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[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\"." ]

[ "Not proven (, ) is a verdict available to a court of law in Scotland. Under Scots law, a criminal trial may end in one of three verdicts, one of conviction (\"guilty\") and two of acquittal (\"not proven\" and \"not guilty\").\n\nBetween the Restoration in the late 17th century and the early 18th century, jurors in Scotland were expected only to find whether individual factual allegations were proven or not proven, rather than to rule on an accused's guilt. In 1728, the jury in a murder trial asserted \"its ancient right\" to declare a defendant \"not guilty\". Over time, the \"not guilty\" verdict regained wide acceptance and use amongst Scots juries, with the encouragement of defence lawyers. It eventually displaced \"not proven\" as the primary verdict of acquittal. Nowadays, juries can return a verdict of either \"not guilty\" or \"not proven\", with the same legal effect of acquittal.\n\nAlthough historically it may be a similar verdict to not guilty, in the present day not proven is typically used by a jury when there is a belief that the defendant is guilty but the crown has not provided sufficient evidence. Scots law requires corroboration; the evidence of one witness, however credible, is not sufficient to prove a charge against an accused or to establish any material or crucial fact.\n\nOut of the country, the \"not proven\" verdict may be referred to as the Scottish verdict. \n\nIn Scotland, there have been attempts to abolish what Sir Walter Scott famously called that bastard verdict. In 1827, Scott, who was sheriff in the court of Selkirk, wrote in his journal that \"the jury gave that bastard verdict, Not proven.\n\nHistory\nBy the early 17th century, the standard practice of juries in Scotland was to return a finding of \"fylet, culpable and convict\" or \"clene, innocent and acquit\". This changed in the late 17th century, at which point the role of the jury became simply to \"declare whether or not the facts alleged had been proved\", with the judge left to determine, based on that declaration, whether the accused was guilty or not.\n\nThere is some disagreement between historians as to why this change happened. David Hume and Hugo Arnot argue that it was rooted in religious oppression. The Crown persecuted the Covenanters but popular support made it impossible to convict them in a jury trial. To pare the power of the jury, the Scottish judges began restricting the jury's role: no longer would the jury announce whether the accused was \"guilty\" or \"not guilty\"; instead it would decide whether specific factual allegations were \"proven\" or \"not proven\"; and the judge would then decide whether to convict.\n\nReintroduction of \"not guilty\"\nIn 1728, in the trial of Carnegie of Finhaven for the murder of the Earl of Strathmore, the defence lawyer (Robert Dundas) persuaded a jury to reassert its ancient right of acquitting, of finding an accused \"not guilty\", in spite of the facts being proven. The law required the jury merely to look at the facts and pass a verdict of \"proven\" or \"not proven\" depending on whether they believed the evidence proved that the accused had killed the Earl. Carnegie had undoubtedly killed the Earl, but had also clearly not intended to do so. If the jury brought in a \"proven\" verdict they would in effect constrain the judge to find Carnegie guilty of murder, for which the punishment was hanging. To avert this outcome, the jury asserted what it believed to be their \"ancient right\" to judge the whole case and not just the facts, and brought in the verdict of \"not guilty\".\n\nThe reintroduction of the \"not guilty\" verdict was part of a wider movement during the 17th and 18th century which saw a gradual increase in the power of juries, such as the trial of William Penn in 1670, in which an English jury first gained the right to pass a verdict contrary to the law (known as jury nullification), and the trial of John Peter Zenger in New York in 1735 in which jury nullification is credited with establishing freedom of the press as a firm right in what became the United States. Legal academic Ian Willock argues that the 1728 case was \"of great significance in calling a halt to a process of attrition which might have led to the total extinction of the criminal jury\".\n\nAlthough jurors continued to use both \"not guilty\" and \"not proven\" after 1728, jurors tended to favour the \"not guilty\" verdict over the \"not proven\" and the interpretation changed.\n\nCalls for reform\nThere have been repeated calls to abolish the \"not proven\" verdict since the middle of the 20th century. In 1975, the Thomson Committee on Criminal Procedure in Scotland (chaired by Lord Thomson) recommended retaining the three-verdict system. The Scottish Office consulted on removing \"not proven\" in 1994. Unsuccessful attempts to scrap the \"not proven\" verdict were made in Parliament by Donald Dewar in 1969, George Robertson in 1993 (prompted by the trial outcome in the murder of Amanda Duffy) and Lord Macauly of Bragar in 1995. A members' bill to abolish the \"not proven\" verdict was debated in the Scottish Parliament in 2016, but was rejected by 80 votes to 28.\n\nProponents of reform argue that the \"not proven\" verdict is widely regarded as an acquittal used when the judge or jury does not have enough evidence to convict but is not sufficiently convinced of the accused person's innocence to bring in a \"not guilty\" verdict. Essentially, the judge or jury is unconvinced that the suspect is innocent, but guilt has not been proven \"beyond reasonable doubt\". Conversely, its opponents argue that a two-verdict system would lead to an increase in wrongful convictions.\n\nFollowing a not proven verdict in a criminal trial in 2015, Miss M successfully sued Stephen Coxen in the civil courts, in what was the first civil damages action for rape following an unsuccessful criminal prosecution in almost 100 years. In 2018 Miss M launched #EndNotProven alongside Rape Crisis Scotland, calling for Not Proven to be removed and citing the disproportionate use in rape cases, the widespread misunderstandings of the verdict and fears that it is being used as an 'easy way out' by jurors.\n\nModern usage\nIn Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either in solemn procedure by a jury (instructed by the judge), or in summary procedure by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of fifteen jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and sufficient for the verdict guilty, which has replaced the verdict proven.\n\nApproximately one-third of all acquittal verdicts by Scottish juries use the formulation not proven; the others use not guilty. The verdict not proven also is available for judges in the summary procedure, and is employed in about a fifth of such acquittals. The proportion of not proven acquittals, in general, is higher in the more severe cases; but so then are the proportion of acquittals versus convictions. This might have many different reasons, for example that on average it might be more difficult to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in the more severe cases.\n\nNot proven is sometimes interpreted as indicating that the jury or judge is not convinced of the innocence of the accused; in fact, they may be morally convinced that the accused is guilty, but do not find the evidence sufficient for a conviction. One reason for this is the rule that in such cases the evidence for the prosecution must be corroborated in order to permit a conviction. Thus, there might be a single plaintiff or witness for the prosecution, which the jury or judge believes is both truthful and trustworthy, but no other witness or circumstances against the accused. By Scots law, the accused then should be acquitted, but often will be so by the verdict not proven.\n\nUse in other jurisdictions\n\nIn general, the Scottish verdict has not been permanently adopted outside its home country, but it was sometimes used in colonial Canada, especially by some judges in southwestern Ontario. Its most famous use in the United States came when Senator Arlen Specter tried to vote \"not proven\" on the two articles of impeachment of Bill Clinton, his votes were recorded as \"not guilty\" and when, at the O. J. Simpson murder case, various reformers, including Fred Goldman, Ron Goldman's father, pushed for a change to \"not proven\" because of what they felt was an incorrect presumption of innocence on the part of Simpson. The verdict is often referenced in US cases where the jury is obliged to find the state has not proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt, but there is widespread feeling that the defendant does not deserve the exoneration of a \"not guilty\" verdict. A popular saying about the \"not proven\" verdict is that it means \"not guilty, but don't do it again\".\n\nIn 2005, a proposal was made in the University of Chicago Law Review to introduce the not proven verdict into the United States.\n\nCases which resulted in a not proven verdict\nSir Hugh Campbell and Sir George Campbell for being part of the rising at Bothwell Bridge.\nAlfred John Monson, in relation to the Ardlamont murder\nMadeleine Smith, accused of murdering her boyfriend by poison\nHelen McDougal, in relation to the Burke and Hare murders\nAlan Peters, in relation to the murder of Maxwell Garvie\nDonald Merrett, tried in February 1927 for the murder of his mother \nJohn Leslie, in relation to an alleged sexual assault\nFrancis Auld, accused of the murder of Amanda Duffy\n Stephen Coxen, in 2015 acquitted with a not proven verdict for raping Miss M. In 2018 a judge in a civil case found that he had raped her. \nOn 23 March 2020, a jury found the former SNP leader and Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond \"not proven\" on one charge—and not guilty on twelve other charges—of sexual assault; he was thus acquitted of all charges against him.\n\nSee also\nJury nullification\nMiscarriage of justice\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n The Scottish criminal jury: A very peculiar institution, Peter Duff, 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 173 (Spring 1999)\n \n \n\nScots language\nScottish criminal law\nScots law legal terminology\nHigh Court of Justiciary", "DVD Verdict was a judicial-themed website for DVD reviews. The site was founded in 1999. The editor-in-chief was actor Michael Stailey, who owned the website between 2004 and 2016, and the site employed a large editorial staff of critics, whose reviews were quoted by sources such as CBS Marketwatch, and were praised by such writers as Anthony Augustine of Uptown.\n\nDVD Verdict also had four sister sites, titled Cinema Verdict, a theatrical movie review site, TV Verdict, a television review site, Pixel Verdict, a video game review site, and DVD Verdict Presents. The last reviews were published in 2017. , the site is offline.\n\nSee also\n DVD Talk\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nDVD Verdict\nDVD Verdict Presents\n\nAmerican film review websites\nInternet properties established in 1999\nInternet properties disestablished in 2017" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit," ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "Nora Bernard (September 22, 1935 – December 26, 2007) was a Canadian Mi'kmaq activist who sought compensation for survivors of the Canadian Indian residential school system. She was directly responsible for what became the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history, representing an estimated 79,000 survivors; the Canadian government settled the lawsuit in 2005 for upwards of 5 billion dollars.\n\nIn 1945, when Bernard was 9 years old, her mother was told that if she did not sign the consent forms to send her children to a residential school, the child welfare system would take her children into \"protective custody\"; as a result, Bernard attended the Shubenacadie Indian Residential School for five years. In 1955, she married a non-native man, and consequently lost her legal status under the Indian Act; the relevant section of the Indian Act was repealed in 1985, but this did not automatically lead to reinstatement as a band member, and it was not until March 2007 that she was voted back into the Millbrook First Nation.\n\nIn 1995, Bernard began an organization to represent survivors of the Shubenacadie school; she subsequently convinced Halifax lawyer John McKiggan to represent the Shubenacadie survivors in a class-action suit. After the Shubenacadie suit became public knowledge, many other survivors' associations across Canada filed similar suits; these were eventually amalgamated into one national lawsuit. In McKiggan's words, \"(...) if it wasn't for Nora's efforts, and other survivors like her across Canada, this national settlement never would have happened. (...) After we filed our lawsuit, a number of other students from other schools filed similar class actions.\"\n\nIn 2005, she testified before the House of Commons of Canada about the abuse children suffered in residential schools:\n\nOn December 27, 2007, Bernard was found dead in her home in Truro, Nova Scotia; although she was originally thought to have died of natural causes, on December 31, police arrested her grandson James Douglas Gloade and charged him with her murder. She had been stabbed to death. On January 23, 2009, Gloade was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 15 years in prison.\n\nIn 2008 Bernard was posthumously awarded the Order of Nova Scotia.\n\nSee also \n Nova Scotia Heritage Day\n\nReferences\n\n1935 births\n2007 deaths\n20th-century First Nations people\n21st-century First Nations people\nCanadian activists\nCanadian women activists\nMembers of the Order of Nova Scotia\nMi'kmaq people\nPeople murdered in Nova Scotia\nSipekneꞌkatik First Nation\n20th-century Canadian women" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit,", "what happened after the lawsuit?", "On May 5, 2011, the US tried but failed to kill al-Awlaki by firing a missile from an unmanned drone at a car in Yemen." ]

[ "\"Did Anyone Approach You?\" is a song by the Norwegian band A-ha. It was the third single to be taken from their 2002 album Lifelines. It was recorded at The Alabaster Room in New York City sometime between June 2001 and January 2002.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Original Album Version)\" (4:11)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Turner Remix)\" (3:43)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Reamped)\" (4:51)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Tore Johansson Remix)\" (5:55)\n \"Afternoon High (Demo Version)\" (4:40)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Video Clip)\" (4:11)\n\nVideo\nThe video was filmed by Lauren Savoy, the wife of A-ha guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy. It was shot at Ullevaal Stadion on 6 June 2002, the first concert on the band's Lifelines tour.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2002 singles\nA-ha songs\nSongs written by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy\nWarner Music Group singles\n2002 songs", "Jack W. Robbins (1919–2005) was a principal prosecutor for the United States in the Pohl Trial. The Pohl Trial was the fourth of twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in Nuremberg, Germany, after the end of World War II. Robbins was the youngest and longest-surviving prosecutor for the trial.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Robbins' speech at the Robert H. Jackson Center on 6/7/04 in .WMA format\n Robbins Follows Jackson's Example In Nuremberg Prosecution\n Nazi Doctor Prosecutor To Speak At Center\n Robbins speaks for the Robert H. Jackson Center .WMV format\n\n1920 births\n2005 deaths\nNuremberg trials\nAmerican prosecutors\nAmerican expatriates in Germany" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit,", "what happened after the lawsuit?", "On May 5, 2011, the US tried but failed to kill al-Awlaki by firing a missile from an unmanned drone at a car in Yemen.", "did anyone speak at the trial?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Say Goodbye\" is a single by American electronic dance music band Krewella. It was the first single released by Krewella since the departure of member Kris \"Rain Man\" Trindl. It was released on November 24, 2014 during a livestream in which viewers thought they were going to 'speak out' about the recent lawsuit involving band member Trindl.\n\nBackground\nIn September 2014, it was announced that member Rain Man was no longer a member of Krewella. Trindl claimed damages and wanted compensation from the Yousaf sisters in a total of $5 million, claiming they had kicked him out of the band unfairly. The case was finalized in October, 2015 however a response was not issued to the public. The lawsuit also states that the sisters conspired to kick him out of the group to reap high financial rewards whilst he was attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and Rehab for his drinking problem. The Yousaf sisters Jahan and Yasmine then counter-sued stating that Trindl had resigned. They claimed that Trindl was having substance and alcohol problems as well as \"pretended to DJ\" onstage.\"\n\nDJ Deadmau5 called out the sisters multiple times on the lawsuit and their skills as DJ's. The Yousaf sisters changed their Facebook, Twitter, and SoundCloud accounts in late november; to black with the words \"Say Goodbye\" printed in a dark grey font so that it was hard to read. The sisters then announced a livestream in which they would \"speak out\" about the lawsuit. This was done by releasing \"Say Goodbye\" moments after the livestream onto iTunes, Spotify and other digital platforms. The lyrics in \"Say Goodbye\" are in reference to the lawsuit and Trindl. The fact that there was no real \"speaking out\" was met with negative views of the sisters, and the 40,000 people who watched the livestream felt \"jelted or betrayed\".The song was met with an instant of negative, and hateful criticism. Since the lawsuit in September the band have been under scrutiny by the public. It was heavily influenced by rock, which they called on their soundcloud page \"Emo 'n' Bass\", a reference to the drum and bass influences in the song.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences \n\nColumbia Records singles\n2014 singles\n2014 songs\nKrewella songs", "SCEA v. Hotz was a lawsuit in the United States by Sony Computer Entertainment of America against George Hotz and associates of the group fail0verflow. It was about jailbreaking and reverse engineering the PlayStation 3.\n\nTimeline\n\nOn January 11, 2011, Sony sued George Hotz and fail0verflow members Hector Martin and Sven Peter on 8 claims, including violation of the DMCA, computer fraud, and copyright infringement. The law firm used by Sony was Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP. In response to the suit, Carnegie Mellon University professor David S. Touretzky mirrored Hotz's writings and issued a statement supporting that Hotz's publication is within his right to free speech.\n\nOn January 27, 2011, Sony's request for a temporary restraining order (TRO) was granted by the US District Court for the Northern District of California. This forbade him from distributing the jailbreak, helping or encouraging others to jailbreak, and distributing information they've learned during the creation of the jailbreak. It also ordered him to turn over computers and storage media used in the creation of the jailbreak to Sony's lawyers. Professor Touretzky's mirror was voluntarily censored following issue of the TRO, but Hotz's writings and software have been mirrored elsewhere.\n\nOn February 12, 2011, Hotz posted a one-minute diss track against Sony on his official YouTube channel in relation to the lawsuit.\n\nOn February 19, 2011, Hotz started a blog about the Sony lawsuit.\n\nOn March 6, 2011, the court issued an approval that Sony's lawyers were allowed access to all the IP addresses of all the people who visited geohot's blog for the purposes of establishing jurisdiction. Sony said the server logs would demonstrate that many of those who downloaded Hotz's hack reside in Northern California — thus making San Francisco a proper venue for the case.\n\nOn April 11, 2011, it was revealed that Hotz and Sony had reached a settlement out of court. This included a permanent injunction against Hotz doing any more hacking work on any Sony products to prevent any future firmware release from being decrypted.\n\nThe claims (filed in United States district court for Northern California, San Francisco) were:\n\nViolating the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ()\nViolating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ()\nContributory copyright infringement ()\nViolating California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act (§ 502)\nBreach of Contract (related to the PlayStation Network User Agreement)\nTortious interference\nMisappropriation\nTrespass\n\nAlleged Anonymous attacks in response to lawsuit\nIn an act of hacktivism, Anonymous announced their intent to attack Sony websites in response to Sony's lawsuit and, specifically due to Sony's gaining access to the IP addresses of all the people who visited geohot's blog, terming it an 'offense against free speech and internet freedom'. Although Anonymous admitted responsibility to subsequent attacks on the Sony websites, much speculation has arisen concerning a sustained collapse of the PlayStation Network in April 2011. Anonymous has denied any involvement in the PlayStation Network outage. However, Sony announced on May 4, 2011, \"We discovered that the intruders had planted a file on one of our Sony Online Entertainment servers named \"Anonymous\" with the words \"We are Legion.\"\n\nSee also\n Electronic Frontier Foundation\n George Hotz\n Groklaw\n Illegal number\n Strategic lawsuit against public participation\n Forum shopping\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nhttp://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=SonyHotz\nhttp://community.us.playstation.com/t5/PlayStation-Network-Support/Questions-About-End-User-Safety-Concerning-New-Exploit/m-p/38690337\nhttps://blog.playstation.com/2011/04/11/settlement-in-george-hotz-case/\n\nAmerican bloggers\nSony litigation\nDigital Millennium Copyright Act case law\n2011 in United States case law\nVideo game controversies" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit,", "what happened after the lawsuit?", "On May 5, 2011, the US tried but failed to kill al-Awlaki by firing a missile from an unmanned drone at a car in Yemen.", "did anyone speak at the trial?", "I don't know.", "was there any public response to the lawsuit?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (often shortened to \"Anything Can Happen\") is the second physical single, and third overall, by Enter Shikari and the second single to be released from their debut album Take to the Skies. It was released on 18 February 2007 for digital download and on 5 March 2007 on both CD and 7\" vinyl. It is the band's highest charting single, charting at #27 in the UK single chart, and number 1 on the UK indie chart. There are two remixes of the song, Colon Open Bracket Remix and Grayedout Mix. Both are up for download on their official download store.\n\nTrack listing\n\n CD\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n \"Keep It on Ice\" (Rou) - 2:51\n\n 7\"\n\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n\nOriginal version\nIn the original version of the song, a sample is heard from the introduction of the popular 1960s TV series Stingray in which the character says \"Anything can happen in the next half hour\". This is, however, not heard in the re-recorded version.\n\nChart performance\n\nPersonnel\n\nEnter Shikari\nRoughton \"Rou\" Reynolds - vocals, electronics\nLiam \"Rory\" Clewlow - guitar\nChris Batten - bass, vocals\nRob Rolfe - drums\nProduction\nEnter Shikari - production\nJohn Mitchell - recording\nBen Humphreys - recording\nMartin Giles - mastering\nKeaton Henson - illustration, design\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Video - \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" video.\n Original Video - Original video using the 2004 EP version of the song.\n Stingray Introduction - The phrase can be heard at 0:44\n\n2007 singles\nEnter Shikari songs\nSong articles missing an audio sample\n2007 songs", "Anything Can Happen is a 1952 comedy-drama film.\n\nAnything Can Happen may also refer to:\n\n Anything Can Happen (album), by Leon Russell, 1994\n \"Anything Can Happen\", a 2019 song by Saint Jhn \n Edhuvum Nadakkum ('Anything Can Happen'), a season of the Tamil TV series Marmadesam\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour\", or \"Anything Can Happen\", a 2007 song by Enter Shikari\n Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour (EP), 2004\n\nSee also\n \"Anything Could Happen\", a 2012 song by Ellie Goulding \n Anything Might Happen, 1934 British crime film\n Special Effects: Anything Can Happen, a 1996 American documentary film\n \"Anything Can Happen on Halloween\", a song from the 1986 film The Worst Witch \n Anything Can Happen in the Theatre, a musical revue of works by Maury Yeston\n \"The Anything Can Happen Recurrence\", an episode of The Big Bang Theory (season 7)\n The Anupam Kher Show - Kucch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai ('The Anupam Kher Show — Anything Can Happen') an Indian TV show" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit,", "what happened after the lawsuit?", "On May 5, 2011, the US tried but failed to kill al-Awlaki by firing a missile from an unmanned drone at a car in Yemen.", "did anyone speak at the trial?", "I don't know.", "was there any public response to the lawsuit?", "I don't know.", "did anything else happen at the lawsuit?", "On August 30, 2010, the groups filed a \"targeted killing\" lawsuit, naming President Obama, CIA Director Leon Panetta, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as defendants." ]

[ "Alfred A. Green (24 February 1828 – 3 March 1899) was a Canadian–born political and civic figure in nineteenth–century California. He also served in the Mexican–American War.\n\nSee also: Merced Manor, San Francisco\n\nBiography\nAlfred A. Green was born in Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada. He served in the California legislature and during the Mexican–American War served in the US Army. He came to San Francisco as a member of Colonel Stevenson's regiment In 1847. He was a member of The Society of California Pioneers. Green was instrumental in defeating several fraudulent land grants in early San Francisco. In 1853 he served as a member of the Sonoma Town Council.\n\nIn 1862 he was living on Montgomery Street (between Pacific Street and Broadway Street) with his brother Benjamin S. Green according to the San Francisco Directory.\n\nGreen was involved in a lawsuit with the Mexican government regarding the San Rafael de la Zanja land grant (around 20,000 acres in what is now the US state of Arizona) in the late 1880s.\n\nHe died in San Francisco on 3 March 1899, of stomach cancer.\n\nBibliography\n Life and Adventures of a 47er of California, 1878, California\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican military personnel of the Mexican–American War\nMembers of the California State Legislature\nPeople from Miramichi, New Brunswick\n1899 deaths\n1828 births\n19th-century American politicians", "The Academic and Research Network of Slovenia () is a public institute in Slovenia, established in May 1992. Its main task is development, operation and management of the communication and information network for education and research. ARNES also operates the Slovenian Internet Exchange.\n\nThe members of its management board are appointed by the Government of Slovenia.\n\nAlso a part of ARNES, is SI-CERT, the Slovenian Computer Emergency Response Team. It was established in 1994 and has been led by Gorazd Božič. SI-CERT was involved in the take-down of the recordings of the Government of Slovenia's closed session recordings leaked in December 2011 on YouTube. The recordings were taken down by YouTube after the copyright-related lawsuit threat by SI-CERT. It has not been involved in the investigation of the leak.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n ARNES\n\nComputer security organizations\nEducation in Slovenia\nInformation technology institutes\nInternet service providers of Slovenia\nInternet in Slovenia\nNational research and education networks\nOrganizations based in Ljubljana\nOrganizations established in 1992\nTelecommunications in Slovenia" ]

[ "Anwar al-Awlaki", "Lawsuit against the US", "what was the reason behind the lawsuit?", "contacted the Center for Constitutional Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union to represent his son in a lawsuit that sought to remove Anwar from the targeted killing list.", "why was he on the targeted kill list?", "the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn't have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world.", "what was his argument in the trial?", "sought to require the government to disclose the standards under which US citizens may be \"targeted for death\".", "what was the verdict?", "Judge John D. Bates dismissed the lawsuit in an 83-page ruling, holding that the father did not have legal standing to bring the lawsuit,", "what happened after the lawsuit?", "On May 5, 2011, the US tried but failed to kill al-Awlaki by firing a missile from an unmanned drone at a car in Yemen.", "did anyone speak at the trial?", "I don't know.", "was there any public response to the lawsuit?", "I don't know.", "did anything else happen at the lawsuit?", "On August 30, 2010, the groups filed a \"targeted killing\" lawsuit, naming President Obama, CIA Director Leon Panetta, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as defendants.", "what members of the US government were involved in the lawsuit?", "President Obama, CIA Director Leon Panetta, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates" ]

[ "Nobody Speak: Trials of the Free Press is a 2017 Netflix documentary directed by Brian Knappenberger. The documentary is themed around the effects of big money on American journalism. The documentary focuses on two incidents: Peter Thiel financing wrestler Hulk Hogan's lawsuit against Gawker Media, and casino owner Sheldon Adelson's secret purchase of the Las Vegas Review-Journal.\n\nSynopsis \nThe film starts with the legal proceedings of professional wrestler Hulk Hogan, who (with the financial backing of billionaire Peter Thiel) had filed a lawsuit against Gawker Media, seeking $100 million in damages for releasing a sex tape featuring him and Heather Clem. Gawker Media subsequently filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, as a direct result of the lawsuit. Thiel had reportedly wanted to bring Gawker down for having published an article nine years earlier which outed him as gay.\n\nThe film then covers an incident where casino mogul Sheldon Adelson bought the Las Vegas Review-Journal, while keeping his identity as the buyer a secret, even to the journalists employed by the company. The management also did not reveal the new owner of the company to the employees, and denied that the Adelson family was involved when asked about the possibility. Adelson himself had also denied his ownership in an interview with CNN. This caused a couple of its journalists to start investigating it on their own by calling their contacts. They eventually uncovered that Sheldon Adelson was indeed the new owner, and after publishing an article with the revelation, were forced to step down.\n\nReception \nNobody Speak has mostly been well received by critics. It holds an 89% fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.8/10 based on 23 reviews. The film has a score of 69 on Metacritic, indicating generally favourable reviews.\n\nReferences\n\nNetflix original documentary films\nDocumentary films about the media\nDocumentary films about journalism", "John \"Little Caesar\" Acropolis (1909 – August 26, 1952) was an American labor leader. He served as president of Local 456 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in Westchester County, NY from 1946 until his death.\n\nBackground\nAcropolis was orphaned at age three and raised in a series of charitable institutions. He attended Colgate University where he played on the basketball team.\n\nAcropolis became interested in union issues while working as a truck driver during summer break from college. He joined Local 456 and was first elected as a union officer in the early 1940s.\n\nDeath\nAfter becoming president of Local 456, Acropolis challenged the Genovese crime family over its control of certain garbage carting contracts in the suburbs of New York City. He expanded the size of his local to more than 2,000 members.\nAcropolis was killed in 1952 by an unknown assailant who fired two bullets into his head. The case has not been solved.\n\nIn October, 2008, the New York Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against the Yonkers, New York Police Department, demanding access to the department's file on the investigation into the death of Acropolis. The City of Yonkers said it would fight the lawsuit, claiming that because the investigation was still technically active, the case file was not subject to Freedom of Information laws.\n\nSee also\nList of unsolved murders\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNY Journal News report on NYCLU lawsuit\nNYCLU Press Release and link to lawsuit\nWCBS-TV report on lawsuit and Acropolis killing\nNY Journal News report on 50th anniversary of Acropolis murder\n\n1909 births\n1952 deaths\nAmerican murder victims\nColgate University alumni\nDeaths by firearm in New York (state)\nInternational Brotherhood of Teamsters people\nMale murder victims\nPeople murdered in New York (state)\nTrade unionists from New York (state)\nUnsolved murders in the United States\nColgate Raiders men's basketball players\n 1952 murders in the United States" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel (28 April 1906 – 14 January 1978) was an Austrian (later American) logician, mathematician and philosopher.\n\nGodel or similar may also refer to:\nGödel (programming language)\n3366 Gödel, a main belt asteroid discovered in 1985\nGödel, Kastamonu, a village in the Kastamonu Province, Turkey\nGodel (river), at Föhr, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany\nGodel Iceport, at the coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica\n\nOther people with the surname Godel include:\nGaston Godel (1914−2004), Swiss race walker\nVahé Godel (born 1931), Swiss writer\nArkadiusz Godel (born 1952), Polish fencer\nJon Godel, 21st-century British journalist\n\nSee also\nGodel mouthpiece, a scuba mouthpiece with a snorkel attached", "Vahé Godel (born 16 August 1931, in Geneva) is a French Swiss writer, translator and scholar of Armenian literature. He is the son of Robert Godel, a noted linguist and expert on the Armenian language, and Meline Papazian, an Armenian from Bursa. While being a well-known writer in his own right in his native Switzerland, Vahé Godel has also translated numerous Armenian poets, both past and present. His translations include: Odes et lamentations by Grégoire de Narek, Tous les désirs de l'âme by Grégoire de Narek and Nahabed Koutchag, Le chant du pain by Daniel Varoujan, J’apporterai des pierres and Erevan by Marine Petrossian.\n\nHis brother Armen Godel is an actor and director.\n\nReferences\n\nPeople from Geneva\n1931 births\nSwiss male poets\nSwiss translators\nLiving people\n20th-century Swiss poets\n20th-century male writers" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna." ]

[ "The 1959 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches. The 1959 NCAA College Division football season was the second year UPI published a poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. The Associated Press did not start their version of the poll until 1960. The Top 10 included the team's record while the \"Second 10\" did not.\n\nLegend\n\nThe UPI coaches poll\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings", "The 1958 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches. The 1958 NCAA College Division football season was the first year UPI published a poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. The Associated Press did not start their version of the poll until 1960. In most of the weekly polls, the Top 10 included the team's record while the \"Second 10\" did not. Individual team records in the Top 10 were sometimes missing as well.\n\nLegend\n\nThe UPI coaches poll\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18," ]

[ "Paedology (paidology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). Pedology is not commonly recognized as a distinct field of study; therefore, many people who would be described as pedologists are instead described as pedagogues, psychologists, pediatricians, etc. Another factor that contributes to paedology's lack of recognition as a distinct field of study is because one could make contributions to the field of pedology while also making contributions to other fields. For example. Jean Piaget made contributions to the study of pedology in his theories of the cognitive development of children; however, Piaget has more commonly been recognized as a developmental psychologist.\n\nOrigins of Paedology\n\nThe origins of this trend in psychology and pedagogy go back to the end of the 18th century with the separation of a branch of psychology that would form the basis of pedagogy, a pedagogic psychology or \"experimental pedagogic psychology\", \"experimental pedagogy\", \"experimental education\".\n\nG. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) fostered pedology as a separate study, and also became instrumental in the development of modern educational psychology. An American researcher, Oscar Chrisman, proposed the term \"pedology\" in 1893. At the end of the 19th century, pedology as a comprehensive study of the child came to prominence in Europe as an attempt to create a study of children in the manner of natural sciences. In 1909 Professor Kazimierz Twardowski organized a Pedological Society in Lviv, Austro-Hungary (now Ukraine). In 1910 a similar society was organized in Kraków. In 1911 the first World Congress in Pedology took place in Brussels, Belgium, with attendants from 22 countries.\n\nWorld War I (1914-1918) effectively put an end to the development of this study in Western Europe.\n\nSince pedology as a branch of science never reached its maturity, there is no common established understanding as to the scope or instruments of pedology.\n\nBowie State University in Bowie, Maryland became the first university in the United States to offer a bachelor's degree in pedology. A 2014 document from the university refers to \"the pedology major (now known as child and adolescent studies)\". At many universities in the United States, pedological study is generally classified under the major \"child development.\"\n\nPedology in the Soviet Union\nIn Imperial Russia a prominent developer of the field was Aleksandr Nechayev (Александр Петрович Нечаев) in St. Petersburg, who in 1901 created the laboratory of experimental pedagogical psychology. Soviet pedology is traditionally thought to be founded by the efforts of Vladimir Bekhterev; in particular, in 1918 he founded the Institute of Pedology as part of psychological institutions united into the Institute for Study of Brain and Psychical Activity.\n\nThis science was intensively pursued in 1920s-1930s in the Soviet Union. A journal Pedologiya (\"Педология\") was issued. Lev Vygotsky was one of its prominent supporters.\n\nWhile many works of pedologists were of considerable value, the approach was severely criticized for over-enthusiastic but poorly grounded approach of testing for predicting a child's mental development, in addition to estimating its status.\n\nIt was officially banned in 1936 after a special decree of VKP(b) Central Committee \"On Pedological Perversions in the System of Narkomproses\" on July 4, 1936.\n\nReferences \n\nDepaepe, M. (1985). \"Science, technology, and paedology: The concept of science at the Faculte Internationale de Pedologie in Brussels (1912-1914).\" Scientia Paedogica Experimentalis, 1, 14-28.\nDepaepe, M. (1992). \"Experimental Research in Education 1890-1940: historical processes behind the development of a discipline in western Europe and the United States.\" Aspects of Education, Journal of the Institute of Education, University of Hull, 42, pp. 67–93.\nDepaepe, M. (1993). \"Zum Wohl des Kindes? Pädologie, pädagogische Psychologie und experimentelle Pädagogik in Europa und den USA, 1890-1940.\" Leuven: Universitaire Pers/Weinheim: Deutscher Studienverlag.\n\nExternal links\n\nP.Ya.Shvartsman, I.V.Kuznetsova, Pedology: A Repressed Science\n\nSocial sciences\nChild development\nPedagogy", "Gardner Army Airfield auxiliary fields were a number of airfields used during World War II to support the Gardner Army Airfield. May 12, 1943 the US Army leased 1,396.36 acres for Gardner Field, located 9 miles southeast of Taft, California. Gardner Army Airfield was named after Major John H. Gardner, a World War I aviator hero. The Army built three runways to support training activities need for World War II. From Gardner Army Airfield the United States Army Air Corps's Western Flying Training Command started training the needed pilots. To support the training of the many pilots, Gardner Army Airfield operated a number of auxiliary airfields. Some auxiliary fields were no more than a landing strip, others were other operation airfield that supported the training at the Gardner Army Airfield. The Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Boeing-Stearman Model 75 were the most common planes used for training at Gardner Army Airfields, but large bombers were trained also. Gardner Army Airfield auxiliary fields were:\n\nParker Field\n\nParker Field or Parker Field Aux No. 1 was located near Lakeview, California and Taft, California at , in Kern County. Parker Field was 6 miles northwest of Gardner Army Airfield and 22 miles southwest of Bakersfield, California. In 1941 the Army leased the 300 acre land from the County and built a 3,000' square asphalt landing mat, so planes could land in almost any direction. Parker Field had few improvement and was mostly used for training in landing and take off. The Parker Field was closed on March 10, 1945. Parker Field was just north of what is now California State Route 166, the site is now back to farmland and no trace remains of the airfield.\n\nKern Field\n\nKern Field or Taft-Kern Field Auxiliary Field No. 2 or Taft-Kern Field Auxiliary Field No. 2 at \n with an elevation of 444 feet. Kern Field was 25 miles south of Bakersfield and 198 miles east of Gardner Army Airfield. In 1941 the US Army built on the 250 acre site a landing mat that was 3,000 feet by 3,000. The Army built two runways in a unique cross shaped. Taft Field had many improvements and was used often for training in landing and take off. Kern Field closed on February 28, 1945. Kern Field was just north of what is now California State Route 166 and west of the Interstate 5 in Lakeview, California. The site is now back to farmland and no trace remains of the airfield.\n\nAllen Field\nAllen Field or Allen Field Aux No. 3 was located near Lakeview, California and 6 miles west of Mettler, California at , in Kern County. Parker Field was 14 miles northwest of Gardner Army Airfield and 26 miles south of Bakersfield, California. In 1941 the Army leased the 260 acre land from the County and built a 3,000' square asphalt landing mat. Parker Field had few improvement and was mostly used for training in landing and take off. The Parker Field was closed on March 10, 1945. Parker Field was just south of what is now California State Route 166 and just west of the Interstate 5, the site is now back to farmland and no trace remains of the airfield.\n\nConners Field\n\nConners Field or Conners Field Aux No. 4 was located 20 miles east of the City of Taft in Kern County at . Conners Field was 20 miles east of Gardner Army Airfield and 20 miles south of Bakersfield. In 1941 the Army leased the 250 acre land from the County and built a 3,000' square asphalt landing mat, so planes could land in almost any direction. Conners Field had few improvements and was mostly used for training in landing and take off. The Parker Field was closed in October 1950. Conners Field was just south of what is now California State Route 223 and east of Interstate 5. The site is now back to farmland and no trace remains of the airfield.\n\nTaft Field\nTaft Field or Taft Field Aux No. 5 or Taft-Kern Field was 5 miles east of the city of Taft, California and 16.5 miles east of Maricopa, California at in Kern County. Taft Field was 2 miles southeast of Gardner Army Airfield and 20 miles southwest of Bakersfield. In 1941 the Army acquired the 250 acre land from the private parties. The Taft Field was closed on 27 September 1945. Taft Field was east of what is now California State Route 33 and north of California State Route 166, the site is now back to farmland and a faint trace of the outline of the airfield remains.\n\nCuyama Field\n\nCuyama Field Cuyama Field Aux No. 6 was 1.6 miles northwest of Ventucopa, California an 14 miles southeast of New Cuyama, California in the Cuyama Valley at in Santa Barbara. Cuyama Field was 14 miles northwest of Gardner Army Airfield and 50 miles southwest of Bakersfield, California. In 1941 the Army received a permit for the 48 acre land from the U.S. Forest Service and built a 4,5000 foot northwest/southeast asphalt runway at an elevation of 2749 feet. Cuyama Field had no improvements and was for bombers to train in landing and take off. The Cuyama Field was closed on 30 November 1946 and returned to the U.S. Forest Service. Parker Field was just east of what is now California State Route 33 and 6 miles south of the California State Route 166, the site is now farmland and no trace remains of the runway.\n\nSee also\n\nCalifornia World War II Army Airfields\nCalifornia during World War II\nAmerican Theater (1939–1945)\nDesert Training Center\nMilitary history of the United States during World War II\nUnited States home front during World War II\nMinter Army Airfield auxiliary fields\nChico Army Airfield auxiliary fields\n\nReferences\n\n Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites History's Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC, 2004.\n Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas ASIN: B000NYX3PC\n\n1940s in California\nUnited States in World War II" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18,", "What was his major, or field of study?", "initially intending to study theoretical physics, he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy." ]

[ "Forced compliance theory is a paradigm that is closely related to cognitive dissonance theory. It emerged in the field of social psychology.\n\nForced compliance theory is the idea that authority or some other perceived higher-ranking person can force a lower-ranked individual to make statements or perform acts that violate their better judgment. It focuses on the goal of altering an individual's attitude through persuasion and authority.\n\nFestinger and Carlsmith \nLeon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled \"Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance\". This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. The purpose was to make the task uninteresting and unexciting enough that none of the participants could possibly find it enjoyable.\n\nThe experimental condition involved telling the subject before the experiment started that it would be fun, while the control condition did not set any expectations for the task. The control subjects were asked to go to a room to be interviewed. The experimental condition involved giving either $1 or $20 to try to convince the next participant that the experiment was fun.\n\nThe results showed a significant difference between the groups in how much they reported to enjoy the experiment. Another large difference was observed between the $1 and $20 groups. However, no significant difference emerged between the $20 group and control group. The results indicate that when an individual is motivated by reward to say something contrary to their private belief, their private belief tended to change as a result. When the reward was small, (beyond what is necessary to elicit the desired behaviour) the magnitude of the dissonance was higher and as a consequence so was the pressure to reduce the dissonance. \n\nIn summary, the study demonstrated that when individuals experience a conflict of cognition they will tend to shift their private belief to reduce dissonance.\n\nCognitive dissonance theory \nForced compliance theory is essentially a subset of cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance theory describes the unpleasant feeling that results from believing two contrary ideas at the same time. It is most persuasive when it comes to feelings and thoughts about oneself. It is also a strong motivational tool in influencing us to choose one action or thought over another.\n\nForced compliance theory is being used as a mechanism to help aid in projections of cognitive dissonance theory.\n\nSupporting research\n\nStudy 1 \nHelmreich and Collins conducted an experiment entitled \"Studies in Forced Compliance: Commitment and Magnitude of Inducement to Comply as Determinants of Opinion Change\". This study consisted of sixty-sixty male college students who were asked to record a counter-attitudinal statement concerning a serious issue. Variables included multiple levels of commitment. These levels included making an anonymous audio recording, a non-anonymous video recording, and a non-anonymous video recording with no chance to withdraw their statement. Half of the participants were asked to make the recording, while the other half was asked to make the counter statement.\n\nThe participants were paid for their tasks. For the two highest levels of commitment (identified video recordings) participants who received low pay exhibited more attitude change. However, within the lower commitment level (anonymous audio recording) participants, higher pay yielded more attitude change.\n\nStudy 2 \nAshmore and Collins conducted an experiment called \"Studies in Forced Compliance: X. Attitude Change and Commitment to Maintain Publicly a Counter-attitudinal Position\".\n\nIn this study, researchers manipulated three variables that were expected to influence attitude change under compulsion. These three variables were public-private, true-persuasive, and high-low financial motivation.\n\nAt the beginning of the study, \"public\" subjects signed a document in which they vowed to preserve their counter-attitudinal position outside of the study. Results showed that public subjects were more likely to exhibit attitude change than private subjects.\n\nStudy 3 \nFrench researchers Beauvois, Bungert and Mariette conducted a study entitled \"Forced Compliance: Commitment to Compliance and Commitment to Activity\". This study consisted of two experiments. One involved 200 adolescents and adults and another involved 176 high school-aged participants.\n\nThe study built on previous research that stated when individuals are not granted the freedom to agree or disagree with the task, signs of dissonance are not detected.\n\nReferences \n\nPersuasion", "Homer Garner Barnett (1906 in Bisbee, Arizona – May 9, 1985) was an American anthropologist and teacher.\n\nEducation \n\nHe began his studies at Stanford in civil engineering but soon quit to rethink his major. When he returned to Stanford it was as a liberal arts major with an emphasis on philosophy. He graduated in 1927. He later attended the University of California, Berkeley for his Ph.D., granted in 1938. His specialization was culture change and applied anthropology.\n\nAs a student, Barnett did field work among the American Indians of Oregon, Washington, and northwestern California, particularly the Yurok, Hupa, Yakima, and several small groups of the Oregon coast. Some research concerned diverse ethnological matters but focused primarily on the Indian Shaker religion and the potlatch. The latter was the subject of his doctoral dissertation.\n\nTeaching \n\nIn 1939 after receiving his Ph.D. he began working at the University of New Mexico as the field director of the Jemez Archeological Field School. Soon after this position ended he moved on to the University of Oregon. Here he became the second member of the Anthropology department, along with Luther Cressman. After serving for a few years during World War II, Barnett returned to the University of Oregon and continued to study Pacific cultures.\n\nFrom 1947 to 1948, Barnett conducted field research on the indigenous people of Palau.\n\nBarnett continued to study American Indians in California and the Pacific Northwest and displaced communities in the Pacific. He served as a visiting lecturer for the American Anthropological Association from 1960 until 1961. He spoke at college campuses that did not have anthropology departments, trying to spread his knowledge of anthropology.\nBarnett became an emeritus professor at the University of Oregon in 1971 and officially retired in 1974. After his retirement Barnett worked on writings and publications up until the time of his death May 9, 1985.\n\nWorld War II \n\nDuring World War II he stopped teaching to participate in the Far Eastern Language and Area Training Program of the University of California at Berkeley. Here he trained volunteer service men to effectively gain information from native informants to help the war effort. In 1944 he began working with the Ethnogeographic Board to provide scientific information about human and natural resources of world areas. He later began working with the War Document Survey in the Pacific to give advice about documents that the U.S. government was acquiring from other governments during the war.\n\nSelect bibliography \n Culture element distributions. VII: Oregon coast, 1937\n Gulf of Georgia Salish, 1939\n Innovation: the basis of cultural change, 1953\n The Coast Salish of British Columbia, 1955\n Anthropology in administration, 1956\n Indian Shakers; a messianic cult of the Pacific Northwest, 1957\n Peace and progress in New Guinea, 1959\n Being a Palauan, 1959\n Palauan society, a study of contemporary native life in the Palau Islands, 1959\n Application to the National Science Foundation for research funds in support of a project entitled a comparative study of cultural change and stability in displaced communities, 1962\n The nature and function of the potlatch, 1968\n The Yakima Indians in 1942, 1969\n Qualitative science, 1983 ()\n Culture processes, 1992\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Homer G. Barnett papers at the University of Oregon\n Register to the Papers of Homer Barnett, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution\n\n1906 births\n1985 deaths\nPeople from Bisbee, Arizona\nAmerican anthropologists\nCultural anthropologists\nEthnographers\nStanford University alumni\nUC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni\nUniversity of Oregon faculty\nWriters from Arizona\n20th-century American writers\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century anthropologists" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18,", "What was his major, or field of study?", "initially intending to study theoretical physics, he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy.", "Did he change to another field of study?", "he became interested in mathematical logic." ]

[ "This is a list of people associated with the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science.\n\nNotable faculty\n\nAlumni\n(*did not graduate)\n\nNobel laureates\n\nPulitzer Prize winners\n\nOther\n\n(*did not graduate)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNew York University\n\nLists of people by university or college in New York City\n\nNew York University-related lists", "Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 25 of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.\n\nList by university attended\n\nDid not graduate from college \n\nGeorge Washington (Although the death of Washington's father ended his formal schooling, he received a surveyor's certificate from the College of William and Mary. Washington believed strongly in formal education, and his will left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions.)\nJames Monroe (attended the College of William and Mary, but dropped out to fight in the Revolutionary War)\nAndrew Jackson\nMartin Van Buren\nWilliam Henry Harrison (attended Hampden Sydney College for three years but did not graduate and then attended University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine but never received a degree)\nZachary Taylor\nMillard Fillmore (founded the University at Buffalo)\nAbraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)\nAndrew Johnson (no formal schooling of any kind)\nGrover Cleveland\nWilliam McKinley (attended Allegheny College, but did not graduate; also attended Albany Law School, but also did not graduate)\nHarry S. Truman (went to business college and law school, but did not graduate)\n\nUndergraduate \n\nA.JFK enrolled, but did not attend\n\nAdditional undergraduate information\nSome presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate. Two presidents have attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University and Bill Clinton at the University of Oxford (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.)\n\nThree presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.\n\nGraduate school\nA total of 20 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, eleven presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.\n\nBusiness school\n\nGraduate School\n\nMedical school\n\nLaw school \n\nSeveral presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys. Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.\n\nPresidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.\n\nList by graduate degree earned\n\nPh.D. (doctorate)\n\nM.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)\n\nM.A. (Master of Arts)\n\nNote: John Adams and John Quincy Adams, along with George W. Bush are the only presidents to date to attain Master’s degrees.\n\nJ.D. or LL.B. (law degree)\n\nNote: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees. When U.S. law schools began to use the J.D. as the professional law degree in the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D. Duke University Law School made the change in 1968, and Yale Law School in 1971. Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt, both of whom attended Columbia Law School but withdrew before graduating, were awarded posthumous J.D. degrees in 2008.\n\nList by president\n\nOther academic associations\n\nFaculty member\n\nSchool rector or president\n\nSchool trustee or governor\n\nSee also\n List of prime ministers of Australia by education\n List of prime ministers of Canada by academic degrees\n List of presidents of the Philippines by education\n List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education\n\nReferences\n\nCollege education\nUnited States education-related lists" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18,", "What was his major, or field of study?", "initially intending to study theoretical physics, he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy.", "Did he change to another field of study?", "he became interested in mathematical logic.", "When did he graduate?", "). He was awarded his doctorate in 1930." ]

[ "Michael Plooy (born 16 June 1984) is a professional Dutch darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events.\n\nHe tried to earn a PDC Tour Card in 2017, but didn't earn enough points to qualify. He did qualify for three PDC European Tour events, although he didn't win a game in any of them.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile and stats on Darts Database\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nDutch darts players", "James E. Bracken (March 12, 1918 – April 19, 2008) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer based in Florida.\n\nBackground\nBracken began his career in horse racing in 1935 at Jefferson Downs Racetrack in New Orleans. He began as a galloper before becoming a jockey, and while that did not last long he was able to become a jockey agent. Among his clients were several future Hall of Fame inductees including John Adams, Bill Hartack, Bill Shoemaker, Jacinto Vásquez and Walter Blum.\n\nIn 1976, at age 48, Bracken embarked on a career that would see him earn Calder Race Course Hall of Fame honors.\n\nReferences\n\n1918 births\n2008 deaths\nAmerican horse trainers\nPeople from Charleston, Missouri" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18,", "What was his major, or field of study?", "initially intending to study theoretical physics, he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy.", "Did he change to another field of study?", "he became interested in mathematical logic.", "When did he graduate?", "). He was awarded his doctorate in 1930.", "did he earn any honors?", "His thesis, along with some additional work, was published by the Vienna Academy of Science." ]

[ "This is a list of the transfers for the 2012–13 I-League season. Additionally, players without a club may join at any time, clubs below I-League level may sign players on loan at any time, and clubs may sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan if they have no registered goalkeeper available.\n\nTransfers\n\nAll clubs without a flag are Indian.\n\nReferences\n\nIndian\nLists of I-League transfers", "This is a list of Italian football transfers featuring at least one Serie A or Serie B club which were completed from 3 January 2014 to 31 January 2014, date in which the winter transfer window would close. Free agent could join any club at any time.\n\nTransfers\nLegend\nThose clubs in Italic indicate that the player already left the team on loan this season or new signing that immediately left the club\nPlayers' nationality is only shown for non-EU footballers, excluding loan deal that turned definitive and renewed loans. Serie A clubs could only signed 2 non-EU players from abroad by certain criteria, such as replace departed non-EU player or the club completely did not have non-EU players.\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nTransfers\n2013-14\nItalian" ]

[ "Kurt Gödel", "Studying in Vienna", "In Vienna, where did Godel Study?", "the University of Vienna.", "What year did he start studying?", "At the age of 18,", "What was his major, or field of study?", "initially intending to study theoretical physics, he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy.", "Did he change to another field of study?", "he became interested in mathematical logic.", "When did he graduate?", "). He was awarded his doctorate in 1930.", "did he earn any honors?", "His thesis, along with some additional work, was published by the Vienna Academy of Science.", "Did he join any clubs during school?", "I don't know." ]

[ "John Smith D.D. (baptised 14 October 1711 – 17 June 1795) was a British academic and astronomer.\n\nHis father was an attorney named Henry Smith and his mother was Elizabeth Johnson. He was born in Coltishall, Norfolk and was educated at Norwich School and Eton.\n\nHe was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge University in 1732. He received a B.A. in 1735/6 and an M.A. in 1739.\n\nHe was successively dean (1744–1749), bursar (1750–1753), and president of the college (1754–1764). He was Master of Caius from 1764 to 1795, and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy from 1771 to 1795.\n\nHe was ordained in 1739. He installed a transit telescope above his college ante-chapel.\n\nHe did not seem to have left any scientific papers or given any lectures.\n\nOffices Held\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\n1711 births\n1795 deaths\nPeople educated at Norwich School\nMasters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge\nLowndean Professors of Astronomy and Geometry\nPeople from Coltishall", "Academic ranks in Egypt are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.\n\nOverview\n MOA'ED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant- also called demonstrator- (must have a bachelor's degree; usually graduated top of the class).\n MODARESS MOSAED (مدرس مساعد), Assistant Lecturer (must have a master's degree)\n MODARESS (مدرس), Lecturer (must have a PhD degree)\n OSTATH MOSAED (the \"TH\" pronounced like in the word \"THE\") MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to associate professor.\n OSTATH (أستاذ) (the \"TH\" pronounced like in the word \"THE\"), equivalent to professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTATH MOSAED as well as publishing certain number of research papers)\n OSTATH MOTAFAREGH (أستاذ متفرغ), equivalent to professor emeritus.\n\nProfessorship\nPublic universities have five ranks for faculty members: معيد (Mu`īd ; equivalent to teaching assistant), مدرس مساعد (Mudarris musā`id; equivalent to senior teaching assistant), مدرس(Mudarris; equivalent to assistant professor), أستاذ مساعد('Ustāḏ musā`id; equivalent to associate professor), and أستاذ('Ustāḏ; equivalent to professor)\n\nTeaching assistant: Academic departments hire teaching assistants by either directly hiring the top ranking students of the most recent graduates, or publishing advertisements. Once hired, a teaching assistant must obtain a master's degree within five years of commencing employment. Otherwise, s/he must either leave the university, or be transferred to any administrative department that s/he is qualified for. Teaching assistants duties include preparing and delivering tutorial and lab sessions, preparing assignments and term projects requirements, preparing and conducting laboratory examinations, and tutorial quizzes, and co-supervising graduation projects.\n\nSenior teaching assistant: After a teaching assistant obtains a master's degree, s/he is promoted to a senior teaching assistant. Usually, the duties do not change, but the salary increases slightly. To keep her/his post, a senior teaching assistant must obtain a doctoral degree within five years. Otherwise, s/he must either leave the university, or be transferred to any administrative department that s/he is qualified for.\n\nAssistant professor: Once a senior teaching assistant obtains a doctorate, s/he is hired as an assistant professor, and receives tenureship. Assistant professors duties include delivering lectures, supervising graduation projects, master's theses, and doctoral dissertations.\n\nAssociate professor: After at least five years, an assistant professor can apply for a promotion to the rank of associate professor. The decision is based on the scholarly contributions of the applicant, in terms of publications and theses and dissertations supervised.\n\nProfessor: After at least five years, an associate professor can apply for a promotion to the rank of a professor. The decision is based on the scholarly contributions of the applicant, in terms of publications and theses and dissertations supervised.\n\nAcademic duties of associate professors and professors are nearly the same as assistant professors. However, only associate professors and professors can assume senior administrative posts like a department chair, a college vice dean, and a college dean.\n\nReferences\n\nAcademic ranks\nAcademia in Egypt" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence" ]

[ "Ends and Means (an Enquiry Into the Nature of Ideals and Into the Methods Employed for Their Realization) is a book of essays written by Aldous Huxley. It was published in 1937. The book contains illuminating tracts on war, religion, nationalism and ethics, and was cited as a major influence on Thomas Merton in his autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain. \n\nEssay collections by Aldous Huxley\n1937 non-fiction books\nChatto & Windus books\nEnglish essay collections", "James Huxley (1614 – ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.\n\nHuxley was the son of George Huxley of Edmonton where he was baptised on 6 November, 1614. He was admitted at Gray's Inn in 1633. In 1640 he obtained a mortgage on the estate of Dornford in the parish of Wootton, West Oxfordshire. The owners tried to sell the property to Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, but the sale became a matter of dispute and Cary died. In 1653 Huxley paid off the various parties and acquired Dornford.\n\nHuxley also lived at Oxford in a substantial house next to Pembroke College, Oxford and became a freeman of Oxford on 14 March, 1660. In 1660, he was elected Member of Parliament for Oxford in the Convention Parliament.\n\nHuxley married Elizabeth Barkham, daughter of Sir William Barkham. They had daughters Jane who married Sir Nicholas Pelham and Elizabeth who married Robert Cressett of Upton Cressett.\n\nReferences\n\n1614 births\n1672 deaths\nEnglish MPs 1660\nMembers of Gray's Inn\nYear of death uncertain\nPeople from Oxford" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful," ]

[ "Sir Leonard George Holden Huxley (29 May 1902 – 4 September 1988) was an Australian physicist.\n\nHuxley was born in London, the eldest son of George Hamborough and Lilian Huxley. He was a second-cousin once removed of Thomas Huxley. His family migrated from England to Australia in 1905 when he was three, and settled in Tasmania, where Huxley showed great academic and sporting promise while attending The Hutchins School. He won a Rhodes Scholarship to New College, Oxford while in his second year at the University of Tasmania and obtained a D.Phil. from Oxford in 1928. On 5 October 1929 he married Ella Mary Child 'Molly' Copeland who was reading history at Somerville College.\n\nHuxley was a physicist at the Australian Radio Research Board, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 1929 to 1931; Lecturer in Physics, University College, Leicester 1932 to 1940; Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Aircraft Production, UK 1940 to 1946; Reader in Electromagnetism, University of Birmingham 1946 to 1949; Professor of Physics, University of Adelaide 1949 to 1960; and Vice-Chancellor, Australian National University 1960 to 1967.\n\nHuxley was president of the Australian Branch of the Institute of Physics (UK) 1954 to 1955; and president of the Australian Institute of Physics 1962 to 1965.\n\nHe was elected a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1953, and knighted in 1964.\n\nHuxley died in London at the age of 86.\n\nSee also\nHuxley family\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n \n\n1902 births\n1988 deaths\nAustralian physicists\nAcademics of the University of Leicester\nAustralian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nAustralian Rhodes Scholars\nFellows of the Australian Academy of Science\nAlumni of New College, Oxford\nLeonard\nAcademics of the University of Birmingham\nEnglish emigrants to Australia\nVice-Chancellors of the Australian National University", "Juliette Huxley, Lady Huxley (1896–1994), born Marie Juliette Baillot, was a Swiss-French sculptor and writer. She provided lifelong support to her husband, British naturalist Julian Huxley.\n\nBiography\n\nBaillot was born in Auvernier, Switzerland, on 6 December 1896 to Alphonse Baillot, a lawyer, and Mélanie Antonia Ortlieb. \n\nAround 1915 she began working as a tutor to the daughter of Lady Ottoline Morrell at Garsington. It was there in 1916 that she met Aldous Huxley and his brother Julian Huxley. She and Julian were married in 1919 and had two sons, Anthony Huxley (1920–1992) and Francis Huxley (1923–2016). Julian Huxley described himself in print as suffering from manic depression, and Juliette's autobiography suggests that Julian Huxley suffered from a bipolar disorder. He relied on her to provide moral and practical support throughout his life.\n\nIn 1930 her husband told her that he wanted to have an open marriage, and he went on to have a number of affairs. In 1936 he had a relationship, of which Juliette was aware, with poet May Sarton. Sarton went on to have a brief physical relationship with Juliette, which became over time what Sarton later described as a romance and as a true union of souls. Julian was not aware of this relationship, and Juliette broke it off during a week they spent together in Paris in 1948 because of Sarton's threat to tell him. After his death they resumed their correspondence. Sarton's letters to and from Juliette, whom she described as the incomparable one, were published in 1999. \n\nJuliette accompanied her husband throughout his career and travelled extensively. In 1963 she published Wild Lives of Africa based on these travels. In 1986 she published her autobiography Leaves of the Tulip Tree.\n\nJuliette learned to sculpt from Alan Best, whom she had hired to teach her son when he was immobilised following a bicycle accident, and she later had an apprenticeship with John Skeaping at the Central School.\n\nShe became Lady Huxley on the award of a knighthood to her husband in 1958.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Juliette Huxley papers at Rice University \n Photographs of Juliette Baillot by Ottoline Morell at the National Portrait Gallery\n\n1886 births\n1994 deaths\nSwiss-French people\nSwiss women writers\nSwiss women sculptors\nHuxley family" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Literature and Science, published in September 1963, was Aldous Huxley's last book - he died two months after it was published. In it, he strives to harmonize the scientific and artistic realms. He argues that language is what divides the two realms and makes communication between them difficult. He analyzes the ways in which scientists and fiction writers use language differently to achieve their desired effects. Although he concedes that many differences in language use are inevitable, he urges both camps to seek mutual understanding and appreciation. He directs his argument primarily to fiction writers: \"Whether we like it or not,” he tells them, “ours is the Age of Science.\"\n\nHuxley was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley (known as Charles Darwin's \"bulldog\"), and the grand-nephew of the English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold.\n\nScientific Specialization \nIn Literature and Science, Huxley bemoans the disregard for science shown by many if not most literary contemporaries. He dismisses as \"literary cowardice\" the artists' professed bewilderment in an era when \"Science has become an affair of specialists. Incapable any longer of understanding what it is all about, the man of letters, we are told, has no choice but to ignore contemporary science altogether.\" Huxley takes T.S. Eliot to task for his retreat into \"the traditional raw material of English poetical feeling and poetical expression\" in Eliot's depictions of nature in The Waste Land. For Eliot and others, Huxley writes, \"From their writings you would be hard put to it to infer the simple historical fact that they are the contemporaries of Einstein and Heisenberg, of computers, electron microscopes and the discovery of the molecular basis of heredity....\"\n\nScience As Method \nHuxley had written decades earlier in Along the Road that \"If I could be born again and choose what I should be in my next existence, I should desire to be a man of science....\" But in Literature and Science, as scholars have noted, the later Huxley strongly qualified that earlier aspiration in his pursuit of a grand philosophical synthesis. Milton Birnbaum wrote in 1971 that Huxley \"never embraced science as a satisfactory way to gauge the nature of ultimate reality.\" Yet, Birnbaum adds that Huxley \"always favored the methodology of science in the attainment of knowledge....\" In Literature and Science, Huxley writes that \"The precondition of any fruitful relationship between literature and science is knowledge.\" For the literary artist, Huxley writes, \"a thorough and detailed knowledge of any branch of science is impossible. It is also unnecessary. All that is necessary, so far as the man of letters is concerned, is a general knowledge of science...and an appreciation of the ways in which scientific information and scientific modes of thought are relevant to individual experience....\" Included in James Sexton's Selected Letters of Aldous Huxley is a \"My dear Tom\" letter that Huxley wrote to Eliot: \"I venture to recommend\" Alfred Korzybski's Science and Sanity, \"by far the best thing on 'semantics' and the problem of the relations between words and things, ever produced.\"\n\nHope for the Future \nAlthough Huxley remains best known for his early novel Brave New World, scholars agree that the strength in his later writing belongs to his non-fiction prose. George Woodcock writes of \"Huxley's diminution as a novelist,\" noting that \"...even if Huxley the artist died after Eyeless in Gaza, Huxley the prose craftsman remained as much alive as ever.\" Harold H. Watts notes that Huxley's books \"...in this final and extended period of his life\" are \"the work of a man who is meditating on the central problems of many modern men.\" In Literature and Science, Huxley, acknowledging that \"it will be difficult to incorporate the hypotheses of science into harmonious, moving and persuasive works of art,\" nevertheless expresses the hope that \"sooner or later the necessary means will be discovered, the appropriate weapons will be forged, the long-awaited pioneer of genius will turn up and...point out the way.\"\n\nReferences\n\n1963 essays\nEssays about literature\nBooks by Aldous Huxley\nHarper & Row books", "Huxley may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Huxley (surname)\n The British Huxley family\n Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895), British biologist known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\"\n Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), British writer, author of Brave New World, grandson of Thomas Huxley\n Julian Huxley (1887–1975), British biologist, brother of Aldous Huxley\n Andrew Huxley (1917–2012), British biologist, brother of Aldous Huxley\n Anthony Huxley (1920–1992), British botanist, son of Julian Huxley\n Francis Huxley (1923–2016), British botanist, anthropologist and author, son of Julian Huxley\n\nGeography\n Huxley, Alberta, Canada\n Huxley, Cheshire, England\n Huxley, Iowa, United States\n Huxley, Texas, United States\n Huxley River, New Zealand\n Mount Huxley (disambiguation)\n\nEducation\n Huxley College of the Environment, a college of Western Washington University\n\nOther\n Huxley (lunar crater)\n Huxley (Martian crater)\n Huxley (video game), an MMOFPS by Webzen Games Inc.\n Huxley Pig, an animated television series\n Huxley, the third generation of 3D printers from the RepRap Project\n Huxley, the main antagonist in The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland\n\nSee also\n Huxley Stakes, a horse race run at Chester, England" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution," ]

[ "The Perennial Philosophy is a comparative study of mysticism by the British writer and novelist Aldous Huxley. Its title derives from the theological tradition of perennial philosophy.\n\nSocial and political context\n\nThe Perennial Philosophy was first published in 1945 immediately after the Second World War by Harper & Brothers in the United States (1946 by Chatto & Windus in the United Kingdom). The jacket text of the British first edition explains:\n\nThe book offers readers, who are assumed to be familiar with the Christian religion and the Bible, a fresh approach employing Eastern and Western mysticism:\n\nThe final paragraph of the jacket text states:\n\nScope of the book\n\nIn the words of poet and anthologist John Robert Colombo:\n\nStyle of the book\n\nHuxley deliberately chose less well-known quotations because \"familiarity with traditionally hallowed writings tends to breed, not indeed contempt, but ... a kind of reverential insensibility, ... an inward deafness to the meaning of the sacred words.\" So, for example, Chapter 5 on \"Charity\" takes just one quotation from the Bible, combining it with less familiar sources:\n\n\"He that loveth not knoweth not God, for God is love.\"1 John iv\n\n\"By love may He be gotten and holden, but by thought never.\"The Cloud of Unknowing\n\n\"The astrolabe of the mysteries of God is love.\"Jalal-uddin Rumi\"\n\nHuxley then explains: \"We can only love what we know, and we can never know completely what we do not love. Love is a mode of knowledge ...\"\n\nHuxley is quite vague with his references: \"No specific sources are given.\"\n\nStructure of the book\n\nThe book's structure consists of:\n\n A brief Introduction by Huxley, of just over 5 pages.\n Twenty-seven chapters (each of about 10 pages) of quotations from sages and saints on specific topics, with \"short connecting commentaries.\" The chapters are not grouped in any way though there is a kind of order from the nature of the Ground at the beginning, down to practical exercises at the end. The Acknowledgements list 27 books from which quotations have been taken. The chapter titles are:\n\n That Art Thou\n The Nature of the Ground\n Personality, Sanctity, Divine Incarnation\n God in the World\n Charity\n Mortification, Non-Attachment, Right Livelihood\n Truth\n Religion and Temperament\n Self-Knowledge\n Grace and Free Will\n Good and Evil\n Time and Eternity\n Salvation, Deliverance, Enlightenment\n Immortality and Survival\n Silence\n Prayer\n Suffering\n Faith\n God is not mocked\n Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum (\"The practice of religion leads people to practice evil.\")\n Idolatry\n Emotionalism\n The Miraculous\n Ritual, Symbol, Sacrament\n Spiritual Exercises\n Perseverance and Regularity\n Contemplation, Action, and Social Utility\n\n A detailed Bibliography of just over 6 pages.\n A detailed Index (two columns of small print, pages).\n\nCritical reception\n\nIn the United States\nThe Perennial Philosophy was widely reviewed when first published in 1945, with articles appearing in Book Week, Booklist, The Christian Century, Bull VA Kirkus' Bookshop Serv., The Nation, The New Republic, The New Yorker, Saturday Review of Literature, Springfield Republican, New York Herald Tribune, and the Wilson Bulletin.\n\nThe New York Times wrote that, \"Perhaps Mr. Huxley, in The Perennial Philosophy has, at this time, written the most needed book in the world.\" The Times described the book as an:\n\nThe Times also stated that, \"It is important to say that even an agnostic, even a behaviorist-materialist ... can read this book with joy. It is the masterpiece of all anthologies.\"\n\nSimilarly, forty years later Huston Smith, a religious scholar, wrote that, in The Perennial Philosophy:\n\nNot all the reception was so positive. Chad Walsh, writing in the Journal of Bible and Religion in 1948, spoke of Huxley's distinguished family background, only to continue:\n\nIn the United Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, reviewers admired the comprehensiveness of Huxley's survey but questioned his other-worldliness and were hostile to his belief in the paranormal.\n\nC. E. M. Joad wrote in New Statesman and Society that, although the book was a mine of learning and Huxley's commentary was profound, readers would be surprised to find that he had adopted a series of peculiar beliefs such as the curative power of relics and spiritual presences incarnated in sacramental objects. Joad pointed out that, if the argument of the book is correct, only those who have undergone the religious experiences upon which it is based are properly able to assess its worth. Further, he found that the book was dogmatic and intolerant, \"in which pretty well everything we want to do is wrong.\"\n\nFinally, Joad asserted that Huxley's mistake was in his \"intellectual whole-hoggery\" and that he was led by ideas untempered by ordinary human experience.\n\nIn the journal Philosophy, the Anglican priest Rev. W. R. Inge remarked on the book's well chosen quotations and called it \"probably the most important treatise we have had on mysticism for many years.\" He saw it as evidence that Huxley was now a mystical philosopher, which he regarded as an encouraging sign. Inge pointed out conflicts between religions and within religion and agreed that a rapprochement must be through mystical religion. However, he wondered if the book, with its transcendence of the personality and detachment from worldly concerns, might not be more Buddhist than Christian. He concluded his review by calling into question Huxley's belief in psychical phenomena.\n\nElsewhere\n\nCanadian author John Robert Colombo wrote that as a young man he, like many others in the 1950s, was swept away with enthusiasm for \"the coveted volume\" :\n\n{{blockquote|Everyone interested in consciousness studies has heard of his study called The Perennial Philosophy. It bears such a prescient and memorable title. His use of the title has preempted its use by any other author, neuropsychologist, Traditionalist, or enthusiast for the New Age. The book so nobly named did much to romanticise the notion of \"perennialism\" and to cast into the shade such long-established timid Christian notions of “ecumenicism” (Protestants dialoguing with Catholics, etc.) or \"inter-faith\" meetings (Christians encountering non-Christians, etc.). Who would care about the beliefs of Baptists when one could care about the practices of Tibetans?}}\n\nColombo also stated that:\n\nHuxley's view of perennial philosophy\n\nHuxley's Introduction to The Perennial Philosophy begins:\n\nIn the next paragraph, Huxley summarises the problem more succinctly, saying: \"Knowledge is a function of being.\" In other words, if you are not suited to knowing something, you do not know it. This makes knowing the Ground of All Being difficult, in Huxley's view. Therefore, he concludes his Introduction with:\n\nSee also\n Perennial philosophy (philosophia perennis)\n The Teachings of the Mystics – A book by Walter T. Stace with a similar thesis\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nPublication dataThe Perennial Philosophy'', 1945, Harper & Brothers\nHarper Perennial 1990 edition: \nHarper Modern Classics 2004 edition: \nAudio Scholar 1995 audio cassette edition:\n\nExternal links \nThe Perennial Philosophy at Internet Archive.\n\n1945 non-fiction books\nBooks by Aldous Huxley\nPhilosophy of religion literature\nMysticism texts\nChatto & Windus books\nHarper & Brothers books\nReligious pluralism\nNeo-Vedanta", "Mount Huxley is a name shared by a number of places:\n\nMount Huxley (Alaska), a mountain peak in the Saint Elias Mountains\nMount Huxley (Antarctica), a mountain in Antarctica\nMount Huxley (California), a mountain in California\nMount Huxley (Tasmania), a mountain in Australia\nMount Huxley (Western Australia), another mountain in Australia" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution." ]

[ "Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics is a book by Aldous Huxley published in 1941. It is a biography of François Leclerc du Tremblay, the French monk who served as advisor to Cardinal de Richelieu and was referred to by others as l'éminence grise.\n\nReferences\n \n\n1941 non-fiction books\nBooks by Aldous Huxley\nChatto & Windus books", "Huxley may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Huxley (surname)\n The British Huxley family\n Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895), British biologist known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\"\n Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), British writer, author of Brave New World, grandson of Thomas Huxley\n Julian Huxley (1887–1975), British biologist, brother of Aldous Huxley\n Andrew Huxley (1917–2012), British biologist, brother of Aldous Huxley\n Anthony Huxley (1920–1992), British botanist, son of Julian Huxley\n Francis Huxley (1923–2016), British botanist, anthropologist and author, son of Julian Huxley\n\nGeography\n Huxley, Alberta, Canada\n Huxley, Cheshire, England\n Huxley, Iowa, United States\n Huxley, Texas, United States\n Huxley River, New Zealand\n Mount Huxley (disambiguation)\n\nEducation\n Huxley College of the Environment, a college of Western Washington University\n\nOther\n Huxley (lunar crater)\n Huxley (Martian crater)\n Huxley (video game), an MMOFPS by Webzen Games Inc.\n Huxley Pig, an animated television series\n Huxley, the third generation of 3D printers from the RepRap Project\n Huxley, the main antagonist in The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland\n\nSee also\n Huxley Stakes, a horse race run at Chester, England" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir." ]

[ "Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.\n\nThe stories regarding Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce were a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution and in his own career, although historians think that the surviving story of the debate is a later fabrication. Huxley had been planning to leave Oxford on the previous day, but, after an encounter with Robert Chambers, the author of Vestiges, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes.\n\nHuxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism, and was undecided about natural selection, but despite this he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin. Instrumental in developing scientific education in Britain, he fought against the more extreme versions of religious tradition.\n\nHuxley coined the term \"agnosticism\" in 1869 and elaborated on it in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not.\n\nHuxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest comparative anatomist of the later 19th century. He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.\n\nThe tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere. Huxley's 1893 Romanes Lecture, “Evolution and Ethics” is exceedingly influential in China; the Chinese translation of Huxley's lecture even transformed the Chinese translation of Darwin's Origin of Species.\n\nEarly life \nThomas Henry Huxley was born in Ealing, which was then a village in Middlesex. He was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley and Rachel Withers. His parents were members of the Church of England but he sympathized with noncomformists. Like some other British scientists of the nineteenth century such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Huxley was brought up in a literate middle-class family which had fallen on hard times. His father was a mathematics teacher at Ealing School until it closed, putting the family into financial difficulties. As a result, Thomas left school at the age of 10, after only two years of formal schooling.\n\nDespite this unenviable start, Huxley was determined to educate himself. He became one of the great autodidacts of the nineteenth century. At first he read Thomas Carlyle, James Hutton's Geology, and Hamilton's Logic. In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in German. He learned Latin, and enough Greek to read Aristotle in the original.\n\nLater on, as a young adult, he made himself an expert, first on invertebrates, and later on vertebrates, all self-taught. He was skilled in drawing and did many of the illustrations for his publications on marine invertebrates. In his later debates and writing on science and religion his grasp of theology was better than many of his clerical opponents. Huxley, a boy who left school at ten, became one of the most knowledgeable men in Britain.\n\nHe was apprenticed for short periods to several medical practitioners: at 13 to his brother-in-law John Cooke in Coventry, who passed him on to Thomas Chandler, notable for his experiments using mesmerism for medical purposes. Chandler's practice was in London's Rotherhithe amidst the squalor endured by the Dickensian poor. Here Thomas would have seen poverty, crime and rampant disease at its worst. Next, another brother-in-law took him on: John Salt, his eldest sister's husband. Now 16, Huxley entered Sydenham College (behind University College Hospital), a cut-price anatomy school whose founder, Marshall Hall, discovered the reflex arc. All this time Huxley continued his programme of reading, which more than made up for his lack of formal schooling.\n\nA year later, buoyed by excellent results and a silver medal prize in the Apothecaries' yearly competition, Huxley was admitted to study at Charing Cross Hospital, where he obtained a small scholarship. At Charing Cross, he was taught by Thomas Wharton Jones, Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery at University College London. Jones had been Robert Knox's assistant when Knox bought cadavers from Burke and Hare. The young Wharton Jones, who acted as go-between, was exonerated of crime, but thought it best to leave Scotland. He was a fine teacher, up-to-date in physiology and also an ophthalmic surgeon. In 1845, under Wharton Jones' guidance, Huxley published his first scientific paper demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognised layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as Huxley's layer. No doubt remembering this, and of course knowing his merit, later in life Huxley organised a pension for his old tutor.\n\nAt twenty he passed his First M.B. examination at the University of London, winning the gold medal for anatomy and physiology. However, he did not present himself for the final (Second M.B.) exams and consequently did not qualify with a university degree. His apprenticeships and exam results formed a sufficient basis for his application to the Royal Navy.\n\nVoyage of the Rattlesnake \nAged 20, Huxley was too young to apply to the Royal College of Surgeons for a licence to practise, yet he was 'deep in debt'. So, at a friend's suggestion, he applied for an appointment in the Royal Navy. He had references on character and certificates showing the time spent on his apprenticeship and on requirements such as dissection and pharmacy. Sir William Burnett, the Physician General of the Navy, interviewed him and arranged for the College of Surgeons to test his competence (by means of a viva voce).\n\nFinally Huxley was made Assistant Surgeon ('surgeon's mate', but in practice marine naturalist) to HMS Rattlesnake, about to set sail on a voyage of discovery and surveying to New Guinea and Australia. The Rattlesnake left England on 3 December 1846 and, once it arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates. He began to send details of his discoveries back to England, where publication was arranged by Edward Forbes FRS (who had also been a pupil of Knox). Both before and after the voyage Forbes was something of a mentor to Huxley.\n\nHuxley's paper \"On the anatomy and the affinities of the family of Medusae\" was published in 1849 by the Royal Society in its Philosophical Transactions. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of Hydrozoa. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two cell layers, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of the phylum now called the Cnidaria. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. When at last he got a grant from the Royal Society for the printing of plates, Huxley was able to summarise this work in The Oceanic Hydrozoa, published by the Ray Society in 1859.\n\nThe value of Huxley's work was recognised and, on returning to England in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he not only received the Royal Society Medal but was also elected to the Council. He met Joseph Dalton Hooker and John Tyndall, who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, so he might work on the specimens he collected and the observations he made during the voyage of the Rattlesnake. He solved the problem of Appendicularia, whose place in the animal kingdom Johannes Peter Müller had found himself wholly unable to assign. It and the Ascidians are both, as Huxley showed, tunicates, today regarded as a sister group to the vertebrates in the phylum Chordata. Other papers on the morphology of the cephalopods and on brachiopods and rotifers are also noteworthy. The Rattlesnakes official naturalist, John MacGillivray, did some work on botany, and proved surprisingly good at notating Australian aboriginal languages. He wrote up the voyage in the standard Victorian two volume format.\n\nLater life \nHuxley effectively resigned from the navy (by refusing to return to active service) and, in July 1854, he became Professor of Natural History at the Royal School of Mines and naturalist to the British Geological Survey in the following year. In addition, he was Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution 1855–58 and 1865–67; Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons 1863–69; President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1869–1870; President of the Quekett Microscopical Club 1878; President of the Royal Society 1883–85; Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85; and President of the Marine Biological Association 1884–1890. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1869.\n\nThe thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. Huxley retired in 1885, after a bout of depressive illness which started in 1884. He resigned the presidency of the Royal Society in mid-term, the Inspectorship of Fisheries, and his chair (as soon as he decently could) and took six months' leave. His pension was a fairly handsome £1200 a year.\n\nIn 1890, he moved from London to Eastbourne where he edited the nine volumes of his Collected Essays. In 1894 he heard of Eugene Dubois' discovery in Java of the remains of Pithecanthropus erectus (now known as Homo erectus). Finally, in 1895, he died of a heart attack (after contracting influenza and pneumonia), and was buried in North London at East Finchley. This small family plot had been purchased upon the death of his beloved eldest son Noel, who died of scarlet fever in 1860; Huxley's wife Henrietta Anne née Heathorn and son Noel are also buried there. No invitations were sent out, but two hundred people turned up for the ceremony; they included Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Henry Flower, Mulford B. Foster, Edwin Lankester, Joseph Lister and, apparently, Henry James.\n\nHuxley and his wife had five daughters and three sons:\n\nPublic duties and awards \nFrom 1870 onwards, Huxley was to some extent drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. He served on eight Royal Commissions, from 1862 to 1884. From 1871 to 1880 he was a Secretary of the Royal Society and from 1883 to 1885 he was president. He was president of the Geological Society from 1868 to 1870. In 1870, he was president of the British Association at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted London School Board. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1877 to 1879. He was the leading person amongst those who reformed the Royal Society, persuaded government about science, and established scientific education in British schools and universities. Before him, science was mostly a gentleman's occupation; after him, science was a profession.\n\nHe was awarded the highest honours then open to British men of science. The Royal Society, who had elected him as Fellow when he was 25 (1851), awarded him the Royal Medal the next year (1852), a year before Charles Darwin got the same award. He was the youngest biologist to receive such recognition. Then later in life came the Copley Medal in 1888 and the Darwin Medal in 1894; the Geological Society awarded him the Wollaston Medal in 1876; the Linnean Society awarded him the Linnean Medal in 1890. There were many other elections and appointments to eminent scientific bodies; these and his many academic awards are listed in the Life and Letters. He turned down many other appointments, notably the Linacre chair in zoology at Oxford and the Mastership of University College, Oxford.\n\nIn 1873 the King of Sweden made Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall Knights of the Order of the Polar Star: they could wear the insignia but not use the title in Britain. Huxley collected many honorary memberships of foreign societies, academic awards and honorary doctorates from Britain and Germany. He also became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1892.\n\nAs recognition of his many public services he was given a pension by the state, and was appointed Privy Councillor in 1892.\n\nDespite his many achievements he was given no award by the British state until late in life. In this he did better than Darwin, who got no award of any kind from the state. (Darwin's proposed knighthood was vetoed by ecclesiastical advisers, including Wilberforce) Perhaps Huxley had commented too often on his dislike of honours, or perhaps his many assaults on the traditional beliefs of organised religion made enemies in the establishment—he had vigorous debates in print with Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Balfour, and his relationship with Lord Salisbury was less than tranquil.\n\nHuxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective advocate, and for some Huxley was \"the premier advocate of science in the nineteenth century [for] the whole English-speaking world\".\n\nThough he had many admirers and disciples, his retirement and later death left British zoology somewhat bereft of leadership. He had, directly or indirectly, guided the careers and appointments of the next generation, but none were of his stature. The loss of Francis Balfour in 1882, climbing the Alps just after he was appointed to a chair at Cambridge, was a tragedy. Huxley thought he was \"the only man who can carry out my work\": the deaths of Balfour and W. K. Clifford were \"the greatest losses to science in our time\".\n\nVertebrate palaeontology \n\nThe first half of Huxley's career as a palaeontologist is marked by a rather strange predilection for 'persistent types', in which he seemed to argue that evolutionary advancement (in the sense of major new groups of animals and plants) was rare or absent in the Phanerozoic. In the same vein, he tended to push the origin of major groups such as birds and mammals back into the Palaeozoic era, and to claim that no order of plants had ever gone extinct.\n\nMuch paper has been consumed by historians of science ruminating on this strange and somewhat unclear idea. Huxley was wrong to pitch the loss of orders in the Phanerozoic as low as 7%, and he did not estimate the number of new orders which evolved. Persistent types sat rather uncomfortably next to Darwin's more fluid ideas; despite his intelligence, it took Huxley a surprisingly long time to appreciate some of the implications of evolution. However, gradually Huxley moved away from this conservative style of thinking as his understanding of palaeontology, and the discipline itself, developed.\n\nHuxley's detailed anatomical work was, as always, first-rate and productive. His work on fossil fish shows his distinctive approach: whereas pre-Darwinian naturalists collected, identified and classified, Huxley worked mainly to reveal the evolutionary relationships between groups.\n\nThe lobed-finned fish (such as coelacanths and lung fish) have paired appendages whose internal skeleton is attached to the shoulder or pelvis by a single bone, the humerus or femur. His interest in these fish brought him close to the origin of tetrapods, one of the most important areas of vertebrate palaeontology.\n\nThe study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating the fundamental affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds were of great interest then and still are.\n\nApart from his interest in persuading the world that man was a primate, and had descended from the same stock as the apes, Huxley did little work on mammals, with one exception. On his tour of America Huxley was shown the remarkable series of fossil horses, discovered by O. C. Marsh, in Yale's Peabody Museum. An Easterner, Marsh was America's first professor of palaeontology, but also one who had come west into hostile Indian territory in search of fossils, hunted buffalo, and met Red Cloud (in 1874). Funded by his uncle George Peabody, Marsh had made some remarkable discoveries: the huge Cretaceous aquatic bird Hesperornis, and the dinosaur footprints along the Connecticut River were worth the trip by themselves, but the horse fossils were really special. After a week with Marsh and his fossils, Huxley wrote excitedly, \"The collection of fossils is the most wonderful thing I ever saw.\"\n\nThe collection at that time went from the small four-toed forest-dwelling Orohippus from the Eocene through three-toed species such as Miohippus to species more like the modern horse. By looking at their teeth he could see that, as the size grew larger and the toes reduced, the teeth changed from those of a browser to those of a grazer. All such changes could be explained by a general alteration in habitat from forest to grassland. And, it is now known, that is what did happen over large areas of North America from the Eocene to the Pleistocene: the ultimate causative agent was global temperature reduction (see Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum). The modern account of the evolution of the horse has many other members, and the overall appearance of the tree of descent is more like a bush than a straight line.\n\nThe horse series also strongly suggested that the process was gradual, and that the origin of the modern horse lay in North America, not in Eurasia. If so, then something must have happened to horses in North America, since none were there when Europeans arrived. The experience with Marsh was enough for Huxley to give credence to Darwin's gradualism, and to introduce the story of the horse into his lecture series.\n\nMarsh's and Huxley's conclusions were initially quite different. However, Marsh carefully showed Huxley his complete sequence of fossils. As Marsh put it, Huxley \"then informed me that all this was new to him and that my facts demonstrated the evolution of the horse beyond question, and for the first time indicated the direct line of descent of an existing animal. With the generosity of true greatness, he gave up his own opinions in the face of new truth, and took my conclusions as the basis of his famous New York lecture on the horse.\"\n\nSupport of Darwin\n\nHuxley was originally not persuaded of \"development theory\", as evolution was once called. This can be seen in his savage review of Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a book which contained some quite pertinent arguments in favour of evolution. Huxley had also rejected Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this scepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution, which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind. It was the kind of thing Darwin did with his closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was from all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man.\n\nHuxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was \"How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!\" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis.\n\nLogically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's On the Origin of Species was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication.\n\nHuxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the Origin in the Times for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the Origin in the Edinburgh Review, also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the Quarterly Review, running to 17,000 words. The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the Quarterly:\n\nSince Lord Brougham assailed Dr Young, the world has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a \"flighty\" person, who endeavours \"to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess and speculation,\" and whose \"mode of dealing with nature\" is reprobated as \"utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.\"\n\nIf I confine my retrospect of the reception of the Origin of Species to a twelvemonth, or thereabouts, from the time of its publication, I do not recollect anything quite so foolish and unmannerly as the Quarterly Review article...A more complete version is available in Wikiquote\n\nSince his death, Huxley has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\", taken to refer to his pluck and courage in debate, and to his perceived role in protecting the older man. The sobriquet appears to be Huxley's own invention, although of unknown date, and it was not current in his lifetime.\n\nWhile the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, the younger and combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from Huxley to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) states: \"The dogs have been snapping at [Darwin's] heels too much of late.\"\n\nDebate with Wilberforce\n\nFamously, Huxley responded to Wilberforce in the debate at the British Association meeting, on Saturday 30 June 1860 at the Oxford University Museum. Huxley's presence there had been encouraged on the previous evening when he met Robert Chambers, the Scottish publisher and author of Vestiges, who was walking the streets of Oxford in a dispirited state, and begged for assistance. The debate followed the presentation of a paper by John William Draper, and was chaired by Darwin's former botany tutor John Stevens Henslow. Darwin's theory was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, and those supporting Darwin included Huxley and their mutual friends Hooker and Lubbock. The platform featured Brodie and Professor Beale, and Robert FitzRoy, who had been captain of HMS Beagle during Darwin's voyage, spoke against Darwin.\n\nWilberforce had a track record against evolution as far back as the previous Oxford B.A. meeting in 1847 when he attacked Chambers' Vestiges. For the more challenging task of opposing the Origin, and the implication that man descended from apes, he had been assiduously coached by Richard OwenOwen stayed with him the night before the debate. On the day, Wilberforce repeated some of the arguments from his Quarterly Review article (written but not yet published), then ventured onto slippery ground. His famous jibe at Huxley (as to whether Huxley was descended from an ape on his mother's side or his father's side) was probably unplanned, and certainly unwise. Huxley's reply to the effect that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his great talents to suppress debatethe exact wording is not certainwas widely recounted in pamphlets and a spoof play.\n\nThe letters of Alfred Newton include one to his brother giving an eyewitness account of the debate, and written less than a month afterwards. Other eyewitnesses, with one or two exceptions (Hooker especially thought he had made the best points), give similar accounts, at varying dates after the event. The general view was and still is that Huxley got much the better of the exchange, though Wilberforce himself thought he had done quite well. In the absence of a verbatim report, differing perceptions are difficult to judge fairly; Huxley wrote a detailed account for Darwin, a letter which does not survive; however, a letter to his friend Frederick Daniel Dyster does survive with an account just three months after the event.\n\nOne effect of the debate was to hugely increase Huxley's visibility amongst educated people, through the accounts in newspapers and periodicals. Another consequence was to alert him to the importance of public debate: a lesson he never forgot. A third effect was to serve notice that Darwinian ideas could not be easily dismissed: on the contrary, they would be vigorously defended against orthodox authority. A fourth effect was to promote professionalism in science, with its implied need for scientific education. A fifth consequence was indirect: as Wilberforce had feared, a defence of evolution did undermine literal belief in the Old Testament, especially the Book of Genesis. Many of the liberal clergy at the meeting were quite pleased with the outcome of the debate; they were supporters, perhaps, of the controversial Essays and Reviews. Thus, both on the side of science and on that of religion, the debate was important and its outcome significant. (see also below)\n\nThat Huxley and Wilberforce remained on courteous terms after the debate (and able to work together on projects such as the Metropolitan Board of Education) says something about both men, whereas Huxley and Owen were never reconciled.\n\nMan's place in nature\n\nFor nearly a decade his work was directed mainly to the relationship of man to the apes. This led him directly into a clash with Richard Owen, a man widely disliked for his behaviour whilst also being admired for his capability. The struggle was to culminate in some severe defeats for Owen. Huxley's Croonian Lecture, delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull was the start. In this, he rejected Owen's theory that the bones of the skull and the spine were homologous, an opinion previously held by Goethe and Lorenz Oken.\n\nFrom 1860–63 Huxley developed his ideas, presenting them in lectures to working men, students and the general public, followed by publication. Also in 1862 a series of talks to working men was printed lecture by lecture as pamphlets, later bound up as a little green book; the first copies went on sale in December. Other lectures grew into Huxley's most famous work Evidence as to Man's place in Nature (1863) where he addressed the key issues long before Charles Darwin published his Descent of Man in 1871.\n\nAlthough Darwin did not publish his Descent of Man until 1871, the general debate on this topic had started years before (there was even a precursor debate in the 18th century between Monboddo and Buffon). Darwin had dropped a hint when, in the conclusion to the Origin, he wrote: \"In the distant future... light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history\". Not so distant, as it turned out. A key event had already occurred in 1857 when Richard Owen presented (to the Linnean Society) his theory that man was marked off from all other mammals by possessing features of the brain peculiar to the genus Homo. Having reached this opinion, Owen separated man from all other mammals in a subclass of its own. No other biologist held such an extreme view. Darwin reacted \"Man...as distinct from a chimpanzee [as] an ape from a platypus... I cannot swallow that!\" Neither could Huxley, who was able to demonstrate that Owen's idea was completely wrong.\n\nThe subject was raised at the 1860 BA Oxford meeting, when Huxley flatly contradicted Owen, and promised a later demonstration of the facts. In fact, a number of demonstrations were held in London and the provinces. In 1862 at the Cambridge meeting of the B.A. Huxley's friend William Flower gave a public dissection to show that the same structures (the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and hippocampus minor) were indeed present in apes. The debate was widely publicised, and parodied as the Great Hippocampus Question. It was seen as one of Owen's greatest blunders, revealing Huxley as not only dangerous in debate, but also a better anatomist.\n\nOwen conceded that there was something that could be called a hippocampus minor in the apes, but stated that it was much less developed and that such a presence did not detract from the overall distinction of simple brain size.\n\nHuxley's ideas on this topic were summed up in January 1861 in the first issue (new series) of his own journal, the Natural History Review: \"the most violent scientific paper he had ever composed\". This paper was reprinted in 1863 as chapter 2 of Man's Place in Nature, with an addendum giving his account of the Owen/Huxley controversy about the ape brain. In his Collected Essays this addendum was removed.\n\nThe extended argument on the ape brain, partly in debate and partly in print, backed by dissections and demonstrations, was a landmark in Huxley's career. It was highly important in asserting his dominance of comparative anatomy, and in the long run more influential in establishing evolution amongst biologists than was the debate with Wilberforce. It also marked the start of Owen's decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists.\n\nThe following was written by Huxley to Rolleston before the BA meeting in 1861:\n\"My dear Rolleston... The obstinate reiteration of erroneous assertions can only be nullified by as persistent an appeal to facts; and I greatly regret that my engagements do not permit me to be present at the British Association in order to assist personally at what, I believe, will be the seventh public demonstration during the past twelve months of the untruth of the three assertions, that the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and the hippocampus minor, are peculiar to man and do not exist in the apes. I shall be obliged if you will read this letter to the Section\" Yours faithfully, Thos. H. Huxley.\n\nDuring those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the Neanderthal skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-sapiens discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was surprisingly large. Huxley also started to dabble in physical anthropology, and classified the human races into nine categories, along with placing them under four general categorisations as Australoid, Negroid, Xanthochroic and Mongoloid. Such classifications depended mainly on physical appearance and certain xanatomical characteristics.\n\nNatural selection\nHuxley was certainly not slavish in his dealings with Darwin. As shown in every biography, they had quite different and rather complementary characters. Important also, Darwin was a field naturalist, but Huxley was an anatomist, so there was a difference in their experience of nature. Lastly, Darwin's views on science were different from Huxley's views. For Darwin, natural selection was the best way to explain evolution because it explained a huge range of natural history facts and observations: it solved problems. Huxley, on the other hand, was an empiricist who trusted what he could see, and some things are not easily seen. With this in mind, one can appreciate the debate between them, Darwin writing his letters, Huxley never going quite so far as to say he thought Darwin was right.\n\nHuxley's reservations on natural selection were of the type \"until selection and breeding can be seen to give rise to varieties which are infertile with each other, natural selection cannot be proved\". Huxley's position on selection was agnostic; yet he gave no credence to any other theory. Despite this concern about evidence, Huxley saw that if evolution came about through variation, reproduction and selection then other things would also be subject to the same pressures. This included ideas because they are invented, imitated and selected by humans: ‘The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its rivals.’ This is the same idea as meme theory put forward by Richard Dawkins in 1976.\n\nDarwin's part in the discussion came mostly in letters, as was his wont, along the lines: \"The empirical evidence you call for is both impossible in practical terms, and in any event unnecessary. It's the same as asking to see every step in the transformation (or the splitting) of one species into another. My way so many issues are clarified and problems solved; no other theory does nearly so well\".\n\nHuxley's reservation, as Helena Cronin has so aptly remarked, was contagious: \"it spread itself for years among all kinds of doubters of Darwinism\". One reason for this doubt was that comparative anatomy could address the question of descent, but not the question of mechanism.\n\nPallbearer\nHuxley was a pallbearer at the funeral of Charles Darwin on 26 April 1882.\n\nThe X Club\n\nIn November 1864, Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the X Club, composed of like-minded people working to advance the cause of science; not surprisingly, the club consisted of most of his closest friends. There were nine members, who decided at their first meeting that there should be no more. The members were: Huxley, John Tyndall, J. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen's Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS Dreadnought). All except Spencer were Fellows of the Royal Society. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in glaciology.\n\nThere were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as William Flower and George Rolleston, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time.\n\nThey would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that same evening. First item for the Xs was to get the Copley Medal for Darwin, which they managed after quite a struggle.\n\nThe next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly Reader, which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had already become part-owner of the Natural History Review bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the NHR failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The Reader also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not so astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him.\n\nHowever, the experience gained with the Reader was put to good use when the X Club put their weight behind the founding of Nature in 1869. This time no mistakes were made: above all there was a permanent editor (though not full-time), Norman Lockyer, who served until 1919, a year before his death. In 1925, to celebrate his centenary, Nature issued a supplement devoted to Huxley.\n\nThe peak of the X Club's influence was from 1873 to 1885 as Hooker, Spottiswoode and Huxley were Presidents of the Royal Society in succession. Spencer resigned in 1889 after a dispute with Huxley over state support for science. After 1892 it was just an excuse for the surviving members to meet. Hooker died in 1911, and Lubbock (now Lord Avebury) was the last surviving member.\n\nHuxley was also an active member of the Metaphysical Society, which ran from 1869 to 1880. It was formed around a nucleus of clergy and expanded to include all kinds of opinions. Tyndall and Huxley later joined The Club (founded by Dr. Johnson) when they could be sure that Owen would not turn up.\n\nEducational influence\nWhen Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day either were self-taught or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities, and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.\n\nSchool of Mines and Zoology\nIn the early 1870s the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in German universities. In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster.\n\nThe typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators. Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became leaders of biology in Britain in later life, spreading Huxley's ideas as well as their own. Michael Foster became Professor of Physiology at Cambridge; E. Ray Lankester became Jodrell Professor of Zoology at University College London (1875–91), Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1891–98) and Director of the Natural History Museum (1898–1907); S.H. Vines became Professor of Botany at Cambridge; W.T. Thiselton-Dyer became Hooker's successor at Kew (he was already Hooker's son-in-law!); T. Jeffery Parker became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College, Cardiff; and William Rutherford became the Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. William Flower, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and THH's assistant in many dissections, became Sir William Flower, Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and, later, Director of the Natural History Museum. It's a remarkable list of disciples, especially when contrasted with Owen who, in a longer professional life than Huxley, left no disciples at all. \"No one fact tells so strongly against Owen... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower\".\n\nHuxley's courses for students were so much narrower than the man himself that many were bewildered by the contrast: \"The teaching of zoology by use of selected animal types has come in for much criticism\"; Looking back in 1914 to his time as a student, Sir Arthur Shipley said \"Darwin's later works all dealt with living organisms, yet our obsession was with the dead, with bodies preserved, and cut into the most refined slices\". E.W MacBride said \"Huxley... would persist in looking at animals as material structures and not as living, active beings; in a word... he was a necrologist. To put it simply, Huxley preferred to teach what he had actually seen with his own eyes.\n\nThis largely morphological program of comparative anatomy remained at the core of most biological education for a hundred years until the advent of cell and molecular biology and interest in evolutionary ecology forced a fundamental rethink. It is an interesting fact that the methods of the field naturalists who led the way in developing the theory of evolution (Darwin, Wallace, Fritz Müller, Henry Bates) were scarcely represented at all in Huxley's program. Ecological investigation of life in its environment was virtually non-existent, and theory, evolutionary or otherwise, was at a discount. Michael Ruse finds no mention of evolution or Darwinism in any of the exams set by Huxley, and confirms the lecture content based on two complete sets of lecture notes.\n\nSince Darwin, Wallace and Bates did not hold teaching posts at any stage of their adult careers (and Műller never returned from Brazil) the imbalance in Huxley's program went uncorrected. It is surely strange that Huxley's courses did not contain an account of the evidence collected by those naturalists of life in the tropics; evidence which they had found so convincing, and which caused their views on evolution by natural selection to be so similar. Adrian Desmond suggests that \"[biology] had to be simple, synthetic and assimilable [because] it was to train teachers and had no other heuristic function\". That must be part of the reason; indeed it does help to explain the stultifying nature of much school biology. But zoology as taught at all levels became far too much the product of one man.\n\nHuxley was comfortable with comparative anatomy, at which he was the greatest master of the day. He was not an all-round naturalist like Darwin, who had shown clearly enough how to weave together detailed factual information and subtle arguments across the vast web of life. Huxley chose, in his teaching (and to some extent in his research) to take a more straightforward course, concentrating on his personal strengths.\n\nSchools and the Bible\nHuxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870 he was voted onto the London School Board. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example of the latter is his famous 1868 lecture On a Piece of Chalk which was first published as an essay in Macmillan's Magazine in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as \"organized common sense\".\n\nHuxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his agnostic convictions, but he believed that the Bible's significant moral teachings and superb use of language were relevant to English life. \"I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches\".\nHowever, what Huxley proposed was to create an edited version of the Bible, shorn of \"shortcomings and errors... statements to which men of science absolutely and entirely demur... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe\". The Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were minuted in detail. Huxley said \"I will never be a party to enabling the State to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools\". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools permitted the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any denominational doctrine to be taught.\n\nIt may be right to see Huxley's life and work as contributing to the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said \"It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems\"—and Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain. Some modern Christian apologists consider Huxley the father of antitheism, though he himself maintained that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. He was, however, a lifelong and determined opponent of almost all organised religion throughout his life, especially the \"Roman Church... carefully calculated for the destruction of all that is highest in the moral nature, in the intellectual freedom, and in the political freedom of mankind\". In the same line of thought, in an article in Popular Science, Huxley used the expression \"the so-called Christianity of Catholicism\", explaining: \"I say 'so-called' not by way of offense, but as a protest against the monstruous assumption that Catholic Christianity is explicitly or implicitly contained in any trust-worthy record of the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth.\"\n\nOriginally coining the term in 1869, Huxley elaborated on \"agnosticism\" in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not. Huxley statesAgnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle... the fundamental axiom of modern science... In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration... In matters of the intellect, do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. Use of that term has continued to the present day (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism). Much of Huxley's agnosticism is influenced by Kantian views on human perception and the ability to rely on rational evidence rather than belief systems.\n\nIn 1893, during preparation for the second Romanes Lecture, Huxley expressed his disappointment at the shortcomings of 'liberal' theology, describing its doctrines as 'popular illusions', and the teachings they replaced 'faulty as they are, appear to me to be vastly nearer the truth'.\n\nVladimir Lenin remarked that for Huxley \"agnosticism serves as a fig-leaf for materialism\". (See also the Debate with Wilberforce above.)\n\nAdult education\n\nHuxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life he wrote for periodicals—the Westminster Review, the Saturday Review, the Reader, the Pall Mall Gazette, Macmillan's Magazine, the Contemporary Review. Germany was still ahead in formal science education, but interested people in Victorian Britain could use their initiative and find out what was going on by reading periodicals and using the lending libraries.\n\nIn 1868 Huxley became Principal of the South London Working Men's College in Blackfriars Road. The moving spirit was a portmanteau worker, Wm. Rossiter, who did most of the work; the funds were put up mainly by F.D. Maurice's Christian Socialists. At sixpence for a course and a penny for a lecture by Huxley, this was some bargain; and so was the free library organised by the college, an idea which was widely copied. Huxley thought, and said, that the men who attended were as good as any country squire.\n\nThe technique of printing his more popular lectures in periodicals which were sold to the general public was extremely effective. A good example was \"The Physical Basis of Life\", a lecture given in Edinburgh on 8 November 1868. Its theme—that vital action is nothing more than \"the result of the molecular forces of the protoplasm which displays it\"—shocked the audience, though that was nothing compared to the uproar when it was published in the Fortnightly Review for February 1869. John Morley, the editor, said \"No article that had appeared in any periodical for a generation had caused such a sensation\". The issue was reprinted seven times and protoplasm became a household word; Punch added 'Professor Protoplasm' to his other soubriquets.\n\nThe topic had been stimulated by Huxley seeing the cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, which is indeed a sensational sight. For these audiences Huxley's claim that this activity should not be explained by words such as vitality, but by the working of its constituent chemicals, was surprising and shocking. Today we would perhaps emphasise the extraordinary structural arrangement of those chemicals as the key to understanding what cells do, but little of that was known in the nineteenth century.\n\nWhen the Archbishop of York thought this 'new philosophy' was based on Auguste Comte's positivism, Huxley corrected him: \"Comte's philosophy [is just] Catholicism minus Christianity\" (Huxley 1893 vol 1 of Collected Essays Methods & Results 156). A later version was \"[positivism is] sheer Popery with M. Comte in the chair of St Peter, and with the names of the saints changed\". (lecture on The scientific aspects of positivism Huxley 1870 Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews p. 149). Huxley's dismissal of positivism damaged it so severely that Comte's ideas withered in Britain.\n\nHuxley and the humanities\nDuring his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities.\n\nPerhaps the best known of these topics is Evolution and Ethics, which deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson Julian Huxley gave Romanes Lectures on this theme. For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of moral authority. Next, he believes the mental characteristics of man are as much a product of evolution as the physical aspects. Thus, our emotions, our intellect, our tendency to prefer living in groups and spend resources on raising our young are part and parcel of our evolution, and therefore inherited.\n\nDespite this, the details of our values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by our culture, and partly chosen by ourselves. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the struggle for existence: \"Of moral purpose I see not a trace in nature. That is an article of exclusively human manufacture.\" It is therefore our responsibility to make ethical choices (see Ethics and Evolutionary ethics). This seems to put Huxley as a compatibilist in the Free Will vs Determinism debate. In this argument Huxley is diametrically opposed to his old friend Herbert Spencer.\n\nHuxley's dissection of Rousseau's views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is: \"The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction.\"\n\nHuxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied. His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies.\n\nRoyal and other commissions\nHuxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or administrative practice.\n\nRoyal Commissions\n1862: Trawling for herrings on the coast of Scotland.\n1863–65: Sea fisheries of the United Kingdom.\n1870–71: The Contagious Diseases Acts.\n1870–75: Scientific instruction and the advancement of science.\n1876: The practice of subjugating live animals to scientific experiments (vivisection).\n1876–78: The universities of Scotland.\n1881–82: The Medical Acts. [i.e. the legal framework for medicine]\n1884: Trawl, net and beam trawl fishing.\n\nOther commissions\n1866: On the Royal College of Science for Ireland.\n1868: On science and art instruction in Ireland.\n\nFamily \n\nIn 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons:\n\n Noel Huxley (1856–60), died aged 4.\n Jessie Oriana Huxley (1858 −1927), married architect Fred Waller in 1877.\n Marian Huxley (1859–87), married artist John Collier in 1879.\n Leonard Huxley, (1860–1933) author, father of Julian, Aldous and Andrew Huxley.\n Rachel Huxley (1862–1934) married civil engineer Alfred Eckersley in 1884; he died 1895. They were parents of the physicist Thomas Eckersley and the first BBC Chief Engineer Peter Eckersley.\n Henrietta (Nettie) Huxley (1863–1940), married Harold Roller, travelled Europe as a singer.\n Henry Huxley (1865–1946), became a fashionable general practitioner in London.\n Ethel Huxley (1866–1941), married artist John Collier (widower of sister) in 1889.\n\nHuxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection:\n\"Dearest Jess, You are a badly used young person—you are; and nothing short of that conviction would get a letter out of your still worse used Pater, the bête noir of whose existence is letter-writing. Catch me discussing the Afghan question with you, you little pepper-pot! No, not if I know it...\" [goes on nevertheless to give strong opinions of the Afghans, at that time causing plenty of trouble to the British Raj—see Second Anglo-Afghan War] \"There, you plague—ever your affec. Daddy, THH.\" (letter 7 December 1878, Huxley L 1900)\n\nHuxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley:\n\n Sir Julian Huxley FRS was the first Director of UNESCO and a notable evolutionary biologist and humanist.\n Aldous Huxley was a famous author (Brave New World 1932, Eyeless in Gaza 1936, The Doors of Perception 1954).\n Sir Andrew Huxley OM PRS won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. He was the second Huxley to become President of the Royal Society.\n\nOther significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir Crispin Tickell, are treated in the Huxley family.\n\nMental problems in the family\nBiographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became \"sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind\", and later died in Barming Asylum; brother George suffered from \"extreme mental anxiety\" and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 \"as near mad as any sane man can be\". His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist John Collier, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties.\n\nAbout Huxley himself we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged thirteen or fourteen, Huxley was taken to watch a post-mortem dissection. Afterwards he sank into a \"deep lethargy\" and, though Huxley ascribed this to dissection poisoning, Bibby and others may be right to suspect that emotional shock precipitated the depression. Huxley recuperated on a farm, looking thin and ill.\n\nThe next episode we know of in Huxley's life when he suffered a debilitating depression was on the third voyage of HMS Rattlesnake in 1848. Huxley had further periods of depression at the end of 1871, and again in 1873. Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of 60. This is enough to indicate the way depression (or perhaps a moderate bi-polar disorder) interfered with his life, yet unlike some of the other family members, he was able to function extremely well at other times.\n\nThe problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913, and five more later in life.\n\nSatires \n\nDarwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age. The \"Great Hippocampus Question\" attracted particular attention:\n\n \"Monkeyana\" (Punch vol. 40, 18 May 1861). Signed 'Gorilla', this turned out to be by Sir Philip Egerton MP, amateur naturalist, fossil fish collector and Richard Owen's patron. The last two stanzas include a reference to Huxley's comment that \"Life is too short to occupy oneself with the slaying of the slain more than once.\": Next HUXLEY repliesThat OWEN he liesAnd garbles his Latin quotation;That his facts are not new,His mistakes not a few,Detrimental to his reputation.To twice slay the slainBy dint of the Brain(Thus HUXLEY concludes his review)Is but labour in vain,unproductive of gain,And so I shall bid you \"Adieu\"!\n \"The Gorilla's Dilemma\" (Punch 1862, vol. 43, p. 164). First two lines: Say am I a man or a brother,Or only an anthropoid ape?\n Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor, Owen versus Huxley. Lord Mayor asks whether either side is known to the police: Policeman X—Huxley, your Worship, I take to be a young hand, but very vicious; but Owen I have seen before. He got into trouble with an old bone man, called Mantell, who never could be off complaining as Owen prigged his bones. People did say that the old man never got over it, and Owen worritted him to death; but I don't think it was so bad as that. Hears as Owen takes the chair at a crib in Bloomsbury. I don't think it will be a harmonic meeting altogether. And Huxley hangs out in Jermyn Street. (Tom Huxley's 'low set' included Hooker 'in the green and vegetable line' and 'Charlie Darwin, the pigeon-fancier'; Owen's 'crib in Bloomsbury' was the British Museum, of which Natural History was but one department. Jermyn Street is known for its shops of men's clothing, possibly implying that Huxley was a dandy.)\n\n The Water Babies, a fairy tale for a land baby by Charles Kingsley (serialised in Macmillan's Magazine 1862–63, published in book form, with additions, in 1863). Kingsley had been among first to give a favourable review to Darwin's On the Origin of Species, having \"long since... learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species\", and the story includes a satire on the reaction to Darwin's theory, with the main scientific participants appearing, including Richard Owen and Huxley. In 1892 Thomas Henry Huxley's five-year-old grandson Julian saw the illustration by Edward Linley Sambourne (right) and wrote his grandfather a letter asking: Dear Grandpater—Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day?—Your loving Julian. Huxley wrote back: My dear Julian—I could never make sure about that Water Baby... My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did—There are some people who see a great deal and some who see very little in the same things.When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.\n\nRacism debate \nIn October 2021, an independent history group reviewing colonial links told Imperial College London that, because Huxley \"might now be called racist\", it should remove a bust of him and rename its Huxley Building. The group of 21 academics had been launched in the wake of Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, to address Imperial’s \"links to the British Empire\" and build a \"fully inclusive organisation\". It reported that Huxley's paper \"Emancipation - Black and White\" \"espouses a racial hierarchy of intelligence\" which helped feed ideas around eugenics, which \"falls far short of Imperial’s modern values\" and that his theories \"might now be called 'racist' in as much as he used racial divisions and hierarchical categorisation in his attempt to understand their origins in his studies of human evolution\". Imperial's provost, Ian Walmsley, responded that Imperial would \"confront, not cover up, uncomfortable or awkward aspects of our past\" and this was \"very much not a 'cancel culture' approach\". Students would be consulted before management decided on any action to be taken.\n\nA critical response noted that Huxley was a public, longstanding abolitionist who wrote 'the most complete demonstration of the specific diversity of the types of mankind will nowise constrain science to spread her ægis over their [slaveholders'] atrocities' and \"the North is justified in any expenditure of blood or of money, which shall eradicate a system hopelessly inconsistent with the moral elevation, the political freedom, or the economical progress of the American people\"; a major opponent of the racist position of polygenism as well as the position that some human races were transitional (in 1867 Huxley said, \"there was no shade of justification for the assertion that any existing modification of mankind now known was to be considered as an intermediate form between man and the animals next below him in the scale of the fauna of the world\"); a vehement opponent of the scientific racist James Hunt; and a political radical who believed in granting equal rights and the vote to both Blacks and women.\n\nCultural references\n Huxley appears alongside Charles Darwin and Samuel Wilberforce in the play Darwin in Malibu, written by Crispin Whittell, and is portrayed by Toby Jones in the 2009 film Creation.\n Huxley is referred to as the tutor of the main character, Edward Prendick, in H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The Island of Dr Moreau, published in 1896.\n Horse Feathers (1932 Marx Brothers film)—Groucho Marx is Prof. Quincy Adams Wagstaff, Dean of Huxley College, while its rival team is Darwin College.\n Huxley's statement, \"Logical consequences are the Scarecrows of fools and the Beacons of wise men\", is quoted by the escape artist character Charles Evan Jeffers, a man with an ironically educated and dignified air about him, played by Roscoe Lee Browne, in the eleventh episode of Season One of Barney Miller.\n\nSee also\n European and American voyages of scientific exploration\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n . (despite its chaotic organisation, this little book contains some nuggets that are well worth sifting)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n .\n .(Chapter 18 deals with Huxley and natural selection)\n\nFurther reading\nBiographies\n Ashforth, Albert. Thomas Henry Huxley. Twayne, New York 1969.\n Ayres, Clarence. Huxley. Norton, New York 1932.\n Clodd, Edward. Thomas Henry Huxley. Blackwood, Edinburgh 1902.\n Huxley, Leonard. Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch. Watts, London 1920.\n Irvine, William. Apes, Angels and Victorians. New York 1955.\n Irvine, William. Thomas Henry Huxley. Longmans, London 1960.\n Mitchell, P. Chalmers. Thomas Henry Huxley: a sketch of his life and work London 1901. Available at Project Gutenberg.\n Voorhees, Irving Wilson. The teachings of Thomas Henry Huxley. Broadway, New York 1907.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Thomas H. Huxley on the Embryo Project Encyclopedia\n The Huxley File at Clark University—Lists his publications, contains much of his writing.\n \n Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Thomas Huxley\n \n Science in the Making Huxley's papers in the Royal Society's archives\n \n \n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of species The Times, 26 December 1859, p. 8–9.\n Huxley review: Time and life: Mr Darwin's \"Origin of species.\" Macmillan's Magazine 1: 1859 p. 142–148.\n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of Species, Westminster Review, 17 (n.s.) April 1860 p. 541–570.\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n1825 births\n1895 deaths\n19th-century anthropologists\n19th-century British zoologists\n19th-century English non-fiction writers\n19th-century British translators\nAcademics of Imperial College London\nAlumni of Charing Cross Medical School\nAlumni of University College London\nBiological evolution\nBritish anthropologists\nBritish carcinologists\nBritish evolutionary biologists\nBurials at East Finchley Cemetery\nCharles Darwin\nComparative anatomy\nCorresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences\nEnglish agnostics\nEnglish anthropologists\nEnglish anatomists\nEnglish palaeontologists\nEnglish sceptics\nEnglish taxonomists\nEnglish translators\nEnglish zoologists\nThomas Henry\nKnights of the Order of the Polar Star\nFellows of the Linnean Society of London\nFellows of the Royal Society\nForeign associates of the National Academy of Sciences\nFullerian Professors of Physiology\nMembers of the London School Board\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nMembers of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\nPaleozoologists\nPeople from Ealing\nPresidents of the Royal Society\nRecipients of the Copley Medal\nRectors of the University of Aberdeen\nRoyal Medal winners\nTranslators from German\nVictorian writers\nWollaston Medal winners\nDeans of the Royal College of Science", "Matthew Huxley (19 April 1920 – 10 February 2005) was an epidemiologist and anthropologist, as well as an educator and author. His work ranged from promoting universal health care to establishing standards of care for nursing home patients and the mentally ill to investigating the question of what is a socially sanctionable drug.\n\nBackground\nHuxley was born in London as the son of British author Aldous Huxley and his Belgian wife Maria Nijs. He was educated at Dartington Hall School.\n\nResettling in the United States with his father in 1937, Huxley attended the Fountain Valley School of Colorado and graduated from the University of California at Berkeley. He received a master's degree in public health from Harvard University. He worked for the Milbank Memorial Fund, a New York-based foundation, and from 1963 to 1983, with a brief intermission, worked at the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington. In 1968, he briefly served as director of seminars at the Smithsonian Institution.\n\nIn April 1950 Huxley married Ellen Hovde, a documentary filmmaker. The couple had two children, Trevenen Huxley (b. 20 October 1951) and Tessa Huxley (b. October 1953), and divorced in 1961. On 22 March 1963 he wed Judith Wallet Bordage , freelance writer and food columnist at the Washington Post. She died in 1983. He then married Franziska Reed in 1986. She survived him. \n\nHuxley died of cardiac shock in Reading, Pennsylvania, in February 2005 at the age of 84.\n\nPublications\n\nReferences\n\nMatthew\n1920 births\n2005 deaths\nHarvard School of Public Health alumni\nPeople educated at Dartington Hall School\nUniversity of California, Berkeley alumni\nBritish emigrants to the United States" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation." ]

[ "Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.\n\nThe stories regarding Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce were a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution and in his own career, although historians think that the surviving story of the debate is a later fabrication. Huxley had been planning to leave Oxford on the previous day, but, after an encounter with Robert Chambers, the author of Vestiges, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes.\n\nHuxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism, and was undecided about natural selection, but despite this he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin. Instrumental in developing scientific education in Britain, he fought against the more extreme versions of religious tradition.\n\nHuxley coined the term \"agnosticism\" in 1869 and elaborated on it in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not.\n\nHuxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest comparative anatomist of the later 19th century. He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.\n\nThe tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere. Huxley's 1893 Romanes Lecture, “Evolution and Ethics” is exceedingly influential in China; the Chinese translation of Huxley's lecture even transformed the Chinese translation of Darwin's Origin of Species.\n\nEarly life \nThomas Henry Huxley was born in Ealing, which was then a village in Middlesex. He was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley and Rachel Withers. His parents were members of the Church of England but he sympathized with noncomformists. Like some other British scientists of the nineteenth century such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Huxley was brought up in a literate middle-class family which had fallen on hard times. His father was a mathematics teacher at Ealing School until it closed, putting the family into financial difficulties. As a result, Thomas left school at the age of 10, after only two years of formal schooling.\n\nDespite this unenviable start, Huxley was determined to educate himself. He became one of the great autodidacts of the nineteenth century. At first he read Thomas Carlyle, James Hutton's Geology, and Hamilton's Logic. In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in German. He learned Latin, and enough Greek to read Aristotle in the original.\n\nLater on, as a young adult, he made himself an expert, first on invertebrates, and later on vertebrates, all self-taught. He was skilled in drawing and did many of the illustrations for his publications on marine invertebrates. In his later debates and writing on science and religion his grasp of theology was better than many of his clerical opponents. Huxley, a boy who left school at ten, became one of the most knowledgeable men in Britain.\n\nHe was apprenticed for short periods to several medical practitioners: at 13 to his brother-in-law John Cooke in Coventry, who passed him on to Thomas Chandler, notable for his experiments using mesmerism for medical purposes. Chandler's practice was in London's Rotherhithe amidst the squalor endured by the Dickensian poor. Here Thomas would have seen poverty, crime and rampant disease at its worst. Next, another brother-in-law took him on: John Salt, his eldest sister's husband. Now 16, Huxley entered Sydenham College (behind University College Hospital), a cut-price anatomy school whose founder, Marshall Hall, discovered the reflex arc. All this time Huxley continued his programme of reading, which more than made up for his lack of formal schooling.\n\nA year later, buoyed by excellent results and a silver medal prize in the Apothecaries' yearly competition, Huxley was admitted to study at Charing Cross Hospital, where he obtained a small scholarship. At Charing Cross, he was taught by Thomas Wharton Jones, Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery at University College London. Jones had been Robert Knox's assistant when Knox bought cadavers from Burke and Hare. The young Wharton Jones, who acted as go-between, was exonerated of crime, but thought it best to leave Scotland. He was a fine teacher, up-to-date in physiology and also an ophthalmic surgeon. In 1845, under Wharton Jones' guidance, Huxley published his first scientific paper demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognised layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as Huxley's layer. No doubt remembering this, and of course knowing his merit, later in life Huxley organised a pension for his old tutor.\n\nAt twenty he passed his First M.B. examination at the University of London, winning the gold medal for anatomy and physiology. However, he did not present himself for the final (Second M.B.) exams and consequently did not qualify with a university degree. His apprenticeships and exam results formed a sufficient basis for his application to the Royal Navy.\n\nVoyage of the Rattlesnake \nAged 20, Huxley was too young to apply to the Royal College of Surgeons for a licence to practise, yet he was 'deep in debt'. So, at a friend's suggestion, he applied for an appointment in the Royal Navy. He had references on character and certificates showing the time spent on his apprenticeship and on requirements such as dissection and pharmacy. Sir William Burnett, the Physician General of the Navy, interviewed him and arranged for the College of Surgeons to test his competence (by means of a viva voce).\n\nFinally Huxley was made Assistant Surgeon ('surgeon's mate', but in practice marine naturalist) to HMS Rattlesnake, about to set sail on a voyage of discovery and surveying to New Guinea and Australia. The Rattlesnake left England on 3 December 1846 and, once it arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates. He began to send details of his discoveries back to England, where publication was arranged by Edward Forbes FRS (who had also been a pupil of Knox). Both before and after the voyage Forbes was something of a mentor to Huxley.\n\nHuxley's paper \"On the anatomy and the affinities of the family of Medusae\" was published in 1849 by the Royal Society in its Philosophical Transactions. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of Hydrozoa. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two cell layers, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of the phylum now called the Cnidaria. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. When at last he got a grant from the Royal Society for the printing of plates, Huxley was able to summarise this work in The Oceanic Hydrozoa, published by the Ray Society in 1859.\n\nThe value of Huxley's work was recognised and, on returning to England in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he not only received the Royal Society Medal but was also elected to the Council. He met Joseph Dalton Hooker and John Tyndall, who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, so he might work on the specimens he collected and the observations he made during the voyage of the Rattlesnake. He solved the problem of Appendicularia, whose place in the animal kingdom Johannes Peter Müller had found himself wholly unable to assign. It and the Ascidians are both, as Huxley showed, tunicates, today regarded as a sister group to the vertebrates in the phylum Chordata. Other papers on the morphology of the cephalopods and on brachiopods and rotifers are also noteworthy. The Rattlesnakes official naturalist, John MacGillivray, did some work on botany, and proved surprisingly good at notating Australian aboriginal languages. He wrote up the voyage in the standard Victorian two volume format.\n\nLater life \nHuxley effectively resigned from the navy (by refusing to return to active service) and, in July 1854, he became Professor of Natural History at the Royal School of Mines and naturalist to the British Geological Survey in the following year. In addition, he was Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution 1855–58 and 1865–67; Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons 1863–69; President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1869–1870; President of the Quekett Microscopical Club 1878; President of the Royal Society 1883–85; Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85; and President of the Marine Biological Association 1884–1890. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1869.\n\nThe thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. Huxley retired in 1885, after a bout of depressive illness which started in 1884. He resigned the presidency of the Royal Society in mid-term, the Inspectorship of Fisheries, and his chair (as soon as he decently could) and took six months' leave. His pension was a fairly handsome £1200 a year.\n\nIn 1890, he moved from London to Eastbourne where he edited the nine volumes of his Collected Essays. In 1894 he heard of Eugene Dubois' discovery in Java of the remains of Pithecanthropus erectus (now known as Homo erectus). Finally, in 1895, he died of a heart attack (after contracting influenza and pneumonia), and was buried in North London at East Finchley. This small family plot had been purchased upon the death of his beloved eldest son Noel, who died of scarlet fever in 1860; Huxley's wife Henrietta Anne née Heathorn and son Noel are also buried there. No invitations were sent out, but two hundred people turned up for the ceremony; they included Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Henry Flower, Mulford B. Foster, Edwin Lankester, Joseph Lister and, apparently, Henry James.\n\nHuxley and his wife had five daughters and three sons:\n\nPublic duties and awards \nFrom 1870 onwards, Huxley was to some extent drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. He served on eight Royal Commissions, from 1862 to 1884. From 1871 to 1880 he was a Secretary of the Royal Society and from 1883 to 1885 he was president. He was president of the Geological Society from 1868 to 1870. In 1870, he was president of the British Association at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted London School Board. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1877 to 1879. He was the leading person amongst those who reformed the Royal Society, persuaded government about science, and established scientific education in British schools and universities. Before him, science was mostly a gentleman's occupation; after him, science was a profession.\n\nHe was awarded the highest honours then open to British men of science. The Royal Society, who had elected him as Fellow when he was 25 (1851), awarded him the Royal Medal the next year (1852), a year before Charles Darwin got the same award. He was the youngest biologist to receive such recognition. Then later in life came the Copley Medal in 1888 and the Darwin Medal in 1894; the Geological Society awarded him the Wollaston Medal in 1876; the Linnean Society awarded him the Linnean Medal in 1890. There were many other elections and appointments to eminent scientific bodies; these and his many academic awards are listed in the Life and Letters. He turned down many other appointments, notably the Linacre chair in zoology at Oxford and the Mastership of University College, Oxford.\n\nIn 1873 the King of Sweden made Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall Knights of the Order of the Polar Star: they could wear the insignia but not use the title in Britain. Huxley collected many honorary memberships of foreign societies, academic awards and honorary doctorates from Britain and Germany. He also became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1892.\n\nAs recognition of his many public services he was given a pension by the state, and was appointed Privy Councillor in 1892.\n\nDespite his many achievements he was given no award by the British state until late in life. In this he did better than Darwin, who got no award of any kind from the state. (Darwin's proposed knighthood was vetoed by ecclesiastical advisers, including Wilberforce) Perhaps Huxley had commented too often on his dislike of honours, or perhaps his many assaults on the traditional beliefs of organised religion made enemies in the establishment—he had vigorous debates in print with Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Balfour, and his relationship with Lord Salisbury was less than tranquil.\n\nHuxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective advocate, and for some Huxley was \"the premier advocate of science in the nineteenth century [for] the whole English-speaking world\".\n\nThough he had many admirers and disciples, his retirement and later death left British zoology somewhat bereft of leadership. He had, directly or indirectly, guided the careers and appointments of the next generation, but none were of his stature. The loss of Francis Balfour in 1882, climbing the Alps just after he was appointed to a chair at Cambridge, was a tragedy. Huxley thought he was \"the only man who can carry out my work\": the deaths of Balfour and W. K. Clifford were \"the greatest losses to science in our time\".\n\nVertebrate palaeontology \n\nThe first half of Huxley's career as a palaeontologist is marked by a rather strange predilection for 'persistent types', in which he seemed to argue that evolutionary advancement (in the sense of major new groups of animals and plants) was rare or absent in the Phanerozoic. In the same vein, he tended to push the origin of major groups such as birds and mammals back into the Palaeozoic era, and to claim that no order of plants had ever gone extinct.\n\nMuch paper has been consumed by historians of science ruminating on this strange and somewhat unclear idea. Huxley was wrong to pitch the loss of orders in the Phanerozoic as low as 7%, and he did not estimate the number of new orders which evolved. Persistent types sat rather uncomfortably next to Darwin's more fluid ideas; despite his intelligence, it took Huxley a surprisingly long time to appreciate some of the implications of evolution. However, gradually Huxley moved away from this conservative style of thinking as his understanding of palaeontology, and the discipline itself, developed.\n\nHuxley's detailed anatomical work was, as always, first-rate and productive. His work on fossil fish shows his distinctive approach: whereas pre-Darwinian naturalists collected, identified and classified, Huxley worked mainly to reveal the evolutionary relationships between groups.\n\nThe lobed-finned fish (such as coelacanths and lung fish) have paired appendages whose internal skeleton is attached to the shoulder or pelvis by a single bone, the humerus or femur. His interest in these fish brought him close to the origin of tetrapods, one of the most important areas of vertebrate palaeontology.\n\nThe study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating the fundamental affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds were of great interest then and still are.\n\nApart from his interest in persuading the world that man was a primate, and had descended from the same stock as the apes, Huxley did little work on mammals, with one exception. On his tour of America Huxley was shown the remarkable series of fossil horses, discovered by O. C. Marsh, in Yale's Peabody Museum. An Easterner, Marsh was America's first professor of palaeontology, but also one who had come west into hostile Indian territory in search of fossils, hunted buffalo, and met Red Cloud (in 1874). Funded by his uncle George Peabody, Marsh had made some remarkable discoveries: the huge Cretaceous aquatic bird Hesperornis, and the dinosaur footprints along the Connecticut River were worth the trip by themselves, but the horse fossils were really special. After a week with Marsh and his fossils, Huxley wrote excitedly, \"The collection of fossils is the most wonderful thing I ever saw.\"\n\nThe collection at that time went from the small four-toed forest-dwelling Orohippus from the Eocene through three-toed species such as Miohippus to species more like the modern horse. By looking at their teeth he could see that, as the size grew larger and the toes reduced, the teeth changed from those of a browser to those of a grazer. All such changes could be explained by a general alteration in habitat from forest to grassland. And, it is now known, that is what did happen over large areas of North America from the Eocene to the Pleistocene: the ultimate causative agent was global temperature reduction (see Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum). The modern account of the evolution of the horse has many other members, and the overall appearance of the tree of descent is more like a bush than a straight line.\n\nThe horse series also strongly suggested that the process was gradual, and that the origin of the modern horse lay in North America, not in Eurasia. If so, then something must have happened to horses in North America, since none were there when Europeans arrived. The experience with Marsh was enough for Huxley to give credence to Darwin's gradualism, and to introduce the story of the horse into his lecture series.\n\nMarsh's and Huxley's conclusions were initially quite different. However, Marsh carefully showed Huxley his complete sequence of fossils. As Marsh put it, Huxley \"then informed me that all this was new to him and that my facts demonstrated the evolution of the horse beyond question, and for the first time indicated the direct line of descent of an existing animal. With the generosity of true greatness, he gave up his own opinions in the face of new truth, and took my conclusions as the basis of his famous New York lecture on the horse.\"\n\nSupport of Darwin\n\nHuxley was originally not persuaded of \"development theory\", as evolution was once called. This can be seen in his savage review of Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a book which contained some quite pertinent arguments in favour of evolution. Huxley had also rejected Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this scepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution, which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind. It was the kind of thing Darwin did with his closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was from all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man.\n\nHuxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was \"How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!\" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis.\n\nLogically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's On the Origin of Species was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication.\n\nHuxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the Origin in the Times for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the Origin in the Edinburgh Review, also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the Quarterly Review, running to 17,000 words. The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the Quarterly:\n\nSince Lord Brougham assailed Dr Young, the world has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a \"flighty\" person, who endeavours \"to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess and speculation,\" and whose \"mode of dealing with nature\" is reprobated as \"utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.\"\n\nIf I confine my retrospect of the reception of the Origin of Species to a twelvemonth, or thereabouts, from the time of its publication, I do not recollect anything quite so foolish and unmannerly as the Quarterly Review article...A more complete version is available in Wikiquote\n\nSince his death, Huxley has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\", taken to refer to his pluck and courage in debate, and to his perceived role in protecting the older man. The sobriquet appears to be Huxley's own invention, although of unknown date, and it was not current in his lifetime.\n\nWhile the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, the younger and combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from Huxley to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) states: \"The dogs have been snapping at [Darwin's] heels too much of late.\"\n\nDebate with Wilberforce\n\nFamously, Huxley responded to Wilberforce in the debate at the British Association meeting, on Saturday 30 June 1860 at the Oxford University Museum. Huxley's presence there had been encouraged on the previous evening when he met Robert Chambers, the Scottish publisher and author of Vestiges, who was walking the streets of Oxford in a dispirited state, and begged for assistance. The debate followed the presentation of a paper by John William Draper, and was chaired by Darwin's former botany tutor John Stevens Henslow. Darwin's theory was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, and those supporting Darwin included Huxley and their mutual friends Hooker and Lubbock. The platform featured Brodie and Professor Beale, and Robert FitzRoy, who had been captain of HMS Beagle during Darwin's voyage, spoke against Darwin.\n\nWilberforce had a track record against evolution as far back as the previous Oxford B.A. meeting in 1847 when he attacked Chambers' Vestiges. For the more challenging task of opposing the Origin, and the implication that man descended from apes, he had been assiduously coached by Richard OwenOwen stayed with him the night before the debate. On the day, Wilberforce repeated some of the arguments from his Quarterly Review article (written but not yet published), then ventured onto slippery ground. His famous jibe at Huxley (as to whether Huxley was descended from an ape on his mother's side or his father's side) was probably unplanned, and certainly unwise. Huxley's reply to the effect that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his great talents to suppress debatethe exact wording is not certainwas widely recounted in pamphlets and a spoof play.\n\nThe letters of Alfred Newton include one to his brother giving an eyewitness account of the debate, and written less than a month afterwards. Other eyewitnesses, with one or two exceptions (Hooker especially thought he had made the best points), give similar accounts, at varying dates after the event. The general view was and still is that Huxley got much the better of the exchange, though Wilberforce himself thought he had done quite well. In the absence of a verbatim report, differing perceptions are difficult to judge fairly; Huxley wrote a detailed account for Darwin, a letter which does not survive; however, a letter to his friend Frederick Daniel Dyster does survive with an account just three months after the event.\n\nOne effect of the debate was to hugely increase Huxley's visibility amongst educated people, through the accounts in newspapers and periodicals. Another consequence was to alert him to the importance of public debate: a lesson he never forgot. A third effect was to serve notice that Darwinian ideas could not be easily dismissed: on the contrary, they would be vigorously defended against orthodox authority. A fourth effect was to promote professionalism in science, with its implied need for scientific education. A fifth consequence was indirect: as Wilberforce had feared, a defence of evolution did undermine literal belief in the Old Testament, especially the Book of Genesis. Many of the liberal clergy at the meeting were quite pleased with the outcome of the debate; they were supporters, perhaps, of the controversial Essays and Reviews. Thus, both on the side of science and on that of religion, the debate was important and its outcome significant. (see also below)\n\nThat Huxley and Wilberforce remained on courteous terms after the debate (and able to work together on projects such as the Metropolitan Board of Education) says something about both men, whereas Huxley and Owen were never reconciled.\n\nMan's place in nature\n\nFor nearly a decade his work was directed mainly to the relationship of man to the apes. This led him directly into a clash with Richard Owen, a man widely disliked for his behaviour whilst also being admired for his capability. The struggle was to culminate in some severe defeats for Owen. Huxley's Croonian Lecture, delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull was the start. In this, he rejected Owen's theory that the bones of the skull and the spine were homologous, an opinion previously held by Goethe and Lorenz Oken.\n\nFrom 1860–63 Huxley developed his ideas, presenting them in lectures to working men, students and the general public, followed by publication. Also in 1862 a series of talks to working men was printed lecture by lecture as pamphlets, later bound up as a little green book; the first copies went on sale in December. Other lectures grew into Huxley's most famous work Evidence as to Man's place in Nature (1863) where he addressed the key issues long before Charles Darwin published his Descent of Man in 1871.\n\nAlthough Darwin did not publish his Descent of Man until 1871, the general debate on this topic had started years before (there was even a precursor debate in the 18th century between Monboddo and Buffon). Darwin had dropped a hint when, in the conclusion to the Origin, he wrote: \"In the distant future... light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history\". Not so distant, as it turned out. A key event had already occurred in 1857 when Richard Owen presented (to the Linnean Society) his theory that man was marked off from all other mammals by possessing features of the brain peculiar to the genus Homo. Having reached this opinion, Owen separated man from all other mammals in a subclass of its own. No other biologist held such an extreme view. Darwin reacted \"Man...as distinct from a chimpanzee [as] an ape from a platypus... I cannot swallow that!\" Neither could Huxley, who was able to demonstrate that Owen's idea was completely wrong.\n\nThe subject was raised at the 1860 BA Oxford meeting, when Huxley flatly contradicted Owen, and promised a later demonstration of the facts. In fact, a number of demonstrations were held in London and the provinces. In 1862 at the Cambridge meeting of the B.A. Huxley's friend William Flower gave a public dissection to show that the same structures (the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and hippocampus minor) were indeed present in apes. The debate was widely publicised, and parodied as the Great Hippocampus Question. It was seen as one of Owen's greatest blunders, revealing Huxley as not only dangerous in debate, but also a better anatomist.\n\nOwen conceded that there was something that could be called a hippocampus minor in the apes, but stated that it was much less developed and that such a presence did not detract from the overall distinction of simple brain size.\n\nHuxley's ideas on this topic were summed up in January 1861 in the first issue (new series) of his own journal, the Natural History Review: \"the most violent scientific paper he had ever composed\". This paper was reprinted in 1863 as chapter 2 of Man's Place in Nature, with an addendum giving his account of the Owen/Huxley controversy about the ape brain. In his Collected Essays this addendum was removed.\n\nThe extended argument on the ape brain, partly in debate and partly in print, backed by dissections and demonstrations, was a landmark in Huxley's career. It was highly important in asserting his dominance of comparative anatomy, and in the long run more influential in establishing evolution amongst biologists than was the debate with Wilberforce. It also marked the start of Owen's decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists.\n\nThe following was written by Huxley to Rolleston before the BA meeting in 1861:\n\"My dear Rolleston... The obstinate reiteration of erroneous assertions can only be nullified by as persistent an appeal to facts; and I greatly regret that my engagements do not permit me to be present at the British Association in order to assist personally at what, I believe, will be the seventh public demonstration during the past twelve months of the untruth of the three assertions, that the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and the hippocampus minor, are peculiar to man and do not exist in the apes. I shall be obliged if you will read this letter to the Section\" Yours faithfully, Thos. H. Huxley.\n\nDuring those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the Neanderthal skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-sapiens discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was surprisingly large. Huxley also started to dabble in physical anthropology, and classified the human races into nine categories, along with placing them under four general categorisations as Australoid, Negroid, Xanthochroic and Mongoloid. Such classifications depended mainly on physical appearance and certain xanatomical characteristics.\n\nNatural selection\nHuxley was certainly not slavish in his dealings with Darwin. As shown in every biography, they had quite different and rather complementary characters. Important also, Darwin was a field naturalist, but Huxley was an anatomist, so there was a difference in their experience of nature. Lastly, Darwin's views on science were different from Huxley's views. For Darwin, natural selection was the best way to explain evolution because it explained a huge range of natural history facts and observations: it solved problems. Huxley, on the other hand, was an empiricist who trusted what he could see, and some things are not easily seen. With this in mind, one can appreciate the debate between them, Darwin writing his letters, Huxley never going quite so far as to say he thought Darwin was right.\n\nHuxley's reservations on natural selection were of the type \"until selection and breeding can be seen to give rise to varieties which are infertile with each other, natural selection cannot be proved\". Huxley's position on selection was agnostic; yet he gave no credence to any other theory. Despite this concern about evidence, Huxley saw that if evolution came about through variation, reproduction and selection then other things would also be subject to the same pressures. This included ideas because they are invented, imitated and selected by humans: ‘The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its rivals.’ This is the same idea as meme theory put forward by Richard Dawkins in 1976.\n\nDarwin's part in the discussion came mostly in letters, as was his wont, along the lines: \"The empirical evidence you call for is both impossible in practical terms, and in any event unnecessary. It's the same as asking to see every step in the transformation (or the splitting) of one species into another. My way so many issues are clarified and problems solved; no other theory does nearly so well\".\n\nHuxley's reservation, as Helena Cronin has so aptly remarked, was contagious: \"it spread itself for years among all kinds of doubters of Darwinism\". One reason for this doubt was that comparative anatomy could address the question of descent, but not the question of mechanism.\n\nPallbearer\nHuxley was a pallbearer at the funeral of Charles Darwin on 26 April 1882.\n\nThe X Club\n\nIn November 1864, Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the X Club, composed of like-minded people working to advance the cause of science; not surprisingly, the club consisted of most of his closest friends. There were nine members, who decided at their first meeting that there should be no more. The members were: Huxley, John Tyndall, J. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen's Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS Dreadnought). All except Spencer were Fellows of the Royal Society. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in glaciology.\n\nThere were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as William Flower and George Rolleston, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time.\n\nThey would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that same evening. First item for the Xs was to get the Copley Medal for Darwin, which they managed after quite a struggle.\n\nThe next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly Reader, which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had already become part-owner of the Natural History Review bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the NHR failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The Reader also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not so astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him.\n\nHowever, the experience gained with the Reader was put to good use when the X Club put their weight behind the founding of Nature in 1869. This time no mistakes were made: above all there was a permanent editor (though not full-time), Norman Lockyer, who served until 1919, a year before his death. In 1925, to celebrate his centenary, Nature issued a supplement devoted to Huxley.\n\nThe peak of the X Club's influence was from 1873 to 1885 as Hooker, Spottiswoode and Huxley were Presidents of the Royal Society in succession. Spencer resigned in 1889 after a dispute with Huxley over state support for science. After 1892 it was just an excuse for the surviving members to meet. Hooker died in 1911, and Lubbock (now Lord Avebury) was the last surviving member.\n\nHuxley was also an active member of the Metaphysical Society, which ran from 1869 to 1880. It was formed around a nucleus of clergy and expanded to include all kinds of opinions. Tyndall and Huxley later joined The Club (founded by Dr. Johnson) when they could be sure that Owen would not turn up.\n\nEducational influence\nWhen Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day either were self-taught or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities, and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.\n\nSchool of Mines and Zoology\nIn the early 1870s the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in German universities. In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster.\n\nThe typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators. Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became leaders of biology in Britain in later life, spreading Huxley's ideas as well as their own. Michael Foster became Professor of Physiology at Cambridge; E. Ray Lankester became Jodrell Professor of Zoology at University College London (1875–91), Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1891–98) and Director of the Natural History Museum (1898–1907); S.H. Vines became Professor of Botany at Cambridge; W.T. Thiselton-Dyer became Hooker's successor at Kew (he was already Hooker's son-in-law!); T. Jeffery Parker became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College, Cardiff; and William Rutherford became the Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. William Flower, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and THH's assistant in many dissections, became Sir William Flower, Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and, later, Director of the Natural History Museum. It's a remarkable list of disciples, especially when contrasted with Owen who, in a longer professional life than Huxley, left no disciples at all. \"No one fact tells so strongly against Owen... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower\".\n\nHuxley's courses for students were so much narrower than the man himself that many were bewildered by the contrast: \"The teaching of zoology by use of selected animal types has come in for much criticism\"; Looking back in 1914 to his time as a student, Sir Arthur Shipley said \"Darwin's later works all dealt with living organisms, yet our obsession was with the dead, with bodies preserved, and cut into the most refined slices\". E.W MacBride said \"Huxley... would persist in looking at animals as material structures and not as living, active beings; in a word... he was a necrologist. To put it simply, Huxley preferred to teach what he had actually seen with his own eyes.\n\nThis largely morphological program of comparative anatomy remained at the core of most biological education for a hundred years until the advent of cell and molecular biology and interest in evolutionary ecology forced a fundamental rethink. It is an interesting fact that the methods of the field naturalists who led the way in developing the theory of evolution (Darwin, Wallace, Fritz Müller, Henry Bates) were scarcely represented at all in Huxley's program. Ecological investigation of life in its environment was virtually non-existent, and theory, evolutionary or otherwise, was at a discount. Michael Ruse finds no mention of evolution or Darwinism in any of the exams set by Huxley, and confirms the lecture content based on two complete sets of lecture notes.\n\nSince Darwin, Wallace and Bates did not hold teaching posts at any stage of their adult careers (and Műller never returned from Brazil) the imbalance in Huxley's program went uncorrected. It is surely strange that Huxley's courses did not contain an account of the evidence collected by those naturalists of life in the tropics; evidence which they had found so convincing, and which caused their views on evolution by natural selection to be so similar. Adrian Desmond suggests that \"[biology] had to be simple, synthetic and assimilable [because] it was to train teachers and had no other heuristic function\". That must be part of the reason; indeed it does help to explain the stultifying nature of much school biology. But zoology as taught at all levels became far too much the product of one man.\n\nHuxley was comfortable with comparative anatomy, at which he was the greatest master of the day. He was not an all-round naturalist like Darwin, who had shown clearly enough how to weave together detailed factual information and subtle arguments across the vast web of life. Huxley chose, in his teaching (and to some extent in his research) to take a more straightforward course, concentrating on his personal strengths.\n\nSchools and the Bible\nHuxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870 he was voted onto the London School Board. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example of the latter is his famous 1868 lecture On a Piece of Chalk which was first published as an essay in Macmillan's Magazine in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as \"organized common sense\".\n\nHuxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his agnostic convictions, but he believed that the Bible's significant moral teachings and superb use of language were relevant to English life. \"I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches\".\nHowever, what Huxley proposed was to create an edited version of the Bible, shorn of \"shortcomings and errors... statements to which men of science absolutely and entirely demur... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe\". The Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were minuted in detail. Huxley said \"I will never be a party to enabling the State to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools\". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools permitted the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any denominational doctrine to be taught.\n\nIt may be right to see Huxley's life and work as contributing to the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said \"It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems\"—and Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain. Some modern Christian apologists consider Huxley the father of antitheism, though he himself maintained that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. He was, however, a lifelong and determined opponent of almost all organised religion throughout his life, especially the \"Roman Church... carefully calculated for the destruction of all that is highest in the moral nature, in the intellectual freedom, and in the political freedom of mankind\". In the same line of thought, in an article in Popular Science, Huxley used the expression \"the so-called Christianity of Catholicism\", explaining: \"I say 'so-called' not by way of offense, but as a protest against the monstruous assumption that Catholic Christianity is explicitly or implicitly contained in any trust-worthy record of the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth.\"\n\nOriginally coining the term in 1869, Huxley elaborated on \"agnosticism\" in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not. Huxley statesAgnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle... the fundamental axiom of modern science... In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration... In matters of the intellect, do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. Use of that term has continued to the present day (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism). Much of Huxley's agnosticism is influenced by Kantian views on human perception and the ability to rely on rational evidence rather than belief systems.\n\nIn 1893, during preparation for the second Romanes Lecture, Huxley expressed his disappointment at the shortcomings of 'liberal' theology, describing its doctrines as 'popular illusions', and the teachings they replaced 'faulty as they are, appear to me to be vastly nearer the truth'.\n\nVladimir Lenin remarked that for Huxley \"agnosticism serves as a fig-leaf for materialism\". (See also the Debate with Wilberforce above.)\n\nAdult education\n\nHuxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life he wrote for periodicals—the Westminster Review, the Saturday Review, the Reader, the Pall Mall Gazette, Macmillan's Magazine, the Contemporary Review. Germany was still ahead in formal science education, but interested people in Victorian Britain could use their initiative and find out what was going on by reading periodicals and using the lending libraries.\n\nIn 1868 Huxley became Principal of the South London Working Men's College in Blackfriars Road. The moving spirit was a portmanteau worker, Wm. Rossiter, who did most of the work; the funds were put up mainly by F.D. Maurice's Christian Socialists. At sixpence for a course and a penny for a lecture by Huxley, this was some bargain; and so was the free library organised by the college, an idea which was widely copied. Huxley thought, and said, that the men who attended were as good as any country squire.\n\nThe technique of printing his more popular lectures in periodicals which were sold to the general public was extremely effective. A good example was \"The Physical Basis of Life\", a lecture given in Edinburgh on 8 November 1868. Its theme—that vital action is nothing more than \"the result of the molecular forces of the protoplasm which displays it\"—shocked the audience, though that was nothing compared to the uproar when it was published in the Fortnightly Review for February 1869. John Morley, the editor, said \"No article that had appeared in any periodical for a generation had caused such a sensation\". The issue was reprinted seven times and protoplasm became a household word; Punch added 'Professor Protoplasm' to his other soubriquets.\n\nThe topic had been stimulated by Huxley seeing the cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, which is indeed a sensational sight. For these audiences Huxley's claim that this activity should not be explained by words such as vitality, but by the working of its constituent chemicals, was surprising and shocking. Today we would perhaps emphasise the extraordinary structural arrangement of those chemicals as the key to understanding what cells do, but little of that was known in the nineteenth century.\n\nWhen the Archbishop of York thought this 'new philosophy' was based on Auguste Comte's positivism, Huxley corrected him: \"Comte's philosophy [is just] Catholicism minus Christianity\" (Huxley 1893 vol 1 of Collected Essays Methods & Results 156). A later version was \"[positivism is] sheer Popery with M. Comte in the chair of St Peter, and with the names of the saints changed\". (lecture on The scientific aspects of positivism Huxley 1870 Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews p. 149). Huxley's dismissal of positivism damaged it so severely that Comte's ideas withered in Britain.\n\nHuxley and the humanities\nDuring his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities.\n\nPerhaps the best known of these topics is Evolution and Ethics, which deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson Julian Huxley gave Romanes Lectures on this theme. For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of moral authority. Next, he believes the mental characteristics of man are as much a product of evolution as the physical aspects. Thus, our emotions, our intellect, our tendency to prefer living in groups and spend resources on raising our young are part and parcel of our evolution, and therefore inherited.\n\nDespite this, the details of our values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by our culture, and partly chosen by ourselves. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the struggle for existence: \"Of moral purpose I see not a trace in nature. That is an article of exclusively human manufacture.\" It is therefore our responsibility to make ethical choices (see Ethics and Evolutionary ethics). This seems to put Huxley as a compatibilist in the Free Will vs Determinism debate. In this argument Huxley is diametrically opposed to his old friend Herbert Spencer.\n\nHuxley's dissection of Rousseau's views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is: \"The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction.\"\n\nHuxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied. His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies.\n\nRoyal and other commissions\nHuxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or administrative practice.\n\nRoyal Commissions\n1862: Trawling for herrings on the coast of Scotland.\n1863–65: Sea fisheries of the United Kingdom.\n1870–71: The Contagious Diseases Acts.\n1870–75: Scientific instruction and the advancement of science.\n1876: The practice of subjugating live animals to scientific experiments (vivisection).\n1876–78: The universities of Scotland.\n1881–82: The Medical Acts. [i.e. the legal framework for medicine]\n1884: Trawl, net and beam trawl fishing.\n\nOther commissions\n1866: On the Royal College of Science for Ireland.\n1868: On science and art instruction in Ireland.\n\nFamily \n\nIn 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons:\n\n Noel Huxley (1856–60), died aged 4.\n Jessie Oriana Huxley (1858 −1927), married architect Fred Waller in 1877.\n Marian Huxley (1859–87), married artist John Collier in 1879.\n Leonard Huxley, (1860–1933) author, father of Julian, Aldous and Andrew Huxley.\n Rachel Huxley (1862–1934) married civil engineer Alfred Eckersley in 1884; he died 1895. They were parents of the physicist Thomas Eckersley and the first BBC Chief Engineer Peter Eckersley.\n Henrietta (Nettie) Huxley (1863–1940), married Harold Roller, travelled Europe as a singer.\n Henry Huxley (1865–1946), became a fashionable general practitioner in London.\n Ethel Huxley (1866–1941), married artist John Collier (widower of sister) in 1889.\n\nHuxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection:\n\"Dearest Jess, You are a badly used young person—you are; and nothing short of that conviction would get a letter out of your still worse used Pater, the bête noir of whose existence is letter-writing. Catch me discussing the Afghan question with you, you little pepper-pot! No, not if I know it...\" [goes on nevertheless to give strong opinions of the Afghans, at that time causing plenty of trouble to the British Raj—see Second Anglo-Afghan War] \"There, you plague—ever your affec. Daddy, THH.\" (letter 7 December 1878, Huxley L 1900)\n\nHuxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley:\n\n Sir Julian Huxley FRS was the first Director of UNESCO and a notable evolutionary biologist and humanist.\n Aldous Huxley was a famous author (Brave New World 1932, Eyeless in Gaza 1936, The Doors of Perception 1954).\n Sir Andrew Huxley OM PRS won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. He was the second Huxley to become President of the Royal Society.\n\nOther significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir Crispin Tickell, are treated in the Huxley family.\n\nMental problems in the family\nBiographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became \"sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind\", and later died in Barming Asylum; brother George suffered from \"extreme mental anxiety\" and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 \"as near mad as any sane man can be\". His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist John Collier, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties.\n\nAbout Huxley himself we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged thirteen or fourteen, Huxley was taken to watch a post-mortem dissection. Afterwards he sank into a \"deep lethargy\" and, though Huxley ascribed this to dissection poisoning, Bibby and others may be right to suspect that emotional shock precipitated the depression. Huxley recuperated on a farm, looking thin and ill.\n\nThe next episode we know of in Huxley's life when he suffered a debilitating depression was on the third voyage of HMS Rattlesnake in 1848. Huxley had further periods of depression at the end of 1871, and again in 1873. Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of 60. This is enough to indicate the way depression (or perhaps a moderate bi-polar disorder) interfered with his life, yet unlike some of the other family members, he was able to function extremely well at other times.\n\nThe problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913, and five more later in life.\n\nSatires \n\nDarwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age. The \"Great Hippocampus Question\" attracted particular attention:\n\n \"Monkeyana\" (Punch vol. 40, 18 May 1861). Signed 'Gorilla', this turned out to be by Sir Philip Egerton MP, amateur naturalist, fossil fish collector and Richard Owen's patron. The last two stanzas include a reference to Huxley's comment that \"Life is too short to occupy oneself with the slaying of the slain more than once.\": Next HUXLEY repliesThat OWEN he liesAnd garbles his Latin quotation;That his facts are not new,His mistakes not a few,Detrimental to his reputation.To twice slay the slainBy dint of the Brain(Thus HUXLEY concludes his review)Is but labour in vain,unproductive of gain,And so I shall bid you \"Adieu\"!\n \"The Gorilla's Dilemma\" (Punch 1862, vol. 43, p. 164). First two lines: Say am I a man or a brother,Or only an anthropoid ape?\n Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor, Owen versus Huxley. Lord Mayor asks whether either side is known to the police: Policeman X—Huxley, your Worship, I take to be a young hand, but very vicious; but Owen I have seen before. He got into trouble with an old bone man, called Mantell, who never could be off complaining as Owen prigged his bones. People did say that the old man never got over it, and Owen worritted him to death; but I don't think it was so bad as that. Hears as Owen takes the chair at a crib in Bloomsbury. I don't think it will be a harmonic meeting altogether. And Huxley hangs out in Jermyn Street. (Tom Huxley's 'low set' included Hooker 'in the green and vegetable line' and 'Charlie Darwin, the pigeon-fancier'; Owen's 'crib in Bloomsbury' was the British Museum, of which Natural History was but one department. Jermyn Street is known for its shops of men's clothing, possibly implying that Huxley was a dandy.)\n\n The Water Babies, a fairy tale for a land baby by Charles Kingsley (serialised in Macmillan's Magazine 1862–63, published in book form, with additions, in 1863). Kingsley had been among first to give a favourable review to Darwin's On the Origin of Species, having \"long since... learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species\", and the story includes a satire on the reaction to Darwin's theory, with the main scientific participants appearing, including Richard Owen and Huxley. In 1892 Thomas Henry Huxley's five-year-old grandson Julian saw the illustration by Edward Linley Sambourne (right) and wrote his grandfather a letter asking: Dear Grandpater—Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day?—Your loving Julian. Huxley wrote back: My dear Julian—I could never make sure about that Water Baby... My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did—There are some people who see a great deal and some who see very little in the same things.When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.\n\nRacism debate \nIn October 2021, an independent history group reviewing colonial links told Imperial College London that, because Huxley \"might now be called racist\", it should remove a bust of him and rename its Huxley Building. The group of 21 academics had been launched in the wake of Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, to address Imperial’s \"links to the British Empire\" and build a \"fully inclusive organisation\". It reported that Huxley's paper \"Emancipation - Black and White\" \"espouses a racial hierarchy of intelligence\" which helped feed ideas around eugenics, which \"falls far short of Imperial’s modern values\" and that his theories \"might now be called 'racist' in as much as he used racial divisions and hierarchical categorisation in his attempt to understand their origins in his studies of human evolution\". Imperial's provost, Ian Walmsley, responded that Imperial would \"confront, not cover up, uncomfortable or awkward aspects of our past\" and this was \"very much not a 'cancel culture' approach\". Students would be consulted before management decided on any action to be taken.\n\nA critical response noted that Huxley was a public, longstanding abolitionist who wrote 'the most complete demonstration of the specific diversity of the types of mankind will nowise constrain science to spread her ægis over their [slaveholders'] atrocities' and \"the North is justified in any expenditure of blood or of money, which shall eradicate a system hopelessly inconsistent with the moral elevation, the political freedom, or the economical progress of the American people\"; a major opponent of the racist position of polygenism as well as the position that some human races were transitional (in 1867 Huxley said, \"there was no shade of justification for the assertion that any existing modification of mankind now known was to be considered as an intermediate form between man and the animals next below him in the scale of the fauna of the world\"); a vehement opponent of the scientific racist James Hunt; and a political radical who believed in granting equal rights and the vote to both Blacks and women.\n\nCultural references\n Huxley appears alongside Charles Darwin and Samuel Wilberforce in the play Darwin in Malibu, written by Crispin Whittell, and is portrayed by Toby Jones in the 2009 film Creation.\n Huxley is referred to as the tutor of the main character, Edward Prendick, in H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The Island of Dr Moreau, published in 1896.\n Horse Feathers (1932 Marx Brothers film)—Groucho Marx is Prof. Quincy Adams Wagstaff, Dean of Huxley College, while its rival team is Darwin College.\n Huxley's statement, \"Logical consequences are the Scarecrows of fools and the Beacons of wise men\", is quoted by the escape artist character Charles Evan Jeffers, a man with an ironically educated and dignified air about him, played by Roscoe Lee Browne, in the eleventh episode of Season One of Barney Miller.\n\nSee also\n European and American voyages of scientific exploration\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n . (despite its chaotic organisation, this little book contains some nuggets that are well worth sifting)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n .\n .(Chapter 18 deals with Huxley and natural selection)\n\nFurther reading\nBiographies\n Ashforth, Albert. Thomas Henry Huxley. Twayne, New York 1969.\n Ayres, Clarence. Huxley. Norton, New York 1932.\n Clodd, Edward. Thomas Henry Huxley. Blackwood, Edinburgh 1902.\n Huxley, Leonard. Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch. Watts, London 1920.\n Irvine, William. Apes, Angels and Victorians. New York 1955.\n Irvine, William. Thomas Henry Huxley. Longmans, London 1960.\n Mitchell, P. Chalmers. Thomas Henry Huxley: a sketch of his life and work London 1901. Available at Project Gutenberg.\n Voorhees, Irving Wilson. The teachings of Thomas Henry Huxley. Broadway, New York 1907.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Thomas H. Huxley on the Embryo Project Encyclopedia\n The Huxley File at Clark University—Lists his publications, contains much of his writing.\n \n Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Thomas Huxley\n \n Science in the Making Huxley's papers in the Royal Society's archives\n \n \n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of species The Times, 26 December 1859, p. 8–9.\n Huxley review: Time and life: Mr Darwin's \"Origin of species.\" Macmillan's Magazine 1: 1859 p. 142–148.\n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of Species, Westminster Review, 17 (n.s.) April 1860 p. 541–570.\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n1825 births\n1895 deaths\n19th-century anthropologists\n19th-century British zoologists\n19th-century English non-fiction writers\n19th-century British translators\nAcademics of Imperial College London\nAlumni of Charing Cross Medical School\nAlumni of University College London\nBiological evolution\nBritish anthropologists\nBritish carcinologists\nBritish evolutionary biologists\nBurials at East Finchley Cemetery\nCharles Darwin\nComparative anatomy\nCorresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences\nEnglish agnostics\nEnglish anthropologists\nEnglish anatomists\nEnglish palaeontologists\nEnglish sceptics\nEnglish taxonomists\nEnglish translators\nEnglish zoologists\nThomas Henry\nKnights of the Order of the Polar Star\nFellows of the Linnean Society of London\nFellows of the Royal Society\nForeign associates of the National Academy of Sciences\nFullerian Professors of Physiology\nMembers of the London School Board\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nMembers of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\nPaleozoologists\nPeople from Ealing\nPresidents of the Royal Society\nRecipients of the Copley Medal\nRectors of the University of Aberdeen\nRoyal Medal winners\nTranslators from German\nVictorian writers\nWollaston Medal winners\nDeans of the Royal College of Science", "George Huxley ( 1687–1744), of Stoke, Buckinghamshire, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1741.\n \nHuxley was the eldest son of Thomas Huxley of Bow, Middlesex, and his wife Arabella Becher, daughter of Sir William Becher of Howbury, Bedfordshire. He was admitted at Clare College, Cambridge on 3 May 1704 and at Middle Temple on 15 May 1704.\n\nHuxley was elected Member of Parliament for Bedford in a contest at the 1722 general election. In 1725 he was appointed a Commissioner of victualling but lost his seat at the by-election on 28 May 1725 following his appointment. The Government brought him in as MP for Newport (Isle of Wight) at a by-election on 1 February 1726 and he voted with the Administration in all recorded divisions. He was re-elected at the 1727 general election. In 1729 he was appointed muster-master general with a salary of £800. He was returned unopposed at the 1734 general election. He did not stand in 1741\n\nHuxley died on 19 July 1744. He had one son.\n\nReferences\n\n.\n\n1680s births\n1744 deaths\nMembers of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight)\nBritish MPs 1722–1727\nBritish MPs 1727–1734\nBritish MPs 1734–1741" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation.", "Did Huxley serve on any public boards?", "administrators. In the US he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial" ]

[ "John Roscoe (1861–1932) was an Anglican missionary to East Africa. He conducted anthropological data collection of the Africans he encountered on mission. \n\nRoscoe was born in 1861, during the height of the Victorian era. Roscoe's career heavily echoed the Victorian notion of improving natives under British rule. He studied civil engineering before joining the Anglican Church Missionary Society. In 1884, on mission, he travelled to what became the Uganda Protectorate, and lived there among several African tribes until 1909. From his experiences in Africa, Roscoe wrote Twenty-Five Years in East Africa, which was published in 1921. He intended the book to be an anthropological reference for Britons.\n\nThe trajectory of Roscoe’s career seems to mimic that of David Livingstone, and indeed, Livingstone was a prominent influence on Roscoe. Though Roscoe’s attitude toward Africa’s salvation was more pragmatic and less fervent than that of Livingstone, reflective of his later imperial era in which the British had already established their presence in Africa, he recognized Livingstone’s contributions to British endeavours on the continent. He directly cited Livingstone’s “excellent work in exposing [slavery],” and references and expands upon Livingstone’s ideas of how to best approach the continent. Like Livingstone, Roscoe believed that Christianity would benefit the Africans, and like Livingstone, Roscoe also believed that the scientific study of Africa was necessary.\n\nReferences\n\n1861 births\n1932 deaths\nEnglish Anglican missionaries\nEnglish anthropologists\nAnglican missionaries in Uganda\nUganda Protectorate people", "François Christiaan Erasmus (19 January 1896 – 1 July 1967) was a South African National Party politician and Minister of Defence from June 1948 to 1959 as well as Minister of Justice from 1959 to August 1961.\n\nEarly life\n\nHe was born on 19 January 1896 at Houtenbeck in the Merweville district of the Cape Colony to Marthinus Frederik Erasmus and his wife Hester Maria Jacoba Maritz.\n\nFamily life\n\nErasmus first married Christina Wiese of Melsetter in the then Southern Rhodesia. They had a son and a daughter. On 9 January 1946 he married Cornelia Margaretha (Corrie) Naudé of Lydenburg. They had three daughters.\n\nCareer \n\nIn 1927 he was appointed Deputy Attorney-General of South West Africa. Afterwards he entered politics and was elected to Parliament in 1933. He joined D F Malan's cabinet as the Minister of Defence in 1948. He was widely considered to be incompetent and was very unpopular because of his broad changes to the military to remove what he called the \"British Influence\". This included the removal of items such as the Red Tabs (Rooi Luise) and the retrenchment or firing of numerous English-speaking officers and the appointment of Afrikaner ones in their place.\n\nAfter his term as Minister of Justice he was appointed Ambassador to Italy.\n\nA Strike Craft of the South African Navy was named after him.\n\nReferences \n\n1896 births\n1967 deaths\nAfrikaner people\nDefence ministers of South Africa\nJustice ministers of South Africa\nNational Party (South Africa) politicians\nAmbassadors of South Africa to Italy\nSouth African lawyers\n20th-century lawyers" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation.", "Did Huxley serve on any public boards?", "administrators. In the US he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial", "What was he able to influence in Africa?", "administrators about education and wild-life conservation. In Europe, through UNESCO," ]

[ "Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.\n\nThe stories regarding Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce were a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution and in his own career, although historians think that the surviving story of the debate is a later fabrication. Huxley had been planning to leave Oxford on the previous day, but, after an encounter with Robert Chambers, the author of Vestiges, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes.\n\nHuxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism, and was undecided about natural selection, but despite this he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin. Instrumental in developing scientific education in Britain, he fought against the more extreme versions of religious tradition.\n\nHuxley coined the term \"agnosticism\" in 1869 and elaborated on it in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not.\n\nHuxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest comparative anatomist of the later 19th century. He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.\n\nThe tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere. Huxley's 1893 Romanes Lecture, “Evolution and Ethics” is exceedingly influential in China; the Chinese translation of Huxley's lecture even transformed the Chinese translation of Darwin's Origin of Species.\n\nEarly life \nThomas Henry Huxley was born in Ealing, which was then a village in Middlesex. He was the second youngest of eight children of George Huxley and Rachel Withers. His parents were members of the Church of England but he sympathized with noncomformists. Like some other British scientists of the nineteenth century such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Huxley was brought up in a literate middle-class family which had fallen on hard times. His father was a mathematics teacher at Ealing School until it closed, putting the family into financial difficulties. As a result, Thomas left school at the age of 10, after only two years of formal schooling.\n\nDespite this unenviable start, Huxley was determined to educate himself. He became one of the great autodidacts of the nineteenth century. At first he read Thomas Carlyle, James Hutton's Geology, and Hamilton's Logic. In his teens he taught himself German, eventually becoming fluent and used by Charles Darwin as a translator of scientific material in German. He learned Latin, and enough Greek to read Aristotle in the original.\n\nLater on, as a young adult, he made himself an expert, first on invertebrates, and later on vertebrates, all self-taught. He was skilled in drawing and did many of the illustrations for his publications on marine invertebrates. In his later debates and writing on science and religion his grasp of theology was better than many of his clerical opponents. Huxley, a boy who left school at ten, became one of the most knowledgeable men in Britain.\n\nHe was apprenticed for short periods to several medical practitioners: at 13 to his brother-in-law John Cooke in Coventry, who passed him on to Thomas Chandler, notable for his experiments using mesmerism for medical purposes. Chandler's practice was in London's Rotherhithe amidst the squalor endured by the Dickensian poor. Here Thomas would have seen poverty, crime and rampant disease at its worst. Next, another brother-in-law took him on: John Salt, his eldest sister's husband. Now 16, Huxley entered Sydenham College (behind University College Hospital), a cut-price anatomy school whose founder, Marshall Hall, discovered the reflex arc. All this time Huxley continued his programme of reading, which more than made up for his lack of formal schooling.\n\nA year later, buoyed by excellent results and a silver medal prize in the Apothecaries' yearly competition, Huxley was admitted to study at Charing Cross Hospital, where he obtained a small scholarship. At Charing Cross, he was taught by Thomas Wharton Jones, Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery at University College London. Jones had been Robert Knox's assistant when Knox bought cadavers from Burke and Hare. The young Wharton Jones, who acted as go-between, was exonerated of crime, but thought it best to leave Scotland. He was a fine teacher, up-to-date in physiology and also an ophthalmic surgeon. In 1845, under Wharton Jones' guidance, Huxley published his first scientific paper demonstrating the existence of a hitherto unrecognised layer in the inner sheath of hairs, a layer that has been known since as Huxley's layer. No doubt remembering this, and of course knowing his merit, later in life Huxley organised a pension for his old tutor.\n\nAt twenty he passed his First M.B. examination at the University of London, winning the gold medal for anatomy and physiology. However, he did not present himself for the final (Second M.B.) exams and consequently did not qualify with a university degree. His apprenticeships and exam results formed a sufficient basis for his application to the Royal Navy.\n\nVoyage of the Rattlesnake \nAged 20, Huxley was too young to apply to the Royal College of Surgeons for a licence to practise, yet he was 'deep in debt'. So, at a friend's suggestion, he applied for an appointment in the Royal Navy. He had references on character and certificates showing the time spent on his apprenticeship and on requirements such as dissection and pharmacy. Sir William Burnett, the Physician General of the Navy, interviewed him and arranged for the College of Surgeons to test his competence (by means of a viva voce).\n\nFinally Huxley was made Assistant Surgeon ('surgeon's mate', but in practice marine naturalist) to HMS Rattlesnake, about to set sail on a voyage of discovery and surveying to New Guinea and Australia. The Rattlesnake left England on 3 December 1846 and, once it arrived in the southern hemisphere, Huxley devoted his time to the study of marine invertebrates. He began to send details of his discoveries back to England, where publication was arranged by Edward Forbes FRS (who had also been a pupil of Knox). Both before and after the voyage Forbes was something of a mentor to Huxley.\n\nHuxley's paper \"On the anatomy and the affinities of the family of Medusae\" was published in 1849 by the Royal Society in its Philosophical Transactions. Huxley united the Hydroid and Sertularian polyps with the Medusae to form a class to which he subsequently gave the name of Hydrozoa. The connection he made was that all the members of the class consisted of two cell layers, enclosing a central cavity or stomach. This is characteristic of the phylum now called the Cnidaria. He compared this feature to the serous and mucous structures of embryos of higher animals. When at last he got a grant from the Royal Society for the printing of plates, Huxley was able to summarise this work in The Oceanic Hydrozoa, published by the Ray Society in 1859.\n\nThe value of Huxley's work was recognised and, on returning to England in 1850, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, at the age of twenty-six, he not only received the Royal Society Medal but was also elected to the Council. He met Joseph Dalton Hooker and John Tyndall, who remained his lifelong friends. The Admiralty retained him as a nominal assistant-surgeon, so he might work on the specimens he collected and the observations he made during the voyage of the Rattlesnake. He solved the problem of Appendicularia, whose place in the animal kingdom Johannes Peter Müller had found himself wholly unable to assign. It and the Ascidians are both, as Huxley showed, tunicates, today regarded as a sister group to the vertebrates in the phylum Chordata. Other papers on the morphology of the cephalopods and on brachiopods and rotifers are also noteworthy. The Rattlesnakes official naturalist, John MacGillivray, did some work on botany, and proved surprisingly good at notating Australian aboriginal languages. He wrote up the voyage in the standard Victorian two volume format.\n\nLater life \nHuxley effectively resigned from the navy (by refusing to return to active service) and, in July 1854, he became Professor of Natural History at the Royal School of Mines and naturalist to the British Geological Survey in the following year. In addition, he was Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution 1855–58 and 1865–67; Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons 1863–69; President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1869–1870; President of the Quekett Microscopical Club 1878; President of the Royal Society 1883–85; Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85; and President of the Marine Biological Association 1884–1890. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1869.\n\nThe thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. Huxley retired in 1885, after a bout of depressive illness which started in 1884. He resigned the presidency of the Royal Society in mid-term, the Inspectorship of Fisheries, and his chair (as soon as he decently could) and took six months' leave. His pension was a fairly handsome £1200 a year.\n\nIn 1890, he moved from London to Eastbourne where he edited the nine volumes of his Collected Essays. In 1894 he heard of Eugene Dubois' discovery in Java of the remains of Pithecanthropus erectus (now known as Homo erectus). Finally, in 1895, he died of a heart attack (after contracting influenza and pneumonia), and was buried in North London at East Finchley. This small family plot had been purchased upon the death of his beloved eldest son Noel, who died of scarlet fever in 1860; Huxley's wife Henrietta Anne née Heathorn and son Noel are also buried there. No invitations were sent out, but two hundred people turned up for the ceremony; they included Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Henry Flower, Mulford B. Foster, Edwin Lankester, Joseph Lister and, apparently, Henry James.\n\nHuxley and his wife had five daughters and three sons:\n\nPublic duties and awards \nFrom 1870 onwards, Huxley was to some extent drawn away from scientific research by the claims of public duty. He served on eight Royal Commissions, from 1862 to 1884. From 1871 to 1880 he was a Secretary of the Royal Society and from 1883 to 1885 he was president. He was president of the Geological Society from 1868 to 1870. In 1870, he was president of the British Association at Liverpool and, in the same year was elected a member of the newly constituted London School Board. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1877 to 1879. He was the leading person amongst those who reformed the Royal Society, persuaded government about science, and established scientific education in British schools and universities. Before him, science was mostly a gentleman's occupation; after him, science was a profession.\n\nHe was awarded the highest honours then open to British men of science. The Royal Society, who had elected him as Fellow when he was 25 (1851), awarded him the Royal Medal the next year (1852), a year before Charles Darwin got the same award. He was the youngest biologist to receive such recognition. Then later in life came the Copley Medal in 1888 and the Darwin Medal in 1894; the Geological Society awarded him the Wollaston Medal in 1876; the Linnean Society awarded him the Linnean Medal in 1890. There were many other elections and appointments to eminent scientific bodies; these and his many academic awards are listed in the Life and Letters. He turned down many other appointments, notably the Linacre chair in zoology at Oxford and the Mastership of University College, Oxford.\n\nIn 1873 the King of Sweden made Huxley, Hooker and Tyndall Knights of the Order of the Polar Star: they could wear the insignia but not use the title in Britain. Huxley collected many honorary memberships of foreign societies, academic awards and honorary doctorates from Britain and Germany. He also became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1892.\n\nAs recognition of his many public services he was given a pension by the state, and was appointed Privy Councillor in 1892.\n\nDespite his many achievements he was given no award by the British state until late in life. In this he did better than Darwin, who got no award of any kind from the state. (Darwin's proposed knighthood was vetoed by ecclesiastical advisers, including Wilberforce) Perhaps Huxley had commented too often on his dislike of honours, or perhaps his many assaults on the traditional beliefs of organised religion made enemies in the establishment—he had vigorous debates in print with Benjamin Disraeli, William Ewart Gladstone and Arthur Balfour, and his relationship with Lord Salisbury was less than tranquil.\n\nHuxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective advocate, and for some Huxley was \"the premier advocate of science in the nineteenth century [for] the whole English-speaking world\".\n\nThough he had many admirers and disciples, his retirement and later death left British zoology somewhat bereft of leadership. He had, directly or indirectly, guided the careers and appointments of the next generation, but none were of his stature. The loss of Francis Balfour in 1882, climbing the Alps just after he was appointed to a chair at Cambridge, was a tragedy. Huxley thought he was \"the only man who can carry out my work\": the deaths of Balfour and W. K. Clifford were \"the greatest losses to science in our time\".\n\nVertebrate palaeontology \n\nThe first half of Huxley's career as a palaeontologist is marked by a rather strange predilection for 'persistent types', in which he seemed to argue that evolutionary advancement (in the sense of major new groups of animals and plants) was rare or absent in the Phanerozoic. In the same vein, he tended to push the origin of major groups such as birds and mammals back into the Palaeozoic era, and to claim that no order of plants had ever gone extinct.\n\nMuch paper has been consumed by historians of science ruminating on this strange and somewhat unclear idea. Huxley was wrong to pitch the loss of orders in the Phanerozoic as low as 7%, and he did not estimate the number of new orders which evolved. Persistent types sat rather uncomfortably next to Darwin's more fluid ideas; despite his intelligence, it took Huxley a surprisingly long time to appreciate some of the implications of evolution. However, gradually Huxley moved away from this conservative style of thinking as his understanding of palaeontology, and the discipline itself, developed.\n\nHuxley's detailed anatomical work was, as always, first-rate and productive. His work on fossil fish shows his distinctive approach: whereas pre-Darwinian naturalists collected, identified and classified, Huxley worked mainly to reveal the evolutionary relationships between groups.\n\nThe lobed-finned fish (such as coelacanths and lung fish) have paired appendages whose internal skeleton is attached to the shoulder or pelvis by a single bone, the humerus or femur. His interest in these fish brought him close to the origin of tetrapods, one of the most important areas of vertebrate palaeontology.\n\nThe study of fossil reptiles led to his demonstrating the fundamental affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds were of great interest then and still are.\n\nApart from his interest in persuading the world that man was a primate, and had descended from the same stock as the apes, Huxley did little work on mammals, with one exception. On his tour of America Huxley was shown the remarkable series of fossil horses, discovered by O. C. Marsh, in Yale's Peabody Museum. An Easterner, Marsh was America's first professor of palaeontology, but also one who had come west into hostile Indian territory in search of fossils, hunted buffalo, and met Red Cloud (in 1874). Funded by his uncle George Peabody, Marsh had made some remarkable discoveries: the huge Cretaceous aquatic bird Hesperornis, and the dinosaur footprints along the Connecticut River were worth the trip by themselves, but the horse fossils were really special. After a week with Marsh and his fossils, Huxley wrote excitedly, \"The collection of fossils is the most wonderful thing I ever saw.\"\n\nThe collection at that time went from the small four-toed forest-dwelling Orohippus from the Eocene through three-toed species such as Miohippus to species more like the modern horse. By looking at their teeth he could see that, as the size grew larger and the toes reduced, the teeth changed from those of a browser to those of a grazer. All such changes could be explained by a general alteration in habitat from forest to grassland. And, it is now known, that is what did happen over large areas of North America from the Eocene to the Pleistocene: the ultimate causative agent was global temperature reduction (see Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum). The modern account of the evolution of the horse has many other members, and the overall appearance of the tree of descent is more like a bush than a straight line.\n\nThe horse series also strongly suggested that the process was gradual, and that the origin of the modern horse lay in North America, not in Eurasia. If so, then something must have happened to horses in North America, since none were there when Europeans arrived. The experience with Marsh was enough for Huxley to give credence to Darwin's gradualism, and to introduce the story of the horse into his lecture series.\n\nMarsh's and Huxley's conclusions were initially quite different. However, Marsh carefully showed Huxley his complete sequence of fossils. As Marsh put it, Huxley \"then informed me that all this was new to him and that my facts demonstrated the evolution of the horse beyond question, and for the first time indicated the direct line of descent of an existing animal. With the generosity of true greatness, he gave up his own opinions in the face of new truth, and took my conclusions as the basis of his famous New York lecture on the horse.\"\n\nSupport of Darwin\n\nHuxley was originally not persuaded of \"development theory\", as evolution was once called. This can be seen in his savage review of Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a book which contained some quite pertinent arguments in favour of evolution. Huxley had also rejected Lamarck's theory of transmutation, on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to support it. All this scepticism was brought together in a lecture to the Royal Institution, which made Darwin anxious enough to set about an effort to change young Huxley's mind. It was the kind of thing Darwin did with his closest scientific friends, but he must have had some particular intuition about Huxley, who was from all accounts a most impressive person even as a young man.\n\nHuxley was therefore one of the small group who knew about Darwin's ideas before they were published (the group included Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell). The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was \"How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!\" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis.\n\nLogically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's On the Origin of Species was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication.\n\nHuxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the Origin in the Times for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the Origin in the Edinburgh Review, also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the Quarterly Review, running to 17,000 words. The authorship of this latter review was not known for sure until Wilberforce's son wrote his biography. So it can be said that, just as Darwin groomed Huxley, so Owen groomed Wilberforce; and both the proxies fought public battles on behalf of their principals as much as themselves. Though we do not know the exact words of the Oxford debate, we do know what Huxley thought of the review in the Quarterly:\n\nSince Lord Brougham assailed Dr Young, the world has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a \"flighty\" person, who endeavours \"to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess and speculation,\" and whose \"mode of dealing with nature\" is reprobated as \"utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.\"\n\nIf I confine my retrospect of the reception of the Origin of Species to a twelvemonth, or thereabouts, from the time of its publication, I do not recollect anything quite so foolish and unmannerly as the Quarterly Review article...A more complete version is available in Wikiquote\n\nSince his death, Huxley has become known as \"Darwin's Bulldog\", taken to refer to his pluck and courage in debate, and to his perceived role in protecting the older man. The sobriquet appears to be Huxley's own invention, although of unknown date, and it was not current in his lifetime.\n\nWhile the second half of Darwin's life was lived mainly within his family, the younger and combative Huxley operated mainly out in the world at large. A letter from Huxley to Ernst Haeckel (2 November 1871) states: \"The dogs have been snapping at [Darwin's] heels too much of late.\"\n\nDebate with Wilberforce\n\nFamously, Huxley responded to Wilberforce in the debate at the British Association meeting, on Saturday 30 June 1860 at the Oxford University Museum. Huxley's presence there had been encouraged on the previous evening when he met Robert Chambers, the Scottish publisher and author of Vestiges, who was walking the streets of Oxford in a dispirited state, and begged for assistance. The debate followed the presentation of a paper by John William Draper, and was chaired by Darwin's former botany tutor John Stevens Henslow. Darwin's theory was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, and those supporting Darwin included Huxley and their mutual friends Hooker and Lubbock. The platform featured Brodie and Professor Beale, and Robert FitzRoy, who had been captain of HMS Beagle during Darwin's voyage, spoke against Darwin.\n\nWilberforce had a track record against evolution as far back as the previous Oxford B.A. meeting in 1847 when he attacked Chambers' Vestiges. For the more challenging task of opposing the Origin, and the implication that man descended from apes, he had been assiduously coached by Richard OwenOwen stayed with him the night before the debate. On the day, Wilberforce repeated some of the arguments from his Quarterly Review article (written but not yet published), then ventured onto slippery ground. His famous jibe at Huxley (as to whether Huxley was descended from an ape on his mother's side or his father's side) was probably unplanned, and certainly unwise. Huxley's reply to the effect that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his great talents to suppress debatethe exact wording is not certainwas widely recounted in pamphlets and a spoof play.\n\nThe letters of Alfred Newton include one to his brother giving an eyewitness account of the debate, and written less than a month afterwards. Other eyewitnesses, with one or two exceptions (Hooker especially thought he had made the best points), give similar accounts, at varying dates after the event. The general view was and still is that Huxley got much the better of the exchange, though Wilberforce himself thought he had done quite well. In the absence of a verbatim report, differing perceptions are difficult to judge fairly; Huxley wrote a detailed account for Darwin, a letter which does not survive; however, a letter to his friend Frederick Daniel Dyster does survive with an account just three months after the event.\n\nOne effect of the debate was to hugely increase Huxley's visibility amongst educated people, through the accounts in newspapers and periodicals. Another consequence was to alert him to the importance of public debate: a lesson he never forgot. A third effect was to serve notice that Darwinian ideas could not be easily dismissed: on the contrary, they would be vigorously defended against orthodox authority. A fourth effect was to promote professionalism in science, with its implied need for scientific education. A fifth consequence was indirect: as Wilberforce had feared, a defence of evolution did undermine literal belief in the Old Testament, especially the Book of Genesis. Many of the liberal clergy at the meeting were quite pleased with the outcome of the debate; they were supporters, perhaps, of the controversial Essays and Reviews. Thus, both on the side of science and on that of religion, the debate was important and its outcome significant. (see also below)\n\nThat Huxley and Wilberforce remained on courteous terms after the debate (and able to work together on projects such as the Metropolitan Board of Education) says something about both men, whereas Huxley and Owen were never reconciled.\n\nMan's place in nature\n\nFor nearly a decade his work was directed mainly to the relationship of man to the apes. This led him directly into a clash with Richard Owen, a man widely disliked for his behaviour whilst also being admired for his capability. The struggle was to culminate in some severe defeats for Owen. Huxley's Croonian Lecture, delivered before the Royal Society in 1858 on The Theory of the Vertebrate Skull was the start. In this, he rejected Owen's theory that the bones of the skull and the spine were homologous, an opinion previously held by Goethe and Lorenz Oken.\n\nFrom 1860–63 Huxley developed his ideas, presenting them in lectures to working men, students and the general public, followed by publication. Also in 1862 a series of talks to working men was printed lecture by lecture as pamphlets, later bound up as a little green book; the first copies went on sale in December. Other lectures grew into Huxley's most famous work Evidence as to Man's place in Nature (1863) where he addressed the key issues long before Charles Darwin published his Descent of Man in 1871.\n\nAlthough Darwin did not publish his Descent of Man until 1871, the general debate on this topic had started years before (there was even a precursor debate in the 18th century between Monboddo and Buffon). Darwin had dropped a hint when, in the conclusion to the Origin, he wrote: \"In the distant future... light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history\". Not so distant, as it turned out. A key event had already occurred in 1857 when Richard Owen presented (to the Linnean Society) his theory that man was marked off from all other mammals by possessing features of the brain peculiar to the genus Homo. Having reached this opinion, Owen separated man from all other mammals in a subclass of its own. No other biologist held such an extreme view. Darwin reacted \"Man...as distinct from a chimpanzee [as] an ape from a platypus... I cannot swallow that!\" Neither could Huxley, who was able to demonstrate that Owen's idea was completely wrong.\n\nThe subject was raised at the 1860 BA Oxford meeting, when Huxley flatly contradicted Owen, and promised a later demonstration of the facts. In fact, a number of demonstrations were held in London and the provinces. In 1862 at the Cambridge meeting of the B.A. Huxley's friend William Flower gave a public dissection to show that the same structures (the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and hippocampus minor) were indeed present in apes. The debate was widely publicised, and parodied as the Great Hippocampus Question. It was seen as one of Owen's greatest blunders, revealing Huxley as not only dangerous in debate, but also a better anatomist.\n\nOwen conceded that there was something that could be called a hippocampus minor in the apes, but stated that it was much less developed and that such a presence did not detract from the overall distinction of simple brain size.\n\nHuxley's ideas on this topic were summed up in January 1861 in the first issue (new series) of his own journal, the Natural History Review: \"the most violent scientific paper he had ever composed\". This paper was reprinted in 1863 as chapter 2 of Man's Place in Nature, with an addendum giving his account of the Owen/Huxley controversy about the ape brain. In his Collected Essays this addendum was removed.\n\nThe extended argument on the ape brain, partly in debate and partly in print, backed by dissections and demonstrations, was a landmark in Huxley's career. It was highly important in asserting his dominance of comparative anatomy, and in the long run more influential in establishing evolution amongst biologists than was the debate with Wilberforce. It also marked the start of Owen's decline in the esteem of his fellow biologists.\n\nThe following was written by Huxley to Rolleston before the BA meeting in 1861:\n\"My dear Rolleston... The obstinate reiteration of erroneous assertions can only be nullified by as persistent an appeal to facts; and I greatly regret that my engagements do not permit me to be present at the British Association in order to assist personally at what, I believe, will be the seventh public demonstration during the past twelve months of the untruth of the three assertions, that the posterior lobe of the cerebrum, the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and the hippocampus minor, are peculiar to man and do not exist in the apes. I shall be obliged if you will read this letter to the Section\" Yours faithfully, Thos. H. Huxley.\n\nDuring those years there was also work on human fossil anatomy and anthropology. In 1862 he examined the Neanderthal skull-cap, which had been discovered in 1857. It was the first pre-sapiens discovery of a fossil man, and it was immediately clear to him that the brain case was surprisingly large. Huxley also started to dabble in physical anthropology, and classified the human races into nine categories, along with placing them under four general categorisations as Australoid, Negroid, Xanthochroic and Mongoloid. Such classifications depended mainly on physical appearance and certain xanatomical characteristics.\n\nNatural selection\nHuxley was certainly not slavish in his dealings with Darwin. As shown in every biography, they had quite different and rather complementary characters. Important also, Darwin was a field naturalist, but Huxley was an anatomist, so there was a difference in their experience of nature. Lastly, Darwin's views on science were different from Huxley's views. For Darwin, natural selection was the best way to explain evolution because it explained a huge range of natural history facts and observations: it solved problems. Huxley, on the other hand, was an empiricist who trusted what he could see, and some things are not easily seen. With this in mind, one can appreciate the debate between them, Darwin writing his letters, Huxley never going quite so far as to say he thought Darwin was right.\n\nHuxley's reservations on natural selection were of the type \"until selection and breeding can be seen to give rise to varieties which are infertile with each other, natural selection cannot be proved\". Huxley's position on selection was agnostic; yet he gave no credence to any other theory. Despite this concern about evidence, Huxley saw that if evolution came about through variation, reproduction and selection then other things would also be subject to the same pressures. This included ideas because they are invented, imitated and selected by humans: ‘The struggle for existence holds as much in the intellectual as in the physical world. A theory is a species of thinking, and its right to exist is coextensive with its power of resisting extinction by its rivals.’ This is the same idea as meme theory put forward by Richard Dawkins in 1976.\n\nDarwin's part in the discussion came mostly in letters, as was his wont, along the lines: \"The empirical evidence you call for is both impossible in practical terms, and in any event unnecessary. It's the same as asking to see every step in the transformation (or the splitting) of one species into another. My way so many issues are clarified and problems solved; no other theory does nearly so well\".\n\nHuxley's reservation, as Helena Cronin has so aptly remarked, was contagious: \"it spread itself for years among all kinds of doubters of Darwinism\". One reason for this doubt was that comparative anatomy could address the question of descent, but not the question of mechanism.\n\nPallbearer\nHuxley was a pallbearer at the funeral of Charles Darwin on 26 April 1882.\n\nThe X Club\n\nIn November 1864, Huxley succeeded in launching a dining club, the X Club, composed of like-minded people working to advance the cause of science; not surprisingly, the club consisted of most of his closest friends. There were nine members, who decided at their first meeting that there should be no more. The members were: Huxley, John Tyndall, J. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen's Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS Dreadnought). All except Spencer were Fellows of the Royal Society. Tyndall was a particularly close friend; for many years they met regularly and discussed issues of the day. On more than one occasion Huxley joined Tyndall in the latter's trips into the Alps and helped with his investigations in glaciology.\n\nThere were also some quite significant X-Club satellites such as William Flower and George Rolleston, (Huxley protegés), and liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. Guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time.\n\nThey would dine early on first Thursdays at a hotel, planning what to do; high on the agenda was to change the way the Royal Society Council did business. It was no coincidence that the Council met later that same evening. First item for the Xs was to get the Copley Medal for Darwin, which they managed after quite a struggle.\n\nThe next step was to acquire a journal to spread their ideas. This was the weekly Reader, which they bought, revamped and redirected. Huxley had already become part-owner of the Natural History Review bolstered by the support of Lubbock, Rolleston, Busk and Carpenter (X-clubbers and satellites). The journal was switched to pro-Darwinian lines and relaunched in January 1861. After a stream of good articles the NHR failed after four years; but it had helped at a critical time for the establishment of evolution. The Reader also failed, despite its broader appeal which included art and literature as well as science. The periodical market was quite crowded at the time, but most probably the critical factor was Huxley's time; he was simply over-committed, and could not afford to hire full-time editors. This occurred often in his life: Huxley took on too many ventures, and was not so astute as Darwin at getting others to do work for him.\n\nHowever, the experience gained with the Reader was put to good use when the X Club put their weight behind the founding of Nature in 1869. This time no mistakes were made: above all there was a permanent editor (though not full-time), Norman Lockyer, who served until 1919, a year before his death. In 1925, to celebrate his centenary, Nature issued a supplement devoted to Huxley.\n\nThe peak of the X Club's influence was from 1873 to 1885 as Hooker, Spottiswoode and Huxley were Presidents of the Royal Society in succession. Spencer resigned in 1889 after a dispute with Huxley over state support for science. After 1892 it was just an excuse for the surviving members to meet. Hooker died in 1911, and Lubbock (now Lord Avebury) was the last surviving member.\n\nHuxley was also an active member of the Metaphysical Society, which ran from 1869 to 1880. It was formed around a nucleus of clergy and expanded to include all kinds of opinions. Tyndall and Huxley later joined The Club (founded by Dr. Johnson) when they could be sure that Owen would not turn up.\n\nEducational influence\nWhen Huxley himself was young there were virtually no degrees in British universities in the biological sciences and few courses. Most biologists of his day either were self-taught or took medical degrees. When he retired there were established chairs in biological disciplines in most universities, and a broad consensus on the curricula to be followed. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation.\n\nSchool of Mines and Zoology\nIn the early 1870s the Royal School of Mines moved to new quarters in South Kensington; ultimately it would become one of the constituent parts of Imperial College London. The move gave Huxley the chance to give more prominence to laboratory work in biology teaching, an idea suggested by practice in German universities. In the main, the method was based on the use of carefully chosen types, and depended on the dissection of anatomy, supplemented by microscopy, museum specimens and some elementary physiology at the hands of Foster.\n\nThe typical day would start with Huxley lecturing at 9am, followed by a program of laboratory work supervised by his demonstrators. Huxley's demonstrators were picked men—all became leaders of biology in Britain in later life, spreading Huxley's ideas as well as their own. Michael Foster became Professor of Physiology at Cambridge; E. Ray Lankester became Jodrell Professor of Zoology at University College London (1875–91), Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1891–98) and Director of the Natural History Museum (1898–1907); S.H. Vines became Professor of Botany at Cambridge; W.T. Thiselton-Dyer became Hooker's successor at Kew (he was already Hooker's son-in-law!); T. Jeffery Parker became Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at University College, Cardiff; and William Rutherford became the Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh. William Flower, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and THH's assistant in many dissections, became Sir William Flower, Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and, later, Director of the Natural History Museum. It's a remarkable list of disciples, especially when contrasted with Owen who, in a longer professional life than Huxley, left no disciples at all. \"No one fact tells so strongly against Owen... as that he has never reared one pupil or follower\".\n\nHuxley's courses for students were so much narrower than the man himself that many were bewildered by the contrast: \"The teaching of zoology by use of selected animal types has come in for much criticism\"; Looking back in 1914 to his time as a student, Sir Arthur Shipley said \"Darwin's later works all dealt with living organisms, yet our obsession was with the dead, with bodies preserved, and cut into the most refined slices\". E.W MacBride said \"Huxley... would persist in looking at animals as material structures and not as living, active beings; in a word... he was a necrologist. To put it simply, Huxley preferred to teach what he had actually seen with his own eyes.\n\nThis largely morphological program of comparative anatomy remained at the core of most biological education for a hundred years until the advent of cell and molecular biology and interest in evolutionary ecology forced a fundamental rethink. It is an interesting fact that the methods of the field naturalists who led the way in developing the theory of evolution (Darwin, Wallace, Fritz Müller, Henry Bates) were scarcely represented at all in Huxley's program. Ecological investigation of life in its environment was virtually non-existent, and theory, evolutionary or otherwise, was at a discount. Michael Ruse finds no mention of evolution or Darwinism in any of the exams set by Huxley, and confirms the lecture content based on two complete sets of lecture notes.\n\nSince Darwin, Wallace and Bates did not hold teaching posts at any stage of their adult careers (and Műller never returned from Brazil) the imbalance in Huxley's program went uncorrected. It is surely strange that Huxley's courses did not contain an account of the evidence collected by those naturalists of life in the tropics; evidence which they had found so convincing, and which caused their views on evolution by natural selection to be so similar. Adrian Desmond suggests that \"[biology] had to be simple, synthetic and assimilable [because] it was to train teachers and had no other heuristic function\". That must be part of the reason; indeed it does help to explain the stultifying nature of much school biology. But zoology as taught at all levels became far too much the product of one man.\n\nHuxley was comfortable with comparative anatomy, at which he was the greatest master of the day. He was not an all-round naturalist like Darwin, who had shown clearly enough how to weave together detailed factual information and subtle arguments across the vast web of life. Huxley chose, in his teaching (and to some extent in his research) to take a more straightforward course, concentrating on his personal strengths.\n\nSchools and the Bible\nHuxley was also a major influence in the direction taken by British schools: in November 1870 he was voted onto the London School Board. In primary schooling, he advocated a wide range of disciplines, similar to what is taught today: reading, writing, arithmetic, art, science, music, etc. In secondary education he recommended two years of basic liberal studies followed by two years of some upper-division work, focusing on a more specific area of study. A practical example of the latter is his famous 1868 lecture On a Piece of Chalk which was first published as an essay in Macmillan's Magazine in London later that year. The piece reconstructs the geological history of Britain from a simple piece of chalk and demonstrates science as \"organized common sense\".\n\nHuxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. This may seem out of step with his agnostic convictions, but he believed that the Bible's significant moral teachings and superb use of language were relevant to English life. \"I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches\".\nHowever, what Huxley proposed was to create an edited version of the Bible, shorn of \"shortcomings and errors... statements to which men of science absolutely and entirely demur... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe\". The Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were minuted in detail. Huxley said \"I will never be a party to enabling the State to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools\". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools permitted the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any denominational doctrine to be taught.\n\nIt may be right to see Huxley's life and work as contributing to the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said \"It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems\"—and Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain. Some modern Christian apologists consider Huxley the father of antitheism, though he himself maintained that he was an agnostic, not an atheist. He was, however, a lifelong and determined opponent of almost all organised religion throughout his life, especially the \"Roman Church... carefully calculated for the destruction of all that is highest in the moral nature, in the intellectual freedom, and in the political freedom of mankind\". In the same line of thought, in an article in Popular Science, Huxley used the expression \"the so-called Christianity of Catholicism\", explaining: \"I say 'so-called' not by way of offense, but as a protest against the monstruous assumption that Catholic Christianity is explicitly or implicitly contained in any trust-worthy record of the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth.\"\n\nOriginally coining the term in 1869, Huxley elaborated on \"agnosticism\" in 1889 to frame the nature of claims in terms of what is knowable and what is not. Huxley statesAgnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle... the fundamental axiom of modern science... In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration... In matters of the intellect, do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. Use of that term has continued to the present day (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism). Much of Huxley's agnosticism is influenced by Kantian views on human perception and the ability to rely on rational evidence rather than belief systems.\n\nIn 1893, during preparation for the second Romanes Lecture, Huxley expressed his disappointment at the shortcomings of 'liberal' theology, describing its doctrines as 'popular illusions', and the teachings they replaced 'faulty as they are, appear to me to be vastly nearer the truth'.\n\nVladimir Lenin remarked that for Huxley \"agnosticism serves as a fig-leaf for materialism\". (See also the Debate with Wilberforce above.)\n\nAdult education\n\nHuxley's interest in education went still further than school and university classrooms; he made a great effort to reach interested adults of all kinds: after all, he himself was largely self-educated. There were his lecture courses for working men, many of which were published afterwards, and there was the use he made of journalism, partly to earn money but mostly to reach out to the literate public. For most of his adult life he wrote for periodicals—the Westminster Review, the Saturday Review, the Reader, the Pall Mall Gazette, Macmillan's Magazine, the Contemporary Review. Germany was still ahead in formal science education, but interested people in Victorian Britain could use their initiative and find out what was going on by reading periodicals and using the lending libraries.\n\nIn 1868 Huxley became Principal of the South London Working Men's College in Blackfriars Road. The moving spirit was a portmanteau worker, Wm. Rossiter, who did most of the work; the funds were put up mainly by F.D. Maurice's Christian Socialists. At sixpence for a course and a penny for a lecture by Huxley, this was some bargain; and so was the free library organised by the college, an idea which was widely copied. Huxley thought, and said, that the men who attended were as good as any country squire.\n\nThe technique of printing his more popular lectures in periodicals which were sold to the general public was extremely effective. A good example was \"The Physical Basis of Life\", a lecture given in Edinburgh on 8 November 1868. Its theme—that vital action is nothing more than \"the result of the molecular forces of the protoplasm which displays it\"—shocked the audience, though that was nothing compared to the uproar when it was published in the Fortnightly Review for February 1869. John Morley, the editor, said \"No article that had appeared in any periodical for a generation had caused such a sensation\". The issue was reprinted seven times and protoplasm became a household word; Punch added 'Professor Protoplasm' to his other soubriquets.\n\nThe topic had been stimulated by Huxley seeing the cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, which is indeed a sensational sight. For these audiences Huxley's claim that this activity should not be explained by words such as vitality, but by the working of its constituent chemicals, was surprising and shocking. Today we would perhaps emphasise the extraordinary structural arrangement of those chemicals as the key to understanding what cells do, but little of that was known in the nineteenth century.\n\nWhen the Archbishop of York thought this 'new philosophy' was based on Auguste Comte's positivism, Huxley corrected him: \"Comte's philosophy [is just] Catholicism minus Christianity\" (Huxley 1893 vol 1 of Collected Essays Methods & Results 156). A later version was \"[positivism is] sheer Popery with M. Comte in the chair of St Peter, and with the names of the saints changed\". (lecture on The scientific aspects of positivism Huxley 1870 Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews p. 149). Huxley's dismissal of positivism damaged it so severely that Comte's ideas withered in Britain.\n\nHuxley and the humanities\nDuring his life, and especially in the last ten years after retirement, Huxley wrote on many issues relating to the humanities.\n\nPerhaps the best known of these topics is Evolution and Ethics, which deals with the question of whether biology has anything particular to say about moral philosophy. Both Huxley and his grandson Julian Huxley gave Romanes Lectures on this theme. For a start, Huxley dismisses religion as a source of moral authority. Next, he believes the mental characteristics of man are as much a product of evolution as the physical aspects. Thus, our emotions, our intellect, our tendency to prefer living in groups and spend resources on raising our young are part and parcel of our evolution, and therefore inherited.\n\nDespite this, the details of our values and ethics are not inherited: they are partly determined by our culture, and partly chosen by ourselves. Morality and duty are often at war with natural instincts; ethics cannot be derived from the struggle for existence: \"Of moral purpose I see not a trace in nature. That is an article of exclusively human manufacture.\" It is therefore our responsibility to make ethical choices (see Ethics and Evolutionary ethics). This seems to put Huxley as a compatibilist in the Free Will vs Determinism debate. In this argument Huxley is diametrically opposed to his old friend Herbert Spencer.\n\nHuxley's dissection of Rousseau's views on man and society is another example of his later work. The essay undermines Rousseau's ideas on man as a preliminary to undermining his ideas on the ownership of property. Characteristic is: \"The doctrine that all men are, in any sense, or have been, at any time, free and equal, is an utterly baseless fiction.\"\n\nHuxley's method of argumentation (his strategy and tactics of persuasion in speech and print) is itself much studied. His career included controversial debates with scientists, clerics and politicians; persuasive discussions with Royal Commissions and other public bodies; lectures and articles for the general public, and a mass of detailed letter-writing to friends and other correspondents. A large number of textbooks have excerpted his prose for anthologies.\n\nRoyal and other commissions\nHuxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions (titles somewhat shortened here). The Royal Commission is the senior investigative forum in the British constitution. A rough analysis shows that five commissions involved science and scientific education; three involved medicine and three involved fisheries. Several involve difficult ethical and legal issues. All deal with possible changes to law and/or administrative practice.\n\nRoyal Commissions\n1862: Trawling for herrings on the coast of Scotland.\n1863–65: Sea fisheries of the United Kingdom.\n1870–71: The Contagious Diseases Acts.\n1870–75: Scientific instruction and the advancement of science.\n1876: The practice of subjugating live animals to scientific experiments (vivisection).\n1876–78: The universities of Scotland.\n1881–82: The Medical Acts. [i.e. the legal framework for medicine]\n1884: Trawl, net and beam trawl fishing.\n\nOther commissions\n1866: On the Royal College of Science for Ireland.\n1868: On science and art instruction in Ireland.\n\nFamily \n\nIn 1855, he married Henrietta Anne Heathorn (1825–1915), an English émigrée whom he had met in Sydney. They kept correspondence until he was able to send for her. They had five daughters and three sons:\n\n Noel Huxley (1856–60), died aged 4.\n Jessie Oriana Huxley (1858 −1927), married architect Fred Waller in 1877.\n Marian Huxley (1859–87), married artist John Collier in 1879.\n Leonard Huxley, (1860–1933) author, father of Julian, Aldous and Andrew Huxley.\n Rachel Huxley (1862–1934) married civil engineer Alfred Eckersley in 1884; he died 1895. They were parents of the physicist Thomas Eckersley and the first BBC Chief Engineer Peter Eckersley.\n Henrietta (Nettie) Huxley (1863–1940), married Harold Roller, travelled Europe as a singer.\n Henry Huxley (1865–1946), became a fashionable general practitioner in London.\n Ethel Huxley (1866–1941), married artist John Collier (widower of sister) in 1889.\n\nHuxley's relationships with his relatives and children were genial by the standards of the day—so long as they lived their lives in an honourable manner, which some did not. After his mother, his eldest sister Lizzie was the most important person in his life until his own marriage. He remained on good terms with his children, more than can be said of many Victorian fathers. This excerpt from a letter to Jessie, his eldest daughter is full of affection:\n\"Dearest Jess, You are a badly used young person—you are; and nothing short of that conviction would get a letter out of your still worse used Pater, the bête noir of whose existence is letter-writing. Catch me discussing the Afghan question with you, you little pepper-pot! No, not if I know it...\" [goes on nevertheless to give strong opinions of the Afghans, at that time causing plenty of trouble to the British Raj—see Second Anglo-Afghan War] \"There, you plague—ever your affec. Daddy, THH.\" (letter 7 December 1878, Huxley L 1900)\n\nHuxley's descendants include children of Leonard Huxley:\n\n Sir Julian Huxley FRS was the first Director of UNESCO and a notable evolutionary biologist and humanist.\n Aldous Huxley was a famous author (Brave New World 1932, Eyeless in Gaza 1936, The Doors of Perception 1954).\n Sir Andrew Huxley OM PRS won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. He was the second Huxley to become President of the Royal Society.\n\nOther significant descendants of Huxley, such as Sir Crispin Tickell, are treated in the Huxley family.\n\nMental problems in the family\nBiographers have sometimes noted the occurrence of mental illness in the Huxley family. His father became \"sunk in worse than childish imbecility of mind\", and later died in Barming Asylum; brother George suffered from \"extreme mental anxiety\" and died in 1863 leaving serious debts. Brother James, a well known psychiatrist and Superintendent of Kent County Asylum, was at 55 \"as near mad as any sane man can be\". His favourite daughter, the artistically talented Mady (Marian), who became the first wife of artist John Collier, was troubled by mental illness for years. She died of pneumonia in her mid-twenties.\n\nAbout Huxley himself we have a more complete record. As a young apprentice to a medical practitioner, aged thirteen or fourteen, Huxley was taken to watch a post-mortem dissection. Afterwards he sank into a \"deep lethargy\" and, though Huxley ascribed this to dissection poisoning, Bibby and others may be right to suspect that emotional shock precipitated the depression. Huxley recuperated on a farm, looking thin and ill.\n\nThe next episode we know of in Huxley's life when he suffered a debilitating depression was on the third voyage of HMS Rattlesnake in 1848. Huxley had further periods of depression at the end of 1871, and again in 1873. Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of 60. This is enough to indicate the way depression (or perhaps a moderate bi-polar disorder) interfered with his life, yet unlike some of the other family members, he was able to function extremely well at other times.\n\nThe problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913, and five more later in life.\n\nSatires \n\nDarwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age. The \"Great Hippocampus Question\" attracted particular attention:\n\n \"Monkeyana\" (Punch vol. 40, 18 May 1861). Signed 'Gorilla', this turned out to be by Sir Philip Egerton MP, amateur naturalist, fossil fish collector and Richard Owen's patron. The last two stanzas include a reference to Huxley's comment that \"Life is too short to occupy oneself with the slaying of the slain more than once.\": Next HUXLEY repliesThat OWEN he liesAnd garbles his Latin quotation;That his facts are not new,His mistakes not a few,Detrimental to his reputation.To twice slay the slainBy dint of the Brain(Thus HUXLEY concludes his review)Is but labour in vain,unproductive of gain,And so I shall bid you \"Adieu\"!\n \"The Gorilla's Dilemma\" (Punch 1862, vol. 43, p. 164). First two lines: Say am I a man or a brother,Or only an anthropoid ape?\n Report of a sad case recently tried before the Lord Mayor, Owen versus Huxley. Lord Mayor asks whether either side is known to the police: Policeman X—Huxley, your Worship, I take to be a young hand, but very vicious; but Owen I have seen before. He got into trouble with an old bone man, called Mantell, who never could be off complaining as Owen prigged his bones. People did say that the old man never got over it, and Owen worritted him to death; but I don't think it was so bad as that. Hears as Owen takes the chair at a crib in Bloomsbury. I don't think it will be a harmonic meeting altogether. And Huxley hangs out in Jermyn Street. (Tom Huxley's 'low set' included Hooker 'in the green and vegetable line' and 'Charlie Darwin, the pigeon-fancier'; Owen's 'crib in Bloomsbury' was the British Museum, of which Natural History was but one department. Jermyn Street is known for its shops of men's clothing, possibly implying that Huxley was a dandy.)\n\n The Water Babies, a fairy tale for a land baby by Charles Kingsley (serialised in Macmillan's Magazine 1862–63, published in book form, with additions, in 1863). Kingsley had been among first to give a favourable review to Darwin's On the Origin of Species, having \"long since... learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species\", and the story includes a satire on the reaction to Darwin's theory, with the main scientific participants appearing, including Richard Owen and Huxley. In 1892 Thomas Henry Huxley's five-year-old grandson Julian saw the illustration by Edward Linley Sambourne (right) and wrote his grandfather a letter asking: Dear Grandpater—Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day?—Your loving Julian. Huxley wrote back: My dear Julian—I could never make sure about that Water Baby... My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did—There are some people who see a great deal and some who see very little in the same things.When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.\n\nRacism debate \nIn October 2021, an independent history group reviewing colonial links told Imperial College London that, because Huxley \"might now be called racist\", it should remove a bust of him and rename its Huxley Building. The group of 21 academics had been launched in the wake of Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, to address Imperial’s \"links to the British Empire\" and build a \"fully inclusive organisation\". It reported that Huxley's paper \"Emancipation - Black and White\" \"espouses a racial hierarchy of intelligence\" which helped feed ideas around eugenics, which \"falls far short of Imperial’s modern values\" and that his theories \"might now be called 'racist' in as much as he used racial divisions and hierarchical categorisation in his attempt to understand their origins in his studies of human evolution\". Imperial's provost, Ian Walmsley, responded that Imperial would \"confront, not cover up, uncomfortable or awkward aspects of our past\" and this was \"very much not a 'cancel culture' approach\". Students would be consulted before management decided on any action to be taken.\n\nA critical response noted that Huxley was a public, longstanding abolitionist who wrote 'the most complete demonstration of the specific diversity of the types of mankind will nowise constrain science to spread her ægis over their [slaveholders'] atrocities' and \"the North is justified in any expenditure of blood or of money, which shall eradicate a system hopelessly inconsistent with the moral elevation, the political freedom, or the economical progress of the American people\"; a major opponent of the racist position of polygenism as well as the position that some human races were transitional (in 1867 Huxley said, \"there was no shade of justification for the assertion that any existing modification of mankind now known was to be considered as an intermediate form between man and the animals next below him in the scale of the fauna of the world\"); a vehement opponent of the scientific racist James Hunt; and a political radical who believed in granting equal rights and the vote to both Blacks and women.\n\nCultural references\n Huxley appears alongside Charles Darwin and Samuel Wilberforce in the play Darwin in Malibu, written by Crispin Whittell, and is portrayed by Toby Jones in the 2009 film Creation.\n Huxley is referred to as the tutor of the main character, Edward Prendick, in H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The Island of Dr Moreau, published in 1896.\n Horse Feathers (1932 Marx Brothers film)—Groucho Marx is Prof. Quincy Adams Wagstaff, Dean of Huxley College, while its rival team is Darwin College.\n Huxley's statement, \"Logical consequences are the Scarecrows of fools and the Beacons of wise men\", is quoted by the escape artist character Charles Evan Jeffers, a man with an ironically educated and dignified air about him, played by Roscoe Lee Browne, in the eleventh episode of Season One of Barney Miller.\n\nSee also\n European and American voyages of scientific exploration\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n . (despite its chaotic organisation, this little book contains some nuggets that are well worth sifting)\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n .\n .(Chapter 18 deals with Huxley and natural selection)\n\nFurther reading\nBiographies\n Ashforth, Albert. Thomas Henry Huxley. Twayne, New York 1969.\n Ayres, Clarence. Huxley. Norton, New York 1932.\n Clodd, Edward. Thomas Henry Huxley. Blackwood, Edinburgh 1902.\n Huxley, Leonard. Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch. Watts, London 1920.\n Irvine, William. Apes, Angels and Victorians. New York 1955.\n Irvine, William. Thomas Henry Huxley. Longmans, London 1960.\n Mitchell, P. Chalmers. Thomas Henry Huxley: a sketch of his life and work London 1901. Available at Project Gutenberg.\n Voorhees, Irving Wilson. The teachings of Thomas Henry Huxley. Broadway, New York 1907.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Thomas H. Huxley on the Embryo Project Encyclopedia\n The Huxley File at Clark University—Lists his publications, contains much of his writing.\n \n Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Thomas Huxley\n \n Science in the Making Huxley's papers in the Royal Society's archives\n \n \n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of species The Times, 26 December 1859, p. 8–9.\n Huxley review: Time and life: Mr Darwin's \"Origin of species.\" Macmillan's Magazine 1: 1859 p. 142–148.\n Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of Species, Westminster Review, 17 (n.s.) April 1860 p. 541–570.\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n1825 births\n1895 deaths\n19th-century anthropologists\n19th-century British zoologists\n19th-century English non-fiction writers\n19th-century British translators\nAcademics of Imperial College London\nAlumni of Charing Cross Medical School\nAlumni of University College London\nBiological evolution\nBritish anthropologists\nBritish carcinologists\nBritish evolutionary biologists\nBurials at East Finchley Cemetery\nCharles Darwin\nComparative anatomy\nCorresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences\nEnglish agnostics\nEnglish anthropologists\nEnglish anatomists\nEnglish palaeontologists\nEnglish sceptics\nEnglish taxonomists\nEnglish translators\nEnglish zoologists\nThomas Henry\nKnights of the Order of the Polar Star\nFellows of the Linnean Society of London\nFellows of the Royal Society\nForeign associates of the National Academy of Sciences\nFullerian Professors of Physiology\nMembers of the London School Board\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nMembers of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\nPaleozoologists\nPeople from Ealing\nPresidents of the Royal Society\nRecipients of the Copley Medal\nRectors of the University of Aberdeen\nRoyal Medal winners\nTranslators from German\nVictorian writers\nWollaston Medal winners\nDeans of the Royal College of Science", "Robert William Huxley, known as Robb Huxley (born December 4, 1945) is a British vocalist, guitarist and musician. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of Israeli rock due to his work in Israel in the 1960s and 1970s with his band, The Churchills, and with prominent Israeli artists such as Arik Einstein.\n\nEarly life\nHuxley was born in Gloucester, England and educated at Sir Thomas Rich’s Grammar School. After leaving school in 1962, he joined a local band, the Vendettas, as vocalist in 1963.\n\nProfessional career\nAfter the Vendettas, Huxley moved on to join the Whirlwinds as lead singer under the name \"Robb Gayle\".\n\nAfter a recording audition with Joe Meek, the Whirlwinds changed their name to the Saxons and dyed their hair blond. While still semi-pro they released a single through Joe Meek in 1965; an instrumental written by Pete Holder and Robb Huxley titled \"Saxon Warcry\".\n\nIn December 1965, Joe Meek summoned the Saxons to London to work professionally as his house band, renamed The Tornados. They were also known as the New Tornados. During their short association with Joe Meek, they put out two singles. “Pop-Art Goes Mozart” / “Too Much in Love to Hear” and “Is that a Ship I Hear” / “Do You Come Here Often”. Both singles were released in 1966. Nowadays “Do you Come Here Often” is recognized as being the first ever openly “gay” song to be released on record.\n\nAlmost a year after Joe Meek’s death in a shooting incident at his Holloway Road studio, with only Robb Huxley and Dave Watts remaining from the original line up, the Tornados left for a tour of Israel.\n\nEarly in February 1968 in Tel-Aviv, the Tornados disbanded, which ended Joe Meek’s succession of Tornados.\n\nIn Israel\n\nHuxley remained in Israel and played with a three piece group called Purple Ass Baboon for a short time. The group was probably the first ever “punk” style band to play in Israel.\n\nHuxley met up with Stan Solomon, Canadian singer with the Israeli band The Churchills and was invited to join the band when two members were subscripted into the Israeli army.\n\nHuxley and Solomon went on to write the music for the Churchills’ only album, which was written in part for the Israeli film, A Woman’s Case. The vinyl album is acclaimed today to be the rarest psychedelic record in the world, and is also recognized for its musical content.\n\nHuxley went on to write for Israeli singers, the most prominent being Arik Einstein who had a hit “Akhinoam Lo Yoda'at\" (\"Akhinoam Doesn't Know\", eng. \"When You’re Gone\") which Huxley had written for the Churchills.\n\nHuxley and Einstein collaborated on an album of children’s songs, with melodies written by Huxley and lyrics by Einstein.\n\nAfter Stan Solomon quit the Churchills in 1969, the band became Arik Einstein’s backing band. They were also joined by singer Danny Shoshan, a former bass player and vocalist from the Lions.\n\nIn 1970, they recorded an album, Junkies, Monkeys and Donkeys at Red Bus Records in London, with music written by Huxley and Shoshan and changed their name to Jericho Jones. They went on to record a second album under the name of Jericho, again with Huxley / Shoshan compositions.\n\nIn 1972, bass player Miki Gavrielov and drummer Ami Trebich returned to Israel. Shoshan took over the bass with Huxley and Haim Romano on guitars. They took on British drummer Chris Perry. They put out two singles, but after a tour of South Africa in 1973, Jericho disbanded due to management, personal and record label problems.\n\nHuxley's work in Israel, particularly with the Churchills and with Einstein, made him become widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Israeli rock.\n\nHuxley moved to Miami in 1974, where he still lives with his Israeli wife.\n\nExternal links\n Official Site\n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nEnglish male singers\nPeople from Gloucester\nBeat musicians\nThe Tornados members" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation.", "Did Huxley serve on any public boards?", "administrators. In the US he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial", "What was he able to influence in Africa?", "administrators about education and wild-life conservation. In Europe, through UNESCO,", "What work did Huxley do in Europe?", "Europe, through UNESCO, he was at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education. In" ]

[ "Parthenon Huxley (born January 19, 1956) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and producer who is known for his solo albums and for his involvement in ELO Part II and The Orchestra, both of which are latter-day offshoots of the 1970s-80s symphonic rock band Electric Light Orchestra. He has also made cameo appearances in several films including Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story and The Flintstones.\n\nEarly life \nHuxley was born Richard Willett Miller in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and grew up in New Jersey and Athens, Greece before moving to North Carolina to attend UNC-Chapel Hill. His stage name (now legal name) honors two of his varied interests: his love for Greece, and the British writer Aldous Huxley. He began his recording career as guitarist on Matt Barrett's EP The Ruse (Moonlight Records), produced by Don Dixon and Mitch Easter.\n\nThe Blazers, P. Hux and VeG\nHis touring career began as a member of the Chapel Hill, NC rock band The Blazers, which consisted of Huxley (credited under his original name Rick Miller), Sherman Tate (lead & harmony vocals, rhythm guitar), Ronnie Taylor (drums & percussion) and Lee Gildersleeve (bass). The band recorded one album, How to Rock: Ten Easy Lessons (Moonlight Records, 1980) again produced by Don Dixon.\n\nHis first solo recording (released under the pseudonym \"Rick Rock\") was the self-produced, self-financed single \"Buddha, Buddha\" / \"Sputnik\" (Big Groovy, 1983). Despite its modest recording budget of US $400 \"Buddha, Buddha\" was named one of the ten best records ever made in North Carolina by the Greensboro Record. During this period Huxley also toured as guitarist with Don Dixon under the name Me & Dixon. He relocated to Los Angeles in 1987 and signed with Columbia Records; the following year he recorded his first solo album, Sunny Nights (Columbia 1988), produced by Huxley and Paul McCartney producer David Kahne. Three of its tracks (\"Double Our Numbers\", \"Guest Host for the Holy Ghost\" and \"Chance to Be Loved\") were released as singles during that year. Although the album received favorable reviews (Rolling Stone Magazine called it a \"monumental debut\"), it did not sell well and this ended his association with Columbia.\n\nIt was five years before Huxley's next album; in the intervening period he co-produced the two solo albums by Eels frontman E, 1992's A Man Called E and 1994's Broken Toy Shop. The first single from A Man Called E (\"Hello Cruel World\" – co-written by Huxley) reached #8 on the Modern Rock chart. Huxley also produced an eponymous album with power pop singer Kyle Vincent (Carport/Hollywood Records). The album's first single, \"Wake Me Up (When the World's Worth Waking Up For)\" reached #101 on Billboard's singles chart and stayed there for eight weeks, setting a curious record for \"bubbling under\" the Hot 100.\n\nHuxley's next album, Deluxe, was credited to P. Hux, a power-pop trio comprising Huxley, Gordon Townsend (drums, vocals) and Rob Miller (bass, vocals). The album was released in the US in 1995 on the Black Olive label, and was also released in Japan, Australia and France (where it was retitled Every Minute). The songs on the album were largely inspired by Huxley's recent marriage to screenwriter Janet Heaney. The album was well received by critics and was voted as 1995 Album of the Year by Audites Magazine. A single from the album, \"Every Minute\" appeared on the Rhino Records compilation Poptopia! Power Pop Classics of the '90s.\n\nHuxley's next recording was the self-titled album recorded by Huxley's side-project VeG (1997), another three-piece group with Winston Watson (drums, lap steel) and Paul Martinez (bass, background vocals). Watson was Bob Dylan's drummer for five years in the '90s.\n\nELO Part II and The Orchestra\nIn January 1997, Huxley's wife, Janet, died, and it was several years before he resumed his solo career. In the meantime, he joined Electric Light Orchestra Part II in January 1999, replacing singer-guitarist Phil Bates, and he toured with them through the year. In November that year Bev Bevan played his last show with the band; in early 2000 he issued a press statement announcing that the group had dissolved, and he then sold his 50% share of the rights to the ELO name back to the group's founder, Jeff Lynne. The remaining members then recruited drummer Gordon Townsend and, following legal action by Lynne, renamed itself The Orchestra. Later in 2001 year he recorded with The Orchestra for their album No Rewind, which featured four songs written or co-written by Huxley: \"Jewel and Johnny\", \"Can't Wait to See You\", \"Over London Skies\" and \"Before We Go.\" The band continued to tour with this lineup until 2007, when Huxley left the band to spend more time with his family. Huxley was replaced by Bates, who rejoined The Orchestra after a nine year absence.\n\nIn October 2011, Phil Bates again left the band and the revolving door saw Huxley return as Orchestra guitarist and singer. With Huxley back on board, The Orchestra completed a successful 17-date tour of Eastern Europe in December 2011.\n\nMeanwhile, Huxley had restarted his solo career in 2001 with two albums. The second P. Hux studio album, Purgatory Falls, was a deeply personal and sometimes harrowing song-cycle that chronicled the devastating experience of his wife's untimely death. Huxley signed with Universal and a single \"I Loved Everything\" reached #1 on Rolling Stone Magazine's Exclusive Download Chart. This was followed by a solo live album, Live in Your Living Room. Later in 2001 year he recorded with The Orchestra for their album No Rewind, which featured four songs written or co-written by Huxley: \"Jewel and Johnny\", \"Can't Wait to See You\", \"Over London Skies\" and \"Before We Go.\"\n\nHuxley followed No Rewind with another solo acoustic live album In Your Parlour (Nine18 Records) in 2003 and then began work on Homemade Spaceship, an album of ELO covers commissioned by Lakeshore Records of Hollywood, CA. Homemade Spaceship: The Music of ELO as Performed by P. Hux was awarded 2005 Tribute Album of the Year by Just Plain Folks, the world's largest online musicians community.\n\nLater career \n\nHuxley moved to Maryland in 2004 where he began work on the third P. Hux studio album, Kiss the Monster. It was released in 2007 by English label Voiceprint in conjunction with Nine18 (Huxley's imprint) and BeanBagOne, a label owned by Huxley's American manager David Bean of Carmel, California. Kiss the Monster was nominated for 'Album of the Year' by Just Plain Folks.\n\nIn 2006 Nine18/Not Lame Records released Mile High Fan an album of songs recorded in Los Angeles in the late 80s and early 90s. Tracks from \"Mile High Fan\" had originally been intended for the follow-up to 1988's \"Sunny Nights\".\n\nIn 2011, Huxley released Tracks & Treasure Vol. 1 a collection of songs that had appeared on compilations as well as previously unreleased master recordings. The album featured performances by McCartney guitarist Rusty Anderson, Go-Go's drummer Gina Schock, ELO/ELO Part II/The Orchestra violinist Mik Kaminski, and others. The album's title was a pun, referencing \"trash and treasure\" days in Maryland.\n\nOn April 2, 2013, Nine18 Records issued Thank You Bethesda, a collection of all new songs that Huxley considers some of his best work. A successful Kickstarter campaign in the fall of 2012 aided in the album's post-production and release. The 24-page CD booklet contains names and pictures of Huxley's Kickstarter supporters.\n\nIn Fall 2015, Nine18 Records released P. Hux Live Deluxe, a remastered 1996 recording of the original P. Hux lineup captured live in Durham, North Carolina.\n\nOn September 18, 2018, Nine18 Records released This Is The One, Huxley's most recent collection of all new songs and featuring the singles \"Just Sayin'\" and \"Running Home To You.\" The album's songs and sounds were hailed by well known fans of Huxley, including Don Dixon, Al Stewart, McCartney guitarist Rusty Anderson and many more.\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\nSunny Nights (1988)\nDeluxe (1995)\nVeG (1997)\nNo Rewind (2001)\nPurgatory Falls (2001)\nHomemade Spaceship: The Music of ELO as Performed by P. Hux (2005)\nMile High Fan (2006)\nKiss the Monster (2007)\nTracks & Treasure Vol.1 (2011)\nThank You Bethesda (2013)\nThis Is The One (2018)\n\nSingles\n\"Buddha, Buddha\" b/w \"Sputnik\" (1982) (as Rick Rock)\n\"Chance to Be Loved\" (1988)\n\"Double Our Numbers\" (1988)\n\"Guest Host for the Holy Ghost\" (1988)\n\"It'll Be Alright\" (1995)\n\"Every Minute\" (1995)\n\"Here Comes the Savior\" (1995)\n\"I Loved Everything\" (2001)\n\"Love Is The Greatest Thing\" (2014)\n\"Just Sayin'\" (2018)\n\nLive albums\nLive in Your Living Room (2001)\nIn Your Parlour (2003)\nLive Deluxe (2015)\n\nReferences\n\n1956 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nElectric Light Orchestra\nEels (band) members\nAmerican male singer-songwriters\nAmerican rock singers\nAmerican rock songwriters\nAmerican rock guitarists\nAmerican male guitarists\nRecord producers from California\nGuitarists from Los Angeles\nGuitarists from Louisiana\n20th-century American guitarists\nSinger-songwriters from California\nSinger-songwriters from Louisiana", "The Aldea Linda Residential Historic District is a historic district in Tucson, Arizona, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The listing included 15 contributing buildings.\n\nThe area was developed around 1947 by future state governor Sam Goddard. It has 22 large lots with houses set back from street.\n\nIt includes the entire Aldea Linda subdivision, including the 4700-5000 blocks of E. Calle Jabali, E. 22nd St., and the 1100 block of S. Swan Rd. Its 2009 National Register nomination describes it as:an absolutely unique and precious enclave .... The neighborhood combines high quality, post-World War II residences, one art school, a church complex, and vacant land in a natural, creosote desert setting. In the midst of dense urban development, Aldea Linda's uniqueness comes from its small size, intact deed restrictions, curvilinear cul-de-sac layout, large lots, creosote desert setting, and post- World War II architecture. Its period of significance is 1947-1964. Aldea Linda's land was acquired in 1946 by Samuel P. Goddard, Jr. (future governor of Arizona) and his wife, Julia Hatch Goddard. Today's subdivision contains very good examples of prevalent post-World War II contemporary styles, the Ranch and Modern, and a few, regionally appropriate, Sonoran Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style buildings.\n\nReferences\n\nHistoric districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona\nNational Register of Historic Places in Pima County, Arizona\nMission Revival architecture in Arizona\nSonoran Revival architecture\nBuildings and structures completed in 1947" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation.", "Did Huxley serve on any public boards?", "administrators. In the US he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial", "What was he able to influence in Africa?", "administrators about education and wild-life conservation. In Europe, through UNESCO,", "What work did Huxley do in Europe?", "Europe, through UNESCO, he was at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education. In", "Did Huxley help with post world war II revival?", "he was at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education. In Russia, however, his experiences were mixed." ]

[ "Leonard Huxley (11 December 1860 – 2 May 1933) was an English schoolteacher, writer and editor.\n\nBiography\n\nFamily \n\nHuxley's father was the zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley, commonly referred to as 'Darwin's bulldog'. He was educated at University College School, London, the University of St Andrews, and Balliol College, Oxford. He first married Julia Arnold who founded a school. She was the daughter of the academic Tom Arnold. She was a sister of the novelist Mrs Humphry Ward, niece of the poet Matthew Arnold, and granddaughter of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School (immortalised as a character in Tom Brown's Schooldays).\n\nTheir four children included the biologist Julian Huxley (1887–1975) and the writer Aldous Huxley (1894–1963). Their middle son, Noel Trevenen (born in 1889), committed suicide in 1914. Their daughter, Margaret Arnold Huxley, was born in 1899. Julia Arnold died of cancer in 1908. \n\nAfter the death of his first wife, Leonard married Rosalind Bruce, and had two further sons. The elder of these was David Bruce Huxley (1915–1992), whose daughter Angela married George Pember Darwin, son of the physicist Charles Galton Darwin. The younger was the 1963 Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Andrew Huxley (1917–2012).\n\nWork \nHuxley's major biographies were the three volumes of Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley and the two volumes of Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI. He also published Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch, and a short biography of Darwin. He was assistant master at Charterhouse School between 1884 and 1901. He was then the assistant editor of Cornhill Magazine between 1901 and 1916, becoming its editor in 1916.\n\n 1900 Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 2 vols.\n 1912 Thoughts on education drawn from the writings of Matthew Arnold (editor).\n 1913 Scott's last expedition (editor). 2 vols.\n 1918 Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM, GCSI. 2 vols.\n 1920 Anniversaries, and other poems.\n 1920 Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch.\n 1920 Charles Darwin.\n 1924 Jane Welsh Carlyle: letters to her family 1839–1863 (editor).\n 1926 Progress and the unfit.\n 1926 Sheaves from the Cornhill. \n 1930 Elizabeth Barrett Browning: letters to her sister 1846–1859 (editor).\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n\n1860 births\n1933 deaths\nLeonard\nAlumni of the University of St Andrews\nPeople educated at University College School\nEnglish writers", "Sir Leonard George Holden Huxley (29 May 1902 – 4 September 1988) was an Australian physicist.\n\nHuxley was born in London, the eldest son of George Hamborough and Lilian Huxley. He was a second-cousin once removed of Thomas Huxley. His family migrated from England to Australia in 1905 when he was three, and settled in Tasmania, where Huxley showed great academic and sporting promise while attending The Hutchins School. He won a Rhodes Scholarship to New College, Oxford while in his second year at the University of Tasmania and obtained a D.Phil. from Oxford in 1928. On 5 October 1929 he married Ella Mary Child 'Molly' Copeland who was reading history at Somerville College.\n\nHuxley was a physicist at the Australian Radio Research Board, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 1929 to 1931; Lecturer in Physics, University College, Leicester 1932 to 1940; Principal Scientific Officer, Ministry of Aircraft Production, UK 1940 to 1946; Reader in Electromagnetism, University of Birmingham 1946 to 1949; Professor of Physics, University of Adelaide 1949 to 1960; and Vice-Chancellor, Australian National University 1960 to 1967.\n\nHuxley was president of the Australian Branch of the Institute of Physics (UK) 1954 to 1955; and president of the Australian Institute of Physics 1962 to 1965.\n\nHe was elected a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1953, and knighted in 1964.\n\nHuxley died in London at the age of 86.\n\nSee also\nHuxley family\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n \n\n1902 births\n1988 deaths\nAustralian physicists\nAcademics of the University of Leicester\nAustralian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nAustralian Rhodes Scholars\nFellows of the Australian Academy of Science\nAlumni of New College, Oxford\nLeonard\nAcademics of the University of Birmingham\nEnglish emigrants to Australia\nVice-Chancellors of the Australian National University" ]

[ "Julian Huxley", "Personal influence", "Who had the largest influence on Huxley?", "evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s. Charles Elton (ecology), Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful,", "Did Huxley was influence from his family?", "I don't know.", "What did Huxley believe?", "natural selection was the main driving force of evolution,", "Did Huxley believe in God?", "Marxist-Leninism had become a dogmatic religion... and like all dogmatic religions, it had turned from reform to persecution.", "Where did Huxley study?", "Alister Hardy (marine biology) and John Baker (cytology) all became highly successful, and Baker eventually wrote Huxley's Royal Society obituary memoir.", "Did Huxley do any public speaking?", "selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial administrators about education and wild-life conservation.", "Did Huxley serve on any public boards?", "administrators. In the US he was able to meet other evolutionists at a critical time in the reassessment of natural selection. In Africa he was able to influence colonial", "What was he able to influence in Africa?", "administrators about education and wild-life conservation. In Europe, through UNESCO,", "What work did Huxley do in Europe?", "Europe, through UNESCO, he was at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education. In", "Did Huxley help with post world war II revival?", "he was at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education. In Russia, however, his experiences were mixed.", "Was Huxley's efforts appreciated?", "about education and wild-life conservation. In Europe, through UNESCO, he was at the centre of the post-World" ]

[ "Beyond the Mexique Bay is a travel book by Aldous Huxley, first published in 1934. In it, he describes his experiences traveling through the Caribbean to Guatemala and southern Mexico in 1933.\n\nExternal links\nFree download of the book at archive.org\n\n1934 non-fiction books\nBooks by Aldous Huxley\nBritish travel books\nBooks about Mexico\nBooks about the Caribbean\nChatto & Windus books\nEnglish non-fiction books", "Robert William Huxley, known as Robb Huxley (born December 4, 1945) is a British vocalist, guitarist and musician. He is widely regarded as a pioneer of Israeli rock due to his work in Israel in the 1960s and 1970s with his band, The Churchills, and with prominent Israeli artists such as Arik Einstein.\n\nEarly life\nHuxley was born in Gloucester, England and educated at Sir Thomas Rich’s Grammar School. After leaving school in 1962, he joined a local band, the Vendettas, as vocalist in 1963.\n\nProfessional career\nAfter the Vendettas, Huxley moved on to join the Whirlwinds as lead singer under the name \"Robb Gayle\".\n\nAfter a recording audition with Joe Meek, the Whirlwinds changed their name to the Saxons and dyed their hair blond. While still semi-pro they released a single through Joe Meek in 1965; an instrumental written by Pete Holder and Robb Huxley titled \"Saxon Warcry\".\n\nIn December 1965, Joe Meek summoned the Saxons to London to work professionally as his house band, renamed The Tornados. They were also known as the New Tornados. During their short association with Joe Meek, they put out two singles. “Pop-Art Goes Mozart” / “Too Much in Love to Hear” and “Is that a Ship I Hear” / “Do You Come Here Often”. Both singles were released in 1966. Nowadays “Do you Come Here Often” is recognized as being the first ever openly “gay” song to be released on record.\n\nAlmost a year after Joe Meek’s death in a shooting incident at his Holloway Road studio, with only Robb Huxley and Dave Watts remaining from the original line up, the Tornados left for a tour of Israel.\n\nEarly in February 1968 in Tel-Aviv, the Tornados disbanded, which ended Joe Meek’s succession of Tornados.\n\nIn Israel\n\nHuxley remained in Israel and played with a three piece group called Purple Ass Baboon for a short time. The group was probably the first ever “punk” style band to play in Israel.\n\nHuxley met up with Stan Solomon, Canadian singer with the Israeli band The Churchills and was invited to join the band when two members were subscripted into the Israeli army.\n\nHuxley and Solomon went on to write the music for the Churchills’ only album, which was written in part for the Israeli film, A Woman’s Case. The vinyl album is acclaimed today to be the rarest psychedelic record in the world, and is also recognized for its musical content.\n\nHuxley went on to write for Israeli singers, the most prominent being Arik Einstein who had a hit “Akhinoam Lo Yoda'at\" (\"Akhinoam Doesn't Know\", eng. \"When You’re Gone\") which Huxley had written for the Churchills.\n\nHuxley and Einstein collaborated on an album of children’s songs, with melodies written by Huxley and lyrics by Einstein.\n\nAfter Stan Solomon quit the Churchills in 1969, the band became Arik Einstein’s backing band. They were also joined by singer Danny Shoshan, a former bass player and vocalist from the Lions.\n\nIn 1970, they recorded an album, Junkies, Monkeys and Donkeys at Red Bus Records in London, with music written by Huxley and Shoshan and changed their name to Jericho Jones. They went on to record a second album under the name of Jericho, again with Huxley / Shoshan compositions.\n\nIn 1972, bass player Miki Gavrielov and drummer Ami Trebich returned to Israel. Shoshan took over the bass with Huxley and Haim Romano on guitars. They took on British drummer Chris Perry. They put out two singles, but after a tour of South Africa in 1973, Jericho disbanded due to management, personal and record label problems.\n\nHuxley's work in Israel, particularly with the Churchills and with Einstein, made him become widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Israeli rock.\n\nHuxley moved to Miami in 1974, where he still lives with his Israeli wife.\n\nExternal links\n Official Site\n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nEnglish male singers\nPeople from Gloucester\nBeat musicians\nThe Tornados members" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video" ]

[ "MaryAnn Tanedo is an American film and music video producer who began her career in the mid 1990s.\n\nCareer\nTanedo’s early producing credits include the music video for Moby & Gwen Stefani’s \"South Side\" (2000) which won the 2001 MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video, as well as the Grammy-nominated video for Jamiroquai's “Feels Just Like It Should” (2005), both directed by Joseph Kahn.\n\nIn 2010 she joined Simon Cowell and Joseph Kahn to produce a five-minute documentary music video for \"Everybody Hurts\", the charity single to raise money for the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.\n\nHer film producing credits include the 2011 horror/comedy feature Detention directed by Joseph Kahn and the 2014 drama Pony, written and directed by Candice Carella. In 2017, Tanedo and Carella rejoined to produce the short film, Three Days in the Hole, the story of a young girl captured by ISIS and sold into slavery. The film was inspired by the true stories of Yezidi women who have suffered atrocities at the hands of ISIS.\n\nIn 2017, Tanedo produced 12 Round Gun, a boxing themed feature, written and directed by Sam Upton, starring Sam Upton, Jared Abrahamson, and Mark Boone Junior. In 2019, 12 Round Gun was added to the Netflix streaming catalog.\n\nAwards and nominations \nIn 2001, Tanedo was nominated for the Academy of Country Music's Video of the Year Award for Faith Hill's \"The Way You Love Me\", directed by Joseph Kahn. In 2004, she was awarded a Latin Grammy for Best Music Video for Robi Rosa's “Más y Más” directed by Angela Alvarado. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Tanedo won two Moonman awards- one for Best Hip-Hop Video for Eminem's \"We Made You\" and another for Best Pop Video for Britney Spears' \"Womanizer\", both directed by Joseph Kahn. In 2011, Tanedo was nominated for a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video for \"Love the Way You Lie\" by Eminem and Rihanna, directed by Joseph Kahn.\n\nThe 2014 short drama, Pony, produced by Tanedo, written and directed by Candice Carella, received the Award of Excellence at the 2016 Canada International Film Festival, a Gold Lion for Best Screenplay at the 2015 London Film Festival, and a Silver Award for Best Narrative Short at the 2015 International Independent Film Awards. Three Days in the Hole (2017) was nominated for awards at the Hollywood Film Festival and the Rome International Film festival. 12 Round Gun received the award for Best Drama Feature Film at the 2017 Mindfield Film Festival Los Angeles and Best Narrative Feature at the 2018 Cinema at the Edge Independent Film Festival.\n\nFilmography \n 12 Round Gun, written and directed by Sam Upton (2017)\n LA: CARS + MUSIC, directed by Van Alpert (2017)\n Three Days in the Hole, written by Candice Carella and Desmond Nakano, directed by Candice Carella (2017)\n Pony, written and directed by Candice Carella (2014)\n Detention, written by Joseph Kahn and Mark Palermo, directed by Joseph Kahn (2011)\n The Stone Cutter, written and directed by Stephen Erickson (2000)\n\nReferences \n\nAmerican women film producers\nAmerican film producers\nAmerican music video producers\nGrammy Award winners\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "\"Missed the Boat\" is a song by American indie rock band Modest Mouse and is the sixth track on their 2007 album, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank. The song was released as the second single from that album and peaked at #24 in Billboard's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.\n\nJames Mercer of The Shins sings backup vocals on \"Missed the Boat\".\n\nMusic video\nIn 2007, Apple Inc. and Modest Mouse asked fans to direct and film a video for the song. The contest ended on May 22, 2007. Christopher Mills, who also directed the \"Float On\" video, directed the green screen sequences used in the contest. The winning video, directed by Walter Robot, that is Christopher Louie and Bill Barminski, shows a robot who directed himself in a video about a robot who runs away from home.\n\nAnother video, shown on MTV2 and Fuse TV, features segued segments of other submitted videos, with the winning video only appearing for five seconds.\n\nChart performance\n\nPopular culture\nThis song appears in the Scrubs episode \"My Waste of Time\" at the end of the show.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Modest Mouse at MySpace\n \n\nModest Mouse songs\n2007 songs\nSongs written by Johnny Marr\nSongs written by Isaac Brock (musician)\nSongs written by Jeremiah Green\nSongs written by Eric Judy\nSongs written by Joe Plummer\nSongs written by Tom Peloso" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence." ]

[ "\"What What (In the Butt)\" is a viral video created by Andrew Swant and Bobby Ciraldo for the song of the same name by Samwell. It is known for its numerous blatant and camp references to homosexuality and anal sex. The lyrics of the song, a production of Mike Stasny, mostly revolve around the title. The video was made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and uploaded on Valentine's Day 2007 to YouTube. As of October 2021, the video has over 72 million views.\n\nThemes and imagery\nOn 5 March 2007, with regard to the Christian imagery in the video, Samwell said, in an interview with KROQ-FM, that the opening image is \"not a cross, but a flaming symbol that [he] just happened to use\". According to Stasny, however: \"[Samwell] wanted it because he's a Christian but he doesn't do Christian morality. For him, having a burning cross is a way to pay respect to his beliefs.\"\n\nThe video also parodies the flower petal scene from the movie American Beauty (1999).\n\nOn April 8, 2007, Brownmark Films released an interview with Samwell, in which he discussed the public reception of the song at length.\n\nPerformances and appearances\nIn April 2008, Samwell appeared on the BBC television show Lily Allen and Friends for an interview and performed a live version of \"What What (In the Butt)\" with choreographed dancers. The video was also featured in episode #53 of ADD-TV in Manhattan. \"What What (In the Butt)\" was an official selection at the Milwaukee International Film Festival and the Mix Brasil Film Festival.\n\nIn June 2010 Samwell appeared on an episode of Comedy Central's Tosh.0, television show about viral videos. The segment told the story of how the \"What What\" video was created, followed by an acoustic duet version of the song by Samwell and Josh Homme, lead singer for Queens Of The Stone Age and guitar player for Kyuss.\n\nIn 2009, the creators of the video, and Samwell himself, claimed that a feature film called What What (In the Butt): The Movie was in the works.\n\nOn November 12, 2010, Brownmark Films filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against MTV Networks, South Park Studios, and Viacom for their use of \"What What in the Butt\" in a 2008 South Park episode. In July 2011, a federal judge decided that South Park's use of the video fell under the fair use exception to copyright law, and thus the defendants did not owe damages. The decision was unusual in a copyright lawsuit because it was made on a motion to dismiss, before summary judgment. The appeal was dismissed by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals on June 7, 2012. Additionally, the district court awarded attorneys' fees to the defendants because the lawsuit was \"objectively unreasonable\".\n\nIn January 2013, a behind-the-scenes video was released which showed footage from the original 2006 green screen shoot.\n\nIn popular culture\nIn the April 2, 2008 episode of South Park, \"Canada on Strike\", the boys post a viral video on \"YouToob\" (a fictional version of YouTube) of Butters performing \"What What (In the Butt)\".\nIn October 2011 a porn parody of Comedy Central's Tosh.0 was released called Tosh Porn Oh. The film (porn star Dane Cross' directorial debut) contained a segment based on the \"What What (In the Butt)\" video with Samwell replaced by the pornographic actress Skin Diamond. The segment features a recreation of the original video which, according to the end credits, was fully licensed by Brownmark Films.\nThe \"What What\" song surfaced on an episode of Sweden’s Got Talent in which four naked young men danced to the song.\nThe creators of the \"What What\" video projected images of Samwell's iconic pink zeppelin onto buildings in Los Angeles for the five-year anniversary of the project.\n\nSee also\nLGBT hip hop\n\"In the Bush\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official website\n \"What What\" re-created segment on South Park\n Blogcritics Magazine interview with the creators of the video\n \n\nViral videos\nSongs about buttocks\nSongs about sexuality\nLGBT-related songs\n2007 YouTube videos\n2007 songs\nInternet memes introduced in 2007\nMusic memes", "\"What I Go to School For\" is the debut single of English pop punk band Busted. It was written by James Bourne, Charlie Simpson, Matt Willis, Steve Robson, and John McLaughlin and produced by Steve Robson. The song was inspired by a teacher that Matt Willis had a crush on at school.\n\nThe song was released on 16 September 2002 and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. A young Jade Ewen (who would later join girl group Sugababes) appears in the music video.\n\nBackground\nMatt Willis told the Essex Chronicle that the song came about after a night out in TOTs 2000 (now known as Talk nightclub) in James Bourne's hometown of Southend-on-Sea. \"We were too young, we got drunk and went to TOTs,\" Willis said. \"Then we walked home and continued drinking on the way – it took us ages. When we got back to James' house, we went to his bedroom and just picked up the guitar and that’s when we started writing What I Go to School For.\"\n\nIn 2003, the real-life inspiration for the song was revealed to be Willis' former teacher Michelle Blair, who made a surprise appearance on The Frank Skinner Show on ITV during an interview with Willis. Blair, who was 28 and had been married for three years at the time of her appearance on The Frank Skinner Show, was Willis' dance teacher at the Sylvia Young Theatre School when Willis was 15. Speaking about the surprise appearance with Willis on the show, Blair said: \"It was hilarious – he looked like he wanted the ground to swallow him up. I only found out the song was about me after it came out – it's really flattering.\" Blair said that at the time she was not aware of her pupil's crush on her, but that she did remember him from the dance classes: \"He was quite cheeky and charming and always had something to say in class. He used to tell us he was in a band, but I never dreamed they were going to be this big and I certainly hadn't a clue I was going to feature in one of their songs!\"\n\nCommenting on the veracity of these events as portrayed in the song, Blair said: \"I think he's used a bit of artistic licence in the song. It was a dance class so we never used any pencils but I suppose he had ample opportunity to look at my bum. There was never any tree outside my bedroom window though – I think I might have noticed a Peeping Tom.\" Reflecting on his time under the tutelage of Miss Blair, Willis said, \"She was kind of nice and there was always something really sexy about her.\" Being identified as the object of adolescent lust, and the subject of a pop song, hasn't caused any friction with her husband, according to Blair: \"My husband thinks its (sic) hilarious and takes the mickey. I don't think he's really worried I'm going to run off with a pop star. I'm proud of them. Looking back it was obvious Matt had what it takes.\"\n\nOn 29 October 2012, Michelle Blair appeared as the correct answer in the \"line-up\" section of BBC Two panel Never Mind the Buzzcocks.\n\nMusical\nWhat I Go to School For became the title of a musical theatre production produced by Youth Music Theatre UK following the story of Busted from their origins in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, through to their break-up in 2005. The musical was written by Elliot Davis with songs from the Busted albums and new music by James Bourne. It was directed by Steven Dexter and played at the Theatre Royal, Brighton in 2016.\n\nMusic video\nThe video for the song features model Lorna Roberts as Miss McKenzie, the object of the band's desire. Then 14-year-old Jade Ewen, who later joined the Sugababes, appears in the video as a schoolgirl. The filming of the What I Go To School For video was later parodied in the video for the Busted song Nineties.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUK CD1 and Australian CD single\n \"What I Go to School For\" (single version) – 3:30\n \"What I Go to School For\" (acoustic version) – 3:26\n \"What I Go to School For\" (alternative version) – 3:31\n \"What I Go to School For\" (instrumental mix) – 3:28\n \"What I Go to School For\" (CD-ROM video)\n\nUK CD2\n \"What I Go to School For\" (single version)\n \"Brown Eyed Girl\"\n Interactvie interview (CD-ROM video)\n\nUK cassette single\n \"What I Go to School For\"\n \"Dawson's Geek\"\n \"What I Go to School For\" (acoustic version)\n\nUS enhanced CD single\n \"What I Go to School For\" (radio version)\n \"What I Go to School For\" (album version)\n \"What I Go to School For\" (CD-ROM video)\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nCover versions\n \"What I Go to School For\" was parodied by the Amateur Transplants on their 2004 album Fitness to Practice.\n The Jonas Brothers covered the song for their 2006 album It's About Time.\n\nReferences\n\n2002 debut singles\n2002 songs\nBusted (band) songs\nIsland Records singles\nSongs about school\nSongs written by Charlie Simpson\nSongs written by James Bourne\nSongs written by Matt Willis\nSongs written by Steve Robson\nUniversal Records singles" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck." ]

[ "Young Love is the third studio album by Irish pop duo Jedward. The album was released on 22 June 2012. In January 2012, Jedward began recording material for their third studio album, including their 2012 Eurovision Song Contest entry \"Waterline\". This recording was done at Wendy House Productions, in West London. The rest of the album was recorded in March at a studio in Sweden. Young Love is a concept album recounting the story of a relationship, from its beginning to end. In 2012 the album was given Gold certification in Ireland.\n\nSingles\n \"Waterline\" was released as the album's lead single on 24 February 2012. It also served as the duo's entry for Ireland in the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest. The song premiered on 9 February 2012 to positive reception. \"Waterline\" was not formally named as a track of Young Love until May. The single has two music videos - one produced by RTÉ, using footage of Jedward's Eurosong experience, and a second, filmed by John and Edward themselves, whilst on holiday in Tokyo, which serves as the official video.\n \"Young Love\" was released as the album's second single on 15 June 2012. A music video for the track premiered on 13 June, having been filmed in the Olympia theatre in Dublin, Ireland. The single received a digital release only.\n \"Luminous\" was released as the album's third single on 12 October 2012, having been announced for released as a single on 27 June. The music video was funded and filmed by the duo's record label, Universal Music Ireland, and was directed by Alex Grazioli, with a science-fiction and fantasy theme. The single was released worldwide across the week beginning on October 15, 2012.\n\nMusic videos\nAs well as videos for the album's three singles, John and Edward have also released music videos for other tracks from the album.\n\n In April 2012, the duo uploaded home made video previews of several album tracks to their YouTube account. These included the title track \"Young Love\", \"What's Your Number\", \"Happens In the Dark\", \"POV\", \"Can't Forget You\" and \"Luminous\".\n \"A Girl Like You\" was accompanied by a music video in June 2012, which the twins filmed themselves while working in Orlando, Florida. The video features the duo skateboarding and buying snacks and drinks from local convenience shops.\n \"How Did You Know\" was accompanied by a music video in October 2012, which the twins filmed themselves in St-Tropez, France. The video was filmed over the course of three days, and makes use of a multi-camera lens operation.\n The \"Happens in the Dark\" video premiered in March 2013, having been filmed by the duo themselves. The video was filmed in January 2013 in Toronto, Canada. The twins then previewed a clip from the video on MuchMusic. The video features the duo arriving and performing at a local house party.\n The \"What's Your Number\" video premiered in April 2013 on Channel V Australia. It was filmed earlier in the month in New York City and features the twins walking around Brooklyn, Coney Island and travelling in a subway car.\n A video for \"P.O.V\" was released online in May 2013. Filmed in Madame Tussaud's in Sydney in April, the video has the twins dancing and singing along with their song.\n The \"Can't Forget You\" video was released in November 2013. It was filmed in California and features locations in and around El Mirage Lake, previously used in for the Backstreet Boys' \"Incomplete\" and Demi Lovato's \"Skyscraper\" music videos.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\nThe album debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart, thus becoming the twins' third consecutive album to debut at the top spot of their home country's album chart. Despite minimal promotion outside Ireland, the album debuted at number 63 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart, with sales of 2,241 copies in the country during its first week of release. The album also charted at number eight on the Estonian album charts.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nJedward albums\nUniversal Music Group albums\n2012 albums", "Everything Dies is a single by American gothic metal band Type O Negative from their fall 1999 release World Coming Down. It was a successful single for the band making #37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks.\n\nMusic video\nA music video was filmed for the song, featuring the band and singer Peter Steele in various settings, as well as footage of a family having dinner with the members of the family slowly fading away. In the end of the music video, Peter Steele goes underwater, possibly drowning himself. Part of the video was filmed in a shipyard where Steele's father - who died a few years before the album was recorded - used to work.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Type O Negative Everything Dies Official video YouTube\n\n1999 singles\n1999 songs\nType O Negative songs\nSongs in memory of deceased persons\nSongs written by Peter Steele\nRoadrunner Records singles" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck.", "Where was the video filmed?", "The video was filmed entirely in Los Angeles, CA" ]

[ "Big Ones You Can Look At is a VHS and Laserdisc featuring music videos by the American band Aerosmith. It was released on November 1, 1994. In addition, there are outtakes and band interviews. Running time is 100 minutes. The suggestive title comes from – and is a companion to – the 1994 compilation album Big Ones.\n\nA DVD release (out of print, unknown if official or not) was released in Brazil with Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo and 5.1 Surround sound tracks and quality better than the VHS and Laserdisc releases.\n\nSome scenes from the Pump era were culled from the band's previous video compilation The Making of Pump. Along with the band members, various individuals make cameo appearances during the outtakes and making-of segments, including Marty Callner, John Kalodner, and Hank Azaria. The behind the scenes segment for \"Eat the Rich\" includes the band's collaboration with Melvin Liufau, Wesey Mamea, Liainaiala Tagaloa, Mapuhi T. Tekurio, and Aladd Alationa Teofilo, playing the log drums.\n\nAmong the notable actors appearing in the videos include: Alicia Silverstone, Liv Tyler, Edward Furlong, Stephen Dorff, Josh Holloway, Jason London, Brandi Brandt, Kristin Dattilo, Lesley Ann Warren, and Nicholas Guest.\n\nTrack listing \nOpening/meet the band\nOfficial video: \"Deuces Are Wild\"\nThe making of the \"Livin' on the Edge\" video\nOfficial video: \"Livin' on the Edge\"\nBehind the scenes during the recording of \"Eat the Rich\"\nOfficial video: Eat the Rich\"\nThe making of the \"Cryin'\" video\nOfficial video: \"Cryin'\"\nThe making of the \"Amazing\" video\nOfficial video: \"Amazing\"\nThe making of the \"Crazy\" video\nOfficial video: \"Crazy\" (Director's cut)\nBehind the scenes during the recording of \"Love in an Elevator\"\nOfficial video: \"Love in an Elevator\"\nBehind the scenes during the recording of \"Janie's Got a Gun\"\nOfficial video: \"Water Song/Janie's Got a Gun\"\nOfficial studio video: \"What It Takes (The Recording Of)\"\nOuttakes - On tour\nOfficial video: \"Dulcimer Stomp/The Other Side\"\nOuttakes - Photo session\nOfficial video: \"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\"\nBehind the scenes at the recording of The Simpsons (\"Flaming Moe's\" episode)\nOfficial video: \"Angel\"\nOuttakes - Men of the world\nOfficial video: \"Rag Doll\" (Video)\nOuttakes/End credits\n\nWorks cited\nBig Ones You Can Look At - VHS, 1994\nDiscogs - Big Ones You Can Look At\n\nAerosmith video albums\n1994 video albums\nMusic video compilation albums\n1994 compilation albums\nAerosmith compilation albums\nGeffen Records video albums", "\"Grand Unification Part 1\" is the second single from the Fightstar album Grand Unification. There are two videos to this song. One of the videos is a mixture of Fightstar playing in a, what would seem to be some sort of cave or room, as well as scenes from Dragonball Z. The second video is the band playing in the same sort of cave/room but without the Dragonball Z scenes. It has since been revealed that the location used was the same as that used by The Prodigy in the controversial video for their song Firestarter, and this has been interpreted as a tribute on the part of Fightstar to The Prodigy.\n\nMuch like Paint Your Target, there are 2 recorded versions of Grand Unification Part 1. One, recorded by Chris Sheldon, was released as a single and appeared on the Dragonball Z version of the video. The other version, which appears on Grand Unification, was recorded by Colin Richardson and appeared on the video without the Dragonball Z scenes.\n\nTrack listing \nCD\n \"Grand Unification Pt. 1\"\n \"The Days I Recall Being Wonderful\" (Last Days of April Cover)\n \"Waste A Moment\" (Acoustic)\n\n7\" Vinyl:\n \"Grand Unification Pt. 1\"\n \"Palahniuk's Laughter\" (Live)\n\n \nDVD\n \"Grand Unification Pt. 1\" (Video)\n \"Take You Home\"\n 10 minutes of Japan footage\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nFightstar songs\nSongs written by Alex Westaway\nSongs written by Charlie Simpson\n2005 songs" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck.", "Where was the video filmed?", "The video was filmed entirely in Los Angeles, CA", "What are some of the video scenes?", "begins with surveillance camera footage of Lopez and Affleck in their apartment." ]

[ "The Holocaust Kid is a semi-autobiographical novel by Sonia Pilcer.\n\nPlot summary\nThe book has fifteen stories that is loosely based on the life of author Sonia Pilcer. Zosha Palovsky, who prefers to call herself Zoe, was born in Europe in a camp for DPs. She moved to New York City with her parents, Genia and Heniek, when she was a toddler. Zoe reconciles her dreams with her parents' experiences. The first story called Do You Deserve To Lie is narrated by Zoe who works for a movie magazine and does things that her parents doesn't appreciate. Two stories tell about how Genia was saved from the gas chambers and how she met Heniek after the war. In another story, it talks about how Heniek escaped from Auschwitz. Other stories have to do with Zoe appreciating her parents more, marrying, and going on vacation with her parents.\n\nReception\nIt was reviewed by Kirkus Reviews.\nIt was reviewed by Publishers Weekly.\nIt was reviewed by Booklist.\n\nReferences\n\n2002 American novels\nPersonal accounts of the Holocaust\nAmerican autobiographical novels", "Elizabeth Moody (1737 Kingston upon Thames - 1814) was a British poet, and literary critic.\n\nLife\nElizabeth Greenly was the daughter of a wealthy lawyer, who died when she was 13, but left a legacy for her family. \nA book-lover from an early age, she was well read in English, French, and Italian literature. \nFor many years she privately circulated verse in a circle that included Edward Lovibond and George Hardinge. \nShe remained unmarried until the age of 40 when, in 1777, she wed the dissenting clergyman Christopher Lake Moody (1753–1915), vicar of Turnham Green.\n\nLiterary Accomplishments\nMoody reviewed books for Monthly Review, a job she likely came to through her husband, as Christopher reviewed for them as well. The Moody's were dissenting Presbyterians, as was the Monthly Review'''s editor, Ralph Griffiths, and this is how they came to know him both personally and professionally. She also reviewed books for the weekly newspaper, The St. James's Chronicle in which her husband owned a share. She and her husband also contributed poetry to the weekly St. James's Chronicle.\n\nWorks\n Poetical Trifles'', 1798, printed by H. Baldwin and Son; for T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies, 1798\n\nAnthologies\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\"Elizabeth Moody\", Literary Encyclopedia\n\nBritish poets\nPeople from Kingston upon Thames\n1737 births\n1814 deaths\nBritish literary critics\nWomen literary critics" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck.", "Where was the video filmed?", "The video was filmed entirely in Los Angeles, CA", "What are some of the video scenes?", "begins with surveillance camera footage of Lopez and Affleck in their apartment.", "How was it reviewed by critics?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Ray Hunt (August 31, 1929 – March 12, 2009) was an American horse trainer and clinician of significant influence in the natural horsemanship field. He had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\n\nNatural horsemanship\nHunt is widely regarded as one of the original proponents of what became known as natural horsemanship. His views about horse-human relations were embraced by inspirational writers about human relations. Lance Secretan wrote that \"We may respect a leader, but the ones we love are servant-leaders.\" In the beginning, Hunt said,\"I was working in the mind of a lot of people who didnt want to believe the horse had a mind. Get a bigger bit. Get a bigger stick. That was their approach.\" \n\nRay Hunt is said to be Tom Dorrance's best-known student. They met around 1960, at a fair in Elko, Nevada. While Dorrance avoided media attention and clinics, by the mid 1970s Hunt was giving clinics far and wide. Ray Hunt is famous for starting each clinic with the statement \"I'm here for the horse, to help him get a better deal.\" He also liked to say \"make the wrong thing difficult and the right thing easy.\" His philosophy has been interpreted as \"If you get bucked off or kicked or bitten, you obviously did something wrong . . . The horse, on the other hand, is never wrong\".\n\nThe idea that \"the horse is never wrong\" is often misunderstood by people who think Ray was talking about the horse's behaviour, he was rather meaning the horse's reaction to human behaviour. The horse always interprets human actions in the moment, they don't think about the past or future in the way that people do. So, their reactions to what is happening in the moment is always pure, they reflect what the human did with the utmost integrity. If we want to change the horse, we should first change ourselves. As Ray said \"it's easy to change the horse, but it's hard to change the human\".\n\nRay Hunt was a mentor and teacher of Buck Brannaman.\n\nWorks\n1978 Think Harmony with Horses: An In-depth Study of Horse/man Relationship\n1992 Turning loose with Ray Hunt (video)\n1996 Colt starting with Ray Hunt (video)\n2001 The Fort Worth Benefit with Ray Hunt (video)\nBack To The Beginning (video)\nRay Hunt Appreciation Clinic: 2005 Western Horseman of the Year (video)\nRay Hunt: Cowboy Logic\n\nSee also\nTom and Bill Dorrance\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nAmerican horse trainers\n1929 births\n2009 deaths", "\"Think About You\" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Delta Goodrem. It was released on 16 February 2018. The song debuted on the ARIA singles chart at number 32, and later peaked at number 19, becoming Goodrem's 21st top 20 hit in Australia.\n\nUpon release, Goodrem said: \"As a songwriter, I look at the message that I want to convey in a song, in this case, and after working on a number of different projects, I genuinely went into the writing session with an open mind that it didn't have to come with as much gravity in the sentiment, it just has to feel good. Every chapter of my career has been different and right now, with this song, I want people to just have fun.\"\n\nPromotion\nThe song was teased over the course of several days across Goodrem's social media accounts, with snippets of the song being paired with scenes of Goodrem moving around at a photoshoot. Goodrem also did a performance as part of Channel V's Island Parties series to promote the song. She also did a series of radio interviews on all the major commercial stations around Australia.\n\nReception\nJamie Velevski from Amnplify said \"The upbeat, seductive track puts the songstress into a new spotlight as the use of sensual sounds and soft tones throughout the background are characteristics unseen to the artists' previous work.\" Adding that \"with the team that put together Niall Horan's global hit \"Slow Hands\", there's no denying that this fresh mature sound for Delta will also make waves.\" Mike Wass from Idolator called the song \"a sexy, uptempo banger.\"\n\nMusic video\nOn February 16, Goodrem uploaded a video titled \"Think About You (The Look Book)\" to her Vevo page. It features monochrome footage of her at the photo shoot which produced the cover art for the single. As of 10 November 2019, the video has more than 711, 000 views.\n\nAnother music video was filmed in early 2018. Goodrem teased the video on her Instagram with a dance rehearsal video. The video was eventually scrapped for unknown reasons.\n\nTrack listing\nCD single / digital download \n\"Think About You\" – 3:09\n\nOlsen Remix \n\"Think About You\" – 3:29\n\nVersions single \n\"Think About You (John Gibbons Remix)\" – 3:19\n\"Think About You (Initial Talk Remix)\" – 3:35\n\"Think About You (Acoustic)\" – 4:04\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2018 singles\n2018 songs\nDelta Goodrem songs\nSongs written by Delta Goodrem\nSongs written by Julian Bunetta\nSongs written by John Ryan (musician)\nSong recordings produced by Julian Bunetta" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck.", "Where was the video filmed?", "The video was filmed entirely in Los Angeles, CA", "What are some of the video scenes?", "begins with surveillance camera footage of Lopez and Affleck in their apartment.", "How was it reviewed by critics?", "I don't know.", "What did people think of the video?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Chillin'\" is Tego Calderón's second single for his album The Underdog/El Subestimado. The single got a lot of airplay when it was released, and features reggaeton superstar Don Omar. The song is known to be pure reggae, and the video was shot in Jamaica, the birthplace of reggae music.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Chillin'\" was the album's second music video. The video was directed by Scott Franklin. During the time the video got directed, Tego Calderón was working on his European tour, and did a lot of work with Don Omar.\n\nThe music video was shot in Jamaica, which reflects the song, because Jamaica is the birthplace of reggae, and the song is pure reggae and dancehall. Tego Calderón and Don Omar also reflect the song's lyrics by doing the act of \"chilling\" in Jamaica. The video is shot along the beach, and in various touristic parts of the island.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tego Calderon's official website\n\n2006 singles\nDon Omar songs\nTego Calderón songs\n2006 songs\nSongs written by Don Omar\nAtlantic Records singles", "\"Sonne\" (English: Sun) is the first single from the 2012 Schiller album Sonne with German band Unheilig and vocals by Unheilig singer Bernd Heinrich Graf (Der Graf). The single was officially released on 21 September 2012, peaking at number 12 in the German singles chart in 2012. To this day, it's the highest entry of Schiller in the German Singles Chart. The single includes the song ″Klangwelten″. The cover art work shows a graphic of the sun. The music video was shot in Spain.\n\nTrack listing\n\nMaxi single\n\nDownload single\n\nCredits \n\n Music written by Christopher von Deylen\n Lyrics written by Der Graf\n\nMusic video\n\nAlternative video \n\nThe alternative video was made of sun images made by Schiller fans from all over the world. It was released some days before the official music video was released.\n\nOfficial music video \n\nThe official music video for \"Sonne\" was produced by AVA Studios GmbH and was shot in 2012 in Spain by German director Oliver Sommer. Director of photography was Francisco Domínguez. Digital film compositor was Danny Winter. It has a length of 4:27 minutes. The video features an unknown Spanish woman and a Spanish man. Even though Christopher von Deylen took part in the video shot, he and Der Graf were placed virtually into the music video by being shown on television screens placed in the desert. The music video was shot in the desert of Tabernas (Almería, Spain) in the south of Spain.\n\nCharts \n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official music video of Sonne\n The music video of Sonne\n Sonne Alternative Video\n Sonne live\n The single on Discogs\n\n2012 singles\n2012 songs\nIsland Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Oliver Sommer\nMusic videos shot in Spain\nSchiller (band) songs\nSongs written by Christopher von Deylen\nUnheilig songs" ]

[ "Jenny from the Block", "Music video", "Who directed the video?", "The song's accompanying music video was directed by Francis Lawrence.", "What was the video about?", "The video is basically about how she cannot find privacy with her fiance Ben Affleck.", "Where was the video filmed?", "The video was filmed entirely in Los Angeles, CA", "What are some of the video scenes?", "begins with surveillance camera footage of Lopez and Affleck in their apartment.", "How was it reviewed by critics?", "I don't know.", "What did people think of the video?", "I don't know.", "When was the video shot?", "from October 18-20, 2002." ]

[ "Premier League Matchday (formerly Soccer Central and Soccer Central Matchday) is a soccer news show, made by Rogers Media, shown on Sportsnet most Saturdays before and after Premier League matches. The show features Canadians Gerry Dobson and Craig Forrest. Before August 2012, the show was known as Soccer Central, but was renamed because of the introduction of the show Soccer Central. The name was changed again before the 2013-14 Premier League season.\n\nFocus\nBefore Premier League matches, Dobson and Forrest preview the upcoming matches. After words, they review the past matches and speak about Canadian and World football.\n\nSoccer on Canadian television\nSportsnet shows\nPremier League on television\n2010s Canadian sports television series", "Premier Soccer Saturday (formerly The Premiership) was the principal weekly club association football programme on RTÉ television.\n\nIn June 2013, RTÉ Sport confirmed that due to cost-cutting initiatives to save the station up to €1.3m a year, it would no longer have the Irish rights to television coverage of the Premier League, with the 2012-13 Premier League season being the final season shown on RTÉ Sport.\n\nThe programme was broadcast on RTÉ Two every Saturday evening between 19:30 and 21:00 and occasionally on Sunday (when there was an important game played that day) during the English league soccer season, showing highlights of Premier League football matches. When the show was aired on a day other than Saturday, it used the appropriately customised title (e.g. Premier Soccer Sunday). The programme only showed English association football, as Monday Night Soccer covered Irish association football.\n\nHistory\nThe programme was first broadcast in September 1998 as The Premiership. Between August 2004 and May 2007, RTÉ also had the broadcasting rights to 15 live Premier League matches on Saturday afternoons (kick off: 15:00). These programmes were called Premiership Live. Setanta Sports obtained exclusive rights to the games from the 2007–08 season onwards.\n\nThe show was reformatted or not broadcast on several occasions during the 2010 snowstorms in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, on Saturday 18 December 2010, the show's format was changed to show extended highlights of the only two Premiership games that were played. And, on Sunday 19 December 2010, a proposed Premier Soccer Soccer Sunday special was cancelled.\n\nOne feature introduced to Premier Soccer Saturday involved fans providing match analysis. When this segment, nicknamed \"fanalysts\", was aired, the shows were extended to over 2 hours.\n\nOn 30 April 2012, there was a special Premier Soccer Monday that showed highlights of the Manchester Derby between the top two teams of that year's Premier League. Because the game, which was won by Man City, began at 19:45, the highlights show ran from 23:00 to 00:00.\n\nIn May 2013, RTÉ Head of sport Ryle Nugent announced that RTÉ Sport would not pay for the rights of Premier League to show highlights. Therefore, Premier Soccer Saturday/Sunday was finished.\n\nPresenters\nThe programme was most recently presented on a rotational basis between Peter Collins and Darragh Maloney. Bill O'Herlihy was previously the sole presenter of the program.\n\nContributors\nPundits that sometimes featured on the show included Eamon Dunphy, Johnny Giles, Ray Houghton, Trevor Steven, Kenny Cunningham, Ronnie Whelan, Liam Brady, Richard Sadlier and Graeme Souness.\n\nFormer Prime Minister Bertie Ahern made an appearance on the show in 2001, providing analysis on a Manchester United game, of whom he is a lifelong supporter.\n\nCommentary on the match highlights and reports were provided by, amongst others, George Hamilton, Ger Canning, Joanne Cantwell, and Jimmy Magee.\n\nReferences\n\n1990s Irish television series\n2000s Irish television series\nIrish sports television series\nRTÉ Sport\nRTÉ original programming\n1998 Irish television series debuts\n2013 Irish television series endings\nAssociation football on Irish television\nSaturday events" ]

[ "Alfred Adler", "Influence on depth psychology" ]

[ "The Yugtun or Alaska script is a syllabary invented around the year 1900 by Uyaquq to write the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language. Uyaquq, who was monolingual in Yup'ik but had a son who was literate in English, initially used indigenous pictograms as a form of proto-writing that served as a mnemonic in preaching the Bible. However, when he realized that this did not allow him to reproduce the exact words of a passage the way the Latin alphabet did for English-speaking missionaries, he and his assistants developed it until it became a full syllabary. Although Uyaquq never learned English or the Latin alphabet, he was influenced by both. The syllable kut, for example, resembles the cursive form of the English word good.\n\nThe Yup'ik language is now generally written in the Latin alphabet.\n\nBibliography\nAlbertine Gaur, 2000. Literacy and the Politics of Writing, \n Alfred Schmitt, 1951. Die Alaska-Schrift und ihre schriftgeschichtliche Bedeutung, Simons, Marburg\n Alfred Schmitt, 1981. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Schrift. Eine Schriftentwicklung um 1900 in Alaska, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (Reprint der Ausgabe Leipzig 1940), \nVol. 1 Text, vol. 2. Abbildungen\n\nReferences\n\nSyllabary writing systems\nYupik languages\nConstructed scripts\nWriting systems of the Americas\nWriting systems introduced in 1900", "Alfred Abraham Knopf Sr. (September 12, 1892 August 11, 1984) was an American publisher of the 20th century, and founder of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. His contemporaries included the likes of Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer, and (of the previous generation) Frank Nelson Doubleday, J. Henry Harper and Henry Holt. Knopf paid special attention to the quality of printing, binding, and design in his books, and earned a reputation as a purist in both content and presentation.\n\nBiography\nKnopf was born into a Jewish family in New York City. His father, Samuel Knopf, was an advertising executive and financial consultant, his mother was Ida Japhe, a school teacher. Samuel Knopf was originally from Warsaw, Poland, but came to New York with his parents, where he worked his way up the directorship at a small mercantile bank. Alfred's mother, Ida, was from a Latvian Jewish family who settled in New York. For a time Knopf's parents lived in the Midwest and in Virginia. Ida committed suicide when Alfred was five years old and his sister Sophia was almost two. That same day, Alfred's father had filed for divorce in which he named Ida as an adulteress. His father later married Lillian Harris, who had a daughter, Bertha, from a previous marriage. With Lillian, Samuel had another son, Edwin H. Knopf, who worked for Alfred briefly, then became a film director and producer.\n\nAlfred attended Columbia University, where he was a pre-law student and a member of the Peithologian Society (a debating and literary club) and the Boar's Head Society. He began to show an interest in publishing during his senior year, becoming advertising manager of an undergraduate magazine. His interest in publishing was allegedly fostered by a correspondence with British author John Galsworthy. Galsworthy was the subject of Knopf's senior thesis and after visiting Galsworthy in England, Knopf gave up his plans for a law career, and upon his return went into publishing.\n\nKnopf was introduced to his future wife and business partner, Blanche Knopf, at a party at the Lawrence Athletic Club in 1911. Their relationship was built on their mutual interest in books. Blanche said of their relationship, \"Alfred had realized I read books constantly and he had never met a girl who did ... I saw him and [all we did was] talk books, and nobody liked him--my family least of all. But I did, because I had someone to talk books to and we talked of making books...We decided we would get married and make books and publish them.\" Alfred and Blanche were married on April 4, 1916.\n\nKnopf worked as a clerk at Doubleday (1912–1913), then as an editorial assistant to Mitchell Kennerley (1914).\n\nKnopf, along with Blanche Knopf, founded the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf in 1915. The company initially emphasized European, especially Russian, literature, hence the choice of the borzoi as a colophon. At that time European literature was largely neglected by American publishers; Knopf published authors such as Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, Sigmund Freud, André Gide, Franz Kafka, D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Mann, W. Somerset Maugham, T.F Powys, Wyndham Lewis and Jean-Paul Sartre. While Blanche was known as a superb editor, Alfred was always interested in more of the sales side than in editing.\n\nKnopf also published many American authors, including Conrad Aiken, James Baldwin, James M. Cain, Theodore Dreiser, Shirley Ann Grau, Dashiell Hammett, Langston Hughes, Vachel Lindsay, H.L. Mencken, George Jean Nathan, John Updike, and Knopf's own favorite, Willa Cather. From 1924 to 1934, he published the famous literary magazine founded by Mencken and Nathan, The American Mercury. He often developed a personal friendship with his authors. Knopf's personal interest in the fields of history, sociology, and science led to close friendships in the academic community with such noted historians as Richard Hofstadter, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Samuel Eliot Morison. A prominent Republican until Watergate, Knopf often drew legislators into lengthy correspondence by mail. He was also a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1940 to 1946.\n\nKnopf himself was also an author. His writings include Some Random Recollections, Publishing Then and Now, Portrait of a Publisher, Blanche W. Knopf: July 30, 1894–June 4, 1966, and Sixty Photographs.\n\nWhen the Knopfs' son Alfred A. Knopf Jr. left the company in 1959 to found Atheneum Publishers, Alfred and Blanche became concerned about the eventual fate of their publishing house, which had always been a family business. The problem was solved in 1960, when Knopf merged with Random House, which was owned by the Knopfs' close friends Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer. Knopf retained complete editorial control for five years, and then gave up only his right to veto other editors' manuscript selections. The editorial departments of the two companies remain separate, and Knopf, Inc., retains its distinctive character. Knopf called the merger \"a perfect marriage.\"\n\nRandom House itself eventually became a division of Bertelsmann AG, a large multinational media company. The Knopf imprint remains in existence.\n\nBlanche Knopf died in June 1966. Alfred remarried in April of the following year, to Helen Norcross Hedrick. He died of congestive heart failure on August 11, 1984, at his estate in Purchase, New York.\n\nPersonality\nKnopf had little enthusiasm for most of the changes that took place in the publishing industry during his lifetime. \"Too many books are published, and they are overpriced\", he told The Saturday Review. These are things \"about which all publishers agree, and about which no publisher does anything.\" The most fundamental change he noted was the increased importance of the editor. \"In the early days, things were quite simple. The books came in; we published them as written... A publisher was regarded and so, in turn, was the writer as a pro. A writer's job was to write a book and give it to you.\" And he remarked to Shenker: \"I guess business became more complicated and publishers less literate. It ceased to be the fact that publishers publish and authors write. Today authors submit manuscripts and editors write books.\" The editor is now hired largely to acquire books, \"and if he can't get good books, he usually takes what he can get books that are not so good. And then he sometimes wrecks himself trying to make a silk purse out of what can never become anything but a sow's ear.\"\n\nKnopf was generally unimpressed with current literature, though he admired John Hersey, John Updike, Jorge Amado, and a few other contemporary authors. In Publishing Then and Now he wrote: \"Frequently... our American author, whatever his age, experience in life, and technical knowledge, simply can't write. I don't mean that he is not the master of a prose style of elegance and distinction; I mean that he can't write simple straightforward and correct English. And here, only an exceptional editor will really help him.\" American authors are not very durable, he said in 1964, and \"there are no giants in Europe now.\" Though twelve Knopf authors had won Nobel Prizes, Knopf acknowledged that \"some Nobel Prize books aren't very good,\" calling Doctor Zhivago, for example, \"incredibly tedious ... If Krushchev had banned it for dullness instead of its political implications, he might have been in the clear.\"\n\nAmong other authors he rejected were Sylvia Plath, Jack Kerouac, Anne Frank, George Orwell, Jorge Luis Borges, Vladimir Nabokov, Isaac Bashevis Singer and Anaïs Nin. He turned down an early novel by Ursula K. Le Guin but encouraged her to keep writing.\n\nKnopf also lamented the \"shockingly bad taste\" that he felt characterizes much modern fiction, and warned of the danger of a \"legal backlash\" against pornography, and a possible revival of censorship.\n\nThis outspoken aspect of his character sometimes found voice in letters of complaint to hotels, restaurants, and stores that failed to meet his high standards. These letters grew increasingly frequent and more severe as he aged. One striking example is the six-year-long war of words he waged against the Eastman Kodak Company over a roll of lost film.\n\nBibliography\n John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, Volume II: The Creation of an Industry, 1865–1919 (1975); Volume III: The Golden Age Between Two Wars, 1920–1940 (1978);\n Bennett Cerf, At Random, Random House, 1977;\n Alfred A. Knopf, Some Random Recollections, Typophiles, 1949; Publishing Then and Now, New York Public Library, 1964; Portrait of a Publisher, Typophiles, 1965;\n New Yorker, November 20, 1948, November 27, 1948, December 4, 1948;\n Saturday Review, August 29, 1964, November 29, 1975;\n Publishers Weekly, January 25, 1965, February 1, 1965, May 19, 1975;\n Current Biography, Wilson, 1966;\n New York Times, September 12, 1972, September 12, 1977;\n New York Times Book Review, February 24, 1974;\n Saturday Review/World, August 10, 1974;\n W, October 31-November 7, 1975;\n Los Angeles Times, August 12, 1984;\n New York Times, August 12, 1984;\n Chicago Tribune, August 13, 1984;\n Newsweek, August 20, 1984;\n Time, August 20, 1984.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAlfred A. Knopf archive at the University of Texas Austin\nA biography of Blanche W. Knopf, wife of Alfred A. Knopf\nTumblr page for Knopf\n\n1892 births\n1984 deaths\nAIGA medalists\nAmerican book publishers (people)\nAmerican people of Polish-Jewish descent\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\nNew York (state) Republicans\nPeople from Purchase, New York\nKnopf family" ]

[ "Alfred Adler", "Influence on depth psychology", "What did Alfred write?", "Specifically, Adler's conceptualization of the \"Will to Power\"" ]

[ "In mathematics, generalized means (or power mean or Hölder mean from Otto Hölder) are a family of functions for aggregating sets of numbers. These include as special cases the Pythagorean means (arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means).\n\nDefinition\nIf is a non-zero real number, and are positive real numbers, then the generalized mean or power mean with exponent of these positive real numbers is:\n\n(See -norm). For we set it equal to the geometric mean (which is the limit of means with exponents approaching zero, as proved below):\n\nFurthermore, for a sequence of positive weights with sum we define the weighted power mean as:\n\nThe unweighted means correspond to setting all .\n\nSpecial cases \n\nA few particular values of yield special cases with their own names:\n\nProof of (geometric mean)\nWe can rewrite the definition of using the exponential function\n\nIn the limit , we can apply L'Hôpital's rule to the argument of the exponential function. Differentiating the numerator and denominator with respect to , we have\n\nBy the continuity of the exponential function, we can substitute back into the above relation to obtain\n\nas desired.\n\nProperties\n\nLet be a sequence of positive real numbers, then the following properties hold:\n\n.\n, where is a permutation operator.\n.\n.\n\nGeneralized mean inequality \n\nIn general, if , then\n\nand the two means are equal if and only if .\n\nThe inequality is true for real values of and , as well as positive and negative infinity values.\n\nIt follows from the fact that, for all real ,\n\nwhich can be proved using Jensen's inequality.\n\nIn particular, for in , the generalized mean inequality implies the Pythagorean means inequality as well as the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.\n\nProof of power means inequality\nWe will prove weighted power means inequality, for the purpose of the proof we will assume the following without loss of generality:\n\nProof for unweighted power means is easily obtained by substituting .\n\nEquivalence of inequalities between means of opposite signs\nSuppose an average between power means with exponents and holds:\n\napplying this, then:\n\nWe raise both sides to the power of −1 (strictly decreasing function in positive reals):\n\nWe get the inequality for means with exponents and , and we can use the same reasoning backwards, thus proving the inequalities to be equivalent, which will be used in some of the later proofs.\n\nGeometric mean\nFor any and non-negative weights summing to 1, the following inequality holds:\n\nThe proof follows from Jensen's inequality, making use of the fact the logarithm is concave:\n\nBy applying the exponential function to both sides and observing that as a strictly increasing function it preserves the sign of the inequality, we get\n\nTaking th powers of the , we are done for the inequality with positive ; the case for negatives is identical.\n\nInequality between any two power means\nWe are to prove that for any the following inequality holds:\n\nif is negative, and is positive, the inequality is equivalent to the one proved above:\n\nThe proof for positive and is as follows: Define the following function: . is a power function, so it does have a second derivative:\n\nwhich is strictly positive within the domain of , since , so we know is convex.\n\nUsing this, and the Jensen's inequality we get:\n\nafter raising both side to the power of (an increasing function, since is positive) we get the inequality which was to be proven:\n\nUsing the previously shown equivalence we can prove the inequality for negative and by replacing them with and , respectively.\n\nGeneralized f-mean \n\nThe power mean could be generalized further to the generalized -mean:\n\nThis covers the geometric mean without using a limit with . The power mean is obtained for .\n\nApplications\n\nSignal processing\nA power mean serves a non-linear moving average which is shifted towards small signal values for small and emphasizes big signal values for big . Given an efficient implementation of a moving arithmetic mean called smooth one can implement a moving power mean according to the following Haskell code.\n\n powerSmooth :: Floating a => ([a] -> [a]) -> a -> [a] -> [a]\n powerSmooth smooth p = map (** recip p) . smooth . map (**p)\n\n For big it can serve as an envelope detector on a rectified signal.\n For small it can serve as a baseline detector on a mass spectrum.\n\nSee also\n Arithmetic–geometric mean\n Average\n Heronian mean\n Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means\n Lehmer mean – also a mean related to powers\n Minkowski distance\n Quasi-arithmetic mean – another name for the generalized f-mean mentioned above\n Root mean square\n\nNotes\n\nReferences and further reading \n P. S. Bullen: Handbook of Means and Their Inequalities. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 2003, chapter III (The Power Means), pp. 175-265\n\nExternal links\nPower mean at MathWorld\nExamples of Generalized Mean\nA proof of the Generalized Mean on PlanetMath\n\nMeans\nInequalities\nArticles with example Haskell code", "Mean time to recovery (MTTR) is the average time that a device will take to recover from any failure. Examples of such devices range from self-resetting fuses (where the MTTR would be very short, probably seconds), up to whole systems which have to be repaired or replaced.\n\nThe MTTR would usually be part of a maintenance contract, where the user would pay more for a system MTTR of which was 24 hours, than for one of, say, 7 days. This does not mean the supplier is guaranteeing to have the system up and running again within 24 hours (or 7 days) of being notified of the failure. It does mean the average repair time will tend towards 24 hours (or 7 days). A more useful maintenance contract measure is the maximum time to recovery which can be easily measured and the supplier held accountable.\n\nNote that some suppliers will interpret MTTR to mean 'mean time to respond' and others will take it to mean 'mean time to replace/repair/recover/resolve'. The former indicates that the supplier will acknowledge a problem and initiate mitigation within a certain timeframe. Some systems may have an MTTR of zero, which means that they have redundant components which can take over the instant the primary one fails, see RAID for example. However, the failed device involved in this redundant configuration still needs to be returned to service and hence the device itself has a non-zero MTTR even if the system as a whole (through redundancy) has an MTTR of zero. But, as long as service is maintained, this is a minor issue.\n\nSee also\n Mean time to repair\n Mean time between failures\n Mean down time\n Service-level agreement\n\nReferences \n\nFailure\nReliability engineering" ]

[ "Alfred Adler", "Influence on depth psychology", "What did Alfred write?", "Specifically, Adler's conceptualization of the \"Will to Power\"", "What does the Will to Power mean?", "focuses on the individual's creative power to change for the better." ]

[ "Structured academic controversy is a type of cooperative learning strategy where controversial issues are learnt and discussed from multiple perspectives by small teams of students. It is a technique and a way discovered and designed especially for students to get engaged in a controversy and then guide them to seek consensus. Students in such teams learn about opinions and views of other people as well as put forth theirs and attempt to agree politely with what they are convinced and also try to convince people to what they disagree without hurting sentiments of the opponent teams.\n\nWorking of SAC\nThe activity of SAC begins with the selection of a topic by the instructor with varied viewpoints (e.g., Political reign should be or not be in the hands of the youth.). The topic for discussion once selected is then imported to students who decide and divide accordingly into pairs or form groups based on the ideas they share and agree, and assigned on advocacy in the pairs. The group either receives supporting documents or researches the topic in the time available to them.\n\nReferences\n \n \n\nStructured_Academic_Controversy", "The Euskobarómetro (\"Basque-barometer\") is a sociological statistical survey in the Basque Country (País Vasco), an autonomous community of Spain. It is conducted by the Department of Political Science of the University of the Basque Country.\n\nTechnique\nThe poll does not cover Navarre or the Basque areas of France; where Basque nationalism is generally believed to be weaker than in the three provinces of the Basque Country autonomous community.\nIt is based on personal interviews at home.\n\nOn Basque separatism \nBecause the Spanish government has passed laws outlawing formal referendums about the possibility of Basque independence, the Euskobarómetro is one of the better gauges available of the extent of Basque separatist sentiment. According to the survey, a significant number of Basques support independence of their region from Spain, but rather few support the violence of groups such as ETA:\n\n 33% favor Basque independence, 31% federalism, 32% autonomy, 2% centralism. (2% undecided or not answering)\nAsked whether they agree or disagree with the statement, \"Today in Euskadi it is possible to defend all political aspirations and objectives without the necessity of resorting to violence\", 87% agree and only 4% disagree (9% undecided or not answering). In fact, 33% of those who identify politically with ETA-affiliated Batasuna agreed with the statement.\nAsked directly about their views of ETA, 60% rejected ETA totally and another 18% identified themselves as former ETA sympathizers who no longer support the group. Another 13% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. 3% said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 2% indifference. Only 2%, all identified with Batasuna, gave ETA support even as mild as \"justified, with criticism\". 2% were undecided or did not answer. Even within Batasuna, 63% rejected ETA's violence.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site (in Basque & Spanish)\n\nBasque politics\nUniversity of the Basque Country" ]

[ "Alfred Adler", "Influence on depth psychology", "What did Alfred write?", "Specifically, Adler's conceptualization of the \"Will to Power\"", "What does the Will to Power mean?", "focuses on the individual's creative power to change for the better.", "Did people agree with his views?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Depth psychology (from the German term Tiefenpsychologie) refers to the practice and research of the science of the unconscious, covering both psychoanalysis and psychology. It is also defined as the psychological theory that explores the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, as well as the patterns and dynamics of motivation and the mind. The theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Alfred Adler are all considered its foundations.\n\nDevelopment \nThe term \"depth psychology\" was coined by Eugen Bleuler and refers to psychoanalytic approaches to therapy and research that take the unconscious into account. The term was rapidly accepted in the year of its proposal (1914) by Sigmund Freud, to cover a topographical view of the mind in terms of different psychic systems. He is considered to have revolutionized this field, which he viewed in his later years as his most significant work.\n\nSince the 1970s, depth psychology has come to refer to the ongoing development of theories and therapies pioneered by Pierre Janet, William James, and Carl Gustav Jung, as well as Freud. All explore relationships between the conscious and the unconscious (thus including both psychoanalysis and Jungian psychology).\n\nSummary of primary elements\n\nDepth psychology states that the psyche process is partly conscious, partly unconscious, and partly semi-conscious. In practice, depth psychology seeks to explore underlying motives as an approach to various mental disorders. Depth psychologists believe that the uncovering of deeper, often unconscious, motives are intrinsically healing in and of itself. It seeks knowledge of the deep layers underlying behavioral and cognitive processes.\n\nIn modern times, the initial work, development, theories, and therapies of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Otto Rank have grown into three main perspectives on depth psychology:\n Psychoanalytic: Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott (among others); object relations theory; Neo-Freudianism\n Adlerian: Adler's individual psychology\n Jungian: Jung's analytical psychology; James Hillman's archetypal psychology\n\nPsychoanalytic view\n\nAdlerian view\n\nAdlerian psychology has been regarded as depth psychology due to its aim of discovering the buried unconscious phenomena. It is one of the first frameworks that approached the individual as a fundamentally social being, one that needs to be situated in a socio-cultural context in order to be understood. It is also described as a representation of the ego psychology and views the ego as an independent and creative entity that facilitates the interaction with social reality instead of merely a handmaiden of the id. \n\nThe Adlerian approach to psychoanalysis includes a set of tools that allows an individual to break through a self-centered way of life. For instance, it eliminates the core style of life and fictional final goal of a patient through Socratic method as opposed to counselling.\n\nJungian views\nMany scholars believe that Jung's most significant contribution to depth psychology was his conceptualization of the \"collective unconscious\". While Freud cited the conceptualization unconscious forces was limited to repressed or forgotten personal experiences, Jung emphasized the qualities that an individual share with other people. This is demonstrated in his notion that all minds, all lives, are ultimately embedded in some sort of myth-making in the form of themes or patterns. This myth-making or creation of a mythical image lies at the depth of the unconscious, where an individual's mind widens out and merges into the mind of mankind. Mythology is therefore not a series of old explanations for natural events, but rather the richness and wonder of humanity played out in a symbolical, thematic, and patterned storytelling.\n\nThere is also the case of the Jungian archetypes. According to Jung, archetypes are primordial elements of the Collective Unconscious. They form the unchanging context from which the contents of cyclic and sequent changes derive their meanings. Duration is the secret of action. He also stated that the psyche spontaneously generates mythico-religious symbolism or themes, and is therefore spiritual or metaphysical, as well as instinctive, in nature. An implication of this is that the choice of whether to be a spiritual person may be beyond the individual, whether and how we apply it, including to nonspiritual aspirations.\n\nAnother Jungian position in depth psychology involves his belief that the unconscious contains repressed experiences and other personal-level issues in its \"upper\" layers and \"transpersonal\" (e.g. collective, non-I, archetypal) forces in its depths. The semi-conscious contains or is, an aware pattern of personality, including everything in a spectrum from individual vanity to the personality of the workplace.\n\nCriticism\nFredric Jameson considers postmodernism to reject depth models such as Freud's, in favor of a set of multiple surfaces consisting of intertextual discourses and practices.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n Depth Psychology as a Theoretical Approach\n Depth Psychology List: Find or List depth psychology oriented therapists, coaches, and practitioners of various types\n The C.G. Jung Page\n Depth Psychology Alliance: Online Community for exploring Depth Psychology topics, news, discussion, events\n Depth Insights: Media for Depth Psychology including podcasts and the semi-annual scholarly e-Zine, Depth Insights \n The Institute for Cultural Change - the website is down.\n Pacifica Graduate Institute\n Sonoma State University M.A. program in Depth Psychology\n Institute of Transpersonal Psychology\n Integral Science\n Depth Psychology Explained\n What is depth psychology?\n Center for Depth Psychology. Newport Beach, CA. USA\n What is Jungian Psychotherapy?\n\nPsychodynamic psychotherapy\nAnalytical psychology", "Sophie or Sofie Lazarsfeld (née Munk, May 26, 1881 – September 24, 1976) was an Austrian-American therapist and writer, a student of Alfred Adler.\n\nLife\nSophie Munk was born in Troppau on May 26, 1881.\n\nShe married Robert Lazarsfeld, a lawyer: the sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld was their son. Friedrich Adler lived with the family for some time: on the morning that Adler assassinated Austria's prime minister, he sent them a postcard saying he was in good spirits after leaving the house. In the later judgement of Paul Lazarsfeld, \"My mother was responsible for destroying three men, my father, Friedrich Adler, and myself. I always say this.\"\n\nApparently introduced to the ideas of Alfred Adler (no relation to Friedrich) by her son, Lazarsfeld joined the Vienna Individual Psychology Society after the First World War, and underwent training with Alfred Adler in the 1920s. She coined the phrase \"the courage to be imperfect\", first using it at the 1925 Second International Congress of Individual Psychology, and expanding on the idea in later writing.\n \nHow Women Experience Men (1931) drew on the work of marriage clinics set up by Alfred Adler.\n\nShe escaped Austria for Paris in 1938, and then the United States in 1941, where she settled and built a psychological practice in New York City. She became Honorary President of the American Society of Adlerian Psychology, and contributed several articles to its journal, The American journal of individual psychology.\n\nShe died in 1976 in New York City.\n\nWork\n Vom häuslichen Frieden, 1926. With a foreword by Alfred Adler.\n Richtige Lebensführung, 1926\n Das lügenhafte Kind, 1927\n Die Ehe von heute und morgen (The marriage of today and tomorrow), 1927\n Erziehung zur Ehe (Training for marriage), 1928.\n (ed.) Technik der Erziehung; ein Leitfaden für Eltern und Lehrer, 1929\n Wie die frau den mann erlebt; fremde bekenntnisse und eigene betrachtungen (How women experience men), 1931. Translated by Karsten and E. Pelham Stapelfeldt as The Rhythm of Life: A Guide to Sexual Harmony for Women, London: G. Routledge and Sons, 1934. Also published in translation as Woman's experience of the male, London: Encyclopaedia Press, 1938, with an introduction by Norman Haire.\n Sexuelle Erziehung (Sexual education), 1931\n 'Did Oedipus Have an Oedipus Complex?', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 14 (1944): 226-29; The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 101, no. 1 (1945)\n 'War and Peace Between the Sexes', Individual Psychology Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-2 (1947), pp. 74–9\n 'The Use of Fiction in Psychotherapy: A Contribution to Bibliotherapy', American Journal of Psychotherapy, Vol. 3, No. 1 (January 1949), pp. 26–33\n 'Pitfalls in Psychotherapy', The American Journal of Individual Psychology, 10 (1952), pp. 20–26.\n 'The courage for imperfection', Journal of Individual Psychology, 22 (1966), pp. 163–65.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1881 births\n1976 deaths\nWriters from Opava\nPeople from Austrian Silesia\nAustrian Jews\nJewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss\nAustrian women psychologists\nAdlerian psychology\n20th-century psychologists\nLazarsfeld family" ]

[ "Pendulum (drum and bass band)", "2009-11: Immersion" ]

[ "A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern chronographs, which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity.\n\nAlthough the ballistic pendulum is considered obsolete, it remained in use for a significant length of time and led to great advances in the science of ballistics. The ballistic pendulum is still found in physics classrooms today, because of its simplicity and usefulness in demonstrating properties of momentum and energy. Unlike other methods of measuring the speed of a bullet, the basic calculations for a ballistic pendulum do not require any measurement of time, but rely only on measures of mass and distance.\n\nIn addition its primary uses of measuring the velocity of a projectile or the recoil of a gun, the ballistic pendulum can be used to measure any transfer of momentum. For example, a ballistic pendulum was used by physicist C. V. Boys to measure the elasticity of golf balls, and by physicist Peter Guthrie Tait to measure the effect that spin had on the distance a golf ball traveled.\n\nHistory\n \nThe ballistic pendulum was invented in 1742 by English mathematician Benjamin Robins (1707–1751), and published in his book New Principles of Gunnery, which revolutionized the science of ballistics, as it provided the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.\n\nRobins used the ballistic pendulum to measure projectile velocity in two ways. The first was to attach the gun to the pendulum, and measure the recoil. Since the momentum of the gun is equal to the momentum of the ejecta, and since the projectile was (in those experiments) the large majority of the mass of the ejecta, the velocity of the bullet could be approximated. The second, and more accurate method, was to directly measure the bullet momentum by firing it into the pendulum. Robins experimented with musket balls of around one ounce in mass (28 g), while other contemporaries used his methods with cannon shot of one to three pounds (0.5 to 1.4 kg).\n\nRobins' original work used a heavy iron pendulum, faced with wood, to catch the bullet. Modern reproductions, used as demonstrations in physics classes, generally use a heavy weight suspended by a very fine, lightweight arm, and ignore the mass of the pendulum's arm. Robins' heavy iron pendulum did not allow this, and Robins' mathematical approach was slightly more complex. He used the period of oscillation and mass of the pendulum (both measured with the bullet included) to calculate the rotational inertia of the pendulum, which was then used in the calculations. Robins also used a length of ribbon, loosely gripped in a clamp, to measure the travel of the pendulum. The pendulum would draw out a length of ribbon equal to the chord of pendulum's travel.\n\nThe first system to supplant ballistic pendulums with direct measures of projectile speed was invented in 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars and used a rapidly rotating shaft of known speed with two paper disks on it; the bullet was fired through the disks, parallel to the shaft, and the angular difference in the points of impact provided an elapsed time over the distance between the disks. A direct electromechanical clockwork measure appeared in 1848, with a spring-driven clock started and stopped by electromagnets, whose current was interrupted by the bullet passing through two meshes of fine wires, again providing the time to traverse the given distance.\n\nMathematical derivations\nMost physics textbooks provide a simplified method of calculation of the bullet's velocity that uses the mass of the bullet and pendulum and the height of the pendulum's travel to calculate the amount of energy and momentum in the pendulum and bullet system. Robins' calculations were significantly more involved, and used a measure of the period of oscillation to determine the rotational inertia of the system.\n\nSimple derivation\nWe begin with the motion of the bullet-pendulum system from the instant the pendulum is struck by the bullet.\n\nGiven , the acceleration due to gravity, and , the final height of the pendulum, it is possible to calculate the initial velocity of the bullet-pendulum system using conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic energy + potential energy). Let this initial velocity be denoted by . Suppose the masses of the bullet and pendulum are and respectively.\n\nThe initial kinetic energy of the system \n\nTaking the initial height of the pendulum as the potential energy reference , the final potential energy when the bullet-pendulum system comes to a stop is given by \n\nSo, by the conservation of mechanical energy, we have:\n\nSolve for velocity to obtain: \n\nWe can now use momentum conservation for the bullet-pendulum system to get the speed of the bullet, , before it struck the pendulum. Equating the momentum of the bullet before it is fired to that of the bullet-pendulum system as soon as the bullet strikes the pendulum (and using from above), we get:\n\nSolving for :\n\nRobins' formula\nRobins' original book had some omitted assumptions in the formula; for example, it did not include a correction to account for a bullet impact that did not match the center of mass of the pendulum. An updated formula, with this omission corrected, was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society the following year. Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, unaware of this correction, independently corrected this omission in his annotated German translation of the book. The corrected formula, appearing in a 1786 edition of the book, was:\n\nwhere:\n is the velocity of the ball in units per second\n is the mass of the ball\n is the mass of the pendulum\n is the distance from pivot to the center of gravity\n is the distance from pivot to the point of the ball's impact\n is the chord, as measured by the ribbon described in Robins' apparatus\n is the radius, or distance from the pivot the attachment of the ribbon\n is the number of oscillations made by the pendulum in one minute\n\nRobins used feet for length and ounces for mass, though other units, such as inches or pounds, may be substituted as long as consistency is maintained.\n\nPoisson's formula\nA rotational inertia based formula similar to Robins' was derived by French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson and published in The Mécanique Physique, for measuring the bullet velocity by using the recoil of the gun:\n\nwhere:\n is the mass of the bullet\n is the velocity of the bullet\n is the distance from pivot to the ribbon\n is the distance from bore axis to pivot point\n is the combined mass of gun and pendulum\n is the chord measured by the ribbon\n is the radius from pivot to the center of mass of gun and pendulum (measured by oscillation, as per Robins)\n is gravitational acceleration\n is the distance from the center of mass of the pendulum to the pivot\n\n can be calculated with the equation:\n\nWhere is half the period of oscillation.\n\nAckley's ballistic pendulum\nP.O. Ackley described how to construct and use a ballistic pendulum in 1962. Ackley's pendulum used a parallelogram linkage, with a standardized size that allowed a simplified means of calculating the velocity.\n\nAckley's pendulum used pendulum arms of exactly 66.25 inches (168.3 cm) in length, from bearing surface to bearing surface, and used turnbuckles located in the middle of the arms to provide a means of setting the arm length precisely. Ackley recommends masses for the body of the pendulum for various calibers as well; 50 pounds (22.7 kg) for rimfire up through the .22 Hornet, 90 pounds (40.9 kg) for .222 Remington through .35 Whelen, and 150 pounds (68.2 kg) for magnum rifle calibers. The pendulum is made of heavy metal pipe, welded shut at one end, and packed with paper and sand to stop the bullet. The open end of the pendulum was covered in a sheet of rubber, to allow the bullet to enter and prevent material from leaking out.\n\nTo use the pendulum, it is set up with a device to measure the horizontal distance of the pendulum swing, such as a light rod that would be pushed backwards by the rear of the pendulum as it moved. The shooter is seated at least 15 feet (5 m) back from the pendulum (reducing the effects of muzzle blast on the pendulum) and a bullet is fired into the pendulum. To calculate the velocity of the bullet given the horizontal swing, the following formula is used:\n\nwhere:\n is the velocity of the bullet, in feet per second\n is the mass of the pendulum, in grains\n is the mass of the bullet, in grains\n is the horizontal travel of the pendulum, in inches\n\nFor more accurate calculations, a number of changes are made, both to the construction and the use of the pendulum. The construction changes involve the addition of a small box on top of the pendulum. Before weighing the pendulum, the box is filled with a number of bullets of the type being measured. For each shot made, a bullet can be removed from the box, thus keeping the mass of the pendulum constant. The measurement change involves measuring the period of the pendulum. The pendulum is swung, and the number of complete oscillations is measured over a long period of time, five to ten minutes. The time is divided by the number of oscillations to obtain the period. Once this is done, the formula generates a more precise constant to replace the value 0.2018 in the above equation. Just like above, the velocity of the bullet is calculated using the formula:\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Benjamin Robins, James Wilson, Charles Hutton (1805). New Principles of Gunnery. F. Wingrave.\n \"Ballistic pendulum\". Encyclopædia Britannica\n\nExternal links\nBallistic pendulum calculator\nBallistic Pendulum demonstrated by Walter Lewin\n\nPendulums\nBallistics", "Psyclone is a ride at Canada's Wonderland. On May 5, 2002, this Mondial ride was opened to the public at the park. The 1 minute and 54 second ride features 40 seats facing outwards which rotate from a central pendulum as the ride reaches its maximum arc angle of 120 degrees. Even though the ride height is , when the ride reaches the top of its swing, the height becomes high.\n\nRide experience\nThe rider's experience depends on where they are seated on the ride. Before the ride begins, the floor under the riders' feet descends lower (almost like going deeper in the ground) due to how the pendulum swings. If the floor did not move, serious injury to riders' legs and bodies would occur. Due to the way in which the seats rotate, all riders face different angles of the ride. Depending on where the rider is seated, they may experience some air-time as the swing reaches its maximum angle. When the ride cycle ends, the pendulum returns to the 'loading position' and the floor rises to the riders' feet, allowing riders to exit and enter the ride.\n\nStructure\nPsyclone is made primarily out of 7 major parts: the 4 supports around the ride which support the motor that allows the pendulum to swing, the motor itself (the blue part on top of the ride) which supports the pendulum, the pendulum itself which supports the seats for the ride, and the seats themselves.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official Psyclone page\n\nPendulum rides\nCanada's Wonderland\nAmusement rides manufactured by Mondial\nAmusement rides introduced in 2002\nCedar Fair attractions\n2002 establishments in Canada", "A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity.\n\nPendulum may also refer to:\n\nDevices\n Pendulum (mathematics), the mathematical principles of a pendulum\n Pendulum clock, a kind of clock that uses a pendulum to keep time\n Pendulum car, an experimental tilting train\n Foucault pendulum, a pendulum that demonstrates the Earth's rotation\n Spherical pendulum\n Spring pendulum\n Conical pendulum\n Centrifugal pendulum absorber, torsional vibration reduction by using a pendulum principle\n For other types and uses of pendulums, see: :Category:Pendulums\n Mackerras Pendulum, a model devised by Malcolm Mackerras to predict election outcomes\n Pendulum (torture device), a device allegedly used by the Spanish Inquisition\n Pendulum Instruments, a Swedish manufacturer of scientific instruments\n\nMusic\n Pendulum (Australian band), an Australian electronic rock group formed in 2002\n Pendulum (ambient band), an Australian house music group formed in 1994\n\nAlbums\n Pendulum (Broadcast EP), and its title track\n Pendulum (Creedence Clearwater Revival album)\n Pendulum (Dave Liebman album), and its title track\n Pendulum (Eberhard Weber album), and its title track\n Pendulum (Tara Simmons EP), and its title track\n The Pendulum, a comic book miniseries based on Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival universe, and associated songs and album\n\nSongs\n \"Pendulum\" (song), by FKA Twigs\n \"Pendulum\", by Katy Perry from the album Witness\n \"Pendulums\", by Sarah Harmer from the album All of Our Names\n\n \"Penduli Pendulum\", by Bobbie Gentry from The Delta Sweete\n \"The Pendulum Song\", song written by Al Hoffman and John Murray\n Pendulum Music, a composition by Steve Reich involving microphones swinging above speakers like pendulums\n\nBooks and periodicals \nPendulum, by John Christopher, 1968 \nThe Pendulum, by Annie S. Swan, 1972 \nPendulum, by A. E. Van Vogt, 1978\nPendulum, by Adam Hamdy, 2017\nThe Pendulum, a student newspaper at Elon University\nThe Pendulum, a publication devoted to radiesthesia\n\nFilm\nPendulum (film), a 1969 film starring George Peppard\nPendulum, a 2001 film starring Rachel Hunter and James Russo\n\nOther\n Pendulum, a trade name for the preemergent herbicide pendimethalin\n Pendulum, several types of Digimon virtual pets\n\nSee also" ]

[ "Pendulum (drum and bass band)", "2009-11: Immersion", "Where did Pendulum originate?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Switchflicker Records is an independent British record label based in Manchester, England. The company was established in 2000 by Jayne Compton.\n\nPerformers signed to the label include Divine David, Chloe Poems and formerly The Ting Tings, who launched their career at the label.\n\nIn 2008, members of The Ting Tings wrote critical comments on their blog about what they believe to be inflated prices charged by the label for their single, \"That's Not My Name\", asserting that the company was \"cashing in\" on the band's success at the expense of their fans. The label responded in a published statement, noting that they were doing nothing wrong as they owned the stock and were selling remaining copies in line with the record's value at the time: \n\nFollowing this dispute, The Ting Tings signed with Columbia Records, having received assurances from Columbia that they would retain sufficient artistic control over their music.\n\nReferences\n\nBritish record labels", "Sista Bussen is a Swedish record company founded in 1978 in Stockholm with a Gothenburg branch. They produced and published music, mainly progg and punk. In 1981 the Gothenburg section seceded into their own company called Last Buzz. Sista Bussen were mainly a DIY record company and the artists had to do much of the work themselves.\n\nAmong the artists signed to the company are Sky High, Liket lever with Freddie Wadling, Dom Dummaste, Köttgrottorna, Gudibrallan, Stefan Sundström, Slobobans Undergång and Leather Nun.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Sista Bussen \n\nSwedish record labels", "Takeover Entertainment was a British entertainment company. The organization operates an independent record label, talent agency, a music production company, as well as its own music publishing house. The company was founded in 2006 and is run by Kwasi Danquah III (known by his pseudonym Tinchy Stryder), Archie Lamb and Jack Foster. It specializes in producing R&B, hip hop and electronic music. It was dissolved in October 2013\n \nThe first person to be signed to Takeover Entertainment was English rapper and entrepreneur Tinchy Stryder. Success followed by Stryder becoming the biggest selling UK male artist of 2009 with his second studio album, Catch 22, which spawned hits, including \"Take Me Back\", and #1's \"Never Leave You\", and the N-Dubz collaboration \"Number 1\".\n\nHistory\nThe company was formed on Thursday 9 February 2006 by Archie Lamb and Jack Foster. Then part-time promoters, the duo put on nightclubs in the United Kingdom that featured artists including Roll Deep and Lethal Bizzle. Upon meeting Danquah in 2006 they branched out into management, and signed him to a record deal. The Star in the Hood clothing company was founded in the same year.\n\nIn 2008 Takeover Entertainment, signed a joint venture with EMI Music Publishing to create the global music publishing company Takeover/Cloud 9, and enabled Takeover Entertainment to sign artists and songwriters and develop the signed artists and songwriters in partnership with EMI.\n\nIn 2010 Shawn \"Jay-Z\" Carter and Roc Nation signed a joint venture deal with Takeover Entertainment to create a European record label and entertainment company. The new company was named Takeover Roc Nation. Takeover Roc Nation is currently based in the United Kingdom, and distributes its record releases through Sony Music and partners with Live Nation for all other aspects of the business.\n\nPeople\n\nConcerts and tours\nRollercoaster Tour, November 2011 (United Kingdom)\nThe Rockstar Tour, December 2011 (United Kingdom)\nBad Intentions Tour, 2012\n\nDiscography\n\n2011 Studio album single(s)\n\n2012 Studio album single(s)\n\nUpcoming studio album(s)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Contact page — Takeover Entertainment Limited — Contact page \n Tinchy Stryder: Rapping with the Lib Dems collected news and commentary at The Guardian\n\n \n2006 establishments in the United Kingdom\nBritish independent record labels\nElectronic dance music record labels\nHip hop record labels\nMusic production companies\nMusic publishing companies of the United Kingdom\nPublishing companies established in 2006\nSoul music record labels\nSynth-pop record labels\nTalent agencies\nTakeover Group" ]

[ "Pendulum (drum and bass band)", "2009-11: Immersion", "Where did Pendulum originate?", "I don't know.", "What record company where they signed with?", "\" \"Watercolour" ]

[ "Switchflicker Records is an independent British record label based in Manchester, England. The company was established in 2000 by Jayne Compton.\n\nPerformers signed to the label include Divine David, Chloe Poems and formerly The Ting Tings, who launched their career at the label.\n\nIn 2008, members of The Ting Tings wrote critical comments on their blog about what they believe to be inflated prices charged by the label for their single, \"That's Not My Name\", asserting that the company was \"cashing in\" on the band's success at the expense of their fans. The label responded in a published statement, noting that they were doing nothing wrong as they owned the stock and were selling remaining copies in line with the record's value at the time: \n\nFollowing this dispute, The Ting Tings signed with Columbia Records, having received assurances from Columbia that they would retain sufficient artistic control over their music.\n\nReferences\n\nBritish record labels", "The Junction is an indie rock band formed in 2000 from Brampton, Ontario, Canada.\nThey signed to Universal Music in 2006 but later split from the label and went on to release recordings on their own independent label.\n\nHistory\nThe Junction formed in Brampton in 2000. Jackson and Taylor were classmates for years when they finally discovered that both of them played instruments during the ninth grade. Jameson later saw the band play at a Battle of the Bands after Jackson had transferred to Mayfield Secondary School. Amidst having several members come and go, the band released three EPs before signing with Universal Music. The first two EPs, White and Orange and Three Singles were recorded by Greg Dawson. The third, And with This Comes Tomorrow, was recorded by Brian Moncarz.\n\nAfter attracting attention from industry, The Junction signed a three-record deal with Universal Records, subsequently recording their first full-length album during 2005 and 2006. The band has openly admitted that they took far too long to record and release their first record. The Junction was released in February 2007 with little support from the label, which purportedly saw the record as “challenging”. Over the summer of 2007 the band was dropped by their booking agents, at which point they left their management company. It was at this time they were able to get out of their deal with Universal and continue independently with Matthew Jameson taking on the role of manager.\n\nThe band continued to tour Canada with bands such as Moneen, Bedouin Soundclash, and The Reason whilst writing songs and continuing to source out the possibilities of making another record. They were told about producer Gus Van Go by Indica Records and made contact with him. With Indica stepping out of the situation due to budget constraints, the band continued to keep in contact with Gus and worked to gather the funds needed to record in Brooklyn with Gus and his partner Werner F.\nTheir second full-length record, Another Link In The Chain, was the product of this collaboration. The record was released in Canada on July 28, 2009. \nThe band released their third LP, Grievances, in 2012.\n\nIn celebration of their 15th anniversary, The Junction announced that they were \"entering the studio to record [their] follow up to ‘Grievances’ with Jose Contreras\", and that it would be their \"first release via Culvert Music\".\n\nBand Name\nThe band name was originally 'The Funky Junction', which was derived from Jamiroquai’s Funktion when Jackson played bass. Jackson later began playing guitar and “funky” was dropped from the name.\n\nPopular culture\nThe song 'My Love Was There' was featured in the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation, Chuck’s Day Off, and was also featured in Hockey Night in Canada. It peaked at No. 34 of the Neilsen BDS Canadian rock radio charts.\n\nThe band performed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.\n\nThe band has performed on MTV Canada twice.\n\nMembers\n\nCurrent \nBrent Jackson: Vocals, Guitar\nMichael \"Tip\" Taylor: Drums\nMatthew Jameson: Bass\n\"Hong Kong\" Marcus Wong: Guitar, BG Vocals\n\nFormer members\nJoel James: Keyboards, vocals\nRyan Masters: Guitar, vocals\nJames Young: Trumpet\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n The Junction (2007)\n Another Link in the Chain (2009)\n Grievances (2012)\n\nEPs\n White and Orange (2000)\n Three Singles (2002)\n And With This Comes Tomorrow (2004)\n\nSingles\n \"Components of Four\"\n \"Frequencies\"\n \"My Love Was There\"\n \"No Road\"\n \"Level With Me\"\n\nSee also\n\nMusic of Canada\nCanadian rock\nList of Canadian musicians\nList of bands from Canada\n:Category:Canadian musical groups\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nThe Junction at Maplemusic.com\nInterview with For The Sound\nThe Junction Likes Their Music Raw And Inspirational – An interview with Jackson. July 29, 2007.\n\nMusical groups established in 2000\nCanadian indie rock groups\nMusical groups from Brampton\n2000 establishments in Ontario", "Codiscos (which is short for Compañía Colombiana de Discos, meaning \"Colombian Record Company\") is a record label headquartered in Medellín, Colombia. It was founded in 1950 by Alfredo Díez Montoya with the name Zeida Ltd, which is today the name of its popular label dedicated to tropical music. Along with Discos Fuentes, it is one of the oldest and largest record labels of Colombia.\n\nHistory\nIn 1958, it became an operational recording studio, with the aim of not only distributing, but also recording and encouraging the talents of Colombian authors, composers, arrangers and performers. Currently the company has three studios.\n\nCodiscos was in licensing agreements with U.S. Sonotone Records and Balboa Records that have since been discontinued.\n\nOn 1 August 2005, it opened a branch, called \"Codiscos Corp.\" in Miami, Florida.\n\nArtists\nCodiscos was the label of Juanes when he was part of the group Ekhymosis, when they signed their first record deal.\n\nCodiscos has been the record label for the following artists, among others:\n\nSee also\n Polen Records\n\nReferences\n\nColombian music\nColombian record labels\nRecord labels established in 1950" ]

[ "Pendulum (drum and bass band)", "2009-11: Immersion", "Where did Pendulum originate?", "I don't know.", "What record company where they signed with?", "\" \"Watercolour", "Was this the only record company that they had signed with during their carreer?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Guess Who are a Canadian rock band, originating as Chad Allan and the Reflections in 1962, and adopting the name The Guess Who in 1965. They were most successful from 1968 to 1975, under the leadership of singer/keyboardist Burton Cummings. During that period they released eleven studio albums, all of which reached the charts in Canada and the United States; their 1970 album American Woman reached no. 1 in Canada and no. 9 in the United States, and five other albums reached the top ten in Canada. They also achieved five number one singles in Canada and two in the United States.\n\nThe band experienced many lineup changes. During the 1968-1975 classic era, Cummings and drummer Garry Peterson were the only consistent members; they were joined by five guitarists and two bassists during those years. Cummings ended the band in 1975 and embarked on a solo career. In the following decades, Cummings and original guitarist Randy Bachman led several one-time reunion shows or short commemorative tours with various former members.\n\nSimultaneously, original bassist Jim Kale led semi-continuous lineups on nostalgia tours with a frequently changing cast of lesser-known sidemen. On some occasions Kale departed temporarily and various entities named The Guess Who performed with no original members. Peterson appeared in both sequences of reunion tours. Kale retired in 2016, and Peterson (the final remaining original member) continues to lead a lineup of The Guess Who to the present day.\n\nThis list article does not include musicians who filled in temporarily for official members.\n\nTimelines\n\nEarly and classic era timeline\n\nTimeline of reunions and nostalgia tours\n\nLineups\n\nPre-Guess Who\n\nThe Guess Who (classic era)\n\nBachman/Cummings-led reunions\n\nKale-led and other reunions\n\nReferences\n\nThe Guess Who members", "The 2013 Big East Conference men's soccer season is the inaugural season for the newly formed offshoot of the original Big East Conference. The \"new\" Big East consists of the seven members of the original Big East that did not sponsor Division I FBS football (the so-called \"Catholic 7\"), plus invited founding members Butler, Creighton, and Xavier. The FBS schools sold the \"Big East\" name to the \"Catholic 7\" and are operating as the American Athletic Conference under the original Big East charter. Including the history of the original Big East, this will be the 18th season of men's soccer under the \"Big East\" name.\n\nThe defending champions are the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, who moved to the Atlantic Coast Conference.\n\nChanges from 2012 \n\n Butler, Creighton and Xavier were invited by the \"Catholic 7\" to become founding members of the new Big East. \n The FBS schools from the original Big East, along with several new members, are operating as the American Athletic Conference.\n\nSeason outlook\n\nTeams\n\nStadia and locations\n\nStandings\n\nTournament\n\nResults\n\nStatistics\n\nReferences \n\n \n2013 NCAA Division I men's soccer season", "Shameless Self-Promotion Is the Sloppy Meateaters' first studio album. The album contained the two original members of the band Josh Chambers (Sloppy Josh) and drummer Kevin Highfield (Sloppy Kevin). Although only two members of the band were recorded on the album the cover of the re-released album contained Travis Gerke who joined the band after the original release.\n\nTrack listing \n Another Friend\n Home\n I Sing Like a Girl\n Explore the Obvious\n A Dumb Guy in a Stupid Band\n Mom\n My Secret Killer\n Outta Control\n What Did We Learn Today?\n Nobody Likes Me\n Hang On to Me\n Shonka Tonk\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n on Amazon.com\n\n1999 debut albums\nSloppy Meateaters albums" ]

[ "Stereolab", "Lyrics and titles" ]

[ "Now That's What I Call Christmas! 4 is a 2010 double album from the Now That's What I Call Music! series in the United States. It was released on October 12, 2010, and peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard 200. The album has sold 440,000 copies as of January 2013.\n\nTrack list\n\nDisc one\n\nDisc two\n\nSpecial Caroling Edition \nOn September 27, 2011, Now That's What I Call Christmas! 4: Special Caroling Edition was released, with this version coming with printed lyrics to the songs.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official U.S. Now That's What I Call Music website\n\nChristmas compilation albums\n2010 compilation albums\n2010 Christmas albums\nChristmas 04\nPop Christmas albums", "\"No Matter What\" is a song recorded by British singer-songwriter Calum Scott for the special edition of his debut studio album, Only Human. It was released on 19 October 2018 as the album's fifth overall single and the first single from the special edition.\n\nBackground\nScott describes \"No Matter What\" as his \"most personal song\" and the song he is \"most proud of\". The song tells the story of Scott telling his parents he was gay and their reactions of loving him \"no matter what\". Scott said \"It was a song that I always had to write, and a song I never thought I'd be able to share. This song has so much bones behind it and has such a wider discussion, not only about sexuality but about acceptance.\" adding \"This hopefully will be a movement. I want to help people, I want to inspire people, I want to make people more compassionate.\"\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was released on 8 November 2018 on Scott's YouTube channel via Vevo. It was directed by Ozzie Pullin.\n\nCritical reception\nKatrina Rees from CelebMix called the song \"a stunning piano ballad\" with lyrics that are \"raw and extremely personal\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2018 songs\n2018 singles\nCalum Scott songs\nCapitol Records singles\nLGBT-related songs\nSongs written by Toby Gad\nSongs written by Calum Scott" ]

[ "Stereolab", "Lyrics and titles", "what was special about the lyrics?", "Stereolab's music is politically and philosophically charged." ]

[ "Adele Faber (born January 12, 1928) is an American author. She writes books about parenting and families and is an expert on communication between adults and children. She currently resides in Long Island, New York and is the parent of three children.\n\nBiography \nFaber graduated from the Queens College with a B.A. in theater and drama and earned her master's degree in education from New York University. She also taught in the New York City High schools for eight years. Having studied with the late child psychologist, Dr. Haim Ginott, Faber is also a former member of the faculty of The New School for Social Research in New York and The Family Life Institute of Long Island University.\n\nBibliography \nBooks that Adele Faber has authored/co-authored, many of them intended for parents struggling to take care of their children, include:\n How to Talk So Kids Will Listen & Listen So Kids Will Talk\n Siblings Without Rivalry: How to Help Your Children Live Together So You Can Live Too\n How To Talk So Kids Can Learn\n How to Talk So Teens Will Listen and Listen So Teens Will Talk \n Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family \n How To Be The Parent You Always Wanted To Be \n Hercules: The Man, The Myth, The Hero \n In common cause \n Between Brothers and Sisters \n How to Talk So Kids Will Listen Book Summary \n Bobby and the Brockles Go to School \n Bobby and the Brockles \n How To Stop Your Children Fighting\n\nSee also \n\n Haim Ginott\n Elaine Mazlish\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n LONG ISLAND Q&A: ADELE FABER AND ELAINE MAZLISH;2 Writers Guide Parents in Communicating With Children\n Adele Faber as featured on Harper Collins Publishers\n\nLiving people\n1928 births\nWriters from New York City\nQueens College, City University of New York alumni\nNew York University alumni", "How Dare You may refer to:\n How Dare You! (TV series), a UK children's TV series from 1984 to 1987\n How Dare You (speech), by Greta Thunberg at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit\n\nMusic\n How Dare You! (album), by 10cc\nHow Dare You? (Electric Six album), 2017\n \"How Dare You!\", a song by 10cc, a B-side of \"I'm Mandy Fly Me\"\n \"How Dare You\", So Cool (Sistar album)\n \"How Dare You\", a song by Whodini from Back in Black\n \"How Dare You\", a song by Lupe Fiasco from Food & Liquor II: The Great American Rap Album Pt. 1" ]

[ "Stereolab", "Lyrics and titles", "what was special about the lyrics?", "Stereolab's music is politically and philosophically charged.", "how so?", "Laetitia Sadier, who writes the group's lyrics, said that her inspiration was most recently her anger towards the Iraq War." ]

[ "More Sokol Pie (English: A Falcon is Drinking) is a traditional folk song from the region of Macedonia, particularly popular in Bulgaria and North Macedonia. There are several versions of this song. Probably the earliest record of an early version of this song was in 1837, by Serbian author Petar Petrović Samopodlužanin. The song was recorded by Podlužanin from a Bulgarian immigrant in Serbia and in the text there are Serbian language influences made either by the person recording or by the person relating the lyrics. Many other versions of this song with motif of falcon drinking water from Vardar were published at the beginning of the 20th century in then Southern Serbia. Numerous performers of this song include Toše Proeski, Hanka Paldum, Kostadin Gugov, Aleksandar Sarievski, Nikola Badev, Volodya Stoyanov and \"Episode\" group.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nLyrics in Macedonian with transcription\n Text in Bulgarian\nMore Sokol Pie performed by Aleksandar Sarievski\n\nMacedonian folk songs\nBulgarian folk songs\n1837 songs", "Könsrock (Swedish for Genitalia rock) is a Swedish music genre characterized by off-color humor, dealing with subjects such as handicapped people, disorders and diseases, homosexuality, and nazism, often with strong elements of toilet humor. Toilet references is widely regarded as the best.\n\nHistory\n\nKönsrock was created in the late 1970s, with origins in punk rock. Two important earlier influences were Johnny Bode, who released three records in the '60s and '70s with songs containing explicit sexual lyrics, and Eddie Meduza, also known for songs with off-color and often sexual lyrics. As they don't work in a punk rock style, neither of them are considered to be part of the könsrock genre proper.\n\nOnkel Kånkel and his Kånkelbär\n\nOnkel Kånkel and his Kånkelbär are often considered to have created the könsrock genre.\n\nTunnan och Moroten\n\nIn 1994 Tunnan och Moroten (The Trashcan and The Carrot) began making music together. Early songs were released as Amiga modules, but since the late 1990s, they have incorporated guitar and drums. In the late 1990s, songs in MP3 format began circulating on the internet, and Bajs i bastun was released in 1998, becoming one of their most famous songs. There are now eight albums. On the later releases, synth, bass, electric guitar, and drums are used, together with influences from chip music.\n\nCharacteristics\nKönsrock is commonly produced using the same line-up as punk rock, often including post-punk influences with drum machines, keyboards, and other electronic devices.\nSome bands use heavily distorted instrument similar to extreme punk, and some use a more experimental sound deliberately made to sound unpleasant. The lyrics are usually offensive and deal with topics such as paedophilia, obscenity, feces, drugs, violence, and handicapped people. Könsrock has been popular in schools in Sweden and has on some occasions caused public outrage.\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes and sources\nsome newspaper articles about Onkel Kånkel and könsrock (in Swedish)\na reportage about könsrock in swedish radio (in Swedish)\n\nPunk rock genres\nSwedish styles of music" ]

[ "Stereolab", "Lyrics and titles", "what was special about the lyrics?", "Stereolab's music is politically and philosophically charged.", "how so?", "Laetitia Sadier, who writes the group's lyrics, said that her inspiration was most recently her anger towards the Iraq War.", "were there other influences in her lyrics?", "The Surrealist and Situationist cultural and political movements were also influences," ]

[ "The Gurus were an American psychedelic rock band from the 1960s. They were among the first to incorporate Middle Eastern influences, maybe more than any other band of that era. The band broke up without making a large impact on the music scene of the time, although they did release two singles on United Artists Records in 1966 and 1967. Their album, The Gurus Are Hear, failed to be released in 1967, which was noted as the reason for the band splitting up.\n\nThe album was finally released in 2003.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican psychedelic rock music groups", "An operational context (OLC) for an operation is the external environment that influences its operation. For a mobile application, the OLC is defined by the combined hardware/firmware/software configurarions of several appliances or devices, as well as the bearer of the mobiles of these units and other work position environment this person as the key stakeholder makes use of in timely, spatial and modal coincidence. \n\nThis concept differs from the operating context and does not address the operating system of computers.\n\nExample \n\nThe classic example is defined by the electronic leash configuration, where one mobile appliance is wirelessly tethered to another such appliance. The function of this electronic leash is to set an aural alarm with any of these two in case of unintentional leaving one of these two behind.\n\nImplementing the example \n\nSeveral suppliers offer the electronic leash solution. A new aspect has been launched with Bluetooth low energy for better economised battery life cycle. Special trimming serves for two years operation from a button cell.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n Context\n Operating context, the external environment that influences an operation;\n Unilateration\n\nWireless networking" ]

[ "Stereolab", "Lyrics and titles", "what was special about the lyrics?", "Stereolab's music is politically and philosophically charged.", "how so?", "Laetitia Sadier, who writes the group's lyrics, said that her inspiration was most recently her anger towards the Iraq War.", "were there other influences in her lyrics?", "The Surrealist and Situationist cultural and political movements were also influences,", "any other influences?", "Critics have noted Marxist allusions in the band's lyrics, and have gone so far as to call the band members themselves Marxist." ]

[ "Casual Viewin' is a 2000 album by Canadian alternative rock band 54-40. The title refers to a lyric from the Genesis song \"Broadway Melody of 1974\", which reads: \"Marshall McLuhan, casual viewin', head buried in the sand.\" 54-40 commented in interviews at the time of the album's release that they were influenced by McLuhan's work when making the album, and that they adopted the Genesis lyric as a result.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Casual Viewin'\" – 4:43\n \"Unbend\" – 3:49\n \"Blue Sky\" – 4:05\n \"Sunday Girl\" – 4:39\n \"Roll Up Rule\" – 4:23\n \"She's a Jones\" – 4:24\n \"It's Alright\" – 3:45\n \"Watching You\" – 4:44\n \"Say My Name\" – 4:40\n \"Speak What You Feel\" – 5:10\n \"Someone's Mind\" – 3:28\n \"You the One\" – 4:22\n \"Big You Up\" – 3:57\n \"Castles\" – 3:54\n\nAdditional Personnel\n\nProduction\n Howard Redekopp - Engineer\n\n2000 albums\n54-40 albums", "War in My Mind is the ninth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Beth Hart, released on September 27, 2019. The album was produced by Rob Cavallo. Hart will tour the UK and Ireland in support of the album in 2020.\n\nBackground\nIn the album announcement, Hart commented: \"More than any record I've ever made, I'm more open to being myself on these songs [...] On this record, something told me, 'Just let it be what it is.' I think I'm starting to make a little headway, getting closer to the truth. And I might not know what the truth is... but I'm OK with that.\"\n\nCritical reception\n\nWriting for American Songwriter, Hal Horowitz called it \"arguably [Hart's] most intimate and intense set yet\", further commenting that \"Her dynamic, classically influenced piano propels most songs including the ballads, such as the title track, that dominate this set. [...] There's no denying the truth, integrity and gritty realism that infuses everything Beth Hart touches.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2019 albums\nBeth Hart albums" ]

[ "Suzanne Lenglen", "Professional career" ]

[ "Keely Froling (born 31 January 1996) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Launceston Tornadoes in the NBL1.\n\nCareer\n\nCollege\nFroling played college basketball for two years at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas for the SMU Mustangs. Froling decided to return home after her Sophomore season, to complete her studies and pursue her career in Australia.\n\nWNBL\nBorn and raised in Townsville, Froling would begin her WNBL career in her home town, signed as a development player alongside her twin sister, with the Townsville Fire for the 2011–12 WNBL season. Froling remained a member of the Fire's roster through to 2014. She then departed to begin her college career in the United States. Froling cut her college career short and has returned to Australia, after she was signed by the Canberra Capitals for 2016–17.\n\nNational Team\nFroling first played for Australia at the 2011 FIBA Oceania Under-16 Championship for Women where she took home Gold. She would then go on to participate in the world championship in Amsterdam, Netherlands where Australia placed 5th.\n\nPersonal life\nFroling has a twin sister, Alicia who is also a professional basketball player. She played alongside her in Townsville, SMU and the U17 National team. Their younger brothers, Harry and Sam, have also represented Australia internationally.\n\nReferences\n\n1996 births\nLiving people\nAustralian expatriate basketball people in the United States\nAustralian women's basketball players\nCanberra Capitals players\nForwards (basketball)\nSportspeople from Townsville\nTownsville Fire players\nUniversiade medalists in basketball\nUniversiade gold medalists for Australia\nMedalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade\nMedalists at the 2019 Summer Universiade", "Taylor Jae Ortlepp (born 22 June 1997) is an Australian professional basketball player.\n\nCareer\n\nWNBL\nOrtlepp began her WNBL career at a young age, with the Adelaide Lightning in 2015. She would then depart to pursue her college career in the United States.\n\nIn 2020, Ortlepp returned to the Adelaide Lightning for her second season.\n\nCollege\nOrtlepp will begin her college career at the Boston College with the Eagles.\n\nNational team\nOrtlepp first represented Australia in 2013, at the FIBA Oceania Under-16 Championship in Melbourne. She would then go on to represent Australia, at the 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship in the Czech Republic. Where Australia finished in fifth place, with a 6–1 record.\n\nReferences\n\n1997 births\nLiving people\nGuards (basketball)\nAustralian women's basketball players" ]

[ "Suzanne Lenglen", "Professional career", "How did her professional career begin?", "The first major female tennis star to turn professional, Lenglen was paid US$50,000 by American entrepreneur Charles C. Pyle to tour the United States" ]

[ "The 1994 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Philadelphia Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of the Tier I category of the 1994 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from November 7 through November 13, 1994. Sixth-seeded Anke Huber won the singles title and earned $150,000 first-prize money.\n\nThe tournament was highlighted by the presence of Jennifer Capriati, who returned to professional tennis after a 14-month hiatus. Her last match was at the first round of the 1993 US Open, where she lost to Leila Meskhi. Capriati will eventually lost in the first round against tournament winner Anke Huber, in what would end up being her only match in the entire 1994 season.\n\nFinals\n\nSingles\n\n Anke Huber defeated Mary Pierce 6–0, 6–7(4–7), 7–5\n It was Huber's 3rd singles title of the year and the 6th of her career.\n\nDoubles\n\n Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva defeated Gabriela Sabatini / Brenda Schultz 4–6, 6–4, 6–2\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n ITF tournament edition details\n Tournament draws\n\nVirginia Slims of Philadelphia\nAdvanta Championships of Philadelphia\nVirginia Slims of Philadelphia\nVirginia Slims of Philadelphia\nVirginia Slims of Philadelphia", "The 1970 Rothmans Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club in Toronto in Canada that was part of the 1970 Pepsi-Cola Grand Prix. The men's tournament was held from August 12 through August 18, 1970, while the women's tournament was played from August 19 through August 25, 1970.\n\nFinals\n\nMen's Singles\n Rod Laver defeated Roger Taylor 6–0, 4–6, 6–3\n It was Laver's 6th professional title of the year and the 17th of his career.\n\nWomen's Singles\n Margaret Court defeated Rosemary Casals 6–8, 6–4, 6–4\n It was Court's 27th professional title of the year and the 77th of her career.\n\nMen's Doubles\n William Bowrey / Marty Riessen defeated Cliff Drysdale / Fred Stolle 6–3, 6–2\n It was Bowrey's 2nd title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was Riessen's 3rd title of the year and the 8th of his professional career.\n\nWomen's Doubles\n Rosemary Casals / Margaret Court defeated Evonne Goolagong / Pat Walkden 6–0, 6–1\n It was Casals' 6th title of the year and the 13th of her career. It was Court's 28th professional title of the year and the 78th of her career.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile\n Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tournament profile\n\nRothmans Canadian Open\nCanadian Open (tennis)\nRothmans Canadian Open\nRothmans Canadian Open\nCanadian Open" ]

[ "Suzanne Lenglen", "Professional career", "How did her professional career begin?", "The first major female tennis star to turn professional, Lenglen was paid US$50,000 by American entrepreneur Charles C. Pyle to tour the United States", "What was her first professional tournament?", "For the first time in tennis history, the women's match was the headline event of the tour (which also featured male players)." ]

[ "Sofya Andreyevna Zhuk (; born 1 December 1999) is an inactive Russian tennis player.\nShe won the 2015 Wimbledon girls' singles title.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly career\nZhuk trained at the Justine Henin Academy in Belgium and her coach was Olivier Jeunehomme. Her best win to date on the professional tour has been at a $60K tournament in Turkey, where she beat home favourite İpek Soylu in the final.\n\nWhen she won her first tournament at Shymkent, she became only the 17th 14 year old in ITF history to win an open tournament at that age, joining a group which includes former world number ones Justine Henin and Dinara Safina.\n\nIn 2015, Zhuk competed as an unseeded 15-year-old at Wimbledon, where she won the junior girls' title against fellow Russian and No. 12 ranked junior Anna Blinkova in straight sets, 7–5, 6–4. Zhuk did not drop a set in the whole Wimbledon tournament. Zhuk became only the second Russian girl to win the Junior Wimbledon title, following the 2002 final when Vera Dushevina defeated compatriot Maria Sharapova.\n\nShe made her WTA Tour singles debut at the 2016 Miami Open, where she received a wildcard into the main draw. She lost in straight sets to Zhang Shuai in the first round.\n\n2018\nZhuk reached the second round of qualifying at the Australian Open, losing to Magdalena Frech of Poland, before heading to Newport Beach in California for their inaugural WTA 125K series tournament. She reached her first 125K final in this event where, after taking the first set, she eventually fell to Danielle Collins, six years her senior, in three sets.\n\nCollins was her nemesis again when they played at Indian Wells, after both had defeated seeded players. Zhuk recorded her very first WTA Tour win when she defeated Alizé Cornet in the first round, and followed that by beating 18th seed Magdalena Rybarikova in the second round. Zhuk's second to last service game in that match took well over 20 minutes, with 12 deuces and 30 points. Rybarikova saved eleven match points during the game, before finally winning on only her second break point. Zhuk promptly broke back, and then served out to win 6–3, 2–6, 7–5. Collins, though having beaten 15th seed Madison Keys in the second round, always had the advantage in their third round clash, winning 6–4, 6–4. Zhuk nevertheless reached her career-high ranking of 123 after this defeat. She then went to the Premier Mandatory tournament in Miami, where she lost in the first round of qualifying.\n\nIn the European Grand Slam tournaments, she lost in the first qualifying round of the French Open to Valentini Grammatikopoulou, and in the final qualifying round for Wimbledon to Vitalia Diatchenko, having had her revenge on Grammatikopoulou in the first round.\n\nPerformance timeline\n\nSingles\n\nWTA Challenger finals\n\nSingles: 1 (1 runner-up)\n\nITF Circuit finals\n\nSingles: 9 (6 titles, 3 runner-ups)\n\nJunior Grand Slam finals\n\nGirls' singles: 1 (1 title)\n\nAwards\n2015\n The Russian Cup in the nomination Junior of the Year\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\n1999 births\nLiving people\nTennis players from Moscow\nRussian female tennis players\nWimbledon junior champions\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles\nRussian expatriates in Belgium", "Seong Eun-jeong (born 31 October 1999) is a South Korean professional golfer. Before turning professional, she won the 2016 U.S. Women's Amateur. Her win granted her exemptions into several majors on the LPGA Tour from 2016 to 2017. At the 2017 ANA Inspiration, she became the first amateur golfer to score a hole in one at the event. As a professional golfer, Seong won her first professional golf tournament at the Danielle Downey Credit Union Classic during the 2018 Symetra Tour.\n\nCareer\nAs an amateur golfer, Seong participated at events held by the United States Golf Association. She competed at the 2013 U.S. Women's Amateur but did not make the cut. The following year, Seong was runner up at the 2014 U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links. Her first amateur wins came at the U.S. Girls' Junior in 2015 and 2016. After winning her second Junior championship, Seong won the 2016 U.S. Women's Amateur. Her 2016 wins made Seong the first golfer to win both the Junior and Amateur championships within the same year. After she won the U.S. Amateur, Seong received an exemption to the 2017 U.S. Women's Open and potential invitations to the 2016 Evian Championship, 2017 ANA Inspiration and 2017 Women's British Open.\n\nAt major championships, Seong did not make the cut at the 2016 Evian Championship. The following year, she was the first ever amateur golfer to score a hole in one at the 2017 ANA Inspiration. Her ace was the latest at the tournament since 2012. Despite her hole in one, Seong did not make the cut at the ANA Inspiration in 2017. At subsequent 2017 major championships, Seong missed the cup at the U.S Women's Open and Women's British Open. Outside of the LPGA, Seong began playing on the Symetra Tour in May 2018. A few months later, she won the Danielle Downey Credit Union Classic and obtained her first win as a professional golfer during the 2018 Symetra Tour season.\n\nAmateur wins\n2014 Song Am Cup, Daebo Group Cup Maekyung Amateur\n2015 U.S. Girls' Junior\n2016 U.S. Girls' Junior, U.S. Women's Amateur\n\nSource:\n\nSymetra Tour wins\n2018 Danielle Downey Credit Union Classic\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSouth Korean female golfers\nWinners of ladies' major amateur golf championships\n1999 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "Suzanne Lenglen", "Professional career", "How did her professional career begin?", "The first major female tennis star to turn professional, Lenglen was paid US$50,000 by American entrepreneur Charles C. Pyle to tour the United States", "What was her first professional tournament?", "For the first time in tennis history, the women's match was the headline event of the tour (which also featured male players).", "Did she win her first tournament?", "In their first match in New York City, Lenglen put on a performance that New York Times writer Allison Danzig lauded as \"one of the most masterly exhibitions" ]

[ "Source data is raw data (sometimes called atomic data) that has not been processed for meaningful use to become Information.\n\nExamples\n Data entered at a till in a store\n A list of information about customers used in a mail merge in Word Processing\n Handwritten notes or printed documents, before they are typed in, such as an order form or CV\n Research data such as air temperature measurements\n\nRisks\nOften when data is captured in one electronic system and then transferred to another, there is a loss of audit trail or the inherent data cannot be absolutely verified. There are systems that provide for absolute data export but then the system imported into has to allow for all available data fields to be imported. Similarly, there are transaction logs in many modern database systems. The acceptance of these transaction records into any new system could be very important for any verification of such imported data.\n\nIn research, gaining access to source data may be cumbersome. Particularly where sensitive personal data is involved, security and redaction (obscuring information) may be an issue.\n\nSee also\n Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques\n Cooked data\n Electronic Media\n Information\n Information technology audit process\n Primary data and Secondary data\n\nReferences\n\nDigital media\nComputer data", "Background noise or ambient noise is any sound other than the sound being monitored (primary sound). Background noise is a form of noise pollution or interference. Background noise is an important concept in setting noise levels.\n\nBackground noises include environmental noises such as water waves, traffic noise, alarms, extraneous speech, bioacoustic noise from animals, and electrical noise from devices such as refrigerators, air conditioning, power supplies, and motors.\n\nThe prevention or reduction of background noise is important in the field of active noise control. It is an important consideration with the use of ultrasound (e.g. for medical diagnosis or imaging), sonar, and sound reproduction.\n\nOther uses\nIn astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the sky with no discernible source.\n\nIn information architecture, irrelevant, duplicate or incorrect information may be called background noise.\n\nIn physics and telecommunication, background signal noise can be detrimental or in some cases beneficial. The study of avoiding, reducing or using signal noise is information theory.\n\nIn telephony, artificial comfort noise is used as a substitute for natural background noise, to fill in artificial silence created by discontinuous transmission systems using voice activity detection.\nBackground noise can also affect concentration.\n\nSee also\n4'33\"\nAmbient noise level\nElectronic noise\nThe Hum\nColors of noise\nSound masking\n\nExternal links\nHow low noise levels are achieved in concert halls\nBackground noise in acoustics (demo)\n\nAcoustics\nNoise pollution\nSound" ]

[ "Suzanne Lenglen", "Professional career", "How did her professional career begin?", "The first major female tennis star to turn professional, Lenglen was paid US$50,000 by American entrepreneur Charles C. Pyle to tour the United States", "What was her first professional tournament?", "For the first time in tennis history, the women's match was the headline event of the tour (which also featured male players).", "Did she win her first tournament?", "In their first match in New York City, Lenglen put on a performance that New York Times writer Allison Danzig lauded as \"one of the most masterly exhibitions", "Is there any other important information?", "\" When the tour ended in February 1927, Lenglen had defeated Browne, 38 matches to 0." ]

[ "Vivianne Miedema is a Dutch professional footballer who has played as a forward for the Netherlands women's national football team since 2013. She is the all-time top scorer for her country, for both women and men. On 26 September 2013, Miedema made her debut for the Dutch senior team aged seventeen. She was an 84th-minute substitute for Lieke Martens in a 4–0 win over Albania in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 5. One month later in her second cap she scored her first goals, a hat-trick, in her country's 7–0 win over Portugal, after only having come onto the pitch as a substitute in the 75th minute.\n\nMiedema helped the Dutch qualify for their first-ever FIFA World Cup finals, scoring all three of her side's goals in the two-leg final of the UEFA qualification play-offs against Italy in November 2014. She finished as the top scorer in the qualification campaign with 16 goals. At the finals in Canada, she played all four matches, three group stage games and the round of 16 match, a defeat against Japan. She did not score in Canada. At the 2017 UEFA Women's European Championship, held in the Netherlands, Miedema scored four times, including in the semi-final win over England and in the final against Denmark. Her goals helped secure the first ever title for the Dutch women.\n\nIn the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA play-offs Miedema scored twice against Switzerland, taking her country to the World Cup finals in France, where she scored three times. On 15 June 2019, Miedema became the all-time top scorer of the Netherlands women's national football team after scoring her 60th goal in a 3–1 Group E win against Cameroon. She passed the record held by Manon Melis and extended her lead over the men's team's leading scorer, Robin van Persie, who scored 50 goals before retiring. In the quarter-final against Italy she scored the first goal of the match, helping the Dutch progress. In the final against the United States the Netherlands did not score and lost 2–0. At the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo Miedema broke the record of most goals scored in a single Olympic tournament: 10. In 106 appearances for the senior national team as of February 2022, Miedema has scored 85 goals. None of her goals have come from penalty kicks. She has scored five hat-tricks; against Portugal (2013 and 2014), Greece (2013), Russia (2017), and Zambia (2021), when she scored four goals. Her most productive year was 2017 with 20 goals from 21 games.\n\nInternational goals\n\"Score\" represents the score in the match after Miedema's goal. \"Score\" and \"Result\" list the Netherlands' goal tally first. Cap represents the player's appearance in an international level match at senior level.\n\nStatistics\n\nSee also\n List of top international women's football goal scorers by country\n List of women's footballers with 100 or more international goals\n\nReferences\n\nMiedema\nMiedema goals\nMiedema goals\nMiedema", "The 2020 Eurohockey Indoor Championship II was the 7th edition of the tournament. It took take place from 17 to 19 January 2020 in Lucerne, Switzerland.\n\nQualified Teams\n\nSweden finished 3rd in the previous tournament, but did not take part in 2020. Instead Turkey, which as 7th placed team in 2018 were originally relegated, took part.\n\nFormat\nThe eight teams are split into two groups of four teams. The bottom two teams from pool A and B, play in a new group, pool C, against the teams they did not play against in the group stage. The top two teams from pool A and B, will also play in a new group, pool D, where they play the teams they did not play against in the group stage to determine the winner. All points from pools A and B will be taken over in pools C and D. The top two teams will be promoted to the 2022 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Nations Championship. The last two teams will be relegated to the 2022 Eurohockey Indoor Championship III.\n\nResults\n''All times are local (UTC+1).\n\nPreliminary round\n\nPool A\n\nPool B\n\nFifth to eighth place classification\n\nPool C\nThe points obtained in the preliminary round against the other team are taken over.\n\nPool D\nThe points obtained in the preliminary round against the other team are taken over.\n\nFinal standings\n\nReferences\n\nMen's EuroHockey Indoor Championship II\nInternational indoor hockey competitions hosted by Switzerland\nEuroHockey Indoor Nations Championship Men\nIndoor Men\nEuroHockey Indoor Nations Championship Men\nEvents in Lucerne" ]

[ "John Ruskin", "Modern Painters I (1843)" ]

[ "Mikhail Roginsky (; 14 August 1931 – 5 July 2004) was a Russian painter. Roginsky was one of the leaders of Soviet Nonconformist Art and the creator of the modern national visual method, with its laconic means and inner expressiveness.\n\nBiography \nIn 1978, Roginsky moved to Paris. One year before his emigration he had gone back to documentary art and did a series of five or six works with cans. \"I felt (he explained) that I had to go back to what I had begun with, to return to myself\". He left Russia shortly after he had finished that series. Roginsky answer to the question whether the West had any influence on him, was brief: \"Sure\". But he could not say exactly what. \"Everything, (he believes) a different life, a different atmosphere, a different reality. I am generally very much influenced by where I live, what I see around me, what kind of art I behold and the type of people I rub shoulders with'\".\n\nHe died on 5 July 2004 in Paris.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nRussia Info-Centre: Photograph and samples of his work\n\n20th-century Russian painters\nRussian male painters\n21st-century Russian painters\n1931 births\n2004 deaths", "Manohar Kaul (1925–1999) was born in Srinagar, Kashmir. He was one of 20th century's most famous Kashmiri painters. His work is in the National Gallery of Modern Art in India.\n\nWritings\n Kashmir: Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim architecture, Sagar Publications (1971) \n Trends in Indian painting, ancient, medieval, modern, Dhoomimal Ramchand (1961)\n\nExternal links\nEssay on Kaul by the art critic Keshav Malik - includes newspaper reviews\n\nIndian male painters\n1925 births\n1999 deaths\nKashmiri people\nPeople from Srinagar\n20th-century Indian painters\nPainters from Jammu and Kashmir" ]

[ "John Ruskin", "Modern Painters I (1843)", "What was Modern Painters I?", "What became the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), published by Smith, Elder & Co. under the anonymous but authoritative title, \"A Graduate of Oxford," ]

[ "Mikhail Roginsky (; 14 August 1931 – 5 July 2004) was a Russian painter. Roginsky was one of the leaders of Soviet Nonconformist Art and the creator of the modern national visual method, with its laconic means and inner expressiveness.\n\nBiography \nIn 1978, Roginsky moved to Paris. One year before his emigration he had gone back to documentary art and did a series of five or six works with cans. \"I felt (he explained) that I had to go back to what I had begun with, to return to myself\". He left Russia shortly after he had finished that series. Roginsky answer to the question whether the West had any influence on him, was brief: \"Sure\". But he could not say exactly what. \"Everything, (he believes) a different life, a different atmosphere, a different reality. I am generally very much influenced by where I live, what I see around me, what kind of art I behold and the type of people I rub shoulders with'\".\n\nHe died on 5 July 2004 in Paris.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nRussia Info-Centre: Photograph and samples of his work\n\n20th-century Russian painters\nRussian male painters\n21st-century Russian painters\n1931 births\n2004 deaths", "Jovan Zonjić (1907–1961) was one of Serbia's most important painters in the transition from academic to modern painting.\n\nZonjić came from the village of Kralj near Andrijevica. From Andrijevica, his father Radisav Zonjić moved to Podgorica, then to Cetinje, where he ran cafės, and in Cetinje married a Herzegovinian from Berovo, Milica Popović. \n\nZonjić graduated from Royal Art School in Belgrade in 1931 and enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he lived intermittently until 1939. With Zonjić's painting \"Fethiye\", which he exhibited in 1934 at the VII Autumn Exhibition in Belgrade, he received the \"Belgraders to Belgrade Artists\" Award. That award enabled him to return to Paris and resume his studies at the École des Beaux-Arts which he had previously interrupted due to financial difficulties. It was in Paris that he improved, in the midst of some fiercest competition at the time.\n\nAt the Exhibition of Yugoslav Artists in Paris in March 1939, the only painting purchased by the Musée National d'Art Moderne was Zonjić's \"Black Woman\" (nine of Zonjić's paintings were exhibited). Occupying Paris, the Nazis, as spoils of war, took from that museum what they considered significant. Among the looted paintings was his painting, \"Black Woman\". The original painting is now lost, but a reproduction of that painting was found by Branka Bogavac, former director of the Cultural Center of Yugoslavia in Paris. It was stored on one of the underground floors of the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris.\n\nOne critic wrote that Zonjić was not a favourite among Belgrade painters, because he endangered their position in the painting establishment since they could not challenge his painting abilities they resorted instead to spreading stories and rumours about him.\n\nIn 2007, an exhibition of Zonjić's paintings from the collection of the Cetinje Museums was organized in Berane and Andrijevica.\n\nReferences \n\n1907 births\n1961 deaths\n20th-century Serbian painters\n20th-century male artists\nPeople from Andrijevica\nPeople from Podgorica\nPeople from Cetinje\nAlumni of the École des Beaux-Arts\nModern painters\nSerbian male painters" ]

[ "John Ruskin", "Modern Painters I (1843)", "What was Modern Painters I?", "What became the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), published by Smith, Elder & Co. under the anonymous but authoritative title, \"A Graduate of Oxford,", "What was the outcome of Modern Painters?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Zeferino González (28 January 1831 – 29 November 1894) was a Spanish Dominican theologian, and philosopher, Archbishop of Seville and Cardinal.\n\nLife\nOn 28 November 1844, in the College of Ocania, González entered the Dominican Order, and a year later took his solemn vows. He was sent to Manila in 1848 to complete his studies, and in January 1853, he was made a lector of philosophy. The following year he was ordained priest. After teaching philosophy and theology for many years in the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, he returned to Spain in 1867, where, the year following, he was elected rector of Ocania College, discharging the duties of this office for three years.\n\nIn 1874 he was named Bishop of Málaga, but, before taking charge of this diocese, he was consecrated Bishop of Córdoba in October 1875. Eight years later he was removed to the archiepiscopal See of Seville, and in November 1884, he was created cardinal by Pope Leo XIII, with Santa Maria sopra Minerva as his titular church.\n\nIn May, 1885, Cardinal González was appointed to the primacy of Spain, was made Patriarch of the West Indies, vicar-general of the army, and major-chaplain to the royal chapel. After many years of service González, in December 1889, resigned all his offices and dignities, except that of the cardinalate, and retired from active life. The remaining five years of his life were spent in study and prayer.\n\nHe was honoured with medals of Isabella the Catholic and Charles III, he was appointed chancellor of Castile, was chosen as royal adviser, made a member of the Royal Academy of Languages, of History, of Moral and Political Sciences, and of the Roman Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas.\n\nWorks\nBesides those below, among his several works are: \"La Biblia y la ciencia\"; \"La infalibilidad pontificia\" (pamphlet); \"Discurso de recepción en la Academia Española\" (pamphlet); \"Discurso de recepción en la Academia de Ciencias políticas y morales\" (pamphlet).\n\nEstudios religiosos, políticos, científicos y sociales - volume 1, Madrid 1873\n Contains the three essays:\n La filosofía de la historia\n La inmortalidad del alma y sus destinos segun una teoría krauso-espiritista\n El positivismo materialista\nEstudios religiosos, políticos, científicos y sociales - volume 2, Madrid 1873\n Contains the five essays:\n La Economia política y el cristianismo\n Los temblores de tierra\n Sobre una Biblioteca de teólogos españoles\n La definición de la infalibilidad pontificia\n Sermon de Santo Tomás de Aquino\nFilosofía elemental - volume 1, second edition, Madrid 1876\nFilosofía elemental - volume 2, second edition, Madrid 1876\nHistoria de la filosofía - volume 1, second edition, Madrid 1886\nHistoria de la filosofía - volume 2, second edition, Madrid 1886\nHistoria de la filosofía - volume 3, second edition, Madrid 1886\nHistoria de la filosofía - volume 4, second edition, Madrid 1886\nEstudios sobre la filosofía de Santo Tomás - volume 1, second edition, Madrid 1886\nEstudios sobre la filosofía de Santo Tomás - volume 2, second edition, Madrid 1886\nEstudios sobre la filosofía de Santo Tomás - volume 3, second edition, Madrid 1887\nPhilosophia elementaria - volume 1: Logicam, psychologiam, idealogiam complectens, seventh edition, Madrid 1894\nPhilosophia elementaria - volume 2: Metaphysicam generalem atque specialem complectens, seventh edition, Madrid 1894\nPhilosophia elementaria - volume 3: Ethicam et historiam philosophiae complectens, seventh edition, Madrid 1894\n\nReferences\n\nActa Cap. Ord. Praed. (Rome, 1885);\nHugo von Hurter, Nomenclator literarius, III (Innsbruck, 1895), 1499;\nVigil, La orden de praedicatores (Madrid, 1884), 297.\n\nExternal links\n \nCatholic Encyclopedia article\nBiography\n\n1831 births\n1894 deaths\nPeople from Asturias\nCardinals created by Pope Leo XIII\nDominican cardinals", "Billy Joel's Greatest Hits is a collection released in two sets, 12 years apart. The first set, consisting of two discs, titled Volume I and Volume II, was released in 1985. The second, single disc titled Volume III was released in 1997. Also 4-disc Compete Hits Collection was also released in 1997.\n\n Greatest Hits – Volume I & Volume II (1985)\n Greatest Hits Volume III (Billy Joel album) (1997)\n The Complete Hits Collection: 1973–1997 (1997)\n\nSee also\n Billy Joel discography\n\nBilly Joel compilation albums" ]

[ "John Ruskin", "Modern Painters I (1843)", "What was Modern Painters I?", "What became the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), published by Smith, Elder & Co. under the anonymous but authoritative title, \"A Graduate of Oxford,", "What was the outcome of Modern Painters?", "I don't know.", "Was there a second volume?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What About Us\" is a single released by British-Irish girl group the Saturdays. Their first international single, it is the lead single from their first American-only release EP, Chasing the Saturdays (2013). It also acts as the second single from their fourth studio album Living for the Weekend (2013). The single was first released in the United States and Canada on 18 December 2012 via digital download, before being released in the United Kingdom on 16 March 2013 via CD single and digital download. The single was written by Camille Purcell, Ollie Jacobs, Philip Jacobs. There are two different versions of the track which have been recorded and released: a solo version, which was released exclusively in the US and Canada, and a version featuring Jamaican rapper Sean Paul, which was released internationally. Music critics gave the song positive feedback, but questioned the heavily auto-tuned chorus and the move away from the group's traditional sound.\n\nA music video was released for the song was published and released via the Saturdays' Vevo account on 11 January 2013. The video was filmed in Los Angeles, where the band were filming their US reality series, Chasing the Saturdays, which is broadcast through E!. An acoustic version of \"Somebody Else's Life\", which can be heard on the opening titles of the show, was released as a B-side. The Saturdays went on to a promotional tour in order to get the song \"out there\" in the United States, and appeared on a number of different chat shows including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Jeff Probst Show, Fashion Police, Chelsea Lately and The Today Show in New York City. They later went on to a promotional tour in the UK, visiting radio stations around the country.\n\n\"What About Us\" gained commercial success, debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart to become the Saturdays' twelfth UK top 10 single and first ever number-one. In Ireland, the song debuted at number six on the Irish Singles Chart, gaining the group their fifth top 10 single there. With first-week sales of 114,000 copies and 40,000 copies more sold than their closest competitor to number one, \"What About Us\" was the fastest-selling single of 2013 in the UK until it was overtaken by Naughty Boy's \"La La La\" two months later. In December 2013, it was announced as the eleventh fastest-selling single of the year overall. As of August 2014, the song has sold over 400,000 copies in the UK. On 23 December 2013, Mollie King posted a photo on Instagram of her holding a 500,000 sales plaque from their record label, with the message that \"What About Us\" had sold over 500,000 copies in UK and USA, with 120,000 copies in the US alone even without charting on the Billboard Hot 100.\n\nBackground \n\nIn 2012, it was announced that the Saturdays had received an offer to star in their own reality television programme, Chasing the Saturdays, broadcast through E! Network. While filming their show, the band began visiting the recording studio, where they began work with Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins.\n\nThe Saturdays felt comfortable with their US labels, and thanked them for not only giving them a chance in North America, but for making them feel at ease and welcome which took a lot of \"weight of our shoulders\". The band said they have always respected the labels due to the massive success they've had with artists. The band had been working with Demi Lovato in the recording studio.\n\nComposition\n\n\"What About Us\" was written and produced by Ollie Jacobs and acts as the Saturdays first single to be released in North America where it could appear on the Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100. In America its release coincided with their TV show, Chasing the Saturdays. The track is the band's fourteenth single to be released in the United Kingdom and Ireland and the track is a dance-pop song. Before the release of the song, Mollie King said that the band were excited to share the track as they had the song \"for months\" She said: \"I can't wait for everyone to hear it and to get to perform it. I'm just so excited about this one, I think it's going down really well.\" The band said they didn't want to change their type of music just for the American public and would stick to their roots and the genre they enjoyed to perform. King spoke: \"We've always made a point that we don't want to change to go to America. We wanted to go over as we are and if they like us, they like us and if they don't, they don't!\" King said that the track is reggae pop music, a little different from what band usually record, but the track is still really \"dancey\" and \"upbeat\", as well a good song to dance to on either stage or at a club. When Una Healy was asked what the song was about she said that she \"did not know\" what the song was exactly about. \"To be honest I was trying to figure out the other day what exactly it's about. I could bullshit away telling you, but I really don't know. But I think it's all about someone driving you crazy.\" She said she \"thinks\" that 'What About Us' part means \"me and you getting together\". She did point out that she did know that the song was about \"making you happy\" and that the track was good for the summer and will get you on the dancefloor. The band teased saying that \"What About Us\" is a pop track, and that is a good indication of what the expect from the album, and that they've paired up with Diane Warren to record a few ballads and not just pop tracks. \"What About Us\" is the only collaboration on the album.\n\nRelease\n\"What About Us\" was confirmed as the Saturdays' first single to be released in North America, and would be released on 18 December 2012 to coincide with their American reality show, Chasing the Saturdays. It was also revealed that the track would be released as the lead single from the band's North America released only Extended play, Chasing the Saturdays, which was named after the show. Some critics said that releasing \"What About Us\" from an EP for the US market was a \"wise decision\". One critic said: For, throwing out a traditional release on the back of a show that isn't (yet) a hit would ultimately be setting them up for failure. What's more, the EP allows their \"storyline\" for the next season of the show (should there be one) to revolve around recording an album. In the United Kingdom, it was revealed that \"What About Us\" would be the follow-up single from \"30 Days\" in the UK and Ireland, and therefore would not be the lead single from the band's fourth studio album. The band announced that before the release of the album, there would be another single release from the album. The follow-up single was revealed to be titled \"Gentleman\".\n\nJust like all the band's previous singles, the record was accepted by all A-Lists at radio stations. The UK and Ireland version of the track features a guest rap from Sean Paul. Whereas the North American version does not feature vocals from Sean Paul and only vocals from the band. The original version of the track last 3 minutes and 24 seconds, whereas the version which features Sean Paul lasts 3 minutes and 40 seconds. The single was released with B-side, an Acoustic version of a brand new track, \"Somebody Else's Life\", which is the opening theme to Chasing the Saturdays. \"What About Us\" was released as a digital download EP, and this featured the single version which features Sean Paul, the solo version and the B-side track. Upon the release in North America, there was a digital remixes EP which featured remixes of \"What About Us\" by a number of DJs including: Seamus Haji, Guy Scheiman, the Buzz Junkies and 2nd Adventure and this was also made available to purchase on 18 December 2012. While in the UK, the CD single was made available to be from stores from 18 March 2013. On the CD single featured \"What About Us\", the B-side \"Somebody Else's Life\".\n\nThe band decided to release \"What About Us\" differently between the United Kingdom and the United States, \"What About Us\" was released onto the charts without any airplay and without a music video accompanying the release, something the band experienced in the UK, with \"Notorious\". Whereas in the UK, \"What About Us\" was released with airplay and the music video being released before the release of the single. During this time, Frankie Sandford became ambassadors for mental health after Sandford battled depression. The band said they choose \"What About Us\" to be the lead single in the US and follow-up single from \"30 Days\" because they all loved it once they demoed it and it gave them a \"really good feeling\" They also said it is a fresh start for a new album, with a \"reggae vibe\", but still a pop record. The Saturdays said that Sean Paul was \"perfect\" for the UK version of the song. They said that he was \"just so nice\" and that he would be present during some of the promotional performances when the single was released.\n\nCritical reception\nRobert Copsey of Digital Spy said that Rochelle Humes asks in a \"curious Jamaican-flecked timbre\" during the intro of \"What About Us\". During the lyrics \"Oh why are we are waiting so long I'm suffocating\", and he went on to say that it is in reference to \"man-related drama\" and also pointing out that there is plenty of that on their reality series, Chasing the Saturdays. Copsey later went on to tip the band for their first number-one single as he said: \"but we suspect it could also be a sly wink at their enduring quest for a number one single\". He said that track was \"radio-friendly\" due to the \"trace beats\" and \"demanding their contrary lover to give up the hard-to-get schtick sharpish\". Although he didn't think that the song was \"original\" enough for the band, but is \"strangely addictive\" and he would be happy to see the song at the top of the charts.\n\n4Music described the song as a \"electro-pop affair with a bucket-load of synths thrown in for good measure. It's quite good, but we wonder if they should reconsider this single choice if they truly want to launch an invasion on America's charts.\" Idolator wrote a mixed review criticizing the track for lacking the group's signature style; \"While the beat is pounding enough to nab the girls a chart hit, it doesn’t feel true to the spirit of The Sats. Then again, maybe it isn’t supposed to.\" Jessica Sager from PopCrush also touched on the departure from their original sound; \"It’s a pretty big departure from their usual sugary oeuvre, but not necessarily in a bad way.\" She went on to praise Sean Paul's feature; \"His presence on the track gives it an air of authenticity and fun, but pretty much only during his own verses and interjections.\" However, she criticised the mediocre attempt at dialect the groups sing in throughout the track; \"When the Saturdays try to emulate island tones, it sounds a little awkward and they start out like that right off the bat, but go in and out of the undistinguished dialect throughout the song.\" She also felt that the heavily Auto-Tuned chorus was not need; \"The Auto-Tune seems extraneous, because the Saturdays can actually sing well without it.\" She end the review by labeling their latest effort as \"generic\" and \"not the best the Saturdays have to offer\", also rating it two and a half stars out of five.\n\nCommercial reception\n\"What About Us\" debuted at number 44 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart for the week dated 8 December 2012. This marks their first ever chart entry in the United States and it has since peaked at number twenty-seven. The song debuted at number 79 on the Canadian Hot 100, becoming the highest Canadian debut for a new artist in 2013.\n\nThe Saturdays admitted that they did not want to get their hopes up on debuting at number one on the UK Singles Charts due to being beaten to number-one three times before with \"Forever Is Over\", \"Just Can't Get Enough\" and \"Missing You\", after being number one on the Official Chart Update. During the latter two occasions, it was rapper Flo Rida who had pushed them back to numbers two and three respectively. It was revealed that the Saturdays had knocked Justin Timberlake's \"Mirrors\" off the number-one spot on the UK Singles Chart. This became the band's first ever number-one single in the United Kingdom, it also became Sean Paul's second number one in the United Kingdom after being featured on \"Breathe\" in 2003. For every one copy that Timberlake's \"Mirrors\" sold, the Saturdays sold two more copies of \"What About Us\". \"What About Us\" sold 114,000 copies in the first week of release, making it, at the time, the fastest selling single of 2013. The track sold 40,000 copies more than Timberlake, who was pushed back to number-two on the UK Singles Charts. The band said they were thrilled to be the UK's number-one with \"What About Us\". They went on to thanking their fans for supporting the single and supporting them for the past five years.\n\n\"What About Us\" debuted at number six on the Irish Singles Chart, marking the band's fifth top ten single in that country. \"What About Us\" made its debut at number thirty-six on the New Zealand Singles Chart.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"What About Us\" was filmed during the summer of 2012 in Los Angeles, while the Saturdays were filming their reality television series. The North American version of the video was released via the Saturdays' official Vevo account on YouTube on 11 January 2013. A variant of the video, featuring vocals and additional scenes of the women with Sean Paul, was later released on 5 February 2013.\n\nLive performances and promotion\nThe Saturdays appeared in a number of nightclubs throughout 2012 in the United States performing \"What About Us\" along other hits. On 14 January 2013, the group made their first televised performance of the single on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. It was their first performance done on American television. On 16 January, the girls performed \"What About Us\" on The Today Show in New York City. Along with the performances, they appeared on chat shows such as Chelsea Lately, Daybreak, Fashion Police, Lorraine, The Jeff Probst Show, Loose Women, Alan Carr: Chatty Man, Sunday Brunch and What's Cooking? to promote the single.\n\nTrack listings\nUS digital download\n\"What About Us\" - 3:24\n\nCD Single - UK Version Only\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) - 3:40\n\"What About Us\" - 3:24\n\"Somebody Else's Life\" (Acoustic) - 3:18\n\nUS Digital remixes EP\n\"What About Us\" (Seamus Haji Radio Edit) - 3:06\n\"What About Us\" (Seamus Haji Club Mix) - 6:35\n\"What About Us\" (Seamus Haji Dub) - 6:49\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Radio Edit) - 3:59\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Club Mix) - 7:35\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Dub) - 7:20\n\"What About Us\" (The Buzz Junkies Radio Edit) - 3:23\n\"What About Us\" (The Buzz Junkies Club Mix) - 4:32\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) - 4:32\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Radio Edit) - 4:24\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Club Mix) - 6:36\n\nEurope and Oceania EP - digital download\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) - 3:40\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) [The Buzz Junkies Radio Edit] - 3:23\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) [Seamus Haji Radio Edit] - 3:37\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Radio Edit) - 3:58\n\"What About Us\" (Extended Mix) - 3:49 (only available through pre-order)\n\nUK Digital Remixes EP\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Club Mix) - 7:35\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Club Mix) - 6:36\n\"What About Us\" (Seamus Haji Club Mix) - 6:35\n\"What About Us\" (The Buzz Junkies Club Mix) - 4:32\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Radio Edit) - 4:24\n\nRevamped Version\n\"What About Us\" - 3:24\n\"Somebody Else's Life\" (Acoustic) - 3:18\n\"What About Us\" (Extended Mix) - 3:49\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Radio Edit) - 4:24\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Radio Edit) - 3:58\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) - 4:32\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) [The Buzz Junkies Radio Edit] - 3:23\n\"What About Us\" (featuring Sean Paul) [Seamus Haji Radio Edit] - 3:37\n\"What About Us\" (2nd Adventure Club Mix) - 6:36\n\"What About Us\" (Guy Scheiman Club Mix) - 7:35\n\"What About Us\" (The Buzz Junkies Club Mix) - 4:32\n\"What About Us\" (Seamus Haji Club Mix) - 6:35\n\nCredits and personnel\n\"What About Us\" was recorded at Rollover Studios in London.\n\nOllie Jacobs a.k.a. Art Bastian ~ Songwriter, Producer, Vocal Producer, Mix Engineer\n\nPhillip Jacobs ~ co-writer\nCamille Purcell ~ co-writer\nThe Saturdays ~ vocals\nSean Paul ~ guest vocalist\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease and radio history\n\nSee also\n\nList of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n feat. Sean Paul\n\nThe Saturdays songs\nSean Paul songs\n2012 singles\nDance-pop songs\nNumber-one singles in Scotland\nUK Singles Chart number-one singles\nSongs written by Camille Purcell\n2012 songs\nFascination Records singles\nSongs written by Ollie Jacobs", "No Turning Back: The Story So Far is the first compilation album by Shannon Noll. The album includes tracks from Noll's three studio albums to date, That's What I'm Talking About (2004), Lift (2005) and Turn It Up (2008) and five brand new tracks. The album was released in September 2008 and peaked at number 7 on the ARIA Charts, becoming Noll's fourth consecutive top ten album.\n\nUpon released, Noll said \"It was only once we started talking about the idea that it sank in how many singles there's been, from \"What About Me\" right through to \"Loud\" and \"In Pieces\". All these songs mean so much to me and showcase a journey that I've been through with my songwriting and recording, my career in general. It's great to have the new songs on the album, as they are just a taste of what we've got planned for next year!\"\n\nSingles\nThe first single taken from the album was \"Summertime\", which was originally by 2007 Canadian Idol Brian Melo. The track peaked at number 54 on the ARIA Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Summertime\" – 3:42\n\"Shine\" – 3:34\n\"Lift\" – 3:56\n\"Lonely\" – 4:42\n\"Now I Run\" – 3:44\n\"What About Me\" – 3:21\n\"Drive\" – 3:58\n\"Learn to Fly\" – 4:09\n\"Don't Give Up\" (with Natalie Bassingthwaighte) – 4:40\n\"Loud\" – 3:10\n\"In Pieces\" – 3:32\n\"Tomorrow\" – 3:57\n\"No Turning Back\" – 3:43\n\"Crash\" – 3:21\n\"You're Never Alone\" – 5:01\n\"Sorry Is Just Too Late\" (featuring Kari Kimmel) (iTunes exclusive bonus track) – 3:54\n\nDisc 2 (DVD edition)\n\"What About Me\"\n\"Drive\"\n\"Learn to Fly\"\n\"Lonely\"\n\"Shine\"\n\"Lift\"\n\"Now I Run\"\n\"Loud\"\n\"In Pieces\"\n\"Don't Give Up\" (with Natalie Bassingthwaighte)\n\nOmissions\nThe compilation omits the following singles:\n \"Rise Up\" with Australian Idol Top 12 (2003) – was a collaborative single and is not considered part of Noll's official discography.\n \"New Beginning\" (2004) – was a radio-only single release from That's What I'm Talking About.\n \"C'mon Aussie C'mon\" (2004) – was a charity single only.\n \"Twelve Days of Christmas\" with Dreamtime Christmas All-Stars (2004) – was a collaborative single and is not considered part of Noll's official discography.\n \"Everybody Needs a Little Help\" (2008) – was a radio-only single release from Turn It Up.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nShannon Noll albums\nSony BMG albums\n2008 greatest hits albums\nCompilation albums by Australian artists" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"" ]

[ "\"Her Majesty\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Abbey Road. Written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney, it is a brief tongue-in-cheek music hall song. Although credited to the band, McCartney is the only Beatle to appear on the track. \"Her Majesty\" is the final cut on the album and appears 14 seconds after the previous song \"The End,\" but was not listed on the original sleeve. It is considered one of the first examples of a hidden track in rock music.\n\nRecording\nThe song was recorded in three takes on 2 July 1969, prior to the Beatles beginning work on \"Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight\". McCartney sang and simultaneously played a fingerstyle acoustic guitar accompaniment. The decision to exclude it from the Abbey Road medley was made on 30 July.\n\nIt runs only 23 seconds, but the Beatles also recorded a longer version during the Get Back sessions.\n\nIn the song, the singer muses about the Queen and his plan to someday \"make her mine.\"\n\nStructure and placement\nThe song was originally placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\"; McCartney decided that the sequence did not work and it was edited out of the album's closing medley by Abbey Road Studios tape operator John Kurlander. He was instructed by McCartney to destroy the tape, but EMI policy stated that no Beatles recording was ever to be destroyed. The fourteen seconds of silence between \"The End\" and \"Her Majesty\" are the result of Kurlander's lead-out tape added to separate the song from the rest of the recording.\n\nThe loud chord that occurs at the beginning of the song is the ending, as recorded, of \"Mean Mr. Mustard\". \"Her Majesty\" ends abruptly because its own final note was left at the beginning of \"Polythene Pam\". McCartney applauded Kurlander's \"surprise effect\" and the track became the unintended closer to the LP. The crudely edited beginning and end of \"Her Majesty\" shows that it was not meant to be included in the final mix of the album; as McCartney says in The Beatles Anthology, \"Typical Beatles – an accident.\" The song was not listed on the original vinyl record's sleeve as these had already been printed; on reprinted sleeves, however, it is listed. The CD edition corrects this.\n\nThe CD version also mimics the original LP version in that the CD contains a 14-second long silence immediately after \"The End\" before \"Her Majesty\" starts playing. Digital versions also include a 14-second long silence after \"The End\".\n\nAt 23 seconds long, \"Her Majesty\" is the shortest song in the Beatles' repertoire (contrasting the same album's \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\", their longest song apart from \"Revolution 9\", an 8:22 avant-garde piece from The Beatles). Both of the original sides of vinyl close with a song that ends abruptly (the other being \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\"). The song starts panned hard right and slowly pans to hard left.\n\nIn October 2009, MTV Networks released a downloadable version of the song (as well as the entire album) for the video game The Beatles: Rock Band that gave players the ability to play the missing last chord. Apple Corps granted rights to this and to other changes to Harmonix Music Systems, which developed the game. The alteration garnered controversy among some fans who preferred the recorded version's unresolved close.\n\nThe fiftieth anniversary \"Super Deluxe Edition\" of Abbey Road includes a bonus track, \"The Long One\" that consists of a trial edit and mix of the medley, with \"Her Majesty\" placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\".\n\nPersonnel\n Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic guitar\n\nLive performance\nMcCartney performed the song in front of the Queen at the Party at the Palace on \n3 June 2002, part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nThe Beatles songs\n1969 songs\nSong recordings produced by George Martin\nSongs written by Lennon–McCartney\nSongs published by Northern Songs\n2002 singles\nCultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nChumbawamba songs\nSongs about queens", "Her Majesty may refer to:\n\n Majesty, a style used by monarchs\n Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth\n Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen of Denmark\n \"Her Majesty\" (song), a 1969 song by The Beatles about Queen Elizabeth II\n Her Majesty the Decemberists, an album from The Decemberists\n Her Majesty (2001 film), a New Zealand film about a young girl, her Maori friend and the visit of the young Queen Elizabeth II in New Zealand\n Her Majesty (1922 film), an American silent comedy film\n\nSee also\n His Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majestic (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road." ]

[ "\"Her Majesty\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Abbey Road. Written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney, it is a brief tongue-in-cheek music hall song. Although credited to the band, McCartney is the only Beatle to appear on the track. \"Her Majesty\" is the final cut on the album and appears 14 seconds after the previous song \"The End,\" but was not listed on the original sleeve. It is considered one of the first examples of a hidden track in rock music.\n\nRecording\nThe song was recorded in three takes on 2 July 1969, prior to the Beatles beginning work on \"Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight\". McCartney sang and simultaneously played a fingerstyle acoustic guitar accompaniment. The decision to exclude it from the Abbey Road medley was made on 30 July.\n\nIt runs only 23 seconds, but the Beatles also recorded a longer version during the Get Back sessions.\n\nIn the song, the singer muses about the Queen and his plan to someday \"make her mine.\"\n\nStructure and placement\nThe song was originally placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\"; McCartney decided that the sequence did not work and it was edited out of the album's closing medley by Abbey Road Studios tape operator John Kurlander. He was instructed by McCartney to destroy the tape, but EMI policy stated that no Beatles recording was ever to be destroyed. The fourteen seconds of silence between \"The End\" and \"Her Majesty\" are the result of Kurlander's lead-out tape added to separate the song from the rest of the recording.\n\nThe loud chord that occurs at the beginning of the song is the ending, as recorded, of \"Mean Mr. Mustard\". \"Her Majesty\" ends abruptly because its own final note was left at the beginning of \"Polythene Pam\". McCartney applauded Kurlander's \"surprise effect\" and the track became the unintended closer to the LP. The crudely edited beginning and end of \"Her Majesty\" shows that it was not meant to be included in the final mix of the album; as McCartney says in The Beatles Anthology, \"Typical Beatles – an accident.\" The song was not listed on the original vinyl record's sleeve as these had already been printed; on reprinted sleeves, however, it is listed. The CD edition corrects this.\n\nThe CD version also mimics the original LP version in that the CD contains a 14-second long silence immediately after \"The End\" before \"Her Majesty\" starts playing. Digital versions also include a 14-second long silence after \"The End\".\n\nAt 23 seconds long, \"Her Majesty\" is the shortest song in the Beatles' repertoire (contrasting the same album's \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\", their longest song apart from \"Revolution 9\", an 8:22 avant-garde piece from The Beatles). Both of the original sides of vinyl close with a song that ends abruptly (the other being \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\"). The song starts panned hard right and slowly pans to hard left.\n\nIn October 2009, MTV Networks released a downloadable version of the song (as well as the entire album) for the video game The Beatles: Rock Band that gave players the ability to play the missing last chord. Apple Corps granted rights to this and to other changes to Harmonix Music Systems, which developed the game. The alteration garnered controversy among some fans who preferred the recorded version's unresolved close.\n\nThe fiftieth anniversary \"Super Deluxe Edition\" of Abbey Road includes a bonus track, \"The Long One\" that consists of a trial edit and mix of the medley, with \"Her Majesty\" placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\".\n\nPersonnel\n Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic guitar\n\nLive performance\nMcCartney performed the song in front of the Queen at the Party at the Palace on \n3 June 2002, part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nThe Beatles songs\n1969 songs\nSong recordings produced by George Martin\nSongs written by Lennon–McCartney\nSongs published by Northern Songs\n2002 singles\nCultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nChumbawamba songs\nSongs about queens", "Her Majesty may refer to:\n\n Majesty, a style used by monarchs\n Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth\n Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen of Denmark\n \"Her Majesty\" (song), a 1969 song by The Beatles about Queen Elizabeth II\n Her Majesty the Decemberists, an album from The Decemberists\n Her Majesty (2001 film), a New Zealand film about a young girl, her Maori friend and the visit of the young Queen Elizabeth II in New Zealand\n Her Majesty (1922 film), an American silent comedy film\n\nSee also\n His Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majestic (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album." ]

[ "\"You Know What to Do\" was the second song written and recorded by George Harrison with the Beatles. It was recorded on 3 June 1964 but remained unreleased until its inclusion on the band's 1995 outtakes compilation Anthology 1.\n\nBackground \nDuring a photographic assignment on the morning of 3 June 1964, Ringo Starr was taken ill with tonsillitis and pharyngitis, 24 hours before the Beatles were due to leave for a six-country tour. The recording session booked for that day was originally intended to produce a fourteenth song for the band's A Hard Day's Night album, but this activity was cancelled so that a replacement drummer, Jimmie Nicol, could be brought in and rehearse with the group. After running through six songs in a one-hour rehearsal in EMI's Studio Two, everyone felt satisfied with Nicol's drumming, so he left to pack his suitcase.\n\nThat evening, in a four-hour session in Studio Two, each of the three present Beatles recorded a demo of a newly written song. Harrison recorded \"You Know What to Do\"; John Lennon did \"No Reply\", which eventually ended up as the opening track of their next album, Beatles for Sale; and Paul McCartney did \"It's for You\", a song which was written specifically for Cilla Black to sing. The tape of the session was subsequently misfiled, but was rediscovered in 1993.\n\nHarrison's first contribution to the Beatles' output was \"Don't Bother Me\", recorded in September 1963. His next contribution was not until \"I Need You\", recorded in February 1965. Asked about this gap in 1965, George Martin said that Harrison \"got discouraged some time ago when none of us liked something that he had written\". According to music critic Richie Unterberger, Martin was most likely referring to \"You Know What to Do\".\n\nMusical structure \nThe song is in the key of A major. After an introduction in D chord on the guitar the verse begins in A (I) on \"When I see you I just don't know what to say\" ending that line with E (V). The verse also features a D (IV) chord. Musicologist Dominic Pedler cites the song as an example of how \"one of The Beatles' greatest contributions to pop songwriting was their skill in combining the familiarity of simple I-IV-V sequences with dramatically new harmonic material\". The bridge features an \"8-7-flat7-6\" glide in consecutive semitones down the chromatic scale, a device subsequently used by the Beatles in \"Michelle\", \"Cry Baby Cry\", \"Got to Get You into My Life\", \"And Your Bird Can Sing\" and \"Mother Nature's Son\".\n\nRelease\nIn anticipation of the track's release on Anthology 1, McCartney announced: \"there will be a bunch of people interested in hearing the George Harrison song from thirty years ago that no one to this day has heard – it's not the greatest thing George ever wrote, but it's an undiscovered nugget. If you find a little Egyptian pot, it doesn't have to be the greatest Egyptian pot. The fact that it is Egyptian is enough.\"\n\nUltimate Classic Rock listed \"You Know What to Do\" as the worst of the Beatles' 227 officially released songs, stating: \"When Harrison finally hit his stride, he became the Beatles' ace in the hole. But this early song ... shows why his songs were still being passed over at this point.\"\n\nPersonnel \nGeorge Harrison – vocal, rhythm guitar\nJohn Lennon – tambourine\nPaul McCartney – bass guitar\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website\n\n1995 songs\nThe Beatles songs\nSongs written by George Harrison\nSong recordings produced by George Martin\nThe Beatles Anthology", "Jolly What! England's Greatest Recording Stars: The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage is a 1964 compilation album, released by Vee-Jay Records and featuring tracks by English rock band the Beatles and by the Australian-English easy listening and country singer Frank Ifield.\n\nIfield toured the UK in 1963. While Vee-Jay temporarily had the US rights to a number of the Beatles' recordings, they released Jolly What! on 26 February 1964. The LP consisted of four studio Beatles songs (all previously released on Vee-Jay singles), plus eight recordings of Ifield. The original pressing has a drawing of a chubby old man with a moustache and a Beatle wig, and is itself quite rare.\n\nHowever, just before Vee-Jay's publishing rights were about to expire on 10 October 1964, they changed the sleeve cover to a drawing of the Beatles. (This version, titled simply The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage, also listed all four Beatles' tracks on the front cover, but none of the eight contributed by Ifield.) Probably less than one hundred copies were pressed, making it one of the rarest Beatles albums. Three sealed stereo copies were discovered in 1976, selling for $600, $900 and $1,800. One of the three was re-sold in 1995 for $22,000.\n\nLike many of the albums rushed out to cash in on the Beatles' success, Jolly What! has been called a \"rip-off\", due to its intentional misleading of buyers. The album consisted entirely of studio recordings (not live, and thus not \"on stage\"), and all the Beatles material had been previously released. The album is also known for a mistake in the liner notes: \"It is with a good deal of pride and pleasure that this copulation has been presented\"—presumably \"copulation\" should have been \"compilation\". (In confirming the matter, Snopes.com noted that \"copulation\" was appropriate, since the makers of the album were \"trying to screw the fans out of their money.\") The album, however, was significant in that, until the release of the Beatles' 1973 compilation album, The Beatles/1962-1966, Jolly What! was the only American Beatles album to include \"From Me to You\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nThis track listing applies to both the original LP (Jolly What!) and the reissued version (The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage).\n\nSide 1\n \"Please Please Me\" – The Beatles\n \"Anytime\" – Frank Ifield\n \"Lovesick Blues\" – Frank Ifield\n \"I'm Smiling Now\" – Frank Ifield\n \"Nobody's Darling\" – Frank Ifield\n \"From Me to You\" – The Beatles\n\nSide 2\n \"I Remember You\" – Frank Ifield\n \"Ask Me Why\" – The Beatles\n \"Thank You Girl\" – The Beatles\n \"The Wayward Wind\" – Frank Ifield\n \"Unchained Melody\" – Frank Ifield\n \"I Listen to My Heart\" – Frank Ifield\n\nReferences\n \n\nAlbums produced by George Martin\nThe Beatles compilation albums\n1964 compilation albums\nVee-Jay Records compilation albums\nFrank Ifield albums" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album.", "What was the effect that the Beatles' liked?", "cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence, including \"Her Majesty\"." ]

[ "An Appropriation Act is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which, like a Consolidated Fund Act, allows the Treasury to issue funds out of the Consolidated Fund. Unlike a Consolidated Fund Act, an Appropriation Act also \"appropriates\" the funds, that is allocates the funds issued out of the Consolidated Fund to individual government departments and Crown bodies. Appropriation Acts were formerly passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.\n\nFormat\nEach Appropriation Act has a series of schedules which contain tables that set out how the monies issued out of the Consolidated Fund are appropriated. Each department or body which has money appropriated is noted in the tables which contain columns setting out the things the money appropriated may be spent on, the net resources authorised for use, the grants out of the Consolidated Fund, the operating appropriations in aid and the non-operating appropriations in aid. The money may not be spent for purposes other than that it is appropriated for and it must be spent by the end of the fiscal year covered by that appropriation or returned to the Consolidated Fund.\n\nThe typical structure of such an Act begins with the long title, which defines which financial years the Act applies to. This is followed by the preamble, which is different from the normal British public general Act of Parliament preamble in that it includes additional text before the normal preamble:\n\nWhereas the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled have resolved to authorise the use of resources and the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund towards making good the supply which they have granted to Her Majesty in this Session of Parliament:—\n\nBe it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—\n\nUntil 2000 an older form of preamble was used:\n\nMost Gracious Sovereign,\n\t\nWE, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled, towards making good the supply which we have cheerfully granted to Your Majesty in this Session of Parliament, have resolved to grant unto Your Majesty the sums hereinafter mentioned; and do therefore most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—\n\nEach Appropriation Act typically covers two or more fiscal years, and will normally repeal earlier Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts still on the statute books.\n\nEffect\nAn Appropriation Act normally becomes spent on the conclusion of the financial year to which it relates.\n\nList\n\nThe Act 15 Geo 3 c 42 (1775)\nThe Act 39 Geo 3 c 114 (1799)\nThe Consolidated Fund (Appropriation) Act (1864) (27 & 28 Vict c 73). The Bill for this Act was the Consolidated Fund (Appropriation) Bill. This Act received royal assent on 29 July 1864.\nThe Appropriation Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict c 96). This Act received royal assent on 10 August 1870. Section 7 was amended by section 6 of the Appropriation Act 1872, and repealed by section 6 of the Appropriation Act 1877. The Appropriation Act 1870, except sections 6 and 8, was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883. The words \"militia, yeomanry\" in section 6 were repealed by the Territorial Army and Militia Act 1921. The whole Act was repealed for the United Kingdom by the Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1966, and for the Republic of Ireland by Part 4 of the Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1983.\nThe Appropriation Act 1871 (34 & 35 Vict c 89). This Act received royal assent on 21 August 1871, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict c 87). This Act received royal assent on 10 August 1872. Section 6 was repealed by section 6 of the Appropriation Act 1877. The Appropriation Act 1872 was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1873 (36 & 37 Vict c 79). This Act received royal assent on 5 August 1873, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1874 (37 & 38 Vict c 56). This Act received royal assent on 7 August 1874, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict c 78). This Act received royal assent on 13 August 1875, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict c 60). This Act received royal assent on 15 August 1876, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict c 61). This Act received royal assent on 14 August 1877, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict c 65). This Act received royal assent on 16 August 1878, and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1883.\nThe Appropriation Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict c 51). This Act received royal assent on 15 August 1879, and was repealed by the First Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1894.\nThe Appropriation Act 1880 (43 Vict c 13). This Act received royal assent on 24 March 1880, and was repealed by the First Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1894.\nThe Appropriation Act 1880 (Session 2) (43 & 44 Vict c 40). This Act received royal assent on 7 September 1880, and was repealed by the First Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1894.\nThe Appropriation Act 1881 (44 & 45 Vict c 56). This Act received royal assent on 27 August 1881, and was repealed by the First Schedule to the Statute Law Revision Act 1894.\nThe Appropriation Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict c 71). This Act received royal assent on 18 August 1882.\nThe Appropriation Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict c 50). This Act received royal assent on 25 August 1883.\n\nNorthern Ireland\nA number of Appropriation Acts were passed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland. A number of Appropriation Orders in Council have been made for Northern Ireland.\n\nSee also\nList of short titles\nAppropriations bill (United States)\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\nNorman Wilding and Philip Laundy. \"Appropriation Act\". An Encyclopaedia of Parliament. Third Edition. Frederick A Praeger. New York and Washington. 1968. Pages 24 and 25. See also pages 3, 129, 167, 168, 250, 253, 254, 536, 596, 599, 601 and 685.\nWill Bateman. Public Finance and Parliamentary Constitutionalism. Cambridge University Press. 2020. Page 31 et seq.\n\nExternal links\n\nUnited Kingdom public law\nLegal history of England\nRepealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament\nGreat Britain Acts of Parliament 1800\nPublic finance of the United Kingdom", "MV Ocean Majesty is a cruise ship, originally built in 1966 as the ferry Juan March.\nThe ship is now registered in the International Shipping Register of Madeira (MAR), Portugal.\n\nHistory \nOcean Majesty was launched as Juan March for the Madrid based ferry operator Trasmediterránea. She was the first of two near identical Albatros-class sisters, the other being the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. During her service with her original owners Juan March was mainly used to ferry passengers from Spain to the Balearic Islands. In 1985 Juan March was sold to the Sol Mediterranean and became Sol Christina. She was not operated long by these owners, and was sold to become the Kyros Star of Opale Lines. She was then sold to Majestic International Cruises, who rebuilt her from her original ferry-like form into a cruise ship, and she received her current name Ocean Majesty. Majestic International operated her for several years, until they chartered Ocean Majesty to Epirotiki in 1994, the latter company renamed her Homeric. Homeric operated for a year until her charter expired, and she was subsequently returned to Majestic International and named Ocean Majesty once again. Majestic International has chartered her to many different companies since 1995, most frequently to the British vacation company Page & Moy. Since 2013 she has been operated by German cruise company Hansa Touristik between May and October. Since 2021 is laid up at Chalkis Shipyard, Greece.\n\nThe future \nOcean Majesty fulfils SOLAS 2010 in her current construction.\n\nReferences\n\n1965 ships\nCruise ships of Portugal\nPassenger ships of Spain\nCruise ships of the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album.", "What was the effect that the Beatles' liked?", "cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence, including \"Her Majesty\".", "How was \"Her Majesty\" received by the public?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Her Majesty\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album Abbey Road. Written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney, it is a brief tongue-in-cheek music hall song. Although credited to the band, McCartney is the only Beatle to appear on the track. \"Her Majesty\" is the final cut on the album and appears 14 seconds after the previous song \"The End,\" but was not listed on the original sleeve. It is considered one of the first examples of a hidden track in rock music.\n\nRecording\nThe song was recorded in three takes on 2 July 1969, prior to the Beatles beginning work on \"Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight\". McCartney sang and simultaneously played a fingerstyle acoustic guitar accompaniment. The decision to exclude it from the Abbey Road medley was made on 30 July.\n\nIt runs only 23 seconds, but the Beatles also recorded a longer version during the Get Back sessions.\n\nIn the song, the singer muses about the Queen and his plan to someday \"make her mine.\"\n\nStructure and placement\nThe song was originally placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\"; McCartney decided that the sequence did not work and it was edited out of the album's closing medley by Abbey Road Studios tape operator John Kurlander. He was instructed by McCartney to destroy the tape, but EMI policy stated that no Beatles recording was ever to be destroyed. The fourteen seconds of silence between \"The End\" and \"Her Majesty\" are the result of Kurlander's lead-out tape added to separate the song from the rest of the recording.\n\nThe loud chord that occurs at the beginning of the song is the ending, as recorded, of \"Mean Mr. Mustard\". \"Her Majesty\" ends abruptly because its own final note was left at the beginning of \"Polythene Pam\". McCartney applauded Kurlander's \"surprise effect\" and the track became the unintended closer to the LP. The crudely edited beginning and end of \"Her Majesty\" shows that it was not meant to be included in the final mix of the album; as McCartney says in The Beatles Anthology, \"Typical Beatles – an accident.\" The song was not listed on the original vinyl record's sleeve as these had already been printed; on reprinted sleeves, however, it is listed. The CD edition corrects this.\n\nThe CD version also mimics the original LP version in that the CD contains a 14-second long silence immediately after \"The End\" before \"Her Majesty\" starts playing. Digital versions also include a 14-second long silence after \"The End\".\n\nAt 23 seconds long, \"Her Majesty\" is the shortest song in the Beatles' repertoire (contrasting the same album's \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\", their longest song apart from \"Revolution 9\", an 8:22 avant-garde piece from The Beatles). Both of the original sides of vinyl close with a song that ends abruptly (the other being \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\"). The song starts panned hard right and slowly pans to hard left.\n\nIn October 2009, MTV Networks released a downloadable version of the song (as well as the entire album) for the video game The Beatles: Rock Band that gave players the ability to play the missing last chord. Apple Corps granted rights to this and to other changes to Harmonix Music Systems, which developed the game. The alteration garnered controversy among some fans who preferred the recorded version's unresolved close.\n\nThe fiftieth anniversary \"Super Deluxe Edition\" of Abbey Road includes a bonus track, \"The Long One\" that consists of a trial edit and mix of the medley, with \"Her Majesty\" placed between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\".\n\nPersonnel\n Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic guitar\n\nLive performance\nMcCartney performed the song in front of the Queen at the Party at the Palace on \n3 June 2002, part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nThe Beatles songs\n1969 songs\nSong recordings produced by George Martin\nSongs written by Lennon–McCartney\nSongs published by Northern Songs\n2002 singles\nCultural depictions of Elizabeth II\nChumbawamba songs\nSongs about queens", "Her Majesty may refer to:\n\n Majesty, a style used by monarchs\n Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth\n Margrethe II of Denmark, Queen of Denmark\n \"Her Majesty\" (song), a 1969 song by The Beatles about Queen Elizabeth II\n Her Majesty the Decemberists, an album from The Decemberists\n Her Majesty (2001 film), a New Zealand film about a young girl, her Maori friend and the visit of the young Queen Elizabeth II in New Zealand\n Her Majesty (1922 film), an American silent comedy film\n\nSee also\n His Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majesty (disambiguation)\n Majestic (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album.", "What was the effect that the Beatles' liked?", "cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence, including \"Her Majesty\".", "How was \"Her Majesty\" received by the public?", "I don't know.", "Did any other musicians besides the Beatles contribute to \"Her Majesty\"?", "The second engineer, John Kurlander," ]

[ "Majesty Cruise Line was a Norwegian cruise line that was founded in 1992 and merged into Norwegian Cruise Line in 1997. Majesty was created by Dolphin Cruise Line as a more upmarket brand. \n\nMajesty's first ship, the Royal Majesty, was originally ordered by competitor Birka Line for 24-hour cruise operations out of Stockholm. Following the bankruptcy of shipbuilder Wärtsilä, the contract was resold to Majesty. She initially worked three- and four-night cruises out of Florida, but in 1995 opened a new summer Boston-Bermuda route, terminating at St George's rather than the usual Hamilton in Bermuda. Royal Majesty returned to Florida in the winter. In June 1995, she ran aground on Rose and Crown shoal of Nantucket Island, due to a combination of faulty GPS and inadequate watch being maintained. Royal Majesty was 17 miles off course and was situated for 24 hours before tugs towed her off. See {LD} THIS WAS ADDED today, but I am afraid I still make editing mistakes. The citation of to the article by Dekker is below. \n\nIn 1997, a second ship titled Crown Majesty was added (previously Crown Dynasty). For the 1997 season, she continued the same cruise operations planned for Crown Dynasty, but at the end of that season both ships passed to Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL). Royal Majesty was sold to NCL and was renamed Norwegian Majesty. Crown Majesty also had her charter transferred to NCL.\n\nReferences \n\nDefunct shipping companies of Norway\nCompanies with year of establishment missing\nDefunct cruise lines", "MV Ocean Majesty is a cruise ship, originally built in 1966 as the ferry Juan March.\nThe ship is now registered in the International Shipping Register of Madeira (MAR), Portugal.\n\nHistory \nOcean Majesty was launched as Juan March for the Madrid based ferry operator Trasmediterránea. She was the first of two near identical Albatros-class sisters, the other being the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. During her service with her original owners Juan March was mainly used to ferry passengers from Spain to the Balearic Islands. In 1985 Juan March was sold to the Sol Mediterranean and became Sol Christina. She was not operated long by these owners, and was sold to become the Kyros Star of Opale Lines. She was then sold to Majestic International Cruises, who rebuilt her from her original ferry-like form into a cruise ship, and she received her current name Ocean Majesty. Majestic International operated her for several years, until they chartered Ocean Majesty to Epirotiki in 1994, the latter company renamed her Homeric. Homeric operated for a year until her charter expired, and she was subsequently returned to Majestic International and named Ocean Majesty once again. Majestic International has chartered her to many different companies since 1995, most frequently to the British vacation company Page & Moy. Since 2013 she has been operated by German cruise company Hansa Touristik between May and October. Since 2021 is laid up at Chalkis Shipyard, Greece.\n\nThe future \nOcean Majesty fulfils SOLAS 2010 in her current construction.\n\nReferences\n\n1965 ships\nCruise ships of Portugal\nPassenger ships of Spain\nCruise ships of the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album.", "What was the effect that the Beatles' liked?", "cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence, including \"Her Majesty\".", "How was \"Her Majesty\" received by the public?", "I don't know.", "Did any other musicians besides the Beatles contribute to \"Her Majesty\"?", "The second engineer, John Kurlander,", "What year was \"Her Majesty\" created?", "Her Majesty\" was recorded by McCartney on 2 July" ]

[ "Choral Songs in honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria is a collection of 13 choral songs by 13 British composers issued on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Queen Victoria in 1899.\n\nIn 1897-1898 the Master of the Queen's Music Sir Walter Parratt proposed a volume of choral songs modelled on The Triumphs of Oriana (1601) as part of the planned 80th birthday celebrations. He recruited 13 British composers, and in 1899 a limited edition of only 100 copies was produced entitled Choral Songs in honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. \n\nThe actual title on the front of the book is \"Choral Songs by Various Writers & Composers in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria\".\n\nContents\n\nRecordings\n Choral Songs in honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Spiritus Chamber Choir dir. Aidan Oliver Toccata Classics 2008\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nMusic books\n1899 books\nChoral music\nCultural depictions of Queen Victoria\n1899 in the United Kingdom\n1899 compositions", "\"Her Royal Majesty\" is a song written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King and performed by James Darren. It reached #6 on the U.S. pop chart and #36 on the UK Singles Chart in 1962.\n\nThe song was arranged and produced by Stu Phillips.\n\nThis song is considered a sequel to Darren's previous hit song \"Goodbye Cruel World\" (1961). It's about a sad man, who had lost his love, becoming the king of fools, to her royal majesty. The Music is in the style of a British music Hall number, with a brass and wind section, plus a snare drum rhythm, playing royal coronation music. The song begins with a drum roll, with Darren announcing: \"Ladies and Gentlemen: Presenting her Royal Majesty\".\n\nThe song ranked #80 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1962.\n\nOther versions\nLee Dorsey released a version of the song on the 1992 album various artists album Million Dollar Hits.\n\nReferences\n\n1962 songs\n1962 singles\nLee Dorsey songs\nJames Darren songs\nSongs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin\nSongs written by Carole King" ]

[ "Abbey Road", "\"Her Majesty\"", "Is \"Her Majesty\" the name of a Beatles' album?", "recorded by McCartney on 2 July when he arrived before the rest of the group at Abbey Road.", "Did the rest of the Beatles' like \"Her Majesty\"?", "The Beatles liked this effect and included it on the album.", "What was the effect that the Beatles' liked?", "cut a playback lacquer of the whole sequence, including \"Her Majesty\".", "How was \"Her Majesty\" received by the public?", "I don't know.", "Did any other musicians besides the Beatles contribute to \"Her Majesty\"?", "The second engineer, John Kurlander,", "What year was \"Her Majesty\" created?", "Her Majesty\" was recorded by McCartney on 2 July", "Was the creation of \"Her Majesty\" influenced by any other songs?", "Her Majesty\" opens with the final, crashing chord of \"Mean Mr. Mustard\", while the final note of \"Her Majesty\" remained buried in the mix of \"Polythene Pam\"." ]

[ "\"How?\" is a song from John Lennon's second solo album Imagine, released in 1971. Lennon recorded \"How?\" on 25 May 1971 at Ascot Sound Studios, during the sessions for his Imagine album. String overdubs took place on 4 July 1971 at the Record Plant, in New York City.\n\nRobert Christgau wrote enigmatically that “the psychotherapeutically lugubrious ‘How?’ is a question mark.”\n\nPersonnel\nPersonnel per the Beatles Bible.\n\nJohn Lennon – vocals, piano\nNicky Hopkins – piano\nKlaus Voormann – bass guitar\nJohn Barham – vibraphone\nAndy Davis – acoustic guitar\nAlan White – drums\nThe Flux Fiddlers – strings\n\nCovers\n The song was covered by the band Stereophonics as a B-side to the song \"Handbags and Gladrags\".\n The song was covered by English singer Julie Covington on her 1978 eponymous album.\n Ozzy Osbourne released a cover of this song in support of Amnesty International during the same week John Lennon would have become 70. He recorded a music video on the streets of New York to promote the single. Osbourne has previously stated that Lennon's song \"Imagine\" (from the same album as \"How?\") was an inspiration for Osbourne's own song \"Dreamer\".\n The song was covered by American singer/songwriter Amy LaVere on her 2014 record Runaway's Diary.\n\nReferences\n\nJohn Lennon songs\n1971 songs\nSongs written by John Lennon\nSong recordings produced by John Lennon\nSong recordings produced by Phil Spector\nSong recordings produced by Yoko Ono\n2010 singles", "\"Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)\" is a song written by John Lennon released on his 1973 album Mind Games. The song is included on the 1990 box set Lennon.\n\nLyrics and music\nThe song's lyrics have Lennon apologising to wife Yoko Ono. Aisumasen is a slightly corrupted version of the formal term ai sumimasen, which means \"I'm sorry\" in Japanese. The line \"It's hard enough I know to feel your own pain\" reprises a theme found in a line from Lennon's earlier song \"I Found Out.\" After the lyrics run out, a guitar solo is played. Authors Ken Bielen and Ben Urish interpret this solo as a continuation of the plea for forgiveness. The solo ends abruptly, which Bielen and Urish suggest that this abrupt ending symbolically means that Lennon's plea has been rejected. And in fact, by the time \"Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)\" was released, Lennon and Ono had separated. Author John Blaney agrees that the song implies that Lennon will not get the forgiveness and comfort he needs from Ono, and further states that the song reveals just how much he needed her.\n\n\"Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)\" has some similarities to the Beatles song \"I Want You (She's So Heavy),\" which was also written by Lennon and inspired by Ono. Bielen and Urish claim that \"Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)\" has a similar rhythm to \"a slowed down, semi-acoustic version\" of \"I Want You (She's So Heavy).\" \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\" also ends abruptly.\n\nLennon had been working on the melody to \"Aisumasen (I'm Sorry)\" since at least 1971. A demo of the song was recorded during sessions for Lennon's Imagine. Originally, the melody belonged to song whose working title was \"Call My Name.\", dating from a demo recorded in December 1971. In \"Call My Name,\" Lennon was offering to comfort someone, but in the final version of the song Lennon is the one asking for forgiveness. In \"Call My Name,\" the melodic line that became \"Aisumasen\" was sung to the words \"I'll ease your pain.\"\n\nReception\nMusic critic Johnny Rogan finds the song to be \"occasionally powerful\" and feels it \"brings some depth\" to the Mind Games album. Keith Spore of The Milwaukee Sentinel called the song \"a lovely ballad\" which serves as a reminder of Lennon's past brilliance. Bielen and Urish consider it to be one of Mind Games strongest songs, although they think it may have been even stronger had Lennon stuck to his original lyrical impulses of \"Call My Name.\" PopMatters feels that the song starts out well, \"like classic Lennon blues,\" but that Lennon \"never finds the conviction to carry the song across the finish line.\"\n\nPersonnel\nThe musicians who performed on the original recording were as follows:\n\nJohn Lennon – vocals, acoustic guitar\nDavid Spinozza – guitar\nPete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar\nKen Ascher – keyboards\nGordon Edwards – bass guitar\nJim Keltner – drums\n\nReferences\n\nJohn Lennon songs\nSongs written by John Lennon\n1973 songs\nSong recordings produced by John Lennon\n1970s ballads\nSongs about Yoko Ono\nRock ballads\nPlastic Ono Band songs" ]

[ "Duncan Hunter", "Other legislative actions" ]

[ "The Electoral district of Counties of Hunter, Brisbane and Bligh and from 1851, Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh, was an electorate of the partially elected New South Wales Legislative Council, created for the first elections for the Council in 1843. The electoral district included the north western counties of Hunter, Brisbane, Bligh. Polling took place in the towns of Jerrys Plains, nearby Merton, Muswellbrook, Scone, as far north as Murrurundi, Watson's on the Macdonald River, Cassilis and as far west as Montefiores. With the expansion of the Council in 1851 Phillip, the other north west county, was added to the district, replacing Hunter which was combined with the lower Hunter county of Northumberland as Counties of Northumberland and Hunter.\n\nIn 1856 the unicameral Legislative Council was abolished and replaced with an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The district was represented by the Legislative Assembly Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh.\n\nMembers\n\nElection results\n\n1843\n\n1848\n\n1851\n\nReferences\n\nFormer electoral districts of New South Wales Legislative Council\n1843 establishments in Australia\n1851 disestablishments in Australia", "Joe or Joseph Hunter may refer to:\n\n Joseph Hunter (antiquarian) (1783–1861), English Unitarian Minister and antiquarian, historian of Sheffield and South Yorkshire\n Joe Hunter (cricketer) (1855–1891), English cricketer\n Joseph Hunter (Canadian politician) (1839–1935), member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia for Cariboo\n Joseph Douglas Hunter (1881–1970), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia\n Joseph Hunter (British politician) (1875–1935), Scottish politician, Liberal (later National Liberal) Member of Parliament (MP) 1929–1935\n Ivory Joe Hunter (1914–1974), African American songwriter, R&B singer and pianist\n Joe Hunter (musician) (1927–2007), African-American pianist, member of the Funk Brothers\n Joseph Hunter (rugby union) (1899–1984), American rugby union player" ]

[ "Duncan Hunter", "Other legislative actions", "What were some of Hunter's other legislative actions?", "2006, Hunter introduced H.R. 6375," ]

[ "\"This Is What It Feels Like\" is a 2013 song by Armin van Buuren featuring Trevor Guthrie.\n\nThis Is What It Feels Like may also refer to:\n\n This Is What It Feels Like (album), a 2021 studio album by Gracie Abrams\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\", a song by Banks from the 2014 studio album Goddess\n This Is What It Feels Like, a 2019 EP by Clinton Kane\n\nSee also\n This Is What the Truth Feels Like, a 2016 album by Gwen Stefani\n Feels Like (disambiguation)", "\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the second single from the singer's fourth solo album, All True Man (1991). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the All True Man single \"All True Man\", \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" was released as the album's second single.\n\nRelease\nAlexander O'Neal's 19th hit single and it reached #53 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the single reached #21 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.\n\nTrack listing\n 12\" Maxi (45 73804) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic 12\" Mix)\" - 8:20\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (LP Edit)\" - 3:58\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Red Zone Mix)\" - 5:41\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Instrumental Mix)\" - 5:58\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Reprise)\" - 2:13\n\n 7\" Single (656731 7) / Cassette Single (656731 4)\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" - 4:08\n\"Crying Overtime\" - 4:55\n\n CD Single (656731 2)\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Album Version)\" - 6:04\n\"The Lovers (Extended Version)\" - 7:02\n\"If You Were Here Tonight\" - 6:08\n\n CD Single (656731 9) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic 12\" Mix)\" - 8:20\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Red Zone Mix)\" - 5:41\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Reprise)\" - 2:13\n\n Cassette Single (35T 73810) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Instrumental Mix)\" - 5:58\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's liner notes.\n\n Alexander O'Neal - lead vocals \n Jimmy Jam - acoustic piano, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements\n Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals\n Lee Blaskey - string arrangements\n Susie Allard - strings\n Mynra Rian - strings\n Joanna Shelton - strings\n Carolyn Daws - strings\n Mary Bahr - strings\n Lea Foli - strings\n Julia Persilz - strings\n Hyacinthe Tlucek - strings\n Maricia Peck - strings\n Jeanne Ekhold - strings\n Luara Sewell - strings\n Rudolph Lekhter - strings\n Lisa Keith - backing vocals\n\nCharts\n\nHistory\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" had its bass-line sampled in the 2018 Kanye West and Lil Pump song, \"I Love It\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1991 singles\nAlexander O'Neal songs\nSongs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\n1991 songs\nSong recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\nTabu Records singles" ]

[ "Duncan Hunter", "Other legislative actions", "What were some of Hunter's other legislative actions?", "2006, Hunter introduced H.R. 6375,", "What is this?", "required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills, along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark." ]

[ "SOARA (Situation, Objective, Action, Results, Aftermath) is a job interview technique developed by Hagymas Laszlo, Professor of Language at the University of Munich, and Alexander Botos, Chief Curator at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. It is similar to the Situation, Task, Action, Result technique. In many interviews, SOARA is used as a structure for clarifying information relating to a recent challenge.\n\nDetails\n\n Situation: The interviewer wants you to present a recent challenge and situation you found yourself in.\n Objective: What did you have to achieve? The interviewer will be looking to see what you were trying to achieve from the situation.\n Action: What did you do? The interviewer will be looking for information on what you did, why you did it and what were the alternatives.\n Results: What was the outcome of your actions? What did you achieve through your actions and did you meet your objectives.\n Aftermath: What did you learn from this experience and have you used this learning since?\n\nJob interview", "Porter's four corners model is a predictive tool designed by Michael Porter that helps in determining a competitor's course of action. Unlike other predictive models which predominantly rely on a firm's current strategy and capabilities to determine future strategy, Porter's model additionally calls for an understanding of what motivates the competitor. This added dimension of understanding a competitor's internal culture, value system, mindset, and assumptions helps in determining a much more accurate and realistic reading of a competitor's possible reactions in a given situation.\n\nFour corners model\nMotivation – drivers\nThis helps in determining competitor's action by understanding their goals (both strategic and tactical) and their current position vis-à-vis their goals. A wide gap between the two could mean the competitor is highly likely to react to any external threat that comes in its way, whereas a narrower gap is likely to produce a defensive strategy. \nThe question to be answered here is: What is it that drives the competitor? These drivers can be at various levels and dimensions and can provide insights into future goals.\n \nMotivation – management assumptions\nThe perceptions and assumptions the competitor has about itself and its industry would shape strategy. This corner includes determining the competitor's perception of its strengths and weaknesses, organization culture and their beliefs about competitor's goals. If the competitor thinks highly of its competition and has a fair sense of industry forces, it is likely to be ready with plans to counter any threats to its position. On the other hand, a competitor who has a misplaced understanding of industry forces is not very likely to respond to a potential attack.\nThe question to be answered here is: What are competitor's assumption about the industry, the competition and its own capabilities?\n \nActions – strategy\nA competitor's strategy determines how it competes in the market. However, there could be a difference between the company's intended strategy (as stated in the annual report and interviews) and its realized strategy (as is evident in its acquisitions, new product development, etc.). \nIt is therefore important here to determine the competitor's realized strategy and how they are actually performing. If current strategy is yielding satisfactory results, it is safe to assume that the competitor is likely to continue to operate in the same way.\nThe questions to be answered here are: What is the competitor actually doing and how successful is it in implementing its current strategy? \n\nActions – capabilities\nThis looks at a competitor's inherent ability to initiate or respond to external forces. Though it might have the motivation and the drive to initiate a strategic action, its effectiveness is dependent on its capabilities. \nIts strengths will also determine how the competitor is likely to respond to an external threat. An organization with an extensive distribution network is likely to initiate an attack through its channel, whereas a company with strong financials is likely to counter attack through price drops.\nThe questions to be answered here are: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the competitor? Which areas is the competitor strong in?\n\nStrengths\nConsiders implicit aspects of competitive behavior\nFirms are more often than not aware of their rivals and do have a generally good understanding of their strategies and capabilities. However, motivational factors are often overlooked. Sufficiently motivated competitors can often prove to be more competitive than bigger but less motivated rivals. What sets this model apart from others is its insistence on accounting for the \"implicit\" factors such as culture, history, executive, consultants, and board's backgrounds, goals, values and commitments and inclusion of management's deep beliefs and assumptions about what works or does not work in the market. \n\nPredictive in nature\nPorter's four corners model provides a framework that ties competitor's capabilities to their assumptions of the competitive environment and their underlying motivations. Looking at both a firm's capabilities (what the firm can do) and underlying implicit factors (their motivations to follow a course of action) can help predict competitor's actions with a relatively higher level of confidence. The underlying assumption here is that decision makers in firms are essentially human and hence subject to the influences of affective and automatic processes described by neuroscientists. Hence by considering these factors along with a firm's capabilities, this model is a better predictor of competitive behavior.\n\nUse in competitive intelligence and strategy \nDespite its strengths, Porter's four corners model is not widely used in strategy and competitive intelligence. In a 2005 survey by the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals's (SCIP) frequently used analytical tools, Porter's four corners does not even figure in the top ten.\n\nHowever this model can be used in competitive analysis and strategy as follows:\n\nStrategy development and testing: Can be used to determine likely actions by competitors in response to the firm's strategy. This can be used when developing a strategy (such as for a new product launch) or to test this strategy using simulation techniques such as a business war game.\n\n'Early warning: The predictive nature of this tool can also alert firms to possible threats due to competitive action.\n\nPorter's four corners also works well with other analytical models. For instance it complements Porter five forces analysis well. Competitive cluster analysis of industry products in turn complements four corners analysis. Using such models that complement each other can help create a more complete analysis.\n\nSee also\nCompetitive intelligence\nDelta model\nNational Diamond\nSix Forces Model\nValue chain\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n\nMichael Porter\nStrategic management\nBusiness planning" ]

[ "Duncan Hunter", "Other legislative actions", "What were some of Hunter's other legislative actions?", "2006, Hunter introduced H.R. 6375,", "What is this?", "required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills, along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark.", "What other actions did he initiate?", "H.R. 552," ]

[ "\"This Is What It Feels Like\" is a 2013 song by Armin van Buuren featuring Trevor Guthrie.\n\nThis Is What It Feels Like may also refer to:\n\n This Is What It Feels Like (album), a 2021 studio album by Gracie Abrams\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\", a song by Banks from the 2014 studio album Goddess\n This Is What It Feels Like, a 2019 EP by Clinton Kane\n\nSee also\n This Is What the Truth Feels Like, a 2016 album by Gwen Stefani\n Feels Like (disambiguation)", "\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the second single from the singer's fourth solo album, All True Man (1991). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the All True Man single \"All True Man\", \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" was released as the album's second single.\n\nRelease\nAlexander O'Neal's 19th hit single and it reached #53 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the single reached #21 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.\n\nTrack listing\n 12\" Maxi (45 73804) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic 12\" Mix)\" - 8:20\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (LP Edit)\" - 3:58\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Red Zone Mix)\" - 5:41\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Instrumental Mix)\" - 5:58\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Reprise)\" - 2:13\n\n 7\" Single (656731 7) / Cassette Single (656731 4)\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" - 4:08\n\"Crying Overtime\" - 4:55\n\n CD Single (656731 2)\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Album Version)\" - 6:04\n\"The Lovers (Extended Version)\" - 7:02\n\"If You Were Here Tonight\" - 6:08\n\n CD Single (656731 9) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic 12\" Mix)\" - 8:20\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Red Zone Mix)\" - 5:41\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Reprise)\" - 2:13\n\n Cassette Single (35T 73810) \n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Classic Radio Mix)\" - 3:37\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love? (Dee Instrumental Mix)\" - 5:58\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's liner notes.\n\n Alexander O'Neal - lead vocals \n Jimmy Jam - acoustic piano, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements\n Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals\n Lee Blaskey - string arrangements\n Susie Allard - strings\n Mynra Rian - strings\n Joanna Shelton - strings\n Carolyn Daws - strings\n Mary Bahr - strings\n Lea Foli - strings\n Julia Persilz - strings\n Hyacinthe Tlucek - strings\n Maricia Peck - strings\n Jeanne Ekhold - strings\n Luara Sewell - strings\n Rudolph Lekhter - strings\n Lisa Keith - backing vocals\n\nCharts\n\nHistory\n\"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" had its bass-line sampled in the 2018 Kanye West and Lil Pump song, \"I Love It\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1991 singles\nAlexander O'Neal songs\nSongs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\n1991 songs\nSong recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\nTabu Records singles" ]

[ "Duncan Hunter", "Other legislative actions", "What were some of Hunter's other legislative actions?", "2006, Hunter introduced H.R. 6375,", "What is this?", "required the defense department to post the purpose of all congressional earmarks in annual defense bills, along with the location and a grade according to the utility of the earmark.", "What other actions did he initiate?", "H.R. 552,", "What is this?", "The Right to Life Act," ]

[ "What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 20 May 1985 by record label Statik.\n\nOne single was released from the album: \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\".\n\nRecording \nWhat Does Anything Mean? Basically was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland.\n\nRelease \nThe album's sole single, \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\", was released on 1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key lyrics of the Beatles song \"She Said, She Said\".\n\nWhat Does Anything Mean? Basically was released 20 May 1985 on record label Statik.\n\nReception \n\nWhat Does Anything Mean? Basically has been generally well received by critics.\n\nIn his retrospective review, Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it \"[a] rarity of sophomore albums, something that at once made the band all the more unique in its sound while avoiding a repetition of earlier work. [...] an astounding record.\" Trouser Press called it \"even better\" than Script of the Bridge, \"with much stronger production underscoring both the band's direct power and the ghostly atmospherics of its icy church keyboards and delay-ridden guitars\".\n\nChris Jenkins, in the book The Rough Guide to Rock, however, called it \"as half-baked as its title\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n The Chameleons\n\n Mark Burgess – vocals, bass guitar, strings, production\n Dave Fielding – guitar, ARP String Ensemble, production\n Reg Smithies – guitar, acoustic guitar, album cover illustration, production\n John Lever – drums, production\n\n Technical\n\n Colin Richardson – production\n Ian Caple – engineering\n Martin Kay – sleeve design\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1985 albums\nThe Chameleons albums\nAlbums produced by Colin Richardson", "The Unforgiving Sounds of Maow is a 1996 album by Vancouver punk band Maow. It was the band's only full-length album, 21 minutes in length.\n\nThe album is notable primarily for being Neko Case's debut as a lead vocalist, although her loud, punk-rock singing on this project is not typical of her later style. On the album, Case shares lead vocal duties with bandmates Tobey Black and Corrina Hammond. \n\nMany of the songs are about partying. The album's best-known song, \"Ms. Lefevre\", celebrates the character \"Renee Lefebvre\" from Woody Allen's movie What's New, Pussycat? A music video was created to publicize the song.\n\nThe album also includes covers of songs by Wanda Jackson (\"Mean Mean Mean\") and Nancy Sinatra (\"How Does That Grab You?\").\n\nCritical reception\nJim Smith compared the group's style to early work by the Go-Gos. The Washington City Paper called the album \"unexceptional\". Robert Kaups at AllMusic gave the album a mixed review. Michael Panontin of Canuckistan praised \"Ms. Lefevre\".\n\nTrack listing\n\"Wank\" – 1:41\n\"Mean Mean Man\" – 0:59 - Wanda Jackson\n\"Sucker\" – 1:51\n\"Ms. Lefevre\" – 1:52\n\"Rock 'N' Roll Boy\" – 1:12\n\"Very Missionary\" – 1:09\n\"Mommie's Drunk\" – 1:32\n\"Woman's Scorn\" – 1:30\n\"Showpie\" – 1:09\n\"J'ai faim\" – 0:39\n\"Man What's Got a Gun\" – 1:05\n\"How Does That Grab You?\" – 2:01 - Nancy Sinatra\n\"Party Tonite!\" – 0:54\n\"Cat's Meow\" – 0:43\n\"One Nite Stand\" – 1:01\n\"Catastrophie\" – 1:03\n\nReferences\n\n1996 albums\nMaow albums\nMint Records albums" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United" ]

[ "Ryan Ford (born 3 September 1978) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder. Born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, Ford began his career with Manchester United. When he failed to break into the first team, he was allowed to join Notts County in February 2000. Two years later, after just one league appearance for the Nottingham club, he moved to non-league Ilkeston Town, but left after only a year. In 2004, he joined Gainsborough Trinity, but again left a year later to join Retford United. He left Retford by mutual consent in February 2010 after failing to agree a new contract, but by September 2010, he was back with the club.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1978 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Worksop\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football midfielders\nManchester United F.C. players\nNotts County F.C. players\nIlkeston Town F.C. (1945) players\nGainsborough Trinity F.C. players\nRetford United F.C. players", "Stephen Cosgrove (born 29 December 1980 in Glasgow), is a Scottish footballer, who plays as a midfielder.\n\nClub career\nCosgrove began his career with Manchester United. After an unsuccessful trial with Ipswich Town, he returned to Scotland in 2001 to join Motherwell, where he made a handful of appearances. He was one of 19 players controversially released by the Lanarkshire side when they entered into administration in April 2002. Stephen then joined Clyde where he featured in the team which finished runners up in the Scottish First Division. He then left Clyde to join ambitious Gretna, where he played for two years.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\n1980 births\nScottish footballers\nManchester United F.C. players\nMotherwell F.C. players\nStirling Albion F.C. players\nClyde F.C. players\nGretna F.C. players\nStenhousemuir F.C. players\nScottish Premier League players\nScottish Football League players\nKilwinning Rangers F.C. players\nAssociation football midfielders" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United", "When did he join Manchester United?", "7 August 1992," ]

[ "David Peter Ryan (born 5 January 1957) is an English former football goalkeeper who played his first league game for Port Vale in 1976, on loan from Manchester United. He later played football for Southport, Northwich Victoria, and Chorley.\n\nPlaying career\nRyan started his career with Manchester United. Whilst with the \"Red Devils\" he was sent on loan to Port Vale in January 1976, as cover for John Connaughton. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat by Swindon Town at the County Ground on 17 January, but returned to Old Trafford later that month. Ryan was never handed his competitive debut by Tommy Docherty and later left United to play for Southport, Northwich Victoria, and Chorley. He went on to become Head Goalkeeping Coach at the Manchester United Academy and served as Head of Football & Community Development from 1992 to 2013. He also did charity work on behalf of Manchester United.\n\nStatistics\nSource:\n\nReferences\n\n1957 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Manchester\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football goalkeepers\nManchester United F.C. players\nPort Vale F.C. players\nSouthport F.C. players\nNorthwich Victoria F.C. players\nChorley F.C. players\nHyde United F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nAssociation football coaches\nAssociation football goalkeeping coaches\nManchester United F.C. non-playing staff", "Harold Dean (born 1910) was an English footballer who played as a centre-forward. Born in Hulme, Manchester, he played for Old Trafford, Manchester United and Mossley.\n\nFollowing Manchester United's relegation to the Second Division at the end of the 1930–31 season, Dean was one of 31 amateur players signed by the club. He joined from the nearby Old Trafford Amateur club and made his debut in a 3–1 win at home to Chesterfield on 26 September 1931, filling in for the absent Tommy Reid. He also played in the next game, a 2–0 defeat at Burnley, but while his speed and effort were praised, his control and shooting were deemed not to be up to scratch. He did not play for Manchester United again and was transferred to Cheshire County League side Mossley in December 1931.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile at StretfordEnd.co.uk\nProfile at MUFCInfo.com\n\n1910 births\nYear of death missing\nPeople from Hulme\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nManchester United F.C. players\nMossley A.F.C. players" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United", "When did he join Manchester United?", "7 August 1992,", "Why did he decide to play for Manchester United?", "I don't know." ]

[ "William Noel McFarlane (20 December 1934 – 19 March 2019) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward. Born in Bray, County Wicklow, he played junior football in Ireland before moving to England to join Manchester United in 1952. After four years in England, he returned to Ireland with Waterford before briefly retiring due to illness, only to return to England to play non-league football with Altrincham.\n\nCareer\nMcFarlane was born in Bray, County Wicklow, and played junior football in the area, earning a call-up to the Republic of Ireland Schoolboys national team. In April 1952, he signed for English club Manchester United, joining a youth team filled with players known as the Busby Babes after the club's manager, Matt Busby. McFarlane was a regular for the youth team during the 1952–53 season, and played in both legs of the inaugural FA Youth Cup final in 1953, scoring twice in a 7–1 win in the first leg, leading to a 9–3 victory on aggregate.\n\nDespite being a mainstay in the youth team, McFarlane was unable to displace Johnny Berry in the senior side and did not make his first-team debut until February 1954, playing on the right wing in a 2–0 home win over Tottenham Hotspur. It was to be his only appearance for the club, with Colin Webster preferred as Berry's understudy, and in June 1956, McFarlane returned to Ireland to play for Waterford. Illness forced him to retire, but he did later return to play non-league football in the Manchester area with Altrincham.\n\nReferences\nBibliography\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\nProfile at StretfordEnd.co.uk\nProfile at MUFCInfo.com\n\n1934 births\n2019 deaths\nPeople from Bray, County Wicklow\nAssociation footballers from County Wicklow\nRepublic of Ireland association footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nManchester United F.C. players\nWaterford F.C. players\nAltrincham F.C. players", "Luca Ercolani (born 25 November 1999) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Catania.\n\nClub career\n\nManchester United\nHaving previously been a gymnast in his early years, Ercolani soon turned his attentions to football. He started his youth career with USD Classe, before moving to Ravenna until 2012. After a stint with Rimini, Ercolani moved to Forlì. He was later signed on loan by Cesena, though I Bianconeri would choose not to sign the player. In July 2016, having been scouted by David Williams a year prior, Ercolani completed a transfer to Premier League club Manchester United. He remained with the English club until the start of 2021, appearing at U18, U19, U21 and U23 level; notably featuring in the EFL Trophy and UEFA Youth League. Ercolani did train with the first-team squad on numerous occasions under both José Mourinho and Ole Gunnar Solskjær.\n\nDuring the 2019–20 season, having spent time out with an injury, Ercolani - on the advice of some of the club's coaches - completed his UEFA B coaching qualification.\n\nCarpi\nOn 8 January 2021, having previously extended his Manchester United contract until June 2021 in May 2020, Ercolani returned to Italy with Serie C side Carpi; penning terms until June 2022. He made his senior debut on 20 January during an away match against Matelica, as he featured for the full duration of a 1–0 loss at Stadio Helvia Recina. Further appearances arrived that month versus Sambenedettese and Feralpisalò. Ercolani was sent off for the first time in senior football on 7 February against Imolese. Following the 2020–21 season, Carpi was excluded from the Italian leagues due to debts, making him a free agent.\n\nCatania\nOn 13 August 2021, he signed a contract with Catania for the term of one season with an optional second year.\n\nInternational career\nErcolani won five caps for Italy at U20 level, having made his debut in October 2018.\n\nStyle of play\nErcolani started out as a striker, though later switched to play as a centre-back after joining Forlì. He is also capable of playing at full-back.\n\nCareer statistics\n.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1999 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Ravenna\nItalian footballers\nItaly youth international footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nSerie C players\nCarpi F.C. 1909 players\nCalcio Catania players" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United", "When did he join Manchester United?", "7 August 1992,", "Why did he decide to play for Manchester United?", "I don't know.", "Did he play well during his time with Manchester United?", "He scored in United's fourth Premier League game of the 1992-93 season, a last minute winner in United's first Premier league victory - 1-0 against Southampton at The Dell." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United", "When did he join Manchester United?", "7 August 1992,", "Why did he decide to play for Manchester United?", "I don't know.", "Did he play well during his time with Manchester United?", "He scored in United's fourth Premier League game of the 1992-93 season, a last minute winner in United's first Premier league victory - 1-0 against Southampton at The Dell.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "he suffered a broken leg against Crystal Palace in a 1-0 win at Old Trafford, after a tackle" ]

[ "The Liguilla () of the Primera División de México Apertura 2009 was a final mini-tournament involving eight teams of the Mexican Primera División, in an elimination two-legs playoff.\n\nThe final of the Liguilla was on Sunday December 13, between Cruz Azulagainst Monterrey. As the winner, Monterrey became the Apertura 2009 Champion. Also, both finalist got a berth for the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League (Monterreyqualified directly to the Group Stage, while Cruz Azulqualified to the Preliminary Round).\n\nDefending champions UNAM, were not able to defend their past championship, as they did not qualify to the Liguilla.\n\nTeams\n\nAs the 18 teams of the Apertura 2009 were divided in three groups of six teams, it was determined that the two top of each group advanced to the Liguilla, even though having had a low performance at the general table. Alongside those six teams, the two best teams at the general table of the remaining 12, regardless of their group, advanced to the Liguilla.\n\nAfter having finished last at their group and 17th at the general table, the defending champions, UNAM, did not qualified to this Liguilla\n\n1.Best ranked out of the two top of each group.\n2.Although having been 11th, as having been runner-up of Group 1, San Luisadvanced.\n\nTie-breaking criteria\nThe Liguilla has a particular tie-breaking criteria: In case of a tie in the aggregate score, the higher seeded team will advance.\n\nThe exception for this tie-breaking criteria is the final, where the higher seeded team rule is not used. In this case, if the teams remained tied after 90 minutes of play during the second leg of the finals, extra time will be used, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary.\n\nBracket\nThe Liguilla hade those teams play two games against each other on a home-and-away basis. The winner of each match up was determined by aggregate score.\n\nThe teams were seeded one to eight in quarterfinals, and re-seeded one to four in semifinals, depending on their position at the general table of the season. Higher seeded teams play on their home field during the second leg.\n\nAlso, the highest seeded can choose when, if Saturday or Sunday, they want to play the second leg. As the rules mention that one half of the matches must be on Wednesday/Saturday, and the other in Thursday/Sunday, the rest of the teams must suit on that choice. The only exception is the final, as it was set to be played at Thursday December 10 the first leg, and Sunday December 13 the second.\n\n1.Advanced by best position on the general table.\n\nQuarter-finals\nThe quarterfinals are scheduled to be played on November 21 or 22 (first leg) and November 28 or 29 (second leg).\n\n1.Advanced by best position on the general table.\n\nKickoffs are given in local time (UTC-6).\n\nFirst leg\n\nBefore the kickoff, a posthumous homage to Antonio de Nigris, who died on November 16, 2009, took place. He began his youth and senior career in Monterrey.\n\nSecond leg\n\nSemi-finals\nThe semifinals are scheduled to be played on December 2 or 3 (first leg) and December 5 or 6 (second leg).\n\nKickoffs are given in local time (UTC-6).\n\nFirst leg\n\nSecond leg\n\nFinal\n\nThe first and second legs of the final are scheduled to be played on December 10 (first leg) and December 13 (second leg).\n\nKickoffs are given in local time (UTC-6).\n\nFirst leg\n\nSecond leg\n\nGoalscorers\n4 goals\n\n Aldo de Nigris (Monterrey)\n Humberto Suazo (Monterrey)\n\n3 goals\n Nicolás Olivera (Puebla)\n\n2 goals\n\n Jaime Lozano (Cruz Azul)\n Carlos Ochoa (Santos Laguna)\n Cristian Riveros (Cruz Azul)\n Miguel Sabah (Morelia)\n Emanuel Villa (Cruz Azul)\n\n1 goal\n\n Alejandro Acosta (Puebla)\n Pablo Aguilar (San Luis)\n Jared Borgetti (Puebla)\n Isaác Brizuela (Toluca)\n Melvin Brown (Cruz Azul)\n Salvador Cabañas (América)\n Abraham Carreño (Monterrey)\n Alejandro Castro (Cruz Azul)\n Hugo Droguett (Morelia)\n Julio Domínguez (Cruz Azul)\n Héctor Mancilla (Toluca)\n Fausto Pinto (Cruz Azul)\n Javier Orozco (Cruz Azul)\n Mauricio Romero (Morelia)\n Sergio Santana (Monterrey)\n Wilson Tiago (Morelia)\n Gerardo Torrado (Cruz Azul)\n Nicolás Vigneri (Puebla)\n César Villaluz (Cruz Azul)\n\nOwn goal\n Emanuel Villa (Cruz Azul; for Monterrey)\n\nReferences\n\n2009–10 Primera División de México season", "Melt van der Spuy Hanekom (27 July 1931 – 8 October 1997) was a South African rugby union player.\n\nPlaying career\nHanekom was born and raised in Moorreesburg. He played provincial rugby for and although he was the second choice hooker for Boland, after his teammate, Bertus van der Merwe, he was also selected for the Springboks.\n\nHanekom toured with the Springboks to Australia and New Zealand in 1956. During the second match on tour, he broke his leg, but he did not leave the field and finished the match with the broken leg. The broken leg kept him off the field for just three weeks, after which he resumed his tour. Hanekom did not play in any test matches, but did play in nine tour matches and scored three tries.\n\nSee also\nList of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 333\n\nReferences\n\n1931 births\n1997 deaths\nBoland Cavaliers players\nRugby union players from Moorreesburg\nSouth Africa international rugby union players\nSouth African rugby union players" ]

[ "Dion Dublin", "Manchester United", "When did he join Manchester United?", "7 August 1992,", "Why did he decide to play for Manchester United?", "I don't know.", "Did he play well during his time with Manchester United?", "He scored in United's fourth Premier League game of the 1992-93 season, a last minute winner in United's first Premier league victory - 1-0 against Southampton at The Dell.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "he suffered a broken leg against Crystal Palace in a 1-0 win at Old Trafford, after a tackle", "Did he play after breaking his leg?", "In the 1993-94 season, Dublin regained his fitness," ]

[ "Francis Prest McHugh (15 November 1925 – 21 February 2018) was an English first-class cricketer, who played three games for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1949, and 92 matches for Gloucestershire from 1952 to 1956.\n\nA right arm fast medium bowler, he took 276 wickets at an average of 24.84, with a best of 7 for 32 for Gloucestershire against his native county. He took five wickets in an innings fifteen times, and ten wickets in a match on four occasions.\n\nInitially McHugh was a distinctly fast bowler who came into the Yorkshire team with a major injury to Ron Aspinall who was heading the bowling averages early in 1949. He did modestly and with the presence of Coxon, Trueman and Appleyard, was discarded and did not play even in the Second Eleven in 1950. McHugh then went to Gloucestershire and upon qualifying he quickly found that his accuracy could only become of county standard when he moderated his pace. Consequently, McHugh became with George Lambert the best pace attack Gloucestershire – a county known for half a century for its near-exclusive reliance on spin bowling – had fielded to that point in the twentieth century. In 1954 he took ninety-two wickets for exactly twenty runs each, and in 1955 did almost as well with over seventy-five wickets, whilst in 1956 his average fell further to only nineteen runs a wicket.\n\nMcHugh's batting was consistently inept. His average of 2.63 is the lowest by anyone to play more than fifty first-class games. 66 of his 111 innings were scoreless (he was dismissed for a duck 38 times), and he reached double figures on only four occasions. It was probably the liability of his batting that caused Gloucestershire to discard him in favour of David Smith for the 1957 season: McHugh had suffered from illness during 1956, and did not play after June, but had bowled so well in his last-ever game with eleven wickets for 112 runs that he was expected to continue in 1957.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCricinfo Profile\nCricket Archive Statistics\n\nYorkshire cricketers\nGloucestershire cricketers\nPeople from Burmantofts\nEnglish cricketers\n1925 births\n2018 deaths\nSportspeople from Yorkshire", "Michael Pucillo (; born July 14, 1979) is a former American football player who played offensive guard in the National Football League.\n\nPucillo attended Auburn University and was a letterman in football. In football, he played offensive guard and center, started 25 games, and as a junior, he helped the team average 356.7 total yards per game.\n\nOn February 27, 2007, Pucillo re-signed with the Redskins in a 1-year contract worth $540,000 (veteran minimum).\n\nDue to an injury to Todd Wade, Pucillo got his first start at left guard during the preseason against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Head Coach Joe Gibbs said, \"With Todd being hurt, we gave him a chance to start and I thought he did very well. He continues to be a valuable guy because he can do so many things for you. He can play tight end for you in our [short yardage] package. He can back up Casey at center and now he has a chance to start at guard. So we have to continue to play that out. There's an example of someone seizing an opportunity and he gave it everything he's got. He has been impressive.\" However, the Redskins did not resign Pucillo after the 2007 season so he became a free agent.\n\nAmerican football offensive guards\nAuburn Tigers football players\nBuffalo Bills players\nCleveland Browns players\nPlayers of American football from Cleveland\nWashington Redskins players\n1979 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life" ]

[ "Larry Robinson is an American former professional basketball player better known for his college career at the University of Texas at Austin between 1971 and 1974. Robinson was the first African-American to sign a National Letter of Intent to play basketball at Texas and is considered a pioneer of racial integration at the school, which at the time was mostly Caucasian and predominantly a football school. A native of Hobbs, New Mexico, he was unheralded for most of Hobbs High School career. Texas head coach Leon Black recruited him however, and Robinson enrolled in the fall of 1970.\n\nDue to NCAA rules at the time, freshmen were not eligible to play varsity sports, so Robinson was forced to play on the Texas freshmen basketball team in 1970–71. In the three years that followed, Robinson etched his name into the Longhorns record book. As a sophomore, Robinson led Texas to a Southwest Conference championship and NCAA Tournament appearance, where they made it to the Sweet Sixteen. He was named to the all-conference first-team as well as being voted as the Southwest Conference Player of the Year. As a junior, Texas did not win the conference nor get a postseason invitation. In Robinson's final year (1973–74), he once again led the Longhorns to a conference championship and NCAA Tournament appearance, where they lost in the first round. He earned his second all-conference team and conference player of the year honors. Robinson finished his collegiate career with 1,377 points and 623 rebounds.\n\nHe was selected in the 1974 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets in the fourth round, 59th overall, but never played in the league. Robinson instead played in Europe and spent 10 years in Sweden where he was a star, at one point averaging over 35 points per game for a season. In his post-basketball life, Robinson spent a long time as an executive for Converse in Europe. He was inducted into the University of Texas Hall of Honor in 1989.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Sweden\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball players from New Mexico\nForwards (basketball)\nHobbs High School alumni\nHouston Rockets draft picks\nPeople from Hobbs, New Mexico\nTexas Longhorns men's basketball players\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAlviks BK players", "Sozhasingarayer Robinson , also widely known as simply S. Robinson (born 23 June 1980 in Pondicherry, India) is a professional Indian basketball player. He currently plays for the Tamil Nadu Basketball Team which competes in the India National Cup.\n\nCareer overview\nSozhasingarayer Robinson, born in Pondicherry, grew up in Gujarat, India. A standout athlete in India, Robinson started to gain international media attention when he led India with 36 points to a surprise victory at the 2004 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup against South Korea, a regular competitor for the title at international tournaments in Asia.\n\nFor unknown reasons, he did not take the offer to play professionally in New Zealand in 2006, following extraordinary performances against the Tall Blacks. In that same year he was banned from representing his state's basketball team for missing its training camp. Robinson is known as being extremely outspoken as he severely criticized the lack of support for India's national basketball team from which he retired in 2006 only to try a comeback a little later. Robinson is one of the most well known figures in Indian basketball. Altogether, he played professional in basketball for the following teams:\n 2003-04 Negar sang Sharekord \n 2004 Indian Overseas Bank Chennai \n 2004 Farsh Mashad \n 2005 Tamil Nadu \n 2005-06 Indian Overseas Bank Chennai \n 2006 offer sheet Auckland Stars , never played\n 2010 Indian Army\n\nAchievements\n 2001, 2005-06 India national basketball team\n 2010: Ramu Memorial Basketball Tournament (RMBT) MVP\n\nReferences\n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nCenters (basketball)\nIndian men's basketball players\nPeople from Gujarat\nPeople from Pondicherry\nPower forwards (basketball)\nYoung Cagers players\nSportspeople from Puducherry", "Mike Robinson, Jr. (born December 31, 1976) is a retired American professional basketball player and a high school basketball coach. He played professionally for teams in the United States and Argentina.\n\nRobinson graduated from Richwoods High School in Peoria, Illinois, as a three time all-state selection and the Gatorade Player of the Year for the Midwest in 1996. Robinson would score 2,944 career points and play in the McDonald's All-American game. \n\nRobinson attended Purdue University, when he played basketball on two Sweet 16 teams and one Elite 8 squad in March Madness during his four years. His college scoring total was 1,322. After graduating from Purdue, Robinson competed professionally both in the United States and Argentina. \n\nIn 2018 Robinson won a state championship as a high school coach in Virginia, leading the South County Stallions to the Class 6 title. Robinson is married to Michelle Duhart who played for the 1999 champion Purdue women's basketball team.\n\nReferences\n\n1976 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Argentina\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball players from Illinois\nGuards (basketball)\nHigh school basketball coaches in Virginia\nParade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)\nPurdue Boilermakers men's basketball players\nSportspeople from Peoria, Illinois" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist." ]

[ "How Did This Get Made? is a comedy podcast on the Earwolf network hosted by Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael, and Jason Mantzoukas.\n\nGenerally, How Did This Get Made? is released every two weeks. During the show's off-week, a \".5\" episode is uploaded featuring Scheer announcing the next week's movie, as well as challenges for the fans. In addition to the shows and mini-shows, the How Did This Get Made? stream hosted the first three episodes of Bitch Sesh, the podcast of previous guests Casey Wilson and Danielle Schneider, in December 2015. It has also hosted episodes of its own spin-off podcast, the How Did This Get Made? Origin Stories, in which Blake Harris interviews people involved with the films covered by the main show. In December 2017, an episode was recorded for the Pee Cast Blast event, and released exclusively on Stitcher Premium.\n\nEvery episode has featured Paul Scheer as the host of the podcast. The only episode to date in which Scheer hosted remotely was The Smurfs, in which he Skyped in. Raphael has taken extended breaks from the podcast for both filming commitments and maternity leave. Mantzoukas has also missed episodes due to work, but has also Skyped in for various episodes. On the occasions that neither Raphael nor Mantzoukas are available for live appearances, Scheer calls in previous fan-favorite guests for what is known as a How Did This Get Made? All-Stars episode.\n\nList of episodes\n\nMini episodes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n List of How Did This Get Made? episodes\n\nHow Did This Get Made\nHow Did This Get Made", "How Did This Get Made? (HDTGM) is a podcast on the Earwolf network. It is hosted by Paul Scheer, June Diane Raphael and Jason Mantzoukas. Each episode, which typically has a different guest, features the deconstruction and mockery of outlandish and bad films.\n\nFormat\nThe hosts and guest make jokes about the films as well as attempt to unscramble plots. After discussing the film, Scheer reads \"second opinions\" in the form of five-star reviews posted online by Amazon.com users. The hosts also often make recommendations on if the film is worth watching. The show is released every two weeks.\n\nDuring the show's off week a \".5\" episode (also known as a \"minisode\") is uploaded. These episodes feature Scheer's \"explanation hopeline\" where he answers questions from fans who call in, the movie for the next week is announced, Scheer reads corrections and omissions from the message board regarding last week's episode, and he opens fan mail and provides his recommendations on books, movies, TV shows etc. that he is enjoying.\n\nSome full episodes are recorded in front of a live audience and include a question and answer session and original \"second opinion\" theme songs sung by fans. Not all content from the live shows is included in the final released episode - about 30 minutes of each live show is edited out.\n\nHistory\nHow Did This Get Made? began after Scheer and Raphael saw the movie Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. Later, the pair talked to Mantzoukas about the movie and joked about the idea for starting a bad movie podcast. , Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps has never been covered on the podcast.\n\nAwards\nIn 2019, How Did This Get Made? won a Webby Award in the category of Podcasts – Television & Film.\n\nIn 2020, How Did This Get Made? won an iHeartRadio award in the category of Best TV & Film Podcast.\n\nIn 2022, How Did This Get Made? won an iHeartRadio award in the category of Best TV & Film Podcast.\n\nSpinoffs\n\nHow Did This Get Made?: Origin Stories\nBetween February and September 2017, a 17-episode spin-off series of the podcast was released. Entitled How Did This Get Made?: Origin Stories, author Blake J. Harris would interview people involved with the movies discussed on the podcast. Guests on the show included director Mel Brooks, who served as executive producer on Solarbabies, and screenwriter Dan Gordon, who wrote Surf Ninjas.\n\nUnspooled\nIn May 2018, Scheer began a new podcast with Amy Nicholson titled Unspooled that is also devoted to movies. Unlike HDTGM?, however, Unspooled looks at films deemed good enough for the updated 2007 edition of the AFI Top 100. This is often referenced in How Did This Get Made? by Mantzoukas and Raphael, who are comically annoyed at how they were not invited to host the podcast, instead being subjected to the bad films that HDTGM covers.\n\nHow Did This Get Played?\nIn June 2019, the Earwolf network launched the podcast How Did This Get Played?, hosted by Doughboys host Nick Wiger and former Saturday Night Live writer Heather Anne Campbell. The podcast is positioned as the video game equivalent of HDTGM?, where Wiger and Campbell review widely panned video games.\n\nEpisodes\n\nAdaptation\nThe program was adapted in France in 2014 under the title 2 heures de perdues (http://www.2hdp.fr/ and available on Spotify and iTunes), a podcast in which several friends meet to analyze bad films in the same style (mainly American, French, and British films). The show then ends with a reading of comments found on AlloCiné (biggest French-speaking cinema website) or Amazon.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n How Did This Get Made on Earwolf\n\nAudio podcasts\nEarwolf\nFilm and television podcasts\nComedy and humor podcasts\n2010 podcast debuts", "\"How U Get a Record Deal?\" is the lead single released from Big Daddy Kane's fifth studio album, Looks Like a Job For.... The song is notable for being one of the first singles to be produced by the popular production duo, the Trackmasters.\n\nThough the song did not reach the crossover success that its follow-up, \"Very Special\", achieved, it became his sixth top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart, peaking at number seven.\n\nSingle track listing\n\nA-Side\n\"How U Get a Record Deal?\" (Album Version) – 3:56\n\"How U Get a Record Deal?\" (Clean Radio Edit) – 3:56\n\"How U Get a Record Deal?\" (A cappella) – 3:19\n\nB-Side\n\"Here Comes Kane, Scoob and Scrap\" (Album Version) – 4:24\n\"Here Comes Kane, Scoob and Scrap\" (Instrumental) – 4:23\n\"How U Get a Record Deal?\" (Instrumental) – 3:56\n\nChart history\n\n1993 songs\n1993 singles\nBig Daddy Kane songs\n[[Category:Song recordings produced by Trackmasters\nWarner Records singles\nSongs written by Big Daddy Kane\nCold Chillin' Records singles" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named" ]

[ "Enock Asubonteng (born 27 October 2000) is a Ghanaian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Ghana Premier League side WAFA.\n\nCareer \nAsubonteng started his career with West African Football Academy in August 2018. He made his debut during the 2019 GFA Normalization Special Competition. He played his first match on 10 April 2019 after coming on in the 76th minute for Michael Danso Agyemang in a 2–1 home victory over Karela United. He was named on the bench for a couple of matches during the truncated 2019–20 season but he however did not make any appearances. With the league set to restart, he was named on the club's squad list for the 2020–21 season. At the start of the season, he assumed a major role within the side, starting in matches week in and week out.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2000 births\nLiving people\nGhanaian footballers\nAssociation football midfielders\nWest African Football Academy players\nGhana Premier League players", "The 2020–21 EFL Trophy, known as the Leasing.com Trophy before 28 October 2020 and later the Papa John's Trophy for sponsorship reasons, was the 37th season in the history of the competition, a knock-out tournament for English football clubs in League One and League Two of the English football system, and also including 16 Premier League and Championship \"Academy teams\" with Category One status.\n\nSalford City were the defending champions; however, the 2020 final was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic until the day prior to the 2021 final. Hence, for most of the tournament, Portsmouth (who won the 2019 final and were also in the 2020 final) were the most recent champions.\n\nSunderland won the trophy for the first time after beating Tranmere Rovers 1–0 in the final.\n\nParticipating clubs\n48 clubs from League One and League Two.\n16 invited Category One Academy teams.\nExpelled clubs were automatically eliminated from the tournament.\nCategory One teams relegated to League One missed out on having academies participate in the following tournament.\n\nFour Premier League clubs with Category One academies did not participate: Burnley and Crystal Palace, both in their first full season of Category One status, and Everton and Tottenham Hotspur, who both played in the previous year's competition but declined to participate in this one. A fifth Premier League club's academy, Sheffield United, did not have Category One status. As a result, the academy of Championship-side Norwich City was invited instead.\n\nEligibility criteria for players\nFor EFL clubs\nMinimum of four qualifying outfield players in their starting XI. A qualifying outfield player was one who met any of the following requirements:\nAny player who started the previous or following first-team fixture.\nAny player who was in the top 10 players at the club who had made the most starting appearances in league and domestic cup competitions that season.\nAny player with forty or more first-team appearances in their career.\nAny player on loan from a Premier League club or any EFL Category One Academy club.\nA club could play any eligible goalkeeper in the competition.\n\nCompetition format\nGroup stage\n Sixteen groups of four teams were organised on a regionalised basis.\n All groups included one invited club.\n All clubs played each other once, either home or away (Academies played all group matches away from home).\n Clubs were awarded three points for a win and one point for a draw.\n In the event of a drawn game (after 90 minutes), a penalty shoot-out was held with the winning team earning an additional point.\n Clubs expelled from the EFL were knocked out of the tournament automatically.\n The top two teams progressed to the knockout stage.\n\nKnockout stage\n Round 2 and 3 of the competition were drawn on a regionalised basis.\n In Round 2, the group winners were seeded and the group runners-up were unseeded in the draw.\n In Round 2, teams who played in the same group as each other in the group stage were kept apart from each other.\n\nGroup stage\n\nNorthern Section\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nGroup C\n\nGroup D\n\nGroup E\n\nGroup F\n\nGroup G\n\nGroup H\n\nSouthern Section\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nGroup C\n\nGroup D\n\nGroup E\n\nGroup F\n\nGroup G\n\nGroup H\n\nRound 2\n\nNorthern section\n\nSouthern section\n\nRound 3\n\nNorthern section\n\nSouthern section\n\nQuarter-finals\n\nSemi-finals\n\nFinal\n\nReferences\n\nEFL Trophy\n2020–21 European domestic association football cups\n2020–21 English Football League", "Jeremy Michael Allen (born 11 June 1971) is a former Australian cricketer. From Perth, Allen represented Western Australia at both under-17 and under-19 level, and played grade cricket for Subiaco–Floreat. A regular player for the state second XI from the early 1990s, he did not make his senior debut until the 1994–95 season, playing a Mercantile Mutual Cup match against Queensland. On debut at the WACA Ground, he took 3/62 from his ten overs to help Western Australia win by a single run. Despite this performance, Allen did not play any further limited-overs matches for Western Australia, with the state fast-bowling attack including established players Sean Cary, Craig Coulson, and Brendan Julian. His only other match at state level came during the 1996–97 season of the Sheffield Shield. In what was to be his only first-class match, he failed to take a wicket against Tasmania, but did score 30 runs batting tenth in Western Australia's second innings. Although he attended the Australian Cricket Academy in 1996, Allen spent the rest of his career in minor competitions.\n\nReferences\n\n1971 births\nAustralian cricketers\nLiving people\nCricketers from Perth, Western Australia\nWestern Australia cricketers\nSportsmen from Western Australia" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes." ]

[ "Sexual function is how the body reacts in different stages of the sexual response cycle, or as a result of sexual dysfunction. Relevant aspects of sexual function are defined on the basis of a modified version of Masters and Johnson's work. The aspects of sexual function defined as being relevant to the assessment include sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculation. Guidelines for assessing sexual function are suggested and divided into four stages:\n\nStage 1 deals with the documentation of the defined aspects of sexual function. The main questions are: \nIs the function intact? For example: Have there been any occurrences of erections or orgasms during a given period of time? \nIf the function is intact, what is the frequency and/or intensity of the function? For example: How often has the person had an orgasm or erections during the given period of time and how intense is the orgasmic pleasure and erection stiffness compared to youth or the best period in life. The suggested explanations for the absence or waning of functions at this stage are physiological and psychological.\n\nStage 2 deals with the assessment of the frequency of different sexual activities, such as intercourse, within a given time frame. The possible explanations for an absence or a decreased frequency of sexual activities may include physiological, psychological, social, religious and ethical reasons.\n\nStage 3 it is estimated if or to what extent waning sexual functions and/or activities cause distress.\n\nStage 4, the association between the distress due to waning sexual function and well-being and emotional isolation is assessed.\n\nThese guidelines were constructed to assess male sexual function in relation with treatment for prostate cancer. However, the concept has been modified and adapted for females.\n\nSee also\nSexual dysfunction\nOrgastic potency\n\nReferences\n\nSexual health\nHuman sexuality", "The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students' understanding of subjects. It was proposed by John B. Biggs and Kevin F. Collis.\n\nThe model consists of five levels of understanding:\n Pre-structural – The task is not attacked appropriately; the student hasn't really understood the point and uses too simple a way of going about it. Students in the pre-structural stage of understanding usually respond to questions with irrelevant comments.\n Uni-structural – The student's response only focuses on one relevant aspect. Students in the uni-structural stage of understanding usually give slightly relevant but vague answers that lack depth.\n Multi-structural – The student's response focuses on several relevant aspects but they are treated independently and additively. Assessment of this level is primarily quantitative. Students in the multi-structural stage may know the concept in tidbits but don't know how to present or explain it. \n Relational – The different aspects have become integrated into a coherent whole. This level is what is normally meant by an adequate understanding of some topic. At the relational stage, students can identify various patterns & view a topic from distinct perspectives.\n Extended abstract – The previous integrated whole may be conceptualised at a higher level of abstraction and generalised to a new topic or area. At this stage, students may apply the classroom concepts in real life.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Teaching Teaching & Understanding Understanding (short-film about Constructive Alignment and The SOLO Taxonomy)\n\nEducational technology\nEducational classification systems\nStage theories", "\"My Pedagogic Creed\" is an article written by John Dewey and published in School Journal in 1897. The article is broken into 5 sections, with each paragraph beginning \"I believe.\" It has been referenced over 4100 times and continues to be referenced in recent publications as a testament to the lasting impact of the article's ideas.\n\nSummary of John Dewey's My Pedagogic Creed\n\nWhat education is\nAccording to John Dewey's article \"My Pedagogic Creed\" (1897), education is only as individual as our society allows it to be. We (people) are unconsciously trained from birth. Our social consciousness, our cultural ways and what we value are a mock up of a collective social being, according to Dewey. We are all a product of our social surroundings from birth through adulthood and death. Eventually we \"become an inheritor of the funded capital of civilization.\" Dewey exerts that individual best is achieved in the spirit of and for the greater good. \"Through these demands he is stimulated to act as a member of a unity, to emerge from his original narrowness of action and feeling and to conceive of himself from the standpoint of the welfare of the group to which he belongs.\" As a member of society, we are confined to language and its meanings, but also empowered by it.\n\nDewey believes that \"the educational process has two sides.\" Psychological and sociological impacts are two sides of the education process that go hand-in-hand; \"neither can be subordinated to the other or neglected without evil results following.\" Psychology provides the foundation of education while sociology provides the scenario. Unless what is taught and how we teach relates to students' lives, it can become stressful. Even good grades are not indicative of authentic learning. Students may become disenfranchised. Psychology and social dynamics must exist in conjunction with each other to create a truly internal experience. It is important to know what is happening in the world-at-large, according to Dewey. One must also look at the student's world to ensure success relevant to their own realm of accomplishment. \"We must also be able to project them into the future to see what their outcome and end will be.\" Dewey holds that we must look into the individual future of every student and see what their own outlook is and how we can get there—not a collective outlook defined by blanket societal expectations of success by every person. Dewey states, \"To know what a power really is we must know what its end, use, or function is.\" In sum, a student cannot achieve power over their future until they know what their future can be. Teachers cannot prepare students for a future we cannot foretell as a result of ever-changing technology. People can truly prepare for the future by empowering students. In Dewey's words, \"To prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself.\" Hands-on learning that utilizes the senses and capacity of the student creates the most success, intrinsically and externally. Dewey believes \"that the individual who is to be educated as a social individual and that society is an organic union of individuals.\" Demonstration of this success shows a psychological process. Utilizing the skills derived from effective psychological learning, social factors can be successfully recognized and addressed.\n\nWhat the school is\nEducation is a social process. According to the creed, it should not be used for the purposes of preparation for living in the future. Dewey said, \"I believe that education, therefore, is a process of living and not a preparation for future living.\" We can build a child's self-esteem in not only the classroom but in all aspects of his or her life. Education must always stay true to children and align with their reality in order to be true. Dewey argues that some children are over labeled and misunderstood because we take away authentic experiences by not relating education to natural human order. More importantly he emphasizes, \"Existing life is so complex that the child cannot be brought into contact with it without either confusion or distraction….and he becomes either unduly specialized or else disintegrated.\"\n\nDewey believes that education and school ought to be an extension of home. Personal background is psychological and gives way to new ideas. This is summed up in the quote, \"It is the business of the school to deepen and extend his sense of the values bound up in his home life.\" In schools currently, the information is given, lessons are learned and habits are formed, similar to the banking model of education criticised by Paulo Freire in his 1970 book Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Dewey states that this is not effective. Working together is vital to unity and success. He states, \"The present educational systems, so far as they destroy or neglect this unity, render it difficult or impossible to get any genuine, regular moral meanings.\"\nWe need to see school as a social experience, according to this creed. The teacher is the guide and chooses what relevant experience will guide each child through the education process. When it comes to assessment, Dewey states that grading should be relevant to the child's own progress. Exams are to be used for social ordering rather than individual upkeep.\n\nThe subject-matter of education\nFollowing suit with his other theories, Dewey believes that subject matter should reflect students' real lives. Schools focus on too many subjects, which may not reflect the students' actual experiences. The child's own activities should determine curriculum. For example, students are often given literature lessons at the beginning of the learning experience, when it is the sum of events, making the subject relevant for the end of learning; This gives the student time to shape his or her own views before being told how history or some one else has seen something. It should be given at the end as a summative reflection. \n\nWe need to let children be constructive and pave their own paths, according to Dewey. \"I believe that the only way to make a child conscious of his social heritage is to enable him to perform those fundamental types of activity which makes civilization what it is.\" Dewey takes on a constructive point of view. He says that at times vocations may be more relevant and should be main subjects. In order to learn formal subjects, students need to be relaxed. Dewey explains that in order to achieve that, they must be comfortable with what they have learned up to that point. All subjects are relevant to life.\n\nThe nature of method\n Dewey asserts that active participation far surpasses passive learning. Action must come before anything else. We create children's negative perceptions of school. Ideas come from movement. Symbols give an inaccurate and incomplete view of the big picture. They impact the student's ability to think authentically.\n Envisioning the message helps with retention. Imagery is so important in generating relevancy to one's life.\n It is the teacher's job to pay attention to student's blooming interests and expand on them for a one of a kind learning experience. Interest is power and we must harbor that interest.\n Welcome emotions in education. They are part of the important aspects of learning.\n\nThe school and social progress\nIn Dewey's words, \"education is the fundamental method of social progress and reform.\" Social consciousness shapes individual perceptions. Society also has an obligation to reform education. As a society we are responsible for one another. \"I believe it is the business of every one interested in education to insist upon the school as the primary and most effective instrument of social progress and reform in order that society may be awakened to realize what the school stands for, and aroused to the necessity of endowing the educator with sufficient equipment properly to perform his task.\" Education is the perfect combination of art and science. Dewey sees that we must use individuality for the greater good. Dewey recognizes that teaching is noble and selfless. Teachers show us our way.\n\nReferences\n\nPedagogy\nCritical pedagogy\nPhilosophy of education" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes.", "What other aspects of his personal life are relevant?", "The winner of the NBA Community Assist Award is presented with the David Robinson Plaque." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts", "This article is about the demographic features of the population of Saint Mary's, including population density, internet access, crime rate, and other aspects of the population.\n\nPopulation \nAccording to the 2011 census the population of Saint Mary was 7,341.\n\nOther demographics statistics (2011)\n\nCensus Data (2011)\n\nIndividual\n\nHousehold \nThere are 2,512 households in Saint Mary Parish.\n\nSee also\nDemographics of Antigua and Barbuda\n\nReferences\n\nAntigua and Barbuda Christians\nDemographics of Antigua and Barbuda" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes.", "What other aspects of his personal life are relevant?", "The winner of the NBA Community Assist Award is presented with the David Robinson Plaque.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Robinson identifies his religious affiliation as Christian. Robinson has stated that he became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged" ]

[ "Saint John of Senhout is an Egyptian saint from the 4th century AD.\n\nHe was born in the Egyptian city of Senhout. His father's name was Macarius and his mother's name was Anna. According to Coptic Orthodox manuscripts, a divine inspiration encouraged him to travel to the city of Athribis to confess his Christian faith and become a martyr. The city's governor tortured him, then sent him to Ansena, where he was further tortured and eventually decapitated on 8 Pashons.\n\nThe body of John of Senhout was shrouded by Julius of Akfahs, who also sent the body to Senhout, where it was placed in the city's church. Today, the saint's relics are in Shubra El Khiema, Egypt.\n\nSources\nCoptic Synexarion\n\n4th-century Christian saints\nSaints from Roman Egypt\nEgyptian torture victims", "Christian Frederik Carl Holm (18 February 1804, Copenhagen – 24 July 1846, Tivoli) was a Danish painter; known primarily for his animal and hunting scenes.\n\nBiography\nHis father was a goldsmith. As an only son, he was expected to follow his father's profession, but after arriving at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, decided to become an artist instead. He began by studying engraving with Johan Frederik Clemens, then did modeling, but eventually settled on being a painter. In 1823, he exhibited copies of paintings by Frans Pourbus the Younger, which he had seen at the Rijksmuseum.\n\nTwo years later, he won a silver medal and was studying with Christian David Gebauer. At first, he wanted to become a battle painter but, owing to a long period of peace, had no opportunity to observe a battle in person. Gebauer then encouraged him to become an animal painter, but he persisted with his plans and presented his interpretations of historical events, such as the Battle of Lützen and the Battle of Colberger Heide. The latter was purchased for the Royal Collection. \n\nIn 1829, he was granted money from the \"\", a fund devoted to supporting the arts and sciences. This was meant to support him for two years but, in 1830, the second half was withheld due to lack of productivity. Nevertheless, he went to Dresden and Munich (apparently at his own expense) and took Gebauer's advice; producing his first serious animal paintings. In 1832, he married Rosalie Petit (1807-1873) and settled in Munich.\n\nIt was there that his career took hold; beginning with the sale of a large painting depicting a reindeer hunt to the prominent Jenisch family of Hamburg. He made several visits to Rome, beginning in 1838, and moved his family there in 1845. Shortly after, King Christian VIII ordered several paintings from him; some of which were not exhibited until after his death.\n\nHe apparently overworked himself in the hot summer sun and developed a fever. He died several days later, watched over by his wife and his friend, Albert Küchler, a painter who later became a Catholic friar. After the burial, his widow Rosalie returned to Copenhagen with their children and took up engraving, which Christian had taught her.\n\nReferences\n\nOther sources\nChristian Holm from Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers @ Google Books.\n Christian Holm. In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker: Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Vol.17, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1924, pg.387.\n\nExternal links \n\nArtNet: More works by Holm.\n\n1804 births\n1846 deaths\nRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni\n19th-century Danish painters\nDanish male painters\nAnimal paintings\nDanish emigrants to Germany\nArtists from Copenhagen\n19th-century male artists", "Grace Community School is an inter-denominational Christian school in Delaware, Ohio and offers Kindergarten-twelfth grades.\n\nMission\n\nThe school's mission is \"to assist Christian families in their biblical responsibility to train their children to become Christ-like and to fulfill God's purpose for these children in their home, their church, and society.\"\n\nHistory\n\nEstablished in 2006, Grace Community School is directed by a parent-based school board. Parental involvement is strongly encouraged through PTF meetings and regular school \"family\" functions.\n\nExternal links\n\nPrivate elementary schools in Ohio\nEducation in Delaware County, Ohio" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes.", "What other aspects of his personal life are relevant?", "The winner of the NBA Community Assist Award is presented with the David Robinson Plaque.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Robinson identifies his religious affiliation as Christian. Robinson has stated that he became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged", "Who encouraged him to become a Christian?", "became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged to read the Bible." ]

[ "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy", "What Happened may refer to:\n\n What Happened (Clinton book), 2017 book by Hillary Clinton\n What Happened (McClellan book), 2008 autobiography by Scott McClellan\n \"What Happened\", a song by Sublime from the album 40oz. to Freedom\n \"What Happened\", an episode of One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)\n\nSee also\nWhat's Happening (disambiguation)", "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes.", "What other aspects of his personal life are relevant?", "The winner of the NBA Community Assist Award is presented with the David Robinson Plaque.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Robinson identifies his religious affiliation as Christian. Robinson has stated that he became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged", "Who encouraged him to become a Christian?", "became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged to read the Bible.", "What happened after 1991?", "Robinson married Valerie Hoggatt in 1991." ]

[ "Else Hansen (Cathrine Marie Mahs Hansen) also called de Hansen (1720 – 4 September 1784), was the royal mistress of king Frederick V of Denmark. She is his most famous mistress and known in history as Madam Hansen, and was, alongside Charlotte Amalie Winge, one of only two women known to have been long term lovers of the king.\n\nLife\n\nThe background of Else Hansen does not appear to be known. Tradition claims her to be the sister of Frederick's chamber servant Henrik Vilhelm Tillisch, who in 1743 reportedly smuggled in his sister to the king at night, but modern research does not support them to be the same person.\n\nRoyal mistress\nIt is not known exactly when and how Hansen became the lover of the king. Frederick V was known for his debauched life style. According to Dorothea Biehl, the king was known to participate in orgies or 'Bacchus parties', in which he drank alcohol with his male friends while watching female prostitutes stripped naked and danced, after which the king would sometime beat them with his stick and whip them after having been intoxicated by alcohol. These women where economically compensated, but none of them seem to have had any status of a long term mistress, nor did any of the noblewomen and maids-of-honors, which according to rumors where offered to the king by their families in hope of advantages but simply married of as soon as they became pregnant without any potential relationship having been anything but a secret. The relationship between the king and Else Hansen was therefore uncommon.\n\nElse Hansen gave birth to five children with the king between 1746 and 1751, which is why the affair is presumed to have started in 1746 at the latest and ended in 1751 at the earliest. At least her three younger children where all born at the manor Ulriksholm on Funen, a manor owned by Ulrik Frederik von Heinen, brother-in-law of the de facto ruler of Denmark, the kings favorite Adam Gottlob Moltke, who likely arranged the matter. The manor was named after the royal Ulrik Christian Gyldenlove, illegitimate son of a previous king. The king's children with Hansen where baptized in the local parish church near the manor, where they were officially listed as the legitimate children of the wife of a non existent man called \"Frederick Hansen, ship writer from Gothenburg to China\". The frequent trips to Ulriksholm by Hansen as soon as her pregnancies with the king became evident was publicly noted. Neither Else Hansen nor any other of the king's mistresses where ever any official mistress introduced at the royal court, nor did they have any influence upon state affairs whatever, as politics where entrusted by the king to his favorite Moltke.\n\nIn 1752, the relationship between the king and Hansen may have ended – in any case, it was not mentioned more or resulted in any more children. She settled in the property Kejrup near Ulriksholm with her children, officially with the status of \"widow of the late sea captain de Hansen\".\n\nLater life\nAfter the death of Frederick in 1766, she acquired the estate Klarskov on Funen. She sold Klarskov and moved to Odense in 1768. In 1771, however, she bought Klarskov a second time and continued to live there until her death.\n\nHer children were not officially recognized, but unofficially they were taken care of by the royal court: her daughters were given a dowry and married to royal officials and the sons careers where protected, and her grandchildren where also provided with an allowance from the royal house.\n\nAfter Hansen, the king did not have any long term mistress until Charlotte Amalie Winge (1762–66).\n\nLegacy\nAt Frederiksborgmuseet, there are three paintings of Hansen by Jens Thrane the younger from 1764. Hansen is known by Dorothea Biehl's depiction of the decadent court life of Frederick V.\n\nIssue \nHer children were officially listed with the father \"Frederick Hansen, sea captain\".\nFrederikke Margarethe de Hansen (1747–1802)\nFrederikke Catherine de Hansen (1748–1822)\nAnna Marie de Hansen (1749–1812)\nSophie Charlotte de Hansen (1750–1779)\nUlrik Frederik de Hansen (1751–1752)\n\nSources\n Charlotte Dorothea Biehl, Interiører fra Frederik V's Hof, udgivet af Louis Bobé.\n Aage Christens, Slægten de Hansen, 1968.\n\nReferences\n\n1720 births\n1784 deaths\nMistresses of Danish royalty\n18th-century Danish people\n18th-century Danish women landowners\n18th-century Danish landowners", "Magalene Wilson (1898–2001), also known as Magdalene Wilson, was an American artist. She is associated with the Gee's Bend quilting collective. Her work has been exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, and is included in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.\n\nLife \nWilson was close friends with Martha Jane Pettway and Loretta Pettway's grandmother Prissy. She did not have any children. She owned her land and frequently let her neighbors farm on it. She was generous with her neighbors and owned many cats. \n\nShe retired to a community in Mobile, Alabama, but remained self-sufficient and independent.\n\nWork \nAlthough her friends and neighbors often quilted communally, Wilson pieced and sewed her quilts by herself. This allowed her the space and time to quilt meticulously and with tremendous detail.\n\nReferences \n\n1898 births\n2001 deaths\nQuilters\nAmerican centenarians\nWomen centenarians", "Nathalie Morin is a Canadian citizen, born in Quebec, who has been living in Saudi Arabia with her partner, Saeed Al Shahrani since 2005. She claims that she is physically and psychologically mistreated with her four children. She has stated that she \"does not have any friend[s]\" in Saudi Arabia and is shunned because of her foreign roots. She refuses to leave Saudi Arabia as her husband has custody of their children.\n\nShe has become famous in Quebec. Journalists follow her misfortunes regularly. In 2012, the Canadian and Saudi Arabian governments came reportedly close to a deal, but a solution did not materialise. A Saudi Arabian writer and political activist, Wajeha al-Huwaider, also tried to help her, but without any success so far.\n\nDespite the launch of an-anti domestic violence campaign in Saudi Arabia in 2013, brutally oppressive patriarchal laws allowed Morin to leave the kingdom, but without her children. Two prominent Saudi activists Wajeha Al-Huwaider and Fawzia Al-Oyouni came in support of Morin, but were arrested. Morin's wish to testify in front of her activists was also not granted by the Saudi authorities. As per Morin's mother, three of the four children were born in Saudi Arabia forcefully. She also said Morin is cut off from the world, locked in an apartment in Dammam, victim of physical, psychological and sexual violence from her spouse.\n\nReferences\n\nWomen in Saudi Arabia\nCanadian expatriates in Saudi Arabia\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "David Robinson (basketball)", "Personal life", "Did Robinson play basketball?", "Robinson is well known as a philanthropist.", "How did he get started?", "In 2001, Robinson founded and funded the $9 million Carver Academy in San Antonio, a non-profit private school named", "Did he had any help starting this academy?", "Robinson and business partner Daniel Bassichis donate 10 percent of their profits to charitable causes.", "What other aspects of his personal life are relevant?", "The winner of the NBA Community Assist Award is presented with the David Robinson Plaque.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Robinson identifies his religious affiliation as Christian. Robinson has stated that he became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged", "Who encouraged him to become a Christian?", "became a Christian on June 8, 1991 after being encouraged to read the Bible.", "What happened after 1991?", "Robinson married Valerie Hoggatt in 1991.", "Did he have any children with her?", "They have three sons," ]

[ "Tanner v Tanner [1975] 1 WLR 1346 is an English land law and family law case, concerning implied licenses and constructive trusts in land between cohabiting couples with children.\n\nFacts\nMr Tanner, ‘milkman by day and a croupier by night’, got involved with Miss Macdermott while still married, she had twins girls in 1969 and changed her name to Mrs Tanner, though he never married her. She moved in with him in 1970, giving up her rent controlled tenancy hoping she would remain there until the twins left school. Mr Tanner did divorce his first wife, but then married another woman, and offered Mrs Tanner £4000 to leave, and maintenance that he had not previously paid. She refused. He brought an action to remove her, and succeeded at first instance. She left, and went to a council flat, but appealed, arguing that he was under a contractual duty to allow her to remain until the twins left school, although she merely claimed damages.\n\nJudgment\nLord Denning MR held that the licence could not be terminated, so that Miss Macdermott was entitled to remain in the house. He said as follows.\n\nSee also\n\nEnglish trusts law\nEnglish land law\nEnglish family law\n\nNotes\n\nEnglish land case law\nCourt of Appeal (England and Wales) cases\n1975 in British law\n1975 in case law\nLord Denning cases", "Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2002) C-413/99 is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of citizens in the European Union.\n\nFacts\nMr Baumbast's Colombian family claimed their residence should be renewed by the Home Office, despite the fact that Mr Baumbast was no longer working in the EU and did not have emergency health insurance. Mr Baumbast, a German married a Colombian with two children. He worked in the UK with his family for three years, and left to work in Asia and Africa. He provided for his family, who stayed in the UK. They got German health insurance and went there to get it. The Home Office refused to renew his family's permits. The UK court found that Mr Baumbast was neither a worker nor a person covered by the Citizenship Directive 2004/38, and that sickness insurance did not cover emergency treatment in the UK. The ECJ was asked whether he had an independent right of residence as an EU citizen under TFEU art 21.\n\nIn a joined case, R were the children of an American woman and a French husband who worked in the UK. They were divorced, the children living with the mother.\n\nJudgment\nThe Court of Justice held that Mr Baumbast and his family were not a burden on the UK state, so it would be disproportionate to refuse to recognise his Treaty-based right of residence simply because sickness insurance did not cover emergency treatment. The children in the R case were entitled to remain, to carry on their education, because there would otherwise be an obstacle to free movement. Furthermore, the mother had a right to remain, because Regulation 492/11, read in the light of ECHR art 8, 'necessarily implies' that the children are accompanied by their primary carer, even if the carer does not have independent rights under EU law. (Now Citizens' Rights Directive Article 12(3).)\n\nSee also\n\nEuropean Union law\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCourt of Justice of the European Union case law", "In law, an allegation is a claim of an unproven fact by a party in a pleading, charge, or defense. Until they can be proved, allegations remain merely assertions.\n\nThere are also marital allegations: marriage bonds and allegations exist for couples who applied to marry by licence. They do not exist for couples who married by banns. The marriage allegation was the document in which the couple alleged (or most frequently just the groom alleged on behalf of both of them) that there were no impediments to the marriage.\n\nGenerally, in a civil complaint, a plaintiff alleges facts sufficient to establish all the elements of the claim and thus states a cause of action. The plaintiff must then carry the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion in order to succeed in the lawsuit.\n\nA defendant can allege affirmative defenses in its answer to the complaint.\n\nOther allegations are required in a pleading to establish the correct jurisdiction, personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction.\n\nDisjunctive allegations\nDisjunctive allegations are allegations in a pleading joined together by an \"or\". In a complaint, disjunctive allegations are usually per se defective because such a pleading does not put the party on notice of which allegations they must defend.\n\nOn the other hand, defendants often plead in the alternative by listing seemingly inconsistent defenses. For example, \"I did not do the crime\", \"if I did, I didn't know\", or \"even if I did know, I've got a good excuse\". Such a pleading may be considered disjunctive and may be permissible.\n\nSee also\n Accusation\n False accusation\n Reasonable doubt\n\nReferences\n\nLegal terminology" ]

[ "Sean Combs", "1999-2000: Forever and Club New York" ]

[ "\"Workin\" is a song written by and performed by American rapper Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs. It was released on October 15, 2015 as the first single of Combs' mixtape MMM (Money Making Mitch). The album version of the track contains guest verses from Big Sean and Travis Scott.\n\nMusic video \nThe music video directed by Hype Williams. The video was released on November 23, 2015 at Vevo and YouTube.\n\nTrack listing \nDigital download\n\"Workin\" — 3:04\n\nRemixes \nOn November 23, 2015, Combs' released a remix of the song also featuring Travis Scott and Big Sean at Vevo and YouTube account.\n\nReferences\n\n2015 songs\n2015 singles\nSean Combs songs\nBig Sean songs\nBad Boy Records singles\nSongs written by Sean Combs\nSongs written by Cyhi the Prynce", "\"Doin' This\" is a song by American country music singer Luke Combs, It was released on November 10, 2021, via River House and Columbia Nashville after he debuted the song on the CMA Awards, and after it charted from unsolicited airplay for several months, it was announced as the lead single to his upcoming third studio album with a radio adds date of February 7, 2022. Combs co-wrote the song with Drew Parker and Robert Williford, and produced it with Chip Matthews and Jonathan Singleton.\n\nBackground\nCombs released \"Doin' This\" after he performed at the 2021 CMA Awards. In a press release, Combs stated that regardless how much money or success he had, singing and songwriting was \"always the plan for his life\": \"There was never a plan B. Once I decided that this is what I was gonna do, it's what I was gonna do whether that was at this level or at the level that I was at when I started. Music is the thing that I think makes everybody who does what I do's blood pump and gets them out of bed in the morning, and just to be able to do that and write a song about it that you feel like genuinely can connect with some of your peers is really cool\".\n\nContent\nJon Freeman of Rolling Stone described the song as \"an ode to making music regardless of any fame or riches\". Tricia Despres of Taste of Country stated that the lyrics means \"whether he was playing in some no-name town or on the stage of the Grand Ole Opry, Combs would be doing exactly this: Playing music for all who will listen\".\n\nMusic video\nTA Films created the music video for \"Doin' This.\" The video takes a \"behind the scenes\" approach, with a director asking Combs \"If you could be doing anything, what would you be doing if you weren't doing this?\" The question prompts Combs to \"recall a time when a journalist asked him the very same question during an interview\". Combs then goes on to tease a stadium tour and introduce his friend Adam Church, who will be joining him on his tour. Church, who is also a country music singer, attended Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina with Combs and McLonghorn. Combs stated to Taste of Country that Church is \"a married father with an ordinary 9 to 5 kind of job who also fills up bars in western Carolina. He's a pretty big deal in Boone, N.C\". The other parts show \"the life of a small-town guy who never made it big\", who, at the end of the video, \"winds up sitting on his couch with his acoustic guitar and playing a show for two VIPS — his wife and young daughter\" before Combs \"welcomes him out onto a big stage to perform with him\".\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2021 singles\n2021 songs\nLuke Combs songs\nSongs written by Luke Combs\nColumbia Nashville Records singles" ]

[ "Sean Combs", "1999-2000: Forever and Club New York", "What did Sean Combs do at that time?", "In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records." ]

[ "Phenomenon is the seventh studio album by rapper LL Cool J. After the success of his previous release Mr. Smith, the same basic principles are followed here, with several R&B-influenced tracks, and a couple of more hardcore rap tracks. The album was certified Platinum, unlike Mr. Smith, which was certified 2x Platinum. The album is executively produced by Sean \"Puffy\" Combs and therefore features production from his in-house roster of producers The Hitmen.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nChart positions\n\nCertifications\n\nCredits\n Marketing: David A. Belgrave\n\nReferences\n\n1997 albums\nLL Cool J albums\nDef Jam Recordings albums\nAlbums produced by Sean Combs\nAlbums produced by Erick Sermon\nAlbums produced by Trackmasters", "Usher is the eponymous debut studio album by American singer Usher. It was released on August 30, 1994, by LaFace Records. As executive producer, Sean \"Puffy\" Combs mostly handled production work on the album, as additional production were provided by Chucky Thompson, DeVante Swing and Al B. Sure!, among others. Despite it underperforming on charts, debuting at number 167 on the US Billboard 200, the album did reach number 4 on the US Heatseekers Albums Chart. The release of the album was accompanied by the support of three singles: \"Can U Get wit It\", \"Think of You\" and \"The Many Ways\".\n\nCritical reception\n\nBilly Johnson Jr. of Yahoo! Music called the debut album \"an enjoyable ride.\" Anderson Jones of Entertainment Weekly in a less-than-enthusiastic review of the album called the songs \"sophomoric\" and \"remarkably dull.\"\n\nCommercial performance\nUsher debuted at number 167 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States to date.\n\nTrack listing\n\nNotes\n denotes co-producer\nSample credits\n \"I'll Make It Right\" contains a sample from \"Top Billin'\" (1987) by Audio Two.\n \"Slow Love\" contains a sample from \"The Show\" (1985) by Doug E. Fresh.\n \"I'll Show You Love\" contains a sample from \"Blind Man Can See It\" (1973) by James Brown.\n \"Final Goodbye\" contains a sample from \"Nobody Beats the Biz\" (1988) by Biz Markie.\n\nPersonnel\nInformation taken from Allmusic.\n\nAssistant engineering – Daniel Beroff\nDrums – Alexander Richbourg\nEngineering – Al B. Sure!, Charles \"Prince Charles\" Alexander, Bob Brockman, Larry Funk, Gerhard Joost, Tony Maserati, Brian Alexander Morgan, Nasheim Myrick, Rob Paustian\nExecutive production – Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, L.A. Reid\nGuitar – Darryl Pearson\nKeyboards – Herb Middleton\nMixing – Charles \"Prince Charles\" Alexander, Bob Brockman, Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, David Dachinger, DeVante Swing, Rob Paustian, John Shrive\n\nMulti-instruments – DeVante Swing, Brian Alexander Morgan, Tim Mosley, Darryl Pearson\nPhotography – Michael Benabib\nProduction – Al B. Sure!, Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, Ward Corbett, DeVante Swing, Edward \"Eddie F\" Ferrell, Kiyamma Griffin, Dave Hall, Isaiah Lee, Brian Alexander Morgan, Darryl Pearson, Alexander Richbourg\nSongwriting – Ward Corbett\nVocals – Usher\nBackground vocals – Darren Benbow, Mary Brown, Faith Evans, Dave Hollister, Crystal Johnson, Darryl Pearson, Laquentis Saxon, Usher, Levar \"Lil' Tone\" Wilson\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Usher at Discogs\n\n1994 debut albums\nAlbums produced by Sean Combs\nLaFace Records albums\nUsher (musician) albums" ]

[ "Sean Combs", "1999-2000: Forever and Club New York", "What did Sean Combs do at that time?", "In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records.", "Did Sean Combs release any albums during that time frame?", "Forever, Combs' debut solo studio album, was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24, 1999," ]

[ "Sean Diddy Combs\n\nEnyce ([NYC]) is an American hip hop fashion label owned by Sean Diddy Combs. The label was established in New York City in March 1996 by Evan Davis, Lando Macoun, and Tony Shellman. The three co-founders had originally met while working for Seattle-based clothing brand International News. Liz Claiborne acquired the company in February 2004 for $114 million from Sports Brands International. In October 2008 Enyce was purchased by Sean Combs and the Sean John Enterprise for $20 million.\n\nMany have mispronounced the brand name over the years. The pronunciation originates from the phonetic spelling of \"NYC\" (en-y-ce) but sounded out in an Italian fashion. This was because the company started under Fila, an Italian-based company. Employees asked how they would pronounce the word replied \"en-ne-che\", making it the \"correct\" way to say the brand.\n\nEnyce specialises in old school clothing, with an emphasis on puffy jackets and jerseys with their logos on them. They also seem to have an official Instagram account, which is owned and operated by the companies CEO, Sean Diddy Combs. It's last post was made in the year 2016, and most of the account's posts seem to not relate to the actual clothing company at all.\n\nClothing lines\nEnyce\nLady Houy\n\nReferences\n\nClothing companies of the United States\nHip hop fashion\nENYCE", "Sean John is a privately held fashion lifestyle company created by music mogul Sean Combs. The line made its fashion debut with a men's sportswear collection for the spring 1998 season.\nIndividuals of note who have represented the brand in advertising and marketing include Combs himself, musicians Nelly, T.I., Mariah Carey, Nas, Fabolous, Dolla, Usher, Pharrell Williams, Mary J. Blige, Rick Ross, Mack Wilds, and Busta Rhymes; actors Lauren London, Cassie Ventura, Jamie Foxx, Penélope Cruz, Jussie Smollett, and Vincent Pastore; athlete Dwyane Wade; fashion models Tyson Beckford, Naomi Campbell, Channing Tatum, and many notable DJs.\n\nHistory\n\nIn 1999 Sean Combs launched a signature collection of sportswear under his given name, Sean John. Since its launch, Sean John has enjoyed critical and commercial success with revenues now exceeding $525 million annually. Sean John has often appeared at the award ceremony for the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) held annually in New York. For five consecutive years, from 2000 to 2005, Sean John was nominated for its excellence in design. In 2004, Sean John was awarded the CFDA Men's Designer of the Year award.\n\nIn February 2001, Sean John produced the first nationally televised runway show during New York Fashion Week when it simultaneously aired live on E! Television and the Style Network. During fashion week in February 2002, the New York Times ran a front page story on Sean John.\n\nIn 2004, Sean John invested in the high-end label Zac Posen.\n\nIn October 2008, the company purchased streetwear lifestyle brand Enyce from Liz Claiborne for $20 million.\n\nCombs' FIFI Award-winning fragrance, Unforgivable, was joined by Sean John fragrance I AM KING in November 2008. On November 24, 2008, he unveiled a new Times Square billboard for the I Am King line to replace his iconic Sean John ad.\n\nIn May 2010, Sean John made a distribution agreement with Macy's department store in which Macy's and Macys.com would be the sole distributor of Sean John sportswear at the retail and online level. As part of this agreement, Sean John and Macy's expanded the Sean John brand's distribution to many more Macy's stores and entered into exclusive marketing partnerships with the NBA.\n\nIn recent years, Sean John has expanded to a full lifestyle brand with the inclusion of multiple product categories including sportswear, tailored suiting, dress shirts, ties, hosiery, eyewear, childrenswear, fragrances, time pieces, outerwear, underwear, loungewear, cold weather accessories, headwear, and footwear.\n\nIn December 2021, Sean Combs purchased Sean John back from Global Brands Group for $7.5 million, following the company's bankruptcy.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nClothing companies of the United States\nClothing companies established in 1998\nSean John\nShops in New York City\nHip hop fashion\nEyewear brands of the United States" ]

[ "Sean Combs", "1999-2000: Forever and Club New York", "What did Sean Combs do at that time?", "In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records.", "Did Sean Combs release any albums during that time frame?", "Forever, Combs' debut solo studio album, was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24, 1999,", "What was Sean Combs record label during that time?", "Bad Boy Records" ]

[ "\"Workin\" is a song written by and performed by American rapper Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs. It was released on October 15, 2015 as the first single of Combs' mixtape MMM (Money Making Mitch). The album version of the track contains guest verses from Big Sean and Travis Scott.\n\nMusic video \nThe music video directed by Hype Williams. The video was released on November 23, 2015 at Vevo and YouTube.\n\nTrack listing \nDigital download\n\"Workin\" — 3:04\n\nRemixes \nOn November 23, 2015, Combs' released a remix of the song also featuring Travis Scott and Big Sean at Vevo and YouTube account.\n\nReferences\n\n2015 songs\n2015 singles\nSean Combs songs\nBig Sean songs\nBad Boy Records singles\nSongs written by Sean Combs\nSongs written by Cyhi the Prynce", "\"Finna Get Loose\" is a song written by and performed by American rapper Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs and American singer Pharrell Williams. Produced by Pharrell, it was released on June 28, 2015 as the first single of Combs' upcoming sixth studio album No Way Out 2.\n\nMusic video \nThe music video directed by Hype Williams, the clip opens in stark black and white. The video was released on August 31, 2015 at Vevo and YouTube.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"Finna Get Loose\" debut for the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs entering the chart at number 44. Its chart debut was supported by first-week digital download sales of 26,000 copies, along with 446,000 domestic streams. The song entering at number 15 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.\n\nTrack listing \nDigital download\n\"Finna Get Loose\" — 3:59\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nReferences\n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs\nSean Combs songs\nPharrell Williams songs\nBad Boy Records singles\nEpic Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Hype Williams\nSongs written by Sean Combs\nSongs written by Pharrell Williams" ]

[ "Sean Combs", "1999-2000: Forever and Club New York", "What did Sean Combs do at that time?", "In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records.", "Did Sean Combs release any albums during that time frame?", "Forever, Combs' debut solo studio album, was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24, 1999,", "What was Sean Combs record label during that time?", "Bad Boy Records", "Who was Sean Combs dating at that time?", "his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez" ]

[ "\"Finna Get Loose\" is a song written by and performed by American rapper Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs and American singer Pharrell Williams. Produced by Pharrell, it was released on June 28, 2015 as the first single of Combs' upcoming sixth studio album No Way Out 2.\n\nMusic video \nThe music video directed by Hype Williams, the clip opens in stark black and white. The video was released on August 31, 2015 at Vevo and YouTube.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"Finna Get Loose\" debut for the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs entering the chart at number 44. Its chart debut was supported by first-week digital download sales of 26,000 copies, along with 446,000 domestic streams. The song entering at number 15 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.\n\nTrack listing \nDigital download\n\"Finna Get Loose\" — 3:59\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nReferences\n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs\nSean Combs songs\nPharrell Williams songs\nBad Boy Records singles\nEpic Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Hype Williams\nSongs written by Sean Combs\nSongs written by Pharrell Williams", "\"Workin\" is a song written by and performed by American rapper Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs. It was released on October 15, 2015 as the first single of Combs' mixtape MMM (Money Making Mitch). The album version of the track contains guest verses from Big Sean and Travis Scott.\n\nMusic video \nThe music video directed by Hype Williams. The video was released on November 23, 2015 at Vevo and YouTube.\n\nTrack listing \nDigital download\n\"Workin\" — 3:04\n\nRemixes \nOn November 23, 2015, Combs' released a remix of the song also featuring Travis Scott and Big Sean at Vevo and YouTube account.\n\nReferences\n\n2015 songs\n2015 singles\nSean Combs songs\nBig Sean songs\nBad Boy Records singles\nSongs written by Sean Combs\nSongs written by Cyhi the Prynce" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family" ]

[ "As Man Desires is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Irving Cummings and starring Viola Dana. It was produced and distributed by First National Pictures.\n\nPlot\nAs described in a review in a film magazine, Major John Craig (Sills) knocks out Colonel Carringford (Nicholson) when he discovers Gloria Gordon (Clifford), his fiancée, has been untrue. Carringford is then murdered by a servant and because Evelyn Beaudine (Theby), a married woman of unsavory reputation, accuses him of the crime, Craig is forced to flee from his British Army post in India. Craig procures a fishing smack and amasses wealth from working pearl beds in the South Seas. He tenders Gorilla Bagsley (Kennedy), a poacher a beating when he finds him annoying Pandora (Dana). She now feels that Craig is \"her man\" and, to spite the memory of the other woman, he marries her. A seaman identifies Craig and notifies the British government. Gloria comes with the representative who tells Craig that Gloria had sacrificed her own reputation to prove his innocence. Gorilla, intending to kill Craig, levels a gun towards his back but Pandora jumps in the way as it is fired. Craig and Gloria are thus united.\n\nCast\n\nPreservation\nWith no prints of As Man Desires located in any film archives, it is a lost film.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1925 films\nAmerican silent feature films\nAmerican films\nLost American films\nFilms directed by Irving Cummings\nFirst National Pictures films\n1925 romantic drama films\nAmerican romantic drama films\nAmerican black-and-white films", "Anna Elizabeth Craig Holan (born June 2, 1993) is a country-pop singer and songwriter from Hartselle, Alabama and currently living in Fort Bliss, Texas. She released her first EP of five original songs on August 2, 2010.\n\nCraig began getting noticed through YouTube. She posted her first video on August 1, 2008 of her singing Taylor Swift's “Picture to Burn.” Currently she has thousands of subscribers and well over 1.5 million views of her singing on YouTube.\n\nCraig is distantly related to the late country music icon Tammy Wynette, who was Craig's grandfather's second cousin. Craig’s EP has had sales and received radio play in the U.S. and other countries.\n\nCraig signed with Expat Records, who re-released her EP on April 11, 2011.\n\nPersonal life\n\nCraig's parents are Angela (née Pugh) and Brent Craig. She has a younger sister, Emily (b. August 23, 1995).\n\nOn January 23, 2016, Craig was married to Joshua Holan.\n\nIn June 2017, Craig announced on her Instagram that she is pregnant. In December 2017, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican country singer-songwriters\nAmerican women country singers\nPeople from Hartselle, Alabama\nLiving people\n1993 births\n21st-century American singers\n21st-century American women singers\nCountry musicians from Alabama\nSinger-songwriters from Alabama" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\"." ]

[ "\"What Kind of Fool\" is a 1981 vocal duet between Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb.\n\nWhat Kind of Fool may also refer to:\n\n \"What Kind of Fool\" (Lionel Cartwright song), a 1991 song by Lionel Cartwright\n \"What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)\", a 1992 song performed by Kylie Minogue\n \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\", a 1962 song recorded by several artists\n \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\", a 1964 song by The Tamms\n \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\", a 1992 song by Lee Roy Parnell\n \"What Kind of Fool\", a 1988 single by All About Eve", "What Kind of World may refer to:\n\n What Kind of World (The Cables album), 1970, or the title track\n What Kind of World (Brendan Benson album), 2012, or the title track\n \"What Kind of World\", a song by Saint Etienne from their 2017 album Home Counties" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know." ]

[ ", known for his stage name is a Japanese radio personality, film critic, and film commentator who is represented by the talent agency Horipro. He is nicknamed . His wife is television caster Izumi Maruoka.\n\nEarly life\nArimura was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1976. His father is the Vice President of Choice Hotels and served as a tourist journalist for Fujimura Nobe Sakana, and his mother was chanson singer Mariko Murasakikura.\n\nArimura got a degree Tamagawa University Faculty of Arts Theater Department, and graduated from the Tokyo Announcement Seminars.\n\nCareer\nHe is mainly a radio personality, and is also a film commentator in magazines and television programs. Arimura was part of Bakademi Kyōkai which they are critics for B-movies. In recent years he is named Sid Arimura.\n\nArimura also appeared in many variety shows.\n\nFilmography\n\nTV series\n\nCurrent\n\nPast\n\nDrama\n\nDrama\n\nRadio\n\nCurrent\n\nPast\n\nCurrent\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Official profile \n Interview at Tarento Data Bank \n\nJapanese radio personalities\nJapanese film critics\n1976 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Kuala Lumpur", "Spouse of the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the title held by the wife of the Prime Minister.\n\nThe current wife of Min Aung Hlaing, who assumed the role on 1 August 2021, is Kyu Kyu Hla.\n\nHistory\nIn post-independence Burma, the presidential system is in place, but the real power is the prime minister. U Nu, who succeeded General Aung San, ruled the country for more than a decade in 1962. Therefore, U Nu's wife, Mya Yi, is the first Spouse of the prime minister of Burma.\n\nList of Spouse of Prime Minister of Myanmar\n\nReferences \n\nMyanmar" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham" ]

[ "\"Hong Kong Kids\" or \"Kong Kids\" (Kong Hai; ; Putonghua: Gǎng Hái) is a derogatory expression that refers to a subset of children or teenagers in Hong Kong who are overly dependent on their families, have low emotional intelligence and lack self-management skills. \nThe term \"Kong Kids\" was coined in 2009 in a book titled Kong Kids: The Nightmares for Parents and Teachers published by MingPao. The book argues that there are five negative characteristics common in children born in Hong Kong after the 1990s.\n\nDescription\nThey are typically born during the 1990s to 2000s, are middle-class families, and are pampered and spoiled by domestic helpers.\n\nKong Kids typically have several common characteristics. For young children, they often lack life skills, such as bathing, cooking, and tying shoelaces. They are used to relying on their parents and foreign domestic helpers.\n\nAccording to a survey by People's Daily Online, almost half of the parents who responded said that their children cannot eat, bathe or dress themselves independently and 15% of the respondents even said their children could not use the toilet independently. When faced with difficulty, \"Kong Kids\" expect others to solve the problems, because they are inexperienced with managing setbacks and have low self-esteem.\n\nThey are usually emotional and self-centred. With low Emotional Quotient (EQ), Kong Kids cannot control their emotion in any circumstances, such as dealing with unpleasant situations. They want to be under the spotlight and cared for by everyone.\n\nKong Kids are almost always not willing or able to solve problems by themselves. Being afraid of failure, they evade adversity and rely on parents.\n\nThey are usually weak in interpersonal communication and self-control. Being self-centred, they cannot put themselves into others' shoes and respect others' opinions. They lack basic manners and come into conflicts easily.\n\nMost of the parents are over-protective of their children and shield them from difficulties and injuries. They are often referred to as \"monster parents\". Parents usually hire foreign domestic helpers to take care of their children, spoil them excessively and satisfy most of their requests. Indulging by parents may lead children to narcissism.\n\nKong Kids often love chasing new trends and pursuing well-known brands. Most of them own brand name goods and electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, iPads, iPods, digital cameras, etc. They do not treasure what they have and look for a materialistic life.\n\nCauses\nNowadays, Hong Kong families typically have one or at most two children. According to some educational experts, some so-called 'monster parents 'protect their children so well that they do not allow children to experience any setback. For instance, in 2010, the Hong Kong students could not get on the planes because of a snowstorm in London. The parents then strongly requested the government to assist students stranded at the airport. This issue induced a lot of criticisms towards parents because of their over-protection. The over-protected children hence have low resilience and can hardly overcome difficulties, which results in Kong Kids.\n\nMost parents in Hong Kong also work full-time. This frequently means they employ a foreign domestic helper to take care of their children. According to a survey, nearly 90% of parents employ a foreign domestic helper to take care of their children. The domestic helpers are not responsible for correcting children's behaviour even though the kids behave wrongly. Therefore, some children become rebellious, impolite and disrespectful of others - characteristics of Kong Kids.\n\nFinally, Hong Kong is an exam-obsessed city where most parents emphasise their children's academic results. The parents understate the need for resilience in their kids. Some children are expected to focus exclusively on academic matters, and not housework or other chores. As a result, these kids become dependent, both physically and psychologically, that is, they become Kong Kids.\n\nEffects\n\nDependent individuals\nKids with \"Kong Kid\" symptoms have little ability to care for themselves and poor problem-solving skills. When faced with adversity, they immediately give up which can lead to feelings of melancholia and, in serious cases, suicide. Kong Kids tend to remain childlike and stunted psychologically.\n\nFor instance, in 2011, a snowstorm paralysed the London Heathrow Airport, many Hong Kong students who came home for holiday were stranded at the airport. They stayed in the banquet rooms of hotels or slept in the airport. During that period, those Hong Kong students complained continuously about the situation and that the banquet rooms were like concentration camps.\n\nKong Kids have negative effects on themselves. Being spoiled, they do not know how to take care of themselves but to depend on others to live their lives. Therefore, Kong Kids have low self-care ability when compared to normal kids. For most of the time, Kong Kids' parents will help them to deal with all difficulties they face, such as handling conflicts between friends and communicating with teachers. In short term, Kong Kids lose a lot of social chances and cannot deal with hurdles by themselves while in long term, Kong Kids will lack essential communication skills and initiation of solving problems.\n\nPoor family situations and relationships\nBecause the children rely excessively on others for care, this pressures parents to be responsible for their child's actions. The embarrassment and frustration of managing children's poor behaviour at home and in public prevents the growth of a healthy parent-child relationship and parents may feel frustrated and humiliated by their children's behaviour.\n\nBurdens for Hong Kong's society \nChildren are the future generations, but Kong Kids may not be equipped to survive in the real world as they are unable to interact with and accommodate others. They do not cherish what they have and are less able to tolerate hardships at work and are at risk for termination of employment. This decreases the effectiveness of the workforce.\n\nKong Kids also negatively impact society. Depending on their parents, Kong Kids have low problem-solving abilities. As a result, once they step into society, they cannot solve problems efficiently, decreasing the productive potential of society. Because their parents solve their problems for them, Kong Kids usually lack motivation to work. The short supply of motivated and enthusiastic citizens reduces the society's competitiveness and therefore its affluence.\n\nSolution\nTo avoid children becoming Kong Kids, parents and schools need to cooperate. According to child and education psychologists, parents should stop over-protecting their children and allow them to learn life self-care skills from daily life like buttoning shirts, tying shoe laces and feeding themselves. They should explain to their children the importance of these skills but not simply tell them to follow. Moreover, parents need to give children room to learn being independent. In order to equip children with the ability to cope with adversity, when they face difficulties, parents should let children solve it on their own rather than tackling it for them. While at school, teachers should guide students to develop interpersonal skills. This is a rare opportunity at home as the family size are usually small.\n\nIn media\nIn the book Kong Kids: The Nightmares for Parents and Teachers, written by Wong Ming Lok, Hong Kong Children are defined as those born from the middle of 90s to the early 2000s, which is an affluent era with information explosion.\nOther literature denote Kong Kids as the \"3-low Kong Kid\". According to the newspaper article which originated this term, Hong Kong children have low autonomy, low emotion quotient and also low studying ability. Some of them do not help with the chores. They do not know how to change their clothes, shower themselves, tie the shoelaces and even tidy up Hong Kong children are vulnerable, not adaptable to challenges and difficulties, some of them may commit suicide due to academic pressure, family and emotional issues.\n\nOn 9 July 2011, a video entitled Tai Po Impolite Kong Kid Scolding Parents () was filmed by witnesses to the incident, posted on websites like YouTube, and was reported by the media.\n\nIn the three-minute video, a young boy with his hands on his hips shouted and condemned his parents for \"forcing\" him to accompany them to the Tai Po supermarket. He threatened to call the police and despite a surrounding crowd, spoke foul language when his parents asked him to be quiet. A passer-by, unable to stand the child's behaviour, gave the child HK$20 so that he could take a taxi home and stop harassing his parents. This video hit the local news and magazines.\n\nSee also\n Education in Hong Kong\n \"Four–two–one\" or \"4–2–1\" phenomenon\n Helicopter parents\n Narcissism\n Princess sickness\n Spoiled child\n\nReferences\n\nCulture of Hong Kong\nHong Kong children\nHong Kong society\nParenting\nSocial issues in China\nStereotypes of East Asians", "\"DINK\" is an acronym that stands for \"double income, no kids\" or \"dual income, no kids\". It describes a couple without children living together while both partners are receiving an income; because both of their wages are coming into the same household, they are free to live more comfortably than couples who live together and spend their money on raising their children. The term was coined at the height of yuppie culture in the 1980s. The Great Recession solidified this social trend, as more couples waited longer to have children or chose not to have children at all.\n\nVariations\n\"DINKER\" means \"dual (or double) income, no kids, early retirement\".\n\n\"DINKY\" means \"double income, no kids yet\", implying that the couple in question is childless only temporarily and intends to have children later, rather than eschewing having children entirely. The British radio sitcom Double Income, No Kids Yet bore this name.\n\n\"GINK\" means \"green inclinations, no kids\", referring to those who choose not to have children for environmental reasons.\n\n\"DINKWAD\" means \"Double income, no kids, with a dog\" \n\n\"DINKYWAD\" means \"Double income, no kids yet, with a dog\" \n\n\"DINKWAC\" means \"Double income, no kids, with a cat\"\n\nSome marketers have proposed \"yappie\" (\"young affluent parent\", adapted from \"yuppie\") as a term to describe similar couples who do have children.\n\nSee also\n\n Childlessness\n Doug, a TV series on which one of the characters has the last name \"Dink\", in reference to the acronym\n Emerging adulthood\n FIRE movement\n Total fertility rate\n Voluntary childlessness\n\nReferences\n\nAcronyms\nFamily\nSocial class subcultures\n1980s neologisms\nChildfree" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham", "do they have kids?", "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles." ]

[ "Merry Go Boy (May 4, 1943 – July 7, 1967) was a highly influential Tennessee Walking Horse sire and two-time World Grand Champion. He is credited for producing the most desirable conformation type in his offspring.\n\nLife\n\nMerry Go Boy was foaled on May 4, 1943. He was sired by the stallion Merry Boy, and out of a mare named Wiser's Dimples. Merry Go Boy was black with a white star and near hind sock. He was bred by Archie Wiser of Wartrace, Tennessee, and sold to Wiser's brother Winston for $350 when he was a few weeks old. In 1944, Elroy Mallard from Georgetown, Kentucky bought a half-interest in Merry Go Boy. In 1948, Merry Go Boy was sold again to a Virginia owner for a then-record price of $55,000. Merry Go Boy was euthanized due to arthritis on July 7, 1967, at Belfast, Tennessee.\n\nCareer\n\nMerry Go Boy won the weanling horse colt class at the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration in 1943. In 1944, he won the yearling colt class and the yearling championship. He won the two-year-old stallion class in 1945, and in the following year, 1946, won the three-year-old stallion/gelding junior stake and was then entered in the \"big stake\" or World Grand Championship, which he lost to Midnight Sun.\nHowever, Merry Go Boy won the World Grand Championship title a year afterwards, in 1947, and again in 1948.\n\nMerry Go Boy's last major win was in 1967, when he won the get of sire class at the Celebration.\n\nOffspring\n\nAfter his retirement from showing, Merry Go Boy was put to stud in 1954 at S.W. Beech's stables. He sired three World Grand Champions: Go Boy's Shadow, winner in 1955 and 1956 with Winston Wiser; Go Boy's Sundust, winner in 1967; and Go Boy's Royal Heir, winner in 1968. In the 1960 Breeders' National Futurity, 24 of the 46 awards were given to sons and daughters of Merry Go Boy, although it is not known what became of these horses after they matured. Merry Go Boy is credited with popularizing his black color and fine conformation within his breed.\n\nPedigree\n\nReferences\n\nIndividual Tennessee Walking Horses\n1943 animal births\nWorld Grand Champion Tennessee Walking Horses", "Boy (also Boye) was a white hunting poodle belonging to Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the 17th century. Parliamentarian propaganda alleged that the dog was \"endowed\" with magical powers.\n\nBoy accompanied his master into battle and was killed at the Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644.\n\nOrigins\n\nBoy was first given to Prince Rupert when he was imprisoned in the fortress of Linz during the Thirty Years' War. The Earl of Arundel, an Englishman who had grown concerned about Rupert's plight, gave him the animal to keep him company during his confinement. The dog was a rare breed of white hunting poodle.\n\nThere were probably two poodles, one black and one white, given to Rupert in Germany. The black was lost early on in the war; it was the white survivor who became notorious. It was sometimes called \"Puddle\" (for \"poodle\"), but it's famous as being called \"Boy\"; although it might have been female. Propaganda was put about that Boy had possession of dark powers as a 'dog-witch'.\n\nBoy was sufficiently impressive and famous across Europe that the Ottoman Sultan of the day, Murad IV, requested that his ambassador attempt to find him a similar animal. Boy accompanied Rupert during his travels until 1644.\n\nPropaganda and magical powers\nBoy accompanied his master from 1642 to 1644 during the English Civil War. \n\nRupert was the iconic Royalist cavalier of the conflict and was frequently the subject of Parliamentarian propaganda. Boy, who often accompanied Rupert into battle, featured heavily in this, and was widely suspected of being a witch's familiar. There were numerous accounts of Boy's abilities; some suggested that he was the Devil in disguise.\n\nJohn Cleveland and other Royalist satirists and parodists mocked these Parliamentarian attitudes and produced lampoons that satirised the alleged \"superstition\" and \"credulity\" of their opponents; Cleveland claimed that Boy was Prince Rupert's shapeshifting familiar, and of demonic origins. Other satirists suggested that Boy was a \"Lapland Lady\" who had been transformed into a white dog. Boy was also \"able\" to find hidden treasure, was invulnerable to attack, could catch bullets fired at Rupert in his mouth, and prophesy as well as the 16th-century soothsayer, Mother Shipton. Royalist soldiers also promoted Boy, as their adopted mascot, to the rank of Sergeant-Major-General.\n\nReportedly, Boy had other endearing attributes, such as cocking his leg when he heard the name of John Pym, leader of the Parliamentarian forces. He was also alleged to have performed for Charles I, slept in Prince Rupert's bed, and played with Princes Charles, James and Harry and Princess Henrietta, and was often fed roast beef and capon breast by Charles I himself.\n\nDeath\n\nBoy died during the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644. He had been left safely tied up in the Royalist camp, but escaped and chased after Rupert. The battle went badly for the Royalists, and Rupert was forced to flee the field; Boy was killed during the ensuing fighting. He was prominently depicted in woodcut scenes drawn of the battle at the time, lying upside down, dead; Simon Ash, a contemporary historian of the event, drew specific attention to the death of this 'much spoken of' dog.\n\nLegacy\nBoy has been recorded as the first official British Army Dog.\n\nContemporary works about Boy\nObservations Upon Prince Rupert's White Dog called Boy (Anonymous, 1642)\nA Dialogue, or Rather a Parley, between Prince Rupert's Dog whose name is Puddle and Tobies Dog, whose name is Pepper (Anonymous, 1643)\nThe Parliament's Unspotted Bitch (Anonymous, 1643)\nThe Parliament's Unspotted Bitch (Cover – Anonymous, 1643)\nA Dog's Elegy: Elegy of Prince Rupert's Tears for the Late Defeat at Marston Moor where his Beloved Dog named Boy was killed by a Valiant Soldier (Anonymous, 1644)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nBence-Jones, Mark. (1976) The Cavaliers. London: Constable.\nGaunt, Peter. (2003) The English Civil Wars 1642-1651. Osprey Publishing.\nLevack, Brian P. (ed) (2001) New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the British Isles and New England. London: Routledge.\nPurkiss, Diane. (2001) Desire and Its Deformities: Fantasies of Witchcraft in the English Civil War. in Levack (ed) (2001).\nPurkiss, Diane. (2007) The English Civil War: A People's History. London: Harper.\nSpencer, Charles. (2007) Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier. London: Phoenix.\nStoyle, Mark. (2011) \"The Prince and the Devil Dog,\" BBC History 12: 5. pp. 22–26.\nWedgwood, C. V. (1970) The King's War: 1641-1647. London: Fontana.\n\nFurther reading\nStoyle, Mark. (2011) The Black Legend of Prince Rupert's Dog. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.\n\nEnglish Civil War\nIndividual dogs\nMilitary animals\n17th-century individual animals\n1644" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham", "do they have kids?", "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles.", "was it a boy?", "The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011." ]

[ "The 'Dead End' Kids \"On Dress Parade\" is a 1939 Warner Bros. film that marked the first time The Dead End Kids headlined a film without any other well-known actors.\n\nPlot\nA hero of World War I, Colonel William Duncan, is on his deathbed. He summons his old friend, Colonel Mitchell Reiker to ask him if he will care for his son Slip when he dies. Reiker agrees, and when Duncan passes, Slip, who does not want to leave the neighborhood he grew up in, is tricked into attending the military school that Reiker is in charge of.\n\nCadet Major Rollins tries to help Slip reform and adapt to military life, but is thrown out a window for his troubles. He continues to have altercations with all of the other cadets, but in the end he winds up saving the life of Cadet Warren during a fire in the camp munitions storeroom. Although he is seriously injured during the rescue, the other cadets respect his efforts and welcome him as one of their own. For his heroics he is given his father's distinguished service cross and given the title of cadet major.\n\nCast\n\nThe Dead End Kids\nBilly Halop as Cadet Major Rollins\nBobby Jordan as Cadet Ronny Morgan\nLeo Gorcey as Slip Duncan\nGabriel Dell as Cadet Georgie Warren\nHuntz Hall as Cadet Johnny Cabot\nBernard Punsly as Dutch\n\nAdditional cast\n\nFrankie Thomas as Cadet Lieutenant Murphy\nJohn Litel as Col. Michael Riker\nCissie Loftus as Mrs. Neely\nSelmer Jackson as Capt. Evans Dover\nAldrich Bowker as Father Ryan\nDouglas Meins as Hathaway\nWilliam Gould as Dr. Lewis\nDon Douglas as Col. Wm. Duncan\nEmory Parnell as Policeman - Paddy\n\nCharacter portrayals\nThis is the only Dead End Kids film in which Gorcey appears in the type of role he would assume throughout the East Side Kids and The Bowery Boys films, as the tough guy malcontent/gang leader. His character's name, Slip, also became his official character name in the Bowery Boys films. In addition, this is Bernard Punsly's briefest appearance in any of their films.\n\nProduction\nAlternate titles for this film are Dead End Kids on Dress Parade and Dead End Kids at Military School.\n\nReception\nVariety wrote, \"They're cleaned up, brushed up, put in military school uniforms, turned into refined little gentlemen--and it's too bad. It's too bad <...> that if the transition had to be made it should be in such a mawkishly sentimental and obvious picture. It just doesn't ring true.\"\n\nHome media\nThe film was released as a double feature DVD by Warner Archives with Hell's Kitchen on January 22, 2013.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n1939 films\nAmerican films\nEnglish-language films\nAmerican black-and-white films\nWarner Bros. films\nFilms directed by Noel M. Smith \nFilms directed by William Clemens\nBoarding school films\nAmerican drama films\n1939 drama films", "The Boer goat is a breed of goat that was developed in South Africa in the early 1900s and is a popular breed for meat production. Their name is derived from the Afrikaans word boer, meaning farmer.\n\nOrigins and characteristics\nThe Boer goat was bred from the indigenous South African goats kept by the Namaqua, San, and Fooku tribes, with some crossing of Indian and European bloodlines being possible. They were selected for meat rather than milk production; due to selective breeding and improvement, the Boer goat has a fast growth rate and excellent carcass qualities, making it one of the most popular breeds of meat goat in the world. Boer goats have a high resistance to disease and adapt well to hot, dry semideserts. United States production is centered in west-central Texas, particularly in and around San Angelo and Menard. The original US breeding stock came from herds located in New Zealand. Only later were they imported directly from Africa. \n\nBoer goats commonly have white bodies and distinctive brown heads. Some Boer goats can be completely brown or white or paint, which means large spots of a different color are on their bodies. Like the Nubian goat, they possess long, pendulous ears. They are noted for being docile, fast-growing, and having high fertility rates. Does are reported to have superior mothering skills as compared to other breeds. \nBoer goats tend to gain weight at about the same rate as their sire, so a buck from a proven fast-growing bloodline will command the highest price, as its offspring tend to also be fast growers. The primary market for slaughter goats is a kid; kids should reach marketable size at weaning age. The kid of a proven fast-growing sire might weigh at 90 days, while the kid of a poor-quality sire might weigh only at 90 days. An average-quality buck will initially be less expensive to purchase, but it can significantly undermine an operation's long-term profitability.\n\nDue to their versatility on different terrains, Boer goat are frequently used for land maintenance, especially to prevent bush encroachment on rangeland. As typical browsers, the goats are able to suppress re-growth after bush thinning and to browse from plants up to 1.8 meters high, standings on their hind legs.\n\nDoe \nDoes used to breed show-quality goats are normally very large. For commercial meat production, medium-sized does are normally preferred, as they produce the same number of kids, but require less feed to do so. \nAs a general rule, the more kids born per doe, the greater profit margins for the owner. Boer goats are polyestrous (they can breed throughout the year), and they reach sexual maturity at five months of age. A typical breeding program is to produce three kid crops every two years, meaning the does are pregnant for five months, nurse their kids for three months, and then are rebred. Multiple births are common, and a 200% kid crop is achievable in managed herds. Usually, first-time does have one kid, but they may have more. After that, they usually have two kids every other breeding. The kids can be brown, black, white, or mixed.\n\nCrossbreeding \n\nWhile purebred bucks are usually preferred for breeding purposes, crossbred does are commonly used for kid production, with the resulting offspring being 7/8 or more Boer. Common crosses are Boer x Spanish goat, Boer x Angora goat, Boer x Kiko goat, Boer x Nubian goat, Boer x Sirohi, Boer x Osmanabadi, and Boer x Jamnapari goat. An effort to crossbreed with the Malabari goat has been controversial.\n\nPercentage Boer goats are very common in commercial meat herds, and with those just starting out in the Boer goat business due to ease of acquisition and affordability. Over time, percentage animals can be bred up to American purebred status. An American purebred is a Boer goat of 15/16ths Boer blood (F4) for does and 31/32nds blood (F5) for Boer bucks. Bucks must be one generation of Boer breeding higher than does to achieve this status because they have the potential to spread their genetic pool much further than any single doe; a higher level of Boer blood lessens the chances of other breed qualities in the offspring. Although American purebreds can never be registered as Fullblood (FB), many breeders still use a good American purebred buck with excellent results.\n\nMany producers still prefer purebred or fullblood bucks and does, and intentional crossbreeding is far from universal.\n\nNote: The 'F' designation is the commonly used shorthand for indicating the percentage of pure blood (Boer in this case) resulting from crossbreeding of a Pureblood boer buck with does of other breeds:\n\n F1 : 1/2 boer blood (Pureblood buck sire, other breed doe)\n F2 : 3/4 boer blood (Pureblood buck sire, F1 doe)\n F3 : 7/8 boer blood (Pureblood buck sire, F2 doe)\n F4 : 15/16 boer blood (Pureblood buck sire, F3 doe)\n F5 : 31/32 boer blood (Pureblood buck sire, F4 doe)\n\nShow goats \n\nAlthough Boer goats raised specifically for show purposes may seem to have little in common with pastured commercial goats, the difference is superficial. They are bred to be larger than normal goats, and meet specific visual appearances, but these very characteristics are valuable genes to add to the commercial herd. Boer goats were originally imported into the US and other countries for this very reason. Their value to ranchers lies in the improvement the addition of their unique genes can offer any breed of goats being raised for meat. Few producers could afford to maintain a herd of essentially useless animals. Show goats are bred to represent the most desirable characteristics of the Boer goat, and their main purpose is to introduce these animals to the public. It is also a method of recognizing the best of the best, although some really superior goats are not shown preference. Bucks and does bred for show can be and often are used for commercial breeding stock. To show, most Boer goats have to be registered with either the CMGA, ABGA, IBGA, or USBGA. Though Boer goats are often bred to be shown, they can also make very good pets.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nFirst Boer Goat Studies Europe\nAmerican Boer Goat Association\nUnited States Boer Goat Association\nInternational Boer Goat Association\nAmerican Meat Goat Association (AMGA)\nInformation on the Boer Goat from South Africa\nInformation on the Boer Goat in Norway\n\nGoat breeds\nMeat goat breeds\nGoat breeds originating in South Africa" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham", "do they have kids?", "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles.", "was it a boy?", "The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011.", "does he have any other kids?", "His second marriage was to Sascha Corwin (founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), with whom he has one son," ]

[ "Alberic II (died 1183) was the Count of Dammartin, possibly the son of Aubry de Mello, Count of Dammartin, and Adela, daughter of Hugh I, Count of Dammartin.\n\nWhat little is known for sure about Alberic II is confounded by the preponderance of noblemen of the same name in both France and England. What is known is that he married Clémence of Bar, daughter of Reginald I \"One-Eyed\", Count of Bar, one of the leaders of the Second Crusade, and Gisèle de Vaudémont, daughter of Gerard I, Count of Vaudémont.\n\nAlberic and Clémence had one son:\n Alberic III, Count of Dammartin.\n\nAlberic II was succeeded by his son Alberic III as Count of Dammartin upon his death.\n\nThe discussion in Aubry, Count of Dammartin, provides some insight into how Alberic III came to claim the countship. Further complicating the genealogy, Clémence, widowed, married Renaud II, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, her second husband and his second wife. Renaud and his first wife, Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois, were the parents of Mathilde, wife of Alberic III.\n\nSources \n Mathieu, J. N., Recherches sur les premiers Comtes de Dammartin, Mémoires publiés par la Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France, 1996\n Medieval Lands Project, Comtes de Dammartin (Montdidier)\n\nReferences \n\n1183 deaths\nAlberic", "Tjan was the wife of the ancient Egyptian king Sobekhotep IV of the 13th Dynasty, during the late 18th century BC.\n\nTjan bears the title King's wife and is known from only several objects. In the British Museum there is a bead with the short inscription: king's wife, Tjan, beloved of Hathor, mistress of Atfih. In the Louvre, there is a scarab with her name and title. In the Egyptian Museum of Cairo there is a box with an inscription stating that a certain [...]hotep begotten of king Khaneferre and born of the king's wife Tjan. The name of the son is only partly preserved. Khaneferre is the throne name of king Sobekhotep IV. This inscription identifies her as the wife of this king. Finally there is a fragment of a faience vase naming her daughter Nebetiunet. Tjan does not appear on monuments of the king. Perhaps she married him late in his reign.\n\nSources\n\nQueens consort of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt\n18th-century BC women\nEgyptian Museum" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham", "do they have kids?", "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles.", "was it a boy?", "The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011.", "does he have any other kids?", "His second marriage was to Sascha Corwin (founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), with whom he has one son,", "what is the name of his first wife?", "Anne Hogarth" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Craig Ferguson", "Family", "is craig married?", "Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as \"relationship issues\".", "what kind of issues?", "I don't know.", "who is his current wife?", "Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham", "do they have kids?", "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles.", "was it a boy?", "The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011.", "does he have any other kids?", "His second marriage was to Sascha Corwin (founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), with whom he has one son,", "what is the name of his first wife?", "Anne Hogarth", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "His second marriage was to Sascha Corwin (founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), with whom he has one son, Milo Hamish Ferguson, born in 2001." ]

[ "Split EP! is a split EP from American indie hip hop artists Why? and Odd Nosdam. It was released on Anticon in 2001. The EP consists of Why?'s You'll Know Where Your Plane Is... and Odd Nosdam's EAT.\n\nReception\nDarren Keast of SF Weekly gave the EP a mixed review, saying: \"While Split EP! provides a welcome respite from the conservatism of rap, it also sends up a red flag -- a warning that Anticon's 'alternative' might evolve into a samey-sounding cottage industry.\"\n\nTrack listing\n You'll Know Where Your Plane Is...\n Untitled (0:24) \n Untitled (2:11)\n Untitled (1:29)\n Untitled (1:50)\n Untitled (1:00)\n Untitled (2:12)\n Untitled (3:49)\n EAT\n Untitled (1:27)\n Untitled (1:51)\n Untitled (1:11)\n Untitled (1:43)\n Untitled (2:09)\n Untitled (1:03)\n Untitled (2:06)\n Untitled (31:07)\n Untitled (7:59)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2001 EPs\nAnticon EPs\nAlternative hip hop EPs", "Gasolin' is a 2006 documentary film directed by Anders Østergaard.\n\nThe film is about Denmark's most influential rock band, Gasolin'. For the first time since they split up in 1978, the four band members reflect upon their career and why they parted.\n\nGasolin'\nFranz Beckerlee\nWili Jønsson\nKim Larsen\nSøren Berlev\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nDanish films\nDanish documentary films\nDanish rock music films\n2006 films\nRockumentaries\nBest Documentary Bodil Award winners\n2000s Danish-language films" ]

[ "Phonograph", "Terminology" ]

[ "Dan Kelly was an American pioneer recording artist, best known for his 'Pat Brady' series of humorous recitations. Kelly was born in New York City January 22, 1842. Both of his parents were musicians, and he began performing at 13 years old, at Wyatt's Theater in Hartford, Connecticut. He continued in minstrel shows such as Bryant's and Christy's, as well as traveling panorama demonstrations, before moving to Cincinnati to record for the Ohio Phonograph Company (a regional subsidiary of the North American Phonograph Company). Kelly recorded also for the Columbia Phonograph Company and New Jersey Phonograph Company (also subsidiaries of North American at the time). An article in The Phonogram magazine speaks to his popularity in the early 1890s - \"Where is there a phonograph in the United States or Canada without a Brady? The answer is, no-where!\", and \"Kelly [...] stands to-day the acknowledged head of all humorous talkers for the phonograph\". For all of his fame in the earliest days of the phonograph industry, he doesn't seem to have made any recordings later than 1893 or 1894, and it's unclear what he did later in life. Because he only recorded onto 'brown wax' cylinders, few of his recordings survive today.\n\nReferences\n\n19th-century American musicians\n1842 births\nYear of death missing\nPioneer recording artists\nPeople from New York City\nPlace of death missing", "The Graphophone was the name and trademark of an improved version of the phonograph. It was invented at the Volta Laboratory established by Alexander Graham Bell in Washington, D.C., United States.\n\nIts trademark usage was acquired successively by the Volta Graphophone Company, then the American Graphophone Company, the North American Phonograph Company, and finally by the Columbia Phonograph Company (known today as Columbia Records), all of which either produced or sold Graphophones.\n\nResearch and development \n\nIt took five years of research under the directorship of Benjamin Hulme, Harvey Christmas, Charles Sumner Tainter and Chichester Bell at the Volta Laboratory to develop and distinguish their machine from Thomas Edison's Phonograph.\n\nAmong their innovations, the researchers experimented with lateral recording techniques as early as 1881. Contrary to the vertically-cut grooves of Edison Phonographs, the lateral recording method used a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a \"zig zag\" pattern across the record. While cylinder phonographs never employed the lateral cutting process commercially, this later became the primary method of phonograph disc recording.\n\nBell and Tainter also developed wax-coated cardboard cylinders for their record cylinder. Edison's grooved mandrel covered with a removable sheet of tinfoil (the actual recording medium) was prone to damage during installation or removal. Tainter received a separate patent for a tube assembly machine to automatically produce the coiled cardboard tube cores of the wax cylinder records. The shift from tinfoil to wax resulted in increased sound fidelity and record longevity.\n\nBesides being far easier to handle, the wax recording medium also allowed for lengthier recordings and created superior playback quality. Additionally the Graphophones initially deployed foot treadles to rotate the recordings, then wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms, and finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank on Edison's Phonograph.\n\nCommercialization \n\nIn 1885, when the Volta Laboratory Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed patent applications and began to seek out investors. The Volta Graphophone Company of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and incorporated on February 3, 1886. It formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first Dictaphone.\n\nAfter the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in Washington, D.C., businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28, 1887, to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into Columbia Records. The Howe Machine Factory (for sewing machines) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, became American Graphophone manufacturing plant. Tainter resided there for several months to supervise manufacturing before becoming ill, but later went on to continue his inventive work for many years. The small Bridgeport plant, which initially produced three or four machines a day, later became the Dictaphone Corporation.\n\nSubsequent developments \nShortly after American Graphophone creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. He directly invested $200,000 into American Graphophone, and agreed to purchase 5,000 machines yearly, in return for sales rights to the Graphophone (except in Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia).\n\nSoon after, Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company and its patents for US$500,000, and exclusive sales rights of the Phonograph in the United States from Ezrah T. Gilliand (who had previously been granted the contract by Edison) for $250,000, leaving Edison with the manufacturing rights.\n. He then created the North American Phonograph Company in 1888 to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph.\n\nJesse Lippincott set up a sales network of local companies to lease Phonographs and Graphophones as dictation machines. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit's mechanical problems and also to resistance from stenographers, resulting in the company's bankruptcy. \n\nA coin-operated version of the Graphophone, , was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with nickel-in-the-slot entertainment phonograph demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company.\n\nIn 1889, the trade name Graphophone began to be utilized by Columbia Phonograph Company as the name for their version of the Phonograph. Columbia Phonograph Company, originally established by a group of entrepreneurs licensed by the American Graphophone Company to retail graphophones in Washington DC, ultimately acquired American Graphophone Company in 1893. In 1904, Columbia Phonograph Company established itself in Toronto, Canada. Two years later, in 1906, the American Graphophone company reorganized and changed its name to Columbia Graphophone Company to reflect its association with Columbia. In 1918, Columbia Graphophone Company reorganized to form a retailer, Columbia Graphophone Company—and a manufacturer, Columbia Graphophone Manufacturing Company. In 1923, Louis Sterling bought Columbia Phonograph Co. and reorganized it yet again, giving birth to the future record giant Columbia Records.\n\nEarly machines compatible with Edison cylinders were modified treadle machines. The upper-works connected to a spring or electric motor (called Type K electric) in a boxy case, which could record and play back the old Bell and Tainter cylinders. Some models, like the Type G, had new upper-works that were not designed to play Bell and Tainter cylinders. The name Graphophone was used by Columbia (for disc machines) into the 1920s or 1930s, and the similar name Grafonola was used to denote internal horn machines.\n\nSee also \n Columbia Graphophone Company, one of the earliest gramophone companies in the United Kingdom\n Howe Machine Factory\n List of phonograph manufacturers\n Volta Laboratory and Bureau\n Charles A. Cheever\n\nReferences \n\n This article incorporates text from the United States National Museum, a government publication in the public domain.\n\nExternal links \n Charles Tainter and the Graphophone\n The Development of Sound Recording at the Volta Laboratory, Raymond R. Wile, Association for Recorded Sound Collections Journal, 21:2, Fall 1990, retrieved July 2, 2017 \n Type K Electric Graphophone\n Identification guides for Columbia Graphophones:\n Cylinder Graphophones\n Front-mount Graphophones\n Rear-mount Graphophones\n\nAudiovisual introductions in 1886\nAudio players\nAudio equipment manufacturers of the United States\nAlexander Graham Bell\nPhonograph manufacturers\nHistory of Bridgeport, Connecticut\nGeorgetown (Washington, D.C.)\nAmerican inventions\nArticles containing video clips" ]