telegraphed me, as did other friends, that I must be here, and I came. I am now very weak and enervated, and require all the strength I can get. Can you give me some good whiskey?' Accordingly, Hamlin sent out for a bottle of whiskey and Johnson 'drank a good potation.' The two remained seated for some minutes, until it was announced that it was time for them to go into the Senate chamber for the ceremony. Johnson said again 'I will take some more of the whiskey, as I need all the strength for the occasion I can have.'\" Milton cites Doolittle by way of John B. Henderson and two versions recounted by Hamlin as a source for this account. (The quotes from Johnson in Milton's rendition do not appear in Henderson or the later Hamlin.)",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Henderson's account was published in Century Magazine in 1912:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Senator Doolittle, who had escorted the Vice-President elect to the Capitol, told me that when they went into Mr. Hamlin's room Johnson said to the retiring Vice-President: \"Mr. Hamlin, I have been feeling very ill. Can you give me some good brandy?\" A bottle of French brandy was found, and to brace his nerves for the task before him, he poured out the full glass that wrought the mischief.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "An account of the morning from a biography of Hannibal Hamlin written by his grandson Charles Eugene Hamlin (published 1899) reads as follows:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "When Johnson came to Washington to be inaugurated, he was accompanied by enthusiastic friends and admirers from Tennessee. There was a great deal of drinking and jubilation among them, and Johnson was already on the verge of another spree when the day came for him to be inducted into office. He called at the senate chamber shortly before the hour of inaugural, and found Vice-President Hamlin and General Charles Hamlin waiting for him in the former's private room. There was a cordial conversation, and then Johnson said, 'Mr. Hamlin, I am not well, and need a stimulant. Have you any whiskey?' 'No,' replied Mr. Hamlin, 'when I became Vice-President, I gave an order prohibiting the sale of liquor in the senate restaurant; but if you desire, I will send across the street for some whiskey.' Mr. Johnson expressed his wish for liquor, and a messenger procured him a bottle. He filled a table glass up to the brim, and drank it down without any water. He then resumed conversation, and began to tell Mr. Hamlin of his ambition to make the effort of his life when taking the oath of office. While talking on this theme, he poured out another glass full to the brim, and rapidly poured that down. Mr. Hamlin afterwards said to his son that this made him a little apprehensive, but knowing that Johnson was a hard drinker, he supposed that he could stand the liquor he had taken. There was up to this time, indeed, nothing to indicate that the whiskey had affected Johnson. A moment later, word was given that it was time for the inaugural procession to start. Vice-President Hamlin offered Mr. Johnson his arm, and they started to leave the room, with General Hamlin following them. They had hardly stepped out of the room when Johnson, excusing himself hurriedly, turned back, almost running into General Hamlin. The general naturally turned around to see what the matter was, and saw Johnson step up to the table where the whiskey was and pour down a third tumblerful. He then hurried back to the senate chamber and took his seat on the dais.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Thus, the speech. The report of the Washington Star of the speech is a straightforward account that makes no allegations of inebriation but does suggest some incoherence or repetitiveness on the part of Johnson:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Mr. Johnson then came forward on the dais front of the chair and addressed the assembly. He announced it as wholly by the aid of the people that he was there to take the oath as Vice President of the United States, and we were yet a nation. It was not because of your President, your Vice President, your Secretary of State, your Secretary of War, your Secretary of the Navy, or any or all these, because of your Supreme Court Judges, who like the rest, were creatures of the people, that the nation, that the American government, had been preserved. It was because of the people, and because this government was so closely connected with, and was of the people.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "He himself was a plebian, and he wished to announce it here to the ministers of foreign governments before him and to this vast multitude that all this power of the nation was because of the people. lt was by them and through them that the nation had maintained this great struggle, and was putting down its enemies, and this Union had been and would be maintained. Tennessee was a State of this Union, and he thanked God and the people that she was. The power of the people had made her such, and would keep her so.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "He wished to announce this fact, as well as repeat that other general idea of the power and efficiency of our institutions through their popular character. Mr. Johnson, after further enforcing these views, announced himself ready to take the oath of office. He was then sworn by Vice President Hamlin.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Another contemporary account of Andrew Johnson's swearing-in as vice president, as published in a Pennsylvania paper from the \"correspondent of the New York Herald, a person sufficiently mendacious to praise Lincoln profusely and ready to go so far as to call his inaugural address eloquent,\" (meaning that the Herald was known as a relatively liberal, pro-Republican news outlet) reads thus:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "[The Senators began] to look at each other with significance as if to say, 'Is he crazy, or what is the matter?'...It was not only a ninety-ninth rate stump speech but disgraceful in the extreme...the Democratic senators leaned forward and appeared to be chuckling with each other at the figure made by the Republican Party through their Vice President-elect...the sentences so incoherent it is impossible to give an accurate report of the speech...(\"Who is the Secretary of the Navy?\"—was then heard, in a voice of less volume. Someone responded 'Mr. Welles'.)...'Has he no friends?'...It is charitable to say that his condition was such that he was unfit to make a speech...The effort of the Vice President elect to go through with the form of reading the sentences [of the oath] as read by Mr. Hamlin was painful in the extreme. He stumbled, he stammered, he repeated portions of it several times over...",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "According to Milton by way of Walter P. Brownlow by way of Parson Brownlow, at one point he turned and said, \"And you, gentlemen of the Diplomatic Corps, with all your fine feathers and geegaws.\" The Hamlin biography claims he tried to intercede: \"Leaning forward quietly, to attract as little attention as possible, Mr. Hamlin took hold of Johnson's coat, pulled it gently, and whispered, 'Johnson, stop!' But this had no effect; Johnson was thoroughly excited, and wound up for a speech.\" The New York Herald called it \"almost impossible to follow,\" described wildly varying volume and projection (vacillating between \"backwoods\" shout and inaudible mumble) and wrote that Johnson \"intimated very broadly that Tennessee was personified in Andrew Johnson\" and repeated \"'I announce here today'...at least 20 times in the 20 minutes misused by Mr. Johnson.\" The Times of London commented that any other man would have been arrested by the sergeant at arms \"for drunkenness in the Senate chamber.\" The Hartford Press correspondent refused to cover it out of shame, writing his editor Charles Dudley Warner, \"The second official of the Nation—drunk—drunk—when about the take his oath of office, bellowing and ranting and shaking his fists at Judges, Cabinet and Diplomats, and making a fool of himself to such a degree that indignation is almost compelled to pity.\"",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Johnson's biographer Hans L. Trefousse wrote that Johnson loudly and theatrically pronounced, \"I kiss this Book in the face of my nation of the United States.\" Rev. Henry Ward Beecher was apparently present; \"He saw the Bible whirled by the incoming V.P. about his head, like a cap when a man gives three cheers...The spectacle of an inebriated Vice President hiccoughing out his oath of office furnished such a text for discourse on temperance as hardly turns up once in an age.\" Someone working in the Ordnance Department wrote in a private letter to his father that Johnson had been \"disgracefully drunk.\" A Cincinnati paper reported that he had \"driveled over the Holy Book as he took the oath of office,\" described the speech as \"the idiotic babble of a mind besotted by a fortnight's debauch,\" demanded that Johnson resign, and editorialized \"This cannot be covered up as a private infirmity...Mr. Johnson made a similar exhibition of himself here, and we then refrained on commenting on it because we thought it might only be a lapse in the interval when he was free from public duties.\"",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Multiple accounts had it that the \"reporters for the Congressional Globe are said to have been tampered with\" in order to prevent the release of an accurate transcript. The Papers of Andrew Johnson, published in 16 volumes by the University of Tennessee, offers in volume seven two variant transcripts of the speech, a \"sanitized\" version from the Congressional Globe, and one from the New York Times, as well as a mention of a flattering rendition from the Philadelphia Press that \"totally concealed the humiliating episode\" while simultaneously revealing that the audience in the chamber responded with stunned silence rather than applause when Johnson concluded his remarks. According to the Andrew Johnson Biographical Companion, news reports of the content of the speech tended to itemize the topics as bullet points and/or assert that \"there was so much noise in the galleries\" that Johnson could not be heard. The Baltimore Sun referred its readers to \"the Senate's proceedings\" should they care to know the content of the speech.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "As for Lincoln, he apparently simply slumped down in his seat during the speech and closed his eyes, and later told his Treasury Secretary Hugh McCulloch not to worry about it: \"I have known Andy Johnson for many years; he made a bad slip the other day, but you need not be scared; Andy ain't a drunkard.\" John B. Henderson, who was sitting beside Lincoln, reported \"During the painful ordeal, Mr. Lincoln's head dropped in the deepest humiliation. As I offered him my arm for the procession to the steps of the Capitol where he delivered the inaugural, he turned to the marshal [Benjamin B. French] and said, 'Don't let Johnson speak outside.'\" Forney later wrote:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "I can never forget President Lincoln's face as he came into the Senate Chamber while Johnson was delivering his incoherent harangue. Lincoln had been detained signing the bills that had just passed the old Congress, and could not witness the regular opening of the new Senate till the ceremonies had fairly commenced. He took his seat facing the brilliant and surprised audience, and heard all that took place with unutterable sorrow.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Per a Pennsylvania paper, Johnson \"had to be pushed through his role in a condition of maudlin bewilderment.\" Johnson was too disoriented to successfully administer the oath of office to incoming Senators, so Forney stepped in and did so. Johnson did not return to the Senate after Lincoln's speech (the now-totemic second inaugural address) to conduct further business of the Senate.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "U.S. Senator Zachariah Chandler of Michigan wrote his wife, \"I was never so mortified in my life. Had I been able to find a small hole, I should have dropped through it out of sight.\" Gideon Welles recorded in his diary:",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The Vice-President elect made a rambling and strange harangue, which was listened to with pain and mortification by all his friends. My impressions were that he was under the influence of stimulants, yet I know not that he drinks. He has been sick and is feeble; perhaps he may have taken medicine, or stimulants, or his brain from sickness may have been overactive in these new responsibilities. Whatever the cause, it was all in very bad taste. The delivery of the inaugural address, the administering of the oath, and the whole deportment of the President were well done, and the retiring Vice-President appeared to advantage when contrasted with his successor, who has humiliated his friends. Speed, who sat at my left, whispered me that \"all this is in wretched bad taste\", and very soon he said, \"The man is certainly deranged.\" I said to Stanton, who was on my right, \"Johnson is either drunk or crazy.\" Stanton replied, \"There is evidently something wrong.\" Seward says it was emotion on returning and revisiting the Senate; that he can appreciate Johnson's feelings, who was much overcome. I hope Seward is right, but don't entirely concur with him. There is, as Stanton says, something wrong. I hope it is sickness.",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "In the handwritten original diary, rather than the transcription published by his son, Welles had originally written the word drunk and then struck out \"the short stark word,\" replacing it with the phrase \"under the influence of stimulants.\"",
"title": "Inauguration Day: Saturday, March 4"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Following the inauguration there was a roiling debate about what, exactly, had happened, but \"there was no disagreement as to the baneful effect his maudlin performance had on those in attendence. Reaction throughout the country was one of shock, dismay, and humilitation.\" The New York World read the entrails and saw augurs of doom: \"And to think that only one frail human stands between this insolent clownish drunkard and the Presidency! May god bless and spare Abraham Lincoln! Should this Andrew Johnson become his successor, the decline and fall of the American republic would smell as rank in history as that of atrocious monsters in human shape as Nero and Caligula.\" Cincinnati journalist \"Mack\" (Joseph B. McCullagh) wrote, \"...the subject is really too sickening to write about...All I have to say about the inauguration is, may He who controls the lives of men and the destinies of nations preserve the life of Abraham Lincoln, and spare the country the humiliation it would be made to feel in the contingency of Andrew Johnson's assumption of the reins of government.\" Years later, Forney wrote a passage that is suggestive of the incident: \"Lincoln, without seeming to aspire, reached the highest station in the world; while Johnson, always reaching forth for the golden fruit, got it, and lost it in a fit of inconceivable madness. Abraham Lincoln died at the best moment for himself; Andrew Johnson lives to prove how great opportunities may be wasted.\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The spectacle inspired a song performed at a theater on E Street:",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "And there Great Andy Johnson got And took a brandy-toddy hot, Which made him drunk as any sot, At the Inauguration. And now to wipe out the disgrace, The President has closed the place, Where Andy Johnson fell from grace,— At the Inauguration!",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Per Henderson, \"His reputation was that of a temperate man; and this was his only show of inebriety; but the scene was so deeply humiliating that a caucus of senators a few days afterward seriously considered the propriety of asking him to resign as their presiding officer.\" As a direct consequence of the speech fiasco, did vote \"to drop McDougal of California and Saulsbury of Delaware from all its standing committees 'because of their habitual inebriety and incapacity for business.'\" Amidst the crisis, \"No voice of anger was heard from Abraham Lincoln. While nearly all censured and many threatened, Mr. Lincoln simply said, 'It has been a severe lesson for Andy, but I do not think he will do it again.'\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "After the fact, Johnson retreated to the Silver Spring estate of the Blair family in Maryland, \"where he recuperated and hid from the press.\" He made no public appearances until April 3, when he made a speech in front of a Pennsylvania Avenue hotel about the fall of the Confederate capital. There were rumors that he had been in a binge but he wrote letters explaining that he was in fact \"prostrated\" by typhoid. According to James G. Blaine, Johnson returned to Washington from Maryland about April 9, 1865 and \"when Mr. Johnson arrived from Fortress Monroe on the morning of April 10, and found the National Capital in a blaze of patriotic excitement over the surrender of Lee's army the day before at Appomattox, he hastened to the White House, and addressed to the unwilling ears of Mr. Lincoln an earnest protest against the indulgent terms conceded by General Grant.\" In 1866, a newspaper account had it that Lincoln met with Johnson on April 11, 1865, forgoing a family carriage ride to take the meeting, and when he returned, \"remarked with much apparent concern 'That miserable man; I cannot imagine the trouble he will cause during my second term of office.'\" According to the standard account, Johnson and Lincoln supposedly did not meet again until the afternoon of April 14. That night John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in back of the head; the 16th president died the following morning. Johnson's 42-day vice presidency would be the second-shortest V.P. term in American history.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "In the end, whether or not he exhibited clinically significant symptoms of alcoholism during his presidency, after the March 4 spectacle at the U.S. Capitol, \"it did not much matter what the truth was about his drinking habits. The truth that mattered was that he had set himself up, made himself vulnerable to charges of drunkenness at virtually every crisis that beset his late political career.\" Excuses were later made that Johnson's obvious intoxication was the result of medication for typhoid, or that outgoing V.P. Hannibal Hamlin manipulated him into drinking to excess.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "These formulations ignore a salient fact: Andrew Johnson was a grown man and responsible for his actions. If he was seriously ill before one of the most important events in American political life—at perhaps the most critical juncture in the nation's history—he should have taken better care of himself, and known that drinking multiple tumblers of whiskey was not a good idea. If he was the kind of person whom another man could ply with drinks against his will before he participated in what was, until then, the crowning achievement of his career, he was even less qualified to be president than he showed himself to be.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "According to political scientist Gautam Mukunda: \"[Johnson's] combination of weakness, rigidity, and racism was exceptional even by nineteenth-century standards. The South was able to successfully win the peace after losing the war because Johnson inspired recalcitrant southerners to keep up the fight longer than a war-weary North was willing to maintain the pressure...Johnson's selection as vice president in 1864 was Lincoln's greatest mistake. Given the scale of Johnson's damage, Lincoln's assassination may be the greatest tragedy in American history.\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | On March 4, 1865, on the occasion of the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln and of his swearing-in as Vice President of the United States, Andrew Johnson made a floridly drunk speech in the chamber of the U.S. Senate. Serious historians describe him as "plastered." The speech is generally described as "humiliating" for Johnson, Lincoln, and the country at large. This incident, which could not be effectively covered up, set the stage for some of Johnson's difficulties as Chief Executive when he succeeded to the presidency 45 days later, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth. According to two Congressional Research Service staffers, Johnson's speech is "unfortunately, the most remembered inaugural address by a Vice President." | 2023-12-28T03:56:27Z | 2023-12-31T01:26:12Z | [
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75,661,721 | Shanice Davidson | Shanice Davidson (born 2000) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.
She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2018 to 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shanice Davidson (born 2000) is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2018 to 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | Shanice Davidson is a British athlete who competes in trampoline gymnastics. She won six medals at the World Trampoline Gymnastics Championships between the years 2018 to 2023. | 2023-12-28T04:03:32Z | 2023-12-28T06:16:28Z | [
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75,661,746 | Marten Seppel | Marten Seppel (born January 6, 1979) is an Estonian historian specializing in agrarian history.
Seppel graduated from the University of Tartu with a bachelor's degree in 2001. In 2003, he received a master's degree from the University of Cambridge. On June 26, 2008, he defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Tartu, titled Näljaabi Liivi- ja Eestimaal 17. sajandist 19. sajandi alguseni (Famine Relief in Livonia and Estonia from the Seventeenth Century to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century). His supervisors were Enn Tarvel and Tiit Rosenberg, and his reviewer was Aleksander Loit [et]. His dissertation won one of the two main prizes in the national competition for student research papers. In 2010, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Slavic and East European Studies at University College London, and from 2013 to 2014 at Uppsala University.
From 2008 to 2016, Seppel worked at the University of Tartu as a lecturer in general history, and then as an associate professor of early modern history. In 2018, he was a visiting professor at the University of Greifswald.
Seppel has been a member of the Learned Estonian Society since 2006 and has served as a member of its board. He is also a member of the Estonian Academic History Society [et], the Economic History Society, and The European Society for the History of Economic Thought.
As professional recognition, Seppel has received the Estonian Historical Literature Annual Award (2014), the Jüri Uluots Scholarship (2015), and the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (2018). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Marten Seppel (born January 6, 1979) is an Estonian historian specializing in agrarian history.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Seppel graduated from the University of Tartu with a bachelor's degree in 2001. In 2003, he received a master's degree from the University of Cambridge. On June 26, 2008, he defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Tartu, titled Näljaabi Liivi- ja Eestimaal 17. sajandist 19. sajandi alguseni (Famine Relief in Livonia and Estonia from the Seventeenth Century to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century). His supervisors were Enn Tarvel and Tiit Rosenberg, and his reviewer was Aleksander Loit [et]. His dissertation won one of the two main prizes in the national competition for student research papers. In 2010, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Slavic and East European Studies at University College London, and from 2013 to 2014 at Uppsala University.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "From 2008 to 2016, Seppel worked at the University of Tartu as a lecturer in general history, and then as an associate professor of early modern history. In 2018, he was a visiting professor at the University of Greifswald.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Seppel has been a member of the Learned Estonian Society since 2006 and has served as a member of its board. He is also a member of the Estonian Academic History Society [et], the Economic History Society, and The European Society for the History of Economic Thought.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As professional recognition, Seppel has received the Estonian Historical Literature Annual Award (2014), the Jüri Uluots Scholarship (2015), and the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (2018).",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Marten Seppel is an Estonian historian specializing in agrarian history. | 2023-12-28T04:08:49Z | 2023-12-29T04:27:11Z | [
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75,661,753 | Maurice Cullinane | Maurice J. Cullinane (November 29, 1932 - March 2, 2023) was the chief of police in Washington D.C. from December 1974 to January 1978. He was captured in a 1958 Pulitzer Prize winning photograph titled Faith and Confidence.
On November 29, 1932 Cullinane was born in Washington, D.C.. In 1950 he graduated from Calvin Coolidge High School. In 1951 after graduating high school he joined the United States Navy and he served until 1953.
In 1954 he became a police officer in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police department. In 1957 while working a parade in Chinatown, Washington, D.C. Cullinane was captured in a photograph which shoed him speaking to a small child who was in the street. The photograph by William C. Beall of The Washington Times newspaper won a Pulitzer Prize in 1958.
In 1973 he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Chief of Police, and he became the chief of police in 1974. In 1977 he negotiated an end to a crisis where Hanafi Muslims held more than. 100 people hostage. In 1978 he retired from the police department and become the Chairman of the Committee to promote Washington. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1977 while he was still chief. His retirement as a police officer in 1978 was for a job related "disability". While working a protest in 1968 he had an injury to his knee and he was eligible to retire and collect US$31,000 a year for the remainder of his life.
He married Carole West in 1956 and they had three daughters: Patricia, Debra, and Joanne. Cullinane's daughter Patricia Carr said her father died from complications after a stroke. He had been at a Bethesda Maryland hospital and died March 2, 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Maurice J. Cullinane (November 29, 1932 - March 2, 2023) was the chief of police in Washington D.C. from December 1974 to January 1978. He was captured in a 1958 Pulitzer Prize winning photograph titled Faith and Confidence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On November 29, 1932 Cullinane was born in Washington, D.C.. In 1950 he graduated from Calvin Coolidge High School. In 1951 after graduating high school he joined the United States Navy and he served until 1953.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1954 he became a police officer in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police department. In 1957 while working a parade in Chinatown, Washington, D.C. Cullinane was captured in a photograph which shoed him speaking to a small child who was in the street. The photograph by William C. Beall of The Washington Times newspaper won a Pulitzer Prize in 1958.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1973 he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Chief of Police, and he became the chief of police in 1974. In 1977 he negotiated an end to a crisis where Hanafi Muslims held more than. 100 people hostage. In 1978 he retired from the police department and become the Chairman of the Committee to promote Washington. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1977 while he was still chief. His retirement as a police officer in 1978 was for a job related \"disability\". While working a protest in 1968 he had an injury to his knee and he was eligible to retire and collect US$31,000 a year for the remainder of his life.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He married Carole West in 1956 and they had three daughters: Patricia, Debra, and Joanne. Cullinane's daughter Patricia Carr said her father died from complications after a stroke. He had been at a Bethesda Maryland hospital and died March 2, 2023.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Maurice J. Cullinane was the chief of police in Washington D.C. from December 1974 to January 1978. He was captured in a 1958 Pulitzer Prize winning photograph titled Faith and Confidence. | 2023-12-28T04:10:41Z | 2023-12-31T19:53:24Z | [
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75,661,763 | Miller Moss (American football) | Miller Moss is an American football quarterback for the USC Trojans.
Moss attended Bishop Alemany High School in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California. He committed to play college football at the University of Southern California (USC).
Moss played in two games his first year at USC in 2021 and took a redshirt. In 2022 and 2023, he was Caleb Williams' backup. After Williams sat out, Moss made his first start in the 2023 Holiday Bowl. Moss led the Trojans to a 42–28 win and was named offensive MVP after throwing a Holiday Bowl–record six touchdowns. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Miller Moss is an American football quarterback for the USC Trojans.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Moss attended Bishop Alemany High School in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California. He committed to play college football at the University of Southern California (USC).",
"title": "High school career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Moss played in two games his first year at USC in 2021 and took a redshirt. In 2022 and 2023, he was Caleb Williams' backup. After Williams sat out, Moss made his first start in the 2023 Holiday Bowl. Moss led the Trojans to a 42–28 win and was named offensive MVP after throwing a Holiday Bowl–record six touchdowns.",
"title": "College career"
}
] | Miller Moss is an American football quarterback for the USC Trojans. | 2023-12-28T04:15:26Z | 2024-01-01T01:36:42Z | [
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75,661,778 | W.W. Anderson | W. W. "Plughat" Anderson (August 19, 1845—c. 1900s) was an American attorney. He is best known for representing Alfred Packer in his trial for murder, and for attempting to murder Harry Heye Tammen and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils of The Denver Post with a gun after they reported on his client's court case.
Anderson was born August 19, 1845, in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He graduated from Bethany College in West Virginia. When he was young, he moved to Louisiana, Missouri. While living there, he was admitted to the The Missouri Bar and became a lawyer in 1869. He got married to Cornelia E. Van Horn in December 1872, and they had three children together. He became a district attorney and financial accountant. He also served on the town council, and became mayor. In 1888, he was removed from the town and was forced to move to Denver, Colorado.
While living in Denver, Colorado, Anderson was admitted to the Colorado Bar Association in 1889.
In 1899, Anderson represented Alfred Packer in his trial for murder. Amidst the trial, The Denver Post reporter Polly Pry wrote an article on the case, accusing Packer of cannibalism. In response, Anderson went to the headquarters of The Denver Post with a gun, and shot the two publishers; Harry Heye Tammen in the arm, and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils in the neck twice. Tammen only survived the shooting because Pry stalled Anderson until the police arrived. Anderson was released from police custody and acquitted of his crimes due to habeas corpus. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "W. W. \"Plughat\" Anderson (August 19, 1845—c. 1900s) was an American attorney. He is best known for representing Alfred Packer in his trial for murder, and for attempting to murder Harry Heye Tammen and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils of The Denver Post with a gun after they reported on his client's court case.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Anderson was born August 19, 1845, in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He graduated from Bethany College in West Virginia. When he was young, he moved to Louisiana, Missouri. While living there, he was admitted to the The Missouri Bar and became a lawyer in 1869. He got married to Cornelia E. Van Horn in December 1872, and they had three children together. He became a district attorney and financial accountant. He also served on the town council, and became mayor. In 1888, he was removed from the town and was forced to move to Denver, Colorado.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While living in Denver, Colorado, Anderson was admitted to the Colorado Bar Association in 1889.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1899, Anderson represented Alfred Packer in his trial for murder. Amidst the trial, The Denver Post reporter Polly Pry wrote an article on the case, accusing Packer of cannibalism. In response, Anderson went to the headquarters of The Denver Post with a gun, and shot the two publishers; Harry Heye Tammen in the arm, and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils in the neck twice. Tammen only survived the shooting because Pry stalled Anderson until the police arrived. Anderson was released from police custody and acquitted of his crimes due to habeas corpus.",
"title": "Shooting of The Denver Post publishers"
}
] | W. W. "Plughat" Anderson was an American attorney. He is best known for representing Alfred Packer in his trial for murder, and for attempting to murder Harry Heye Tammen and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils of The Denver Post with a gun after they reported on his client's court case. | 2023-12-28T04:21:05Z | 2024-01-01T00:06:59Z | [
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75,661,798 | Kay Htoe Boe | Kay Htoe Boe (Burmese: ကေ့ထျိုးဘိုး), is an annual festival celebrated by the Karenni people in April or May, marking the new year of the traditional Karenni calendar. The festival is held to encourage a bountiful harvest, favorable weather, good health, and peace.
The festival is known by various names, including Kay Htoe Boe (ကေ့ထျိုးဘိုး) or Trar-Ei-Loo in Karenni, Gam-Khumt in Geko Karen, and Tagundaing Festival (တံခွန်တိုင်ပွဲတော်) in Burmese.
According to Karenni legends, the Eugenia tree was the first to be grown after the creation of the world. Due to its significance, a tall and straight Eugenia tree is specially cut to serve as a totem pole called kay htoe boe on an auspicious day. The Karenni recognise three types of totems: male, female, and rice paddy. Male and female totem poles are alternated each year, while the shortest paddy totem pole is erected during harvest time, around the Tazaungdaing festival.
The Kayan, a subgroup of the Karenni people, believe that during the creation of the world, the earth lacked density. After digging a pole into the ground, the earth hardened into seven inner and outer layers to support life.
The totem poles are also closely linked to Burmese Buddhism, as poles known as tagundaing are erected on monastic and pagoda grounds.
Villages throughout Kayah State organise the annual festivities.
Before cutting down the tree, Karenni oracles and shamans read chicken bones to prophesize the year ahead, by reading the holes of chicken thigh bones. Pigs are sometimes slaughtered to predict the health of the pole's spirit guardian by interpreting the health of the slaughtered pig's liver.
The primary celebration revolves around a sacred totem pole. A tall and straight Eugenia tree is specially cut to serve as a totem pole called kay htoe boe on an auspicious day. The tree is specially carved and prepared for installation on auspicious grounds, typically near other totem poles. Worshippers venerate the creator and other deities after the pole is mounted. The pole is believed to have four levels signifying the stars, the sun, the moon, and the ladder. The pole is decorated with beehives woven from bamboo threads to attract the spirits, and a ladder, in the form of white cloth and wooden reeds, is draped over the pole. A shrine called kantan is also built next to the pole, where offerings are placed. After erecting the pole at an auspicious site, revelers pay homage to the pole, offer lighted candles and incense sticks, and use springs of Eugenia leaves to sprinkle the pole with water.
Celebrants also host many competitions, including dances and competitions. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kay Htoe Boe (Burmese: ကေ့ထျိုးဘိုး), is an annual festival celebrated by the Karenni people in April or May, marking the new year of the traditional Karenni calendar. The festival is held to encourage a bountiful harvest, favorable weather, good health, and peace.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The festival is known by various names, including Kay Htoe Boe (ကေ့ထျိုးဘိုး) or Trar-Ei-Loo in Karenni, Gam-Khumt in Geko Karen, and Tagundaing Festival (တံခွန်တိုင်ပွဲတော်) in Burmese.",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to Karenni legends, the Eugenia tree was the first to be grown after the creation of the world. Due to its significance, a tall and straight Eugenia tree is specially cut to serve as a totem pole called kay htoe boe on an auspicious day. The Karenni recognise three types of totems: male, female, and rice paddy. Male and female totem poles are alternated each year, while the shortest paddy totem pole is erected during harvest time, around the Tazaungdaing festival.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Kayan, a subgroup of the Karenni people, believe that during the creation of the world, the earth lacked density. After digging a pole into the ground, the earth hardened into seven inner and outer layers to support life.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The totem poles are also closely linked to Burmese Buddhism, as poles known as tagundaing are erected on monastic and pagoda grounds.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Villages throughout Kayah State organise the annual festivities.",
"title": "Celebrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Before cutting down the tree, Karenni oracles and shamans read chicken bones to prophesize the year ahead, by reading the holes of chicken thigh bones. Pigs are sometimes slaughtered to predict the health of the pole's spirit guardian by interpreting the health of the slaughtered pig's liver.",
"title": "Celebrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The primary celebration revolves around a sacred totem pole. A tall and straight Eugenia tree is specially cut to serve as a totem pole called kay htoe boe on an auspicious day. The tree is specially carved and prepared for installation on auspicious grounds, typically near other totem poles. Worshippers venerate the creator and other deities after the pole is mounted. The pole is believed to have four levels signifying the stars, the sun, the moon, and the ladder. The pole is decorated with beehives woven from bamboo threads to attract the spirits, and a ladder, in the form of white cloth and wooden reeds, is draped over the pole. A shrine called kantan is also built next to the pole, where offerings are placed. After erecting the pole at an auspicious site, revelers pay homage to the pole, offer lighted candles and incense sticks, and use springs of Eugenia leaves to sprinkle the pole with water.",
"title": "Celebrations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Celebrants also host many competitions, including dances and competitions.",
"title": "Celebrations"
}
] | Kay Htoe Boe, is an annual festival celebrated by the Karenni people in April or May, marking the new year of the traditional Karenni calendar. The festival is held to encourage a bountiful harvest, favorable weather, good health, and peace. | 2023-12-28T04:24:53Z | 2023-12-28T06:16:21Z | [
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75,661,802 | Chaim Towber | Chaim Shmuel Towber (Tauber, Toyber, Yiddish: חיים שמואל טויבער, June 14, 1901, Mohyliv-Podilskyi — February 26, 1972, New York City) was an American and Canadian actor of Jewish-Ukrainian descent, best known as the author of the song "I Love You So Much" (Yiddish: Ikh Hob Dikh Tsu Fil Lib).
Chaim Towber was born on June 14, 1901, in the town of Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Yiddish name Molev) into a family of a poor tailor. He received education in a cheder and later attended a commercial school.
At the age of nine, Chaim made his debut in a family production of Abraham Goldfaden's play Doctor Almasaro. In the spring of 1917, he participated in the establishment of the Molev-Podilskyi society Di yidishe bine (Yiddish: The Jewish Stage) under the direction of Borukh Mozshvits, and on May 12 of the same year, he played the role of Shemay in Jacob Gordin's play The Jewish King Lear. He later became the director of this society. Under his leadership, actors who eventually formed the Mohyliv troupe toured villages and towns in the Podolia and Kyiv Governorates, acquiring "invaluable experience" in lieu of monetary compensation. Peasants used food to pay for admission to the performances.
In 1919, Towber joined a professional troupe led by Lev Meyerson and Grisha Epstein. To escape from pogroms, Chaim, along with the troupe, moved to Romania, where he, along with other refugees from various parts of the Russian Empire, formed a new theatrical collective. In the summer of 1921, he obtained a temporary engagement at the Jignitsa Theater in Bucharest, directed by Itsikl Goldberberg. From 1922, he performed in Bucharest and other Romanian cities.
During his time in Bessarabia, Towber created his first one-act plays, Bloody Hanukkah and Thorny Path, and performed in them. At the same time, he wrote his three-act dramatic work, Glut, and engaged in translating Russian plays into Yiddish. His last work in Romania was a role in the production of I. L. Peretz's Three Gifts.
In 1925, Towber moved to Montreal, Canada, where he joined the theatrical troupe of Isidor Hollander, touring small towns across America. In 1928–1929, Towber worked at the Casino Theater in Philadelphia, where he staged his plays Galician Rabbi and Golden Rings to the music of Reuben Osofsky. The play Golden Ring was also staged in 1930 in New York's National Theatre by Mikhal Michalesko, set to the music of Alexander Olshanetsky.
In the theatrical season of the 1929-30s, he worked at the Liberty theater in Brooklyn. In the following season, he rejoined Hollander's troupe in Toronto. In 1931, Towber became a member of the Hebrew Actors' Union. During the 1931–33s, he played in various theater groups in Detroit, Philadelphia, and Boston.
In 1934, in collaboration with William Siegel, Towber wrote the script for the musical show Happy Family, which premiered at the Public Theater in New York. The music was composed by Sholom Secunda.
The 1933–34 season was successful for Chaim Towber. The premiere of the operetta Der Katerinshtshik (The Organ-grinder) by Alexander Olshanetsky took place on the stage of the Second Avenue Theater in New York. The main roles in the play were played by Julius Natanson, Annie Thomashefsky (Boris Thomashefsky's sister) and Luba Kadison. Kadison became the first performer of the famous song written by Towber, "Ikh Hob Dikh Tsu Fil Lib" ("I Love You So Much"). Luba Kadison's performance was praised for "taste and restraint, clearly absent in other productions of the Theater on Second Avenue." In the subsequent years, the song experienced significant popularity among Jewish artists and transcended its initial theatrical context, gaining recognition beyond the Jewish community.
Starting in 1939, Towber began working in cinema. Initially, he appeared in episodes of the films Kol Nidre and Big Shot. In 1940, he wrote screenplays and lyrics for songs for musical comedies with the music of Sholom Secunda: My House, Der Yiddisher Nigun (The Jewish Melody), Motl the Operator. In the latter, Towber played the leading role. All these films were directed by Joseph Seiden. Towber played his last role in 1941 in the film "Mazl Tov, Jews!" by the same director.
Chaim Towber passed away in 1972. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Chaim Shmuel Towber (Tauber, Toyber, Yiddish: חיים שמואל טויבער, June 14, 1901, Mohyliv-Podilskyi — February 26, 1972, New York City) was an American and Canadian actor of Jewish-Ukrainian descent, best known as the author of the song \"I Love You So Much\" (Yiddish: Ikh Hob Dikh Tsu Fil Lib).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Chaim Towber was born on June 14, 1901, in the town of Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Yiddish name Molev) into a family of a poor tailor. He received education in a cheder and later attended a commercial school.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "At the age of nine, Chaim made his debut in a family production of Abraham Goldfaden's play Doctor Almasaro. In the spring of 1917, he participated in the establishment of the Molev-Podilskyi society Di yidishe bine (Yiddish: The Jewish Stage) under the direction of Borukh Mozshvits, and on May 12 of the same year, he played the role of Shemay in Jacob Gordin's play The Jewish King Lear. He later became the director of this society. Under his leadership, actors who eventually formed the Mohyliv troupe toured villages and towns in the Podolia and Kyiv Governorates, acquiring \"invaluable experience\" in lieu of monetary compensation. Peasants used food to pay for admission to the performances.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1919, Towber joined a professional troupe led by Lev Meyerson and Grisha Epstein. To escape from pogroms, Chaim, along with the troupe, moved to Romania, where he, along with other refugees from various parts of the Russian Empire, formed a new theatrical collective. In the summer of 1921, he obtained a temporary engagement at the Jignitsa Theater in Bucharest, directed by Itsikl Goldberberg. From 1922, he performed in Bucharest and other Romanian cities.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During his time in Bessarabia, Towber created his first one-act plays, Bloody Hanukkah and Thorny Path, and performed in them. At the same time, he wrote his three-act dramatic work, Glut, and engaged in translating Russian plays into Yiddish. His last work in Romania was a role in the production of I. L. Peretz's Three Gifts.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1925, Towber moved to Montreal, Canada, where he joined the theatrical troupe of Isidor Hollander, touring small towns across America. In 1928–1929, Towber worked at the Casino Theater in Philadelphia, where he staged his plays Galician Rabbi and Golden Rings to the music of Reuben Osofsky. The play Golden Ring was also staged in 1930 in New York's National Theatre by Mikhal Michalesko, set to the music of Alexander Olshanetsky.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the theatrical season of the 1929-30s, he worked at the Liberty theater in Brooklyn. In the following season, he rejoined Hollander's troupe in Toronto. In 1931, Towber became a member of the Hebrew Actors' Union. During the 1931–33s, he played in various theater groups in Detroit, Philadelphia, and Boston.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1934, in collaboration with William Siegel, Towber wrote the script for the musical show Happy Family, which premiered at the Public Theater in New York. The music was composed by Sholom Secunda.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The 1933–34 season was successful for Chaim Towber. The premiere of the operetta Der Katerinshtshik (The Organ-grinder) by Alexander Olshanetsky took place on the stage of the Second Avenue Theater in New York. The main roles in the play were played by Julius Natanson, Annie Thomashefsky (Boris Thomashefsky's sister) and Luba Kadison. Kadison became the first performer of the famous song written by Towber, \"Ikh Hob Dikh Tsu Fil Lib\" (\"I Love You So Much\"). Luba Kadison's performance was praised for \"taste and restraint, clearly absent in other productions of the Theater on Second Avenue.\" In the subsequent years, the song experienced significant popularity among Jewish artists and transcended its initial theatrical context, gaining recognition beyond the Jewish community.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Starting in 1939, Towber began working in cinema. Initially, he appeared in episodes of the films Kol Nidre and Big Shot. In 1940, he wrote screenplays and lyrics for songs for musical comedies with the music of Sholom Secunda: My House, Der Yiddisher Nigun (The Jewish Melody), Motl the Operator. In the latter, Towber played the leading role. All these films were directed by Joseph Seiden. Towber played his last role in 1941 in the film \"Mazl Tov, Jews!\" by the same director.",
"title": "Work in Cinema"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Chaim Towber passed away in 1972.",
"title": "Work in Cinema"
}
] | Chaim Shmuel Towber was an American and Canadian actor of Jewish-Ukrainian descent, best known as the author of the song "I Love You So Much". | 2023-12-28T04:26:55Z | 2023-12-31T06:35:43Z | [
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75,661,832 | Princess Pictures | Princess Pictures is an Australian production studio, located in South Melbourne, Victoria. Founded by Laura Waters in 2003, the studio is best known for producing all six shows created by Chris Lilley for the ABC, HBO, and Netflix. Their film and television credits include Summer Heights High, Lunatics, Superwog, How to Stay Married, Smiling Friends, YOLO, and Koala Man.
In 2021, the studio expanded into animated projects by opening Princess Bento Studio, a joint-venture with American animation studio Bento Box Entertainment which aims to create content for both local and international audiences following a first-look deal between the two companies a year prior.
In 2022, Princess Pictures acquired Irish animation studio Boulder Media from Hasbro. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Princess Pictures is an Australian production studio, located in South Melbourne, Victoria. Founded by Laura Waters in 2003, the studio is best known for producing all six shows created by Chris Lilley for the ABC, HBO, and Netflix. Their film and television credits include Summer Heights High, Lunatics, Superwog, How to Stay Married, Smiling Friends, YOLO, and Koala Man.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2021, the studio expanded into animated projects by opening Princess Bento Studio, a joint-venture with American animation studio Bento Box Entertainment which aims to create content for both local and international audiences following a first-look deal between the two companies a year prior.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2022, Princess Pictures acquired Irish animation studio Boulder Media from Hasbro.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | Princess Pictures is an Australian production studio, located in South Melbourne, Victoria. Founded by Laura Waters in 2003, the studio is best known for producing all six shows created by Chris Lilley for the ABC, HBO, and Netflix. Their film and television credits include Summer Heights High, Lunatics, Superwog, How to Stay Married, Smiling Friends, YOLO, and Koala Man. | 2023-12-28T04:36:49Z | 2023-12-30T16:58:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Pictures |
75,661,852 | The Drone (film) | The Drone is a 2019 American comedy horror film directed by Jordan Rubin, starring Alex Essoe, John Brotherton, Anita Briem, Rex Linn, Neil Sandilands and Simon Rex.
The film premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival on 28 January 2019.
David Gelmini of Dread Central rated the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and called it "one of the best possessed object horror films to be released in recent years."
Chuck Foster of Film Threat gave the film a score of 7/10 and called it "silly entertainment with some fun kills."
Anton Bitel of SciFiNow wrote: "If the premise of The Drone is ludicrous, it knows it – and has great fun with showing the incredulous responses of its characters whenever anyone tries to describe precisely that premise."
Film critic Kim Newman called the film "cheerfully ridiculous" and wrote that it "seesaws between being a film you laugh with to being a film you laugh at, but at least you’re laughing." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Drone is a 2019 American comedy horror film directed by Jordan Rubin, starring Alex Essoe, John Brotherton, Anita Briem, Rex Linn, Neil Sandilands and Simon Rex.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The film premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival on 28 January 2019.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "David Gelmini of Dread Central rated the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and called it \"one of the best possessed object horror films to be released in recent years.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Chuck Foster of Film Threat gave the film a score of 7/10 and called it \"silly entertainment with some fun kills.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Anton Bitel of SciFiNow wrote: \"If the premise of The Drone is ludicrous, it knows it – and has great fun with showing the incredulous responses of its characters whenever anyone tries to describe precisely that premise.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Film critic Kim Newman called the film \"cheerfully ridiculous\" and wrote that it \"seesaws between being a film you laugh with to being a film you laugh at, but at least you’re laughing.\"",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Drone is a 2019 American comedy horror film directed by Jordan Rubin, starring Alex Essoe, John Brotherton, Anita Briem, Rex Linn, Neil Sandilands and Simon Rex. | 2023-12-28T04:41:01Z | 2023-12-31T23:45:46Z | [
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75,661,871 | Louise Harris (disambiguation) | Louise Harris may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Louise Harris may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Louise Harris may refer to: Louise Harris, Australian actress
Louise "Mamma" Harris, American labor organizer
Louise Harris (politician), British councilwoman
Louise Harris (singer), British singer and climate activist | 2023-12-28T04:45:28Z | 2023-12-29T16:03:48Z | [
"Template:Human name disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Harris_(disambiguation) |
75,661,872 | Nireekshana (2023 film) | Nireekshana is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by Vamsi Krishna Malla and starring Sai Ronak, Ena Saha, Shraddha Das and Ramesh Choudary.
The film began production in mid-2019, and the story is based on a true incident that took place in Goa. Ramesh Choudary was initially cast as the film's hero, but the director opted that he play the film's antagonist after being satisfied with his eyes. The film marked his debut negative role. The film was reported to be a Telugu-Tamil bilingual with the Tamil version titled Miratchi. The climax scene was shot nonstop for three days with only a one hour gap in between.
The music was composed by Anand of Mantra (2007) fame. The audio release function of the Tamil version took place on 9 February 2020 in Chennai with Jiiva in attendance.
All lyrics are written by Chandrabose.
The film was initially supposed to release in 2020. The Tamil dubbed version Miratchi had a direct release via YouTube in 2023. | [
{
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"text": "Nireekshana is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by Vamsi Krishna Malla and starring Sai Ronak, Ena Saha, Shraddha Das and Ramesh Choudary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The film began production in mid-2019, and the story is based on a true incident that took place in Goa. Ramesh Choudary was initially cast as the film's hero, but the director opted that he play the film's antagonist after being satisfied with his eyes. The film marked his debut negative role. The film was reported to be a Telugu-Tamil bilingual with the Tamil version titled Miratchi. The climax scene was shot nonstop for three days with only a one hour gap in between.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The music was composed by Anand of Mantra (2007) fame. The audio release function of the Tamil version took place on 9 February 2020 in Chennai with Jiiva in attendance.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "All lyrics are written by Chandrabose.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The film was initially supposed to release in 2020. The Tamil dubbed version Miratchi had a direct release via YouTube in 2023.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | Nireekshana is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller film directed by Vamsi Krishna Malla and starring Sai Ronak, Ena Saha, Shraddha Das and Ramesh Choudary. | 2023-12-28T04:45:49Z | 2023-12-29T09:39:57Z | [
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75,661,918 | Carl Borromäus von Miltitz | Carl Borromäus von Miltitz (German: Karl Borromäus von Miltitz; 9 November 1781 – 19 January 1845) was a German poet, composer, and writer.
Miltitz was born in Dresden on 9 November 1781.
He led a literary circle at his ancestral castle Schloss Scharfenberg, with several leading authors of the time, including Novalis, Christian Gottfried Körner, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Johann August Apel and E. T. A. Hoffmann. He was also a patron of artists, several of whom were commissioned to paint the castle, such as Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, Thomas Fearnley, Johan Christian Clausen Dahl and Caspar David Friedrich.
Miltitz' brother Alexander was ambassador to Constantinople, and wrote a highly regarded book, The Manual of Consuls. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Carl Borromäus von Miltitz (German: Karl Borromäus von Miltitz; 9 November 1781 – 19 January 1845) was a German poet, composer, and writer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Miltitz was born in Dresden on 9 November 1781.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He led a literary circle at his ancestral castle Schloss Scharfenberg, with several leading authors of the time, including Novalis, Christian Gottfried Körner, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Johann August Apel and E. T. A. Hoffmann. He was also a patron of artists, several of whom were commissioned to paint the castle, such as Ernst Ferdinand Oehme, Thomas Fearnley, Johan Christian Clausen Dahl and Caspar David Friedrich.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Miltitz' brother Alexander was ambassador to Constantinople, and wrote a highly regarded book, The Manual of Consuls.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Carl Borromäus von Miltitz was a German poet, composer, and writer. | 2023-12-28T04:52:45Z | 2023-12-28T06:16:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Borrom%C3%A4us_von_Miltitz |
75,661,926 | Makoto Takahashi (fighter) | Makoto Takahashi (Japanese: 神龍 誠, Takahashi Makoto, born July 5, 2000) is a Japanese professional mixed martial artist who competes in the flyweight division of Deep and Rizin. He is the current Deep Flyweight Champion. A professional MMA fighter since 2016, he has also competed in Bellator MMA and previously, Pancrase and the Cage Fury Fighting Championships (CFFC), the latter in where he is a former Cage Fury Flyweight Champion.
After graduating, Takahashi turned professional and made his mixed martial arts debut at Pancrase on April 24, 2016, winning by unanimous decision. He then rose to prominence with a seven-bout undefeated streak.
On April 28, 2018, Takahashi faced defending champion Ryuko Wada in a DEEP flyweight title match at DEEP 83 IMPACT. He lost his first bout by unanimous decision.
On June 29, 2019, Takahashi faced Yuya Shibata for the DEEP interim flyweight championship match. He won the bout by unanimous decision to win the interim title and become the youngest champion in DEEP history at the age of 18.
Making his Bellator and Rizin debut, Takahashi faced Yusaku Nakamura December 29, 2019, at Bellator 237. He won the bout by unanimous decision.
Takahashi fought Seiichiro Ito on August 10, 2020, at Rizin 23, which was his first appearance in the RIZIN main tournament. After a fierce match, he won the bout by guillotine choke in the 2nd round.
Takahashi faced interim champion Yamato Fujita on May 8, 2022, at DEEP 107 IMPACT's DEEP flyweight championship unification match. He won the bout with a ninja choke in the third round, successfully defending the title for the first time and unifying the title.
Takahashi faced Hideo Tokoro at Rizin 37 - Saitama on July 31, 2022. He won the fight by unanimous decision.
Takahashi faced Diego Paiva for the Cage Fury Flyweight Championship on November 10, 2022, at CFFC 114. He won the bout with a ninja choke in the 4th round, and succeeded in winning the CFFC championship. The finish of this fight was named Submission of the Year among all fights broadcast on UFC Fight Pass at the 2022 UFC Fight Pass Awards.
Takahashi faced Daichi Kitakata on April 1, 2023, at Rizin 41 – Osaka. He won the bout in the second round by arm-triangle choke.
Takahashi competed for the inaugural Bellator Flyweight World Championship at Bellator MMA x Rizin 2 on July 30, 2023, in Saitama, Japan where he faced Kyoji Horiguchi. The bout was declared a no contest after Horiguchi accidentally poked Takahashi in the eye which prevented him from continuing.
Takahashi is next scheduled to rematch Horiguchi, this time for the inaugural Rizin Flyweight World Championship at Rizin 45 on December 31, 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Makoto Takahashi (Japanese: 神龍 誠, Takahashi Makoto, born July 5, 2000) is a Japanese professional mixed martial artist who competes in the flyweight division of Deep and Rizin. He is the current Deep Flyweight Champion. A professional MMA fighter since 2016, he has also competed in Bellator MMA and previously, Pancrase and the Cage Fury Fighting Championships (CFFC), the latter in where he is a former Cage Fury Flyweight Champion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After graduating, Takahashi turned professional and made his mixed martial arts debut at Pancrase on April 24, 2016, winning by unanimous decision. He then rose to prominence with a seven-bout undefeated streak.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On April 28, 2018, Takahashi faced defending champion Ryuko Wada in a DEEP flyweight title match at DEEP 83 IMPACT. He lost his first bout by unanimous decision.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On June 29, 2019, Takahashi faced Yuya Shibata for the DEEP interim flyweight championship match. He won the bout by unanimous decision to win the interim title and become the youngest champion in DEEP history at the age of 18.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Making his Bellator and Rizin debut, Takahashi faced Yusaku Nakamura December 29, 2019, at Bellator 237. He won the bout by unanimous decision.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Takahashi fought Seiichiro Ito on August 10, 2020, at Rizin 23, which was his first appearance in the RIZIN main tournament. After a fierce match, he won the bout by guillotine choke in the 2nd round.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Takahashi faced interim champion Yamato Fujita on May 8, 2022, at DEEP 107 IMPACT's DEEP flyweight championship unification match. He won the bout with a ninja choke in the third round, successfully defending the title for the first time and unifying the title.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Takahashi faced Hideo Tokoro at Rizin 37 - Saitama on July 31, 2022. He won the fight by unanimous decision.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Takahashi faced Diego Paiva for the Cage Fury Flyweight Championship on November 10, 2022, at CFFC 114. He won the bout with a ninja choke in the 4th round, and succeeded in winning the CFFC championship. The finish of this fight was named Submission of the Year among all fights broadcast on UFC Fight Pass at the 2022 UFC Fight Pass Awards.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Takahashi faced Daichi Kitakata on April 1, 2023, at Rizin 41 – Osaka. He won the bout in the second round by arm-triangle choke.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Takahashi competed for the inaugural Bellator Flyweight World Championship at Bellator MMA x Rizin 2 on July 30, 2023, in Saitama, Japan where he faced Kyoji Horiguchi. The bout was declared a no contest after Horiguchi accidentally poked Takahashi in the eye which prevented him from continuing.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Takahashi is next scheduled to rematch Horiguchi, this time for the inaugural Rizin Flyweight World Championship at Rizin 45 on December 31, 2023.",
"title": "Mixed martial arts career"
}
] | Makoto Takahashi is a Japanese professional mixed martial artist who competes in the flyweight division of Deep and Rizin. He is the current Deep Flyweight Champion. A professional MMA fighter since 2016, he has also competed in Bellator MMA and previously, Pancrase and the Cage Fury Fighting Championships (CFFC), the latter in where he is a former Cage Fury Flyweight Champion. | 2023-12-28T04:53:56Z | 2023-12-31T17:12:46Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Takahashi_(fighter) |
75,662,026 | Mount Tlingit Ankawoo | Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is a 7,550-foot-elevation (2,301-meter) mountain summit in Alaska.
Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is the highest point of the Takhinsha Mountains which are a subrange of the Saint Elias Mountains. It is located 16 miles (26 km) west-southwest of Haines on the northern boundary of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain's north slope drains to the Chilkat River via the Takhin River, whereas the south slope drains to Glacier Bay. Although modest in elevation, topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 4,500 feet (1,372 meters) above the Bertha Glacier in two miles (3.2 km). The mountain was named by a group of climbers led by Lawrence E. Nielsen who were exploring the Takhinsha Mountains in June 1966. They made the first ascent of the north snow summit, but not the rocky true summit, failing two attempts. The peak's toponym is a Tlingit word meaning "The Chief." The mountain's toponym has not been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is located in a tundra climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Takhinsha Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports the Bertha, Casement, McBride, Garrison, and Willard glaciers surrounding the peak. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is a 7,550-foot-elevation (2,301-meter) mountain summit in Alaska.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is the highest point of the Takhinsha Mountains which are a subrange of the Saint Elias Mountains. It is located 16 miles (26 km) west-southwest of Haines on the northern boundary of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain's north slope drains to the Chilkat River via the Takhin River, whereas the south slope drains to Glacier Bay. Although modest in elevation, topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 4,500 feet (1,372 meters) above the Bertha Glacier in two miles (3.2 km). The mountain was named by a group of climbers led by Lawrence E. Nielsen who were exploring the Takhinsha Mountains in June 1966. They made the first ascent of the north snow summit, but not the rocky true summit, failing two attempts. The peak's toponym is a Tlingit word meaning \"The Chief.\" The mountain's toponym has not been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is located in a tundra climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Takhinsha Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports the Bertha, Casement, McBride, Garrison, and Willard glaciers surrounding the peak.",
"title": "Climate"
}
] | Mount Tlingit Ankawoo is a 7,550-foot-elevation (2,301-meter) mountain summit in Alaska. | 2023-12-28T05:17:10Z | 2023-12-28T06:16:03Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tlingit_Ankawoo |
75,662,034 | Chapelton Maroons F.C. | Chapelton Maroons Football Club is a football club based in Chapelton, Jamaica. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Chapelton Maroons Football Club is a football club based in Chapelton, Jamaica.",
"title": ""
}
] | Chapelton Maroons Football Club is a football club based in Chapelton, Jamaica. | 2023-12-28T05:18:50Z | 2023-12-28T05:21:10Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelton_Maroons_F.C. |
75,662,165 | Faulkland F.C. | Faulkland Football Club is a football club based in Saint James Parish, Jamaica. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Faulkland Football Club is a football club based in Saint James Parish, Jamaica.",
"title": ""
}
] | Faulkland Football Club is a football club based in Saint James Parish, Jamaica. | 2023-12-28T05:55:10Z | 2023-12-28T06:28:51Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulkland_F.C. |
75,662,169 | Juliette Carré | Juliette Carré (22 November 1933, Étais-la-Sauvin – 27 December 2023) was a French actress. She was married to Michel Bouquet whom she starred alongside. Carré died on 27 December 2023, at the age of 90. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Juliette Carré (22 November 1933, Étais-la-Sauvin – 27 December 2023) was a French actress. She was married to Michel Bouquet whom she starred alongside. Carré died on 27 December 2023, at the age of 90.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Juliette Carré was a French actress. She was married to Michel Bouquet whom she starred alongside. Carré died on 27 December 2023, at the age of 90. | 2023-12-28T05:55:52Z | 2023-12-31T13:20:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Carr%C3%A9 |
75,662,204 | Treasure Beach F.C. | Treasure Beach Football Club is a football club based in Treasure Beach, Jamaica. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Treasure Beach Football Club is a football club based in Treasure Beach, Jamaica.",
"title": ""
}
] | Treasure Beach Football Club is a football club based in Treasure Beach, Jamaica. | 2023-12-28T06:03:00Z | 2023-12-28T19:09:50Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Beach_F.C. |
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