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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The middle mediastinum lies between the anterior and posterior mediastinum. It is the central part of the thoracic cavity and contains the pericardium, heart and origin of the great vessels.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The arrow is pointing anteriorly. The posterior mediastinum by comparison, is found most posteriorly. The pericardium lies anteriorly and the domed part of the diaphragm lies inferiorly. Many important structures descend through the posterior mediastinum, including the oesophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct and lymph nodes.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. Given the lower level of this axial section (inferred by the presence of the heart), the compartment indicated by the arrow is the anterior mediastinum, which is a small compartment of the inferior mediastinum. The inferior border of the superior mediastinum is formed by an imaginary line between the sternal angle and the lower border of the T4 vertebra.",
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"explanation": "The pericardial cavity is a fluid filled space located in between the two layers of the pericardium surrounding the heart. You can see this layer of tissue surrounding the heart in a continuous circular manner and in between the muscle of the heart and this layer there is a cavity, which is the pericardial cavity. The arrow, however, points to one of the muscular cavities of the heart, specifically the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the highly enlarged myocardium which makes up its walls.",
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"explanation": "This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The left atrium is the most posterior of all the four heart chambers, and has much thinner walls (with less myocardium) compared to the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the thick muscular myocardium which makes up its walls.",
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"explanation": "This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The right forms the right border of the heart and the right pulmonary surface of the heart. It has much thinner walls (with less myocardium) compared to the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the highly enlarged myocardium which makes up its walls.",
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"explanation": "The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The superior mediastinum contains the great vessels arising from/draining into the heart – the arch of the aorta and its 3 main branches and the superior vena cava and its tributaries. The superior mediastinum also contains the right and left vagus nerve, and the phrenic nerve.",
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"explanation": "The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The posterior mediastinum contains the descending aorta, the azygos and hemiazygos veins, the oesophagus, the thoracic duct and the vagus and splanchnic nerves. The posterior mediastinum is located most posteriorly, posterior to the heart.",
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"explanation": "The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The inferior mediastinum is the entire lower thoracic cavity and it can be divided into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinal spaces. While the heart lies theoretically in the inferior mediastinum, its specific position is within the middle mediastinal division of the inferior mediastinum.",
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"explanation": "The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland and it is much smaller in size compared to the other mediastinal spaces. The anterior mediastinum is located directly behind the sternum.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum.The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. In this image, they are pictured in red, inferior to the pictured left pulmonary artery. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the major vessel arising from the left ventricle, and continuing into the aortic arch.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum.The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The pulmonary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk, which arises from the right ventricle and transports deoxygenated blood the lungs. The pulmonary trunk, and the left pulmonary artery can be recognised as the blues structure in this image.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The descending aorta lies in the posterior mediastinum, posteriorly to the heart and the hilar contents between the lungs. It is located close to and slightly to the left of the thoracic vertebral column. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle. The descending aorta is a continuation of the aortic arch.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The aortic arch is the curved portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta. It lies superiorly to the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle. The ascending aorta continues into the aortic arch as it curves posteriorly.",
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"explanation": "The image shows the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity. The heart and the lungs have been removed. The middle mediastinum lies anterior to the posterior mediastinum and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The descending aorta lies more posterior, within the posterior mediastinum. The descending aorta lies directly anterior to the vertebral column (slightly to its left).",
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"explanation": "The image shows the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity. The heart and the lungs have been removed. The descending aorta lies directly anterior to the vertebral column (slightly to its left), so it is located close to the posterior wall of the thorax, and contained within the posterior mediastinum.",
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"explanation": "The image shows the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity. The heart and the lungs have been removed. The superior mediastinum is the most superior compartment within the mediastinum, and contains the great vessels arising from/draining into the heart – the arch of the aorta and its 3 main branches and the superior vena cava and its tributaries. The superior mediastinum also contains the right and left vagus nerve, and the phrenic nerve. The inferior vena cava lies more inferiorly, is contained within the posterior mediastinum, and not the superior mediastinum. It is located to the right of the vertebral column, and to the right of the structure indicated by the blue arrow, which is the descending aorta.",
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"explanation": "The image shows the posterior view of a model of the thoracic cavity and spinal bony anatomy. The arrow points to the 3rd costotransverse joint – the joint between the 3rd rib and the corresponding thoracic vertebra. The costotransverse joint can be identified because it is formed between the costal tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the spinal vertebra (the bony prominence pointing laterally). The answer correctly identifies the type of joint, but the level is not correct, as the arrow indicates the joint of the 3rd, not the 4th rib.",
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"explanation": "The image shows the posterior view of a model of the thoracic cavity and spinal bony anatomy. The arrow points to the 3rd costotransverse joint – the joint between the 3rd rib and the corresponding thoracic vertebra. The costotransverse joint can be identified because it is formed between the costal tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the spinal vertebra (the bony prominence pointing laterally). This can be differentiated from the costovertebral joint by the more lateral position and by the different components of the bones which are connected. The costovertebral joint is formed between the head of the rib and the inferior and superior articular facets located on the posterolateral aspect of the vertebral bodies of the vertebrae above and at the level of the rib. The answer incorrectly identifies both the type of joint and the level of the joint.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The left common carotid artery is not a midline structure as the one indicated by the arrow. The left and right common carotid arteries can be seen in this image, they lie medial to the left and right internal jugular veins, and have a smaller lumen. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.",
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"name": "Left common carotid artery",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The oesophagus is located posterior to the trachea and is visible in this image. The walls of the oesophagus are not enhanced by cartilage (like the trachea), so its walls appear collapsed in the absence of a food bolus. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline as well and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The descending aorta is not visible at this level in the neck. The descending aorta begins at T4 and descends through the posterior mediastinum, close to the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, near the vertebral column. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.",
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"explanation": "The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The right jugular vein is not a midline structure as indicated by the arrow. The left and right jugular veins are visible in this image. They are located lateral to the left and right common carotid artery (which have a smaller lumen). The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a lateral view of the thoracic wall, with a dissection of the external intercostal muscles of one of the intercostal spaces, showing the muscle layers underneath. The muscles indicated by the blue arrow are orientated obliquely, forward and upward, so they are the internal intercostal muscles, which lie directly underneath the external intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals are implicated in forced expiration and work by depressing the lower ribs and increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity. The external intercostals work by elevating the ribs and decreasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a lateral view of the thoracic wall, with a dissection of the external intercostal muscles of one of the intercostal spaces, showing the muscle layers underneath. The muscles indicated by the blue arrow are orientated obliquely, forward and upward, so they are the internal intercostal muscles, which lie directly underneath the external intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals are implicated in forced expiration and work by depressing the lower ribs and increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity. The resting inspirator movements are performed by the diaphragm.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a lateral view of the thoracic wall, with a dissection of the external intercostal muscles of one of the intercostal spaces, showing the muscle layers underneath. The muscles indicated by the blue arrow are orientated obliquely, forward and upward, so they are the internal intercostal muscles, which lie directly underneath the external intercostal muscles. The internal intercostal muscles are implicated in forced expiration and work by depressing the lower ribs and increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a lateral view of the thoracic wall, with a dissection of the external intercostal muscles of one of the intercostal spaces, showing the muscle layers underneath. The muscles indicated by the blue arrow are orientated obliquely, forward and upward, so they are the internal intercostal muscles, which lie directly underneath the external intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals are implicated in forced expiration, not forced inspiration and work by depressing the lower ribs and increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a lateral view of the thoracic wall, with a dissection of the external intercostal muscles of one of the intercostal spaces, showing the muscle layers underneath. The external intercostals are implicated in forced inspiration, elevating the ribs and decreasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity. The muscles indicated by the blue arrow are orientated obliquely, forward and upward, so they are the internal intercostal muscles, which lie directly underneath the external intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals are implicated in forced expiration and work by depressing the lower ribs and increasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, with the lungs and the heart removed. The anterior intercostal artery is a branch of the internal thoracic artery, a descending branch of the subclavian artery on each side and it is located anteriorly, on each side of the sternum as a lateral branch at each intercostal level (for supply of the anterior thoracic wall). Thus, the anterior intercostal artery would not be identifiable on a view of the internal posterior thoracic cavity wall. The arrow points to one of the intercostal nerves on the right side. The structure can be identified as a nerve by the homogenous appearance of the tissue throughout its course. By comparison, the blood vessels which can also be identified in this image have a smaller diameter and appear more blueish/greyish in colour. In addition, the nerve lies inferior to the corresponding intercostal blood vessels in the same costal groove, which is the known arrangement of these anatomical components of the costal groove (from superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve).",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, with the lungs and the heart removed. The arrow points to one of the intercostal nerves on the right side. The structure can be identified as a nerve by the homogenous appearance of the tissue throughout its course. By comparison, the blood vessels which can also be identified in this image have a smaller diameter and appear more blueish/greyish in colour. In addition, the nerve lies inferior to the corresponding intercostal blood vessels in the same costal groove, which is the known arrangement of these anatomical components of the costal groove (from superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve).",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, with the lungs and the heart removed. The posterior intercostal artery is a branch of the descending aorta artery on each side and it is located posteriorly as a lateral branch at each intercostal level (for supply of the posterior thoracic wall). The posterior intercostal artery would be located superiorly to the structure indicated by the arrow, which is one of the intercostal nerves on the right side. The structure can be identified as a nerve by the homogenous appearance of the tissue throughout its course. By comparison, the blood vessels which can also be identified in this image have a smaller diameter and appear more blueish/greyish in colour. In addition, the nerve lies inferior to the corresponding intercostal blood vessels in the same costal groove, which is the known arrangement of these anatomical components of the costal groove (from superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve).",
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"name": "Posterior intercostal artery",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, with the lungs and the heart removed. The lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve is located superficially in the subcutaneous tissue. It is formed by a branch of the main intercostal nerve piercing the intercostal muscles at the level of the midaxillary line, therefore, the lateral cutaneous branch should not be visible on a view of the internal posterior thoracic cavity wall. The arrow points to one of the intercostal nerves on the right side. The structure can be identified as a nerve by the homogenous appearance of the tissue throughout its course. By comparison, the blood vessels which can also be identified in this image have a smaller diameter and appear more blueish/greyish in colour. In addition, the nerve lies inferior to the corresponding intercostal blood vessels in the same costal groove, which is the known arrangement of these anatomical components of the costal groove (from superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve).",
"id": "10008811",
"label": "b",
"name": "Lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 30
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "The image shows a view of the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, with the lungs and the heart removed. The anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve is located superficially in the subcutaneous tissue. It is formed by a branch of the main intercostal nerve piercing the intercostal muscles just laterally to the sternum anteriorly, therefore, the anterior cutaneous branch should not be visible on a view of the internal posterior thoracic cavity wall. The arrow points to one of the intercostal nerves on the right side. The structure can be identified as a nerve by the homogenous appearance of the tissue throughout its course. By comparison, the blood vessels which can also be identified in this image have a smaller diameter and appear more blueish/greyish in colour. In addition, the nerve lies inferior to the corresponding intercostal blood vessels in the same costal groove, which is the known arrangement of these anatomical components of the costal groove (from superior to inferior: intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve).",
"id": "10008812",
"label": "c",
"name": "Anterior cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve",
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"votes": 13
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through at the level of T12. The structure indicated by the arrow, however, is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10), while the T12 opening allows the passage of the descending aorta. The oesophageal hiatus is located in the muscular part of the diaphragm and lies to the left of the aortic hiatus. The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The inferior vena cava passes through at the level of T8. The inferior vena cava runs to the right of the vertebral column. However, the structure indicated by the arrow is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through at the level of T12, slightly to the left of the midline. The structure indicated by the arrow, however, is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
"id": "10008819",
"label": "e",
"name": "Aorta – T10",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
"id": "10008815",
"label": "a",
"name": "Oesophagus – T10",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple perforations which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12), not at T10. The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The oesophagus, indeed, passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10. The oesophageal hiatus is located in the muscular part of the diaphragm and lies to the left of the aortic hiatus. However, the structure indicated by the arrow is the aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12), slightly to the left of the midline. The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
"id": "10008820",
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"name": "Descending aorta – T12",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The inferior vena cava, indeed, passes through the diaphragm at the levels of T8, not T10. The inferior vena cava runs to the right of the vertebral column. However, the structure indicated by the arrow is the aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
"id": "10008824",
"label": "e",
"name": "Inferior vena cava – T10",
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The inferior vena cava, indeed, passes through the diaphragm at the levels of T8. The inferior vena cava runs to the right of the vertebral column. However, the structure indicated by the arrow is the aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).",
"id": "10008823",
"label": "d",
"name": "Inferior vena cava – T8",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissection of the thoracic cavity with two main nerves travelling each side of the heart. The nerve indicated by the blue arrow is the right phrenic nerve, whose course from the C3-C5 spinal levels is through the neck inferiorly, laterally to the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava, alongside the right pericardium and close to the inferior vena cava opening of the diaphragm (T8). The function of the right phrenic nerve is to innervate the right side of the diaphragm to promote its contraction during respiration. The right larynx is innervated by the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, which branches off the vagus nerve as it courses down through the neck.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissection of the thoracic cavity with two main nerves travelling each side of the heart. The nerve indicated by the blue arrow is the right phrenic nerve, whose course from the C3-C5 spinal levels is through the neck inferiorly, laterally to the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava, alongside the right pericardium and close to the inferior vena cava opening of the diaphragm (T8). The function of the right phrenic nerve is to innervate the right side of the diaphragm to promote its contraction during respiration. The relaxation of the diaphragm and increase in intrathoracic pressure during expiration is a passive process, which does not require the contraction of the diaphragm.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissection of the thoracic cavity with two main nerves travelling each side of the heart. The nerve indicated by the blue arrow is the right phrenic nerve, whose course from the C3-C5 spinal levels is through the neck inferiorly, laterally to the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava, alongside the right pericardium and close to the inferior vena cava opening of the diaphragm (T8). Its function is indeed, to innervate the right side of the diaphragm and promote its contraction during inspiration. Remember C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive.",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the inferior side of the diaphragm from within the abdominal cavity below it (the abdominal organs have been removed in this dissection). The arrow indicates the part of the diaphragm attached to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity (it originates posteriorly from the lumbar vertebrae and associated lateral and medial arcuate ligaments). The base of the left lung lies superior to the left diaphragm, within the thoracic cavity. In addition, the parenchyma at the base of the lungs has a different appearance – more spongey – compared to that of the diaphragm, which is more muscular and thinner.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The mammary lobules are small collections of alveoli contained within an acinus in the mammary gland and connected by the mammary ducts to the lactiferous sinus.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The areola represents the circular area of external skin which is slightly darker in colour than the rest of the skin, and which surrounds the nipple.",
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"explanation": "The image depicts an anterior view of the heart, which can be inferred from the position of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch travelling posteriorly which then continues as the descending aorta. The left anterior descending artery can be seen to the left side of the arrow (right side of the image).The arrow indicates the anterior border of the heart, which is directly in contact with the sternum anteriorly. The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium, which forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart.",
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"explanation": "This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The superior border of the heart is formed by the left and right atria and great vessels.",
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"explanation": "This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium and is visible in this photograph, however it lies more superiorly. Additionally, the right surface of the heart does not have an anatomical relationship with the descending aorta because the descending aorta travels posteriorly and slightly to the left of the heart.",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the coronary arteries of the heart as they emerge from the ascending aorta. This answer describes the function of the posterior interventricular artery (also termed posterior descending artery), a branch of the right coronary artery, which supplies the posterior one third of the interventricular septum and adjacent areas of the left and right ventricles. However, the arrow points to the right coronary artery. The function of the right coronary artery is to supply blood to the right atrium and ventricle, as well as to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the conducting system of the heart (in most people).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the coronary arteries of the heart as they emerge from the ascending aorta. The answer describes the function of the left coronary artery – to supply blood to the left atrium and ventricle. However, the arrow points to the right coronary artery. The function of the right coronary artery is to supply blood to the right atrium and ventricle, as well as to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the conducting system of the heart (in most people).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the coronary arteries of the heart as they emerge from the ascending aorta. The answer describes the function of the left anterior descending artery, a main branch of the left coronary artery, which supplies the anterior surface of the left ventricle and the distal two thirds of the interventricular septum. The function of the right coronary artery is to supply blood to the right atrium and ventricle, as well as to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the conducting system of the heart (in most people).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the coronary arteries of the heart as they emerge from the ascending aorta. The arrow points to the right coronary artery, which supplies. blood to the right atrium and ventricle, as well as to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in most people. (N.B. the right coronary artery supplies the SA node in approximately 60% of people and the AV node in approximately 80% of people).",
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"explanation": "This image shows a view of the coronary arteries of the heart as they emerge from the ascending aorta. The answer describes the function of the circumflex artery, a branch of the left coronary artery, which supplies the left atrium and left ventricle. The arrow points to the right coronary artery. The function of the right coronary artery is to supply blood to the right atrium and ventricle, as well as to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the conducting system of the heart (in most people).",
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"explanation": "This image shows an anterior view of the heart. The arrow points to the left anterior descending artery, a main branch of the left coronary artery. The left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior surface of the left ventricle and the distal two thirds of the interventricular septum.",
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"explanation": "This image shows an anterior view of the heart. This answer describes the function of the left coronary artery, however the arrow is pointing specifically to the left anterior descending artery, which is a branch of the left coronary artery. The left coronary artery can be located between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle of the heart.",
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"explanation": "This image shows an anterior view of the heart with the coronary arteries visible. The answer describes the function of the right coronary artery which supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle, and to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in most people. However, the artery indicated by the blue arrow is the left anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery.",
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"explanation": "This image shows an anterior view of the heart. This answer describes the function of the circumflex artery, a branch of the left coronary artery, which supplies the left atrium and left ventricle. However, the artery indicated by the blue arrow is the left anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal section through the heart. The anterior aspect of the heart is on the right side of the image and the posterior aspect of the heart is on the left side of the image. The arrow indicates the rightt pulmonary artery, whose function is to transport deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the right lung. This answer describes the function of the right pulmonary artery. Orientating yourself is key to working out the correct answer. This can be identified as the right pulmonary artery because the ventricle pictured here has a thin myocardium, which confirms that this is the right ventricle. ",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal section through the heart. The anterior aspect of the heart is on the right side of the image and the posterior aspect of the heart is on the left side of the image. The arrow indicates the right pulmonary artery, whose function is to transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung. This answer is not correct, because the right atrium does not send blood directly to the lung, but to the right ventricle.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a sagittal section through the heart. The anterior aspect of the heart is on the right side of the image and the posterior aspect of the heart is on the left side of the image. The arrow indicates the right pulmonary artery, whose function is to transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung. The fact hat you can see the right ventricle in the image tells you that the cut is slightly tot he right and therefore this must be the right pulmonary artery.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the superior chambers of the heart, which is situated on the right side – the right atrium.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the superior chambers of the heart, which is situated on the right side – the right atrium. The left ventricle is one of the inferior chambers of the heart, which is much larger. The left ventricle specifically is also recognisable by its thick myocardium. The left ventricle is located on the left side of the heart (right side of the image) and it forms the apex of the heart as well, which makes it easy to identify.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the superior chambers of the heart, which is situated on the right side – the right atrium. The right ventricle is one of the inferior chambers of the heart (left side of the image). Number 17 correlates with the pulmonary trunk, the right ventricle can be visualised inferior to this.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the superior chambers of the heart, which is situated on the right side – the right atrium. The coronary sinus is an opening in the posterior wall of the right atrium, however it is not visible in this photograph.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the superior chambers of the heart, which is situated on the right side – the right atrium. The left atrium would be found at the same level, but on the left side of the heart.",
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173,464,099 | false | 26 | null | 6,495,138 | null | false | [] | null | 14,321 | {
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"explanation": "The image shows a posterior view of the heart. The arrow indicates one of the chambers located at the superior end of the heart. This chamber is on the left side, so it is the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. Blood from the left atrium subsequently travels to the left ventricle to be pumped out through the aorta.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a posterior view of the heart, and the arrow is pointing to the left atrium. This answer is incorrect – none of the chambers of the heart receive deoxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a posterior view of the heart, and the arrow is pointing to the left atrium. This answer describes the function of the left ventricle, which transports oxygenated blood via the aorta to the rest of the body. However, the indicated chamber is located superiorly, so it is the left atrium.",
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"name": "Sends oxygenated blood via the aorta to the rest of the body",
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"explanation": "The image shows a posterior view of the heart, and the arrow is pointing to the left atrium. This answer describes the function of the right ventricle, which transports deoxygenated blood via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a posterior view of the heart, and the arrow is pointing to the left atrium. This answer describes the right atrium, which receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cava.",
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"name": "Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cava",
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"explanation": "This is a dissection of the right ventricle of the heart (Orientation: The lingula of the left lung can be seen partially overlapping the heart, the apex of the heart if on the right side of the image and the right lung is on the left side of the image). The structures indicated by the arrow are the chordae tendinae within the right ventricle, whose function is to maintain the position of the tricuspid valve, as they are attached to the papillary muscles. The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, so this answer is not correct, because the image shows a right view of the heart.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a superior view of the heart with the atria removed to allow the visualisation of the atrioventricular valves on both sides – which are viewed superiorly and to the left side of the image. This answer describes the function of the tricuspid valve, which is depicted on the left side of this image. However, the arrow indicates the aortic valve, which can be identified by its position within a large blood vessel, situated in between the tricuspid and the mitral valves and having three cusps. The function of the aortic valve is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta.",
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"id": "10008884",
"label": "e",
"name": "Ensures unidirectional flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary veins",
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"explanation": "The image shows a plastic model of a dissected heart. This answer describes the function of the aortic valve, which ensures unidirectional flow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. However, the blue arrow indicates the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk – the pulmonary valve, whose function is to ensure unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a plastic model of a dissected heart. The blue arrow indicates the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk – the pulmonary valve, whose function is to ensure unidirectional flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk.",
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"name": "Ensures unidirectional flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk",
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"explanation": "The image shows an anterior view of the heart. The answer describes the function of the pulmonary veins, which transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. However, the arrow indicates one of the main blood vessels emerging from the heart – the pulmonary trunk, which allows deoxygenated blood to pass from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk can be identified by its position inferior to the aortic arch.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissected view inside the left side of the thoracic cavity. The left side can be identified by the presence of the aortic arch and descending aorta and by the highly muscular cavity of the heart (left ventricle) which is visible in the centre of the dissection. The structure indicated by the blue arrow is one of the left inferior pulmonary veins, whose function is to transport oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissected view inside the left side of the thoracic cavity. The left side can be identified by the presence of the aortic arch and descending aorta and by the highly muscular cavity of the heart (left ventricle) which is visible in the centre of the dissection. This answer describes the function of the superior vena cava, which transports deoxygenated blood from the superior body to the right atrium of the heart. However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is one of the left inferior pulmonary veins, whose function is to transport oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissected view inside the left side of the thoracic cavity. The left side can be identified by the presence of the aortic arch and descending aorta and by the highly muscular cavity of the heart (left ventricle) which is visible in the centre of the dissection. This answer describes the function of the aorta, which transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is one of the left inferior pulmonary veins, whose function is to transport oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart.",
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"explanation": "The image shows a dissection of the posterior wall of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities. This answer describes the function of right lymphatic duct, which drains lymph from the superior right side of the body. However, the arrow points to one of the branches emerging from the descending aorta – one of the intercostal arteries, whose function is to supply blood to the posterior thoracic wall, parietal pleurae, the skin and muscles of the back.",
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173,464,149 | false | 2 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,347 | {
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.",
"id": "10009002",
"label": "c",
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"explanation": "Correct. The maxillae form the upper immobile jaw, anterior part of the hard palate, and part of the floor of the bony orbits.",
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"label": "a",
"name": "Maxilla",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The nasal bones form the bridge of the upper nose.",
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"label": "d",
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"votes": 2
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The mandible forms the lower mobile jaw.",
"id": "10009001",
"label": "b",
"name": "Mandible",
"picture": null,
"votes": 6
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The sphenoid bone forms part of the lateral walls of the cranial base, lateral walls of the bony orbits, and parts of the floor of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.",
"id": "10009004",
"label": "e",
"name": "Sphenoid bone",
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"votes": 2
}
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173,464,150 | false | 3 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,348 | {
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"choices": [
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The sagittal suture is found between the parietal bones, in the midline sagittal plane.",
"id": "10009006",
"label": "b",
"name": "Sagittal suture",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The coronal suture is found between the frontal bone(s) and parietal bones, in the coronal plane.",
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"label": "a",
"name": "Coronal suture",
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},
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"explanation": "Correct. The lambdoid suture is found between the parietal bones and occipital bone. It is found at the posterior aspect of the cranium.",
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"label": "c",
"name": "Lambdoid suture",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The metopic suture (also known as the median frontal suture) is found in the newborn. It should fuse by nine months of age.",
"id": "10009008",
"label": "d",
"name": "Metopic suture",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The squamosal suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones. It is found at the lateral aspect of the cranium.",
"id": "10009009",
"label": "e",
"name": "Squamosal suture",
"picture": null,
"votes": 7
}
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173,464,151 | false | 4 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,349 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) carries motor fibres to superior oblique. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009013",
"label": "d",
"name": "Trochlear nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 9
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The optic nerve (CN II) carries visual sensory information from the retina to the brain. It enters the cranium via the optic canal.",
"id": "10009010",
"label": "a",
"name": "Optic nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 320
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The abducent nerve (CN VI) carries motor fibres to lateral rectus. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009014",
"label": "e",
"name": "Abducent nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 11
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) carries sensory information from the eye, upper face and forehead. It enters the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009012",
"label": "c",
"name": "Ophthalmic nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 13
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The oculomotor nerve (CN III) carries motor fibres to the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and the extraocular muscles, except lateral rectus and superior oblique. It also carries parasympathetic fibres to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles via the ciliary ganglion. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009011",
"label": "b",
"name": "Oculomotor nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 17
}
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173,464,152 | false | 5 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,350 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate superior oblique.",
"id": "10009016",
"label": "b",
"name": "Trochlear nerve",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) is a pure sensory nerve, with no motor component.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Ophthalmic nerve",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The abducent nerve (CN VI) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate this muscle.",
"id": "10009015",
"label": "a",
"name": "Abducent nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 288
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and to provide parasympathetic fibres to the ciliary ganglion.",
"id": "10009018",
"label": "d",
"name": "Inferior division of oculomotor nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 37
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and superior rectus.",
"id": "10009017",
"label": "c",
"name": "Superior division of oculomotor nerve",
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"votes": 24
}
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173,464,153 | false | 6 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,351 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The medial pterygoid plate supports the pharynx, serving as an attachment for the superior constrictor muscle and pharyngobasilar fascia.",
"id": "10009023",
"label": "d",
"name": "Left medial pterygoid plate",
"picture": null,
"votes": 24
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The lateral pterygoid plate is the site of origin for the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, from its medial and lateral surfaces, respectively.",
"id": "10009022",
"label": "c",
"name": "Left lateral pterygoid plate",
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"votes": 18
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The anterior clinoid process is a posterior projection of each lesser wing bilaterally, serving as an attachment for the tentorium cerebelli.",
"id": "10009024",
"label": "e",
"name": "Left anterior clinoid process",
"picture": null,
"votes": 14
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The lesser wing of sphenoid forms the border between the anterior and middle cranial fossae, and forms the lateral border of the optic canal.",
"id": "10009021",
"label": "b",
"name": "Left lesser wing",
"picture": null,
"votes": 50
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The greater wing of sphenoid forms part of the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and the floor of the middle cranial fossa.",
"id": "10009020",
"label": "a",
"name": "Left greater wing",
"picture": null,
"votes": 240
}
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173,464,154 | false | 7 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,352 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The ethmoid bone is an unpaired bone that forms part of the nasal septum, medial wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa.",
"id": "10009029",
"label": "e",
"name": "Ethmoid bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 25
},
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"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.",
"id": "10009028",
"label": "d",
"name": "Zygomatic bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 17
},
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the right greater wing of sphenoid, which forms part of the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and the floor of the middle cranial fossa.",
"id": "10009025",
"label": "a",
"name": "Sphenoid bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 263
},
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"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The lacrimal bones are a pair of bones that contribute to the facial skeleton and form part of the medial walls of the bony orbit.",
"id": "10009027",
"label": "c",
"name": "Lacrimal bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 13
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The temporal bones contribute to the inferolateral walls of the skull and articulate with the condylar processes of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints.",
"id": "10009026",
"label": "b",
"name": "Temporal bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 40
}
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173,464,155 | false | 8 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,353 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The lacrimal bones are a pair of bones that contribute to the facial skeleton and form part of the medial walls of the bony orbit.",
"id": "10009034",
"label": "e",
"name": "Lacrimal bone",
"picture": null,
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},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The greater wing of sphenoid contributes to the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the middle cranial fossa.",
"id": "10009031",
"label": "b",
"name": "Sphenoid bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 24
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.",
"id": "10009033",
"label": "d",
"name": "Zygomatic bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The nasal bones from the bridge of the upper nose.",
"id": "10009032",
"label": "c",
"name": "Nasal bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 39
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The ethmoid bone is an unpaired bone that forms part of the nasal septum, medial wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa.",
"id": "10009030",
"label": "a",
"name": "Ethmoid bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 81
}
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173,464,156 | false | 9 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,354 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) is a pure sensory nerve, with no motor component.",
"id": "10009039",
"label": "e",
"name": "Ophthalmic nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 35
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate superior oblique.",
"id": "10009037",
"label": "c",
"name": "Trochlear nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 60
},
{
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"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The abducent nerve (CN VI) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate this muscle.",
"id": "10009038",
"label": "d",
"name": "Abducent nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 8
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and to provide parasympathetic fibres to the ciliary ganglion.",
"id": "10009036",
"label": "b",
"name": "Inferior division of oculomotor nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 34
},
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to superior rectus. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and superior rectus.",
"id": "10009035",
"label": "a",
"name": "Superior division of oculomotor nerve",
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173,464,157 | false | 10 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,355 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The mylohyoid muscle originates from the mylohyoid line of the mandible. It inserts onto the body of the hyoid, aiding depression of the mandible.",
"id": "10009044",
"label": "e",
"name": "Mylohyoid",
"picture": null,
"votes": 21
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and infratemporal crest of the greater wing of sphenoid. It inserts onto the pterygoid fovea on the anterior neck of the mandible and temporomandibular joint capsule, acting primarily to depress and protrude the mandible.",
"id": "10009041",
"label": "b",
"name": "Lateral pterygoid",
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"votes": 67
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The masseter muscle originates from the zygomatic arch, formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone laterally and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone medially. It inserts onto the lateral surface of the mandible and coronoid process, acting to elevate the mandible.",
"id": "10009042",
"label": "c",
"name": "Masseter",
"picture": null,
"votes": 60
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The medial pterygoid muscle originates from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palatine bone and the maxillary tuberosity. It inserts onto the medial surface of the mandible, acting primarily to elevate and protrude the mandible.",
"id": "10009040",
"label": "a",
"name": "Medial pterygoid",
"picture": null,
"votes": 173
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The temporalis muscle originates primarily from the temporal fossa, consisting of the squamous temporal bone. It inserts onto the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible, acting to elevate and retract the mandible. It also produces side to side movements of the mandible.",
"id": "10009043",
"label": "d",
"name": "Temporalis",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
}
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"name": "Muscles of mastication",
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173,464,158 | false | 11 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,356 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).",
"id": "10009045",
"label": "a",
"name": "Parotid duct passes anteriorly (superficially)",
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},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).",
"id": "10009048",
"label": "d",
"name": "Parotid duct passes inferiorly",
"picture": null,
"votes": 19
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).",
"id": "10009049",
"label": "e",
"name": "Parotid duct pierces the labelled structure",
"picture": null,
"votes": 71
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).",
"id": "10009047",
"label": "c",
"name": "Parotid duct passes superiorly",
"picture": null,
"votes": 33
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).",
"id": "10009046",
"label": "b",
"name": "Parotid duct passes posteriorly (deeply)",
"picture": null,
"votes": 99
}
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173,464,159 | false | 12 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,357 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The angular artery is the terminal part of the facial artery arising at the medial commissure of the eye, anastomosing with the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery, giving branches to supply the orbicularis oculi muscle, lacrimal sac, and lateral aspect of the nose.",
"id": "10009054",
"label": "e",
"name": "Angular artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 4
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The facial artery is a more proximal branch of the external carotid artery. It ascends over the body of the mandible towards the medial commissure of the eye, giving branches to supply various structures in the face and pharynx, terminating as the angular artery.",
"id": "10009051",
"label": "b",
"name": "Facial artery",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The maxillary artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the superficial temporal artery. It arises in the parotid gland, traverses the infratemporal fossa and reaches the pterygopalatine fossa, giving branches to supply various structures of the head.",
"id": "10009052",
"label": "c",
"name": "Maxillary artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 3
},
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"explanation": "Correct. The superficial temporal artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the maxillary artery. It arises in the parotid gland and ascends over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone where it then divides into anterior and posterior divisions to supply superficial structures of the head.",
"id": "10009050",
"label": "a",
"name": "Superficial temporal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 241
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The middle meningeal artery is a branch of first part of the maxillary artery. It enters the skull through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura.",
"id": "10009053",
"label": "d",
"name": "Middle meningeal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 61
}
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"name": "The external carotid artery",
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173,464,160 | false | 13 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,358 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The pterygopalatine ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, nasal and palatine mucosa.",
"id": "10009058",
"label": "d",
"name": "Pterygopalatine ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 64
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the parotid gland. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel in the lesser petrosal nerve (from the glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX) and synapse at the otic ganglion to give postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibres that run with the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the parotid gland.",
"id": "10009055",
"label": "a",
"name": "Otic ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 140
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The trigeminal ganglion contains sensory cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), not synapses.",
"id": "10009059",
"label": "e",
"name": "Trigeminal ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 59
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The submandibular ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands.",
"id": "10009056",
"label": "b",
"name": "Submandibular ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 51
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The ciliary ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.",
"id": "10009057",
"label": "c",
"name": "Ciliary ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 6
}
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"id": "5301",
"name": "Parasympathetic innervation to the Head and Neck",
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173,464,161 | false | 14 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,359 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The thyroid cartilage lies below the hyoid and above the cricoid cartilage. Its two flat pentagonal laminae fuse anteriorly to constitute the thyroid prominence. The thyroid angle at the prominence is approximately 90º in males and 120º in females.",
"id": "10009061",
"label": "b",
"name": "Thyroid cartilage",
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},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped fibroelastic cartilage located above the thyroid cartilage but deep to the hyoid bone to protect the airway during swallowing.",
"id": "10009062",
"label": "c",
"name": "Epiglottis",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The cricoid cartilage is located between the larynx and trachea. It is the only complete cartilaginous ring, more prominent posteriorly to give its characteristic signet-ring shape.",
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"label": "d",
"name": "Cricoid cartilage",
"picture": null,
"votes": 18
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The lingual tonsil is an aggregate of encapsulated lymphoid tissue found within the pharyngeal part (posterior third) of the tongue, giving its characteristic nodular texture. It is a component of Waldeyer's ring, alongside the adenoid (or pharyngeal) tonsil, tubal tonsils, and palatine tonsils.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Lingual tonsil",
"picture": null,
"votes": 111
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The hyoid bone is a unique U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone. It is found at the level of C3, above the larynx. It helps maintain and protect the airway, moving up with swallowing.",
"id": "10009060",
"label": "a",
"name": "Hyoid bone",
"picture": null,
"votes": 155
}
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173,464,162 | false | 15 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,360 | {
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the sixth arch include the cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx.",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the fourth arch include the thyroid cartilage (although this is mainly neural crest cell-derived) and the epiglottic swelling that later forms the epiglottis. The epiglottic valleculae on its anterior surface have taste innervation from the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve.",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the third arch include the greater horn and lower part of the body of the hyoid bone.",
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"label": "b",
"name": "Third pharyngeal arch",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The fifth arch regresses soon after forming and doesn't give rise to any structures.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Fifth pharyngeal arch",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The third pouch does not have a cartilage component, but gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands.",
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"label": "c",
"name": "Third pharyngeal pouch",
"picture": null,
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173,464,163 | false | 16 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,361 | {
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils (external nares) to the posterior nasal apertures (internal nares), which open into the nasopharynx posteriorly. It is divided in half by the nasal septum. The floor is made from the palatine processes of the maxillae anteriorly and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones posteriorly. The lateral walls are formed by the maxillae and conchae.",
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"label": "d",
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"picture": null,
"votes": 6
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The oral cavity extends from the vestibule of the mouth to the palatoglossus arches. The floor primarily consists of the tongue and the roof is formed by the palate. The lateral borders are formed by the buccinator muscles bilaterally, which are continuous with the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle at the pterygomandibular raphe.",
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"label": "e",
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"explanation": "Correct. The nasopharynx is the most superior region of the pharynx. It begins after the posterior nasal apertures in the nasal cavity and extends down to the level of the soft palate.",
"id": "10009070",
"label": "a",
"name": "Nasopharynx",
"picture": null,
"votes": 261
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The sphenoidal sinus refers to the air spaces found within the sphenoid body of the skull base. It opens up into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha bilaterally.",
"id": "10009072",
"label": "c",
"name": "Sphenoidal sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 29
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The oropharynx is the intermediate region of the pharynx between the nasopharynx superiorly and the laryngopharynx inferiorly. It begins after the palatoglossus arches in the oral cavity and extends down to the level of the epiglottis.",
"id": "10009071",
"label": "b",
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"picture": null,
"votes": 14
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173,464,164 | false | 17 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,362 | {
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The sympathetic chains lie lateral to vertebral bodies at the posterior thoracic wall on the necks of ribs bilaterally, derived from the sympathetic outflow of T1-L2.",
"id": "10009079",
"label": "e",
"name": "Sympathetic chain",
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"explanation": "Correct. The phrenic nerve arises form the anterior primary rami of C3,4,5 ('C3-5 keep the diaphragm alive'). It lies under the prevertebral fascia on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle, passing between the subclavian artery and vein. It is always found lateral to the vagus nerve on each side.",
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"name": "Phrenic nerve",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The spinal accessory nerves emerge laterally from the spinal cord from the ventral horns of the C1-5 spinal roots. They emerge a third of the way down the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid bilaterally to supply it on each side, then pass lateral to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. They then cross the posterior triangle to supply trapezius on each side.",
"id": "10009078",
"label": "d",
"name": "Spinal accessory nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 3
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The superior laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve at the level of C2 on each side. They descend towards the larynx bilaterally and give off internal (sensory) and external (motor) branches in the neck.",
"id": "10009077",
"label": "c",
"name": "Superior laryngeal nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 15
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve in the thorax on each side. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve arises at the level of the aortic arch and winds around the ligamentum arteriosum before ascending to the larynx, medial to the left phrenic nerve. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve arises at the level of the right subclavian artery and also ascends to the larynx, medial to the right phrenic nerve.",
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173,464,165 | false | 18 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,363 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The transverse processes project laterally from the junction between the pedicles and laminae.",
"id": "10009081",
"label": "b",
"name": "Transverse process",
"picture": null,
"votes": 8
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The laminae are flat sheets of bone extending posteromedially from each pedicle to fuse at the midline.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Vertebral lamina",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The pedicles are bony pillars that connect the vertebral body and the neural arch.",
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"label": "d",
"name": "Vertebral pedicle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 6
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"explanation": "Correct. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The spinous process projects posteroinferiorly from the junction of the laminae. It acts as a site for attachment of muscles and ligaments.",
"id": "10009080",
"label": "a",
"name": "Spinous process",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The vertebral body is found anterior to the spinal cord and is linked to other vertebral bodies by intervertebral discs and ligaments, forming the anterior part of the vertebral foramen.",
"id": "10009082",
"label": "c",
"name": "Vertebral body",
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"explanation": "Correct. The odontoid process (or dens) is the superior bony extension from the vertebral body of C2. It forms a synovial pivot joint with the anterior arch of C1, known as the atlanto-axial joint, which allows for head rotation. The odontoid process is stabilised in joint by transverse ligaments, the apical ligament (a remnant of the notochord connecting the apex of the odontoid process to the skull), and the alar ligament (connects apex of odontoid process to C1).",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The spinal cord is found in the vertebral column, posterior to the vertebral bodies.",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The C1 vertebra lacks a spinous process. Instead, it has a posterior tubercle where the posterior arches meet.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Spinous process of C1",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The C1 vertebra has no anatomical body. Instead, the articular facet on the inside of anterior arch articulates with the odontoid process of C2.",
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"label": "d",
"name": "Body of C1",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The intervertebral discs are found between adjacent vertebral bodies, forming secondary cartilaginous (or symphysis) joints. The outer ring of each disc is called the annulus fibrosis, whereas the inner core is called the nucleus pulposus.",
"id": "10009087",
"label": "c",
"name": "Intervertebral disc",
"picture": null,
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}
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The facial artery is one of the proximal branches of the external carotid artery. It ascends over the body of the mandible towards the medial commissure of the eye, giving branches to supply various structures in the face and pharynx. It has a characteristic tortuous structure to allow the artery to stretch appropriately during movements of the face and neck.",
"id": "10009090",
"label": "a",
"name": "Facial artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 182
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The lingual artery is one of the proximal branches of the external carotid artery, more proximal than the facial artery. It traverses the sublingual region, giving branches to supply various structures in that area including the tongue.",
"id": "10009094",
"label": "e",
"name": "Lingual artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 90
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The masseteric artery is a small branch of the maxillary artery, not directly from the external carotid artery. It passes deep to and supplies the masseter muscle.",
"id": "10009093",
"label": "d",
"name": "Masseteric artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 18
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The superficial temporal artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the maxillary artery. It arises in the parotid gland and ascends over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone where it then divides into anterior and posterior divisions to supply superficial structures of the head.",
"id": "10009091",
"label": "b",
"name": "Superficial temporal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 7
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The maxillary artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the superficial temporal artery. It arises in the parotid gland, traverses the infratemporal fossa and reaches the pterygopalatine fossa, giving branches to supply various structures of the head.",
"id": "10009092",
"label": "c",
"name": "Maxillary artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 14
}
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173,464,168 | false | 21 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,366 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The internal carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at C3/4 and ascends up the neck. It can be easily differentiated from the external carotid artery, as it gives no branches in the neck. It enters the cranium via the carotid foramen of the temporal bone.",
"id": "10009095",
"label": "a",
"name": "Internal carotid artery",
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"votes": 118
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The common carotid artery ascends within the carotid sheath on scalenus anterior. It bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at C3/4, corresponding to the location of the carotid sinus.",
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"label": "c",
"name": "Common carotid artery",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The external carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at C3/4 and ascends towards the neck of the mandible, passing through the parotid gland. It gives several branches in the neck, and terminates as the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries.",
"id": "10009096",
"label": "b",
"name": "External carotid artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 138
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The external jugular vein is formed from the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. It descends posteroinferorly within the superficial fascia overlying sternocleidomastoid.",
"id": "10009099",
"label": "e",
"name": "External jugular vein",
"picture": null,
"votes": 17
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The internal jugular vein is formed from the union of the inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, leaving the cranium via the jugular foramen. It descends down the neck within the carotid sheath.",
"id": "10009098",
"label": "d",
"name": "Internal jugular vein",
"picture": null,
"votes": 15
}
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173,464,169 | false | 22 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,367 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The image is a parasagittal section of the head, showing a hollow cross-section of the transverse sinus running in the lateral margin of the tentorium cerebelli. It drains into the sigmoid sinus after receiving the superior petrosal sinus.",
"id": "10009100",
"label": "a",
"name": "Transverse sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 112
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The inferior sagittal sinus runs in the posteroinferior border of the falx cerebri and joins the great cerebral and right and left basal veins to form the straight sinus.",
"id": "10009102",
"label": "c",
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"picture": null,
"votes": 30
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The occipital sinus is the smallest dural venous sinus. It runs in the posterior border of the falx cerebelli and drains into the confluence of the sinuses.",
"id": "10009104",
"label": "e",
"name": "Occipital sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 106
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The superior sagittal sinus runs in the superior border of the falx cerebri and drains into the right transverse sinus.",
"id": "10009101",
"label": "b",
"name": "Superior sagittal sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 4
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The straight sinus runs in the junction between the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and continues as the left transverse sinus.",
"id": "10009103",
"label": "d",
"name": "Straight sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 49
}
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173,464,170 | false | 23 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,368 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The anterior jugular vein drains the anterior aspect of the neck, forming the jugular venous arch and drains into the subclavian or external jugular vein.",
"id": "10009108",
"label": "d",
"name": "Anterior jugular vein",
"picture": null,
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The brachiocephalic vein is formed from the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins behind the sternoclavicular joint. Both brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava.",
"id": "10009109",
"label": "e",
"name": "Brachiocephalic vein",
"picture": null,
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The common carotid artery ascends within the carotid sheath over scalenus anterior, medial to the internal jugular vein. It bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at C3/4, corresponding to the location of the carotid sinus.",
"id": "10009107",
"label": "c",
"name": "Common carotid artery",
"picture": null,
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},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The external jugular vein is formed from the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. It descends posteroinferorly within the superficial fascia overlying sternocleidomastoid and joins the subclavian vein at the base of the posterior neck triangle.",
"id": "10009106",
"label": "b",
"name": "External jugular vein",
"picture": null,
"votes": 95
},
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"explanation": "Correct. The internal jugular vein is formed from the union of the inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, and leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen. It descends down the neck within the carotid sheath, lateral to the common carotid artery, and joins the subclavian vein behind the sternoclavicular joint to form the brachiocephalic vein.",
"id": "10009105",
"label": "a",
"name": "Internal jugular vein",
"picture": null,
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}
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173,464,171 | false | 24 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,369 | {
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{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The insula is neocortical tissue located in the deep temporal lobe, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the putamen medially by the external capsule, claustrum, and extreme capsule, from deep to superficial.",
"id": "10009114",
"label": "e",
"name": "Insula",
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},
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"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The lentiform nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia, comprising the globus pallidus (medially) and the putamen (laterally), each with distinct functional properties. The medial medullary lamina separates the internal and external globus pallidus, and the lateral medullary lamina separates the external globus pallidus and the putamen. The lentiform nucleus carries out complex functions related to movement, cognition and emotion.",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The thalamus is a region of grey matter either side of the third ventricle in the diencephalon, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009113",
"label": "d",
"name": "Thalamus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 20
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The internal capsule is a collection of white matter fibres that separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus.",
"id": "10009111",
"label": "b",
"name": "Internal capsule",
"picture": null,
"votes": 47
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009112",
"label": "c",
"name": "Caudate nucleus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 53
}
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173,464,172 | false | 25 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,370 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The putamen nucleus is a region of grey matter that forms the lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus in the basal ganglia. It is separated from the external globus pallidus by the lateral medullary lamina.",
"id": "10009118",
"label": "d",
"name": "Putamen nucleus",
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"votes": 16
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The internal capsule is a collection of white matter fibres that separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus.",
"id": "10009116",
"label": "b",
"name": "Internal capsule",
"picture": null,
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"explanation": "Correct. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule. The caudate nucleus plays a critical role in various higher neurological function.",
"id": "10009115",
"label": "a",
"name": "Caudate nucleus",
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"votes": 207
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The thalamus is a region of grey matter either side of the third ventricle in the diencephalon, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009119",
"label": "e",
"name": "Thalamus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 47
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The globus pallidus is a region of grey matter that forms the medial aspect of the lentiform nucleus in the basal ganglia. It is divided into the external and internal globus pallidus by the medial medullary lamina. The lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus is formed by the putamen nucleus.",
"id": "10009117",
"label": "c",
"name": "Globus pallidus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 18
}
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173,464,173 | false | 26 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,371 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The cerebellum is located at the posterior of the brain inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes, separated by the tentorium cerebelli.",
"id": "10009124",
"label": "e",
"name": "Cerebellum",
"picture": null,
"votes": 1
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The temporal lobe is located posterior to the frontal lobe, and inferior to the parietal lobes, separated by the Sylvian fissure. It is located anterior to the occipital lobe, separated by the occipitotemporal sulcus.",
"id": "10009121",
"label": "b",
"name": "Temporal lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 1
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The parietal lobe is located posterior to the frontal lobe, separated by the central sulcus; superior to the temporal lobe, separated by the Sylvian fissure; and anterior to the occipital lobe, separated by the parieto-occipital sulcus.",
"id": "10009122",
"label": "c",
"name": "Parietal lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 1
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The occipital lobe is the most posterior region of the cerebrum. It is separated from the parietal lobe anterosuperiorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus; from the temporal lobe anteroinferiorly by the occipitotemporal sulcus; and from the cerebellum by the tentorium cerebelli.",
"id": "10009123",
"label": "d",
"name": "Occipital lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 5
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the pole of the frontal lobe, the most anterior region of the cerebrum. It is separated from the parietal lobe superoposteriorly by the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe inferoposteriorly by the Sylvian fissure.",
"id": "10009120",
"label": "a",
"name": "Frontal lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 292
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173,464,174 | false | 27 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,372 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The central sulcus is the groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes. It is the boundary between the primary motor cortex on the precentral gyrus and the primary somatosensory cortex on the postcentral gyrus.",
"id": "10009126",
"label": "b",
"name": "Central sulcus",
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"explanation": "Correct. The Sylvian (or lateral) sulcus is the groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The insular cortex is found deep within this groove.",
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"label": "a",
"name": "Sylvian fissure",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The lunate sulcus is a groove located in the occipital lobe, separating the primary visual cortex from the secondary visual cortex.",
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"label": "d",
"name": "Lunate sulcus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 35
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The longitudinal fissure is the midline groove separating the two cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is found deep within this groove, connecting the two hemispheres.",
"id": "10009127",
"label": "c",
"name": "Longitudinal fissure",
"picture": null,
"votes": 41
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The parieto-occipital sulcus is a groove separating the parietal and occipital lobes, more prominent medially.",
"id": "10009129",
"label": "e",
"name": "Parieto-occipital sulcus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 15
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173,464,175 | false | 28 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,373 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-4 corresponds to the primary motor cortex, found within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.",
"id": "10009131",
"label": "b",
"name": "BA-4",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-7 corresponds to the cortex involved in visuo-motor coordination, found within the precuneus and superior parietal lobule of the parietal lobe.",
"id": "10009134",
"label": "e",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-3,1,2 correspond to the primary somatosensory cortex, found within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.",
"id": "10009133",
"label": "d",
"name": "BA-3,1,2",
"picture": null,
"votes": 16
},
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"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe, which corresponds to BA-17.",
"id": "10009130",
"label": "a",
"name": "BA-17",
"picture": null,
"votes": 133
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-43 corresponds to the primary gustatory cortex, found within the anterior insula of the insular lobe and inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.",
"id": "10009132",
"label": "c",
"name": "BA-43",
"picture": null,
"votes": 66
}
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173,464,176 | false | 29 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,374 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The vestibulocerebellum is comprised of the flocculonodular node. It receives inputs from the vestibular nuclei and is involved in maintaining steady head and neck movements to maintain visual fixation.",
"id": "10009137",
"label": "c",
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"picture": null,
"votes": 91
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The anterior lobe is not a functional division, but an anatomical division of the cerebellum, associated with unconscious proprioception. Although it contains a portion of the vermis, it is not the single best answer.",
"id": "10009138",
"label": "d",
"name": "Anterior lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 6
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The cerebrocerebellum is comprised of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. It receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei and is involved in coordination of complex motor actions including speech and eye movements via the ventral thalamus and red nucleus.",
"id": "10009136",
"label": "b",
"name": "Cerebrocerebellum",
"picture": null,
"votes": 26
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The posterior lobe is not a functional division, but an anatomical division of the cerebellum, associated with fine motor control. Although it contains a portion of the vermis, it is not the single best answer.",
"id": "10009139",
"label": "e",
"name": "Posterior lobe",
"picture": null,
"votes": 21
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The spinocerebellum is comprised of the vermis, intermediate zones of the cerebellar hemispheres, fastigial and interposed nuclei. It receives inputs primarily from the spinocerebellar tract and is involved in coordination of motor movements by allowing for error correction via rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.",
"id": "10009135",
"label": "a",
"name": "Spinocerebellum",
"picture": null,
"votes": 150
}
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173,464,177 | false | 30 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,375 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The basilar artery is formed by the union of both vertebral arteries and ascends within the anterior midline groove on the brainstem. It gives branches to supply the pons and cerebellum, then terminates as the two posterior cerebral arteries.",
"id": "10009140",
"label": "a",
"name": "Basilar artery",
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},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The anterior spinal artery arises from branches from each vertebral artery which unite in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord. They descend through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone alongside the anterior surface of the spinal cord.",
"id": "10009143",
"label": "d",
"name": "Anterior spinal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 0
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The internal carotid arteries ascend up the neck within the carotid sheath on each side after the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. They then enter the carotid foramina of the temporal bone and emerge superior to the cartilage filling the foramen lacerum, before travelling superiorly into the cavernous sinuses.",
"id": "10009142",
"label": "c",
"name": "Internal carotid artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The posterior spinal arteries arise from either the vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. They descend through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone alongside the posterior surface of the spinal cord.",
"id": "10009144",
"label": "e",
"name": "Posterior spinal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The vertebral arteries ascend through the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae C1-6 then enter the cranium via the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. Both vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery in the midline.",
"id": "10009141",
"label": "b",
"name": "Vertebral artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 12
}
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"name": "Arteries of the brain",
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173,464,178 | false | 31 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,376 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The external carotid artery does not contribute to the circle of Willis and the arterial supply of the brain.",
"id": "10009146",
"label": "b",
"name": "External carotid artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 9
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The vertebral arteries are the source of the 'posterior' circulation of the brain. They give off the meningeal branches, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, before converging to form the basilar artery.",
"id": "10009147",
"label": "c",
"name": "Vertebral artery",
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"votes": 14
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The anterior cerebral arteries are connected via the anterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis, and supply the frontomedial portions of the cerebrum.",
"id": "10009145",
"label": "a",
"name": "Internal carotid artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 163
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The basilar artery is formed by the union of the the vertebral arteries, and supplies the pons and cerebellum. It also gives rise to the terminal posterior cerebral arteries, contributing to the 'posterior' circulation of the brain, supplying the posterior cerebrum.",
"id": "10009148",
"label": "d",
"name": "Basilar artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 14
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The middle cerebral arteries are continuations of the internal carotid arteries after the anterior and posterior communicating arteries have been given off, and supply the lateral parts of the cerebrum.",
"id": "10009149",
"label": "e",
"name": "Middle cerebral artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 94
}
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"a"
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173,464,179 | false | 32 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,377 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The central canal drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the fourth ventricle into the spinal cord canal.",
"id": "10009154",
"label": "e",
"name": "Central canal",
"picture": null,
"votes": 24
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The fourth ventricle is located in the hindbrain, at the junction between the pons and medulla. It communicates with the spinal cord canal via the central canal, and the subarachnoid cisterns via the midline foramen of Magendie and lateral foramina of Luschka.",
"id": "10009151",
"label": "b",
"name": "Fourth ventricle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 18
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The third ventricle is located in the midline within the diencephalon, between the right and left thalamus. It communicates with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct.",
"id": "10009150",
"label": "a",
"name": "Third ventricle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 60
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The lateral ventricles are buried below the cortex of each cerebral hemispheres under the septum pellucidum. They each have horns which project into the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. They communicate with the third ventricle via the inter-ventricular foramen of Munro.",
"id": "10009152",
"label": "c",
"name": "Lateral ventricle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 2
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The cerebral aqueduct drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle.",
"id": "10009153",
"label": "d",
"name": "Cerebral aqueduct",
"picture": null,
"votes": 192
}
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"name": "Ventricles of the brain",
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173,464,180 | false | 33 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,378 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres, extending from the crista galli of the ethmoid to the occipital bone. In this diagram, the dura mater, and therefore the falx cerebri, has been removed.",
"id": "10009158",
"label": "d",
"name": "Falx cerebri",
"picture": null,
"votes": 7
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arachnoid mater is a thin, non-vascular layer of the meninges between the dura and pia mater. It is connected to the cranial pia mater by several fibrous strands that cross the subarachnoid space, which is filled will cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this diagram, the arachnoid mater is still present and visible as the most superficial structure overlying the brain",
"id": "10009155",
"label": "a",
"name": "Arachnoid mater",
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"votes": 91
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The dura mater is a dense connective tissue layer of the meninges that forms the outermost meningeal layer with a shiny appearance. In the head, the dura has an outer endosteal layer that is continuous with the pericranium, and an inner meningeal layer. Dural venous sinuses are the collection of venous blood between these two dural layers. In this diagram, the dura mater has been removed.",
"id": "10009156",
"label": "b",
"name": "Dura mater",
"picture": null,
"votes": 111
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The tentorium cerebelli is a fold of dura mater between the cerebellum and posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres. In this diagram, the dura mater, and therefore the tentorium cerebelli, has been removed.",
"id": "10009159",
"label": "e",
"name": "Tentorium cerebelli",
"picture": null,
"votes": 1
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The pia mater is a highly vascular layer of the meninges that forms the innermost meningeal layer and directly covers the brain and spinal cord, traversing down the sulci of the brain. In this diagram, the arachnoid mater is still present overlying the pia mater.",
"id": "10009157",
"label": "c",
"name": "Pia mater",
"picture": null,
"votes": 85
}
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173,464,181 | false | 34 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,379 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The dorsum sellae refers to the posterior wall of the sella turcica, and is therefore a posterior relation of the pituitary gland.",
"id": "10009164",
"label": "e",
"name": "Dorsum sellae",
"picture": null,
"votes": 28
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The cavernous sinuses lie either side of the sphenoid body within the dura, and are therefore lateral relations of the pituitary gland.",
"id": "10009161",
"label": "b",
"name": "Cavernous sinus",
"picture": null,
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},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the pituitary gland. The diaphragma sellae is a small horizontal shelf of dura covering the pituitary fossa superiorly in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.",
"id": "10009160",
"label": "a",
"name": "Diaphragma sellae",
"picture": null,
"votes": 106
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses are continuous with the cavernous sinuses on each side of the sphenoid body, and are therefore anterior and posterior relations of the pituitary gland, respectively.",
"id": "10009163",
"label": "d",
"name": "Intercavernous sinuses",
"picture": null,
"votes": 12
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoid sinuses are found within the sphenoid body, either side of a midline septum, and are therefore anteroinferior relations of the pituitary gland.",
"id": "10009162",
"label": "c",
"name": "Sphenoid sinus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 66
}
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"question": "Which of the following structures is a superior relation of the labelled structure\n\n[lightgallery]",
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173,464,182 | false | 35 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,380 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The investing fascia is attached posteriorly to the ligamentum nuchae and encloses the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and the parotid and submandibular glands.",
"id": "10009169",
"label": "e",
"name": "Investing fascia of the neck",
"picture": null,
"votes": 48
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The buccopharyngeal fascia is the posterior aspect of the pretracheal fascia, anterior to the retropharyngeal space. It encloses the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.",
"id": "10009168",
"label": "d",
"name": "Buccopharyngeal fascia",
"picture": null,
"votes": 14
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia is anterior to the prevertebral muscles and posterior to the oesophagus and pharynx. It encloses the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus, scalene muscles, cervical plexus, third part of the subclavian artery and phrenic nerves.",
"id": "10009167",
"label": "c",
"name": "Prevertebral fascia",
"picture": null,
"votes": 25
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The pretracheal fascia is attached superiorly to the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and tracheal rings 2-4, and blends with the pericardium inferiorly. In addition to the thyroid gland, it encloses the parathyroid glands.",
"id": "10009165",
"label": "a",
"name": "Pretracheal fascia",
"picture": null,
"votes": 165
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The carotid sheath is a compartment that extends from the carotid foramen superiorly to the root of the neck inferiorly. It encloses the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve.",
"id": "10009166",
"label": "b",
"name": "Carotid sheath",
"picture": null,
"votes": 35
}
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"name": "Thyroid and parathyroid glands",
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"a"
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173,464,183 | false | 36 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,381 | {
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"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The dorsal column refers to the ascending white matter tract, medial to the dorsal horn, that transmits sensory tactile, vibration and proprioception information to the brain.",
"id": "10009173",
"label": "d",
"name": "Dorsal column",
"picture": null,
"votes": 6
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. Clarke's nucleus is a region of grey matter found in the thoracic spinal cord medial to the dorsal horn. It contains relay neurones for proprioception from the lower limbs.",
"id": "10009172",
"label": "c",
"name": "Clarke's nucleus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 5
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The lateral horn is a region of the grey matter that contains neurones that provide sympathetic innervation to visceral organs.",
"id": "10009174",
"label": "e",
"name": "Lateral horn",
"picture": null,
"votes": 16
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The dorsal horn refers to the posterior grey matter horn of the spinal cord. It contains sensory neurones that receive somatosensory information from the body.",
"id": "10009170",
"label": "a",
"name": "Dorsal horn",
"picture": null,
"votes": 231
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The ventral horn refers to the anterior grey matter horn of the spinal cord. It contains motor neurones that leave the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscles.",
"id": "10009171",
"label": "b",
"name": "Ventral horn",
"picture": null,
"votes": 36
}
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"name": "Spinal cord",
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173,464,184 | false | 37 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,382 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The dural sac is the outermost meningeal layer that covers the spinal cord in the vertebral canal, terminating at S2. Spinal nerves pierce the dura mater layer as they exit the vertebral canal, transiently passing through the epidural space.",
"id": "10009179",
"label": "e",
"name": "Dural sac",
"picture": null,
"votes": 1
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The filum terminale is a distal stalk of pia mater that attaches the tapered end of the spinal cord, the conus medullaris, to the dural sac inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord within the vertebral column.",
"id": "10009176",
"label": "b",
"name": "Filum terminale",
"picture": null,
"votes": 32
},
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"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The conus medullaris is the tapered distal part of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement, corresponding to the termination of the spinal cord, which then becomes the cauda equina.",
"id": "10009178",
"label": "d",
"name": "Conus medullaris",
"picture": null,
"votes": 22
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The denticulate ligaments are double layers of pia mater that extends from the spinal cord to the dural sac laterally, restricting movement of the spinal cord within the vertebral canal.",
"id": "10009177",
"label": "c",
"name": "Denticulate ligament",
"picture": null,
"votes": 3
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the conus medullaris at L1/2. The cauda equina consists of a bundle of spinal nerve roots from L2-L5 and the coccygeal nerve, resembling a horse's tail. It arises from the conus medullaris and the roots pass caudally to exit the vertebral column at their respective intervertebral foramina.",
"id": "10009175",
"label": "a",
"name": "Cauda Equina",
"picture": null,
"votes": 237
}
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173,464,185 | false | 38 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,383 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The dentate nucleus is the largest of the deep cerebellar nuclei within the cerebellar hemispheres. It receives input from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area and outputs via the superior cerebellar peduncle.",
"id": "10009184",
"label": "e",
"name": "Dentate nucleus",
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"explanation": "Correct. The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain, outputting from the deep nuclei of the cerebellum to the red nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (which projects to the primary motor cortex), and ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus (which projects to the premotor and supplementary motor areas). The superior cerebellar peduncles decussate at the level of the inferior colliculi.",
"id": "10009180",
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"votes": 109
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The middle cerebellar peduncles are the largest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the pons. It consists of ponto-cerebellar mossy fibres carrying inputs to the cerebellum, arising from the pontine nucleus.",
"id": "10009181",
"label": "b",
"name": "Left middle cerebellar peduncle",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The inferior colliculi are nuclei on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, forming the lower prominences of the tectum. They are the principle nuclei of the midbrain involved in the auditory pathway.",
"id": "10009183",
"label": "d",
"name": "Left inferior colliculus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 21
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The inferior cerebellar peduncles are the smallest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the medulla. It consists of fibres carrying inputs to the cerebellum, arising from the inferior olive, as well as fibres from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.",
"id": "10009182",
"label": "c",
"name": "Left inferior cerebellar peduncle",
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"votes": 75
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173,464,186 | false | 39 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,384 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Correct. The pons is the largest region of the brainstem between the midbrain superiorly and the medulla inferiorly. It is also located anterior to the cerebellum, separated by the fourth ventricle. The midline groove houses the basilar artery which ascends along the ventral surface of the pons.",
"id": "10009185",
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{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The tectum consists of the four dorsal colliculi of the midbrain (known as the corpora quadrigemina), two superior and two inferior, located superior to the pons and posterior to the cerebral aqueduct.",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The cerebral peduncles are ventrolateral regions of the midbrain, extending from the cerebral hemispheres and located superior to the pons. They are separated ventrally by the midline interpeduncular fossa.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Cerebral peduncle",
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"votes": 14
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The olives are ventrolateral swellings on the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, located inferior to the pons and lateral to the medullary pyramids.",
"id": "10009188",
"label": "d",
"name": "Olive",
"picture": null,
"votes": 86
},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The medullary pyramids are ventromedial swellings on the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, located inferior to the pons and medial to the olives. They are separated by the anterior median fissure throughout, except for a region where the pyramids decussate.",
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173,464,187 | false | 40 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,385 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The myelencephalon is derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and gives rise to the medulla oblongata.",
"id": "10009193",
"label": "d",
"name": "Myelencephalon",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain.",
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem, which is derived from the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), along with the cerebellum.",
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"name": "Metencephalon",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The diencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus.",
"id": "10009194",
"label": "e",
"name": "Diencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 54
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The telencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres.",
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"label": "b",
"name": "Telencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 15
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173,464,188 | false | 41 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,386 | {
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) emerges from lateral surface of the mid-pons.",
"id": "10009196",
"label": "b",
"name": "Trigeminal nerve",
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},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The facial nerve (CN VII) emerges from the pontomedullary junction laterally, at the cerebellopontine angle, medial to the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).",
"id": "10009198",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) emerges from the pontomedullary junction laterally, at the cerebellopontine angle, lateral to the facial nerve (CN VII).",
"id": "10009199",
"label": "e",
"name": "Vestibulocochlear nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 44
},
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"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerges from the posterior surface of the midbrain, inferior to the colliculi.",
"id": "10009195",
"label": "a",
"name": "Trochlear nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 190
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The abducens nerve (CN VI) emerges from the pontomedullary junction medially.",
"id": "10009197",
"label": "c",
"name": "Abducens nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 20
}
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173,464,189 | false | 42 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,387 | {
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The pons is the largest region of the brainstem between the midbrain superiorly and the medulla inferiorly.",
"id": "10009201",
"label": "b",
"name": "Pons",
"picture": null,
"votes": 13
},
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"explanation": "Incorrect. There cerebral peduncles are ventrolateral prominences of the midbrain, the most superior region of the brainstem above the pons.",
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"label": "e",
"name": "Cerebral peduncle",
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"explanation": "Correct. The medulla oblongata is the most inferior region of the brainstem, and is continuous with the pons superiorly and the spinal cord inferiorly.",
"id": "10009200",
"label": "a",
"name": "Medulla oblongata",
"picture": null,
"votes": 251
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The middle cerebellar peduncles are the largest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the pons.",
"id": "10009203",
"label": "d",
"name": "Middle cerebellar peduncle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 5
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The spinal cord is the inferior continuation of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, passing through the foramen magnum and into the vertebral column.",
"id": "10009202",
"label": "c",
"name": "Spinal cord",
"picture": null,
"votes": 8
}
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173,464,190 | false | 43 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,388 | {
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, which is derived from the myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain).",
"id": "10009205",
"label": "a",
"name": "Myelencephalon",
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The metencephalon is derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and gives rise to the pons and cerebellum.",
"id": "10009208",
"label": "d",
"name": "Metencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 38
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The telencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres.",
"id": "10009206",
"label": "b",
"name": "Telencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 23
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain.",
"id": "10009207",
"label": "c",
"name": "Mesencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 61
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The diencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus.",
"id": "10009209",
"label": "e",
"name": "Diencephalon",
"picture": null,
"votes": 29
}
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"question": "Which of the following best describes the embryonic origin of the labelled structure.\n\n[lightgallery]",
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"a"
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173,464,191 | false | 44 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,389 | {
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"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, which is a collection of white matter fibres, including corticospinal fibres which originate from the pyramidal neurones in layer V of the primary motor cortex. It separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus, becomes the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain, and emerges as the pyramids in the ventral medulla.",
"id": "10009210",
"label": "a",
"name": "Internal capsule",
"picture": null,
"votes": 95
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus laterally by the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009212",
"label": "c",
"name": "Caudate nucleus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 91
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The lentiform nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia, comprising the globus pallidus (medially) and the putamen (laterally). It is found lateral to the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009211",
"label": "b",
"name": "Lentiform nucleus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 86
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The external capsule is a collection of corticocortical association white matter fibres connecting one region of the cortex to another, located between the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum. It joins the internal capsule around the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia.",
"id": "10009213",
"label": "d",
"name": "External capsule",
"picture": null,
"votes": 13
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The extreme capsule is a collection of association white matter fibres located between the subcortical claustrum and insular cortex. It joins the external capsule around the claustrum, which then joins the internal capsule.",
"id": "10009214",
"label": "e",
"name": "Extreme capsule",
"picture": null,
"votes": 0
}
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173,464,192 | false | 45 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,390 | {
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{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and do not consist of corticospinal fibres.",
"id": "10009217",
"label": "c",
"name": "Cerebellar peduncle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 23
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The medullary pyramids do consist of corticospinal fibres originating from the primary motor cortex, however it is an immediate continuation of the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain.",
"id": "10009216",
"label": "b",
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},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The dorsal column is part of the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway in the spinal cord, transmitting sensory information via first order neurones to the medulla oblongata. Third order sensory neurones originating from the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and are immediately continuous with the internal capsule to reach the primary somatosensory cortex.",
"id": "10009219",
"label": "e",
"name": "Dorsal column",
"picture": null,
"votes": 43
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, which is a collection of white matter fibres, including corticospinal fibres which originate from the pyramidal neurones in layer V of the primary motor cortex. The corticospinal fibres of the internal capsule are continuous with the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain and then emerge as the pyramids in the ventral medulla, consisting of corticospinal fibres only.",
"id": "10009215",
"label": "a",
"name": "Cerebral peduncle",
"picture": null,
"votes": 74
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The medial lemniscus is part of the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway in the spinal cord, transmitting sensory information via second order neurones to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Third order sensory neurones originating from here and are immediately continuous with the internal capsule to reach the primary somatosensory cortex.",
"id": "10009218",
"label": "d",
"name": "Medial lemniscus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 72
}
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173,464,193 | false | 46 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,391 | {
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"choices": [
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Superior oblique is innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV), which enters the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009222",
"label": "c",
"name": "Superior oblique",
"picture": null,
"votes": 68
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Lateral rectus is innervated by the abducent nerve (CN VI), which enters the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009223",
"label": "d",
"name": "Lateral rectus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 54
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Superior rectus is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), which enters the superior orbital fissure.",
"id": "10009221",
"label": "b",
"name": "Superior rectus",
"picture": null,
"votes": 77
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Buccinator is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), which enters the internal auditory meatus.",
"id": "10009224",
"label": "e",
"name": "Buccinator",
"picture": null,
"votes": 36
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Tensor tympani is innervated by the nerve to medial pterygoid, a motor branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal (CN Vc), which enters the foramen ovale.",
"id": "10009220",
"label": "a",
"name": "Tensor tympani",
"picture": null,
"votes": 50
}
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173,464,194 | false | 47 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,392 | {
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"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The submandibular ganglion is is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the submandibular fossa on the medial aspect of the mandibular body. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve, CN VII), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the submandibular and sublingual glands, as taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue.",
"id": "10009229",
"label": "e",
"name": "Submandibular ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 7
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The otic ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa inferior to the foramen ovale. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the lesser petrosal nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the parotid gland.",
"id": "10009228",
"label": "d",
"name": "Otic ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 55
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone, in what is called the trigeminal impression. It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurones carried by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and no synapses. The ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular division of CN V arise from this ganglion.",
"id": "10009225",
"label": "a",
"name": "Trigeminal ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 125
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The ciliary ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located inferior to the eye. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the oculomotor nerve (CN III), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the short ciliary branch of the nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve, CN Va) to supply the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.",
"id": "10009226",
"label": "b",
"name": "Ciliary ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 45
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The pterygopalatine ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the pterygopalatine fossa between the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone and the palatine bone. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve, CN VII), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by several branches of the maxillary nerve (CN Vb) to supply the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands (also known as the hayfever glands).",
"id": "10009227",
"label": "c",
"name": "Pterygopalatine ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 53
}
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173,464,195 | false | 48 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,393 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) leaves the medulla of the brainstem between the pyramid and olive. It passes through the hypoglossal canal to leave the cranium inferiorly.",
"id": "10009233",
"label": "d",
"name": "Hypoglossal nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 66
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) leaves the pontine-medullary region of the brainstem. It passes through the anteromedial aspect of the jugular foramen to leave the cranium inferiorly.",
"id": "10009232",
"label": "c",
"name": "Glossopharyngeal nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 48
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the tectum of the midbrain and pierces the roof of the cavernous sinus to run in its lateral wall. It emerges as superior and inferior divisions which pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit.",
"id": "10009234",
"label": "e",
"name": "Oculomotor nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 40
},
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"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": true,
"explanation": "Correct. The facial nerve (CN VII) leaves the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle as a larger motor root and a smaller nervus intermedius root. They enter the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). The two roots combine to form the definitive CN VII nerve within the petrous temporal bone.",
"id": "10009230",
"label": "a",
"name": "Facial nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 84
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) leaves the mid-pontine region of the brainstem as a larger sensory root and a smaller motor root. They pass forward below the tentorium cerebelli through the oval opening in the dura to the trigeminal impression, located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone.",
"id": "10009231",
"label": "b",
"name": "Trigeminal nerve",
"picture": null,
"votes": 43
}
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173,464,196 | false | 49 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,394 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Buccinator is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.",
"id": "10009236",
"label": "b",
"name": "Buccinator",
"picture": null,
"votes": 173
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Orbicularis oris is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.",
"id": "10009237",
"label": "c",
"name": "Orbicularis oris",
"picture": null,
"votes": 44
},
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Depressor labii inferioris, as well as depressor anguli oris and mentalis muscles are innervated by this nerve.",
"id": "10009235",
"label": "a",
"name": "Depressor labii inferioris",
"picture": null,
"votes": 22
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Platysma is innervated by the cervical branch of the inferior division of CN VII.",
"id": "10009239",
"label": "e",
"name": "Platysma",
"picture": null,
"votes": 19
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Levator labii superioris is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.",
"id": "10009238",
"label": "d",
"name": "Levator labii superioris",
"picture": null,
"votes": 29
}
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"name": "Cranial nerve VII",
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"index": 0,
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"question": "Which of the following structures is innervated by the labelled structure?\n\n[lightgallery]",
"sbaAnswer": [
"a"
],
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} | MarksheetMark |
173,464,197 | false | 50 | null | 6,495,142 | null | false | [] | null | 14,395 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone. It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurones carried by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and importantly, no synapses.",
"id": "10009243",
"label": "d",
"name": "Trigeminal ganglion",
"picture": null,
"votes": 44
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The otic ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the lesser petrosal nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX).",
"id": "10009241",
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"picture": null,
"votes": 45
},
{
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"explanation": "Correct. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the inferior division of CN III.",
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"label": "a",
"name": "Ciliary ganglion",
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},
{
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"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The geniculate ganglion is a sensory ganglion located in the petrous temporal bone. It contains the cell bodies of viscerosensory neurones carried by the facial nerve (CN VII), and importantly, no synapses.",
"id": "10009244",
"label": "e",
"name": "Geniculate ganglion",
"picture": null,
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},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The pterygopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve, CN VII).",
"id": "10009242",
"label": "c",
"name": "Pterygopalatine ganglion",
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}
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"index": 0,
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"question": "Which of the following structures receives parasympathetic input from the labelled structure?\n\n[lightgallery]",
"sbaAnswer": [
"a"
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"typeId": 1,
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} | MarksheetMark |
173,464,238 | false | 1 | null | 6,495,146 | null | false | [] | null | 14,397 | {
"__typename": "QuestionSBA",
"choices": [
{
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"explanation": "Its branches include the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery which supplies the superior part of the head of the pancreas and not the body.",
"id": "10009248",
"label": "d",
"name": "Gastroduodenal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 85
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "This supplies the inferior part of the head of the pancreas and arises from the superior mesenteric artery.",
"id": "10009249",
"label": "e",
"name": "Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 109
},
{
"__typename": "QuestionChoice",
"answer": false,
"explanation": "This is another branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the hindgut (distal 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum) and hence does not involve the pancreas.",
"id": "10009247",
"label": "c",
"name": "Inferior mesenteric artery",
"picture": null,
"votes": 17
},
{
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"answer": true,
"explanation": "The arrow is pointing to the body of the pancreas which is supplied by the splenic artery. This is most commonly a branch of the coeliac trunk.",
"id": "10009245",
"label": "a",
"name": "Coeliac trunk",
"picture": null,
"votes": 188
},
{
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"explanation": "This is another vessel coming off the abdominal aorta. It supplies mainly the midgut, but does give supply the inferior part of the head of the pancreas.",
"id": "10009246",
"label": "b",
"name": "Superior mesenteric artery",
"picture": null,
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}
],
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"name": "Pancreas",
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},
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],
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"question": "The blood supply of this particular part of the pancreas arises from which of the following arteries?\n[lightgallery]",
"sbaAnswer": [
"a"
],
"totalVotes": 474,
"typeId": 1,
"userPoint": null
} | MarksheetMark |
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