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[ "Kitty Pryde", "Publication history", "when did her powers first appear?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Kitty Wilde is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee. The character is portrayed by actress Becca Tobin, and appeared for the first time during the first episode of the fourth season, \"The New Rachel\", first broadcast on September 13, 2012. Kitty was introduced as a bully and a member of the McKinley High cheerleader squad who slushies the newest members of the Glee club, Marley Rose and Wade \"Unique\" Adams, and serves as the new teen antagonist for the season, as well as serving as a parallel to an early Quinn Fabray. As the season progressed, she joins the glee club and becomes Marley's worst enemy, but, it is later shown that Kitty also has a soft side. Her harshness and cruelty seems to be greatly lessened during the fifth and sixth season, as she is seen becoming a better person, though she still acts rudely in general most of the time.\n\nKitty was initially a recurring character in the fourth season, but was promoted to the main cast during the fifth season before being demoted to the recurring cast again in the sixth and final seasonthe only cast member introduced in the fourth season to have a significant presence (nine episodes) in the final season.\n\nStorylines\n\nSeason 4\nAt the beginning the fourth season, Kitty is initially friendly to members of the school's glee club, New Directions, because they were popular. Once the glee club recruits Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist) and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell), however, Kitty is less welcoming to the newcomers. Marley tells the glee club she is not comfortable with Kitty, and the cheerleader says that the feeling is mutual. She starts a relationship with Marley's love interest and brother of former glee club member Puck, Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist). The two of them break up during the fourth episode of the season, \"The Break-Up\", because he becomes angry at her for insulting his friend, Marley, which in turn angers Kitty.\n\nKitty later competes with Marley for the female lead role in the school musical, Grease. Marley wins the role, leaving Kitty angry and with the part of Patty Simcox. During the production of the school musical, Kitty manipulates Marley's costumes, and makes them tighter because she wants Marley to believe that she is gaining weight, which contributes to Marley having an eating disorder. During the season's eighth episode, \"Thanksgiving\", Kitty meets her idol, who is a former Cheerio and glee club member, Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), and tell her lies about Jake pressuring Marley into sex which Quinn believes due to her experience with his brother Puck (Mark Salling) back in the first season. Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) is the only alumna who is aware of Kitty's manipulative nature. After failing to get Jake back, Kitty dates Puck instead. Kitty initially pretends to be Marley's friend, but as the season progress, she ends up liking her. Later in the year, two gun shots are heard and the school goes into lockdown. Fearing that she and everyone else in the glee club won't get out alive, Kitty admits to Marley that she altered her costumes and apologizes to her and Unique. When Kitty and Puck break-up, she develops a crush on her friend Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), after he and Kitty connect over their shared experiences of sexual abuse. They go on one date and when Kitty wants to go on another he blows her off, which leads to awkwardness between them. She was sadly denied.\n\nNear the season finale, Kitty helps Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) to attend to the college of his dreams and also becomes a friend of everyone of the glee club.\n\nSeason 5\nKitty starts a relationship with Artie, but they initially keep it a secret because she is afraid that it will ruin her popularity. When Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) finds out, she tells the glee club members about it. Kitty then makes the relationship official and public. During the second episode of the season, \"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds\", Tina and Kitty are both nominated for prom queen. Kitty, a sophomore, strongly supports Tina because she is a senior and feels it is her time to shine, but a new cheerleader, Bree (Erinn Westbrook), insists that Kitty wins the crown because she believes that a Cheerio should win. Bree posts campaign posters of Kitty, though everyone thinks that Kitty did so. When Tina wins at the prom, only to be struck with a bucketful of slushie moments afterward, thanks to Bree's connivance, Kitty lets Tina use her prom dress for the remainder of the evening. \n\nKitty's final appearance of the season is at the end of school year in the episode \"New Directions\", after school principal Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) disbands the glee club for failing to win the national championship. The remaining seven episodes of the season all took place in New York City only, during which it is mentioned that Artie and Kitty have broken up.\n\nSeason 6\nIn the episode \"Homecoming\", while the New Directions alumni are trying to recruit new students to join the revamped glee club led by Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Kitty—bitter over her and Artie's breakup and Rachel failing to know the names of the glee club members who had joined after her graduation despite having met them—slams Quinn, Santana, Brittany, and especially Artie, for how the past members treated the members who joined when she did, and discourages the new Cheerios from joining. Later, in the episode \"The Hurt Locker, Part Two\", Rachel tries to recruit Kitty to rejoin the glee club. Kitty reveals that the reason she is so against rejoining the club is because of how she was so invested in the club before but was heartbroken when her friends stopped talking to her once they got transferred away from McKinley High after the club was disbanded. After Rachel convinces her she will make sure the club is back permanently, Kitty has a change of heart and rejoins. She now has a nicer attitude towards Rachel and seems to mingle with the new newbies, and as the one with the most experience in the club, becomes something of a leader to them. She also attends the double wedding of Brittany and Santana with Kurt and Blaine, and befriends the new tween member of the Glee Club, Myron, who is interested in her. In the series finale \"Dreams Come True\", after winning Nationals with the glee club, she graduates (offscreen) and later moves to New York, where she watches Rachel winning a Tony award on TV with her friends. She appears in the final performance of the episode.\n\nMusical performances\nSamantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly gave a \"B+\" grade to Kitty's performance with Marley Rose, Wade \"Unique\" Adams, Brittany S. Pierce, and Tina Cohen-Chang of the Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" in the episode Guilty Pleasures\", and wrote, \"The vocals were good, the vibe was fun, but I wasn't too impressed with the costumes, probably because I've done better. Yes, I won a costume contest as one-fifth of the Spice Girls in college. So what?\".\n\nErin Strecker of Entertainment Weekly gave a \"B+\" grade to Kitty's duet with Marley Rose of Bonnie Tyler's \"Holding Out for a Hero\" in the \"Dynamic Duets\" episode, and wrote, \"I’ve said it before: I may not like her character, but I really enjoy Kitty’s performances. This high-energy choir room duet with Marley was a superhero treat\".\n\nSandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly gave a \"B\" grade to Kitty's rendition of Stevie Wonder's \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours\" in the \"Wonder-ful\" episode, and wrote, \"Kitty, Jake and Ryder have their choir room fun in this Wonder classic, but I have to agree with Mercedes – they never really took it to the next level.\" Michael Slezak gave the number a \"C+\". L'Oreal Thompson of The Baltimore Sun called it a \"rather spirited rendition\".\n\nReception\nReviews for Kitty's role has received mixed opinions from critics.\n\nKitty's role in earlier episodes — specifically in the episode \"Glease\" — has been received negatively by Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter, as she pointed out her bullying nature. She says \"While Kitty's zingers can be funny, her attempt to win Jake back over by meddling with Marley makes little sense considering the limited time (and chemistry) the Cheerio had with the younger Puckerman.\" When Kitty was first introduced, she received extremely negative reviews from fans because Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) described her as a \"new Quinn Fabray\" on Kitty's first appearance, \"The New Rachel\". Tobin said they are very different because: \"Quinn was more mysterious about her motives, and Kitty has no filter and whatever she thinks, she says out loud, and she doesn't make it too secretive what her motives are.\" But she also admitted that they have their similarities, \"Kitty really looks up to Quinn because she's the original mean girl and original head Cheerio queen-bee type\", she explained.\n\nErin Strecker of Entertainment Weekly gave Kitty's role in the fourth season a mixed review, saying:\n\nReferences\n\nGlee (TV series) characters\nFictional characters from Ohio\nTelevision characters introduced in 2012\nFictional cheerleaders\nAmerican female characters in television\nFictional bullies\nFictional dancers\nFictional singers\nTeenage characters in television\nFemale characters in television", "\"I Let the Stars Get In My Eyes\" is country music song that was written by Slim Willet and Tommy Hill. The song was an answer song to the big pop music hit Perry Como had with his song \"Don't Let the Stars Get In Your Eyes.\"\n\nBackground\nSlim Willet and Skeets McDonald also recorded country versions of the pop song that became hits. When Hill and Willet wrote the answer song, it was originally intended for Kitty Wells who like Goldie Hill was a star of the Louisiana Hayride. In 1952, Hill was trying to make it as a country artist after signing a contract with Decca Records that year. Her first single, 1952's \"Why Talk to My Heart,\" was not successful. She would have a major hit, however, with this song written by singer Slim Willet and Hill's brother, Tommy.\n\nChart performance\nThe song was then released by Decca Records It went to number one on Billboard magazine's Most Played in Jukeboxes chart, and number four on the National Best Sellers chart on Billboard's country charts. Her recording made Hill only the second woman to have accomplished, one year after Kitty Wells became the first with It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels. was one \n\nAlong with Kitty Wells, Hill's success inspired other female country singers to try to make into the music business. Some of these singers later did, like Jean Shepard in 1953 and Patsy Cline in 1957.\n\nReferences\n\n1952 singles\nGoldie Hill songs\nSongs written by Slim Willet\nDecca Records singles" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Publication history", "when did her powers first appear?", "I don't know.", "who was trying to recruit kitty?", "In the late '80s, she joined the British-based super team, Excalibur, where she remained for roughly ten years before coming back to the X-Men." ]

[ "A mindwipe is a fictional memory erasure procedure in which the subject's memories and sometimes personality are erased. Often those are replaced by new memories more useful to those who are carrying out the mindwiping. It is a more thorough form of brainwashing. It is sometimes used as an alternative to capital punishment, or to make the subject more useful to the system. The mindwipe can be performed by a hypnotic or magical ability, or by an electronic device. It is often coupled with stories where the characters have amnesia, although the latter concept includes cases that occur naturally or by accident instead of the result of a deliberate procedure.\n\nExamples\n\n The 1952 short story Paycheck by Philip K. Dick, in which an engineer, who has been working on a top-secret project after which his memory is wiped, discovers that he has not received any payments, but an assortment of random items, and that the secret police are after him. It was made into a film in 2003.\n Alfred Bester's 1953 novel The Demolished Man; in which the technique is labeled \"Demolition\".\n The 1966 short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\" by Philip K. Dick in which a businessman undergoes a procedure where he receives memories of a vacation on Mars, only to discover that the procedure has backfired, and that his mind had already been wiped. It was the basis for the 1990 film Total Recall.\n The plot of Ralph Blum's 1970 novel The Simultaneous Man revolves around mind erasure and personality transfer \n The TV series UFO features amnesia injections.\n Robert Silverberg's 1972 novel The Second Trip about a criminal whose new personality struggles to suppress his original criminal personality which was revived by telepathic contact with a friend of the old personality.\n In the TV series Blake's 7, Blake had been mindwiped prior to the events in the series, but begins to recall things.\n The 1980 novel The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum. Jason Bourne is an amnesiac who discovers that he has had his memories wiped, but not his skills and instincts, of being an expert assassin. This has been adapted into a book and movie series.\n The Men in Black comic book series and film franchise, which features a device called the neuralyzer, which performs the mind wipe with a camera flash. The agent then makes a hypnotic suggestion to fill in what happened.\n In the TV series Babylon 5, the Psi-Corps is an organization whose members have telepathic abilities; they are able to assist doctors in a procedure that erases memories and traits in criminals, called \"Death Of Personality\" as a punishment.\n Dark City revolves around an elaborate experiment on abducted humans by extraterrestrials in which their memories are constantly being erased and replaced. \n Eoin Colfer's Artemis Fowl novel series, where it is one of the technologies/abilities available.\n In the cartoon series Totally Spies!, various characters get their memory wiped. This also occurs in its spin-off series The Amazing Spiez\n The 2004 comic book series Identity Crisis, where Zatanna mindwipes Doctor Light's memories of having sexually assaulted Ralph Dibny's wife Sue.\n The 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind has the main characters pay to have their memories of their relationship erased, so they can meet again to restart their relationship afresh.\n The 2009 TV series Dollhouse is about a corporation where certain employees called Actives (or Dolls) are mind-wiped and implanted with custom personalities and abilities to service their clients.\n The 2009 anime series Eden of the East, in which the main character discovers that he has had his memory erased and that he is involved in a high-stakes competition.\n The 2013 video game Remember Me, in which the protagonist gets her memories wiped by the megacorporation Memorize. The game also allows the player to manipulate a person's memories using a technique called \"remixing\".\n\n In Rayark Inc.'s Cytus II, Ivy/Aesir erases their fan's memories after performing at their own festival.\n The 2015 video game Fallout 4, in which some escaped synths have their memories wiped by the Railroad.\n\nSee also\n Drug-induced amnesia § In popular culture\n Mind control in popular culture\n Neuralyzer\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n \n\nScience fiction themes", "Echoes of Grey is a Big Finish Productions audiobook based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.\n\nThe Companion Chronicles \"talking books\" are each narrated by one of the Doctor's companions and feature a second, guest-star voice along with music and sound effects.\n\nPlot\nZoe meets a girl who remembers her from The Whitaker Institute in Australia, when she was travelling with the Second Doctor, although Zoe doesn't immediately recall this.\n\nCast\nWendy Padbury – Zoe\nAli – Emily Pithon\n\nContinuity\nMost of Zoe's memories of the Doctor were erased from her mind by the Time Lords at the end of The War Games.\nThe framing story is continued in The Memory Cheats.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBig Finish Productions – Echoes of Grey''\n\n2010 audio plays\nCompanion Chronicles audio plays\nSecond Doctor stories\nSecond Doctor audio plays" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Publication history", "when did her powers first appear?", "I don't know.", "who was trying to recruit kitty?", "In the late '80s, she joined the British-based super team, Excalibur, where she remained for roughly ten years before coming back to the X-Men.", "who erased her parents memories?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Masalanabo Modjadji II (died 1894) was the second Rain Queen of the South African Balobedu people.\n\nReign \nMasalanabo reigned from 1854 to 1894. She was preceded by Maselekwane Modjadji I.\n\nDuring the native \"location policies\" of the early 1890s, Commandant-General Piet Joubert (1834–1900) surrounded the Rain Queen's home until she was forced to give herself up. Historian Louis Changuion wrote, \"It would be the first time that white people would see the Rain Queen.\" However, what happened was not what they had expected. \"After four days,\" Changuion continues, an elderly black woman was carried out on a litter, accompanied by her chief indunas, to negotiate with the white people. It was a great disappointment to the men watching the proceedingsof 'She-who-must-be-obeyed' there was no trace. She was not the white woman of the legends. It is told that Joubert presented her with a \"kappie\" (bonnet) and a blanket.\" \n\nAccording to the book Realm of a rain-queen, Joubert was shown not the real Rain Queen, but an impersonator.\n\nA mysterious figure who only rarely appeared in public, Masalanabo had several children.\n\nAt some point the royal council designated the daughter of her \"sister\" and \"great wife\" Leakhali as heir to the throne. Masalanabo committed ritual suicide in 1894, after having named Leakhali as her successor.\n\nShe was succeeded by Khetoane Modjadji III.\n\nLegacy \nMasalanabo Modjadji is said to be the inspiration for H. Rider Haggard's novel She: A History of Adventure.\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing\n1894 deaths\nRain Queens\n19th-century women rulers\n19th-century monarchs in Africa\n1890s suicides\nSuicides in Africa", "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books" ]

[ "Good Night, and Good Luck", "Reception" ]

[ "Clooney is a surname of Irish origin, derived from the Irish word cluana. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nAmal Clooney (née Alamuddin) (born 1978), Lebanese-British lawyer and wife of George Clooney\nFrancis Xavier Clooney (born 1950), American academic and Roman Catholic priest\nGeorge Clooney (born 1961), American actor\nNick Clooney (born 1934), American TV host and journalist, father of George\nRosemary Clooney (1928–2002), American singer and actress, aunt of George\n\nAnglicised Irish-language surnames\nSurnames of Irish origin", "John Prendergast is a human rights and anti-corruption activist as well as a New York Times best-selling author. He is the Co-Founder with George Clooney of The Sentry, an investigative and policy team that follows the dirty money connected to war criminals and transnational war profiteers. John is also the Strategic Director of the Clooney Foundation for Justice.\n\nCareer\nIn the latter half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, Prendergast worked for a variety of organizations in the U.S. and Africa, focusing primarily on peace and human rights. At the end of 1996, he joined the National Security Council as Director for African Affairs and thereafter served as a special adviser to Susan Rice at the United States Department of State. As a special adviser, Prendergast was a member of the team behind the successful two-and-a-half-year U.S. effort to broker an end to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War. He has also been part of the peace processes for Burundi, Sudan and DR Congo. Prendergast has also worked for the Clinton White House and two members of Congress, and left government in 2001 to become Special Adviser to the President of the International Crisis Group on Africa issues. Outside of government, he has worked for organizations such as the United States Institute of Peace, UNICEF, and Human Rights Watch. \n\nIn 2007, alongside Gayle Smith, Prendergast co-founded the Enough Project, a policy organization aimed at countering genocide and crimes against humanity. He is also a co-founder along with George Clooney of The Sentry, an investigative initiative created to uncover the financial networks behind conflicts in Africa and whose Board of Directors includes Clooney, Don Cheadle, Matt Damon, and Brad Pitt. Together, Clooney and Prendergast had also previously co-founded the Satellite Sentinel Project, which aimed to prevent conflict and human rights abuses through satellite imagery. In 2020, Prendergast was named the Strategic Director of the Clooney Foundation for Justice. Other initiatives of Prendergast include founding the Darfur Dream Team Sister Schools Program with Tracy McGrady and other NBA stars, which funded schools in Darfurian refugee camps and created partnerships with schools in the U.S., as well as the Raise Hope for Congo campaign, highlighting the issue of conflict minerals fueling war in Congo and supporting a more comprehensive peace process. \n\nPrendergast has been a visiting professor at many universities and colleges, including Yale Law School, Stanford University, and Columbia University. He has been awarded seven honorary doctorates, and serves as the Anne Evans Estabrook Human Rights Senior Fellow at Kean University.\n\nMedia \nPrendergast has written extensively on Africa and is the author or co-author of eleven books. His latest book is Congo Stories: Battling Five Centuries of Exploitation and Greed (2018), co-authored with Congolese activist Fidel Bafilemba and featuring photographs by Ryan Gosling. His two books prior to that were co-authored with actor and activist Don Cheadle. Those are Not On Our Watch, a New York Times bestseller and NAACP non-fiction book of the year, and The Enough Moment: Fighting to End Africa's Worst Humanitarian Crimes. He is currently working on a project concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo with Gosling and New Yorker writer Kelefa Sanneh.\n\nPrendergast has appeared in five episodes of 60 Minutes and traveled to Africa with Dateline NBC, ABC’s Nightline, The PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and CNN’s Inside Africa, Newsweek/The Daily Beast, and The New York Times Magazine. He has also appeared in several documentaries, including: Merci Congo, Sand and Sorrow, Darfur Now, 3 Points, and War Child. He co-produced Journey Into Sunset, and is Executive Producer of Staging Hope: Acts of Peace in Northern Uganda, both about Northern Uganda. He also appears in the Warner Brother's motion picture The Good Lie. \n\nJane Bussmann was inspired by his work and meetings with him to write her 2012 book The Worst Date Ever: or How it Took a Comedy Writer to Expose Joseph Kony and Africa's Secret War, a comic/tragic story of her attempt as a novice foreign correspondent to expose the truth about the war in Uganda. He is also the primary subject in another book by Bussmann, A Journey to the Dark Heart of Nameless Unspeakable Evil.\n\nCriticism\nPrendergast's activism has been criticized by Mahmood Mamdani as simplistic, counter-productive, and detrimental to the reality on the ground, especially regarding Darfur and Northern Uganda.\n\nPublications\n\nArticles\n \"George Clooney on Sudan’s Rape of Darfur\". Co-authored with George Clooney and Akshaya Kumar. The New York Times, 25 February 2015.\n\"Sanctions threats not enough in South Sudan\". Co-authored with George Clooney and Akshaya Kumar. CNN, 25 June 2015.\n\"How to Destroy a War Economy\". Foreign Affairs, 10 August 2015. Published by the Council on Foreign Relations.\n\"War crimes shouldn’t pay in South Sudan\". Co-authored with George Clooney. The Washington Post, 12 September 2016.\n\"Stop the Cash, Stop the Conflict\". Co-authored with George Clooney. Originally published in The Economist, 21 November 2016.\n\"A New Tool to Fight Genocide\". Co-authored with Brad Brooks-Rubin. Foreign Affairs, 15 December 2016. Published by the Council on Foreign Relations.\n\"Modernize, don’t remove, Sudan’s sanctions\". Co-authored with Brad Brooks-Rubin. The Hill, 18 January 2017.\n\"Congo's violent kleptocracy at a crossroads\". Co-authored with Sasha Lezhnev. Fox News, 4 February 2017.\n\"British banks are go-betweens in global conflict. This can be stopped\". Co-authored with George Clooney. The Guardian, 20 February 2017.\n\"South Sudan’s government-made famine\". Co-authored with George Clooney. The Washington Post, 9 March 2017.\n“The Key to Making Peace in Africa”. Co-authored with George Clooney. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 2, 14 March 2018. Published by the Council on Foreign Relations.\n\"Our World Runs on Resources Looted From Congo. That's Why Democratic Elections Alone Can't Solve the Country's Problems\". Co-authored with Sasha Lezhnev. Time, 28 December 2018.\n\"George Clooney and John Prendergast: Sudan needs more than words. It needs action\". Co-authored with George Clooney. The Washington Post, 14 April 2019.\n\"George Clooney & John Prendergast: Violence is the business model in South Sudan\". Co-authored with George Clooney. USA Today, 3 October 2019.\n\nBooks\nPeace, Development, and People of the Horn of Africa. Co-authored with Bread for the World (Organization). Washington D.C.: Institute on Hunger & Development, Center of Concern, 1992. \nCivilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan. Co-authored with Jemera Rone and Karen Sorensen. Human Rights Watch, 1994. \nWithout Troops & Tanks: The Emergency Relief Desk and the Cross Border Operation into Eritrea and Tigray. Co-authored by Mark R. Duffield. The Red Sea Press, 1994. \n\nCrisis Response: Humanitarian Band-aids in Sudan and Somalia. Washington, D.C.: Center of Concern, 1997. \nFrontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Co-authored with the Center of Concern. L. Rienner, 1996 \nGod, Oil & Country: Changing the Logic of War in Sudan. Africa Report #39. International Crisis Group, January 28, 2002.\nBlood and Soil: Land, Politics and Conflict Prevention in Zimbabwe and South Africa. International Crisis Group, 2004. \nCrafting Peace: Strategies to Deal with Warlords in Collapsing States. Co-authored by Sasha Lezhnev. Lexington Books, 2006. \nNot On Our Watch : The Mission to End Genocide in Darfur and Beyond. Co-authored with Don Cheadle. Hyperion, 2007. \nThe Enough Moment: Fighting to End Africa's Worst Human Rights Crimes. Co-authored by Don Cheadle. Random House, 2010. \nUnlikely Brothers. Co-authored by Michael Mattocks. Random House, 17 May 2011. \nCongo Stories: Battling Five Centuries of Exploitation and Greed. Co-authored by Fidel Bafilemba. Grand Central Publishing, 4 December 2018.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Enough Project\n Not On Our Watch\n The Sentry\n \n\nAmerican human rights activists\nAmerican political writers\nAmerican foreign policy writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nAmerican memoirists\nAmerican documentary filmmakers\nCenter for American Progress people\nAmerican academics\nAmerican educators\n1963 births\nLiving people\nWriters from Indianapolis\nUnited States Department of State officials\nUnited States National Security Council\nAmerican male essayists\n20th-century American essayists\n21st-century American essayists\n20th-century American male writers\n21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Good Night, and Good Luck", "Reception", "Who did George Clooney worked with?", "\" Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton" ]

[ "Alberto José Poletti (born 20 July 1946) was an Argentine retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was mainly known for being a part of the successful Estudiantes de La Plata team of 1967–1970.\nHe started his career with Estudiantes in 1965. His last match with them was on Dec 16, 1970 against Velez Sarsfield.\nIn the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, he received a life ban because of a fight. However, he was pardoned and was able to play again.\n\nHonours\n Copa Libertadores: 1968, 1969, 1970\n Intercontinental Cup: 1968\n Copa Interamericana: 1969\n\nReferences\n\n1946 births\nLiving people\nArgentine footballers\nEstudiantes de La Plata footballers\nAssociation football goalkeepers", "Ernest Worton David (17 October 1872 – 15 November 1940) was an English songwriter and music publisher.\n\nBiography\nWorton David was born in Rawmarsh, near Rotherham in the West Riding of Yorkshire; Worton was his mother's maiden name. At first he worked in a solicitor's office, but wrote stories and soon joined the staff of the Leeds Mercury newspaper. He was also a cartoonist, and one of his jobs was to draw caricatures of performers at the Leeds Empire theatre. He started to write songs, and persuaded some of the performers he met to use them. As a result, he then decided to try his luck as a songwriter in London.\n\nHis first successful song, \"Bobbing Up and Down Like This\", was published in 1899. By 1909, he had teamed up with composer George Arthurs. In 1910 they wrote the successful parody \"I want to sing in opera\". In 1912 they wrote \"Piccadilly Trot\", with the then-fashionable ragtime rhythm, for Marie Lloyd; and, the following year, \"Hold Your Hand Out, Naughty Boy!\" for Florrie Forde. He also had one of his biggest and longest-lasting successes in 1913, with \"Hello! Hello! Who's Your Lady Friend?\" written with Bert Lee and Harry Fragson, and performed by Fragson, Mark Sheridan, and many others.\n\nIn 1914, he began working with composer and music publisher Lawrence Wright, producing the popular marching song \"Are We Downhearted? No!\" (1914) and \"That Old-Fashioned Mother of Mine\" (1919), which became the signature song of Talbot O'Farrell. He also co-founded the Performing Right Society in 1914. However, his partnership with Wright ended when David objected to Wright's copious use of American songs, and Wright bought out David's share of the songs they had written together.\n\nAfter severing his ties with Wright, David started his own publishing firm in the 1920s, and unlike many songwriters became financially successful. He signed up established songwriters Fred Godfrey and Harry Castling, as well as his own son, Hubert W. \"Micky\" David (1904-1999), who also became a successful composer; he wrote the hit song \"Felix Kept On Walking\", was associated with Twickenham Studios, and wrote the theme music to BBC TV's Come Dancing.\n\nWorton David died in Worthing, Sussex, in 1940, aged 68.\n\nReferences\n\n1872 births\n1940 deaths\nEnglish songwriters\nBritish music publishers (people)" ]

[ "Good Night, and Good Luck", "Reception", "Who did George Clooney worked with?", "\" Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton", "Was his colaboration with them successful?", "At the Movies each gave the film five stars," ]

[ "Osiris G. Matos Jimenez (born November 6, 1984 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball relief pitcher.\n\nMinor League Career \nOriginally signed by the Giants in , he started his professional career off in , with the AZL Giants - he went 2-2 with a 4.67 ERA in nine games, six of which he started.\n\n was an improvement for him and again with the AZL Giants, he went 2-0 with a 2.44 ERA in 11 games, eight of which he started. He also struck out 47 batters in 48 innings of work.\n\nIn , he pitched for the Augusta Greenjackets. In 29 games (22 of which he started), he did poorly, posting an 8-8 record with a 4.99 ERA. He struck out only 79 batters in 135 innings of work.\n\nIn , Matos split time between the Greenjackets and Connecticut Defenders, Matos did extremely well - especially with the Greenjackets. He was used entirely as a reliever, he appeared in 44 games for the Greenjackets, saving 13 games and striking out 81 batters in 61 innings of work. He posted a 1.77 ERA with them. He then went on to pitch in six games for the Defenders, posting a 3.72 ERA there, saving two more games. Overall, he had a 1.91 ERA in 2006, saving 15 games and striking out 86 batters in 70 innings of work.\n\nIn , he was again used entirely as a reliever and again he did very well. Like in 2006, he spent time with both the Greenjackets and Defenders, however he spent the majority of his time with the Defenders in 2007, as opposed to the previous year when he spent the majority of his time with the Greenjackets. Overall in 2007, he posted a 2.49 ERA with 52 strikeouts in 65 innings of work. He also saved eight games.\n\nOverall, he has posted a 24-13 record with a 3.57 ERA so far in his minor league career. He has 24 career saves, 23 of which he has collected these past two years.\n\nMajor League Career \nOn July 3, , Matos made his major league debut against the Chicago Cubs. He pitched the ninth inning in a non-save situation, struck out one, and didn't allow a baserunner.\n\nExternal links\n\n1984 births\nArizona League Giants players\nAugusta GreenJackets players\nAzucareros del Este players\nConnecticut Defenders players\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States\nFresno Grizzlies players\nIndios de Mayagüez players\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Puerto Rico\n\nLiving people\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMajor League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic\nMexican League baseball pitchers\nPiratas de Campeche players\nRichmond Flying Squirrels players\nSan Francisco Giants players\nSan Jose Giants players\nScottsdale Scorpions players\nSultanes de Monterrey players\nToros del Este players\nVaqueros Laguna players", "Joseph Wayne Kraemer (born September 10, 1964) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played professionally from 1985 to 1994 and in Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1989 and 1990.\n\nEarly life \nHe attended both Portland State University and Lower Columbia College.\n\nProfessional career \nKraemer was drafted three times. First, by the New York Mets in the second round of the 1983 Major League Baseball Draft. He did not sign. He was then drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the sixth round of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft. Again, he did not sign. The third and final time he was drafted was in 1985 Major League Baseball draft, by the Chicago Cubs in the 16th round of the amateur entry draft.\n\nChicago Cubs \nHe began his professional career in 1985 with the Wytheville Cubs. In 22 games, he went 4–2 with a 3.35 ERA and 52 strikeouts in 45 innings of work. His control was suspect, as he walked 36 batters, or about seven per nine innings.\n\nIn 1986 with the Peoria Chiefs, he was perhaps the team's best relief pitcher. He made 45 relief appearances, posting a 6–3 record with a 1.09 ERA, 14 saves and 78 strikeouts in 66 innings of work. He also showed improved control, as he walked only 19 batters, or about three per nine innings. His 1.09 ERA and 14 saves led the team.\n\n1987 wasn't nearly as good a season for Kraemer. He appeared in 41 games for the Winston-Salem Spirits, going 3–2 with a 2.73 ERA, 13 saves and 43 strikeouts in 52 innings of work. He also appeared in five games with the Iowa Cubs, posting a 1–0 record with two strikeouts and a 27.00 ERA in 2 innings of work. Overall that season, he went 4–2 with a 3.90 ERA and 45 strikeouts in 55 innings of work. His walk total again increased to a total of 46 overall.\n\nIn 1988, Kraemer started more than a few games in a season for the first time in his career. Pitching for the Pittsfield Cubs, Kraemer made 15 starts, going 5–5 with a 2.75 ERA and 47 strikeouts in 95 innings of work. He then pitched for the Iowa Cubs again, being used almost entirely as a reliever (he made only one start). In 20 games with them, he went 3–3 with a 4.50 ERA and 26 strikeouts in 26 innings of work. In total, Kraemer went 8–8 with a 3.12 ERA in 1988. He made 35 appearances, 16 of which were starts. In 121 innings, he struck out 73 batters and walked 60.\n\nSave for one game with the big league club in 1989, Kraemer's entire season was spent with the Iowa Cubs. He started 27 games, going 8–10 with a 3.47 ERA in 181 innings with them. He walked 50 batters and struck out 113. He completed seven games as well.\n\nKraemer made his big league debut on August 22, 1989 at the age of 24 versus the Cincinnati Reds. The first batter he faced was Dave Collins, who lined out. The rest of the game didn't go so smoothly for him - in fact, he gave up six runs in just 3 innings of work. Because of shaky defense behind him however, only two of those runs were earned. Nevertheless, he got the loss and posted a 4.91 ERA in his rookie season.\n\nThe following year, Kraemer spent time in the majors and minors again. He started out with the big league club, but by June 26 he was in the minors again. While in the majors in 1990, Kraemer went 0–0 with a 7.20 ERA in 18 relief appearances. After being sent down to the Iowa Cubs, he was used entirely as a starter, making 20 appearances and going 7–6 with a 3.76 ERA. He played his final big league game on June 25, 1990.\n\nHe spent all of 1991 with the Iowa Cubs. He went 8–7 with a 4.60 ERA in 20 appearances, 19 of which were starts.\n\nOverall, Kraemer went 0–1 with a 6.91 ERA in 28 big league innings. In 19 games, he walked 16 batters, struck out 21 and threw two wild pitches.\n\nCalifornia Angels \nAfter the 1991 season, he became a minor league free agent. He wound up in the California Angels organization for the 1992 season. He pitched for both the Midland Angels and Edmonton Trappers, going a combined 3–3 with a 4.61 ERA in 46 appearances, seven of which were starts. In 80 innings, he struck out 60 batters and walked 38.\n\nAs an affiliated minor leaguer, he went 48–41 with a 3.57 ERA. In 791 innings, he walked 337 batters and struck out 582.\n\nIndependent leagues \nFollowing his career as an affiliated baseball player, he played with the Sioux City Explorers of the Northern League in 1993-94.\n\nExternal links\n\n1964 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Canada\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Mexico\nBaseball players from Washington (state)\nChicago Cubs players\nDiablos Rojos del México players\nEdmonton Trappers players\nIowa Cubs players\nLower Columbia Red Devils baseball players\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMexican League baseball pitchers\nMidland Angels players\nPeoria Chiefs players\nPortland State Vikings baseball players\nPittsfield Cubs players\nSioux City Explorers players\nSportspeople from Olympia, Washington\nWytheville Cubs players\nWinston-Salem Spirits players" ]

[ "Good Night, and Good Luck", "Reception", "Who did George Clooney worked with?", "\" Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton", "Was his colaboration with them successful?", "At the Movies each gave the film five stars,", "Did he work with them again?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "Say Anything may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\n Say Anything..., a 1989 American film by Cameron Crowe\n \"Say Anything\" (BoJack Horseman), a television episode\n\nMusic\n Say Anything (band), an American rock band\n Say Anything (album), a 2009 album by the band\n \"Say Anything\", a 2012 song by Say Anything from Anarchy, My Dear\n \"Say Anything\" (Marianas Trench song), 2006\n \"Say Anything\" (X Japan song), 1991\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Aimee Mann from Whatever, 1993\n \"Say Anything\", a song by the Bouncing Souls from The Bouncing Souls, 1997\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Good Charlotte from The Young and the Hopeless, 2002\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Girl in Red, 2018\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Will Young from Lexicon, 2019\n \"Say Anything (Else)\", a song by Cartel from Chroma, 2005\n\nOther uses\n Say Anything (party game), a 2008 board game published by North Star Games\n \"Say Anything\", a column in YM magazine\n\nSee also\n Say Something (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Good Night, and Good Luck", "Reception", "Who did George Clooney worked with?", "\" Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton", "Was his colaboration with them successful?", "At the Movies each gave the film five stars,", "Did he work with them again?", "I don't know.", "Anything else interesting?", "It was named \"Best Reviewed Film of 2005 in Limited Release\" by" ]

[ "The 9th annual Genie Awards were held March 22, 1988, and honoured Canadian films released in 1987. The ceremony was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre and was co-hosted by Megan Follows and Gordon Pinsent.\n\nThe awards were dominated by Night Zoo (Un zoo la nuit), which won a still unmatched thirteen awards. The film garnered 14 nominations overall; the film's only nomination that failed to translate into a win was Gilles Maheu's nod for Best Actor, as he lost to the film's other Best Actor nominee, Roger Lebel. The female acting awards were won by Sheila McCarthy and Paule Baillargeon for the film I've Heard the Mermaids Singing, the only other narrative feature film to win any Genie awards that year; only the Documentary and Short Film awards, in which neither Night Zoo nor I've Heard the Mermaids Singing were even eligible for consideration, were won by any other film.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nReferences\n\n09\nGenie\nGenie\nGenie", "Le Cousin is a 1997 French film directed by Alain Corneau.\n\nPlot \nThe film deals with the relationship of the police and an informant in the drug scene.\n\nAwards and nominations\nLe Cousin was nominated for 5 César Awards but did not win in any category.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1997 films\n1997 crime films\nFilms about drugs\nFilms directed by Alain Corneau\nFrench crime films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life" ]

[ "Fred the Undercover Kitty (May 2005 – August 9, 2006) was a domestic shorthaired cat who gained attention for his undercover work with the New York Police Department and the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office in the arrest of a suspect posing as a veterinary care provider.\n\nEarly life and adoption\n\nFred was born in the spring of 2005 in Brooklyn, New York. In September 2005, he was rescued by Animal Care & Control of New York City, suffering from severe pneumonia and a collapsed lung. Fred was adopted by assistant district attorney Carol Moran, as part of a foster care program run by Animal Care & Control of New York City, and was nursed back to health.\n\nFred and his brother George were named after Fred and George Weasley, the prankster brothers in the Harry Potter series of novels created by J.K. Rowling.\n\nLaw enforcement career and honors\nIn February 2006, Fred was enlisted by the Brooklyn District Attorney’s office as an undercover agent, posing as a would-be patient to help the NYPD apprehend Steven Vassall, a Brooklyn man suspected of acting as a veterinarian without proper license or training. Working with human undercover detective Stephanie Green-Jones, Fred was bait in a February 3, 2006, sting operation to apprehend Steven Vassall, who was charged with unauthorized veterinary practice, criminal mischief, injuring animals and petty larceny. In May 2007, Vassall pleaded guilty to the charges of fraud and practicing veterinary medicine without a licence. As a result of his plea he was sentenced to probation and mandatory psychiatric treatment.\n\nOn May 18, 2006, Fred was presented with a Law Enforcement Appreciation Award by Brooklyn district attorney Charles J. Hynes. Fred was later honored on July 8, 2006, at \"Broadway Barks 8!\", the New York City Theater District’s dog and cat adopt-a-thon benefit hosted by Mary Tyler Moore and Bernadette Peters. He was presented with the Mayor’s Alliance Award, which is given to remarkable animals.\n\nLater life\n\nFollowing the sting operation, Fred began to receive training as a therapy animal, with the purpose of becoming a teaching-animal in the district attorneys office's \"Legal Lives\" program. Here, he would be taken into classrooms to help teach children how to treat and care for animals. The owner also received offers from animal talent agencies for him to have spots in television commercials.\n\nDeath\n\nFred died on August 9, 2006, when he escaped from his home in Queens, New York, and was struck and killed by a car. Fred was 15 months old.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFred's Obituary in the New York Times\n\n2005 animal births\n2006 animal deaths\nIndividual cats\nRoad incident deaths in New York City\nIndividual animals in the United States\nWorking cats", "John Fred Gourrier (May 8, 1941 – April 14, 2005), known by his stage name John Fred, was an American blue-eyed soul, swamp pop, rock and roll, and R&B performer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, best known for the 1967 hit song \"Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)\".\n\nEarly life\nJohn Fred was born on May 8, 1941 in Baton Rouge, the son of John Fred Gourrier, Sr., and Miriam Chaisson. He had one sister; Ann.\n\nCareer\nHis group, John Fred and the Playboys, was formed in 1956 when Fred was 15; their first charting single was March 1959's \"Shirley\". He appeared on Alan Freed's show, but when Dick Clark asked him to sing on American Bandstand, Fred had to turn him down because he had to play in a basketball game. Fred played basketball and baseball at Louisiana State University and Southeastern Louisiana University.\n\nBy 1967, the band was renamed John Fred & His Playboy Band (to avoid confusion with Gary Lewis & the Playboys) and Fred and band member Andrew Bernard co-wrote \"Judy in Disguise (With Glasses)\", whose name is a parodic play on the title of The Beatles' song \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\".\nThe song, issued by Louisiana-based Jewel Records on the Paula label, became successful, knocking another Beatles song (\"Hello, Goodbye\") out of the No. 1 chart position on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in January 1968. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. With the success of the single, John Fred & His Playboy Band was branded as a novelty act and never had another major success. The follow-up single, \"Hey, Hey, Bunny\" peaked at No. 57 on the Billboard chart and the band never again hit the Hot 100. Only after years of struggles did Fred obtain full legal rights to \"Judy in Disguise\" and its royalties.\n\nLater life and death\nFred continued to perform in bands, coached high school basketball and baseball, remained a fixture at concerts and shows in his hometown, and hosted a popular local radio show, The Roots of Rock 'n' Roll. In 2002, he released his final album, Somebody's Knockin'''.\n\nIn 2004, Fred's health began to fail after receiving a kidney transplant. Complications ensued which culminated in a long hospital stay in New Orleans ending with his death on April 14, 2005 at the age of 63. He was survived by his wife Sandra; a son, Kevin; Kevin's wife, Jodi; and a grandson, Jon Sterling Gourrier in Miami.\n\nAwards\nIn April 2007, Fred was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. He has been inducted into the Delta Music Museum in Ferriday, Louisiana.\n\nSingles discography\n\nUS charts are Billboard unless otherwise noted. * Record World singles chart. Agnes English'' was the band's only charting album in the US reaching 154 on the Billboard album chart in 1968.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJohn Fred & His Playboy Band\nHorn Rock Heaven\n\n1941 births\n2005 deaths\nAmerican pop musicians\nSwamp pop music\nJewel Records artists\nMusicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana\nMusicians from New Orleans\n20th-century American musicians\nKidney transplant recipients" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Miguel Skrobot (Warsaw, 1873 – Curitiba, February 20, 1912) was a businessman Brazilian of Polish origin.\n\nMiguel Skrobot was born in 1873, in Warsaw, Poland, to José Skrobot and Rosa Skrobot. When he was 18 he migrated to Brazil and settled in Curitiba as a merchant.\n\nHe married Maria Pansardi, who was born in Tibagi, Paraná, to Italian immigrants, and she bore him three children. He kept a steam-powered factory where he worked on grinding and toasting coffee beans under the \"Rio Branco\" brand, located on the spot where today stands the square called Praça Zacarias (square located in the center of Curitiba). He also owned a grocery store near Praça Tiradentes (also a square in the center of Curitiba, where the city was born). He died an early death, when he was 39, on February 20, 1912.\n\nReferences\n\n1873 births\n1912 deaths\nBrazilian businesspeople\nPeople from Curitiba\nPolish emigrants to Brazil", "Adolf von Rauch (22 April 1798 - 12 December 1882) was a German paper manufacturer in Heilbronn, where he was born and died and where he was a major builder of social housing.\n\nPapermakers\n1798 births\n1882 deaths\nPeople from Heilbronn" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania," ]

[ "The Extraordinary Tale of Nicholas Pierce is a 2011 adventure novel written by Alexander DeLuca. It follows the journey of a university teacher Nicholas Pierce, who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder as he searches for his biological parents, traveling across states in the United States of America. He travels with a friend, who is an eccentric barista in a cafe in upstate New York, named Sergei Tarasov.\n\nPlot\nNicholas Pierce suffers from OCD. He is also missing the memory of the first five years of his life. Raised by adoptive parents, one day he receives a mysterious box from an \"Uncle Nathan\". Curious, he sets off on a journey to find his biological parents with a Russian friend, Sergei Tarasov. On the trip, they meet several people, face money problems and different challenges. They also pick up a hitchhiker, Jessica, who later turns out to be a criminal.\n\nFinally, Nicholas finds his grandparents, who direct him to his biological parents. When he meets them, he finds out that his vaguely registered biological 'parents' were actually neighbors of his real parents who had died in an accident. The mysterious box that he had received is destroyed. He finds out that it contained photographs from his early life.\n\n2011 American novels\nNovels about obsessive–compulsive disorder", "Bomba and the Jungle Girl is a 1952 adventure film directed by Ford Beebe and starring Johnny Sheffield. It is the eighth film (of 12) in the Bomba, the Jungle Boy film series.\n\nPlot\nBomba decides to find out who his parents were. He starts with Cody Casson's diary and follows the trail to a native village. An ancient blind woman tells him his parents, along the village's true ruler, were murdered by the current chieftain and his daughter. With the aid of an inspector and his daughter, Bomba battles the usurpers in the cave where his parents were buried.\n\nCast\nJohnny Sheffield\nKaren Sharpe\nWalter Sande\nSuzette Harbin\nMartin Wilkins\nMorris Buchanan\nLeonard Mudie\nDon Blackman.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1952 films\nAmerican films\nAmerican adventure films\nFilms directed by Ford Beebe\nFilms produced by Walter Mirisch\nMonogram Pictures films\n1952 adventure films\nAmerican black-and-white films" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania,", "who were his parents?", "James and Nancy Rogers;" ]

[ "An only child is a person who does not have any siblings, neither biological nor adopted.\n\nOnly Child may also refer to:\n\n Only Child (novel), a novel by Jack Ketchum\n Only Child, a 2020 album by Sasha Sloan", "John August Kusche (1869 – 1934) was a renowned botanist and entomologist, and he discovered many new species of moths and butterflies. The plant of the aster family, Erigeron kuschei is named in his honor.\n\nNotable discoveries \n\nIn 1928, Kusche donated to the Bishop Museum 164 species of Lepidoptera he collected on Kauai between 1919 and 1920. Of those, 55 species had not previously been recorded on Kauai and 6 were new to science, namely Agrotis stenospila, Euxoa charmocrita, Plusia violacea, Nesamiptis senicula, Nesamiptis proterortha and Scotorythra crocorrhoa.\n\nThe Essig Museum of Entomology lists 26 species collected by Kusche from California, Baja California, Arizona, Alaska and on the Solomon Islands.\n\nEarly life \nHis father's name was Johann Karl Wilhelm Kusche, he remarried in 1883 to Johanna Susanna Niesar. He had three siblings from his father (Herman, Ernst and Pauline) and four half siblings from her second marriage (Bertha, Wilhelm, Heinrich and Reinhold. There were two other children from this marriage, which died young and whom were not recorded). His family were farmers, while he lived with them, in Kreuzburg, Germany.\n\nHis siblings quickly accustomed themselves to their new mother, however August, the eldest, did not get on easily with her. He attended a gardening school there in Kreuzburg. He left at a relatively young age after unintentionally setting a forest fire. \"One day on a walk through Kreuzburg forest, he unintentionally caused a huge forest fire. Fearing jail, he fled from home and somehow made it to America.\"\n\nHe wrote letters back to his family, urging them to come to America. His father eventually did, sometime shortly after February 1893. His father started a homestead in Brownsville, Texas. Yellow fever broke out and his father caught it. He managed to survive, while many did not, leaving him a sick old man in his mid-fifties. He wrote to August, who was then living it Prescott, Arizona, asking for money. August wrote back, saying \"Dear father, if you are out of money, see to it that you go back to Germany as soon as possible. Without any money here, you are lost,\" \n\nAugust didn't have any money either, and had been hoping to borrow money from his father. If he had wanted to visit him, then he would have had to make the trip on foot.\n\nWhen August arrived in America, he got a job as a gardener on a Pennsylvania farm. He had an affair with a Swiss woman, which resulted in a child. August denied being the child's father, but married her anyway. He went west, on horseback, and had his horse stolen by Native Americans. He ended up in San Francisco. His family joined him there. By this time he had three sons and a daughter.\n\nAfter his children grew up, he began traveling and collecting moths and butterflies.\n\nLater life \nHe traveled to the South Seas where he collected moths and butterflies. There he caught a terrible fever that very nearly killed him. He was picked up by a government ship in New Guinea, and was unconscious until he awoke in a San Francisco hospital. After that time he had hearing loss and lost all of his teeth. His doctor told him not to take any more trips to Alaska, and this apparently helped his condition.\n\nIn 1924 he lived in San Diego. He had taken a trip to Alaska just before this date. He worked as a gardener in California for nine years (1915–1924) where he died of stomach cancer.\n\nReferences \n\n19th-century German botanists\n1869 births\n1934 deaths\n20th-century American botanists\nGerman emigrants to the United States" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania,", "who were his parents?", "James and Nancy Rogers;", "did he have any siblings?", "he had one sister, Elaine." ]

[ "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli", "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania,", "who were his parents?", "James and Nancy Rogers;", "did he have any siblings?", "he had one sister, Elaine.", "where did he go to school?", "Rogers graduated from Latrobe High School (1946). He studied at Dartmouth College (1946-48), then transferred to Rollins College" ]

[ "The Predator is the third EP by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills and was self-released by the band on January 15, 2013. The EP debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart.\n\nIt is the only album to feature Steve Koch as bassist and backup singer after his departure in 2013, and the last album to feature Justin Morrow as rhythm guitarist; he would switch to bass guitar and backing vocals (on live performance only) while still playing rhythm guitar in studio in 2013.\n\nThe tracks \"The Coffin Is Moving\" and \"What I Never Learned in Study Hall\" later would be featured on the band's 2014 album The Predator Becomes the Prey.\n\nThe track \"What I Never Learned in Study Hall\" was later re-recorded acoustically for Take Action. Vol. 11 making it similar to the song's predecessors \"What I Really Learned in Study Hall\" and \"What I Should Have Learned in Study Hall\". Unlike the original version, the acoustic version did not feature Tyler Carter as guest vocalist, but instead featured former Kid's Jackson Summer vocalist Kate Ellen Dean.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n Spencer Charnas - lead vocals, piano on \"A Reptile's Dysfunction\"\n Justin \"JD\" DeBlieck - lead guitar, lead vocals\n Justin Morrow - rhythm guitar\n Steve Koch - bass guitar, backing vocals\n Connor Sullivan - drums\n Steve Sopchak - producer, engineer, mixing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 EPs\nIce Nine Kills EPs\nSelf-released EPs", "Homeric psychology is a field of study with regards to the psychology of ancient Greek culture no later than Mycenaean Greece, around 1700–1200 BCE, during the Homeric epic poems (specifically the Illiad and the Odyssey).\n\nHistory of Homeric psychology\nThe first scholar to present a theory was Bruno Snell in his 1953 book, originally in German. His argument was that the ancient Greek individual did not have a sense of self, and that later the Greek culture \"self-realized\" or \"discovered\" what we consider to be the modern \"intellect\".\n\nLater, Eric Robertson Dodds in 1951, wrote how ancient Greek thought may have been irrational, as compared to modern \"rational\" culture. In this Dodds' theory, the Greeks may have known that an individual did things, but the reason an individual did things were attributed to divine externalities, such as gods or daemons.\n\nJulian Jaynes proposed a theory in 1976. He stipulated that Greek consciousness emerged from the use of special words related to cognition. Some of Jaynes' findings were empirically supported in a 2021 study by Boban Dedović, a psychohistorian. The study compared the word counts of mental language between thirty-four versions of the Iliad and Odyssey.\n\nReferences \n\nConsciousness studies\nPhilosophy of mind\nPhilology\nCognitive psychology\nHistorical linguistics\nArguments in philosophy of mind" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania,", "who were his parents?", "James and Nancy Rogers;", "did he have any siblings?", "he had one sister, Elaine.", "where did he go to school?", "Rogers graduated from Latrobe High School (1946). He studied at Dartmouth College (1946-48), then transferred to Rollins College", "what did he study?", "he earned a B.A. in Music Composition in 1951. Rogers was also a trained general aviation pilot." ]

[ "The Practavia Sprite is a British two-seat homebuilt training or touring monoplane designed for amateur construction. It was the winning entry in a competition sponsored by Pilot magazine in 1968. The design had been begun as a magazine-sponsored project by Peter Garrison, who worked for Pilot at the time; when the project did not move forward rapidly enough to suit him, he returned to the United States, where he modified his design into what would become his first Melmoth.\n\nDevelopment\nThe prototype Sprite, named the Pilot Sprite, was designed by a team at Loughborough University and had little in common with Garrison's design, though both were all-metal side-by-side low-wing cantilever monoplanes with tricycle landing gear. The Sprite was powered by a Rolls-Royce Continental O-240-A piston engine. Plans for amateur building were marketed by Practavia Ltd as the Practavia Sprite.\n\nSpecifications\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n\n1970s British civil utility aircraft\nHomebuilt aircraft\nLoughborough University\nGarrison aircraft\nLow-wing aircraft\nSingle-engined tractor aircraft\nAircraft first flown in 1971", "Lieutenant Colonel Terry Wong, a former helicopter pilot with the Canadian Forces, was slated to become the next Canadian astronaut, with the private firm Canadian Arrow. As of 2021, Wong is Branch Head for Doctrine Development at the RCAF Aerospace Warfare Centre\n\nHe received his pilot's license at the age of 17, and would go on to become a commercial pilot, an instructor on military jets and was a Canadian Armed Forces pilot based at CFB Borden, flying Griffons in the 400 Tactical Helicopter Squadron . Wong also holds a Masters of Engineering degree.\n\nReferences\n\nCanadian aviators\nLiving people\nHelicopter pilots\nCommercial aviators\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Fred Rogers", "Early and personal life", "When was fred born?", "I don't know.", "Where was he born?", "Latrobe, Pennsylvania,", "who were his parents?", "James and Nancy Rogers;", "did he have any siblings?", "he had one sister, Elaine.", "where did he go to school?", "Rogers graduated from Latrobe High School (1946). He studied at Dartmouth College (1946-48), then transferred to Rollins College", "what did he study?", "he earned a B.A. in Music Composition in 1951. Rogers was also a trained general aviation pilot.", "when did he become a pilot?", "He obtained a pilot's license while still in high school." ]

[ "Taliaʻuli Liavaʻa, (born c. 1970) is a Tongan former rugby union player who played as fly-half.\n\nCareer\nHe played for Toloa Old Boys at club level. He also was in the Tonga 1987 Rugby World Cup squad, where he was the youngest member at the age of 17. However, Liava'a did not play any match in the tournament.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1970 births\nLiving people\nTongan rugby union players\nRugby union fly-halves", "Julián Manuele (born 30 October 1966 in La Plata) is a former Argentine rugby union player. He played as a fly-half.\n\nCareer\nHe played for all his career for La Plata Rugby Club\n, where he also played alongside players such as Guillermo Angaut and German Llanes. He was called up for the Argentina national rugby union team prior to the 1987 Rugby World Cup, however, he did not play any match in the tournament due to an injury, with the first choice fly-half being Hugo Porta.\n He was also part of the 1995 La Plata squad which won the Nacional de Clubes in that year.\n\nNotes\n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nPeople from La Plata\nArgentine rugby union players\nRugby union fly-halves" ]

[ "Ryan Giggs", "Early years" ]

[ "Nathaniel Thompson (born 11 May 1983), better known professionally as Giggs, is a British rapper and songwriter from Peckham, London. He released his debut studio album Walk in da Park in 2008 and released a follow-up album Let Em Ave It the following year. \n\nGiggs released his third studio album When Will It Stop in October 2013. In 2016, Giggs released his fourth album Landlord, which entered and peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart – becoming the highest-charting album of his career. \n\nHis mixtape Wamp 2 Dem was released in 2017 and also debuted at No. 2. His latest album 'Now or Never' was released in 2020. Giggs is also the frontman and founder of record label and rap collective SN1 (Spare No 1), which includes, Gunna Dee, Joe Grind, Kyze and Tiny Boost.\n\nWhile sometimes referred to as a grime MC, Giggs has repeatedly stated the music he makes is not grime, but rather falls under the UK rap umbrella.\n\nMusic career\n\nPre-career \nRaised by Caribbean parents, Giggs was a DJ in Peckham, predominately playing reggae, ragga and Dancehall. He also had his own radio station called \"Spare No One FM\".\n\n2005–08: Career beginnings and Walk in da Park\nGiggs' stage name is derived from his childhood nickname of Giggler, and on some of his earliest releases he was also credited as Gig. After deciding to pursue a music career, he released numerous mixtapes including Hollowman Meets Blade which featured Blade Brown, Welcome to Boomzville, Best of Giggs 1 and 2 and 3 and Ard Bodied, which featured Dubz. His mixtapes have supposedly sold more than 10,000 units. This success helped his popularity expand outside London.\n\nIn 2007, Giggs released the track \"Talkin' da Hardest\", which featured Giggs rapping over the instrumental of Stat Quo's song \"Here We Go\" originally produced by Dr. Dre. \"Talkin’ da Hardest\" was later certified silver after it was officially released. In 2008 he released his debut album Walk in da Park independently. This album helped Giggs' popularity expand outside London and in 2008 he was nominated for the BET Awards in the US for Best Hip-Hop Act: UK. Giggs won the award beating out more established acts at the time.\n\n2009–2012: Let Em Ave It\nIn August 2009 Giggs signed a record deal with XL Recordings.\n\nGiggs released Let Em Ave It in 2009 and singles released from that album include \"Slow Songs\" featuring Mike Skinner, \"Look What The Cat Dragged In\" and \"Don't Go There\" featuring American rapper B.o.B. At the Reading Festival in 2010, Giggs appeared on BBC Three, which was his first television appearance, performing his single \"Look What The Cat Dragged In\". That year he also appeared on Tinchy Stryder's single \"Game Over\" Alongside Chipmunk, Devlin, Example, Tinie Tempah and Professor Green. The single charted at No. 21 in the Official UK Singles Chart. This year he was nominated at the MOBO awards in the Best UK Hip Hop/Grime category. He was then nominated again for the same award in 2011.\n\n2013–14: When Will It Stop\nIn 2013, Giggs released the album When Will It Stop. The album featured artists such as Ed Sheeran and Styles P. It debuted at number 21 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming his highest-charting album at the time.\n\n2015–2018: Landlord and Wamp 2 Dem\nAs Giggs geared up for the release of his album Landlord he featured on many records. Two notable records were \"Man Don't Care\" by JME and \"Three Wheel Ups\" by Kano, also featuring Wiley. \"Man Don't Care\" went on to be certified Gold in the UK by the BPI whilst \"Three Wheel Ups\" was certified silver.\n\nOn 5 August 2016, Giggs released his fourth studio album Landlord independently on SN1 Records. The album features guest appearances from Stormzy, Rico Love, Donae'o and more. It was received well and garnered very positive reviews. Landlord became Giggs' highest entry on the UK Albums Chart, debuting at number two. The album was preceded by the lead single \"Whippin Excursion\" and followed up with the club-themed \"Lock Doh\", which achieved a Gold certification from the BPI in March 2018. The album Landlord also went on to be certified silver by the BPI. Landlord was nominated for Best Album at the 2016 MOBO Awards.\n\nAlso in 2016, Giggs was nominated for several awards at the KA & GRM Daily Rated Awards. On the night he walked away with the Artist of the Year Award. This year he was also nominated for two MOBO awards. Best Rap/Hip-Hop and Best Album.\n\nIn March 2017, Giggs was featured on two songs from Canadian rapper Drake's album More Life, \"No Long Talk\" and \"KMT\". \"KMT\" peaked at No.9 on the UK Singles Chart whilst \"No Long Talk\" peaked at 17. \"KMT\" is certified gold in the UK by the BPI and \"No Long Talk\" is certified silver.\n\nGiggs was nominated for Best Hip Hop at the 2017 MOBO Awards, which he went on to win. He was also nominated for Best International Act: Europe at the 2017 BET Awards.\n\nOn 6 October 2017, Giggs released a new mixtape entitled Wamp 2 Dem. Despite also being offered as a free download, the project sold enough units to enter the UK Albums Chart at number two, making it his joint highest-charting release. Giggs released \"Linguo\" featuring Donae'O as the only single from the project, it peaked at No. 28 on the UK singles chart and would later be certified silver by the BPI.\n\nGiggs collaborator Drake was a surprise headline act at Wireless 2018 in London, filling in for DJ Khaled. Drake would come out right after Giggs' Wireless set, as they performed KMT for the second time in the UK. They first performed KMT at Reading Festival, where Giggs brought out Drake as a surprise guest.\n\n2019-2020: Big Bad and Now or Never\nGiggs announced his new album \"Big Bad\" via YouTube on 7 January 2019, with a 2-minute trailer. This features Giggs attacking London whilst \"187\" is heard in the background. The second part of his YouTube film The Essence was inspired by the soundtrack of Big Bad. It was released on 22 February 2019.\n\nOn 6 November 2020, Giggs released a surprise mixtape called Now or Never. It consisted of 16 tracks, with features including Dave, Jorja Smith, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Kyze, Aystar, Tiny Boost, DeMarco, Obongjayar and Emeli Sandé.\n\nLegal issues\nGiggs was convicted for possession of a firearm in 2003, and sentenced to two years eight months in prison. In February 2012, police searched a car Giggs was in and found an illegal firearm; Giggs spent six months remanded in custody, despite the driver admitting to owning the gun, as police accused Giggs of being aware of the firearm. Giggs was acquitted on all charges.\n\nGiggs often experienced venues cancelling events he was scheduled to appear at mere hours before the performance. Giggs was dropped as support act for Lil Wayne before a 2006 tour without explanation. These incidents have been linked to actions of the Metropolitan Police Service, who have been said to have specifically targeted Giggs. Giggs believes that they \"must have called the venues and threatened them with taking away their licences\". In 2010, he said that \"every single thing I do that's supposed to be positive, they fuck up for me\". In 2013, he stated: \"I don't want to get caught up in whose fault it is, or whether the police are after me [...] I'm just happy to be making music again\".\n\nIn 2009, the Metropolitan Police wrote to XL strongly advising the label not to sign Giggs, though they did anyway. A 2010 tour planned by Giggs was cancelled due to police warnings. In 2013, Giggs' London performance of material from When Will It Stop was cancelled by police, after they had given him the go-ahead. Giggs responded in a video publicly apologising to fans, reimbursing them for tickets, and sarcastically praising the police's attempts to \"slow [him] down\".\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Walk in da Park (2008)\n Let Em Ave It (2010)\n When Will It Stop (2013)\n Landlord (2016)\n Big Bad... (2019)\n\nCommercial mixtapes\n Wamp 2 Dem (2017)\n Now or Never (2020)\n\nSingles \n\n Innocent (2021)\nDifferences (2021)\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBlack British male rappers\nEnglish male rappers\nRappers from London\nPeople from Peckham\nEnglish songwriters\nLiving people\n1983 births\nTakeover Entertainment artists\nXL Recordings artists\nEnglish people of Jamaican descent\nGangsta rappers\n21st-century British rappers\n21st-century British male musicians\nBritish male songwriters", "Giggs may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Margaret Giggs (1508–1570), otherwise Margaret Clement, adopted daughter of Sir Thomas More\nRebecca Giggs, Australian nonfiction writer\n Ryan Giggs (b. 1973), retired Welsh footballer\n Giggs (rapper) (b. 1983), English rapper\n\nPlaces\n Giggs Hill Green, an area of common ground in Thames Ditton, England\n\nSee also\n Gigg (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Ryan Giggs", "Early years", "When did Giggs start playing football?", "1987." ]

[ "Nelson Edward Toburen (born November 24, 1938) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers. A serious neck injury in his second season ended his NFL career; he attended law school and eventually became a judge.\n\nEarly years\nBorn in Boulder, Colorado, Toburen played high school football in Kansas at Colby High School and college football at Wichita State University as an end.\n\nPlaying career\nToburen was selected in the fourteenth round (194th overall) of the 1961 NFL draft by the Green Bay Packers. It was the third season under head coach Vince Lombardi and the Packers won the NFL championship, their first since 1944. As a rookie, Toburen was a reserve linebacker, playing mostly on special teams.\n\nOnly start\nIn 1962, Toburen was a second-year linebacker when he made his first NFL start, replacing the injured Dan Currie on November 18 at City Stadium in Green Bay. The Packers had won all nine games and the opponent was the Western Conference rival Baltimore Colts, led by star quarterback Johnny Unitas. The Packers were leading 17–13 early in the fourth quarter when, \"Unitas went back to pass and then started to run,\" Toburen said. \"(Ray) Nitschke was coming at him straight on and I was coming from the side.\n\n\"I hit him squarely in the hip, but the mechanics of the tackle got blown up. My head was down and it should have been up.\" Toburen's hit jarred the ball loose from Unitas and Nitschke recovered the fumble. But Toburen lie still on the City Stadium turf. \"With my first start, my emotions were high, and I was playing reckless that day,\" Toburen said. \"It was the greatest thing with my first start in front of my wife and dad. One moment I was on top of the world and then I wasn't.\"\n\nBefore Toburen even hit the ground, James Nellen, the team physician, was off the Packer bench and running onto the field to assist. \"Doc Nellen realized right away what had happened - Nelson had broken his neck,\" said former guard Jerry Kramer. \"According to Kramer, Nellen put pressure on Toburen's neck as they put him on a cart, moved him off the field, loaded him in the ambulance, wheeled him into the hospital and took him up to his room where they put him into traction.\n\nNellen's quick actions to stabilize Toburen's head and neck were instrumental to a successful outcome. \"Nellen was wringing wet and shaking after that, but he made the difference,\" Kramer said. \"He preserved Nelson's functions and maybe his life.\"\n\nThe , Toburen said it was a tackle that he had made more than 1,000 times in his football career, but he immediately knew something was wrong, very wrong. \"I was aware of things and just knew that it felt like my arms were on fire,\" Toburen said. \"Doc Nellen saved my bacon. He realized what was wrong and he didn't let me get up.\"\n\nToburen, whose sixth vertebrae broke in half and fifth was displaced, was fortunate that his spinal cord was stretched, not severed. At St. Vincent's Hospital, he was put in a body cast for the next six weeks. With Currie and Toburen out, backup center Ken Iman played linebacker and started the next game four days later on Thanksgiving in Detroit against the Lions (8–2).\n\n\"I tell people I broke my damn neck, but I had to be dramatic and do it against a hall of fame quarterback like Johnny Unitas,\" Toburen said with a laugh. \"But I accomplished everything I set out to do on the play - make the tackle and cause a fumble. \"Most important, we won the game. The next week we lost our only game at Detroit, and I always told my teammates it was because I wasn't there.\" But for Toburen, his first start in a Green Bay uniform also was his last.\n\nAfter football\nNelson obtained his law degree from Washburn University's School of Law in Topeka in 1967, and became a judge in Crawford County, Kansas, in 1987.\n\nHis son Chris was a standout linebacker at the University of Kansas and became a helicopter pilot in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was killed at age 27 in a training mission crash of his CH-46 in California in 1987.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Judge Nelson Toburen\n\n1938 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Boulder, Colorado\nAmerican football linebackers\nGreen Bay Packers players\nPlayers of American football from Colorado", "1989 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was the 59th season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Soviet Second League. The Soviet Second League was split after the season and all national (republican) competitions were placed at the lower league (4th division), while the upper league (3rd division) was transformed into a buffer league. \n\nThe 1989 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was won for the first time by FC Volyn Lutsk. In the competition Volyn passed the 1988 Football Champion of Ukrainian SSR, FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi. Like the last season Bukovyna, Volyn also failed to earn promotion to the First League as it lost the inter-zonal playoffs.\n\nTeams\n\nMap\n\nPromoted teams\nKremin Kremenchuk – Champion of the Fitness clubs competitions (KFK) (returning to professional level after an absence of 20 seasons)\nNote: Unlike the previous team Dnipro Kremenchuk that represented the local factory Kredmash, the new team represented the Soviet factory of KrAZ and conditionally is considered as a successor of Dnipro.\n\nRelegated teams \nZorya Voroshylovhrad – (Returning after 2 seasons)\nKolos Nikopol – (Returning after 10 seasons)\n\nMoved outside of the Zone\n FC Desna Chernihiv was placed in the Zone 5\n FC Karpaty Lviv was revived and without participating in amateur competitions placed in the Zone 5\n\nRenamed teams \nPrior to the start of the season Torpedo Lutsk was renamed to Volyn Lutsk.\nPrior to the start of the season Spartak Zhytomyr was renamed to Polissya Zhytomyr.\nPrior to the start of the season Novator Zhdanov was renamed to Novator Mariupol.\n\nLeague standings\n\nTop goalscorers\n\nThe following were the top ten goalscorers.\n\nSee also\n Soviet Second League\n\nExternal links\n 1989 Soviet Second League, Zone 6 (Ukrainian SSR football championship). Luhansk football portal\n\n1989\n3\nSoviet\nSoviet\nfootball\nFootball Championship of the Ukrainian SSR" ]

[ "Ryan Giggs", "Early years", "When did Giggs start playing football?", "1987.", "What was the start of his football years like?", "Giggs captained the Salford team to victory over their Blackburn counterparts, was man of the match, and the trophy was presented to him by Liverpool chief scout Ron Yeats." ]

[ "What You See Is What You Get or WYSIWYG is where computer editing software allows content to be edited in a form that resembles its final appearance.\n\nWhat You See Is What You Get may also refer to:\n\nMusic\n What You See Is What You Get (EP), a 1998 EP by Pitchshifter\n What You See Is What You Get (Glen Goldsmith album), 1988\n What You See Is What You Get (Luke Combs album), 2019\n Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get (album), a 1971 debut album by the band The Dramatics\n\"Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get\" (song), title song from the above The Dramatics album\n \"What You See Is What You Get\" (song), a 1971 song by Stoney & Meatloaf\n \"What U See Is What U Get\", a 1998 song by rapper Xzibit\n \"What U See (Is What U Get)\", a song by Britney Spears from the 2000 album Oops!... I Did It Again\n\nOthers\n What you see is what you get, a term popularized by Geraldine Jones, a character from the television show The Flip Wilson Show\n What You See Is What You Get (book), a 2010 book written by Alan Sugar\n\nSee also\nWYSIWYG (disambiguation)\nWhatcha See Is Whatcha Get (disambiguation)\n\"What You Get Is What You See\", a song by Tina Turner from her 1987 album Break Every Rule\n Stand by Me (Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get), 1971 album by Pretty Purdie and The Playboys", "Philip Moeller is a journalist and primary author of the \"Get What's Yours\" series of books published by Simon & Schuster.\n\nMoeller was a reporter for the Charlotte Observer and the Chicago Sun-Times, business editor for the Louisville Courier-Journal and the Baltimore Sun, and editor of The Hartford Business Journal. He later wrote for U.S. News and World Report, Money magazine, and the PBS NewsHour.\n\nIn 2015, he co-authored the New York Times bestseller, \"Get What's Yours: The Secrets to Maxing Out Your Social Security.\" In 2016, he wrote \"Get What's Yours for Medicare: Maximize Your Coverage, Minimize Your Costs.\" In 2021, the third book in the series was published: \"Get What's Yours for Health Care: How to Get the Best Care at the Right Price.\"\n\nHe has received awards including the 1979 Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism for Small Newspapers and was a Bagehot Fellow in Business and Economics Journalism at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism. He is a graduate of Princeton University and has a master's degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.\n\nReferences \n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAmerican financial writers\nAmerican male journalists\nGerald Loeb Award winners for Small and Medium Newspapers" ]

[ "Ryan Giggs", "Early years", "When did Giggs start playing football?", "1987.", "What was the start of his football years like?", "Giggs captained the Salford team to victory over their Blackburn counterparts, was man of the match, and the trophy was presented to him by Liverpool chief scout Ron Yeats.", "What other awards did he get?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Francis \"Frank\" Stirrup (1925 – 2 February 2013), also known by the nickname of \"Mr Football\", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Lancashire, and at club level for Culcheth ARLFC (near Warrington), Leigh (Heritage № 538), Salford and Oldham (captain) (Heritage № 562), as a , or , i.e. number 1, 2 or 5, 6, or 7.\n\nPersonal life\nFrank Stirrup's birth was registered in Leigh, Lancashire, England. He was the son of Oliver Stirrup, who also played rugby. In 1950, he signed up for Oldham from Salford. His career debuted on January 21, 1951.\n\nDeath \nOn 2 February 2013, Frank died. His funeral service was held at the St Josephs R.C. Church.\n\nPlaying career\n\nChampionship Final appearances\nFrank Stirrup played in Oldham's 3–7 defeat by Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1954–55 season, and played, and was captain, in the 15–14 victory over Hull F.C. in the Championship Final during the 1956–57 season. After the victory, he became the first person to Oldham skipper to lift a trophy since a victory that happened 20 years before.\n\nCounty Cup Final appearances\nAbout Frank Stirrup's time, there was Oldham's 2–12 defeat by Barrow in the 1954 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1954–55 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 23 October 1954, he played , and was captain in Oldham's 10–3 victory over St. Helens in the 1956 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1956–57 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 20 October 1956, through injury he missed the 13–8 victory over Wigan in the 1957 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1957–58 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 19 October 1957, and played , and was captain in the 12–2 victory over St. Helens in the 1958 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1958–59 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 25 October 1958.\n\nClub career\nFrank Stirrup was transferred from Salford to Oldham during November 1950, and he made his début for Oldham against Belle Vue Rangers on Saturday 20 January 1951.\n\nHonoured at Oldham\nFrank Stirrup is an Oldham Hall Of Fame Inductee.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSearch for \"Stirrup\" at rugbyleagueproject.org\nProfile at www.orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\nStatistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk\nFormer Oldham RL star dies\nFrank Stirrup RIP\nFormer Oldham RL Star dies\nPast Players - Frank Stirrup\nOldham mourn legend Frank\n\n1931 births\n2013 deaths\nEnglish rugby league players\nLancashire rugby league team players\nLeigh Centurions players\nOldham R.L.F.C. captains\nOldham R.L.F.C. players\nRugby league five-eighths\nRugby league fullbacks\nRugby league halfbacks\nRugby league players from Leigh, Greater Manchester\nRugby league wingers\nSalford Red Devils players", "Alfred \"Alf\" Middleton (birth unknown – death unknown) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Salford (captain ), as a , i.e. number 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums.\n\nPlaying career\n\nInternational honours\nAlf Middleton won a cap for England while at Salford in 1931 against Wales, and won a cap for Great Britain while at Salford in 1929 against Australia.\n\nLes Diables Rouges\nAlf Middleton was one of the players who successfully toured in France with Salford in 1934, during which the Salford team earned the name \"Les Diables Rouges\", the seventeen players were; Joe Bradbury, Bob Brown, Aubrey Casewell, Paddy Dalton, Bert Day, Cliff Evans, Jack Feetham, George Harris, Barney Hudson, Emlyn Jenkins, Alf Middleton, Sammy Miller, Harold Osbaldestin, Les Pearson, Gus Risman, Billy Watkins and Billy Williams.\n\nChampionship Final appearances\nAlf Middleton played right-, i.e. number 12, in Salford's 3-15 defeat by Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1933–34 season Final at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 28 April 1934.\n\nCounty Cup Final appearances\nAbout Alf Middleton's time, there was Salford's 2-15 defeat by Warrington in the 1929 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1929–30 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 23 November 1929, the 10-8 victory over Swinton in the 1931 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1931–32 season at The Cliff, Broughton, Salford on Saturday 21 November 1931, the 21-12 victory over Wigan in the 1934 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1934–35 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 20 October 1934, the 15-7 victory over Wigan in the 1935 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1935–36 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 19 October 1935, and the 5-2 victory over Wigan in the 1936 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1936–37 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 17 October 1936.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDedicated To Salford Rugby League Football Club\n\nEngland national rugby league team players\nEnglish rugby league players\nGreat Britain national rugby league team players\nPlace of death missing\nRugby league players from Warwickshire\nRugby league second-rows\nSalford Red Devils captains\nSalford Red Devils players\nSportspeople from Nuneaton\nYear of birth missing\nYear of death missing" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas" ]

[ "John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 July 2001) was a New Zealand anthropologist known for his criticism of Margaret Mead's work on Samoan society, as described in her 1928 ethnography Coming of Age in Samoa. His attack \"ignited controversy of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology.\"\n\nFreeman initially became interested in Boasian cultural anthropology while an undergraduate in Wellington, and later went to live and work as a teacher in Samoa. After entering the New Zealand Naval Reserve in World War II, he did graduate training with British social anthropologists Meyer Fortes and Raymond Firth at London School of Economics. He did two and a half years of fieldwork in Borneo studying the Iban people. His 1953 doctoral dissertation described the relations between Iban agriculture and kinship practices. Returning to Borneo in 1961 he suffered a nervous breakdown induced by an intense rivalry with ethnologist and explorer Tom Harrisson. This experience profoundly altered his view of anthropology, changing his interests to looking at the ways in which human behavior is influenced by universal psychological and biological foundations. From then on Freeman argued strongly for a new approach to anthropology which integrated insights from evolutionary theory and psychoanalysis, and he published works on the concepts of aggression and choice.\n\nThis new interest in biological and psychological universals led him to take issue with the famous American anthropologist Margaret Mead who had described Samoan adolescents as not suffering from the \"coming of age\" crisis which was commonly thought to be universal when the study was published in 1923. Mead argued that the lack of this crisis in Samoan adolescence was caused by the youths' greater degree of sexual freedom, and that adolescence crises were therefore not universal, but culturally conditioned. In 1966-67 Freeman conducted fieldwork in Samoa, trying to find Mead's original informants, and while visiting the community where Mead had worked he experienced another breakdown. In 1983 Freeman published his book Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth in which he argued that Mead's data and conclusions were wrong and that Samoan youths suffered from the same problems as Western adolescents. He also argued that Samoan culture in fact put greater emphasis on female virginity than Western culture and had higher indices of juvenile delinquency, sexual violence and suicide. He later published The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead, in which he argued that Mead's misunderstandings of Samoan culture were due to her having been hoaxed by two of her female Samoan informants, who had merely joked about sexual escapades that they did not in fact have.\n\nFreeman's critique of Mead sparked intense debate and controversy in the discipline of anthropology, as well as in the general public. Many of Freeman's critics argued that he misrepresented Mead's views and ignored changes in Samoan society that had taken place in the period between Mead's work in 1925-1926 and his own from 1941 to 1943, including an increasing influence of Christianity. Several Samoan scholars who had been discontented with Mead's depiction of them as happy and sexually liberated thought that Freeman erred in the opposite direction. But Freeman's arguments were embraced enthusiastically among scholars who argue for the existence of genetically-hardwired universal behaviors and prefer such fields as sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.The debate made Freeman a celebrity both inside and outside of anthropology, to an extent that in 1996 Freeman's life became the topic of the play Heretic written by Australian playwright David Williamson, which opened in the Sydney Opera House. The so-called Mead-Freeman controversy spanned three decades, and Freeman published his last rebuttal of a critique of his arguments only weeks before his death in 2001.\n\nLife\nFreeman was raised in Wellington by an Australian father and a New Zealand mother who had been reared in Presbyterian tradition. In particular, Freeman's mother took an active interest in his education and he maintained a close relationship with her during his adult life.\n\nEarly studies\nIn 1934 he entered Wellington's Victoria University College as an undergraduate and studied psychology and philosophy with Siegfried Frederick Nadel. Freeman later commented that if anthropology had been offered he would likely have chosen to study that. He also studied education and was issued a teacher's certificate in 1937. In 1938 he attended a graduate seminar taught by Ernest Beaglehole, who in turn had been a student of Edward Sapir. Beaglehole encouraged Freeman's interest in Mead's groundbreaking 1928 work, and this sparked his interest in visiting Samoa.\n\nDuring his undergraduate studies in psychology he studied the socialization of children aged 6 to 9 in Wellington. This research led him to take a strong cultural determinist stance, even publishing an article in the student publication \"Salient\" stating that \"the aims and desire which determine behavior are all constituted by the social environment\". Also during this period he met Jiddu Krishnamurti who instilled in Freeman an interest in free will and choice as a counterpoint to the forces of social and cultural conditioning.\n\nIn Samoa\n\nIn 1940 Freeman's desire to travel Samoa was realized when he took a position as a schoolteacher in Samoa, from April 1940 to November 1943, during which time he learned to speak the Samoan language fluently, being qualified by a government examination. And he was adopted into a Samoan family of the community of Sa'anapu, and received the chiefly title of Logona-i-Taga. He also made archaeological field studies around the island of Upolu including the Falemauga Caves and earth mounds in Vailele village. Even though he was working as a teacher, he also had time to undertake studies of socialization in children of the same age group with which he had worked in New Zealand. Freeman also collected Samoan artefacts of material culture, which was later deposited in the Otago Museum of Dunedin, New Zealand of which he was made an honorary curator of ethnology. Having served in the Samoan defence force since 1941, in 1943, Freeman left Samoa to enlist in the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve. He served in Europe and the far east during the war, and in September and October 1945 while his ship was accepting the surrender of Japanese troops in Borneo, Freeman came into contact with the Iban people. This experience inspired him to return to do fieldwork in Sarawak.\n\nDoctoral research in Borneo\nIn 1946 he received a Rehabilitation Bursary of the New Zealand government, he did two years of post-graduate studies with Raymond Firth at the London School of Economics and Political Science. During 1946-48 his research centered on manuscript sources relating to Samoa in the archives of the London Missionary Society. In 1947 he gave a lecture series at Oxford University on Samoan social structure, this brought him into contact with Meyer Fortes who became a significant influence on his doctoral research. In November 1948, he married Monica Maitland, and shortly after the couple left for Sarawak where Freeman would spend the next 30 months doing fieldwork among the Iban for his doctoral dissertation. In Borneo, Freeman collaborated closely with his wife, an artist, who made many ethnographic drawings of the Iban. Freeman returned to England in 1951 and was accepted into King's College at the University of Cambridge, where he completed his doctoral thesis on the Iban in 1953.\n\nHis thesis about Iban agriculture has been described as \"a superb piece of research\" and \"one of the best and most complete accounts of swidden agriculture that has yet been made\" It was pioneering in utilizing quantitative data to illuminate aspects of swidden economy as well as social organization. He also described the Iban kinship system which was remarkable in being neither patrilineal or matrilineal, but allowing either kind of filiation (but not both) for any individual. Freeman described this system as \"utrolineal\", and personal choice inherent in the system underpinned much of Freeman's later work.\n\nHe subsequently taught at the University of Otago in New Zealand, and the University of Samoa. In 1955, he became Senior Fellow in the Research School of Pacific Studies at Australian National University in Canberra, where he stayed until his death.\n\nKinship studies and changing heart\nIn the next decades Freeman worked on kinship, exploring especially the system of cognatic descent, in several important papers, such as Freeman (1957) and (1961). Up until this point Freeman had been trained in a framework of British social anthropology and identified strongly with American, Boasian cultural anthropology, but from 1960 he grew increasingly dissatisfied with that paradigm, partly because he felt that it left him unable to answer several important questions regarding Iban ritual behavior. Freeman later described how this dissatisfaction culminated when he read a passage in Victor Turner's \"Symbols in Ndembu ritual\", which questioned the ability of anthropologists to form adequate opinions about psychological aspects of ritual behavior.\n\nConversion and breakdown in Kuching\n\nAn important event in Freeman's life and career took place in 1961 when Freeman was sent to Borneo to attend to a graduate student, one Brian de Martinoir, who had run into trouble with locals while studying in central Borneo. The student (who was later described by Freeman as an impostor with fake credentials) had been subject to verbal abuse and humiliation by Tom Harrisson, Government Ethnologist and Curator of the Sarawak Museum, and this event had threatened his relationship with the Kajang people that he was studying. Freeman knew Harrisson, from his earlier work in Borneo in 1957 when Freeman had himself once been subject to Harrisson's fiery temper - the two men both had strong personalities and they were both strongly territorial about their research subjects.\n\nDuring the stay in Kuching, Freeman developed an intense antagonism towards Harrisson, whom he believed to be a corrupting influence on the local indigenous people, and in spite of his orders from the Australian National University to leave Harrisson be, he worked intensely to put him in a bad light with the local government, and to have him forcibly removed from Borneo. Freeman seems to have believed that through erotic statues elaborated by the local Iban and working in concert with agents of the Soviet Union to subvert the British rule of Malaysia, Harrisson was exerting a form of mind control over Freeman himself as well as over the officials of Borneo. The conflict culminated when Freeman broke into Harrisson's house while he was out, and smashed a carved wooden sculpture at the Sarawak museum. Doubting his own mental health Freeman left Borneo for England intent to see a friend who was a psychiatrist, but during a stop-over in Karachi where he met with officials from London, he decided instead to return to Canberra. At Canberra Freeman was talked into seeing a psychiatrist by the university, agreeing on the condition that the topic of conversation would be Harrisson's madness and not his own mental state. When the psychiatrist Dr. Tenthowathan evaluated him as being emotionally unstable, Freeman was incredibly offended and wrote a report denouncing the doctor as an incompetent. While there were always speculations and divided opinions about Freeman's mental health among his friends and colleagues, Freeman himself rejected such speculations entirely, stating that he was in full control of himself throughout the events in Kuching.\n\nFreeman himself described the events in Kuching as a \"conversion\" and an \"abreaction\" through which he acquired a new level of awareness, including the sudden realization that most of the basic assumptions of cultural anthropology were inadequate. From then on he adopted a new, less culturalistic and more naturalistic scientific stance, incorporating elements of ethology, primatology, neuroscience, psychology and evolutionary theory. He also changed the name under which he published; until that point he had published as J. D. Freeman, but from then on he published as Derek Freeman.\n\nFreeman and Mead in Canberra\n\nThe events also affected Freeman's career by making the Malaysian government declare him persona non grata in Borneo, the place which had been his primary research site. Freeman then traveled to Europe to study psychoanalysis for two years. He contacted Margaret Mead, asking her to introduce him to the American psychoanalytic milieu, which she reluctantly did. Mead knew at that point that Freeman had privately criticized her work in Samoa, and also had heard of his reputation for being difficult to deal with. In November 1964 Mead visited the Australian National University and she and Freeman had their only meeting. Freeman privately presented Mead with most of the critique of her work that he would later publish after her death, and at a public meeting they had a heated discussion about the importance of female virginity in Samoan culture. During this meeting Freeman made a peculiar faux pas. When Mead asked why he had not brought his undergraduate thesis on Samoan social structure to her residence the night before, he replied \"because I was afraid you might ask me to stay the night\". Mead was by then more than 60 years old and walked with a cane, and the suggestion that Freeman thought Mead might seduce him caused hilarity in the auditorium. Freeman later commented that he had no idea why he said what he did, and that he was himself mortified at hearing his own words. This slip and subsequent events in Samoa, have been used to argue that Freeman's academic relationship with Margaret Mead was complicated by Freeman's emotions. Freeman later admitted that he did feel intimidated by Mead even as he was administering his harsh verbal critique of her work, and he described her as a \"castrator of men\" to whose power he did not want to succumb.\n\nBack to Samoa\nIn December 1965, Freeman returned to Samoa, staying there the next two years. Originally his research was supposed to focus on social change, especially interactions between demographic and environmental processes, and he intended to base his research in ethological and psychoanalytic theory. However, traveling to Samoa Freeman decided that his objective should rather be to refute Mead's studies of Samoan sexuality. After working for a while in Western Samoa where he had most of his connections, he traveled to Ta‘ū in American Samoa, the location of Mead's fieldwork in the 1920s, hoping to find some of her original informants. He did not find any, but he did interview several Chiefs who had known Mead and who were highly critical of her depictions of Samoan society. He was also told that Mead had had an affair with a Samoan man, and the men he interviewed expressed outrage at her sexual licentiousness. This information deeply impacted Freeman, who later described the discovery as deeply upsetting. He concluded that when Mead described Young Samoan women as sexually liberated she was in fact projecting onto them \"her own sexual experiences as a young woman in the faraway, romantic south seas\". Shortly after uncovering this information Freeman suffered another breakdown, his Samoan hosts found him wandering the beach in an agitated state. Due to his \"verbally violent\" behavior, the coast guard was dispatched to bring him to observation at the local hospital. Samoan witnesses ascribed the incident to spirit possession, some Americans thought of it as evidence of psychological problems, but Freeman himself dismissed those speculations attributing it to fatigue from research and possible symptoms of dengue fever.\n\nThe beginnings of controversy\nBack from Samoa in 1968 Freeman gave a paper criticizing Mead to the Australian Association of Social Anthropology. The paper contained many of the arguments later to be published in \"Margaret Mead and Samoa\": Freeman argued that Mead had been influenced by her strongly held belief in the power of culture as a determinant of human behavior, and that this belief had caused her to mischaracterize Samoa as a sexually liberated society when in fact it was characterized by sexual repression and violence and adolescent delinquency. In 1972 he published a note in the Journal of the Polynesian Society criticizing Mead's spelling of Polynesian words suggesting that her non-standard orthography betrayed a general lack of skills in the Samoan language. Completing his manuscript of Margaret Mead and Samoa in 1977 he wrote Mead offering her to read it before publication, but Mead was by then seriously ill with cancer and was unable to respond - she died the next year. Freeman sent the manuscript first to the University of Oxford Press for publication, but the editor requested several revisions which Freeman rejected. In 1982 the manuscript was accepted for publication by the Australian National University Press, which issued the work in 1983.\n\nIn 1979 Freeman also sparked a public controversy in Canberra when he protested against the Mexican government's gift of a copy of the Aztec calendar stone to the Australian National University. Freeman believed the stone to have been an altar used for human sacrifice, and therefore saw it as being inappropriate. Freeman stated that the Aztecs were \"the most barbaric culture in all of human history\". The event caused public debate, with commentators accusing Freeman of exhibiting a double standard as he did not speak out against a model of the Roman Colosseum on the campus, and that he had never spoken similarly out against practices of human sacrifice and cannibalism amongst the Bornean and Samoan people he had studied. The controversy created an urban legend in Australia that Freeman had either doused the stone with blood in a display of protest, or that he had planned to do so - these stories are however incorrect, and Freeman in fact calmly attended the inauguration of the stone.\n\nFreeman vs. Mead: A self described heresy\n\nFreeman's research on Samoa was conducted over 4 decades, and crystallized in 1981 when he was finally granted access to the archives of the High Court of American Samoa for the period of the 1920s; consequently, his refutation was published only after Mead's death in 1978. Freeman says that he informed Mead of his ongoing work in refuting her research when he met her in person in November 1964 and engaged in correspondence with her; nevertheless, he has come under fire for not publishing his work at a time when Mead could reply to his accusations. However, when Freeman died in 2001, his obituary in The New York Times pointed out that Freeman tried to publish his criticism of Mead as early as 1971, but American publishers had rejected his manuscript. In 1978, Freeman sent a revised manuscript to Mead, but she was ill and died a few months later without responding.\n\nThe publication of Margaret Mead in Samoa: the Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth sparked an intense controversy both within anthropology and in the general public. The debate which has been characterized as being \"of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology,\" lasted for more than a quarter of a century and has not yet died out. Dozens of articles and many monograph books have been published analyzing the arguments and the debate itself.\n\nIn the 1983 book Freeman described incongruities between Mead's published research and his observations of Samoans:\n\nFreeman's 1983 critique asserts that Mead was tricked by native informants who were lying to her and that these misconceptions reinforced Mead's doctrine of \"absolute cultural determinism\" that entirely neglects the role of biology and evolution in human behavior, concentrating instead on the cultural influences. Freeman also argues that \"Mead ignored violence in Samoan life, did not have a sufficient background in—or give enough emphasis to—the influence of biology on behavior, did not spend enough time in Samoa, and was not familiar enough with the Samoan language.\"\n\nFreeman's refutation was initially met by some with accusations of \"circumstantial evidence, selective quotation, omission of inconvenient evidence, spurious historical tracking and other critical observations,\" resulting in \"major questions\" about the validity and honesty of his scholarship. In 1996 Martin Orans examined Mead's notes preserved at the Library of Congress, and credits her for leaving all of her recorded data available to the general public. Orans concludes that Freeman's basic criticisms, that Mead was duped by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu (who later swore to Freeman that she had played a joke on Mead) was wrong for several reasons: first, Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan joking; second, she provided a careful account of the sexual restrictions on ceremonial virgins that corresponds to Fa'apua'a Fa'auma'a's account to Freeman, and third, that Mead's notes make clear that she had reached her conclusions about Samoan sexuality before meeting Fa'aupa'a Fa'amu. He therefore concludes, contrary to Freeman, that Mead was never the victim of a hoax. Orans argues that Mead's data supports several different conclusions (Orans argues that Mead's own data portrays Samoa as more sexually restrictive than the popular image), and that Mead's conclusions hinge on an interpretive, rather than positivist, approach to culture.\n\nFreeman's obituary in The New York Times stated that \"His challenge was initially greeted with disbelief or anger, but gradually won wide -- although not complete -- acceptance,\" but further said that \"many anthropologists have agreed to disagree over the findings of one of the science's founding mothers, acknowledging both Mead's pioneering research and the fact that she may have been mistaken on details.\"\n\nSoon after, The New York Times published the following response from Professor Louise Lamphere, president of the American Anthropological Association,\n\nYour 5 Aug. obituary of the anthropologist Derek Freeman leaves the impression that the two books he wrote attacking Margaret Mead's work have permanently damaged her reputation. The Freeman debate has been the subject of a number of books and scholarly articles that support her views on the importance of culture for the adolescent experience, while criticizing some details of her research.\n\nI have taught about the controversy for the last 18 years and am still impressed by the fact that a 24-year-old woman could produce a study so far ahead of its time. Dr. Freeman studied a different island 20 years after Mead's research, and his notion that biology is more determinative than culture is oversimplified. Most serious scholarship casts grave doubt on his data and theory.\n\nA detailed review of the controversy by Paul Shankman, published by the University of Wisconsin Press in 2009, supports the contention that Mead's research was essentially correct, and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his data and misrepresented both Mead and Samoan culture.\n\nDeath\nFreeman died of congestive heart failure in 2001 at the age of eighty-four. His private book collection, which has been described as one of a number of \"major Canberra personal libraries\", was dispersed after his death.\n\nSelected works\n\nBooks and theses\n 1953 Family and Kin among the Iban of Sarawak. University of Cambridge.\n 1955 Iban agriculture; a report on the shifting cultivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak, Colonial Office Research Study No. 19 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office)\n 1970. Report on the Iban. LSE Monographs in Social Anthropology No. 41. London: Athlone Press (first published in 1955)\n 1983. Margaret Mead and Samoa: The making and unmaking of an anthropological myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. \n 1998. The fateful hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A historical analysis of her Samoan research. Boulder: Westview Press.\n\nArticles and chapters\n 1957. Iban pottery. Sarawak Museum Journal 8\n 1957 The family system of the Iban of Borneo. In Jack Goody (ed.) The developmental cycle in domestic groups (Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology, No. 1), pp. 15–52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\n 1960 The Iban of Western Borneo. In G.P. Murdock (ed.) Social structure in Southeast Asia, pp. 65–87. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.\n 1961. [review of] Social Stratification in Polynesia. by Marshall D. Sahlins, Man, Vol. 61, (Aug. 1961), pp. 146–148\n 1961. On the Concept of the Kindred. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 91, No. 2, 1961. pp. 192–220\n 1964. Some Observations on Kinship and Political Authority in Samoa. American Anthropologist, 66: 553–568\n 1965. Samoa: A Matter of Emphasis. American Anthropologist, 67: 1534–1537.\n 1966. Social anthropology and the scientific study of human behaviour. Man. New Series, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Sep. 1966), pp. 330–342\n 1968. Thunder, Blood, and the Nicknaming of God's Creatures. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 37:353-399\n 1969. The Sea Dayaks of Borneo before White Rajah Rule. The Journal of Asian Studies\n 1970. Human nature and culture. In Man and the New Biology. Australian National University Press, Canberra\n 1971. Aggression: instinct or symptom? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Jun;5(2):66-77.\n 1973. Darwinian Psychological Anthropology: A Biosocial Approach [with Comments and Reply] Current Anthropology Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 373–387\n 1974. The Evolutionary Theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer [with Comments and Replies] Current Anthropology. Vol. 15, No. 3 (Sep. 1974), pp. 211–237\n 1977. Studies in Borneo Societies: Social Process and Anthropological Explanation. Man.\n 1980. Sociobiology: The 'antidiscipline' of anthropology. In Montagu, A. (ed.), Sociobiology Examined. Oxford University Press, New York.\n 1981 Some reflections on the nature of Iban society. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.\n 1981. The anthropology of choice: An ANZAAS presidential address given in Auckland, New Zealand, on 24 January 1979. Canberra Anthropology 4(1): 82–100.\n 1983. Inductivism and the test of truth: A rejoinder to Lowell D. Holmes and others. Canberra Anthropology 6(2): 96–192. Special Volume: Fact and Context in Ethnography: The Samoa Controversy\n 1984. \"O Rose thou art sick!\" A Rejoinder to Weiner, Schwartz, Holmes, Shore, and Silverman. American Anthropologist, 86: 400–40\n 1984. Response [to Ala'ilima, Wendt and McDowell]. Pacific Studies 7(2): 140–196.\n 1985. A reply to Ember's reflections on the Freeman-Mead controversy. American Anthropologist 87(4): 910–917.\n 1985. Response to Reyman and Hammond. American Anthropologist 87(2): 394–395.\n 1986. Rejoinder to Patience and Smith. American Anthropologist 88(1): 162-167\n 1987. Comment on Holmes's \"Quest for the real Samoa\". American Anthropologist 89(4): 930–935.\n 1987. Review of Quest for the real Samoa: The Mead/Freeman controversy and beyond, by Lowell D. Holmes. Journal of the Polynesian Society 96(3): 392–395.\n 1989. Fa’apua’a and Margaret Mead. American Anthropologist 91:1017–22.\n 1989. Holmes, Mead and Samoa. American Anthropologist 91(3): 758–762.\n 1991. There's tricks i' th' world: An historical analysis of the Samoan researches of Margaret Mead. Visual Anthropology Review 7(1): 103–128.\n 1991. On Franz Boas and the Samoan researches of Margaret Mead. Current Anthropology 32(3): 322–330.\n 1992. Paradigms in collision: The far-reaching controversy over the Samoan researches of Margaret Mead and its significance for the human sciences. Academic Questions Summer: 23–33.\n 1996. Derek Freeman: Reflections of a heretic. The Evolutionist (an internet-only magazine), London School of Economics, \n 1997. Paradigms in collision: Margaret Mead's mistake and what it has done to anthropology. Skeptic 5: 66–73.\n 2001. \"Words have no words for words that are not true\": A rejoinder to Serge Tcherkézoff. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 110(3):301-11\n 2001. Paradigms in collision, in Dilthey's dream. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus\n\nSee also\nArchaeology in Samoa\nHeretic (play)\n\nReferences\n\nCited works\nMargaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth by Derek Freeman, Harvard University Press, 1983, .\n\"The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of her Samoan Research book review\" by Grant McCall, Australian Journal of Anthropology, April 2001.\n\"Culture, Biology, and Evolution: The Mead–Freeman Controversy Revisited\" by Paul Shankman, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Springer Netherlands, Volume 29, Number 5 / October 2000, ISSN 0047-2891: Pages 539-556.\n\"Derek Freeman: 1916-2001\" by Donald Tuzin, American Anthropologist, September 2002, Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 1013–1015.\n\"Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture\", Library of Congress, 15 February 2006.\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nThe Register of Derek Freeman Papers 1940 - 2001 Mandeville Special Collections Library Geisel Library University of California, San Diego\n . A 1988 documentary about the Mead-Freeman controversy, including an interview with one of Mead's original informants.\n\n1916 births\n2001 deaths\nAlumni of King's College, Cambridge\nEthnographers\nNew Zealand anthropologists\nSocial anthropologists\nUniversity of Otago faculty\nPeople from Wellington City\nHistorians of the Pacific\nVictoria University of Wellington alumni\nNew Zealand expatriates in Samoa\nNew Zealand book and manuscript collectors\n20th-century anthropologists\nNew Zealand expatriates in Australia\nNew Zealand expatriates in the United Kingdom", "Coming of Age in Samoa is a book by American anthropologist Margaret Mead based upon her research and study of youth – primarily adolescent girls – on the island of Ta'u in the Samoan Islands. The book details the sexual life of teenagers in Samoan society in the early 20th century, and theorizes that culture has a leading influence on psychosexual development.\n\nFirst published in 1928, the book launched Mead as a pioneering researcher and as the most famous anthropologist in the world. Since its first publication, Coming of Age in Samoa was the most widely read book in the field of anthropology until Napoleon Chagnon's Yanomamö: The Fierce People overtook it. The book has sparked years of ongoing and intense debate and controversy on questions pertaining to society, culture, and science. It is a key text in the nature versus nurture debate, as well as in discussions on issues relating to family, adolescence, gender, social norms, and attitudes.\n\nIn the 1980s, Derek Freeman contested many of Mead's claims, and argued that she was hoaxed into counterfactually believing that Samoan culture had more relaxed sexual norms than Western culture. However, the anthropology community on the whole has rejected Freeman's claims, concluding that Freeman cherry-picked his data, and misrepresented both Mead's research and the interviews that he conducted. Mead's field work for \"Coming of Age\" was also scrutinized, and major discrepancies found between her published statements and her field data. Samoans themselves tend to be critical of what Mead wrote of their culture, especially her claim that adolescent promiscuity was socially acceptable in Samoa in the 1920s.\n\nContent\n\nForeword\nIn the foreword to Coming of Age in Samoa, Mead's advisor, Franz Boas, writes:\n\"Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the most unexpected ways.\"\n\nBoas went on to point out that, at the time of publication, many Americans had begun to discuss the problems faced by young people (particularly women) as they pass through adolescence as \"unavoidable periods of adjustment\". Boas felt that a study of the problems faced by adolescents in another culture would be illuminating.\n\nIntroduction\n\nMead introduces the book with a general discussion of the problems facing adolescents in modern society and the various approaches to understanding these problems: religion, philosophy, educational theory, and psychology. She discusses various limitations in each approach and then introduces the new field of anthropology as a promising alternative science based on analyzing social structures and dynamics. She contrasts the methodology of the anthropologist with other scientific studies of behavior and the obvious reasons that controlled experiments are so much more difficult for anthropology than other sciences. For this reason her methodology is one of studying societies in their natural environment. Rather than select a culture that is fairly well understood such as Europe or America, she chooses South Sea island people because their culture is radically different from Western culture and likely to yield more useful data as a result. However, in doing so she introduces new complexity in that she must first understand and communicate to her readers the nature of South Sea culture itself rather than delve directly into issues of adolescence as she could in a more familiar culture. Once she has an understanding of Samoan culture she will delve into the specifics of how adolescent education and socialization are carried out in Samoan culture and contrast it with Western culture.\n\nMead described the goal of her research as follows:\"I have tried to answer the question which sent me to Samoa: Are the disturbances which vex our adolescents due to the nature of adolescence itself or to the civilization? Under different conditions does adolescence present a different picture?\"\n\nTo answer this question, she conducted her study among a small group of Samoans. She found a village of 600 people on the island of Ta'ū, in which, over a period of between six and nine months, she got to know, lived with, observed, and interviewed (having learnt some Samoan) 68 young women between the ages of 9 and 20. Mead studied daily living, education, social structures and dynamics, rituals, etiquette, etc.\n\nSamoan life and education\n\nMead begins with the description of a typical idyllic day in Samoa. She then describes child education, starting with the birth of children, which is celebrated with a lengthy ritual feast. After birth, however, Mead describes how children are mostly ignored, for girl children sometimes explicitly ritually ignored, after birth up to puberty. She describes the various methods of disciplining children. Most involve some sort of corporal punishment, such as hitting with hands, palm fronds, or shells. However, the punishment is mostly ritualistic and not meant to inflict serious harm. Children are expected to contribute meaningful work from a very early age. Initially, young children of both sexes help to care for infants. As the children grow older, however, the education of the boys shifts to fishing, while the girls focus more on child care. However, the concept of age for the Samoans is not the same as in the West. Samoans do not keep track of birth days, and they judge maturity not on actual number of years alive, but rather on the outward physical changes in the child.\n\nFor the adolescent girls, status is primarily a question of whom they will marry. Mead also describes adolescence and the time before marriage as the high point of a Samoan girl's life: \"But the seventeen year old girl does not wish to marry – not yet. It is better to live as a girl with no responsibility, and a rich variety of experience. This is the best period of her life.\"\n\nSamoan household\n\nThe next section describes the structure of a Samoan village: \"a Samoan village is made up of some thirty to forty households, each of which is presided over by a head man\". Each household is an extended family including widows and widowers. The household shares houses communally: each household has several houses but no members have an ownership or permanent residence of any specific building. The houses may not all be within the same part of the village.\n\nThe head man of the household has ultimate authority over the group. Mead describes how the extended family provides security and safety for Samoan children. Children are likely to be near relatives no matter where they are, and any child that is missing will be found quite rapidly. The household also provides freedom for children including girls. According to Mead, if a girl is unhappy with the particular relatives she happens to live with, she can always simply move to a different home within the same household. Mead also describes the various and fairly complex status relations which are a combination of factors such as a role in the household, the household's status within the village, the age of the individual, etc. There are also many rules of etiquette for requesting and granting favors.\n\nSamoan social structures and rules\n\nMead describes the many group structures and dynamics within Samoan culture. The forming of groups is an important part of Samoan life from early childhood when young children form groups for play and mischief. There are several different kinds of possible group structures in Samoan culture. Relations flow down from chiefs and heads of households; men designate another man to be their aid and surrogate in courting rituals; men form groups for fishing and other work activities; women form groups based on tasks such as child caring and household relations. Mead describes examples of such groups and describes the complex rules that govern how they are formed and how they function. Her emphasis is on Samoan adolescent girls, but as elsewhere she needs to also describe Samoan social structures for the entire culture to give a complete picture.\n\nMead believes that the complex and mandatory rules that govern these various groups mean that the traditional Western concept of friendship as a bond entered into voluntarily by two people with compatible interests is all but meaningless for Samoan girls: \"friendship is so patterned as to be meaningless. I once asked a young married woman if a neighbor with whom she was always upon the most uncertain and irritated terms was a friend of hers. 'Why, of course, her mother's father's father, and my father's mother's father were brothers.\n\nThe ritual requirements (such as being able to remember specifics about family relations and roles) are far greater for men than women. This also translates into significantly more responsibility being put on men than women: \"a man who commits adultery with a chief's wife was beaten and banished, sometime even drowned by the outraged community, but the woman was only cast out by her husband\".\n\nMead devotes a whole chapter to Samoan music and the role of dancing and singing in Samoan culture. She views these as significant because they violate the norms of what Samoans define as good behavior in all other activities and provide a unique outlet for Samoans to express their individuality. According to Mead there is normally no greater social failing than demonstrating an excess of pride, or as the Samoans describe it, \"presuming above one's age\". However, this is not the case when it comes to singing and dancing. In these activities, individuality and creativity are the most highly praised attributes, and children are free to express themselves to the fullest extent of their capabilities rather than being concerned with appropriate behavior based on age and status:\n\nPersonality, sexuality, and old age\n\nMead describes the psychology of the individual Samoan as being simpler, more honest, and less driven by sexual neuroses than the west. She describes Samoans as being much more comfortable with issues such as menstruation and more casual about non-monogamous sexual relations. Part of the reason for this is the extended family structure of Samoan villages. Conflicts that might result in arguments or breaks within a traditional Western family can be defused in Samoan families simply by having one of the parties to the conflict relocate to a different home that is part of the household within the village. Another reason Mead cites is that Samoans do not seem eager to give judgmental answers to questions. Mead describes how one of the things that made her research difficult was that Samoans would often answer just about every question with non-committal answers, the Samoan equivalent to shrugging one's shoulders and saying: \"Who knows?\"\n\nMead concludes the section of the book dealing with Samoan life with a description of Samoan old age. Samoan women in old age \"are usually more of a power within the household than the old men. The men rule partly by the authority conferred by their titles, but their wives and sisters rule by force of personality and knowledge of human nature.\"\n\nEducational problems: American and Samoan contrasts \nMead concluded that the passage from childhood to adulthood (adolescence) in Samoa was a smooth transition and not marked by the emotional or psychological distress, anxiety, or confusion seen in the United States.\n\nMead concluded that this was due to the Samoan girl's belonging to a stable, monocultural society, surrounded by role models, and where nothing concerning the basic human facts of copulation, birth, bodily functions, or death, was hidden. The Samoan girl was not pressured to choose from among a variety of conflicting values, as was the American girl. Mead commented, somewhat satirically:... [an American] girl's father may be a Presbyterian, an imperialist, a vegetarian, a teetotaller, with a strong literary preference for Edmund Burke, a believer in the open shop and a high tariff, who believes that women's place is in the home, that young girls should wear corsets, not roll their stockings, not smoke, nor go riding with young men in the evening. But her mother's father may be a Low Episcopalian, a believer in high living, a strong advocate of States' Rights and the Monroe Doctrine, who reads Rabelais, likes to go to musical shows and horse races. Her aunt is an agnostic, an ardent advocate of women's rights, an internationalist who rests all her hopes on Esperanto, is devoted to Bernard Shaw, and spends her spare time in campaigns of anti-vivisection. Her elder brother, whom she admires exceedingly, has just spent two years at Oxford. He is an Anglo-Catholic, an enthusiast concerning all things medieval, writes mystical poetry, reads Chesterton, and means to devote his life to seeking for the lost secret of medieval stained glass. Her mother's younger brother ...\n\nReception \nOn publication, the book generated a great deal of coverage both in the academic world and in the popular press. Mead's publisher (William Morrow) had lined up many endorsements from well known academics such as anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski and psychologist John Watson. Their praise was a major public relations coup for Morrow and drew popular attention to the book. Academic interest was soon followed by sensational headlines such as \"Samoa is the Place for Women\" and that Samoa is \"Where Neuroses Cease\".\n\nImpact on anthropology\nFor most anthropologists before Mead, detailed immersive fieldwork was not a common practice. Although subsequent reviews of her work have revealed faults by the standards of modern anthropology, at the time the book was published the idea of living with native people was fairly ground breaking. The use of cross-cultural comparison to highlight issues within Western society was highly influential and contributed greatly to the heightened awareness of anthropology and ethnographic study in the United States. It established Mead as a substantial figure in American anthropology, a position she would maintain for the next fifty years.\n\nSocial influences and reactions\nAs Boas and Mead expected, this book upset many Westerners when it first appeared in 1928. Many American readers felt shocked by her observation that young Samoan women deferred marriage for many years while enjoying casual sex before eventually choosing a husband. As a landmark study regarding sexual mores, the book was highly controversial and frequently came under attack on ideological grounds. For example, the National Catholic Register argued that Mead’s findings were merely a projection of her own sexual beliefs and reflected her desire to eliminate restrictions on her own sexuality. The conservative Intercollegiate Studies Institute listed Coming of Age in Samoa as #1 on its list of the \"50 Worst Books of the Twentieth Century\".\n\nCritique of Mead's methodology and conclusions\nAlthough Coming of Age received significant interest and praise from the academic community, Mead's research methodology also came in for criticism from several reviewers and fellow anthropologists. Mead was criticized for not separating her personal speculation and opinions from her ethnographic description of Samoan life and for making sweeping generalizations based on a relatively short period of study.\n\nFor example, Nels Anderson wrote about the book: \"If it is science, the book is somewhat of a disappointment. It lacks a documental base. It is given too much to interpretation instead of description. Dr. Mead forgets too often that that she is an anthropologist and gets her own personality involved with her materials.\"\n\nShortly after Mead’s death, Derek Freeman published a book, Margaret Mead and Samoa, that claimed Mead failed to apply the scientific method and that her assertions were unsupported. This criticism is dealt with in detail in the section below.\n\nThe Mead–Freeman controversy\n\nFreeman's 1983 book\nIn 1983, five years after Mead had died, Derek Freeman – a New Zealand anthropologist who lived in Samoa – published Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, in which he challenged all of Mead's major findings. In 1988, he participated in the filming of Margaret Mead and Samoa, directed by Frank Heimans, which claims to document one of Mead's original informants, now an elderly woman, swearing that the information she and her friend provided Mead when they were teenagers was false; one of the girls would say of Mead on videotape years later:\n\nAnother of Mead's statements on which Freeman focused was her claim that through the use of chicken blood, Samoan girls could and do lie about their status of virginity. Freeman pointed out that virginity of the bride is so crucial to the status of Samoan men that they have a specific ritual in which the bride's hymen is manually ruptured in public, by the groom himself or by the chief, making deception via chicken blood impossible. On this ground, Freeman argued that Mead must have based her account on (false) hearsay from non-Samoan sources.\n\nThe argument hinged on the place of the taupou system in Samoan society. According to Mead, the taupou system is one of institutionalized virginity for young women of high rank, and it is exclusive to women of high rank. According to Freeman, all Samoan women emulated the taupou system, and Mead's informants denied having engaged in casual sex as young women and claimed that they had lied to Mead.\n\nAnthropological reception and reactions\nAfter an initial flurry of discussion, many anthropologists concluded that Freeman systematically misrepresented Mead's views on the relationship between nature and nurture, as well as the data on Samoan culture. According to Freeman's colleague Robin Fox, Freeman \"seemed to have a special place in hell reserved for Margaret Mead, for reasons not at all clear at that time\".\n\nMoreover, many field and comparative studies by anthropologists have since found that adolescence is not experienced in the same way in all societies. Systematic cross-cultural study of adolescence by Schlegel and Barry, for example, concluded that adolescents experience harmonious relations with their families in most non-industrialized societies around the world.\n\nThey find that, when family members need each other throughout their lives, independence, as expressed in adolescent rebelliousness, is minimal and counterproductive. Adolescents are likely to be rebellious only in industrialized societies practicing neolocal residence patterns (in which young adults must move their residence away from their parents). Neolocal residence patterns result from young adults living in industrial societies who move to take new jobs or in similar geographically mobile populations. Thus, Mead's analysis of adolescent conflict is upheld in the comparative literature on societies worldwide.\n\nFirst, these critics have speculated that he waited until Mead died before publishing his critique so that she would not be able to respond. However, in 1978, Freeman sent a revised manuscript to Mead, but she was ill and died a few months later without responding.\n\nSecond, Freeman's critics point out that, by the time he arrived on the scene, Mead's original informants were old women, grandmothers, and had converted to Christianity, so their testimony to him may not have been accurate. They further argue that Samoan culture had changed considerably in the decades following Mead's original research; after intense missionary activity, many Samoans had come to adopt the same sexual standards as the Americans who were once so shocked by Mead's book. They suggested that such women, in this new context, were unlikely to speak frankly about their adolescent behavior. Further, they suggested that these women might not be as forthright and honest about their sexuality when speaking to an elderly man as they would have been speaking to a woman near their own age.\n\nSome anthropologists criticized Freeman on methodological and empirical grounds. For example, they stated that Freeman had conflated publicly articulated ideals with behavioral norms – that is, while many Samoan women would admit in public that it is ideal to remain a virgin, in practice they engaged in high levels of premarital sex and boasted about their sexual affairs among themselves. Freeman's own data documented the existence of premarital sexual activity in Samoa. In a western Samoan village, he documented that 20% of 15 year-olds, 30% of 16 year-olds, and 40% of 17 year-olds had engaged in premarital sex. In 1983, the American Anthropological Association held a special session to discuss Freeman's book, to which they did not invite him. Their criticism was made formal at the 82nd annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association the next month in Chicago, where a special session, to which Freeman was not invited, was held to discuss his book. They passed a motion declaring Freeman's Margaret Mead and Samoa \"poorly written, unscientific, irresponsible, and misleading\". Freeman commented that \"to seek to dispose of a major scientific issue by a show of hands is a striking demonstration of the way in which belief can come to dominate the thinking of scholars\".\n\nIn the years that followed, anthropologists vigorously debated these issues. Two scholars who published on the issue include Appell, who stated \"I found Freeman's argument to be completely convincing\"; and Brady, who stated \"Freeman's book discovers little but tends to reinforce what many anthropologists already suspected\" regarding the adequacy of Mead's ethnography. They were supported by several others.\n\nMuch like Mead's work, Freeman's account has been challenged as being ideologically driven to support his own theoretical viewpoint (sociobiology and interactionism), as well as assigning Mead a high degree of gullibility and bias. Freeman's refutation of Samoan sexual mores has been challenged, in turn, as being based on public declarations of sexual morality, virginity, and taupou rather than on actual sexual practices within Samoan society during the period of Mead's research.\n\nLowell Holmes – who completed a lesser-publicized re-study – commented later: \"Mead was better able to identify with, and therefore establish rapport with, adolescents and young adults on issues of sexuality than either I (at age 29, married with a wife and child) or Freeman, ten years my senior.\"\n\nIn 1996, Martin Orans published his review of Mead's notes preserved at the Library of Congress, crediting her for leaving all her recorded data as available to the general public. Orans concludes that Freeman's basic criticism (that Mead was duped by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu who later swore to Freeman that she had played a joke on Mead) was false for several reasons: first, Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan joking; second, she provided a careful account of the sexual restrictions on ceremonial virgins that corresponds to Fa'apua'a Fa'amu's account to Freeman; and third, that Mead's notes make clear that she had reached her conclusions about Samoan sexuality before meeting Fa'apua'a Fa'amu. He therefore concludes, contrary to Freeman, that Mead was never the victim of a hoax.\n\nOrans points out that Mead's data supports several different conclusions, and that Mead's conclusions hinge on an interpretive, rather than positivist, approach to culture. Orans concludes that due to Mead's interpretive approach – common to most contemporary cultural anthropology – her hypotheses and conclusions are essentially unfalsifiable and therefore \"not even wrong\".\n\nFreeman's 1998 book\nIn 1998, Freeman published another book The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead. It included new material, in particular interviews that Freeman called of \"exceptional historical significance\" and \"of quite fundamental importance\" of one of Mead's then-adolescent informants by a Samoan chief from the National University of Samoa (in 1988 and 1993) and of her daughter (in 1995). Correspondence of 1925–1926 between Franz Boas and Margaret Mead was also newly available to Freeman. He concludes in the introduction to the book that \"her exciting revelations about sexual behavior were in some cases merely the extrapolations of whispered intimacies, whereas those of greatest consequence were the results of a prankish hoax\".\n\nFreeman argues that Mead collected other evidence that contradicts her own conclusion, such as a tutor who related that as of puberty girls were always escorted by female family members. He also claims that because of a decision to take ethnological trips to Fitiuta, only eight weeks remained for her primary research into adolescent girls, and it was now \"practically impossible\" to find time with the sixty-six girls she was to study, because the government school had reopened. With the remaining time, she instead went to Ofu, and the bulk of her research came from speaking with her two Samoan female companions, Fa'apua'a and Fofoa. Freeman claims Mead's letters to Boas reflect that she was influenced by studies of sexuality from Marquesas Islands, and that she was seeking to confirm the same information by questioning Fa'apua'a and Fofoa. She sent her conclusions to Boas on March 14 and with \"little left to do\" she cut short her trip.\n\nFreeman claimed that \"no systematic, firsthand investigation of the sexual behavior of her sample of adolescent girls was ever to be undertaken. Instead, Margaret Mead's account of adolescent sexual behavior in Coming of Age in Samoa and elsewhere was based on what she had been told by Fa'apua'a and Fofoa, supplemented by other such inquiries that she had previously made.\" As Fa'apua'a told Freeman, in her 80s, that she and her friend had been joking, Freeman defends her testimony in the introduction of his second book about Mead: Both that the octagenarian's memory was very good, and that she swore on the Bible, as a Christian, that it was true.\n\nIn 2009, a detailed review of the controversy was published by Paul Shankman. It supports the contention that Mead's research was essentially correct, and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his data and misrepresented both Mead and Samoan culture.\n\nSee also \n Culture of Samoa\n Heretic, a play by Australian playwright David Williamson that explores Freeman's reactions to Mead.\n The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1928 non-fiction books\nAnthropology books\nSamoan culture\nSamoan society\nManu'a\nBooks about Samoa\nBooks by Margaret Mead\nWilliam Morrow and Company books" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed." ]

[ "\"Criticize\" is a song by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal, written by O'Neal and Jellybean Johnson. It was the second single from O'Neal's second solo album, Hearsay (1987). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the Hearsay single \"Fake\", \"Criticize\" was released as the album's second single.\n\nMeaning\nThe song's lyrics are a personal commentary, critical of a nagging ex-lover, who criticizes his \"friends\", \"ideals\", \"lifestyle\", and \"feeling[s]\".\n\nRelease\nThe song peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his biggest hit there, and in 2020 became O'Neal's first single to be certified Silver in the UK. In O'Neal's native United States, it peaked at No. 4 on the R&B chart, and No. 70 on the main Billboard Hot 100. It was also one of his only two hits to chart in the Republic of Ireland (reaching No. 14).\n\nIn popular culture\nThe song is featured in the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV on the in-game radio station \"The Vibe 98.8\".\n\nTrack listing\n 12\" Maxi (Tabu TBU 651158 6)\n \"Criticize (Remix)\" - 7:00\n \"Criticize (Edit)\" - 3:55\n \"Criticize (A Cappella)\" - 2:40\n \"Criticize (Critical Mix)\" - 5:30\n \"Criticize (Critical Edit)\" - 3:45\n \"Criticize (Critical Dub)\" - 4:30\n \"Criticize (Nag Mix)\" - 1:35\n\n 12\" Single\n \"Criticize (Remix)\" - 7:00\n \"Criticize (Critical Mix)\" - 5:30\n \"Fake (Extended Version)\" - 5:20\n\n 7\" Single (Tabu 651158 7)\n \"Criticize\" - 4:00\n \"A Broken Heart Can Mend\" - 3:40\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's liner notes.\n Alexander O'Neal - lead vocals and backing vocals\n Jellybean Johnson - synthesizers, electric guitar and drum machine\n Jimmy Jam - synthesizers\n Lisa Keith - backing vocals\n Brie Howard-Darling - drums, matraca and timbals\n\nSales chart performance\n\nPeak positions\n\nCertifications\n\nRe-recording\nAlexander O’Neal re-recorded “Criticize” in 1998 with producers Errol Jones and John Girvan. The song was released as a commercial single, peaking at number 51 on the UK Singles Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n UK CD Single (OWECD3)\n \"Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Radio Mix)\" – 3:59\n \"Criticize (‘98 Chill Out Positivity Krew Radio Mix)\" – 4:38\n \"Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)\" – 6:56\n \"Criticize (‘98 House Positivity Mix)\" – 4:20\n\n UK 12” Single (OWET3)\n \"Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)\" – 6:56\n \"Criticize (‘98 Critical Yojo Working Radio Mix)\" – 3:59\n \"Criticize (‘98 Dub Mix)\" – 4:38\n\n Germany 12” Single (0066260CLU)\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Club Vocal Mix)\" – 7:22\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Ocean Dub)\" – 6:05\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Subsonic Vocal Mix)\" – 8:30\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Subsonic Dub)\" – 7:52\n\n Germany 12” Single (0066540CLU)\n \"Criticize (Stonebridge Club Mix)\" – 9:52\n \"Criticize (Critical Yojo Working Club Mix)\" – 6:56\n \"Criticize (Jamie Lewis Phat Club Mix)\" – 7:49\n\n Italy 12” Single (BLUE012)\n \"Criticize '99 (Jamie Lewis Phat Club Mix)\" – 7:49\n \"Criticize '99 (Harley & Muscle Deep House Mix)\" – 7:54\n\n Italy 12” Single (BLUE013)\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Club Vocal Mix)\" – 7:22\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Ocean Dub)\" – 6:05\n \"Criticize 1999 (Bini & Martini Sub Sonic Vocal Dub)\" – 8:30\n\nReferences\n\n1987 singles\nAlexander O'Neal songs\n1987 songs\nSong recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\nSongs written by Jellybean Johnson\nSongs written by Alexander O'Neal", "Elisabeth Marjolijn (Elselijn) Kingma (born 1981) is a Dutch philosopher. She is a professor at King's College London where she holds the Peter Sowerby Chair in Philosophy and Medicine.\n\nCareer\nShe received her undergraduate degrees in Medicine (2004) and Psychology (2004) from Leiden University, and her MPhil (2005) and PhD (2008) in History & Philosophy of Science from the University of Cambridge. She did post-doctoral research in the Department for Clinical Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (USA).\n\nBefore working at King's College, she worked at the University of Southampton as Associate Professor in Philosophy. From 2012 to 2019 she was Socrates Professor in the Philosophy of Ethics of Biotechnology at the University of Eindhoven.\n\nIn 2016, she received a €1.2 million euro grant from the European Research Council for her research Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (BUMP). In 2020, she was awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize, given annually to researchers at an 'early stage of their careers whose work has had international impact and whose future career is exceptionally promising.'\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nElselijn Kingma at the University of Southampton\n\n21st-century Dutch philosophers\nPhilosophy academics\nLiving people\nEindhoven University of Technology faculty\nAlumni of the University of Cambridge\nMoral philosophers\nAcademics of the University of Southampton\n1981 births\nAcademics of King's College London\nPhilosophers of medicine" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence." ]

[ "The I' and the 'me are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead, one of the key influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic interactionism. The terms refer to the psychology of the individual, where in Mead's understanding, the \"me\" is the socialized aspect of the person, and the \"I\" is the active aspect of the person.\n\nOne might usefully 'compare Mead's \"I\" and \"me\", respectively, with Sartre's \"choice\" and \"the situation\". But Mead himself matched up the \"me\" with Freud's \"censor\", and the \"I\" with his \"ego\"; and this is psychologically apt.\n\nCharacteristics\n\nThe \"Me\" is what is learned in interaction with others and (more generally) with the environment: other people's attitudes, once internalized in the self, constitute the Me. This includes both knowledge about that environment (including society), but also about who the person is: their sense of self. \"What the individual is for himself is not something that he invented. It is what his significant others have come to ...treat him as being.\" This is because people learn to see who they are (man or woman, old or young, etc.) by observing the responses of others to themselves or their actions. If others respond to a person as (for instance) a woman, the person develops a sense of herself indeed as a woman.\n\nAt the same time, 'the \"Me\" disciplines the \"I\" by holding it back from breaking the law of the community'. It is thus very close to the way in a man Freud's 'ego-censor, the conscience...arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him by the medium of the voice), to whom were added, as time went on, those who trained and taught him and the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment—his fellow-men—and public opinion'. It is 'the attitude of the other in one's own organism, as controlling the thing that he is going to do'.\n\nBy contrast, 'the \"I\" is the response of the individual to the attitude of the community'. The \"I\" acts creatively, though within the context of the me. Mead notes that \"It is only after we have acted that we know what we have done...what we have said.\" People, he argues, are not automatons; Mead states that \"the \"I\" reacts to the self which arises though the taking of the attitude of others.\" They do not blindly follow rules. They construct a response on the basis of what they have learned, the \"me\". Mead highlighted accordingly those values that attach particularly to the \"I\" rather than to the me, \"...which cannot be calculated and which involve a reconstruction of the society, and so of the 'me' which belongs to that society.\" Taken together, the \"I\" and the \"me\" form the person or the self in Mead's social philosophy. According to Mead, there would be no possibility of personality without both the \"I\" and the \"Me\".\n\nFusion\n\nMead explored what he called 'the fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" in the attitudes of religion, patriotism, and team work', noting what he called the \"peculiar sense of exaltation\" that belongs to them. He also considered that 'the idea of the fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" gives a very adequate explanation of this exaltation...in the aesthetic experience'.\n\nIn everyday life, however, 'a complete fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" may not be a good thing...it is a dynamic sort of balance between the \"I\" and the \"me\" that is required'.\n\nConventionality\n\nWhen there is a predominance of the \"me\" in the personality, 'we speak of a person as a conventional individual; his ideas are exactly the same as those of his neighbours; he is hardly more than a \"me\" under the circumstances'—\"...the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality...\" that is \"all persona, with its excessive concern for what people think.\" The alternative—and in many ways Mead's ideal—was the person who has a definite personality, who replies to the organized attitude in a way that makes a significant difference. With such a person, the I is the most important phase of the experience.\n\nDissociation\n\nMead recognised that it is normal for an individual to have 'all sorts of selves answering to all sorts of different social reactions', but also that it was possible for 'a tendency to break up the personality' to appear: 'Two separate \"me's\" and \"I's\", two different selves, result...the phenomenon of dissociation of personality'.\n\nLiterary examples\n\nWalt Whitman 'marks off the impulsive \"I\", the natural, existential aspect of the self, from critical sanction. It is the cultured self, the \"me\", in Mead's terms, that needs re-mediation'.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences \n\nSocial philosophy\nConceptions of self\nIdentity (social science)", "George Herbert Mead (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of symbolic interactionism and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition.\n\nBiography \nGeorge Herbert Mead was born February 27, 1863, in South Hadley, Massachusetts. He was raised in a Protestant, middle-class family comprising his father, Hiram Mead, his mother, Elizabeth Storrs Mead (née Billings), and his sister Alice. His father was a former Congregationalist pastor from a lineage of farmers and clergymen and who later held the chair in Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology at Oberlin College's theological seminary. Elizabeth taught for two years at Oberlin College and subsequently, from 1890 to 1900, serving as president of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts.\n\nIn 1879, George Mead enrolled at the Oberlin Academy at Oberlin College and then the college itself, graduating in 1883 with a Bachelor of Arts. After graduation, Mead taught grade school for about four months. For the following three years, he worked as a surveyor for the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company.\n\nIn autumn 1887, Mead enrolled at Harvard University, where his main interests were philosophy and psychology. At Harvard, Mead studied with Josiah Royce, a major influence upon his thought, and William James, whose children he tutored. In 1888, Mead left Harvard after receiving only a B.A. and moved to Leipzig, Germany to study with psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, from whom he learned the concept of \"the gesture,\" a concept central to his later work.\n\nIn 1891, Mead married Helen Kingsbury Castle (1860–1929), the sister of Henry Northrup Castle (1862–1895), a friend he met at Oberlin.\nDespite never finishing his dissertation, Mead was able to obtain a post at the University of Michigan in 1891. There, Mead met Charles H. Cooley and John Dewey, both of whom would influence him greatly. In 1894, Mead moved, along with Dewey, to the University of Chicago, where he taught until his death. Dewey's influence led Mead into educational theory, but his thinking soon diverged from that of Dewey, and developed into his famous psychological theories of mind, self and society.\n\nNo detached philosopher, he was active in Chicago's social and political affairs; among his many activities include his work for the City Club of Chicago. Mead believed that science could be used to deal with social problems and played a key role in conducting research at the settlement house in Chicago. He also worked as treasurer for Chicago's Hull House.\n\nMead died of heart failure on April 26, 1931.\n\nTheory\n\nPragmatism and symbolic interaction \n\nMuch of Mead's work focused on the development of the self and the objectivity of the world within the social realm: he insisted that \"the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings.\" The two most important roots of Mead's work, and of symbolic interactionism in general, are the philosophy of pragmatism and social behaviorism.\n\nSocial behaviorism (as opposed to psychological behaviorism) refers to Mead's concern of the stimuli of gestures and social objects with rich meanings, rather than bare physical objects which psychological behaviourists considered stimuli.\n\nPragmatism is a wide-ranging philosophical position from which several aspects of Mead's influences can be identified into four main tenets:\n\n True reality does not exist \"out there\" in the real world, it \"is actively created as we act in and toward the world.\" \n People remember and base their knowledge of the world on what has been useful to them and are likely to alter what no longer \"works.\"\n People define the social and physical \"objects\" they encounter in the world according to their use for them.\n If we want to understand actors, we must base that understanding on what people actually do.\n\nThree of these ideas are critical to symbolic interactionism:\n\nThe focus on the interaction between the actor and the world\nA view of both the actor and the world as dynamic processes and not static structures and\nThe actor's ability to interpret the social world.\n\nThus, to Mead and symbolic interactionists, consciousness is not separated from action and interaction, but is an integral part of both. Symbolic interactionism as a pragmatic philosophy was an antecedent to the philosophy of transactionalism. Mead's theories in part, based on pragmatism and behaviorism, were transmitted to many graduate students at the University of Chicago who then went on to establish symbolic interactionism.\n\nSocial philosophy (behaviorism) \nMead was a very important figure in 20th-century social philosophy. One of his most influential ideas was the emergence of mind and self from the communication process between organisms, discussed in Mind, Self and Society (1934), also known as social behaviorism. This concept of how the mind and self emerge from the social process of communication by signs founded the symbolic interactionist school of sociology.\n\nRooted intellectually in Hegelian dialectics and process philosophy, Mead, like John Dewey, developed a more materialist process philosophy that was based upon human action and specifically communicative action. Human activity is, in a pragmatic sense, the criterion of truth, and through human activity meaning is made. Joint activity, including communicative activity, is the means through which our sense of self is constituted. The essence of Mead's social behaviorism is that mind is not a substance located in some transcendent realm, nor is it merely a series of events that takes place within the human physiological structure. This approach opposed the traditional view of the mind as separate from the body. The emergence of mind is contingent upon interaction between the human organism and its social environment; it is through participation in the social act of communication that individuals realize their potential for significantly symbolic behavior, that is, thought. Mind, in Mead's terms, is the individualized focus of the communication process. It is linguistic behavior on the part of the individual. There is, then, no \"mind or thought without language;\" and language (the content of mind) \"is only a development and product of social interaction.\" Thus, mind is not reducible to the neurophysiology of the organic individual, but is emergent in \"the dynamic, ongoing social process\" that constitutes human experience.\n\nFor Mead, mind arises out of the social act of communication. Mead's concept of the social act is relevant, not only to his theory of mind, but to all facets of his social philosophy. His theory of \"mind, self, and society\" is, in effect, a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of a social process involving the interaction of many individuals, just as his theory of knowledge and value is a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of the experiencing individual in interaction with an environment. Action is very important to his social theory and, according to Mead, actions also occur within a communicative process.\n\nThe initial phase of an act constitutes a gesture. A gesture is a preparatory movement that enables other individuals to become aware of the intentions of the given organism. The rudimentary situation is a conversation of gestures, in which a gesture on the part of the first individual evokes a preparatory movement on the part of the second, and the gesture of the second organism in turn calls out a response in the first person. On this level no communication occurs. Neither organism is aware of the effect of its own gestures upon the other; the gestures are nonsignificant. For communication to take place, each organism must have knowledge of how the other individual will respond to his own ongoing act. Here the gestures are significant symbols. A significant symbol is a kind of gesture that only humans can make. Gestures become significant symbols when they arouse in the individual who is making them the same kind of response they are supposed to elicit from those to whom the gestures are addressed. Only when we have significant symbols can we truly have communication. Mead grounded human perception in an \"action-nexus\". We perceive the world in terms of the \"means of living.\" To perceive food, is to perceive eating. To perceive a house, is to perceive shelter. That is to say, perception is in terms of action. Mead's theory of perception is similar to that of J. J. Gibson.\n\nSocial acts \nMead argued in tune with Durkheim that the individual is a product of an ongoing, pre-existing society, or more specifically, social interaction that is a consequence of a sui generis society. The self arises when the individual becomes an object to themselves. Mead argued that we are objects first to other people, and secondarily we become objects to ourselves by taking the perspective of other people. Language enables us to talk about ourselves in the same way as we talk about other people, and thus through language we become other to ourselves. In joint activity, which Mead called social acts, humans learn to see themselves from the standpoint of their co-actors. A central mechanism within the social act, which enables perspective taking, is position exchange. People within a social act often alternate social positions (e.g., giving/receiving, asking/helping, winning/losing, hiding/seeking, talking/listening). In children's games there is repeated position exchange, for example in hide-and-seek, and Mead argued that this is one of the main ways that perspective taking develops.\n\nHowever, for Mead, unlike Dewey and J. J. Gibson, the key is not simply human action, but rather social action. In humans the \"manipulatory phase of the act\" is socially mediated, that is to say, in acting towards objects humans simultaneously take the perspectives of others towards that object. This is what Mead means by \"the social act\" as opposed to simply \"the act\" (the latter being a Deweyan concept). Non-human animals also manipulate objects, but that is a non-social manipulation, they do not take the perspective of other organisms toward the object. Humans on the other hand, take the perspective of other actors towards objects, and this is what enables complex human society and subtle social coordination. In the social act of economic exchange, for example, both buyer and seller must take each other's perspectives towards the object being exchanged. The seller must recognize the value for the buyer, while the buyer must recognize the desirability of money for the seller. Only with this mutual perspective taking can the economic exchange occur. (Mead was influenced on this point by Adam Smith.)\n\nNature of the self\n\nA final piece of Mead's social theory is the mind as the individual importation of the social process. Mead states that \"the self is a social process,\" meaning that there are series of actions that go on in the mind to help formulate one's complete self. As previously discussed, Mead presented the self and the mind in terms of a social process. As gestures are taken in by the individual organism, the individual organism also takes in the collective attitudes of others, in the form of gestures, and reacts accordingly with other organized attitudes. This process is characterized by Mead as the I and the Me. The 'Me' is the social self and the 'I' is the response to the 'Me'. In other words, the 'I' is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the 'Me' is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes.\n\nMead develops William James' distinction between the 'I' and the 'Me'. The 'Me' is the accumulated understanding of \"the generalized other\" i.e. how one thinks one's group perceives oneself etc. The 'I' is the individual's impulses. The 'I' is self as subject; the 'Me' is self as object. The 'I' is the knower, the 'Me' is the known. The mind, or stream of thought, is the self-reflective movements of the interaction between the \"I\" and the 'Me'. There is neither \"I\" nor 'Me' in the conversation of gestures; the whole act is not yet carried out, but the preparation takes place in this field of gesture. These dynamics go beyond selfhood in a narrow sense, and form the basis of a theory of human cognition. For Mead the thinking process is the internalized dialogue between the 'I' and the 'Me'. Mead rooted the self's \"perception and meaning\" deeply and sociologically in \"a common praxis of subjects,\" found specifically in social encounters.\n\nUnderstood as a combination of the 'I' and the 'Me', Mead's self proves to be noticeably entwined within a sociological existence. For Mead, existence in community comes before individual consciousness. First one must participate in the different social positions within society and only subsequently can one use that experience to take the perspective of others and thus become 'conscious'.\n\nPhilosophy of science\nMead was a major American philosopher by virtue of being, along with John Dewey, Charles Peirce and William James, one of the founders of pragmatism. He also made significant contributions to the philosophies of nature, science, and history, to philosophical anthropology, and to process philosophy. Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead considered Mead a thinker of the first rank. He is a classic example of a social theorist whose work does not fit easily within conventional disciplinary boundaries.\n\nAs far as his work on the philosophy of science, Mead sought to find the psychological origin of science in the efforts of individuals to attain power over their environment. The notion of a physical object arises out of manipulatory experience. There is a social relation to inanimate objects, for the organism takes the role of things that it manipulates directly, or that it manipulates indirectly in perception. For example, in taking (introjecting or imitating) the resistant role of a solid object, an individual obtains cognition of what is \"inside\" nonliving things. Historically, the concept of the physical object arose from an animistic conception of the universe.\n\nContact experience includes experiences of position, balance, and support, and these are used by the organism when it creates its conceptions of the physical world. Our scientific concepts of space, time, and mass are abstracted from manipulatory experience. Such concepts as that of the electron are also derived from manipulation. In developing a science we construct hypothetical objects in order to assist ourselves in controlling nature. The conception of the present as a distinct unit of experience, rather than as a process of becoming and disappearing, is a scientific fiction devised to facilitate exact measurement. In the scientific worldview immediate experience is replaced by theoretical constructs. The ultimate in experience, however, is the manipulation and contact at the completion of an act.\n\nPlay and game and the generalized other \nMead theorized that human beings begin their understanding of the social world through \"play\" and \"game\". Play comes first in the child's development. The child takes different roles he/she observes in \"adult\" society, and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles. For instance, he first plays the role of policeman and then the role of thief while playing \"Cops and Robbers,\" and plays the role of doctor and patient when playing \"Doctor.\" As a result of such play, the child learns to become both subject and object and begins to become able to build a self. However, it is a limited self because the child can only take the role of distinct and separate others, they still lack a more general and organized sense of themselves.\n\nIn the next stage, the game stage, it is required that a person develop a full sense of self. Whereas in the play stage the child takes on the role of distinct others, in the game stage the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game. Furthermore, these roles must have a definite relationship to one another. To illustrate the game stage, Mead gives his famous example of a baseball game:\n\nBut in a game where a number of individuals are involved, then the child taking one role must be ready to take the role of everyone else. If he gets in a ball nine he must have the responses of each position involved in his own position. He must know what everyone else is going to do in order to carry out his own play. He has to take all of these roles. They do not all have to be present in consciousness at the same time, but at some moments he has to have three or four individuals present in his own attitude, such as the one who is going to throw the ball, the one who is going to catch it and so on. These responses must be, in some degree, present in his own make-up. In the game, then, there is a set of responses of such others so organized that the attitude of one calls out the appropriate attitudes of the other.\n\nIn the game stage, organization begins and definite personalities start to emerge. Children begin to become able to function in organized groups and most importantly, to determine what they will do within a specific group. Mead calls this the child's first encounter with \"the generalized other,\" which is one of the main concepts Mead proposes for understanding the emergence of the (social) self in human beings. \"The generalized other\" can be thought of as understanding the given activity and the actors' place within the activity from the perspective of all the others engaged in the activity. Through understanding \"the generalized other\" the individual understands what kind of behavior is expected, appropriate and so on, in different social settings.\n\nSome may find that social acts (e.g. games and routine forms of social interaction) enable perspective taking through 'position exchange'. Assuming that games and routine social acts have differentiated social positions, and that these positions create our cognitive perspectives, then it might be that by moving between roles in a game (e.g. between hiding and seeking or buying and selling) we come to learn about the perspective of the other. This new interpretation of Mead's account of taking the perspective of the other has experimental support.\n\nWritings \nIn a career spanning more than 40 years, Mead wrote almost constantly and published numerous articles and book reviews in both philosophy and psychology. However, he did not publish any books. Following his death, several of his students put together and edited four volumes from records of Mead's social psychology course at the University of Chicago, his lecture notes (Mead's Carus Lectures, 1930, edited by Charles W. Morris), and his numerous unpublished papers.\n\nIn his lifetime, Mead published around 100 scholarly articles, reviews, and incidental pieces. Given their diverse nature, access to these writings is difficult. The first editorial efforts to change this situation date from the 1960s. In 1964, Andrew J. Reck collected twenty-five of Mead's published articles in Selected Writings: George Herbert Mead. Four years later, John W. Petras published George Herbert Mead: Essays on his Social Psychology, a collection of fifteen articles that included previously unpublished manuscripts.\n\nMore recently, Mary Jo Deegan (2001) published Essays in Social Psychology, a book project originally abandoned by Mead in the early 1910s. In 2010, Filipe Carreira da Silva edited the G.H. Mead. A Reader, a comprehensive collection including thirty of Mead's most important articles, ten of which previously unpublished. Likewise, the Mead Project at Brock University in Toronto intends to publish all of Mead's 80-odd remaining unpublished manuscripts.\n\nBibliography\n\nCollected volumes (posthumous) \n\n 1932. The Philosophy of the Present.\n 1934. Mind, Self, and Society. \n1936. Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century.\n 1938. The Philosophy of the Act.\n1964. Selected Writings. — This volume collects articles Mead himself prepared for publication.\n 1982. The Individual and the Social Self: Unpublished Essays by G. H. Mead.\n2001. Essays in Social Psychology.\n2010. G.H. Mead. A Reader.\n\nNotable papers \n\n \"Suggestions Towards a Theory of the Philosophical Disciplines\" (1900);\n \"Social Consciousness and the Consciousness of Meaning\" (1910); \n \"What Social Objects Must Psychology Presuppose\" (1910); \n \"The Mechanism of Social Consciousness\" (1912); \n \"The Social Self\" (1913); \n \"Scientific Method and the Individual Thinker\"(1917); \n \"A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol\" (1922); \n \"The Genesis of Self and Social Control\" (1925); \n \"The Objective Reality of Perspectives\" (1926);\n \"The Nature of the Past\" (1929); and \n \"The Philosophies of Royce, James, and Dewey in Their American Setting\" (1929).\n\nSee also\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Aboulafia, Mitchell, ed. 1991. Philosophy, Social Theory, and the Thought of George Herbert Mead. Albany: SUNY Press.\n — 2001. The Cosmopolitan Self: George Herbert Mead and Continental Philosophy. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.\nBiesta, Gert, and Daniel Tröhler, ed. 2008. G. H. Mead: the Philosophy of Education. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. \n Blumer, H. & Morrione, T. J. 2004. George Herbert Mead and Human Conduct. New York: Altamira Press.\n Conesa-Sevilla, J. 2005. \"The Realm of Continued Emergence: The Semiotics of George Herbert Mead and its Implications to Biosemiotics, Semiotics Matrix Theory, and Ecological Ethics.\" Sign Systems Studies (September). Estonia: Tartu University.\nda Silva, Filipe Carreira. 2007. G.H. Mead. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.\n — 2008. Mead and Modernity: Science, Selfhood and Democratic Politics. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.\nGillespie, Alex. 2001. \"The Mystery of G.H. Mead's First Book\" (Essays in Social Psychology book review). Theory & Psychology 13(3):422–24. Archived from the original 17 June 2010.\n — 2005. \"G. H. Mead: Theorist of the social act.\" Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 35:19–39.\n — 2006. \"Games and the development of perspective taking.\" Human Development 49:87–92.\nJoas, Hans. 1985. G.H. Mead: A Contemporary Re-examination of His Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\nHabermas, Jürgen. 1992. \"Individuation through socialization: On George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization.\" in Postmetaphysical Thinking, by J. Habermas, translated by W. M. Hohengarten. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\nHonneth, Axel. 1996. \"Recognition and socialization: Mead's naturalistic transformation of Hegel's idea.\" Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, by A. Honneth, translated by J. Anderson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\n Lewis, J. D. 1979 \"A social behaviorist interpretation of the Meadian 'I'.\" American Journal of Sociology 85:261–87.\n Lundgren, D. C. 2004. \"Social feedback and self-appraisals: Current status of the Mead-Cooley hypothesis.\" Symbolic Interaction 27:267–86.\n Miller, David L. 1973 G. H. Mead: Self, Language and the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n Sánchez de la Yncera, Ignacio. 1994. La Mirada Reflexiva de G.H. Mead. Montalbán, ES: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.\n Shalin, Dmitri. 1988. \"G. H. Mead, socialism, and the progressive agenda.\" American Journal of Sociology 93:913–51.\n\nExternal links\n\nMead Project 2.0 — Mead's published and unpublished writings, many of which are available online, along with others.\n\"George Herbert Mead\"— George Cronk, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy\nGeorge Herbert Mead — Mitchell Aboulafia, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n Review materials for studying George Herbert Mead\nGuide to the George Herbert Mead Papers 1855-1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center\n\n1863 births\n1931 deaths\nPeople from South Hadley, Massachusetts\n20th-century American philosophers\nAmerican psychologists\nAmerican sociologists\nSocial psychologists\nPragmatists\nLabeling theory\nCommunication scholars\nSocial philosophers\nPhilosophers of science\nPhilosophical anthropology\nPhilosophers of history\nProcess theory\nOberlin College alumni\nHarvard University alumni\nUniversity of Michigan faculty\nUniversity of Chicago faculty\nSymbolic interactionism" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "that a genealogical" ]

[ "The Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) is a guideline for establishing the reliability (\"proof\") of a genealogical conclusion with reasonable certainty. It is important within the genealogical community for clearly communicating the quality of research performed, such as by a professional genealogist. It is also useful for helping new genealogists understand what is needed to do high-quality research.\n\nIt has five elements:\n reasonably exhaustive research;\n complete and accurate source citations;\n analysis and correlation of the collected information;\n resolution of any conflicting evidence; and\n a soundly reasoned, coherently written conclusion.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nStandards\nGenealogy", "The Federation of Genealogical Societies is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation founded in January 1976 and headquartered in Austin, Texas. FGS links hundreds of U.S.-based genealogy societies and their members.\n\nFGS links the genealogy community by helping genealogical societies strengthen and grow. To do this, FGS publishes FORUM magazine, filled with articles pertaining to society management and genealogical news. FGS also publishes an extensive series of \"Society Strategy Papers\", covering topics about effectively operating a genealogical society.\n\nFGS sponsors an annual conference with four days of lectures, including one full day devoted to society management topics.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official\n \n General information\n FGS Blog\n\n501(c)(3) organizations\n1976 establishments in Texas\nGenealogical\nGenealogical societies in the United States\nOrganizations based in Texas\nOrganizations established in 1976" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "that a genealogical", "What about genealogical... what?", "relevant when interpreting IQ scores." ]

[ "The Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS) is a guideline for establishing the reliability (\"proof\") of a genealogical conclusion with reasonable certainty. It is important within the genealogical community for clearly communicating the quality of research performed, such as by a professional genealogist. It is also useful for helping new genealogists understand what is needed to do high-quality research.\n\nIt has five elements:\n reasonably exhaustive research;\n complete and accurate source citations;\n analysis and correlation of the collected information;\n resolution of any conflicting evidence; and\n a soundly reasoned, coherently written conclusion.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nStandards\nGenealogy", "The Federation of Genealogical Societies is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation founded in January 1976 and headquartered in Austin, Texas. FGS links hundreds of U.S.-based genealogy societies and their members.\n\nFGS links the genealogy community by helping genealogical societies strengthen and grow. To do this, FGS publishes FORUM magazine, filled with articles pertaining to society management and genealogical news. FGS also publishes an extensive series of \"Society Strategy Papers\", covering topics about effectively operating a genealogical society.\n\nFGS sponsors an annual conference with four days of lectures, including one full day devoted to society management topics.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official\n \n General information\n FGS Blog\n\n501(c)(3) organizations\n1976 establishments in Texas\nGenealogical\nGenealogical societies in the United States\nOrganizations based in Texas\nOrganizations established in 1976" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "that a genealogical", "What about genealogical... what?", "relevant when interpreting IQ scores.", "A genealogical method to do what?", "Mead has been credited with persuading the American Jewish Committee to sponsor a project to study European Jewish villages," ]

[ "King's Meads is a nature reserve between the towns of Hertford and Ware in Hertfordshire. It is managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust, and with an area of 96 hectares it is the largest of the Trust's reserves. The site has been registered by the Trust as Common land, but the registration for some areas was disallowed due to objections.\n\nThe name King's Meads was given to what were previously known as The Meads by Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust in 2015, although the original King's Meads - sold by Charles I to Hertford Corporation in 1627 for £100 - form only a small part of the nature reserve. Other parts of The Meads, particularly in Ware, have been in private and communal ownership since the Middle Ages, with names such a Lady's Mead, Widows Mead, Mill Mead, Broad Mead and Chadwell Mead.\n\nThe site is water meadows which are subject to flooding in winter. 265 wildflower species have been recorded, including some which are rare in the county such as reflexed salt-marsh grass and lesser sea spurrey. It has large populations of water birds, and is an important site for over-wintering stonechats. 119 bird species have been recorded.\n\nThere is access from the Lee Navigation towpath and from Mead Lane. The New River runs through the site, and the A10 road passes over it on a viaduct.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nKings Mead, Herts Bird Club\n\nHerts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust reserves\nWare, Hertfordshire", "Lake Mead National Recreation Area is a U.S. national recreation area in southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. Operated by the National Park Service, Lake Mead NRA follows the Colorado River corridor from the westernmost boundary of Grand Canyon National Park to just north of the cities of Laughlin, Nevada and Bullhead City, Arizona. It includes all of the eponymous Lake Mead as well as the smaller Lake Mohave – reservoirs on the river created by Hoover Dam and Davis Dam, respectively – and the surrounding desert terrain and wilderness.\n\nFormation of Lake Mead began in 1935, less than a year before Hoover Dam was completed. The area surrounding Lake Mead was protected a bird refuge in 1933, later established as the Boulder Dam Recreation Area in 1936 and the name was changed to Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 1947. In 1964, the area was expanded to include Lake Mohave and its surrounding area and became the first National Recreation Area to be designated as such by the U.S. Congress.\n\nAmenities\nLake Mead NRA features water recreation, including boating, swimming, and fishing, on both lakes as well as the stretches of river between the lakes. It also features hiking trails and views of the surrounding desert landscape. Three of the four desert ecosystems found in the United States — the Mojave Desert, the Great Basin Desert, and the Sonoran Desert — meet in Lake Mead NRA. Tours of Hoover Dam – administered by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation – are also a major attraction within the recreation area.\n\nAbout of the recreation area are managed separately under the Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, established in 2000. Water covers about of the recreation area.\n\nThe ghost town of St. Thomas, Nevada is contained entirely within Lake Mead NRA. The town, once entirely submerged beneath Lake Mead, features a two-mile-long loop trail with interpretative signage. It is accessed near the Northshore Entrance Station, just south of Overton.\n\nWilderness areas\nThere are currently nine officially designated wilderness areas under the National Wilderness Preservation System lying within Lake Mead National Recreation Area. All are in the Nevada portion. Parts of some of these wildernesses (as indicated) lie outside Lake Mead NRA and are managed by the Bureau of Land Management:\n Black Canyon Wilderness (Nevada)\n Bridge Canyon Wilderness\n Eldorado Wilderness (partly BLM)\n Ireteba Peaks Wilderness (partly BLM)\n Jimbilnan Wilderness\n Muddy Mountains Wilderness (mostly BLM)\n Nellis Wash Wilderness\n Pinto Valley Wilderness\n Spirit Mountain Wilderness (partly BLM)\n\nPark resources\n 900 plant species\n 500 animal species\n 24 rare and threatened species\n The relict leopard frog (Lithobates onca) is now believed to survive only in this area.\n 9 designated wilderness areas\n 122,166 museum objects and archives\n 1,347 recorded archeological sites\n 23 historic structures\n 8 listed National Register Properties\n 2 Traditional Cultural Properties\n\nFish species\nLakes Mead and Mohave offer some of the country’s best sport fishing. The following species are found in both lakes:\n Largemouth Bass\n Striped Bass\n Crappie\n Rainbow Trout\n Catfish (Channel)\n Bluegill\n\nVisitation\n\nFor 2012, with 6.3 million recreational visits, Lake Mead National Recreation Area was the 5th most visited national park.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n National Park Service: Lake Mead National Recreation Area\n Bureau of Reclamation: Hoover Dam\n Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map\n Arizona Fishing Locations Map\n Where to Fish in Arizona Species Information\n Arizona Lake Levels\n\n \n1936 establishments in Arizona\n1936 establishments in Nevada\n\nNational Park Service areas in Arizona\nNational Park Service areas in Nevada\nNational Park Service National Recreation Areas\nProtected areas established in 1936\nProtected areas of Clark County, Nevada\nProtected areas of Mohave County, Arizona\nProtected areas of the Mojave Desert\nProtected areas on the Colorado River" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "that a genealogical", "What about genealogical... what?", "relevant when interpreting IQ scores.", "A genealogical method to do what?", "Mead has been credited with persuading the American Jewish Committee to sponsor a project to study European Jewish villages,", "What other areas did Mead research?", "in which a team of researchers would conduct mass interviews with Jewish immigrants living in New York City." ]

[ "Shaul Stampfer (born 1948) is a researcher of East European Jewry specializing in Lithuanian yeshivas, Jewish demography, migration and education.\n\nBiography\nShaul Stampfer, born in Atlanta, Georgia, graduated from Lincoln High School in 1965. He received his BA from the Yeshiva University in 1970 and his Ph.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1982. He also studied at Yeshivat Har Etzion in Alon Shevut. Professor Stampfer currently resides in the Ramot neighborhood of Jerusalem.\n\nAcademic career\nIn 1989-1992 Stampfer was a head of the Institute for Jewish Studies in Moscow and helped to establish the city's Jewish University. Stampfer is currently a professor emeritus of Soviet and East European Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His book on Lithuanian yeshivas (published in Hebrew in 1995 and again in 2005) has been translated into English and published by the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. His numerous articles have been published in a volume Families, rabbis and education: traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe, The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010 (also translated into Russian).\n\nPublished works\n\"The Pushke and Its Development,\" Cathedra 21 (Oct. 1981): 89–102 (in Hebrew).\n\"The 1764 census of Polish Jewry,\" Bar-Ilan 24–25 (1989): 41–147.\n“The Geographical Background of East European Jewish Migration to the United States before World War I,” in Ira A. Glazier and Luigi De Rosa (eds.), Migration across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts (New York & London, 1986), pp. 220–230.\n“Literacy Among East European Jewry in the Modern Period: Context, Background and Implications” in: S. Almog (ed.), Transition and Change in Modern Jewish History: Essays Presented in Honor of Shmuel Ettinger (Jerusalem, 1987), pp. 63–87 (in Hebrew).\n\"The Social Implications of Very Early Marriage in Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century,\" in Ezra Mendelsohn and Chone Shmeruk (eds.), Studies on Polish Jewry: Paul Glikson Memorial Volume(Jerusalem 1987), pp. 65–77 (in Hebrew).\n\"Heder Study, Knowledge of Torah, and the Maintenance of Social Stratification in Traditional East European Jewish Society,\" Studies in Jewish Education 3(1988): 271–289.\n\"Remarriage Among Jews and Christians in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe,\" Jewish History 3,2(1988): 85–114.\n\"L'amour et la famille chez les Juifs d'Europe orientale a l'epoque moderne,\" in Shmuel Trigano (ed.), La Societe Juive A Travers L'histoire, vol. 2 (Paris 1992), pp. 435–468.\n“Gender Differentiation and Education of the Jewish Woman in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe”, Polin 7 (1992): 459–483.\n“Patterns of Internal Jewish Migration in the Russian Empire,” in Yaacov Ro’i (ed.), Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union (Ilford, 1995), pp. 28–47.\n\"Dormitory and Yeshiva in Eastern Europe,\" in Religious Dormitory Education in Israel (Jerusalem 1997), pp. 15–28 (in Hebrew).\n\"Hungarian Yeshivot, Lithuanian Yeshivot and Josef Ben David,\" Jewish History 11,1(1997): 131–141.\n\"The 1764 Census of Lithuanian Jewry and What It Can Teach Us,\" Papers in Jewish Demography 1993 (Jerusalem 1997) pp. 91–121.\n\"Aspects of Population Growth and Migration in Polish-Lithuanian Jewry in the Modern Period,\" in The Broken Chain / Polish Jewry Through the Ages (Jerusalem 1997) (in Hebrew).\n\"Jewish Population Patterns in Pre-Partition Lithuania and Some of Their Implications,\" Scripta Hierosolymitana 38(1998)/ Studies in the History of the Jews in Old Poland in honor of Jacob Goldberg, pp. 189–223.\n“What Happened to the Extended Jewish Family? Jewish Homes for the Aged in Eastern Europe,” Studies in Contemporary Jewry XIV (1998): 128–142.\n“Hasidic Yeshivot in Inter-War Poland”, Polin 11(1998): 3–24.\n\"What actually happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648?\" Jewish History 17,2 (2003): 207–227.\n Families, rabbis and education: traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe, Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2010.\n Lithuanian Yeshivas of the Nineteenth Century: Creating a Tradition of Learning Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2012.\n\"Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?\" Jewish Social Studies 19,3 (2013): 1–72.\n\nReferences\n\n1948 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Atlanta\nJewish historians\nHebrew University of Jerusalem faculty\nYeshiva University alumni\nYeshivat Har Etzion", "Genetic studies on Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to better understand the chronology of migration provided by research in other fields, such as history, archaeology, linguistics, and paleontology. These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish populations today. In particular, they investigate whether there is a common genetic heritage among various Jewish populations.\n\nStudies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities with most in a community sharing significant ancestry. For populations of the Jewish diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show significant amounts of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to geneticist Doron Behar and colleagues (2010), this is \"consistent with a historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelites of the Levant\" and \"the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World\". Jews living in the North African, Italian, and Iberian regions show variable frequencies of admixture with the historical non-Jewish population along the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European. Behar and colleagues have remarked on an especially close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians. Some studies show that the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, and the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, while very closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, may have some ancient Jewish descent.\n\nRecent studies\n\nRecent studies have been conducted on a large number of genes, homologous chromosomes or autosomes (all chromosomes except chromosomes X and Y). A 2009 study was able to genetically identify individuals with full or partial Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. In August 2012, Dr. Harry Ostrer in his book Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People, summarized his and other work in genetics of the last 20 years, and concluded that all major Jewish groups share a common Middle Eastern origin. Ostrer also refuted the Khazar theory of Ashkenazi ancestry. Citing autosomal DNA studies, Nicholas Wade estimates that \"Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews have roughly 30 percent European ancestry, with most of the rest from the Middle East.\" He further noticed that \"The two communities seem very similar to each other genetically, which is unexpected because they have been separated for so long.\" Concerning this relationship he points to Atzmon's conclusions that \"the shared genetic elements suggest that members of any Jewish community are related to one another as closely as are fourth or fifth cousins in a large population, which is about 10 times higher than the relationship between two people chosen at random off the streets of New York City\". Concerning North African Jews, autosomal genetic analysis in 2012 revealed that North African Jews are genetically close to European Jews. This finding \"shows that North African Jews date to biblical-era Israel, and are not largely the descendants of natives who converted to Judaism,\"\nY DNA studies examine various paternal lineages of modern Jewish populations. Such studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East.\n\nA study conducted in 2013 by Behar et al. found no evidence of a Khazar origin for Ashkenazi Jews and suggested that \"Ashkenazi Jews share the greatest genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations, and among non-Jewish populations, with groups from Europe and the Middle East. No particular similarity of Ashkenazi Jews with populations from the Caucasus is evident, particularly with the populations that most closely represent the Khazar region. In this view, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews, together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate, corroborates earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region.\"\n\nIn 2016, together with R. Das, P. Wexler and M. Pirooznia, Elhaik advanced the view that the first Ashkenazi populations to speak the Yiddish language came from areas near four villages in Eastern Anatolia along the Silk Road whose names derived from the word \"Ashkenaz\", arguing that Iranian, Greek, Turkish, and Slav populations converted on that travel route before moving to Khazaria, where a small-scale conversion took place. The study was dismissed by Sergio DellaPergola as a \"falsification\", noting it failed to include Jewish groups such as the Italkim and Sephardic Jews, to whom Ashkenazi Jews are closely related genetically. Shaul Stampfer, a professor of Soviet and East European Jewry at the Hebrew University, called Elhaik's research \"basically nonsense\". Elhaik replied that the DNA of non-Ashkenazic Jews would not affect the origin of DNA hypothesized for the former. Prof. Dovid Katz, founder of Vilnius University's Yiddish Institute criticized the study's linguistic analysis. “The authors have melded accurate but contextually meaningless genetic correlations with laughable linguistic theories that now proliferate, sadly, as a consequence of a much weakened Yiddish academic environment internationally ... there is not a single word or sound in Yiddish that comes from Iranian or Turkish\". In joint study published in 2016 by Genome Biology and Evolution, Pavel Flegontov from Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic, A. A. Kharkevich Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Mark G. Thomas from Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, UK, Valentina Fedchenko from Saint Petersburg State University, and George Starostin from Russian State University for the Humanities, dismissed both the genetic and linguistic components of Elhaik et al. study arguing that \"GPS is a provenancing tool suited to inferring the geographic region where a modern and recently unadmixed genome is most likely to arise, but is hardly suitable for admixed populations and for tracing ancestry up to 1000 years before present, as its authors have previously claimed. Moreover, all methods of historical linguistics concur that Yiddish is a Germanic language, with no reliable evidence for Slavic, Iranian, or Turkic substrata.\" The authors concluded:\"In our view, Das and co-authors have attempted to fit together a marginal and unsupported interpretation of the linguistic data with a genetic provenancing approach, GPS, that is at best only suited to inferring the most likely geographic location of modern and relatively unadmixed genomes, and tells nothing of population history and origin.\"The authors, in a non peer-reviewed response, defended the methodological adequacy of their approach. In 2016 Elhaik having reviewed the literature searching for a ‘Jüdische Typus’ argued that there is no genomic hallmark for Jewishness. While he allows that in the future it is possible that a ‘Jewish’ marker may turn up, so far, in his view, Jewishness turns out to be socially defined (a socionome), determined by non-genetic factors. On 31 October 2016 a corrigendum to the initial GPS paper by Elhaik et al. 2014 was published in Nature Communications. The GPS tool, remained freely available on the lab website of Dr. Tatiana Tatarinova, but as of December 2016 the link is broken. In 2017, the same authors further supported a non-Levantine origin of Ashkenazi Jews claiming that \"Overall, the combined results (of linguistics study and GPS tool) are in a strong agreement with the predictions of the Irano-Turko-Slavic hypothesis and rule out an ancient Levantine origin for AJs, which is predominant among modern-day Levantine populations (e.g., Bedouins and Palestinians).\" Elhaik's and Das' work was among others, strongly criticized by Marion Aptroot from University of Düsseldorf, who in the study published by Genome Biology and Evolution claimed that \"Das et al. create a narrative based on genetic, philological and historical research and state that the findings of the three disciplines support each other...Incomplete and unreliable data from times when people were not counted regardless of sex, age, religion or financial or social status on the one hand, and the dearth of linguistic evidence predating the 15th century on the other, leave much room for conjecture and speculation. Linguistic evidence, however, does not support the theory that Yiddish is a Slavic language, and textual sources belie the thesis that the name Ashkenaz was brought to Eastern Europe directly from a region in the Near East. Although the focus and methods of research may be different in the humanities and the sciences, scholars should try to account for all evidence and observations, regardless of the field of research. Seen from the standpoint of the humanities, certain aspects of the article by Das et al. fall short of established standards\".\n\nA 2020 study on remains from Bronze Age southern Levantine (Canaanite) populations found evidence of large scale migration from the Zagros or Caucasus into the southern Levant by the Bronze Age and increasing over time (resulting in a Canaanite population descended from both those migrants and earlier Neolithic Levantine peoples). The results were found to be consistent with several Jewish groups (including Mizrahi, Ashkenazi, and Sephardic Moroccan Jews) and non-Jewish Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (such as Lebanese, Druze, Palestinians, and Syrians) deriving about half or more of their ancestry from populations related to those from the Bronze Age Levant and Chacolithic Zagros. The study modeled the aforementioned groups as having ancestry from both ancient populations.\n\nPaternal line, Y chromosome\nIn 1992 G. Lucotte and F. David were the first genetic researchers to have documented a common paternal genetic heritage between Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews. Another study published just a year later suggested the Middle Eastern origin of Jewish paternal lineages.\n\nIn 2000, M. Hammer, et al. conducted a study on 1,371 men and definitively established that part of the paternal gene pool of Jewish communities in Europe, North Africa and Middle East came from a common Middle East ancestral population. They suggested that most Jewish communities in the Diaspora remained relatively isolated and endogamous compared to non-Jewish neighbor populations.\n\nInvestigations made by Nebel et al. on the genetic relationships among Ashkenazi Jews, Kurdish and Sephardi (North Africa, Turkey, Iberian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria) indicate that Jews are more genetically similar to groups in the northern Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks and Armenians) than their Arab neighbors, and suggest that some of this difference might be due to migration and admixture from the Arabian peninsula during the last two millennia (into certain current Arabic-speaking populations). Considering the timing of this origin, the study found that \"the common genetic Middle Eastern background (of Jewish populations) predates the ethnogenesis in the region and concludes that the Y chromosome pool of Jews is an integral part of the genetic landscape of Middle East.\n\nLucotte et al. 2003 study found that (Oriental, Sephardic, Ashkenazic Jews and Lebanese and Palestinians), \"seem to be similar in their Y-haplotype patterns, both with regard to the haplotype distributions and the ancestral haplotype VIII frequencies.\" The authors stated in their findings that these results confirm similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies of this Near-Eastern populations, sharing a common geographic origin.\"\n\nIn a study of Israeli Jews from four different groups (Ashkenazi Jews, Kurdish Jews, North African Sephardi Jews, and Iraqi Jews) and Palestinian Muslim Arabs, more than 70% of the Jewish men and 82% of the Arab men whose DNA was studied had inherited their Y chromosomes from the same paternal ancestors, who lived in the region within the last few thousand years. \"Our recent study of high-resolution microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated that a substantial portion of Y chromosomes of Jews (70%) and of Palestinian Muslim Arabs (82%) belonged to the same chromosome pool.\" All Jewish groups were found to be genetically closer to each other than to Palestinians and Muslim Kurds. Kurdish, North African Sephardi, and Iraqi Jews were found to be genetically indistinguishable while slightly but significantly differing from Ashkenazi Jews. In relation to the region of the Fertile Crescent, the same study noted; \"In comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region, Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors\", which the authors suggested was due to migration and admixture from the Arabian Peninsula into certain current Arabic-speaking populations during the period of Islamic expansion.\n\nApproximately 35% to 43% of Jewish men are in the paternal line known as haplogroup J and its sub-haplogroups. This haplogroup is particularly present in the Middle East and Southern Europe. 15% to 30% are in haplogroup E1b1b, (or E-M35) and its sub-haplogroups which is common in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southern Europe.\n\nY-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews\nThe Y chromosome of most Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews contains mutations that are common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population, according to a study of haplotypes of the Y chromosome by Michael Hammer, Harry Ostrer and others, published in 2000. According to Hammer et al. this suggests that the paternal lineages of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East.\n\nIn Ashkenazi (and Sephardi) Jews, the most common paternal lineages generally are E1b1b, J2, and J1, with others found at lesser rates.\n\nHammer et al. add that \"Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors.\" In addition, the authors have found that the \"Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it. Of the Jewish populations in this cluster, the Ashkenazim were closest to South European populations (specifically the Greeks) and they were also closest to the Turks.\" The study estimated that on their paternal side, Ashkenazi Jews are descended from a core population of approximately 20,000 Jews who migrated from Italy into the rest of Europe over the course of the first millennium, and it also estimated that \"All European Jews seem connected on the order of fourth or fifth cousins.\"\n\nThe estimated cumulative total male genetic admixture amongst Ashkenazim was, according to Hammer et al., \"very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%. This could be the result, for example, of \"as little as 0.5% per generation, over an estimated 80 generations\", according to Hammer et al. Such figures indicated that there had been a \"relatively minor contribution\" to Ashkenazi paternal lineages by converts to Judaism and non-Jews. These figures, however, were based on a limited range of paternal haplogroups assumed to have originated in Europe. When potentially European haplogroups were included in the analysis, the estimated admixture increased to 23 per cent (±7%).\n \nThe frequency of haplogroup R1b in the Ashkenazim population is similar to the frequency of R1b in Middle Eastern populations. This is significant, because R1b is also the most common haplogroup amongst non-Jewish males in Western Europe. That is, the commonness of nominally Middle Eastern subclades of R1b amongst Ashkenazim tends to minimize the Western European contribution to the ~10% of R1b found amongst Ashkenazim. A large study by Behar et al. (2004) of Ashkenazi Jews records a percentage of 5–8% European contribution to the Ashkenazi paternal gene pool. In the words of Behar:Because haplogroups R-M17 (R1a) and R-P25 (R1b) are present in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations\n(e.g., at 4% and 10%, respectively) and in non-Jewish Near Eastern populations (e.g., at 7% and\n11%, respectively; Hammer et al. 2000; Nebel et al. 2001), it is likely that they were also \npresent at low frequency in the AJ (Ashkenazi Jewish) founding population. The admixture analysis shown in Table 6\nsuggests that 5%–8% of the Ashkenazi gene pool is, indeed, Y chromosomes that may have introgressed from non-Jewish European populations. For G. Lucotte et al., the R1b frequency is about 11%. In 2004, When the calculation is made excluding Jews from Netherlands the R1b rate is 5% ± 11.6%.\n\nTwo studies by Nebel et al. in 2001 and 2005, based on Y chromosome polymorphic markers, suggested that Ashkenazi Jews are more closely related to other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than they are to their host populations in Europe (defined in the using Eastern European, German, and French Rhine Valley populations). Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Kurdish Jews were all very closely related to the populations of the Fertile Crescent, even closer than to Arabs. The study speculated that the ancestors of the Arab populations of the Levant might have diverged due to mixing with migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. However, 11.5% of male Ashkenazim, and more specifically 50% of the Levites while 1.7% of the Cohanim, were found to belong to R1a1a (R-M17), the dominant Y chromosome haplogroup in Eastern European populations. They hypothesized that these chromosomes could reflect low-level gene flow from surrounding Eastern European populations, or, alternatively, that both the Ashkenazi Jews with R1a1a (R-M17), and to a much greater extent Eastern European populations in general, might partly be descendants of Khazars. They concluded \"However, if the R1a1a (R-M17) chromosomes in Ashkenazi Jews do indeed represent the vestiges of the mysterious Khazars then, according to our data, this contribution was limited to either a single founder or a few closely related men, and does not exceed ~12% of the present-day Ashkenazim.\" This hypothesis is also supported by David B. Goldstein in his book Jacob's legacy: A genetic view of Jewish history. However, Faerman (2008) states that \"External low-level gene flow of possible Eastern European origin has been shown in Ashkenazim but no evidence of a hypothetical Khazars' contribution to the Ashkenazi gene pool has ever been found.\" A 2017 study, concentrating on the Ashkenazi Levites where the proportion reaches 50%, while signaling that there's a \"rich variation of haplogroup R1a outside of Europe which is phylogenetically separate from the typically European R1a branches\", precises that the particular R1a-Y2619 sub-clade testifies for a local origin, and that the \"Middle Eastern origin of the Ashkenazi Levite lineage based on what was previously a relatively limited number of reported samples, can now be considered firmly validated.\"\n\nFurthermore, 7% of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found among the Pashtuns and on a lower scale, it is mainly found among members of all major Jewish ethnic groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese. Behar et al. suggest that those haplogroups are minor Ashkenazi founding lineages.\n\nAmong Ashkenazi Jews, the Jews of the Netherlands seem to have a particular distribution of haplogroups since nearly one quarter of them have the Haplogroup R1b1 (R-P25), in particular sub-haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269), which is characteristic of Western European populations.\n\nAshkenazi men show a low level of Y-DNA diversity within each major haplogroup, which means that compared to the size of the modern population, it seems that there once was a relatively small number of men having children. This possibly results from a series of founder events and high rates of endogamy within Europe. Despite Ashkenazi Jews representing a recently founded population in Europe, founding effects suggest that they probably derived from a large and diverse ancestral source population in the Middle East, who may have been larger than the source population from which the indigenous Europeans derived.\n\nY-DNA of Sephardi Jews\n\nY-DNA of North African Jews \nThe first largest study to date on the Jews of North Africa has been led by Gerard Lucotte et al. in 2003. This study showed that the Jews of North Africa showed frequencies of their paternal haplotypes almost equal to those of the Lebanese and Palestinian non-Jews.\n\nThe authors also compared the distribution of haplotypes of Jews from North Africa with Sephardi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, and \"Oriental\" (Mizrahi) Jews, and found significant differences between the Ashkenazim and Mizrahim and the other two groups. The Jewish community of the island of Djerba in Tunisia is of special interest, Tradition traces this community's origins back to the time of the destruction of the First Temple. Two studies have attempted to test this hypothesis first by G. Lucotte et al. from 1993, the second of F. Manni et al. of 2005. They also conclude that the Jews of Djerba's paternal gene pool is different from the Arabs and Berbers of the island. For the first 77.5% of samples tested are of haplotype VIII (probably similar to the J haplogroup according Lucotte), the second shows that 100% of the samples are of Haplogroup J *. The second suggests that it is unlikely that the majority of this community comes from an ancient colonization of the island while for Lucotte it is unclear whether this\nhigh frequency is really an ancient relationship.\n\nThese studies therefore suggest that the paternal lineage of North African Jews comes predominantly from the Middle East with a minority contribution of African lineages, probably Berbers.\n\nThe largest study to date on Jews who lived in North Africa was conducted in 2012 and was led by Prof. Harry Ostrer of the departments of pathology, genetics and pediatrics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at New York's Yeshiva University, and was published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, in it the scholars had found that the Jews who lived in Morocco and Algeria had more European admixture in their gene pools than the Jews who lived in Tunisia and Libya, probably as a result of a larger expelled Sephardi Jewish population settling in those two first mentioned lands post 1492 and 1497. All communities of North African Jews exhibited a high degree of endogamy.\n\nY-DNA of Portuguese Jews\nA study by Inês Nogueiro et al. (July 2009) on the Jews of north-eastern Portugal (region of Trás-os-Montes) showed that their paternal lines consisted of 35.2% lineages more typical of Europe (R : 31.7%, I : 3.5%), and 64.8% lineages more typical of the Near East than Europe (E1b1b: 8.7%, G: 3.5%, J: 36.8%, T: 15.8%) and consequently, the Portuguese Jews of this region were genetically closer to other Jewish populations than to Portuguese non-Jews.\n\nY-DNA of Kurdish Jews \nIn the article by Nebel et al. the authors show that Kurdish and Sephardi Jews have indistinguishable paternal genetic heritage, with both being similar to but differing slightly from Ashkenazi Jews (possibly due to low-level European admixture and/or genetic drift during isolation among Ashkenazim). The study shows that mixtures between Kurdish Jews and their Muslim hosts are negligible and that Kurdish Jews are closer to other Jewish groups than to their long term host population. Hammer had already shown the strong correlation between the genetic heritage of Jews from North Africa with Kurdish Jews. Sample size 9/50 – 18% haplogroup T1.\n\nY-DNA of Mountain Jews \nA 2002 study by geneticist Dror Rosengarten found that the paternal haplotypes of Mountain Jews \"were shared with other Jewish communities and were consistent with a Mediterranean origin.\" A 2016 study by Karafet at all found, with a sample of 17, 11.8% of Mountain Jewish men tested in Dagestan's Derbentsky District to belong to Haplogroup T-P77.\n\nY-DNA of Italian Jews \nHammer et al. maintained that the paternal lines of Jews from Rome were close to those of Ashkenazi Jews. They also assert that these mostly originated from the Middle East.\n\nY-DNA of Yemenite Jews \nThe studies of Shen and Hammer et al. show that the paternal genes of Yemenite Jews are very similar to that of other Jewish populations. They include Y haplogroups A3b2, E3b3a, E3b1, E3b1b, J1a, J2e, R1b10, and the lowest frequency found was Haplogroup T-M184 2/94 2.1% in one sample.\n\nY-DNA of Ethiopian Jews \nA study of Lucotte and Smets has shown that the genetic father of Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) was close to the Ethiopian non-Jewish populations. This is consistent with the theory that Beta Israel are descendants of ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia, not the Middle East.\n\nHammer et al. in 2000 and the team of Shen in 2004 arrive at similar conclusions, namely a genetic differentiation inother people in the north of Ethiopia, which probably indicates a conversion of local populations.\n\nA 2010 study by Behar et al. on the genome-wide structure of Jews observed that the Beta Israel had similar levels of the Middle Eastern genetic clusters as the also Semitic-speaking Ethiopian non-Jewish Tigrayans and Amharas. However, compared to the Cushitic-speaking non-Jewish Ethiopian Oromos, who are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, the Beta Israel had higher levels of Middle Eastern admixture.\n\nY-DNA of Indian Jews\nGenetic analysis shows that the Bene Israel of India cluster with the indigenous populations of western India, but do have a clear paternal link to the populations of the Levant.\nA recent more detailed study on Indian Jews has reported that the paternal ancestry of Indian Jews is composed of Middle East specific haplogroups (E, G, J(xJ2) and I) as well as common South Asian haplogroups (R1a, H, L-M11, R2).\n\nPriestly families\n\nCohanim\n\nNephrologist Dr. Karl Skorecki decided to analyze the Cohanim to see if they were the descendants of one man, in which case they should have a set of common genetic markers.\n\nTo test this hypothesis, he contacted Dr. Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona, a researcher in molecular genetics and a pioneer in research on chromosomes. Their article, published in Nature in 1997, has had some impact. A set of special markers (called Cohen Modal Haplotype or CMH) was defined as one which is more likely to be present in the Cohanim, defined as contemporary Jews named Cohen or a derivative, and it was proposed that this results from a common descent from the ancient priestly lineage than from the Jewish population in general.\n\nBut, subsequent studies showed that the number of genetic markers used and the number of samples (of people saying Cohen) were not big enough. The last study, conducted in 2009 by Hammer and Behar et al., says 20 of the 21 Cohen haplogroups have no single common young haplogroup; five haplogroups comprise 79.5% of all haplogroups of Cohen. Among these first 5 haplogroups, J-P58 (or J1E) accounts for 46.1% of Cohen and the second major haplogroup, J-M410 or J2a accounts for 14.4%. Hammer and Behar have redefined an extended CMH haplotype as determined by a set of 12 markers and having as \"background\" haplogroup determining the most important lines J1E (46.1%). This haplotype is absent among non-Jews in 2009 analyzed in the study. This divergence would appear to be from 3000 ± 1000 years ago. This study nevertheless confirms that the current Cohen lineage descended from a small number of paternal ancestors.\n\nIn the summary of their findings the authors concluded that \" Our estimates of the coalescence time also lend support to the hypothesis that the extended CMH represents a unique founding lineage of the ancient Hebrews that has been paternally inherited along with the Jewish priesthood.\"\n\nMolecular phylogenetics research published in 2013 and 2016 for Levant haplogroup J1 (J-M267) places the Y-chromosomal Aaron within subhaplogroup Z18271, age estimate 2638–3280 years Before Present (yBP).\n\nThe Lemba of South Africa, a Bantu speaking people whose culture forbids pork and requires male circumcision, have high frequencies of the Middle Eastern Y-chromosome HgJ-12f2a (25%), a potentially SEA Y, Hg-K(xPQR) (32%) and a Bantu Y, E-PN1 (30%) (similar to E-M2). The Lemba tribe of Venda in South Africa claims to be Jewish and to have originated in Sena – possibly Yemenite Sena in Wadi Masila of the Hadramaut. There are indications of genetic connections with the Hadramaut, i.e., the Lemba Y-chromosomes and Hadramaut Y-chromosomes showed overlap. In addition, there was also present a Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH) within their subclan, the Buba – higher than the general Jewish population. It has been suggested by Tudor Parfitt and Yulia Egorova that their Jewish ancestors probably came along with general Semitic incursions into East Africa from South Arabia, and then moved slowly south through the area of Great Zimbabwe.\n\nLevites\nA 2003 study of the Y-chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for Ashkenazi Levites, a priestly class who comprise approximately 4% of Ashkenazi Jews. It found that Haplogroup R1a1a (R-M17), which is uncommon in the Middle East or among Sephardi Jews, but dominant in Eastern Europe, is present in over 50% of Ashkenazi Levites, while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites' paternal lineage is of apparent Middle Eastern origin. Behar suggested a founding event, probably involving one or very few European men, occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation. Nebel, Behar and Goldstein speculated that this may indicate a Khazar origin.\n\nHowever, a 2013 study by Rootsi, Behar et al. found that R1a-M582, the specific subclade of R1a to which all sampled Ashkenazi Levites with R1a belonged, was completely absent of a sample of 922 Eastern Europeans and was only found in one of the 2,164 samples from the Caucasus, while it made up 33.8% of non-Levite Ashkenazi R1a and was also found in 5.9% of Near Easterners bearing R1a. The clade, though less represented in Near Easterners, was more diverse among them than among Ashkenazi Jews. Rootsi et al. argued this supports a Near Eastern Hebrew origin for the paternal lineage R1a present among Ashkenazi Levites: R1a-M582 was also found among different Iranian populations, among Kurds from Cilician Anatolia and Kazakhstan, and among non-Ashkenazi Jews.\"Previous Y-chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites, members of a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste, display a distinctive founder event within R1a, the most prevalent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe. Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage. While our survey of one of these, M582, in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans, we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity. Moreover, the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations. In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites, the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews.\"\n\nMaternal line, Mitochondrial DNA \n\nStudies of mitochondrial DNA of Jewish populations are more recent and are still debatable. The maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this may indicate that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel.\n\nAccording to Thomas et al. in 2002, a number of Jewish communities reveal direct-line maternal ancestry originating from a few women. This was seen in independently founded communities in different geographic areas. What they shared was limited genetic additions later on the female side. Together, this is described as the founder effect. Those same communities had diversity in the male lines that was similar to the non-Jewish population. Two studies in 2006 and 2008 suggested that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders who were likely of Near-Eastern origin, while the populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities \"showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect\".\n\nWith the exception of Ethiopian Jews and Indian Jews, it has been argued that all of the various Jewish populations have components of mitochondrial genomes that were of Middle Eastern origin. In 2013, however, Richards et al. published work suggesting that an overwhelming majority of Ashkenazi Jewish maternal ancestry, estimated at \"80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe, and [only] 8 percent from the Near East, with the rest uncertain\", suggesting that Jewish males migrated to Europe and took new wives from the local population, and converted them to Judaism, though some geneticists, such as Doron Behar, have expressed disagreement with the study's conclusions. Another study by Eva Fernandez and her colleagues argues that the K lineages (claimed to be European in origin by Richards et al.) in Ashkenazi Jews might have an ancient Near Eastern source.\n\nReflecting on previous mtDNA studies carried out by Behar, Atzmon et al. conclude that all major Jewish population groups are showing evidence for founder females of Middle Eastern origin with coalescence times >2000 years. A 2013 study by Richards et al., based on a much larger sample base, drew differing conclusions, namely, that the Mt-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews originated among southern European women, where Diaspora communities had been established centuries before the fall of the Second Temple in 70 CE. A 2014 study by Fernandez et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews display a frequency of haplogroup K which suggests an ancient Near Eastern origin, stating that this observation clearly contradicts the results of the study led by Richards which suggested a predominantly European origin for the Ashkenazi community's maternal lines. However, the authors of the 2014 study also state that definitively answering the question of whether this group was of Jewish origin rather than the result of a Neolithic migration to Europe would require the genotyping of the complete mtDNA in ancient Near Eastern populations.\n\nMtDNA of Ashkenazi Jews \nIn 2004, Behar et al. found that approximately 32% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to the mitochondrial Haplogroup K, which points to a genetic bottleneck having taken place some 100 generations prior. Haplogroup K itself is thought to have originated in Western Asia some 12,000 years ago.\n\nA 2006 study by Behar et al., based on high-resolution analysis of Haplogroup K (mtDNA), suggested that about 40% of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or \"founder lineages\", likely of mixed European and Middle Eastern origin. They concluded that these founder lineages may have originated in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and later underwent expansion in Europe. Moreover, a maternal line \"sister\" was found among the Jews of Portugal, North Africa, France, and Italy. They wrote:\n\nBoth the extent and location of the maternal ancestral deme from which the Ashkenazi Jewry arose remain obscure. Here, using complete sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we show that close to one-half of Ashkenazi Jews, estimated at 8,000,000 people, can be traced back to only four women carrying distinct mtDNAs that are virtually absent in other populations, with the important exception of low frequencies among non-Ashkenazi Jews. We conclude that four founding mtDNAs, likely of Near Eastern ancestry, underwent major expansion(s) in Europe within the past millennium…\n\nA 2007 study by J. Feder et al. confirmed the hypothesis of the founding of non-European origin among the maternal lines. Their study did not address the geographical origin of Ashkenazim and therefore does not explicitly confirm the origin \"Levantine\" of these founders. This study revealed a significant divergence in total haplogroup distribution between the Ashkenazi Jewish populations and their European host populations, namely Russians, Poles and Germans. They concluded that, regarding mtDNAs, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. The study also found that \"the differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons.\" It supported previous interpretations that, in the direct maternal line, there was \"little or no gene flow from the local non-Jewish communities in Poland and Russia to the Jewish communities in these countries.\"\n\nConsidering Ashkenazi Jews, Atzmon (citing Behar above) states that beyond four founder mitochondrial haplogroups of possible Middle Eastern origins which comprise approximately 40% of Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA, the remainder of the mtDNA falls into other haplogroups, many of European origin. He noted that beyond Ashkenazi Jews, \"Evidence for founder females of Middle Eastern origin has been observed in other Jewish populations based on non-overlapping mitochondrial haplotypes with coalescence times >2000 years\".\n\nA 2013 study at the University of Huddersfield, led by Professor Martin B. Richards, concluded that 65%-81% of Ashkenazi Mt-DNA is European in origin, including all four founding mothers, and that most of the remaining lineages are also European. The results were published in Nature Communications in October 2013. The team analyzed about 2,500 complete and 28,000 partial Mt-DNA genomes of mostly non-Jews, and 836 partial Mt-DNA genomes of Ashkenazi Jews. The study claims that only 8% of Ashkenazi Mt-DNA could be identified as Middle Eastern in origin, with the origin of the rest being unclear.\n\nThey wrote:\nIf we allow for the possibility that K1a9 and N1b2 might have a Near Eastern source, then we can estimate the overall fraction of European maternal ancestry at ~65%. Given the strength of the case for even these founders having a European source, however, our best estimate is to assign ~81% of Ashkenazi lineages to a European source, ~8% to the Near East and ~1% further to the east in Asia, with ~10% remaining ambiguous... Thus at least two-thirds and most likely more than four-fifths of Ashkenazi maternal lineages have a European ancestry.\n\nRegarding the origin of Ashkenazi admixture, the analyses suggest that \"the first major wave of assimilation probably took place in Mediterranean Europe, most likely in Southern Europe, with substantial further assimilation of minor founders in west/central Europe.\" According to Richards, who acknowledged past research showing that Ashkenazi Jews' paternal origins are largely from the Middle East, the most likely explanation is that Ashkenazi Jews are descended from Middle Eastern men who moved to Europe and married local women whom they converted to Judaism. The authors found \"less evidence for assimilation in Eastern Europe, and almost none for a source in the North Caucasus/Chuvashia, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis.\"\n\nThe study was criticized by geneticist Doron Behar, who stated that while the Mt-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews is of mixed Middle Eastern and European origins, the deepest maternal roots of Ashkenazi Jews are not European. Harry Ostrer said Richards' study seemed reasonable, and corresponded to the known facts of Jewish history. Karl Skorecki of the Rambam Health Care Campus stated that there were serious flaws of phylogenetic analysis.\n\nDavid B. Goldstein, the Duke University geneticist who first found similarities between the founding mothers of Ashkenazi Jewry and European populations, said that, although Richards' analysis was well-done and 'could be right,' the estimate that 80% of Ashkenazi Jewish Mt-DNA is European was not statistically justified given the random rise and fall of mitochondrial DNA lineages. Geneticist Antonio Torroni of the University of Pavia found the conclusions very convincing, adding that recent studies of cell nucleus DNA also show “a very close similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians\". Diaspora communities were established in Rome and in Southern Europe centuries before the fall of the Second Temple in 70 CE.\n\nA 2014 study by Fernandez et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews display a frequency of haplogroup K which suggests ancient Middle Eastern origins, stating that this observation clearly contradicts the results of the study led by Richards which suggested a predominantly European origin for the Ashkenazi community's maternal line. However, the authors also state that definitively answering the question of whether this group was of Jewish origin rather than the result of a Neolithic migration to Europe would require the genotyping of the complete mtDNA in ancient Near Eastern populations. On the study by Richards:\nAccording to that work the majority of the Ashkenazi mtDNA lineages can be assigned to three major founders within haplogroup K (31% of their total lineages): K1a1b1a, K1a9 and K2a2. The absence of characteristic mutations within the control region in the PPNB K-haplotypes allow discarding them as members of either sub-clades K1a1b1a or K2a2, both representing a 79% of total Ashkenazi K lineages. However, without a high-resolution typing of the mtDNA coding region it cannot be excluded that the PPNB K lineages belong to the third sub-cluster K1a9 (20% of Askhenazi K lineages). Moreover, in the light of the evidence presented here of a loss of lineages in the Near East since Neolithic times, the absence of Ashkenazi mtDNA founder clades in the Near East should not be taken as a definitive argument for its absence in the past. The genotyping of the complete mtDNA in ancient Near Eastern populations would be required to fully answer this question and it will undoubtedly add resolution to the patterns detected in modern populations in this and other studies.\n\nMtDNA of Sephardi Jews \nAnalysis of mitochondrial DNA of the Jewish populations of North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya) was the subject of further detailed study in 2008 by Doron Behar et al. The analysis concludes that Jews from this region do not share the haplogroups of the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (M1 and U6) that are typical of the North African Berber and Arab populations. Similarly, while the frequency of haplogroups L, associated with sub-Saharan Africa, are present in approximately 20–25% at the Berber populations studied, these haplogroups are only present in 1.3%, 2.7% and 3.6% respectively of Jews from Morocco, Tunisia and Libya.\n\nBehar et al. conclude that it is unlikely that North African Jews have significant Arab, or Berber admixture, \"consistent with social restrictions imposed by religious restrictions,\" or endogamy. This study also found genetic similarities between the Ashkenazi and North African Jews of European mitochondrial DNA pools, but differences between both of these of the diaspora and Jews from the Middle East.\n\nGenetic research shows that about 27% of Moroccan Jews descend from one female ancestor. Behar's study found that 43% of Tunisian Jews are descended from four women along their maternal lines. According to Behar, 39.8% of the mtDNA of Libyan Jews \"could be related to one woman carrying the X2e1a1a lineage\".\n\nThe data (mt-DNA) recovered by D. Behar et al. were from a community descended from crypto-Jews located in the village of Belmonte in Portugal. Because of the small size of the sample and the circumstances of the community having been isolated for so long, It is not possible to generalize the findings to the entire Iberian Peninsula.\n\nThere was a relatively high presence of Haplogroup T2e in Sephardim who arrived in Turkey and Bulgaria. This finding suggests that the subhaplogroup, which resembles the populations who live between Saudi Arabia, Egypt and North Central Italy more than the local Iberians, occurred relatively early in the Sephardic population because if it appeared instead at the end of the community's isolation in Iberia, there would be insufficient time for its spread in the population. The frequency of T2e matches in Spain and Portugal are drastically lower than in those listed above Jews. Similarly, fewer Sephardic signature T2e5 matches were found in Iberia than in Northern Mexico and Southwest United States. Mt-DNA of the Jews of Turkey and does not include to a large extent mt-DNA lineages typical of West Asia,. An Iberian-type lineage has been documented, which is consistent with historical data, i.e., the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula and their resettlement in Ottoman lands.\n\nMtDNA of Mizrahi Jews \nAccording to the 2008 study by Behar, 43% of Iraqi Jews are descended from five women. Genetic studies show that Persian and Bukharan Jews descend from a small number of female ancestors. The Mountain Jews showed a striking maternal founding event, with 58.6% of their total mtDNA genetic variation tracing back to one woman from the Levant carrying an mtDNA lineage within Hg J2b.\n\nMtDNA of Georgian Jews \nAccording to the study of G. Thomas et al., 51% of Georgian Jews are descended from a single female. According to Behar, 58% are descended from this female ancestor. Researchers have not determined the origin of this ancestor, but it is known that this woman carried a haplotype which can be found throughout a large area stretching from the Mediterranean to Iraq and to the Caucasus.\n\nMtDNA of Yemenite Jews \nIn a study by Richards et al., the authors suggest that a minor proportion of haplogroup L1 and L3A lineage from sub-Saharan Africa is present among Yemenite Jews. However, these lines occur 4 times less frequently than among non-Jewish Yemenis. These sub-Saharan haplogroups are virtually absent among Jews from Iraq, Iran and Georgia and do not appear among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish population of Yemen also reveals a founder effect: 42% of the direct maternal lines are traceable to five women, four coming from western Asia and one from East Africa.\n\nMtDNA of Ethiopian Jews \nFor Beta Israel, the results are similar to those of the male population, namely, genetic characteristics identical to those of surrounding populations.\n\nMtDNA of Indian Jews \nAccording to the study of 2008 by Behar et al., the maternal lineage of the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India is of predominantly indigenous Indian origin. However, the MtDNA of the Bene Israel also includes lineages commonly found among Iranian and Iraqi Jews and also present among Italian Jews, and the MtDNA of Cochin Jews also has some similarities to MtDNA lineages present in several non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities. Genetic research shows that 41.3% of Bene Israel descend from one female ancestor, who was of indigenous Indian origin. Another study also found that Cochin Jews have genetic similarities with other Jewish populations, in particular with Yemenite Jews, along with the indigenous populations of India.\n\nAutosomal DNA\nThese studies focus upon autosomal chromosomes, the 22 homologous or autosomes (non sex chromosomes), rather than on the direct paternal or maternal lines. The technology has changed rapidly and so older studies are different in quality to newer ones.\n\n2001–2010 \nAn initial study conducted in 2001 by Noah Rosenberg and colleagues on six Jewish populations (Poland, Libya, Ethiopia, Iraq, Morocco, Yemen) and two non-Jewish populations (Palestinians and Druze) showed that while the eight groups had genetic links to each other, the Jews of Libya have a distinct genetic signature related to their genetic isolation and possible admixture with Berber populations. This same study suggested a close relationship between the Jews of Yemen and those of Ethiopia.\n\nA 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed \"a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups\". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the 'northern' population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the 'southern' group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the \"southern\" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were \"consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups\".\n\nA 2007 study by Bauchet et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews were most closely clustered with Arabic North African populations when compared to the global population of that study. In the European structure analysis, they share genetic similarities with Greeks and Sicilians, reflecting their east Mediterranean origins.\n\nA 2008 study by Price et al. sampled Southern Italians, Jews and other Europeans, and isolated the genetic markers that are most accurate for distinguishing between European groups, achieving results comparable to those from genome-wide analyses. It mines much larger datasets (more markers and more samples) to identify a panel of 300 highly ancestry-informative markers which accurately distinguish not just northwest and southeast European, but also Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry from Southern Europeans.\n\nA 2008 study by Tian et al. provides an additional example of the same clustering pattern, using samples and markers similar to those in their other study. European population genetic substructure was examined in a diverse set of >1,000 individuals of European descent, each genotyped with >300 K SNPs. Both STRUCTURE and principal component analyses (PCA) showed the largest division/principal component (PC) differentiated northern from southern European ancestry. A second PC further separated Italian, Spanish, and Greek individuals from those of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry as well as distinguishing among northern European populations. In separate analyses of northern European participants other substructure relationships were discerned showing a west to east gradient.\n\nA 2009 study by Goldstein et al. shows that it is possible to predict full Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, although the exact dividing line between a Jewish and non-Jewish cluster will vary across sample sets which in practice would reduce the accuracy of the prediction. While the full historical demographic explanations for this distinction remain to be resolved, it is clear that the genomes of individuals with full Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry carry an unambiguous signature of their Jewish ancestral DNA, and this seems more likely to be due to their specific Middle Eastern ancestry than to inbreeding. The authors note that there is almost perfect separation along PC 1, and, they note that most of the non-Jewish Europeans who are closest to the Jews on this PC are of Italian or Eastern Mediterranean origin.\n\nIn a 2009 study by Kopelman et al., four Jewish groups, Ashkenazi, Turkish, Moroccan and Tunisian, were found to share a common origin from the Middle East, with more recent admixture that has resulted in \"intermediate placement of the Jewish populations compared to European and Middle Eastern populations\". The authors found that the \"most similar to the Jewish populations is the Palestinian population\". The Tunisian Jews were found to be distinct from three other Jewish populations, which suggests, according to the authors, a greater genetic isolation and/or a significant local Berber ancestry, as in the case of Libyan Jews. Concerning the theory of Khazar ancestry in Ashkenazi Jews, the authors found no direct evidence. Although they did find genetic similarities between Jews, especially Ashkenazi Jews, and the Adyghe people, a group from the Caucasus, whose region was formerly occupied by the Khazars, the Adyghe, living on the edge of geographical Europe, are more genetically related to Middle Easterners, including Palestinians, Bedouin, and non-Ashkenazi Jews, than to Europeans.\n\nAnother study of L. Hao et al. studied seven groups of Jewish populations with different geographic origin (Ashkenazi, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, and Syrian) and showed that the individuals all shared a common Middle Eastern background, although they were also genetically distinguishable from each other. In public comments, Harry Ostrer, the director of the Human Genetics Program at NYU Langone Medical Center, and one of the authors of this study, concluded, \"We have shown that Jewishness can be identified through genetic analysis, so the notion of a Jewish people is plausible.\"\n\nA genome-wide genetic study carried out by Need et al. and published in 2009 showed that \"individuals with full Jewish ancestry formed a clearly distinct cluster from those individuals with no Jewish ancestry.\" The study found that the Jewish cluster examined, fell between that of Middle Eastern and European populations. Reflecting on these findings, the authors concluded, \"It is clear that the genomes of individuals with full Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry carry an unambiguous signature of their Jewish heritage, and this seems more likely to be due to their specific Middle Eastern ancestry than to inbreeding.\"\n\nThe current study extends the analysis of European population genetic structure to include additional southern European groups and Arab populations. \nWhile the Ashkenazi are clearly of southern origin based on both PCA and STRUCTURE studies, in this analysis of diverse European populations, this group appears to have a unique genotypic pattern that may not reflect geographic origins.\n\nIn June 2010, Behar et al. \"shows that most Jewish samples form a remarkably tight subcluster with common genetic origin, that overlies Druze and Cypriot samples but not samples from other Levantine populations or paired Diaspora host populations. In contrast, Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Indian Jews (Bene Israel and Cochini) cluster with neighboring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene Israel and the Levant.\". \"The most parsimonious explanation for these observations is a common genetic origin, which is consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant.\" The authors say that the genetic results are concordant \"with the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World\". Regarding the samples he used, Behar says, \"Our conclusion favoring common ancestry (of Jewish people) over recent admixture is further supported by the fact that our sample contains individuals that are known not to be admixed in the most recent one or two generations.\"\n\nA study led by Harry Ostrer published on 11 June 2010, found close links between Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, and found them to be genetically distinct from non-Jews. In the study, DNA from the blood of 237 Jews and about 2,800 non-Jews was analyzed, and it was determined how closely related they were through IBD. Individuals within the Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi groups shared high levels of IBD, roughly equivalent to that of fourth or fifth cousins. All three groups shared many genetic features, suggesting a common origin dating back more than 2,000 years. The study did find that all three Jewish groups did show various signs of admixture with non Jews, with the genetic profiles of Ashkenazi Jews indicating between 30% and 60% admixture with Europeans, although they clustered more closely with Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews.\n\nIn July 2010, Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis, found that Ashkenazi Jews clustered between Middle Eastern and European populations but found a closer relationship between the Ashkenazim and several European populations (Tuscans, Italians, and French) than between the Ashkenazi Jews and Middle Eastern populations and that European admixture \"is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome.\" They add their study data \"support the model of a Middle Eastern origin of the Ashkenazim population followed by subsequent admixture with host Europeans or populations more similar to Europeans,\" and that their data imply that modern Ashkenazi Jews are possibly more similar to Europeans than modern Middle Easterners. The level of admixture with European populations was estimated at between 35% and 55%. The study assumed Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to the world Jewry ancestor genome. With this reference point, the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as \"matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations\". Also, in their press release, Bray stated: \"We were surprised to find evidence that Ashkenazi Jews have higher heterozygosity than Europeans, contradicting the widely-held presumption that they have been a largely isolated group\". The authors said that their calculations might have \"overestimated the level of admixture\" as it is possible that the true Jewish ancestors were genetically closer to Southern Europeans than to Druze and Palestinian Arabs. They predicted that using the non-Ashkenazi Jewish Diaspora populations as reference for a world Jewry ancestor genome would \"underestimate the level of admixture\" but that \"however, using the Jewish Diaspora populations as the reference Jewish ancestor will naturally underestimate the true level of admixture, as the modern Jewish Diaspora has also undergone admixture since their dispersion.\n\nZoossmann-Diskin (2010) argues, that based upon the analysis of X chromosome and seventeen autosomal markers, Eastern European Jewish populations and Jewish populations from Iran, Iraq and Yemen, do not have the same genetic origins. In particular, concerning Eastern European Jews, he believes the evidence points to a dominant amount of southern European, and specifically Italian, ancestry, which he argues is probably a result of conversions during the Roman empire. Concerning the similarity between Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, he argues that the reasons are uncertain, but that it is likely to be caused by Sephardic Jews having \"Mediterranean\" ancestry also, like the Ashkenazi Jews. Concerning mitochondrial DNA, and particularly Y DNA, he accepts that there are superficial signs of some Middle Eastern ancestry among Ashkenazi Jews, but he argues that this can be ignored as it may have come from a small number of ancestors.\n\nAn autosomal DNA study carried out in 2010 by Atzmon et al. examined the origin of Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Turkish, Greek, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi Jewish communities. The study compared these Jewish groups with 1043 unrelated individuals from 52 worldwide populations. To further examine the relationship between Jewish communities and European populations, 2407 European subjects were assigned and divided into 10 groups based on geographic region of their origin. This study confirmed previous findings of shared Middle Eastern origin of the above Jewish groups and found that \"the genetic connections between the Jewish populations became evident from the frequent IBD across these Jewish groups (63% of all shared segments). Jewish populations shared more and longer segments with one another than with non-Jewish populations, highlighting the commonality of Jewish origin. Among pairs of populations ordered by total sharing, 12 out of the top 20 were pairs of Jewish populations, and \"none of the top 30 paired a Jewish population with a non-Jewish one\". Atzmon concludes that \"Each Jewish group demonstrated Middle Eastern ancestry and variable admixture from host population, while the split between Middle Eastern and European/Syrian Jews, calculated by simulation and comparison of length distributions of IBD segments, occurred 100–150 generations ago, which was described as \"compatible with a historical divide that is reported to have occurred more than 2500 years ago\" as the Jewish community in Iraq and Iran were formed by Jews in the Babylonian and Persian empires during and after Babylonian exile. The main difference between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi/Sephardic Jews was the absence of Southern European components in the former. According to these results, European/Syrian Jewish populations, including the Ashkenazi Jewish community, were formed later, as a result of the expulsion and migration of Jews from Palestine, during Roman rule. Concerning Ashkenazi Jews, this study found that genetic dates \"are incompatible with theories that Ashkenazi Jews are for the most part the direct lineal descendants of converted Khazars or Slavs\". Citing Behar, Atzmon states that \"Evidence for founder females of Middle Eastern origin has been observed in all Jewish populations based on non overlapping mitochondrial haplotypes with coalescence times >2000 years\". The closest people related to Jewish groups were the Palestinians, Bedouins, Druze, Greeks, and Italians. Regarding this relationship, the authors conclude that \"These observations are supported by the significant overlap of Y chromosomal haplogroups between Israeli and Palestinian Arabs with Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations\".\n\n2011–2016 \nIn 2011, Moorjani et al. detected 3%–5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations (Ashkenazi Jews, Syrian Jews, Iranian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Greek Jews, Turkish Jews, Italian Jews) that they analyzed. The timing of this African admixture among all Jewish populations was identical. The exact date was not determined, but it was estimated to have taken place between 1,600 and 3,400 years ago. Although African admixture was determined among South Europeans and Near Eastern population too, this admixture was found to be younger compared to the Jewish populations. This findings the authors explained as evidence regarding common origin of these 8 main Jewish groups. \"It is intriguing that the Mizrahi Irani and Iraqi Jews—who are thought to descend at least in part from Jews who were exiled to Babylon about 2,600 years ago share the signal of African admixture. A parsimonious explanation for these observations is that they reflect a history in which many of the Jewish groups descend from a common ancestral population which was itself admixed with Africans, prior to the beginning of the Jewish diaspora that occurred in 8th to 6th century BC\" the authors concluded.\n\nIn 2012, two major genetic studies were carried out under the leadership of Harry Ostrer, from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The results were published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences. The genes of 509 Jewish donors from 15 different backgrounds and 114 non-Jewish donors of North African origin were analyzed. Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews were found to be closer genetically to each other than to their long-term host populations, and all of them were found to have Middle Eastern ancestry, together with varying amounts of admixture in their local populations. Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews were found to have diverged from each other approximately 2,500 years in the past, approximately the time of the Babylonian exile. The studies also reconfirmed the results of previous studies which found that North African Jews were more closely related to each other and to European and Middle Eastern Jews than to their non-Jewish host populations. The genome-wide ancestry of North African Jewish groups was compared with respect to European (Basque), Maghrebi (Tunisian non-Jewish), and Middle Eastern (Palestinian) origins. The Middle Eastern component was found to be comparable across all North African Jewish and non-Jewish groups, while North African Jewish groups showed increased European and decreased level of North African (Maghrebi) ancestry with Moroccan and Algerian Jews tending to be genetically closer to Europeans than Djerban Jews. The study found that Yemenite, Ethiopian, and Georgian Jews formed their own distinctive, genetically linked clusters. In particular, Yemenite Jews, who had previously been believed to have lived in isolation, were found to have genetic connections to their host population, suggesting some conversion of local Arabs to Judaism had taken place. Georgian Jews were found to share close connections to Iraqi and Iranian Jews, as well as other Middle Eastern Jewish groups. The study also found that Syrian Jews share more genetic commonality with Ashkenazi Jews than with other Middle Eastern Jewish populations. According to the study:distinctive North African Jewish population clusters with proximity to other Jewish populations and variable degrees of Middle Eastern, European, and North African admixture. Two major subgroups were identified by principal component, neighbor joining tree, and identity-by-descent analysis—Moroccan/Algerian and Djerban/Libyan—that varied in their degree of European admixture. These populations showed a high degree of endogamy and were part of a larger Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish group. By principal component analysis, these North African groups were orthogonal to contemporary populations from North and South Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Thus, this study is compatible with the history of North African Jews—founding during Classical Antiquity with proselytism of local populations, followed by genetic isolation with the rise of Christianity and then Islam, and admixture following the emigration of Sephardic Jews during the Inquisition.\n\nOstrer also found that Ethiopian Jews are predominantly related to the indigenous populations of Ethiopia, but do have distant genetic links to the Middle East from more than 2,000 years in the past, and are likely descended from a few Jewish founders. It was speculated that the community began when a few itinerant Jews settled in Ethiopia in ancient times, converted locals to Judaism, and married into the local populations.\n \nA 2012 study by Eran Elhaik analyzed data collected for previous studies and concluded that the DNA of Eastern and Central European Jewish populations indicates that their ancestry is \"a mosaic of Caucasus, European, and Semitic ancestries\". For the study, Bedouins and Jordanian Hashemites, known to descend from Arabian tribes, were assumed to be a valid genetic surrogate of ancient Jews, whereas the Druze, known to come from Syria, were assumed to be non-Semitic immigrants into the Levant. Armenians and Georgians were also used as surrogate populations for the Khazars, who spoke a Turkic language unrelated to Georgian or Armenian. On this basis, a relatively strong connection to the Caucasus was proposed because of the stronger genetic similarity of these Jewish groups to modern Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijani Jews, Druze and Cypriots, compared to a weaker genetic similarity with Hashemites and Bedouins. This proposed Caucasian component of ancestry was in turn taken to be consistent with the Khazarian Hypothesis as an explanation of part of the ancestry of Ashkenazi Jews.\n\nA study by Haber et al. (2013) noted that while previous studies of the Levant, which had focused mainly on diaspora Jewish populations, showed that the \"Jews form a distinctive cluster in the Middle East\", these studies did not make clear \"whether the factors driving this structure would also involve other groups in the Levant\". The authors found strong evidence that modern Levant populations descend from two major apparent ancestral populations. One set of genetic characteristics which is shared with modern-day Europeans and Central Asians is most prominent in the Levant amongst \"Lebanese, Armenians, Cypriots, Druze and Jews, as well as Turks, Iranians and Caucasian populations\". The second set of inherited genetic characteristics is shared with populations in other parts of the Middle East as well as some African populations. Levant populations in this category today include \"Palestinians, Jordanians, Syrians, as well as North Africans, Ethiopians, Saudis, and Bedouins\". Concerning this second component of ancestry, the authors remark that while it correlates with \"the pattern of the Islamic expansion\", and that \"a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners,\" they also say that \"its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event\". The authors also found a strong correlation between religion and apparent ancestry in the Levant: all Jews (Sephardi and Ashkenazi) cluster in one branch; Druze from Mount Lebanon and Druze from Mount Carmel are depicted on a private branch; and Lebanese Christians form a private branch with the Christian populations of Armenia and Cyprus placing the Lebanese Muslims as an outer group. The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen.\n\nA 2013 study by Doron M. Behar, Mait Metspalu, Yael Baran, Naama M. Kopelman, Bayazit Yunusbayev et al. using integration of genotypes on newly collected largest data set available to date (1,774 samples from 106 Jewish and non-Jewish populations) for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins from the regions of potential Ashkenazi ancestry: (Europe, the Middle East, and the region historically associated with the Khazar Khaganate) concluded that \"This most comprehensive study... does not change and in fact reinforces the conclusions of multiple past studies, including ours and those of other groups (Atzmon and others, 2010; Bauchet and others, 2007; Behar and others, 2010; Campbell and others, 2012; Guha and others, 2012; Haber and others; 2013; Henn and others, 2012; Kopelman and others, 2009; Seldin and others, 2006; Tian and others, 2008). We confirm the notion that the Ashkenazi, North African, and Sephardi Jews share substantial genetic ancestry and that they derive it from Middle Eastern and European populations, with no indication of a detectable Khazar contribution to their genetic origins.\"\n\nThe authors also reanalyzed the 2012 study of Eran Elhaik, and found that \"The provocative assumption that Armenians and Georgians could serve as appropriate proxies for Khazar descendants is problematic for a number of reasons as the evidence for ancestry among Caucasus populations do not reflect Khazar ancestry\". Also, the authors found that \"Even if it were allowed that Caucasus affinities could represent Khazar ancestry, the use of the Armenians and Georgians as Khazar proxies is particularly poor, as they represent the southern part of the Caucasus region, while the Khazar Khaganate was centered in the North Caucasus and further to the north. Furthermore, among populations of the Caucasus, Armenians and Georgians are geographically the closest to the Middle East, and are therefore expected a priori to show the greatest genetic similarity to Middle Eastern populations.\" Concerning the similarity of South Caucasus populations to Middle Eastern groups which was observed at the level of the whole genome in one recent study (Yunusbayev and others, 2012). The authors found that \"Any genetic similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Armenians and Georgians might merely reflect a common shared Middle Eastern ancestry component, actually providing further support to a Middle Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Jews, rather than a hint for a Khazar origin\". The authors claimed \"If one accepts the premise that similarity to Armenians and Georgians represents Khazar ancestry for Ashkenazi Jews, then by extension one must also claim that Middle Eastern Jews and many Mediterranean European and Middle Eastern populations are also Khazar descendants. This claim is clearly not valid, as the differences among the various Jewish and non-Jewish populations of Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East predate the period of the Khazars by thousands of years\".\n\nTwo 2014 studies by Paull and colleagues analyzed autosomal SNP data from FTDNA's Family Finder test for 100 study participants, divided into Jewish, non-Jewish, and interfaith study groups. It reported autosomal DNA test values, such as the size and number of shared DNA segments, the number of genetic matches, and the distribution of predicted relationships, varies between study groups. The study also investigates how shared autosomal DNA, and longest block values vary by strength-of-relationship for each study group. According to the results \"The 40 participants in the Jewish study group were found to match an average of 24.8 or 62.0 % of the other Jewish study participants, while the 40 participants in the non-Jewish study group matched an average of 4.0 or 9.9 % of the other non-Jewish study participants. Hence, Jewish study participants had over 6 times more matches with each other than did non-Jewish study participants. With the exception of a single study participant, there were no matches between the Jewish and non-Jewish study groups.\"\n\nA 2014 study by Carmi et al. published by Nature Communications found that the Ashkenazi Jewish population originates from an even mixture between Middle Eastern and European peoples. The study found that all Ashkenazi Jews descend from around 350 individuals who were genetically about half Middle Eastern and half European. This would make all Ashkenazi Jews related to the point of being at least 30th cousins. According to the authors, this genetic bottleneck likely occurred some 600–800 years in the past, followed by rapid growth and genetic isolation (rate per generation 16–53%;). The principal component analysis of common variants in the sequenced AJ samples, confirmed previous observations, namely, the proximity of Ashkenazi Jewish cluster to other Jewish, European and Middle Eastern populations.\n\nA 2016 study by Elhaik et al. in the Oxford University Press published journal Genome Biology and Evolution found that the DNA of Ashkenazi Jews originated in northeastern Turkey. The study found 90% of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced to four ancient villages in northeastern Turkey. The researchers speculated that the Ashkenazi Jews originated in the first millennium, when Iranian Jews converted Greco-Roman, Turkish, Iranian, southern Caucasian, and Slavic populations inhabiting Turkey, and speculated that the Yiddish language also originated there among Jewish merchants as a cryptic language in order to gain advantage in trade along the Silk Road.\n\nIn joint study published in 2016 by Genome Biology and Evolution, a group of geneticists and linguists from the UK, Czech Republic, Russia and Lithuania, dismissed both the genetic and linguistic components of Elhaik's 2016 study. As for the genetic component, the authors argued that using a genetic \"GPS tool\" (as used by Elhaik et al.) would place Italians and Spaniards into Greece, all Tunisians and some Kuwaitis would be placed in the Mediterranean Sea, all Greeks were positioned in Bulgaria and in the Black Sea, and all Lebanese were scattered along a line connecting Egypt and the Caucasus; \"These cases are sufficient to illustrate that mapping of test individuals has nothing to do with ancestral locations\" the authors wrote. As for the linguistic component, the authors stated \"Yiddish is a Germanic language, leaving no room for the Slavic relexification hypothesis and for the idea of early Yiddish-Persian contacts in Asia Minor. The study concluded that ‘Yiddish is a Slavic language created by Irano-Turko-Slavic Jewish merchants along the Silk Roads as a cryptic trade language, spoken only by its originators to gain an advantage in trade’ (Das et al. (2016) remains an assertion in the realm of unsupported speculation\", the study concluded.\n\nA 2016 study of Indian Jews from the Bene Israel community by Waldman et al. found that the genetic composition of the community is \"unique among Indian and Pakistani populations we analyzed in sharing considerable genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations. Putting together the results from all analyses point to Bene Israel being an admixed population with both Jewish and Indian ancestry, with the genetic contribution of each of these ancestral populations being substantial.\" The authors also examined the proportion and roots of the shared Jewish ancestry and the local genetic admixture: \"In addition, we performed f4-based analysis to test whether Bene Israel are closer to Jews than to non-Jewish Middle-Eastern populations. We found that Middle-Eastern Jewish populations were closer to Bene Israel as compared to other Middle-Eastern populations examined (Druze, Bedouin and Palestinians). Non-Middle-Eastern Jewish populations were still closer to Bene Israel as compared to Bedouin and Palestinians, but not as compared to Druze. These results further support the hypothesis that the non-Indian ancestry of Bene Israel is Jewish specific, likely from a Middle-Eastern Jewish population.\"\n\n2017–present \nA 2017 study by Xue et al., running different tests on Ashkenazi Jewish genomes found an approximately even mixture of Middle Eastern and European ancestry and concluded that the true fraction of European ancestry was possibly about 60% with the remaining 40% being Middle Eastern. The authors estimated the Levant as the most likely source of Middle Eastern ancestry in Ashkenazi Jews, and also estimated that between 60% and 80% of the European ancestry was Southern European, \"with the rest being likely Eastern European.\"\n\nA 2020 genetic study on Bronze Age and Iron Age southern Levantine (Canaanite) remains found evidence of large scale migration of populations related to those of the Zagros or Caucasus into the southern Levant by the Bronze Age and increasing over time (resulting in a Canaanite population descended from both those migrants and earlier Neolithic Levantine peoples). The findings were found to be consistent with modern-day non-Jewish Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (such as Syrians, Lebanese, Palestinians, and Druze) and Jewish groups (such as Moroccan Sephardi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, and Mizrahi Jews), \"having 50% or more of their ancestry from people related to groups who lived in the Bronze Age Levant and the Chalcolithic Zagros.\" Ashkenazi Jews were found to have 41% European admixture. The study modeled the aforementioned modern groups as inheriting ancestry from both ancient populations. Ethiopian Jews were found to derive 80% of their ancestry from an East African or Horn African component, but also carried some Canaanite-like and Zagros-like ancestry.\n\nComparison with non-Jewish populations\n\nLevantines \n\nMany genetic studies have demonstrated that most of the various Jewish ethnic divisions and Druze, Palestinians, Bedouin, Lebanese people and other Levantines cluster near one another genetically. Many studies have found that Jews and Palestinians are closer to each other than the Palestinians or European Jews are to non-Jewish Europeans or Africans. They also found substantial genetic overlap between Israeli and Palestinian Arabs and Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. A small but statistically significant difference was found in the Y-chromosomal haplogroup distributions of Sephardic Jews and Palestinians, but no significant differences were found between Ashkenazi Jews and Palestinians nor between the two Jewish communities, However, a highly distinct cluster was found in Palestinian haplotypes. 32% of the 143 Arab Y-chromosomes studied belonged to this \"I&P Arab clade\", which contained only one non-Arab chromosome, that of a Sephardic Jew. This could possibly be attributed to the geographical isolation of the Jews or to the immigration of Arab tribes in the first millennium. The Druze people, a \"genetic sanctuary\" for the diversity of the Near East in antiquity, have been found in genetic studies to be the closest to Jews of the populations in the Levant. Lebanese also cluster closely with Jewish ethnic groups, closer than Syrians and Palestinians, according to a 2010 study by Behar et al. In contrast to the very close Jewish, Lebanese, and Druze grouping was the Palestinian grouping, which was closest to Saudis and Bedouins, suggesting significant ancestry from the Arabian Peninsula in contrast to the more Levantine stock of the former groups.\n\nThe single archeogenetic study of the southern Levant (Salamon et al., 2010) explored mtDNA haplogroups of Chalcolithic period from a cave in the Judean Desert. The prevailing mtDNA haplogroups were those in U3a, H and H6 haplogroup. \"U3 is quite frequent in contemporary mtDNA from Near Eastern and Levantine samples suggesting some temporal continuity in mtDNA haplogroups from as far back as the Chalcolithic Era (circa 4500-4000 BCE). In addition, the authors found that the U3a and H6 haplotypes from the ancient DNA samples were present in a broad range of contemporary Jewish populations\".\n\nSamaritans \n\nThe Samaritans are an ancient northern population of historic Israel, where they are historically well identified since at least the 4th century BC. They define themselves as the descendants of tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (named after the two sons of Joseph) living in the Kingdom of Israel before its destruction in 722 BC. For them, the Jews are the descendants of the Israelites from ancient southern kingdom of Judah (and Jerusalem).\n\nA 2004 study by Shen et al. compared the Y-DNA and DNA-mt of 12 Samaritan men with those of 158 men who were not Samaritans, divided between 6 Jewish populations (Ashkenazi origin, Moroccan, Libyan, Ethiopian, Iraqi and Yemeni) and 2 non-Jewish populations from Israel (Druze and Arab). The study concludes that significant similarities exist between paternal lines of Jews and Samaritans, but the maternal lines differ between the two populations. The pair-wise genetic distances (Fst) between 11 populations from AMOVA applied to the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial data. For the Y-chromosome, all Jewish groups (except for the Ethiopian Jews) are closely related to each other and do not differ significantly from the Samaritans (0.041) or Druze (0.033), but are different from Palestinian Arabs (0.163), Africans (0.219), and Europeans (0.111). This study indicated that the Samaritan and Jewish Y-chromosomes have a much greater affinity for the other than for their geographical neighbors, the Palestinian Arabs. This suggests the two share a common ancestral Near Eastern population preceding their divergence in the 4th century BCE, supporting the Samaritan narrative of descent from native Israelites who survived the Assyrian exile rather than from foreign populations introduced by the Assyrian Empire. However, the mtDNA results did not match other Jewish populations at all, supporting the Jewish narrative of the Assyrians displacing the population of the northern Israelite Kingdom. From these results the researchers concluded that the Samaritans are descended from Hebrew men and non-Hebrew women, confirming elements of both the Jewish and Samaritan narratives.\n\nA 2013 study by PJ Oefner, et al. found that \"Samaritans are descendants from the tribes of Israel dating to before the Assyrian exile in 722-720 BCE. In concordance with previously published single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes, each Samaritan family, with the exception of the Samaritan Cohen lineage, was observed to carry a distinctive Y-chromosome short tandem repeat haplotype that was not more than one mutation removed from the six-marker Cohen modal haplotype\" The authors concluded that \"Taken together, our results suggest that there has been gene flow between non-Samaritan females and the Samaritan population to a significantly greater extent than for males. The male lineages of the Samaritans, on the other hand, seem to have considerable affinity with those of the five non-Ethiopian Jewish populations examined here. These results are in accordance with expectations based on the endogamous and patrilineal marriage customs of the Samaritans and provide support for an ancient genetic relationship between Samaritans and Israelites.\"\n\nLembas\n\nThe Lemba clans are scattered among the Bantu-speaking tribes in Zimbabwe and northern South Africa. Their oral tradition traces the origin of the Jewish Lembas to Sana'a in Yemen. Some practices seem reminiscent of Jewish practices (e.g. circumcision, food laws). Two studies have attempted to determine the paternal origin of these tribes. The first by A. Spurdle and T. Jenkins dates from 1996 and suggests that more than half of Lembas tested carry paternal lineages of Semitic origin. The second study by Mark G. Thomas et al. dates from 2000 and also suggests that part of Lembas have a Semitic origin that can come from a mixture of Arabs and Jews. In addition, the authors show that clans Lemba (Buba clan) has a large proportion of the former CMH.\n\nRecent research published in the South African Medical Journal studied Y-Chromosomes variations in two groups of Lemba, one South African and the other Zimbabwean (the Remba). It concluded that \"While it was not possible to trace unequivocally the origins of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba and Remba, this study does not support the earlier claims of their Jewish genetic heritage.\" The researcher suggested \"a stronger link with Middle Eastern populations, probably the result of trade activity in the Indian Ocean.\"\n\nInhabitants of Spain, Portugal, and Ibero-America\n\nAccording to a 2008 study by Adams and colleagues the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) have an average of 20% Sephardi Jewish ancestry, with significant geographical variations ranging from 0% on Menorca to 36.3% in southern Portugal. According to the authors, part of this admixture might also be of Neolithic, Phoenician or Arab-Syrian origin.\n\nModern day Ibero-American populations have also shown varying degrees of Sephardic Jewish ancestry: New Christian converso Iberian settler ancestors of Sephardic Jewish origin. Ibero-Americans are largely the result of admixture between immigrants from Iberia, indigenous peoples of the Americas, and sub-Saharan African slaves, as well as other Europeans and other immigrants. An individual's specific mixture depends on their family genealogy; a significant proportion of immigrants from Iberia (Spain and Portugal) hid their Sephardic Jewish origin.\n\nResearchers analyzed \"two well-established communities in Colorado (33 unrelated individuals) and Ecuador (20 unrelated individuals) with a measurable prevalence of the BRCA1 c.185delAG and the GHR c.E180 mutations, respectively [...] thought to have been brought to these communities by Sephardic Jewish progenitors. [...] When examining the presumed European component of these two communities, we demonstrate enrichment for Sephardic Jewish ancestry not only for these mutations, but also for other segments as well. [...] These findings are consistent with historical accounts of Jewish migration from the realms that comprise modern Spain and Portugal during the Age of Discovery. More importantly, they provide a rationale for the occurrence of mutations typically associated with the Jewish Diaspora in Latin American communities.\"\n\nSee also \n\n Expulsions and exoduses of Jews\n Genetic history of Europe\n Genetic history of North Africa\n Genetic history of the Middle East\n Genetic studies on Arabs\n Historical Jewish population comparisons\n Interfaith marriage in Judaism\n Jewish diaspora\n Jewish ethnic divisions\n Jewish genealogy\n Jewish studies\n Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry\n Medical genetics of Jews\n Who is a Jew?\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n\n \nFalk, Raphael. 'Zionut Vehabiologia Shel Hayehudim (Zionism and the Biology of the Jews), Tel Aviv: Resling, 2006 (not yet available in English)\nOstrer, Harry. Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People,'' Oxford University Press, 2012\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \nJews\nJews\nJews\nJews\nJewish ethnic groups\nJudaic studies\nJews" ]

[ "Margaret Mead", "Other research areas", "What did Mead research other than Samoa?", "Mead felt the methodologies involved in the experimental psychology research supporting arguments of racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed.", "Whose research did she criticize?", "Mead proposes that there are three problems with testing for racial differences in intelligence.", "What are the 3 problems Mead identified?", "intelligence. First, there are concerns with the ability to validly equate one's test score", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "that a genealogical", "What about genealogical... what?", "relevant when interpreting IQ scores.", "A genealogical method to do what?", "Mead has been credited with persuading the American Jewish Committee to sponsor a project to study European Jewish villages,", "What other areas did Mead research?", "in which a team of researchers would conduct mass interviews with Jewish immigrants living in New York City.", "What did they study in the European Jewish villages?", "The resulting book, widely cited for decades, allegedly created the Jewish mother stereotype, a mother intensely loving but controlling" ]

[ "The history of the Jews in Aruba can be traced back to the 16th century, when the first Jewish immigrants began to arrive. The first Jews in Aruba were Sephardi Jewish immigrants from Netherlands and Portugal. The first Jew to settle in Aruba was a Portuguese-Jewish worker for the Dutch West India Company named Moses Solomon Levie Maduro, who arrived in Aruba with his family in 1754.\n\nAfter 1924, a number of Jewish immigrants came to Aruba from Eastern Europe, Surinam, and The Netherlands. In 1942, a Jewish center was opened and the Jewish community became officially organized four years later.\n\nThe Beth Israel Synagogue was consecrated on November 4, 1962, in Oranjestad. Beth Israel also shares their house of worship with the Jewish Community of Aruba (Israelitische Gemeente).\n\nAs of 2013, the Jewish population is around 85. The former Prime Minister Mike Eman is Jewish. Eman has interacted with Chabad visiting Rabbis as well as with Chabad's permanent rabbi on the island. His brother Henny Eman was the first Prime Minister of Aruba.\n\nSee also\nWorld Jewish Congress\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Chabad Jewish Center of Aruba\n\nDutch-Jewish diaspora\n \nPortuguese diaspora\nSephardi Jewish culture in the Caribbean\nSephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands\nHistory of the Jews in the Caribbean", "Bernard Epstein (10 August 1920, Harrison, New Jersey – 30 March 2005, Montgomery County, Maryland) was an American mathematician and physicist who wrote several widely used textbooks on mathematics.\n\nEpstein was the son of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Romania, Yitzkhak Aharon Epstein and Sophie-Sarah née Goldenberg, and was the first person in his family to go to college. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics and physics from New York University and then in 1947 a Ph.D. in applied mathematics, with thesis advisor Maurice Heins, from Brown University with thesis Method for the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem for Certain Types of Domains.\n\nIn the early 1940s, he worked as a physicist at what is now the National Institute of Standards and Technology. During World War II, he was selected to join the Manhattan Project, which produced the first atomic bombs. After the war, he worked for two years at Harvard University as a research associate, taught mathematics as an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University and NYU and as a professor at Yeshiva University and then spent 21 years on the faculty of the University of New Mexico as a professor of mathematics until his retirement in 1984.\n\nSabbaticals included Office of Naval Research, London; The Technion in Haifa, Israel; University of Maryland; and Air Force Office of Scientific Research. After retirement, he taught at George Mason University.\n\nEpstein was dissertation advisor for the following Ph.D. students:\nAnne Scheerer, University of Pennsylvania, 1953 \nWilliam Trench, University of Pennsylvania, 1958 \nJack Minker, University of Pennsylvania, 1959 \nEdwin Sherry, Yeshiva University, 1964 \nDarrell L. Hicks, University of New Mexico, 1969 \nHarvey Z. Senter, Yeshiva University \n\nUpon his death at age 84, he was survived by his wife, five children, and 16 grandchildren. His sixth child, a daughter, predeceased him.\n\nSelected publications\n\nArticles\n \n \n with S. Bergman: \n with J. Lehner: \n with A. Scheerer: \n with David S. Greenstein and Jack Minker: \"An extremal problem with infinitely many interpolation conditions\". Annals of Finnish Academy of Science (Soumalainen Tiedaekatamia Tomituksia), Series A:1 Mathematics 250/10, 1958.\n with F. Haber: \n \n with I. J. Schoenberg: \n with J. Minker: \n \n \n with M. M. Schiffer: \n \n with H. Senter: \n with J. R. Blum:\n\nBooks\n \n\n \nwith Liang-shin Hahn:\n\nReferences\n\n1920 births\n2005 deaths\n20th-century American mathematicians\n20th-century American physicists\nAmerican expatriates in the United Kingdom\nAmerican expatriates in Israel\nAmerican mathematicians\nAmerican people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent\nAmerican people of Romanian-Jewish descent\nAmerican physicists\nBrown University alumni\nJewish American scientists\nJewish physicists\nManhattan Project people\nMathematics writers\nNew York University alumni\nPeople from Harrison, New Jersey\nUniversity of New Mexico faculty\nUniversity of Pennsylvania faculty" ]

[ "Benigno Aquino III", "Senate (2007-10)" ]

[ "Citadel (sub-title: The Story of the U.S. Senate) is a study of the United States Senate by the journalist William S. White. Written in 1956, the book anticipates the great changes afoot in post-war Washington. John Gunther in Inside U.S.A. had put the problem of Southern intractability over civil rights reform in perspective, but White was the first to make public how skilled the Southern Senators were at utilising every procedural mechanism the chamber had to offer.\nWhite identified a controlling elite within this tiny and naturally inward-looking body: he called \"The Club\".\n\n Those who belong to it express, consciously or consciously, the deepest instincts and prejudices of the Senate type, a man for whom the Institution is a career in itself, a life in itself and an end in itself.\n\nAs White was himself to point out in retirement, it was these Old Bull's most trusted lieutenant, Lyndon Baines Johnson, who eventually neutralised their power.\n\nNotes\n\nHistory books about the United States\nUnited States Senate", "The sixty-ninth Minnesota Legislature first convened on January 7, 1975. The 67 members of the Minnesota Senate were elected during the General Election of November 7, 1972, while the 134 members of the Minnesota House of Representatives were elected during the General Election of November 5, 1974. The sixty-ninth Legislature was the first Minnesota Legislature to sit after the repeal of the requirement that Minnesota legislators be chosen in legally nonpartisan elections.\n\nSessions \nThe legislature met in a regular session from January 7, 1975 to May 19, 1975. A continuation of the regular session was held between January 27, 1976 and April 7, 1976. There were no special sessions of the 69th Legislature.\n\nParty summary \nResignations and new members are discussed in the \"Membership changes\" section, below.\n\nSenate\n\nHouse of Representatives\n\nLeadership\n\nSenate \nPresident of the Senate\nAlec G. Olson (DFL-Spicer)\n\nSenate Majority Leader\nNicholas D. Coleman (DFL-Saint Paul)\n\nSenate Minority Leader\nRobert O. Ashbach (R-Saint Paul)\n\nHouse of Representatives \nSpeaker of the House\nMartin O. Sabo (DFL-Minneapolis)\n\nHouse Majority Leader\nIrvin N. Anderson (DFL-International Falls)\n\nHouse Minority Leader\nHenry J. Savelkoul (R-Albert Lea)\n\nMembers\n\nSenate\n\nHouse of Representatives\n\nMembership changes\n\nSenate\n\nReferences \n\n Minnesota Legislators Past & Present - Session Search Results (Session 69, Senate)\n Minnesota Legislators Past & Present - Session Search Results (Session 69, House)\n\n69th\n1970s in Minnesota\n1975 in Minnesota\n1976 in Minnesota\n1975 U.S. legislative sessions\n1976 U.S. legislative sessions" ]

[ "Benigno Aquino III", "Senate (2007-10)", "What changes did he make while in the Senate?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Mayor of Tawa officiated over the Tawa Flat Borough of New Zealand, which was administered by the Tawa Borough Council. The office existed from 1953 until 1989, when Tawa Borough was amalgamated into the Wellington City Council as part of the 1989 local government reforms. There were six holders of the office.\n\nHistory\nGeorge Turkington was elected the first Mayor of Tawa in 1953. He resigned after only six months after he was appointed to the Local Government Commission. Turkington was replaced by Maurice McDonald Davidson who himself resigned after 18 months after deciding to move elsewhere. Mervyn Kemp then became mayor and held the office for 28 years. Upon Kemp's retirement, councillor Roy Mitchell was elected mayor for three years. Doris Mills (Tawa's only female mayor) was elected in 1986 but died in office 17 June 1987. She was succeeded by David Watt who was Tawa's final mayor.\n\nUpon amalgamation with the Wellington City Council, Watt was elected a councillor for the new Tawa Ward alongside Kerry Prendergast. He served as Wellington's deputy-mayor from 1989 until he retired in 1995. Prendergast succeeded him as deputy from 1995 to 2001, when she was elected Mayor of Wellington, a post she was to hold until 2010 when she was defeated.\n\nList of mayors\nMayors of Tawa were:\n\nReferences\n\nTawa\nTawa", "Sir Thomas Bowyer, 1st Baronet (28 November 1586 – February 1651) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1642. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.\n\nBowyer was the son of Thomas Bowyer, of Leighthorne, Sussex, and his second wife Jane Birch, daughter of John Birch, Baron of the Exchequer, and was baptised on 4 December 1586 in Mundham in Sussex. His father died on 7 March 1595 when he succeeded to the estates. In 1614, he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Midhurst. He was elected MP for Bramber in 1621, and was re-elected in 1624, 1625 and 1626. He was a High Sheriff of Surrey and High Sheriff of Sussex between 1626 and 1627. On 23 July 1627, he was created a baronet, of Leighthorne in the County of Sussex. He was re-elected MP for Bramber in 1629 and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.\n\nIn April 1640, Bowyer was elected MP for Bramber in the Short Parliament. He was not initially elected to the Long Parliament in November 1640, but the election was declared void and he was re-elected in a by-election. He sat until 23 November 1642 when he was disabled for assisting in putting a garrison into Chichester for the King. He was fined £2,033 as a delinquent on 18 May 1650.\n\nBowyer was buried in Mundham on 28 February 1651.\n\nBowyer married firstly Anne Stoughton, daughter of Adrian Stoughton, and around 1634 secondly Jane Stoughton, widow of Sir George Stoughton and daughter of Emery Cranley. He married a third time around 1642 to Anne. He had a son, Thomas, by his second wife, a son James, by his third wife, as well as twelve other children.\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\n1586 births\n1650 deaths\nBaronets in the Baronetage of England\nHigh Sheriffs of Sussex\nHigh Sheriffs of Surrey\nEnglish MPs 1614\nEnglish MPs 1621–1622\nEnglish MPs 1624–1625\nEnglish MPs 1625\nEnglish MPs 1626\nEnglish MPs 1628–1629\nEnglish MPs 1640 (April)\nEnglish MPs 1640–1648" ]

[ "Benigno Aquino III", "Senate (2007-10)", "What changes did he make while in the Senate?", "I don't know.", "When was he elected?", "May 15, 2007," ]

[ "The 2021 Virginia House of Delegates election for the 162nd Virginia General Assembly were held on November 2, 2021 to coincide with biennial elections in the U.S. state of Virginia. All 100 Delegates are elected to two-year terms in single-member constituencies. Primary elections took place on June 8. This election coincided with the Virginia gubernatorial, lieutenant gubernatorial, and Attorney General elections, all of which were won by Republicans. The upper house of the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia, will hold its next election on November 7, 2023.\n\nThe results certified on November 15 show Republicans flipping seven seats and regaining a majority in the House of Delegates. All races have been called by the Associated Press. A recount in the 85th district, which concluded on December 3, showed incumbent Democrat Alex Askew gaining 12 votes, with Republican Karen Greenhalgh still winning by 115 votes. A recount in the 91st district, which concluded on December 8, showed incumbent Democrat Martha Mugler losing by 94 votes to Republican A.C. Cordoza.\n\nBackground\nFollowing the 2019 Virginia House of Delegates election, Democrats netted a gain of six seats. As a result, control of the Virginia House of Delegates flipped to Democratic control for the first time since 1999. Upon obtaining control of the chamber, House Democrats elected Eileen Filler-Corn as Speaker making her the first female Speaker in the history of the Virginia House of Delegates.\n\nRetirements\nFive incumbents did not seek re-election either to retire or to seek other positions.\n\nDemocrats\nOne Democrat did not seek re-election.\nDistrict 51: Hala Ayala retired to run for lieutenant governor.\n\nRepublicans\nFour Republicans did not seek re-election.\nDistrict 7: Nick Rush retired.\nDistrict 66: Kirk Cox retired to run for governor.\nDistrict 82: Jason Miyares retired to run for attorney general.\nDistrict 88: Mark Cole retired.\n\nIncumbents defeated\n\nIn primary elections\n\nDemocrats \n\nFour Democrats lost renomination.\n\n District 45: Mark Levine lost renomination to Elizabeth Bennett-Parker, who went on to win the general election.\n District 50: Lee J. Carter lost renomination to Michelle Maldonado, who went on to win the general election.\n District 79: Steve Heretick lost renomination to Nadarius Clark, who went on to win the general election.\n District 86: Ibraheem Samirah lost renomination to Irene Shin, who went on to win the general election.\n\nRepublicans \n\nOne Republican lost renomination.\n\n District 9: Charles Poindexter lost renomination to Wren Williams, who went on to win the general election.\n\nIn general elections\n\nDemocrats \n\nSeven Democrats lost re-election to Republicans.\n\n District 12: Chris Hurst (first elected in 2017) lost to Jason Ballard.\n District 28: Joshua G. Cole (first elected in 2019) lost to Tara Durant.\n District 63: Lashrecse Aird (first elected in 2015) lost to Kim Taylor.\n District 75: Roslyn Tyler (first elected in 2005) lost to Otto Wachsmann.\n District 83: Nancy Guy (first elected in 2019) lost to Tim Anderson.\n District 85: Alex Askew (first elected in 2019) lost to Karen Greenhalgh.\n District 91: Martha Mugler (first elected in 2019) lost to A.C. Cordoza.\n\nRepublicans \n\nNo Republicans lost re-election.\n\nSpecial elections\nThere were two special elections in 2021 to the 161st Virginia General Assembly, both held on January 5.\n\nDistrict 90 \nIncumbent Democrat Joseph C. Lindsey, first elected in a 2014 special election, retired on November 10, 2020.\n\nDistrict 2 \nIncumbent Democrat Jennifer Carroll Foy, first elected in 2017, retired on December 12, 2020 to run for governor.\n\nPredictions\n\nResults\n\nOverview \nThe Republican Party showed a strong performance in 2021, gaining seven seats over the Democrats. Due to close races in Districts 85 and 91, recounts were requested by Democrats Alex Askew and Martha Mugler, who fell in close second places to their Republican challengers. On December 3, 2021, the recount in District 85 reaffirmed the victory of Republican Karen Greenhalgh, giving the Republican Party a majority in the House of Delegates and ending the Democratic Party's control over the chamber. District 91's recount, which took place on December 7, resulted in victory for Republican candidate A.C. Cordoza, making the final seat count 52 Republicans to 48 Democrats.\n\nBoth major parties fielded a record high number of candidates, with Republicans contesting 98 out of the 100 districts, and Democrats contesting 93.\n\nClose races \nSeats where the margin of victory was under 10%:\n\nList of districts\n\nUncontested primaries are not reported by the Virginia Department of Elections.\n\nDistrict 1\nIncumbent Republican Terry Kilgore was first elected in 1993.\n\nDistrict 2\nIncumbent Democrat Candi King was first elected in a 2021 special election.\n\nDistrict 3\nIncumbent Republican Will Morefield was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 4\nIncumbent Republican Will Wampler was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 5\nIncumbent Republican Israel O'Quinn was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 6\nIncumbent Republican Jeff Campbell was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 7\nIncumbent Republican Nick Rush was first elected in 2011. He is retiring.\n\nDistrict 8\nIncumbent Republican Joseph McNamara was first elected in a 2018 special election. Democratic challenger Dustin Wimbish withdrew from the race on October 13, but his candidacy remained on the ballot.\n\nDistrict 9\nIncumbent Republican Charles Poindexter was first elected in 2007. He lost renomination.\n\nDistrict 10\nIncumbent Democrat Wendy Gooditis was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 11\nIncumbent Democrat Sam Rasoul was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 12\nIncumbent Democrat Chris Hurst was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 13\nIncumbent Democrat Danica Roem was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 14\nIncumbent Republican Danny Marshall was first elected in 2001.\n\nDistrict 15\nIncumbent Republican and House Minority Leader Todd Gilbert was first elected in 2005.\n\nDistrict 16\nIncumbent Republican Les Adams was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 17\nIncumbent Republican Chris Head was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 18\nIncumbent Republican Michael Webert was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 19\nIncumbent Republican Terry Austin was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 20\nIncumbent Republican John Avoli was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 21\nIncumbent Democrat Kelly Convirs-Fowler was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 22\nIncumbent Republican Kathy Byron was first elected in 1997.\n\nDistrict 23\nIncumbent Republican Wendell Walker was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 24\nIncumbent Republican Ronnie R. Campbell was first elected in a 2018 special election.\n\nDistrict 25\nIncumbent Republican Chris Runion was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 26\nIncumbent Republican Tony Wilt was first elected in a 2010 special election.\n\nDistrict 27\nIncumbent Republican Roxann Robinson was first elected in a 2010 special election.\n\nDistrict 28\nIncumbent Democrat Joshua G. Cole was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 29\nIncumbent Republican Bill Wiley was first elected in a 2020 special election.\n\nDistrict 30\nIncumbent Republican Nick Freitas was first elected in 2015.\n\nDistrict 31\nIncumbent Democrat Elizabeth Guzmán was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 32\nIncumbent Democrat David A. Reid was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 33\nIncumbent Republican Dave LaRock was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 34\nIncumbent Democrat Kathleen Murphy was first elected in a 2015 special election.\n\nDistrict 35\nIncumbent Democrat Mark Keam was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 36\nIncumbent Democrat Kenneth R. Plum was first elected in 1981.\n\nDistrict 37\nIncumbent Democrat David Bulova was first elected in 2005.\n\nDistrict 38\nIncumbent Democrat Kaye Kory was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 39\nIncumbent Democrat Vivian Watts was first elected in 1995.\n\nDistrict 40\nIncumbent Democrat Dan Helmer was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 41\nIncumbent Democrat and Speaker of the House Eileen Filler-Corn was first elected in a 2010 special election.\n\nDistrict 42\nIncumbent Democrat Kathy Tran was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 43\nIncumbent Democrat Mark Sickles was first elected in 2003.\n\nDistrict 44\nIncumbent Democrat Paul Krizek was first elected in 2015.\n\nDistrict 45\nIncumbent Democrat Mark Levine was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination.\n\nDistrict 46\nIncumbent Democrat and House Majority Leader Charniele Herring was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 47\nIncumbent Democrat Patrick Hope was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 48\nIncumbent Democrat Rip Sullivan was first elected in a 2014 special election.\n\nDistrict 49\nIncumbent Democrat and House Majority Whip Alfonso H. Lopez was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 50\nIncumbent Democrat Lee J. Carter was first elected in 2017. He lost renomination.\n\nDistrict 51\nIncumbent Democrat Hala Ayala was first elected in 2017. She is retiring to run for lieutenant governor.\n\nDistrict 52\nIncumbent Democrat Luke Torian was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 53\nIncumbent Democrat Marcus Simon was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 54\nIncumbent Republican Bobby Orrock was first elected in 1989.\n\nDistrict 55\nIncumbent Republican Buddy Fowler was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 56\nIncumbent Republican John McGuire was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 57\nIncumbent Democrat Sally L. Hudson was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 58\nIncumbent Republican Rob Bell was first elected in 2001.\n\nDistrict 59\nIncumbent Republican Matt Fariss was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 60\nIncumbent Republican James E. Edmunds was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 61\nIncumbent Republican Thomas C. Wright was first elected in a 2000 special election.\n\nDistrict 62\nIncumbent Republican Carrie Coyner was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 63\nIncumbent Democrat Lashrecse Aird was first elected in 2015.\n\nDistrict 64\nIncumbent Republican Emily Brewer was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 65\nIncumbent Republican Lee Ware was first elected in a 1998 special election.\n\nDistrict 66\nIncumbent Republican Kirk Cox was first elected in 1989. He is retiring to run for governor.\n\nDistrict 67\nIncumbent Democrat Karrie Delaney was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 68\nIncumbent Democrat Dawn Adams was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 69\nIncumbent Democrat Betsy B. Carr was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 70\nIncumbent Democrat Delores McQuinn was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 71\nIncumbent Democrat Jeff Bourne was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 72\nIncumbent Democrat Schuyler VanValkenburg was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 73\nIncumbent Democrat Rodney Willett was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 74\nIncumbent Democrat Lamont Bagby was first elected in 2015.\n\nDistrict 75\nIncumbent Democrat Roslyn Tyler was first elected in 2005.\n\nDistrict 76\nIncumbent Democrat Clinton Jenkins was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 77\nIncumbent Democrat Cliff Hayes Jr. was first elected in a 2016 special election.\n\nDistrict 78\nIncumbent Republican Jay Leftwich was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 79\nIncumbent Democrat Steve Heretick was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination.\n\nDistrict 80\nIncumbent Democrat Don Scott was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 81\nIncumbent Republican Barry Knight was first elected in 2009.\n\nDistrict 82\nIncumbent Republican Jason Miyares was first elected in 2015. He is retiring to run for attorney general.\n\nDistrict 83\nIncumbent Democrat Nancy Guy was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 84\nIncumbent Republican Glenn Davis was first elected in 2013.\n\nDistrict 85\nIncumbent Democrat Alex Askew was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 86\nIncumbent Democrat Ibraheem Samirah was first elected in 2019. He lost renomination to Irene Shin, who was elected with 65.4% of the vote.\n\nDistrict 87\nIncumbent Democrat Suhas Subramanyam was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 88\nIncumbent Republican Mark Cole was first elected in 2001. He is retiring.\n\nDistrict 89\nIncumbent Democrat Jay Jones was first elected in 2017.\n\nDistrict 90\nIncumbent Democrat Angelia Williams Graves was first elected in a 2021 special election.\n\nDistrict 91\nIncumbent Democrat Martha Mugler was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 92\nIncumbent Democrat Jeion Ward was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 93\nIncumbent Democrat Michael P. Mullin was first elected in a 2016 special election.\n\nDistrict 94\nIncumbent Democrat Shelly Simonds was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 95\nIncumbent Democrat Marcia Price was first elected in 2015.\n\nDistrict 96\nIncumbent Republican Amanda Batten was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 97\nIncumbent Republican Scott Wyatt was first elected in 2019.\n\nDistrict 98\nIncumbent Republican Keith Hodges was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 99\nIncumbent Republican Margaret Ransone was first elected in 2011.\n\nDistrict 100\nIncumbent Republican Robert Bloxom Jr. was first elected in 2014.\n\nSee also \n\n 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election\n 2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election\n 2021 Virginia Attorney General election\n\nReferences \n\nVirginia House of Delegates\n2021 Virginia elections\nNovember 2021 events in the United States\nVirginia House of Delegates elections", "The 2019 United States state legislative elections were held on November 5, 2019. Seven legislative chambers in four states held regularly-scheduled elections. These off-year elections coincided with other state and local elections, including gubernatorial elections in three states.\n\nSummary table \nRegularly-scheduled elections were held in 7 of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States. Nationwide, regularly-scheduled elections were held for 538 of the 7,383 legislative seats. This table only covers regularly-scheduled elections; additional special elections took place concurrently with these regularly-scheduled elections.\n\nState summaries\n\nLouisiana \n\nAll seats of the Louisiana State Senate and the Louisiana House of Representatives were up for election to four-year terms in single-member districts. Republicans retained majority control in both chambers.\n\nMississippi \nAll seats of the Mississippi State Senate and the Mississippi House of Representatives were up for election to four-year terms in single-member districts. Republicans retained majority control in both chambers.\n\nNew Jersey \n\nAll seats of the New Jersey General Assembly were up for election to two-year terms in coterminous two-member districts. The New Jersey Senate did not hold regularly-scheduled elections. Democrats maintained majority control in the lower house.\n\nVirginia \n\nAll seats of the Senate of Virginia and the Virginia House of Delegates were up for election in single-member districts. Senators were elected to four-year terms, while delegates serve terms of two years. Democrats gained control of both legislative chambers, establishing the first Democratic trifecta in Virginia since 1993.\n\nSpecial elections \nVarious states held special elections for legislative districts throughout the year. Overall, Republicans flipped five seats, Democrats flipped two, and one independent was elected.\n\nAlabama \nTwo special elections were held for the Alabama Legislature in 2019.\n House District 42: Republican Ivan Smith was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Jimmy Martin, who died on May 31, 2019 of cancer.\n House District 74: Republican Charlotte Meadows was elected on November 12, 2019 to succeed Republican Dimitri Polizos, who died on March 27, 2019 of a heart attack.\n\nArkansas \nOne special election was held for the Arkansas General Assembly in 2019.\n House District 36: Democrat Denise Jones Ennett was elected in a runoff on September 3, 2019 to succeed Democrat Charles Blake, who resigned on May 16, 2019 to take a job with Mayor of Little Rock Frank Scott Jr.\n\nCalifornia \n\nThree special elections were held for the California State Legislature in 2019.\n Senate District 1: Republican Brian Dahle was elected in a runoff on June 4, 2019 to succeed Republican Ted Gaines, who resigned on January 7, 2019 after he was elected to the California State Board of Equalization.\n Senate District 33: Democrat Lena Gonzalez was elected in a runoff on June 4, 2019 to succeed Democrat Ricardo Lara, who resigned on January 7, 2019 after he was elected California Insurance Commissioner.\n Assembly District 1: Republican Megan Dahle was elected in a runoff on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Brian Dahle, who resigned on June 12, 2019 after he was elected to the California State Senate.\n\nConnecticut \nSeven special elections were held for the Connecticut General Assembly in 2019. Republicans flipped two seats previously held by Democrats.\n Senate District 3: Democrat Saud Anwar was elected on February 26, 2019 to succeed Democrat Tim Larson, who resigned in January 2019 after he was appointed Executive Director of the Connecticut Office of Higher Education by Governor Ned Lamont.\n Senate District 5: Democrat Derek Slap was elected on February 26, 2019 to succeed Democrat Beth Bye, who resigned on January 9, 2019 after she was appointed Commissioner of the Connecticut Office of Early Childhood by Governor Ned Lamont.\n Senate District 6: Republican Gennaro Bizzarro was elected on February 26, 2019 to succeed Democrat Terry Gerratana, who resigned in January 2019 after she was appointed to the Connecticut Office of Health Strategy by Governor Ned Lamont.\n House District 19: Democrat Tammy Exum was elected on April 16, 2019 to succeed Democrat Derek Slap, who resigned on February 28, 2019 after he was elected to the Connecticut State Senate.\n House District 39: Democrat Anthony Nolan was elected on February 26, 2019 to succeed Democrat Chris Soto, who resigned in January 2019 after he was appointed Director of Legislative Affairs by Governor Ned Lamont.\n House District 99: Republican Joseph Zullo was elected on February 26, 2019 to succeed Democrat James Albis, who resigned in January 2019.\n House District 130: Democrat Antonio Felipe was elected on May 7, 2019 to succeed Democrat Ezequiel Santiago, who died on March 15, 2019 of a heart attack.\n\nFlorida \nTwo special elections were held for the Florida Legislature in 2019.\n House District 7: Republican Jason Shoaf was elected on June 18, 2019 to succeed Republican Halsey Beshears, who resigned on January 11, 2019 after he was appointed Secretary of the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation by Governor Ron DeSantis.\n House District 38: Republican Randy Maggard was elected on June 18, 2019 to succeed Republican Danny Burgess, who resigned on January 24, 2019 after he was appointed Executive Director of the Florida Department of Veterans Affairs by Governor Ron DeSantis.\n\nGeorgia \nFive special elections were held for the Georgia General Assembly in 2019.\n House District 5: Republican Matt Barton was elected in a runoff on February 5, 2019 to succeed Republican John Meadows III, who died on November 13, 2018 of cancer.\n House District 28: Republican Chris Erwin was elected on April 9, 2019 to succeed a vacant term after the results of the December 2018 special election were deemed inconclusive.\n House District 71: Republican Philip Singleton was elected in a runoff on October 1, 2019 to succeed Republican David Stover, who resigned on June 25, 2019, citing personal reasons.\n House District 152: Republican Bill Yearta was elected in a runoff on December 3, 2019 to succeed Republican Ed Rynders, who resigned on September 5, 2019, citing health reasons.\n House District 176: Republican James Burchett was elected in a runoff on March 12, 2019 to succeed Republican Jason Shaw, who resigned on January 1, 2019 after he was appointed to the Georgia Public Service Commission by Governor Nathan Deal.\n\nIowa \n\nTwo special elections were held for the Iowa General Assembly in 2019.\n Senate District 30: Democrat Eric Giddens was elected on March 19, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jeff Danielson, who resigned on February 14, 2019 to become a lobbyist for the American Wind Energy Association.\n House District 46: Democrat Ross Wilburn was elected on August 6, 2019 to succeed Democrat Lisa Heddens, who resigned on June 17, 2019 after she was appointed to the Story County Board of Supervisors.\n\nKentucky \n\nThree special elections were held for the Kentucky General Assembly in 2019. Republicans flipped one seat previously held by a Democrat.\n Senate District 31: Republican Phillip Wheeler was elected on March 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Ray Jones, who resigned on January 7, 2019 after he was elected Judge/Executive of Pike County.\n House District 18: Republican Samara Heavrin was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Tim Moore, who resigned on September 10, 2019, citing a belief in term limits.\n House District 63: Republican Kimberly Banta was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Diane St. Onge, who resigned on August 12, 2019, citing personal reasons.\n\nLouisiana \nSeven special elections were held for the Louisiana State Legislature in 2019. An independent was elected in one seat previously held by a Republican.\n House District 12: Republican Chris Turner was elected on February 23, 2019 to succeed Republican Rob Shadoin, who resigned in September 2018 to serve as deputy counsel in the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.\n House District 17: Democrat Pat Moore was elected in a runoff on March 30, 2019 to succeed Democrat Marcus Hunter, who resigned after he was elected to judge of the Fourth Judicial District Court.\n House District 18: Democrat Jeremy LaCombe was elected in a runoff on March 30, 2019 to succeed Democrat Major Thibaut, who resigned on December 31, 2018 to serve as president of Pointe Coupee Parish.\n House District 26: Democrat Ed Larvadain was elected on February 23, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jeff Hall, who resigned on December 4, 2018 after he was elected mayor of Alexandria.\n House District 27: Republican Mike T. Johnson was elected on February 23, 2019 to succeed Republican Lowell Hazel, who resigned after he was elected to judge of the Ninth Judicial District Court.\n House District 47: Republican Ryan Bourriaque was elected on February 23, 2019 to succeed Republican Bob Hensgens, who resigned on December 10, 2018 after he was elected to the Louisiana State Senate.\n House District 62: Independent Roy Adams was elected in a runoff on March 30, 2019 to succeed Republican Kenny Havard, who resigned on December 10, 2018 to serve as president of West Feliciana Parish.\n\nMaine \nThree special elections were held for the Maine Legislature in 2019.\n House District 45: Democrat Stephen Moriarty was elected on June 11, 2019 to succeed Democrat Dale Denno, who resigned on March 27, 2019 following a diagnosis of lung cancer.\n House District 52: Democrat Sean Paulhus was elected on April 2, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jennifer DeChant, who resigned on February 1, 2019 to take a job in the private sector.\n House District 124: Democrat Joe Perry was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Aaron Frey, who resigned on December 5, 2018 after he was appointed Maine Attorney General by the Maine Legislature.\n\nMinnesota \n\nTwo special elections were held for the Minnesota Legislature in 2019. Republicans flipped one seat previously held by a Democrat.\n Senate District 11: Republican Jason Rarick was elected on February 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Tony Lourey, who resigned on January 3, 2019 after he was appointed Commissioner of Human Services by Governor Tim Walz.\n House District 11B: Republican Nathan Nelson was elected on March 19, 2019 to succeed Republican Jason Rarick, who resigned on February 12, 2019 after he was elected to the Minnesota Senate.\n\nMississippi \nThree special elections were held for the Mississippi Legislature in 2019.\n House District 32: Democrat Solomon Osborne was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Willie Perkins Sr., who resigned after he was elected chancery judge in Leflore, Quitman, and Tallahatchie and Tunica counties.\n House District 71: Democrat Ronnie Crudup Jr. was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Adrienne Wooten, who resigned after she was elected Hinds County circuit judge.\n House District 101: Republican Kent McCarty was elected in a runoff on April 2, 2019 to succeed Republican Brad Touchstone, who resigned after he was elected Lamar County circuit judge.\n\nMissouri \nSix special elections were held for the Missouri General Assembly in 2019. Democrats flipped one seat previously held by a Republican.\n House District 22: Democrat Yolanda Young was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Brandon Ellington, who resigned on July 31, 2019 after he was elected to the Kansas City, Missouri City Council.\n House District 36: Democrat Mark Sharp was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat DaRon McGee, who resigned on April 29, 2019 following allegations of sexual harassment.\n House District 74: Democrat Mike Person was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Cora Walker, who resigned on July 29, 2019 to work as a policy director for St. Louis County Executive Sam Page.\n House District 78: Democrat Rasheen Aldridge Jr. was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Bruce Franks Jr., who resigned on July 31, 2019, citing mental health reasons.\n House District 99: Democrat Trish Gunby was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Jean Evans, who resigned on February 5, 2019 to become the executive director of the Missouri Republican Party.\n House District 158: Republican Scott Cupps was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Scott Fitzpatrick, who resigned on January 14, 2019 after he was appointed State Treasurer of Missouri by Governor Mike Parson.\n\nNew Hampshire \nOne special election was held for the New Hampshire General Court in 2019.\n House District Rockingham 9: Republican Michael Vose was elected on October 8, 2019 to succeed Republican Sean Morrison, who resigned in May 2019, citing lack of cooperation.\n\nNew Jersey \nOne special election was held for the New Jersey Legislature in 2019. Republicans flipped one seat previously held by a Democrat.\n Senate District 1: Republican Mike Testa was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jeff Van Drew, who resigned on December 31, 2018 after he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n\nNew York \nOne special election was held for the New York State Legislature in 2019.\n Senate District 57: Republican George Borrello was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Catharine Young, who resigned on March 10, 2019 to become Executive Director for the Center of Excellence in Food and Agriculture at Cornell AgriTech.\n\nPennsylvania \n\nSeven special elections were held for the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 2019. Democrats flipped one seat previously held by a Republican.\n Senate District 33: Republican Doug Mastriano was elected on May 21, 2019 to succeed Republican Richard Alloway, who resigned on February 28, 2019, citing political gridlock.\n Senate District 37: Democrat Pam Iovino was elected on April 2, 2019 to succeed Republican Guy Reschenthaler, who resigned on January 3, 2019 after he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n Senate District 41: Republican Joe Pittman was elected on May 21, 2019 to succeed Republican Donald C. White, who resigned on February 28, 2019, citing health reasons.\n House District 11: Republican Marci Mustello was elected on May 21, 2019 to succeed Republican Brian Ellis, who resigned on March 18, 2019 following allegations of sexual assault.\n House District 85: Republican David H. Rowe was elected on August 20, 2019 to succeed Republican Fred Keller, who resigned on May 22, 2019 after he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n House District 114: Democrat Bridget Malloy Kosierowski was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Sid Michaels Kavulich, who died on October 16, 2018 due to heart surgery complications.\n House District 190: Democrat Movita Johnson-Harrell was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Vanessa L. Brown, who resigned on December 11, 2018 after she was convicted of bribery and conflict of interest.\n\nRhode Island \nOne special election was held for the Rhode Island General Assembly in 2019.\n House District 68: Democrat June Speakman was elected on March 5, 2019 to succeed Democratic Representative-elect Laufton Ascencao, who did not take office after admitting to faking his campaign invoice.\n\nSouth Carolina \nFour special elections were held for the South Carolina General Assembly in 2019.\n Senate District 6: Republican Dwight Loftis was elected on March 26, 2019 to succeed Republican William Timmons, who resigned on November 9, 2018 after he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n House District 14: Republican Stewart Jones was elected on April 23, 2019 to succeed Republican Michael Pitts, who resigned on January 3, 2019, citing health reasons.\n House District 19: Republican Patrick Haddon was elected on August 20, 2019 to succeed Republican Dwight Loftis, who resigned on March 27, 2019 after he was elected to the South Carolina Senate.\n House District 84: Republican Melissa Lackey Oremus was elected on October 1, 2019 to succeed Republican Ronnie Young, who died on May 19, 2019 of pancreatic cancer.\n\nTennessee \nThree special elections were held for the Tennessee General Assembly in 2019.\n Senate District 22: Republican Bill Powers was elected on April 23, 2019 to succeed Republican Mark E. Green, who resigned on November 1, 2018 after he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n Senate District 32: Republican Paul Rose was elected on March 12, 2019 to succeed Republican Mark Norris, who resigned on November 1, 2018 after he was appointed judge of the District Court for the Western District of Tennessee by President Donald Trump.\n House District 77: Republican Rusty Grills was elected on December 19, 2019 to succeed Republican Bill Sanderson, who resigned on July 24, 2019, citing personal reasons.\n\nTexas \nThree special elections were held for the Texas Legislature in 2019.\n House District 79: Democrat Art Fierro was elected on January 29, 2019 to succeed Democrat Joe Pickett, who resigned on January 4, 2019, citing health reasons.\n House District 125: Democrat Ray Lopez was elected in a runoff on March 12, 2019 to succeed Democrat Justin Rodriguez, who resigned on January 4, 2019 after he was appointed to the Bexar County Commissioners Court.\n House District 145: Democrat Christina Morales was elected in a runoff on March 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Carol Alvarado, who resigned on December 21, 2018 after she was elected to the Texas Senate.\n\nVirginia \nTwo special elections were held for the Virginia General Assembly in 2019.\n Senate District 33: Democrat Jennifer Boysko was elected on January 8, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jennifer Wexton, who resigned on January 3, 2019 after she was elected to the United States House of Representatives.\n House District 86: Democrat Ibraheem Samirah was elected on February 19, 2019 to succeed Democrat Jennifer Boysko, who resigned on January 11, 2019 after she was elected to the Senate of Virginia.\n\nWashington \nTwo special elections were held for the Washington State Legislature in 2019.\n Senate District 40: Democrat Liz Lovelett was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Democrat Kevin Ranker, who resigned on January 9, 2019 following allegations of sexual harassment.\n House District 13-2: Republican Alex Ybarra was elected on November 5, 2019 to succeed Republican Matt Manweller, who resigned on January 14, 2019 following allegations of sexual harassment.\n\nWisconsin \n\nOne special election was held for the Wisconsin Legislature in 2019.\n Assembly District 64: Democrat Tip McGuire was elected on April 30, 2019 to succeed Democrat Peter W. Barca, who resigned on January 8, 2019 after he was appointed Secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Revenue by Governor Tony Evers.\n\nSee also \n 2019 United States gubernatorial elections\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n \n \nState legislative elections\nState legislature elections in the United States by year" ]

[ "Benigno Aquino III", "Senate (2007-10)", "What changes did he make while in the Senate?", "I don't know.", "When was he elected?", "May 15, 2007,", "Was he a republican or democrat?", "Genuine Opposition (GO), a coalition comprising a number of parties, including Aquino's own Liberal Party," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Benigno Aquino III", "Senate (2007-10)", "What changes did he make while in the Senate?", "I don't know.", "When was he elected?", "May 15, 2007,", "Was he a republican or democrat?", "Genuine Opposition (GO), a coalition comprising a number of parties, including Aquino's own Liberal Party,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Aquino was endorsed by the pentecostal Jesus Is Lord Church," ]

[ "In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labor. Also known as the natives' law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black African citizens, but other people as well by restricting them to designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws were one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system until it was effectively ended in 1986.\n\nEarly history\nThe first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney in an attempt to prevent Africans from entering the Cape Colony. The Cape Colony was merged with the two Afrikaners republics in southern Africa to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. By this time, versions of pass laws existed elsewhere. A major boost for their utilization was the rise of the mining sector from the 1880s: pass laws provided a convenient means of controlling workers' mobility and enforcing contracts.\n\nIn 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a \"labour district\" needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days.\n\nSummary\nPass laws date “back to 1760 in the Cape when slaves moving between urban and rural areas were required to carry passes authorizing their travel”. The pass laws, “had entitled police at any time to demand that Africans show them a properly endorsed document or face arrest”, hindering their freedom of movement. This meant that it restricted where they could live, which in turn then “tied them to their white employers, underpinning a system of cheap labor and humiliating subjection”. Their implementation over time arose from two contradictory needs. The white population in South Africa utilized these laws as “an ‘exclusionary’ need to obtain political security by controlling and policing the number of Africans in “white” areas, and an ‘inclusionary’ need to ensure a supply of cheap labor within these areas”. The legislation and practices associated with the pass laws have changed over time. \n\nAs these demands and beliefs changed, so did the rights of the black population in South Africa. When the pass laws were implemented at the turn of the century, they “encouraged the flow of labor into ‘white’ agriculture and industry and to redistribute labor into geographical areas where it was needed”. This process would last until the 1950s, when the government opted to change the paradigm. This meant, “from 1950 onward the emphasis of the pass laws has been overtly exclusionary and directed to ‘relocating’ Africans from ‘white’ areas and containing them within the Bantustans”. Therefore, there has always been a tension between the white and black community in South Africa. This stemmed from the “efforts to use the pass system to balance white needs for security and labor”, while also creating laws that would allow for the control of “African employment, housing, access to land, and citizenship”. Due to these laws, “over 17,745,000 Africans have been arrested or prosecuted” between 1916 and 1984. The policing of Africans has allowed for the whites to maintain dominance over the black population for the greater part of the 20th century. \n\nNot only did the focus on how to control change over time, but also whom to control. Initially and “historically the use of passes in South Africa as a form of labour control applied only to men”. This happened because “whenever attempts were made to extend the system to black women, mass protests quickly resulted”. There vociferous opposition to the pass laws are of no surprise, considering the “fact that black women in South Africa have traditionally taken a more active role in mass popular protest”, in comparison to men. The biggest manifestation was a phenomenon that occurred “during the 1950s when black women throughout the nation fiercely resisted official efforts to make them carry passes for the first time”. The history of the application of pass laws towards women was intertwined with the belief that it would benefit the black female population. The “municipal authorities argued that passes for women were necessary to combat illegal brewing and prostitution”. They hypothesized that if a woman could prove that they made an honest living with legal employment then they would not be allowed to resort to illegal activities since they would be evicted. This proved to be a futile system since it was easier for the women in illegal practices to get around the laws than the home-based workers. Regardless of the reasons and the people that these laws affected, they could never be truly justified, and could only be seen as a scheme to control the black population in South Africa. \n\nAs the years passed by, pass laws would be used less and less to prosecute people. There was a “decline in pass law prosecutions over the period 1968-1981”, which is not surprising considering “the new forms of tight influx controls”. There had been a radical change when the Riekert Commission recommended “that ‘unlawful occupation of accommodation by persons’, together with ‘unlawful employment’, be grounds for ‘repatriation’ of persons from the white area”, which meant that they changed their enforcement to “being taken off the streets and into housing and factories”. Pass laws were repealed in 1986.\n\nLater legislation\nThe Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as \"white\" and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called \"passes\" at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, which imposed \"influx control\" on black men and also set up guidelines for removing people deemed to be living idle lives from urban areas. This act outlined requirements for African peoples' \"qualification\" to reside legally in white metropolitan areas. To do so, they had to have Section 10 rights, based on whether \n\n the person had been born there and resided there always since birth;\n the person had laboured continuously for ten years in any agreed area for any employer, or lived continuously in any such area for fifteen years;\n\nThe Black (Natives) Laws Amendment Act of 1952 amended the 1945 Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act, stipulating that all black people over the age of 16 were required to carry passes and that no black person could stay in an urban area more than 72 hours unless allowed to by Section 10. The Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act of 1952, commonly known as the Pass Laws Act, repealed the many regional pass laws and instituted one nationwide pass law, which made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry the \"passbook\" at all times within white areas. The law stipulated where, when, and for how long a person could remain. \n\nThe document was similar to an internal passport, containing details on the bearer such as their fingerprints, photograph, the name of his/her employer, his/her address, how long the bearer had been employed, as well as other identification information. Employers often entered a behavioural evaluation, on the conduct of the pass holder. \n\nAn employer was defined under the law and could only be a white person. The pass also documented permission requested and denied or granted to be in a certain region and the reason for seeking such permission. Under the terms of the law, any government employee could strike out such entries, basically cancelling the permission to remain in the area.\n\nA passbook without a valid entry then allowed officials to arrest and imprison the bearer of the pass. These passes often became the most despised symbols of apartheid. The resistance to the Pass Law led to many thousands of arrests and was the spark that ignited the Sharpeville Massacre on March 21, 1960, and led to the arrest of Robert Sobukwe that day.\n\nColloquially, passes were often called the dompas, literally meaning the \"dumb pass\" or domestic passport. \n\nApart from discrimination against black people, there was also discrimination against the so-called \"coloured people.\" The \"coloured\" included all Indians, Chinese and Arabs, as well as those of \"mixed\" black/white ethnicity. Indian people, for example, were barred from the Orange Free State.\n\nResistance by syndicalists and nationalists\nThese discriminatory regulations fueled growing discontent from the black population. The 1910s saw significant opposition to pass laws being applied to black women. \n\nIn 1919, the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League (South Africa), in conjunction with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa and the early African National Congress, organised a major anti-pass campaign. \n\nThe 1950s saw the ANC begin the Defiance Campaign to oppose the pass laws. This conflict climaxed at the Sharpeville Massacre, where the anti-pass protestors led by the rival breakaway Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) surrounded the Sharpeville police station, prompting the police to open fire, killing 69 people and injuring over 180. Subsequent protests and strikes were met with major repression and the ANC and PAC were both banned.\n\nRepeal in 1986\nOn July 24, 1986, as part of a process of removing some apartheid laws, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was not yet repealed. The system of pass laws was formally repealed retroactive on April 23, 1986, with the Abolition of Influx Control Act. Helen Suzman (MP) mentioned the act as the most eminent reform a government had ever introduced.\n\nSee also\n\n Bantustan\n Racial segregation\n Ghetto\n Hukou system\n Resident registration in Russia\n Identity document\n Jim Crow laws\n Judenhut\n Second-class citizen\n Yellow badge\n Passing (racial identity)\n Pass system (Canadian history)\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nI personally think we should not study history because for heaven sake is history it is the past so can we move on tu. Otherwise those racist white people i dare them to come to the hood heeeeeh ketla ba nyisa struu.\n\nExternal links\nApartheid Pass Laws and the Anti-pass campaigns\n\nIdentity documents\nApartheid laws in South Africa", "The European Firearms Pass (EFP) is a locally issued firearms licence in a common format that allows citizens of the European Union (EU) to travel with one or more firearm(s) mentioned on the licence from one member state to another. For certain purposes other documentation may be required, depending on the current states' laws and the reason for the movement; a transfer may be temporary (for a competition) or permanent (on a sale). An applicant for an EFP must already hold a licence from the member state in which he/she holds the firearm.\n\nFunctions\nThe EFP is required by and benefits: \n hunters of deer, wild boar, game birds and vermin carrying their firearm(s) into another EU member state\n target shooters involved in international competitions in the EU\n Dealers, sellers and importers of firearms across EU borders\n Specialist collectors and museums\n\nThe EFP extends the \"Four Freedoms\" to the EU's licensed sports shooters, gun collectors and dealers.\n\nThe United Kingdom does not accept the EFP without an accompanying UK Visitors Pass which must be requested in advance. The UK Visitors pass is only valid for one year and an EFP does not allow the importation of firearms that are legal in the visitor's home country but prohibited in the UK (e.g. handguns, centerfire semi-automatic rifles).\n\nEEC / EU Directives\nThe European Firearms Pass was first introduced in the European Firearms Directive of 1991. The amending directive 2008/51/EC was approved in May 2008 and member states' laws had to comply with it by 28 July 2010. \nClause 14 comments that:\n\"The European firearms pass functions in a satisfactory way on the whole and should be regarded as the main document needed by hunters and marksmen for the possession of a firearm during a journey to another Member State. Member States should not make the acceptance of the European firearms pass conditional upon the payment of any fee or charge.\"\nArticle 1 amends article 4 of the 1991 directive to:\n\"4. A “European firearms pass” shall be issued on request by the authorities of a Member State to a person lawfully entering into possession of and using a firearm. It shall be valid for a maximum period of five years, which may be extended, and shall contain the information set out in Annex II. It shall be non-transferable and shall record the firearm or firearms possessed and used by the holder of the pass. It must always be in the possession of the person using the firearm and any change in the possession or characteristics of the firearm, as well as the loss or theft thereof, shall be indicated on the pass.\"\n\nSee also\n Air travel with firearms and ammunition\n European Union law\n Gun politics in the United Kingdom\n Overview of gun laws by nation\n\nReferences\n\nEuropean Union firearms laws" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background" ]

[ "Since the first human spaceflight by the Soviet Union, citizens of 42 countries have flown in space. For each nationality, the launch date of the first mission is listed. The list is based on the nationality of the person at the time of the launch. Only 3 of the 42 \"first flyers\" have been women (Helen Sharman for the United Kingdom in 1991, Anousheh Ansari for Iran in 2006, and Yi So-yeon for South Korea in 2008). Only three nations (Soviet Union/Russia, U.S., China) have launched their own crewed spacecraft, with the Soviets/Russians and the American programs providing rides to other nations' astronauts. Twenty-seven \"first flights\" occurred on Soviet or Russian flights while the United States carried fourteen.\n\nTimeline\nNote: All dates given are UTC. Countries indicated in bold have achieved independent human spaceflight capability.\n\nNotes\n\nOther claims\nThe above list uses the nationality at the time of launch. Lists with differing criteria might include the following people:\n Pavel Popovich, first launched 12 August 1962, was the first Ukrainian-born man in space. At the time, Ukraine was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Michael Collins, first launched 18 July 1966 was born in Italy to American parents and was an American citizen when he went into space.\n William Anders, American citizen, first launched 21 December 1968, was the first Hong Kong-born man in space.\n Vladimir Shatalov, first launched 14 January 1969, was the first Kazakh-born man in space. At the time, Kazakhstan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Bill Pogue, first launched 16 November 1973, as an inductee to the 5 Civilized Tribes Hall of Fame can lay claim to being the first Native American in space. See John Herrington below regarding technicality of tribal registration.\n Pyotr Klimuk, first launched 18 December 1973, was the first Belorussian-born man in space. At the time, Belarus was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Vladimir Dzhanibekov, first launched 16 March 1978, was the first Uzbek-born man in space. At the time, Uzbekistan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Paul D. Scully-Power, first launched 5 October 1984, was born in Australia, but was an American citizen when he went into space; Australian law at the time forbade dual-citizenship.\n Taylor Gun-Jin Wang, first launched 29 April 1985, was born in China to Chinese parents, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Lodewijk van den Berg, launched 29 April 1985, was born in the Netherlands, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Patrick Baudry, first launched 17 June 1985, was born in French Cameroun (now part of Cameroon), but was a French citizen when he went into space.\n Shannon Lucid, first launched 17 June 1985, was born in China to American parents of European descent, and was an American citizen when she went into space.\n Franklin Chang-Diaz, first launched 12 January 1986, was born in Costa Rica, but was an American citizen when he went into space\n Musa Manarov, first launched 21 December 1987, was the first Azerbaijan-born man in space. At the time, Azerbaijan was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Anatoly Solovyev, first launched 7 June 1988, was the first Latvian-born man in space. At the time, Latvia was a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\n Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Volkov became Russian rather than Soviet citizens while still in orbit aboard Mir, making them the first purely Russian citizens in space.\n James H. Newman, American citizen, first launched 12 September 1993, was born in the portion of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands that is now the Federated States of Micronesia.\n Talgat Musabayev, first launched 1 July 1994, was born in the Kazakh SSR and is known in Kazakhstan as the \"first cosmonaut of independent Kazakhstan\", but was a Russian citizen when he went into space.\n Frederick W. Leslie, American citizen, launched 20 October 1995, was born in Panama Canal Zone (now Panama).\n Andy Thomas, first launched 19 May 1996, was born in Australia but like Paul D. Scully-Power was an American citizen when he went to space; Australian law at the time forbade dual-citizenship.\n Carlos I. Noriega, first launched 15 May 1997, was born in Peru, but was an American citizen when he went into space.\n Bjarni Tryggvason, launched 7 August 1997, was born in Iceland, but was a Canadian citizen when he went into space.\n Salizhan Sharipov, first launched 22 January 1998, was born in Kyrgyzstan (then the Kirghiz SSR), but was a Russian citizen when he went into space. Sharipov is of Uzbek ancestry.\n Philippe Perrin, first launched 5 June 2002, was born in Morocco, but was a French citizen when he went into space.\n John Herrington, an American citizen first launched 24 November 2002, is the first tribal registered Native American in space (Chickasaw). See also Bill Pogue above.\n Fyodor Yurchikhin, first launched 7 October 2002, was born in Georgia (then the Georgian SSR). He was a Russian citizen at the time he went into space and is of Pontian Greek descent.\n Joseph M. Acaba, first launched 15 March 2009, was born in the U.S. state of California to American parents of Puerto Rican descent.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCurrent Space Demographics, compiled by William Harwood, CBS News Space Consultant, and Rob Navias, NASA.\n\nLists of firsts in space\nSpaceflight timelines", "This is a list of notable books by young authors and of books written by notable writers in their early years. These books were written, or substantially completed, before the author's twentieth birthday. \n\nAlexandra Adornetto (born 18 April 1994) wrote her debut novel, The Shadow Thief, when she was 13. It was published in 2007. Other books written by her as a teenager are: The Lampo Circus (2008), Von Gobstopper's Arcade (2009), Halo (2010) and Hades (2011).\nMargery Allingham (1904–1966) had her first novel, Blackkerchief Dick, about smugglers in 17th century Essex, published in 1923, when she was 19.\nJorge Amado (1912–2001) had his debut novel, The Country of Carnival, published in 1931, when he was 18.\nPrateek Arora wrote his debut novel Village 1104 at the age of 16. It was published in 2010.\nDaisy Ashford (1881–1972) wrote The Young Visiters while aged nine. This novella was first published in 1919, preserving her juvenile punctuation and spelling. An earlier work, The Life of Father McSwiney, was dictated to her father when she was four. It was published almost a century later in 1983.\nAmelia Atwater-Rhodes (born 1984) had her first novel, In the Forests of the Night, published in 1999. Subsequent novels include Demon in My View (2000), Shattered Mirror (2001), Midnight Predator (2002), Hawksong (2003) and Snakecharm (2004).\nJane Austen (1775–1817) wrote Lady Susan, a short epistolary novel, between 1793 and 1795 when she was aged 18-20.\nRuskin Bond (born 1934) wrote his semi-autobiographical novel The Room on the Roof when he was 17. It was published in 1955.\nMarjorie Bowen (1885–1952) wrote the historical novel The Viper of Milan when she was 16. Published in 1906 after several rejections, it became a bestseller.\nOliver Madox Brown (1855–1874) finished his novel Gabriel Denver in early 1872, when he was 17. It was published the following year.\nPamela Brown (1924–1989) finished her children's novel about an amateur theatre company, The Swish of the Curtain (1941), when she was 16 and later wrote other books about the stage.\nCeleste and Carmel Buckingham wrote The Lost Princess when they were 11 and 9.\nFlavia Bujor (born 8 August 1988) wrote The Prophecy of the Stones (2002) when she was 13.\nLord Byron (1788–1824) published two volumes of poetry in his teens, Fugitive Pieces and Hours of Idleness.\nTaylor Caldwell's The Romance of Atlantis was written when she was 12.\n (1956–1976), Le Don de Vorace, was published in 1974.\nHilda Conkling (1910–1986) had her poems published in Poems by a Little Girl (1920), Shoes of the Wind (1922) and Silverhorn (1924).\nAbraham Cowley (1618–1667), Tragicall History of Piramus and Thisbe (1628), Poetical Blossoms (published 1633).\nMaureen Daly (1921–2006) completed Seventeenth Summer before she was 20. It was published in 1942.\nJuliette Davies (born 2000) wrote the first book in the JJ Halo series when she was eight years old. The series was published the following year.\nSamuel R. Delany (born 1 April 1942) published his The Jewels of Aptor in 1962.\nPatricia Finney's A Shadow of Gulls was published in 1977 when she was 18. Its sequel, The Crow Goddess, was published in 1978.\nBarbara Newhall Follett (1914–1939) wrote her first novel The House Without Windows at the age of eight. The manuscript was destroyed in a house fire and she later retyped her manuscript at the age of 12. The novel was published by Knopf publishing house in January 1927.\nFord Madox Ford (né Hueffer) (1873–1939) published in 1892 two children's stories, The Brown Owl and The Feather, and a novel, The Shifting of the Fire.\nAnne Frank (1929–1945) wrote her diary for two-and-a-half years starting on her 13th birthday. It was published posthumously as Het Achterhuis in 1947 and then in English translation in 1952 as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. An unabridged translation followed in 1996.\nMiles Franklin wrote My Brilliant Career (1901) when she was a teenager.\nAlec Greven's How to Talk to Girls was published in 2008 when he was nine years old. Subsequently he has published How to Talk to Moms, How to Talk to Dads and How to Talk to Santa.\nFaïza Guène (born 1985) had Kiffe kiffe demain published in 2004, when she was 19. It has since been translated into 22 languages, including English (as Kiffe Kiffe Tomorrow).\nSonya Hartnett (born 1968) was thirteen years old when she wrote her first novel, Trouble All the Way, which was published in Australia in 1984.\nAlex and Brett Harris wrote the best-selling book Do Hard Things (2008), a non-fiction book challenging teenagers to \"rebel against low expectations\", at age 19. Two years later came a follow-up book called Start Here (2010).\nGeorgette Heyer (1902–1974) wrote The Black Moth when she was 17 and received a publishing contract when she was 18. It was published just after she turned 19.\nSusan Hill (born 1942), The Enclosure, published in 1961.\nS. E. Hinton (born 1948), The Outsiders, first published in 1967.\nPalle Huld (1912–2010) wrote A Boy Scout Around the World (Jorden Rundt i 44 dage) when he was 15, following a sponsored journey around the world.\nGeorge Vernon Hudson (1867–1946) completed An Elementary Manual of New Zealand Entomology at the end of 1886, when he was 19, but not published until 1892.\nKatharine Hull (1921–1977) and Pamela Whitlock (1920–1982) wrote the children's outdoor adventure novel The Far-Distant Oxus in 1937. It was followed in 1938 by Escape to Persia and in 1939 by Oxus in Summer.\nLeigh Hunt (1784–1859) published Juvenilia; or, a Collection of Poems Written between the ages of Twelve and Sixteen by J. H. L. Hunt, Late of the Grammar School of Christ's Hospital in March 1801.\nKody Keplinger (born 1991) wrote her debut novel The DUFF when she was 17.\nGordon Korman (born 1963), This Can't Be Happening at Macdonald Hall (1978), three sequels, and I Want to Go Home (1981).\nMatthew Gregory Lewis (1775–1818) wrote the Gothic novel The Monk, now regarded as a classic of the genre, before he was twenty. It was published in 1796.\nNina Lugovskaya (1918–1993), a painter, theater director and Gulag survivor, kept a diary in 1932–37, which shows strong social sensitivities. It was found in the Russian State Archives and published 2003. It appeared in English in the same year.\nJoyce Maynard (born 1953) completed Looking Back while she was 19. It was first published in 1973.\nMargaret Mitchell (1900–1949) wrote her novella Lost Laysen at the age of fifteen and gave the two notebooks containing the manuscript to her boyfriend, Henry Love Angel. The novel was published posthumously in 1996.\nBen Okri, the Nigerian poet and novelist, (born 1959) wrote his first book Flowers and Shadows while he was 19.\nAlice Oseman(born 1994) wrote the novel Solitaire when she was 17 and it was published in 2014.\nHelen Oyeyemi (born 1984) completed The Icarus Girl while still 18. First published in 2005.\nChristopher Paolini (born 1983) had Eragon, the first novel of the Inheritance Cycle, first published 2002.\nEmily Pepys (1833–1877), daughter of a bishop, wrote a vivid private journal over six months of 1844–45, aged ten. It was discovered much later and published in 1984.\nAnya Reiss (born 1991) wrote her play Spur of the Moment when she was 17. It was both performed and published in 2010, when she was 18.\nArthur Rimbaud (1854–1891) wrote almost all his prose and poetry while still a teenager, for example Le Soleil était encore chaud (1866), Le Bateau ivre (1871) and Une Saison en Enfer (1873).\nJohn Thomas Romney Robinson (1792–1882) saw his juvenile poems published in 1806, when he was 13.\nFrançoise Sagan (1935–2004) had Bonjour tristesse published in 1954, when she was 18.\nMary Shelley (1797–1851) completed Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus during May 1817, when she was 19. It was first published in the following year.\nMattie Stepanek (1990–2004), an American poet, published seven best-selling books of poetry.\nJohn Steptoe (1950–1989), author and illustrator, began his picture book Stevie at 16. It was published in 1969 in Life.\nAnna Stothard (born 1983) saw her Isabel and Rocco published when she was 19.\nDorothy Straight (born 1958) in 1962 wrote How the World Began, which was published by Pantheon Books in 1964. She holds the Guinness world record for the youngest female published author.\nJalaluddin Al-Suyuti (c. 1445–1505) wrote his first book, Sharh Al-Isti'aadha wal-Basmalah, at the age of 17.\nF. J. Thwaites (1908–1979) wrote his bestselling novel The Broken Melody when he was 19.\nJohn Kennedy Toole (1937–1969) wrote The Neon Bible in 1954 when he was 16. It was not published until 1989.\nAlec Waugh (1898–1981) wrote his novel about school life, The Loom of Youth, after leaving school. It was published in 1917.\nCatherine Webb (born 1986) had five young adult books published before she was 20: Mirror Dreams (2002), Mirror Wakes (2003), Waywalkers (2003), Timekeepers (2004) and The Extraordinary and Unusual Adventures of Horatio Lyle (February 2006).\nNancy Yi Fan (born 1993) published her debut Swordbird when she was 12. Other books she published as a teenager include Sword Quest (2008) and Sword Mountain (2012).\nKat Zhang (born 1991) was 20 when she sold, in a three-book deal, her entire Hybrid Chronicles trilogy. The first book, What's Left of Me, was published 2012.\n\nSee also \nLists of books\n\nReferences \n\nBooks Written By Children and Teenagers\nbooks\nChildren And Teenagers, Written By\nChi" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974" ]

[ "Polovchak v. Meese, 774 F.2d 731 (7th Cir. 1985), was a federal court case involving a 12-year-old who did not want to leave the United States and to return with his parents to Soviet Ukraine.\n\nWalter Polovchak was living in Chicago when his parents decided to return to Ukraine, then part of the USSR. He objected, running away from his parents to the home of a cousin and requesting asylum, which prompted the case. His parents returned to the Soviet Union with his two siblings.\n\nThe sympathetic Reagan administration allowed the legal proceedings to drag on for years, with the result that by the time a final decision was rendered, Polovchak had turned 18. No longer a minor, he was allowed to remain in the United States.\n\nA court ruled that parents who are citizens of another country cannot remove their own child from the United States to their native land over the objection of their child unless the child is first afforded a hearing, to determine whether living in another nation is in the child's interests.\n\nSee also\n Elián González — legal case involving a child who wanted to return to Cuba to live with his father.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nUnited States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit cases\n1985 in United States case law", "My Parents are Aliens is a British children's television sitcom airing from 1998 until 2006. The full cast for My Parents are Aliens is tabled below including both the character and the actor/actress who played the role in each season.\n\nCharacters\n\nMy Parents Are Aliens" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974", "Who are his parents?", "His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshanlal Nagrath; his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash." ]

[ "An only child is a person who does not have any siblings, neither biological nor adopted.\n\nOnly Child may also refer to:\n\n Only Child (novel), a novel by Jack Ketchum\n Only Child, a 2020 album by Sasha Sloan", "Fists in the Pocket (I pugni in tasca) is a 1965 Italian film directed by Marco Bellocchio. It was Bellocchio's debut film.\n\nPlot \nFour siblings, a sister and three brothers, live with their blind mother in an Italian villa.\nThree of the siblings suffer from epilepsy; the eldest son, Augusto (Marino Mase) does not.\nAugusto is the only provider for the family.\nOne of the brothers, Alessandro (Lou Castel), decides that Augusto would be free\nto live his life as he pleases if the mother and other siblings were gotten rid of.\nHe connives to be allowed to drive his mother and the other siblings on their periodic trip to a cemetery.\nAfter he has left, Augusto reads the note that Alessandro left saying that he would kill all\nof them and himself. Alessandro intended to drive all of them off a cliff, but does not, and they\nall return home safely. Later, however, Alessandro takes his mother for a drive; they stop at an overlook,\nand Alessandro pushes his mother off the cliff to her death. Alessandro is not suspected.\nAfter his mother's funeral, he kills his epileptic brother Leone (Pier Luigi Troglio) by having him drink an overdose of his medication. The sister, Giulia (Paola Pitagora), realizes that Alessandro killed Leone and their mother; Alessandro has an attack, and Giulia does not come to his aid.\n\nInfluence \nIn an interview, writer Rex Pickett described Fists in the Pocket as one of the films he \"saw in film school that transformed\" him.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \nFists in the Pocket: Ripped to Shreds an essay by Deborah Young at the Criterion Collection\n\n1965 films\n1965 drama films\nItalian films\nItalian drama films\nItalian-language films\nItalian black-and-white films\nFilms directed by Marco Bellocchio\nFilms scored by Ennio Morricone" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974", "Who are his parents?", "His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshanlal Nagrath; his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash.", "Does he have siblings?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Metroethnicity is a portmanteau of metropolitan and ethnicity. It is an ‘aesthetic’ or ‘lifestyle’ theory of language and ethnicity proposed by the British sociolinguist John C. Maher.\n\nThe theory of Metroethicity rejects cultural essentialism, and heroic ethnicity, in favour of a hybridized form of ethnicity that is utilised for aesthetic effect.\n\nIn this perspective, language should not to be viewed as an enduring ethnic essence but a lifestyle ‘accessory.’ It is portable. It functions best as an aspect of personal life-style. Metroethnicity is linked to Cool because cool is basically an aesthetic phenomenon. Cool actively disconnects the ‘natural’ linkage that is often made between ethnicity and language. Cool is both an attitude as well as a facet of personal action.\n\nThis post-ethnic stance is illustrated by a young Ainu person in northern Japan: “Well, I don’t speak Ainu…be nice to speak it…but..anyway...I speak Italian ‘cause that’s where I want to be..love Italian stuff…I’m training to be an Italian chef.” (Maher 2006). In such person-driven identity traditional language is optional -not rejected but bracketed. This view of language may be confrontational a person who insists language and ethnicity should line up. The ethnic view fosters ethnic allegiance, even orthodoxy. By contrast, \"Metroethnicity is a kind of post ethnicity state whereby both we play with ethnicity (not necessarily our own) for aesthetic effect. It involves cultural crossing, self-definition made up of borrowing and bricolage of blurred ‘identities’, what one might term ‘metroethnicity’. The operating system of this metroethnicity is ‘Cool’” (Maher 2005).\n\nReferences \nMaher, J. C. (2005) 'Metroethnicity, Language, and the Principle of Cool'. International Journal of Sociology of Language 175/176: 83-102.\n\nMaher, J. (2010). 'Metroethnicities and Metrolanguages'. The Handbook of Language and Globalization: 575–591. Wiley-blackwell.\n\nEthnography", "An ethnic majority describes the numerical dominance of individuals of an ethnic group within the total population of a particular political or geographical entity. Ethnicity refers to genealogy, language, culture, identification with a historical social group and behavioral practices inherited from ancestors, among others, such as diet, art and religion. \n\nAn ethnic majority generally contrasts with ethnic minorities within a certain population, such as indigenous people, diasporas or immigrant ethnicities. The concept of the territorial national state is derived from the idea to unite and integrate ethnicities into independent nations. However, monoethnic countries are virtually non-existent. Modern people increasingly have multiple genealogical and ethnic roots. As a consequence, they often only loosely identify with distinct ethnic groups. Identification takes place within various multi-ethnic, societal and cultural categories . \n\nIn Anglo-Saxon countries, ethnicity as well as race are registered in official statistics, based on self-reported identification by the individual, for example in view to discover discrimination. In for example Scandinavian countries, no official statistics is kept on ethnicity or race. According to the European GDPR law, it is typically not allowed to register ethnicity or race.\n\nIn the context of genealogy, for example medical genetics or genealogical DNA tests, ethnicity is defined based on biological rather than cultural heritage. However, various genealogical DNA tests result in contradictory and insecure estimates of the ethnic mix of a person, since the result of each test depends on the reference group and how it is divided into ethnic groups. Thus, it is typically not possible to securely determine if a person belongs to the ethnic majority or not using genetic tests. \n\nEthnicity is sometimes confused with race, which however is defined based on heritage from a certain continent. The zoological meaning of race cannot be applied to humans since race can not be identified unambiguously from biological features such as skin color. It is disputed to what extent race can be identified using genetics.\n\nFor example, White Americans are the ethnic majority in the United States.\n\nSee also\nMajority\nMinority group\nEthnicity\n\nReferences\n\nEthnicity" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974", "Who are his parents?", "His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshanlal Nagrath; his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash.", "Does he have siblings?", "I don't know.", "What is his ethnicity?", "Bengali ancestry from his paternal grandmother's side." ]

[ "Asymphorodes fractura is a moth of the family Agonoxenidae. An interesting fact about the 'Asymphorodes fractura' is that has a described, \"wonderfully glorious rear end\". It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1986. It is found in French Polynesia.\n\nReferences\n\nMoths described in 1986\nAgonoxeninae\nMoths of Oceania\nEndemic fauna of French Polynesia", "The Choice is a 2007 novel written by Nicholas Sparks. It was first published on September 24, 2007 by Grand Central Publishing.\n\nPlot\nPart 1: Travis Parker and Gabby Holland set off into an interesting journey of life as neighbors. Travis Parker is a happy man with wonderful friends, a great occupation and an enviable life. He thinks his life is already full of joy and happiness – then Gabby Holland moves into the house next door. What blossoms is an emotional and inspiring love story. It is a story about overcoming barriers to be with your loved ones. It is about pure and intense romantic love, trust, strength, and the reality that all choice is a cheap illusion.\n\nPart 2: Gabby suffers an accident, and Travis visits her in the hospital, where she is comatose. The doctors say she probably will never wake up. Travis is forced to make the choice between taking Gabby off life support or to sending her to long term care, knowing that she may never wake up. He decides to take his chances and move her to long term care. Three months later, Gabby wakes up from her coma and moves back into their house.\n\nFilm adaptation \n\nA film adaptation was produced by Lionsgate and released in 2016. Benjamin Walker plays Travis, and Teresa Palmer plays Gabby.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n The Choice\n\n2007 American novels\nNovels by Nicholas Sparks\nAmerican romance novels\nAmerican novels adapted into films\nGrand Central Publishing books" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974", "Who are his parents?", "His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshanlal Nagrath; his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash.", "Does he have siblings?", "I don't know.", "What is his ethnicity?", "Bengali ancestry from his paternal grandmother's side.", "What is an interesting fact about his early life?", "Roshan felt isolated as a child; he was born with an extra thumb fused to the one on his right hand, which led some of his peers to avoid him." ]

[ "Karl Duncker (2 February 1903, in Leipzig – 23 February 1940) was a German Gestalt psychologist. He attended Friedrich-Wilhelms-University from 1923 to 1923, and spent 1925–1926 at Clark University in Worcester, MA as a visiting professor, where he received a masters in arts degree. \nUntil 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka.\nIn 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship in Cambridge with Frederic Charles Bartlett and later immigrated to the US, where he was again an assistant of Wolfgang Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.\n\nHis younger brother Wolfgang Duncker (1909–1942), a communist in exile in Moscow, was arrested in 1938 during the Great Purges and died in the Gulag. Their parents were the well-known socialist and later communist politicians and educators Hermann and Käte Duncker.\n\nAchievements \n\nDuncker coined the term functional fixedness for describing the difficulties in visual perception and in problem solving that arise from the fact that one element of a whole situation already has a (fixed) function which has to be changed for making the correct perception or for finding the solution to the problem.\n\nIn his \"candle problem\" the situation was defined by the objects: a candle, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the box, which originally contained thumb-tacks. It is a container in the problem situation but must be used as a shelf in the solution situation.\n\nOther examples for this type of mental restructuring are:\n\n an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum\n a branch of a tree must be used as a tool\n a brick must be used a paper weight\n another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence\n\nPublications \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (also online at The International Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications)\n\nReferences \n\nClark University faculty\n1903 births\n1940 suicides\nPeople from Leipzig\nGerman psychologists\nGestalt psychologists\nProblem solving\nGerman emigrants to the United States\n20th-century psychologists\nSuicides in the United States", "Congenital trigger thumb is a trigger thumb in infants and young children. Triggering, clicking or snapping is observed by flexion or extension of the interphalangeal joint (IPJ). In the furthest stage, no extension is possible and there is a fixed flexion deformity of the thumb in the IPJ. Cause, natural history, prognosis and recommended treatment are controversial.\n\nSigns and symptoms\nBesides the clicking, snapping or triggering, a characteristic Notta nodule is commonly found on the palmar side at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. This nodule can be found by palpation. Children can also present a thumb which they cannot extend actively due to entrapment of the nodule to the A1 pulley. Some may even present with a fixed flexion deformity of the IPJ where no extension is possible.\n\nCause\nIt is unclear whether the cause of the trigger thumb is congenital or acquired. The occurrence of bilateral incidence and trigger thumbs in both children of twins are an indication for a congenital cause. Trigger thumb in children is also associated with trisomy of chromosome 13. For these reasons it was assumed that trigger thumbs in children are to be of congenital cause. However, more and more evidence which point towards an acquired cause have been found in recent studies. Therefore, the name pediatric trigger thumb is also widely used (and currently preferred by some) for the same disorder.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nDiagnosis of a trigger thumb is solely made by these clinical observations and further classified into four stages:\n\nTreatment\nThere are several types of treatment for congenital trigger thumb, conservative and surgical.\n\nConservative\nThe conservative treatment consists of observation in time. Studies show that the trigger thumb spontaneously resolves in 49 months. According to Leung et al., trigger thumbs in infants resolve spontaneously in 63% of the cases. No residual deformities were found and there is no recurrence once resolved. Residual deformity is defined as persistent flexion deformities of the thumb and radial deviation at the IPJ. Extension exercises and splinting can be added to the observation. These two elements have favourable results in improvement in flexion impairment of the thumb. However, compared to observation, the benefit of merely extension exercises and splinting are still unclear.\n\nIt has been recommended to attempt conservative treatment first, before attempting surgical treatment.\n\nSurgical\n\nSurgical treatment should be considered when the patient has a trigger thumb bilaterally and when the patient has a severe trigger thumb. Severe is defined as when the thumb is locked so that the thumb cannot be flexed or extended either passively or actively. Surgical treatment should also be considered when observation and/or splint therapy has not achieved sufficient results after 49 months. Unlike the surgical treatment given for adults, which is unambiguously a surgical release of the A1 pulley of the thumb, the optimum surgical treatment for infants has not yet been discerned. In case of infants, research has shown that only in 15% of the cases A1 pulley release alone is sufficient. In most of the cases there was an additional annular pulley structure distal to the A1 to be released resolving the triggering: the so-called Av pulley or variable pulley. Therefore, infants and adults need to be treated differently as the main problem is different.\n\nOpen vs. percutaneous\nThere are two types of surgery: open surgery which is mentioned above and percutaneous surgery. Unlike open surgery percutaneous surgery is done without exposing the anatomical structures beneath the skin. Research has shown that percutaneous surgery is a good alternative to open surgery. Percutaneous surgery is done with a needle that is inserted in the flexor sheath at the level of the A1 pulley. Before the needle insertion the thumb is placed in extension, whereas when the needle is already inserted the thumb will be put into semi-flexion, so that the needle can be moved and the palmar skin is movable. The A1 pulley will then be cut with the needle longitudinally and parallel to the fibers of the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle. When the release with the needle is done according to the pivot maneuver the chances of incomplete release and damage to the digital nerve nearby will be increased. To prevent any postoperative hematoma and swelling, pressure should be applied for at least 10 minutes after the procedure. Percutaneous surgery has also been proven to be without residual deformities and recurrence after surgery. When the A1 pulley is too thick and long to be released at once, open surgery still can be a solution. The advantages over open surgery are that percutaneous surgery is simpler, more straightforward and shorter concerning the duration. It can also be done in every other examination room unlike the open surgery, which is done in an operation room. The risk nonetheless is that the digital nerve of the thumb nearby can be damaged.\n\nEpidemiology\nNot much research has been done on the epidemiology of congenital trigger thumbs. There are a few reports on the incidence in their respective studies. The most recent data comes from a Japanese study by Kukichi and Ogino where they found an incidence 3.3 trigger thumbs per 1,000 live births in 1-year-old children.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCongenital disorders of musculoskeletal system\nFingers" ]

[ "Hrithik Roshan", "Early life and background", "When was he born?", "Roshan was born on 10 January 1974", "Who are his parents?", "His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshanlal Nagrath; his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash.", "Does he have siblings?", "I don't know.", "What is his ethnicity?", "Bengali ancestry from his paternal grandmother's side.", "What is an interesting fact about his early life?", "Roshan felt isolated as a child; he was born with an extra thumb fused to the one on his right hand, which led some of his peers to avoid him.", "Did he have the thumb problem fixed?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Ralph Degnan Hough (born May 21, 1943) is an American politician who served as acting governor of New Hampshire for roughly a week in January 1993. Though now a registered Democrat, he was a Republican during his time in state government.\n\nHough was born in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1943. He served as President of the New Hampshire Senate from 1993 to 1994. Governor Judd Gregg resigned from office January 2, 1993, in order to take his seat in the United States Senate. Governor-elect Steve Merrill's term as governor did not begin until January 7 in accordance to the Constitution of New Hampshire, therefore Hough, as first in line of succession to the gubernatorial powers and duties, served as acting governor for five days. In 1994, he was defeated for re-nomination to his senate seat in the Republican primary by Jim Rubens.\n\nReferences\n\n1943 births\n20th-century American politicians\nGovernors of New Hampshire\nLiving people\nNew Hampshire state senators\nNew Hampshire Republicans\nPresidents of the New Hampshire Senate\nRepublican Party state governors of the United States", "Selena Samuela is an Italian-American Peloton instructor. She was born and raised in Italy until she was eleven years old when her family relocated to Elmira, New York. Following college in Hawaii, Samuela moved to New York City where she studied acting at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. She used stunt lessons as an attempt to begin work as an actor before becoming an amateur boxer following her work at Gleason's Gym.\n\nShe has been engaged to Matt Virtue since early 2021.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPeloton instructors\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Return to racing" ]

[ "Marko Asmer (born 30 July 1984) is an Estonian racing driver, who won the British Formula 3 Championship title in 2007. Asmer is also the first Estonian to test a Formula One car, having tested for the Williams BMW team in 2003, after just half a season of car racing in British Formula Ford. Asmer's father is a former racing driver Toivo Asmer, who was Estonian Minister of Regional Affairs between 1999 and 2003.\n\nRacing career\nAsmer was born in Tallinn. His father is motorsports promoter, musician and politician Toivo Asmer. He began karting in 1995, aged eleven, and had won the Estonian, Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian kart championships by 2001. Asmer went on to make his car racing debut in 2003 and raced in British Formula Ford for team JLR. He scored six wins that season and finished in second place in the Formula Ford festival. Apart from a brief participation in the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup in 2003, Asmer's career was henceforth focused on Formula Three in Britain and Japan. He made his British series début in 2004 with Hitech Racing and, apart from a move to Japan in 2006, he has remained with the team in the years since. He became a championship title contender on his return to the British series in 2007, led the points standings for most of the season, and secured the title at Croft with three races remaining. His participations in All-Japan F3 have been confined to one and a half seasons with Three Bond Racing in 2006 and 2007, the latter of which was limited by competing in Britain.\nIn 2008 Asmer was BMW Sauber's second test driver alongside Christian Klien and competed in seven of ten rounds in the GP2 Series for FMS International.\n\nRetirement\nFollowing the conclusion of the 2008 GP2 season Asmer parted ways with Fisichella Motor Sport and was unable to find a new team in GP2 for the 2009 season. Due to new rules restricting the amount of testing Formula 1 teams could carry out in-season he also lost his role as test and reserve driver for the BMW Formula 1 Team. With no competitive race seat for the 2009 season Asmer became a test and reserve driver in Superleague Formula series.\n\nOn 8 April 2010 Toivo Asmer, the father of Marko Asmer, announced that Marko had ended his career in motorsport he had no race seat or test/reserve driver role for the 2010 season, and lack of funding meant that his son's career was finished. Despite this Asmer made a quick return to the cockpit the following week when he tested for the Atech team in a GP3 Series test session in Barcelona.\n\nReturn to competitive racing\nIn February 2011 Asmer returned to motorsport when he tested a British Formula 3 car for the Double R Racing team at Silverstone, during which he set competitive times. Staying with Double R Asmer finally returned to competitive racing when he competed in the Pau Grand Prix on 21–22 May 2011. Asmer qualified 10th and after a bad start found himself in last place, but showed good race pace and overtaking nous to finish 7th.\n\nFollowing his return to racing Asmer was interviewed by Autosport.com and revealed that he had spent his time out of professional motorsport \"testing some cars, doing karting and ... doing some driver coaching\". He went on to say that he had no firm plans for the future, although he did want to take part in the Macau Grand Prix. Asmer also said that he would welcome a return to racing \"if something good comes up\", although a full-time return to British F3 would not interest him.\n\nDespite these claims it was announced on 28 July 2011 that Asmer would return to British Formula 3, again racing a Dallara-Mercedes for the Double R team at the Spa-Francorchamps round. Asmer qualified 18th (of 28 cars) for Race One at Spa, but then scored Double R's best qualifying result of the season, lining up second on the grid for the Feature Race. Asmer failed to finish in Race One or Two, but drove solidly to finish sixth in the Feature Race. However, his status as an invitational driver meant that he was not eligible to score championship points for this weekend. During this weekend it was also announced that Asmer had sponsorship in place to take part in the 2011 Macau Grand Prix, where he would drive a Dallara-Mercedes for a three-man Double R Racing team, alongside GP3 champion Valtteri Bottas and current GP3 Series racer Mitch Evans.\n\nIn an interview with Autosport carried out over the Macau Grand Prix weekend Asmer reiterated his desire to get back into racing full-time, and said his future may lie in DTM.\n\nReturn to regular racing\nIn recent years Asmer has returned to actively racing in competitive international motorsport. He raced as part of a four-man team alongside Formula 2 race winner Kazim Vasiliauskas, driving a McLaren MP4-12C GT3 in the 2014 24 Hours of Spa with the GT Russian Team. He also competed in several rounds of the ADAC GT Masters. Asmer continued to race for GT Russian Team, taking part in the 2015 Blancpain GT Series (the successor to FIA GT1 World Championship), with his best result being a 7th-place finish in the main race in the final round in Zandvoort. He also raced in the top A6 category of the Dubai 24 Hour, again for the GT Russia Team.\n\nMotorsport management\nAs of summer 2020 Marko Asmer is the manager of Estonian Red Bull Junior Team racing driver Jüri Vips.\n\nRacing record\n\nCareer summary\n\nComplete GP2 Series results\n(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMarko Asmer official website\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Tallinn\nEstonian racing drivers\nGP2 Series drivers\nFormula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers\nJapanese Formula 3 Championship drivers\nBritish Formula Three Championship drivers\nFormula Ford drivers\nKarting World Championship drivers\nADAC GT Masters drivers\nBlancpain Endurance Series drivers\n24 Hours of Spa drivers", "Lei Kit Meng (, born December 30, 1967 in Macau) is an auto racing driver from Macau.\n\nCareer\nLei Kit Meng competed in two races of the 1998 British Formula Three Championship for Carlin Motorsport. Between 2000 and 2007 he competed each year in the Formula Three races at the Macau Grand Prix, with a best finish of tenth place in 2001, when he raced for Fortec Motorsport. In 2006 he competed in the Asian Formula Three Championship.\n\nHe also owns the RPM Racing Team, which competes in touring car racing in Asia. In 2008 the team attempted to enter two cars for the World Touring Car Championship end-of-season round, the Race of Macau, with Lei Kit Meng driving a Toyota Altezza and Jo Merszei driving a Honda Civic Type-R. However, the team were not allowed to compete after the scrutineers found their cars did not comply with FIA safety requirements.\n\nRPM Racing Team teamed up with the China Dragon Racing team for the 2009 Race of Macau, with Meng driving a BMW 320si.\n\nOn 18 November 2019, Lei Kit Meng, driving a Nissan GTR-34 in the Macau Touring Car Cup, hit the barrier at Mandarin bend. Lei did not stop on the first possible opportunity to make it easy for the race to restart. Instead, he drove along the circuit for over one lap until the race direction showed him the black flag to disqualify him and order his immediate return to the pits. The incident caused over 15 minutes of stoppage, since Lei’s car spilled oil and other fluids on the track surface that had to be cleaned by the track staff. In the end, the race was ended only after seven laps, of which five were completed behind the safety car.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nProfile at fiawtcc.com\n\nLiving people\n1967 births\nMacau racing drivers\nBritish Formula Three Championship drivers\nWorld Touring Car Championship drivers\nCarlin racing drivers" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Return to racing", "when did he return to racing?", "retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades." ]

[ "Marko Asmer (born 30 July 1984) is an Estonian racing driver, who won the British Formula 3 Championship title in 2007. Asmer is also the first Estonian to test a Formula One car, having tested for the Williams BMW team in 2003, after just half a season of car racing in British Formula Ford. Asmer's father is a former racing driver Toivo Asmer, who was Estonian Minister of Regional Affairs between 1999 and 2003.\n\nRacing career\nAsmer was born in Tallinn. His father is motorsports promoter, musician and politician Toivo Asmer. He began karting in 1995, aged eleven, and had won the Estonian, Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian kart championships by 2001. Asmer went on to make his car racing debut in 2003 and raced in British Formula Ford for team JLR. He scored six wins that season and finished in second place in the Formula Ford festival. Apart from a brief participation in the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup in 2003, Asmer's career was henceforth focused on Formula Three in Britain and Japan. He made his British series début in 2004 with Hitech Racing and, apart from a move to Japan in 2006, he has remained with the team in the years since. He became a championship title contender on his return to the British series in 2007, led the points standings for most of the season, and secured the title at Croft with three races remaining. His participations in All-Japan F3 have been confined to one and a half seasons with Three Bond Racing in 2006 and 2007, the latter of which was limited by competing in Britain.\nIn 2008 Asmer was BMW Sauber's second test driver alongside Christian Klien and competed in seven of ten rounds in the GP2 Series for FMS International.\n\nRetirement\nFollowing the conclusion of the 2008 GP2 season Asmer parted ways with Fisichella Motor Sport and was unable to find a new team in GP2 for the 2009 season. Due to new rules restricting the amount of testing Formula 1 teams could carry out in-season he also lost his role as test and reserve driver for the BMW Formula 1 Team. With no competitive race seat for the 2009 season Asmer became a test and reserve driver in Superleague Formula series.\n\nOn 8 April 2010 Toivo Asmer, the father of Marko Asmer, announced that Marko had ended his career in motorsport he had no race seat or test/reserve driver role for the 2010 season, and lack of funding meant that his son's career was finished. Despite this Asmer made a quick return to the cockpit the following week when he tested for the Atech team in a GP3 Series test session in Barcelona.\n\nReturn to competitive racing\nIn February 2011 Asmer returned to motorsport when he tested a British Formula 3 car for the Double R Racing team at Silverstone, during which he set competitive times. Staying with Double R Asmer finally returned to competitive racing when he competed in the Pau Grand Prix on 21–22 May 2011. Asmer qualified 10th and after a bad start found himself in last place, but showed good race pace and overtaking nous to finish 7th.\n\nFollowing his return to racing Asmer was interviewed by Autosport.com and revealed that he had spent his time out of professional motorsport \"testing some cars, doing karting and ... doing some driver coaching\". He went on to say that he had no firm plans for the future, although he did want to take part in the Macau Grand Prix. Asmer also said that he would welcome a return to racing \"if something good comes up\", although a full-time return to British F3 would not interest him.\n\nDespite these claims it was announced on 28 July 2011 that Asmer would return to British Formula 3, again racing a Dallara-Mercedes for the Double R team at the Spa-Francorchamps round. Asmer qualified 18th (of 28 cars) for Race One at Spa, but then scored Double R's best qualifying result of the season, lining up second on the grid for the Feature Race. Asmer failed to finish in Race One or Two, but drove solidly to finish sixth in the Feature Race. However, his status as an invitational driver meant that he was not eligible to score championship points for this weekend. During this weekend it was also announced that Asmer had sponsorship in place to take part in the 2011 Macau Grand Prix, where he would drive a Dallara-Mercedes for a three-man Double R Racing team, alongside GP3 champion Valtteri Bottas and current GP3 Series racer Mitch Evans.\n\nIn an interview with Autosport carried out over the Macau Grand Prix weekend Asmer reiterated his desire to get back into racing full-time, and said his future may lie in DTM.\n\nReturn to regular racing\nIn recent years Asmer has returned to actively racing in competitive international motorsport. He raced as part of a four-man team alongside Formula 2 race winner Kazim Vasiliauskas, driving a McLaren MP4-12C GT3 in the 2014 24 Hours of Spa with the GT Russian Team. He also competed in several rounds of the ADAC GT Masters. Asmer continued to race for GT Russian Team, taking part in the 2015 Blancpain GT Series (the successor to FIA GT1 World Championship), with his best result being a 7th-place finish in the main race in the final round in Zandvoort. He also raced in the top A6 category of the Dubai 24 Hour, again for the GT Russia Team.\n\nMotorsport management\nAs of summer 2020 Marko Asmer is the manager of Estonian Red Bull Junior Team racing driver Jüri Vips.\n\nRacing record\n\nCareer summary\n\nComplete GP2 Series results\n(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMarko Asmer official website\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Tallinn\nEstonian racing drivers\nGP2 Series drivers\nFormula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers\nJapanese Formula 3 Championship drivers\nBritish Formula Three Championship drivers\nFormula Ford drivers\nKarting World Championship drivers\nADAC GT Masters drivers\nBlancpain Endurance Series drivers\n24 Hours of Spa drivers", "The 2021 Supercars Championship (commercially known as the 2021 Repco Supercars Championship) was a motor racing series for Supercars. It was the twenty-third running of the Supercars Championship and the twenty-fifth series in which Supercars have contested the Australian Touring Car Championship, the premier title in Australian motorsport. Repco replaced Virgin Australia as naming rights sponsor under a five-year partnership.\n\nShane van Gisbergen and Triple Eight Race Engineering won the drivers' and teams' championship respectively with one round to go.\n\nTeams and drivers \nThe following teams and drivers are competing in the 2021 championship.\n\nTeam changes \nIn February 2020, Holden's parent company General Motors announced it would retire the Holden name by the end of 2020. The Commodore ZB continues to be raced in 2021, albeit with no factory support.\n\nTeam Penske sold its majority shareholding in DJR Team Penske at the end of 2020, the team reverting its name to Dick Johnson Racing, which was last used in 2014.\n\nThe Grove Group purchased a majority in Kelly Racing, to become Kelly Grove Racing.\n\nBlanchard Racing Team ceased to be a customer of Brad Jones Racing and took its Racing Entitlement Contract (REC) to become a standalone team with an ex-23Red Racing Ford Mustang. To allow it to continue fielding four cars, Brad Jones Racing purchased 23Red Racing's REC that was leased to Tickford Racing in 2020, which saw the latter downsize from four cars to three cars.\n\nDriver changes \nDick Johnson Racing fielded an all new line-up for 2021. Scott McLaughlin is not defending his title, leaving the series to race in the IndyCar Series with Team Penske. This was the first time the champion has not returned to defend his championship since Craig Lowndes did not defend his 1996 title. It was originally planned that he would return to drive with the team as an endurance co-driver, however this did not eventuate due to ongoing COVID-19 travel restrictions. Fabian Coulthard moved to Team Sydney. Anton de Pasquale, who moved from Erebus Motorsport, and Will Davison drove for the team. For Davison, he returned to the team he last raced for full time from 2006 until 2008.\n\nErebus Motorsport fielded an all new line-up. David Reynolds and Anton de Pasquale left the team, and were replaced by Super2 drivers Will Brown and Brodie Kostecki. Reynolds returned to Kelly Grove Racing, having last raced for the team in 2011, to replace Rick Kelly, who retired from full-time racing at the end of 2020.\n\nTickford Racing scaled back to three cars, Lee Holdsworth departed the team and Jack Le Brocq moved to the number 5 car. Holdsworth joined Walkinshaw Andretti United as an endurance co-driver with Chaz Mostert.\n\nGarry Jacobson left Matt Stone Racing to join Team Sydney. Zane Goddard and Jake Kostecki, who shared a car for the team in 2020, both raced for the team in all races.\n\nAs a result of Team Sydney signing Fabian Coulthard and Garry Jacobson, Chris Pither and Alex Davison did not return as full-time drivers. Pither joined Brad Jones Racing as an endurance co-driver with Macauley Jones and Davison joined Dick Johnson Racing as an endurance co-driver for brother Will Davison due to Scott McLaughlin's inability to return for Bathurst.\n\nMid-season changes \nOn 4 November, Kelly Grove Racing driver David Reynolds was ruled out of the remaining Sydney Motorsport Park rounds for failing to comply with New South Wales Health Orders regarding mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. He was replaced by Luke Youlden, who made his solo debut in the series. Reynolds was originally scheduled to return to the team for the Bathurst 1000, however on 18 November, it was announced that he would return for round 11 at Sydney Motorsport Park.\n\nCalendar\n\nCalendar changes\nThe Adelaide 500 did not appear on the calendar for the first time since 1998, with the South Australian Tourism Commission withdrawing its financial support citing the after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and dwindling attendances as key factors.\n\nAuckland, Gold Coast, Perth, Tasmania, Melbourne and Winton were due to return to the calendar after they were cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nThe season commenced with a sprint round, the Mount Panorama 500, at Mount Panorama after the Bathurst 12 Hour was cancelled due to the ongoing travel restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was intended to end at the Gold Coast, changing from two 300km endurance races to two single driver 250km sprint races to become the Gold Coast 500. However, the Gold Coast round was subsequently cancelled.\n\nSandown was dropped from the original calendar, however was reinstated after the Melbourne 400 supporting the Australian Grand Prix was postponed. In doing so, Sandown hosted its first sprint round since 2011.\n\nImpact of COVID-19 pandemic \nA pre-season test day was planned for all teams at Sydney Motorsport Park. With COVID-19 border closures, this was amended with all Queensland based teams and Team Sydney using Queensland Raceway, while the Victorian teams and Brad Jones Racing used Winton.\n\nThe Albert Park round, which was scheduled to be a support category of the Australian Grand Prix, was moved to Sandown Raceway after the Grand Prix was postponed, then later cancelled in July 2021.\n\nThe Tasmania SuperSprint round was rescheduled from 10–11 April to 17–18 April due to a COVID-19 outbreak in Brisbane.\n\nThe Winton SuperSprint round was postponed due to a COVID-19 outbreak in Melbourne. Subsequently its place on the calendar was replaced by the Townsville SuperSprint, replicating the Townsville double header in 2020.\n\nWith challenges from COVID-19, the calendar was revised, with the series set to resume at the Winton SuperSprint, with the Sydney SuperNight being rescheduled to the 19–21 November due to a COVID-19 outbreak in Sydney, it was due to be held on 21–22 August. Phillip Island was due to return to the calendar for the first time since 2019. Subsequently the Perth and Auckland events were cancelled.\n\nThe calendar was revised once again, as the COVID-19 Delta outbreaks in New South Wales and Victoria caused the Phillip Island, Winton and Gold Coast events to be cancelled. The series resumed at Sydney Motorsport Park, with a quadruple-header utilising various formats and a mix of day and night racing, and ended at the Bathurst 1000.\n\nSeries changes\n\nRegulation changes\nThe championship awarded five bonus championship points to the driver who sets the fastest lap. These points will only be awarded in the sprint races.\n\nA third tyre type, the Super Soft, was used at the Darwin and the fourth Sydney Motorsport Park events.\n\nOther changes\nRepco, who were already the Supercars’ official automotive parts retailer, succeeded Virgin Australia as the title sponsor of the series until 2025.\n\nA new five-year broadcast deal commenced in 2021. Fox Sports are continuing to show all rounds while the Seven Network took over from Network Ten as the free to air broadcaster, showing six rounds live, including the Bathurst 1000.\n\nResults and standings\n\nSeason summary\n\nPoints system\nPoints were awarded for each race at an event, to the driver or drivers of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race. At least 50% of the planned race distance must be completed for the result to be valid and championship points awarded.\n\nBathurst: Used for the Bathurst 1000.\n2*250 km: Used for the Mount Panorama 500, Townsville 500 and Sydney SuperNight 3.\nSuperSprint: Used for all SuperSprint, the Darwin Triple Crown and Sydney SuperNight 1 and 2.\n\nDrivers' Championship\n\nTeams' championship\n\nBeaurepaires Sydney Cup\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSupercars Championship seasons" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Return to racing", "when did he return to racing?", "retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades.", "why did he return to racing?", "In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition," ]

[ "The 1954 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was the seventh edition of the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo. It included eleven races: all the races form the 1953 edition were retained with no additions. Ferdinand Kübler won his third individual championship (although he did not win any of the races) while Belgium won the nations championship.\n\nRaces\n\nFinal standings\n\nRiders\n\nNations\n\nReferences\n\n \nChallenge Desgrange-Colombo\nChallenge Desgrange-Colombo", "Bret Holmes Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that fields the No. 23 Chevrolet SS part-time in the ARCA Menards Series and the No. 32 Chevrolet Silverado full-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.\n\nHistory\n\nARCA Menards Series\nAfter GMS Racing closed down their ARCA team after the 2015 season to focus on expanding their Truck Series team in 2016, driver Bret Holmes, who was going to start the season with Empire Racing, and his father Stacy Holmes purchased the team's assets and ran part-time in the series in 2016. Their debut came in the race at the Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway. The GMS No. 23 had won the 2015 championship with Grant Enfinger driving. Enfinger had moved up to the Truck Series with GMS in 2016, driving part-time for the team in their No. 24 and No. 33 trucks. Enfinger would become a driver coach and crew chief for Holmes' ARCA team and would also drive the car in one race, which was at Pocono and he would win that race, giving the team a win in its first season. \n\nBHR would field the No. 23 full-time in 2017 with Holmes driving, and although he did not win any races, he finished sixth in the standings. In 2018, Holmes and his team intended on running full-time again. However, halfway through the season, the team did not run any races except for the second Pocono race due to lack of sponsorship, although Wayne Peterson Racing used the team's car number in two races to keep collecting owner points for the No. 23 in case sponsorship was found and the team could compete again. Holmes would drive Ken Schrader Racing's No. 52 car in three of the final ten races of the season. BHR returned full-time in 2019, and Holmes finished third in the standings although he did not win any races. \n\nIn 2020, Holmes won his first race in the series at Kansas in July. He went on to win the championship despite his team having older equipment and struggling to find sponsorship, narrowly beating Michael Self, who drove a fully sponsored car for the powerhouse Venturini Motorsports team.\n\nIn 2021, the No. 23 car only ran part-time with Holmes driving it in four races and JR Motorsports Xfinity Series driver Sam Mayer (also a former GMS ARCA and Truck Series driver) driving it in five races.\n\nNASCAR Camping World Truck Series\nOn July 31, 2020, Holmes told reporter Chris Knight that he was looking at debuting his team in the Truck Series for select races in 2021. On January 14, 2021, Holmes announced that he and Sam Mayer would run part-time schedules for his own team in the Truck Series, which would field the No. 32 truck. (The team chose the No. 32 as it is the No. 23 backwards, and the No. 23 was being used by GMS Racing in the Truck Series.) On March 6, 2021, it was revealed that the team had purchased the owner points of the No. 28 FDNY Racing truck, which attempted the season-opener at Daytona, in order to be more likely to qualify for races without qualifying if an entry list had over 40 trucks. Ty Dillon would drive the truck in the season-finale at Phoenix.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nNASCAR teams\nARCA Menards Series teams" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Return to racing", "when did he return to racing?", "retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades.", "why did he return to racing?", "In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition,", "did he win any races after his return?", "For the 1980 season Moss was the team's number two driver to team co-owner Richard Lloyd." ]

[ "Benjamin F. Royal was a state senator in Alabama during the Reconstruction era. He was elected to the state senate in 1868, and was the first African American to serve in the chamber. He represented Bullock County and served for nine years. He served as a Republican, and had stated that \"he could as well be an infidel as to be anything else than a Republican\". He was a Union League organizer.\n\nHe was born to a white father and a mother who had been a slave.\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing\nAlabama state senators\nReconstruction Era", "The No Sound Without Silence Tour is the third arena tour by Irish pop rock band The Script. Launched in support of their fourth studio album No Sound Without Silence (2014), the tour began in Tokyo on 16 January 2015 and visited Europe, North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. The opening acts were American singer Phillip Phillips for the South African dates, and English singer Tinie Tempah for the European dates. Pharrell Williams served as a co-headliner for the Croke Park concert on 20 June 2015.\n\nOpening acts\nColton Avery (Europe, North America, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia)\nMary Lambert (North America)\nPhillip Phillips (South Africa)\nSilent Sanctuary (Philippines)\nTinie Tempah (Europe)\nPharrell Williams (Dublin)\nThe Wailers (Dublin)\nThe Sam Willows (Singapore)\nKensington (Band) (Europe)\n\nSetlist\nThis setlist is based on previous performances of the tour.\n\n \"Paint the Town Green\"\n \"Hail Rain or Sunshine\"\n \"Breakeven\"\n \"Before the Worst\"\n \"Superheroes\"\n \"We Cry\"\n \"If You Could See Me Now\"\n \"Man on a Wire\"\n \"Nothing\"\n \"Good Ol' Days\"\n \"Never Seen Anything (Quite Like You)\"\n \"The Man Who Can't Be Moved\"\n \"You Won't Feel A Thing\"\n \"It's Not Right For You\"\n \"Six Degrees of Separation\"\n \"The Energy Never Dies\"\n \"For the First Time\"\n \"No Good in Goodbye\"\n \"Hall of Fame\"\n\nAdditional information\nDuring the performance in Sheffield, The Script didn't perform \"We Cry\" due to a fan collapsing. Danny called for Paramedic to check on her, she was fine and they carried on.\n\nDuring the performance in Barcelona, The Script didn't perform \"The End Where I Begin\" or \"Nothing\". They also did not perform \"Six Degrees Of Separation\" and \"It's Not Right For You\".\n\nDuring the performance in Oakland, The Script didn't perform \"The End Where I Begin\", \"We Cry\", or \"Six Degrees of Separation\".\n\nDuring the performance in Toronto, The Script did not perform \"The End Where I Begin\" and \"Six Degrees of Separation\".\n\nDuring the performance im Hamburg, The Script did not perform \"Nothing\" and \"Never Seen Anything (Quite Like You)\".\n\nTour dates\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n2015 concert tours\nThe Script concert tours" ]

[ "Stirling Moss", "Return to racing", "when did he return to racing?", "retired from racing since 1962, Moss did make a number of one-off appearances in professional motorsport events in the following two decades.", "why did he return to racing?", "In 1980 he made a comeback to regular competition,", "did he win any races after his return?", "For the 1980 season Moss was the team's number two driver to team co-owner Richard Lloyd.", "did he perform well in anything else?", "I don't know." ]

[ "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1994: Roman Candle" ]

[ "The Wee Hours Revue is the major label debut album by American alternative rock band Roman Candle, released in 2006.\n\nBackground and production \nMany of the songs were reworked from their debut recording Says Pop, which was released in 2002 via a small independent label, Outlook Music, run by NFL defensive end Trevor Pryce. The band was later signed to a contract by Hollywood Records, who paid to re-record their album but set it on the shelf for two years before dropping the band altogether. V2 Records stepped in and bought the rights to the re-recorded tracks and set a June 20, 2006 release date for the record.\nThe album was recorded predominantly in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, at Chris Stamey's studio, Modern Recording. Both Chris Stamey and Roman Candle are credited as producing the album. The thirteen tracks were mixed by a host of mixer-producers, including Tony Hoffer, John Alagia, John Agnello, John Plymale, Chris Stamey, and Tim Harper.\n\nTrack listing \nAll songs written by Roman Candle.\n\n\"Something Left to Say\" – 4:14\n\"You Don't Belong to This World\" – 3:49\n\"Another Summer\" – 3:14\n\"I Didn't Mind it at All\" – 4:22\n\"New York This Morning\" – 3:35\n\"Help Me if You Can\" – 4:01\n\"Baby's Got it in the Genes\" – 3:20\n\"Winterlight\" – 3:52\n\"I've Got a Reason\" – 3:52\n\"Merciful Man\" – 3:56\n\"Sookie\" – 5:25\n\"From an Airplane Window\" – 4:37\n\"Driving at Morning\" – 4:02\n\nReferences \n\"The Independent\" Cover Story\nOfficial website\n\nExternal links \nRoman Candle Myspace Page\nRoman Candle official site\n\n2006 debut albums\nRoman Candle (band) albums\nV2 Records albums", "Roman Candle is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. It was recorded in late 1993 and released on July 14, 1994 by record label Cavity Search.\n\nPitchfork has described the album's style as \"lo-fi folk\".\n\nBackground and recording \nRoman Candle was recorded and released while Smith was still in Heatmiser. According to Benjamin Nugent's biography Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, Smith recorded the album in the basement of the home of then-girlfriend and Heatmiser manager J.J. Gonson.\n\nThe album was never intended for release, as Smith only expected to get a deal for a 7\" single; however, after Gonson played the album for Cavity Search, they immediately requested permission to release it in its entirety. Smith at first hesitated, and then allowed permission.\n\nContent \nThe album has a raw, homemade sound, with Smith playing each instrument and recording it on his four-track recorder. Additionally, he used an inexpensive RadioShack dynamic microphone to capture the sound.\n\nThe song Condor Ave may refer to an avenue of the same name in Homestead, Portland, Oregon.\n\nThe front cover features a photograph of Neil Gust (of Heatmiser) and friend Amy Dalsimer, taken by Gonson. Smith chose the image because he \"liked the way the picture looked as a 'piece of art'\".\n\nRelease \nRoman Candle was released on July 14, 1994.\n\nRoman Candle was reissued on April 6, 2010 by record label Kill Rock Stars. It was remastered by Larry Crane, with the original mixes by Smith remaining intact. On the official press release on Sweetadeline.net, Crane said of the remaster:\n\nThe intention that I had was to make the album more listenable. I felt that a lot of the guitar \"squeaks\" were jarring and very loud, and that many of the hard consonants and \"s\" sounds were jarring and scratchy sounding. I felt by reducing these noises that the music would become more inviting and the sound would serve the songs better. When I went to Roger Seibel's SAE Mastering, he proceeded to equalize the tracks a small amount and to make the volume slightly louder. We never tried to make this CD as loud as current, over-limited trends, but just to match the volume of the rest of Elliott's KRS catalog in a graceful way. Please note that none of this album is \"remixed\" from the master tapes – it is still composed of the mixes Elliott created himself.\n\nReception \n\nAccording to Nugent, the response to Roman Candle was mixed, with some passing it off as being derivative of Simon & Garfunkel, though Roman Candle has since been well received by critics. In its retrospective review, BBC Music opined that the album \"remains a searingly honest and decisive collection. As a genesis of exceptional talent it is flawless, and heartbreakingly so.\" Consequence of Sound'' called the album \"far from a genius effort, but nonetheless an important solo performance pointing towards where his many strengths and few weaknesses as a singer and songwriter were.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n\n Elliott Smith – acoustic guitars, vocals, record producer, electric guitar (\"Roman Candle\", \"Last Call\", \"Kiwi Maddog 20/20\"), harmonica (\"No Name #2\")\n \n Additional personnel\n\n Kid Tulsa (Pete Krebs) – snare and cymbal (\"No Name #1\", \"Kiwi Maddog 20/20\")\n\n Technical\n\n Tony Lash – mixing assistance\n Neil Gust – sleeve design and photography\n JJ Gonson – album cover photography\n Peter Hawkinson – technician\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\n1994 debut albums\nCavity Search Records albums\nElliott Smith albums" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1994: Roman Candle", "Was Roman candle an album?", "His first release, Roman Candle (1994)," ]

[ "Ben James Peters (born Greenville, Mississippi, June 20, 1933; died Nashville, Tennessee, May 25, 2005) was an American country music songwriter who wrote many #1 songs. Charley Pride recorded 68 of his songs and 6 of them went to #1 on the American country charts. Peters was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1980.\n\nPeters was briefly a recording artist himself; his only charting hit was his own composition \"San Francisco is a Lonely Town\", which hit #46 on the country charts in 1969.\n\nNumber One Compositions in America\n\n\"Turn the World Around\" (1967) was a #1 Billboard chart country hit for Eddy Arnold & top 5 Billboard chart AC single.\n\"That's A No, No\" was a 1969 #1 Cashbox chart country hit for Lynn Anderson.\n\"Kiss an Angel Good Mornin'\" was a 1971 #1 Billboard chart country hit for Charley Pride; it also went to #21 on the American pop charts. It won Ben Peters the 1973 Grammy Award for Best Country Song.\n\"It's Gonna Take a Little Bit Longer\" was a 1972 #1 Billboard chart country hit for Charley Pride.\n\"Before the Next Teardrop Falls\" (w/Vivian Keith); first recorded in 1967 by Duane Dee in a version which reached #44 on the Billboard country singles chart early in 1968, the 1975 version by Freddy Fender was a #1 Billboard chart country and a #1 Billboard chart pop hit; it won a Country Music Association Award for Single of the Year in 1975.\n\"Love Put a Song in My Heart\" (1975) was a #1 Billboard chart country hit for Johnny Rodriguez.\n\"A Whole Lotta Things to Sing About\" was a #1 Billboard chart country hit for Charley Pride in 1976.\n\"Daytime Friends\" (1977) was a #1 Billboard chart country hit for Kenny Rogers. Westlife covered this song for a special BBC performance with Tony Brown as producer.\n\"Burgers and Fries\" was a 1978 #1 Billboard chart country hit for Charley Pride.\n\"Before My Time\" was a 1979 #1 Record World chart country hit for John Conlee and also a #1 hit on Canada's RPM'S country chart.\n\"You're So Good When You're Bad\" (1982) was a #1 Billboard chart country hit for Charley Pride.\n\nOther Number One Compositions\n I Want To Wake Up With You as recorded by Reggae singer, Boris Gardiner (1986-1987). This song was #1 in UK for 3 weeks. This song is one of the biggest hits in the history of reggae music.\n\"Living It Down\" went #1 in Canada's country music charts and it went to #2 as a Billboard chart country hit for Freddy Fender in 1976 in America.\n\nNotable Compositions\n\n\"If The Whole World Stopped Lovin'\" was a #3 pop hit in the UK in November 1967 for the Irish singer Val Doonican. It made #2 in Ireland.\n\"If The Whole World Stopped Lovin'\" was a #12 American Billboard chart hit in 1966 pop hit for Roy Drusky.\n\"Misty Memories\" was a Grammy Nominated country chart hit for Brenda Lee in 1971.\n\"I Need Somebody Bad\" was a #11 Billboard country chart hit for Jack Greene in 1973.\n\"Don't Give Up On Me\" was a #3 American Billboard country chart hit for Jerry Wallace in 1973.\n\"It's Time To Cross That Bridge\" was a #13 Billboard chart country hit for Jack Greene in 1973.\n\"I Can't Believe That It's All Over\" was a #13 Billboard chart country hit for Skeeter Davis in 1973.\n\"All Over Me\" was a 1975 #4 Billboard chart country hit in America for Charlie Rich.\n\"Lovin' On\" was a #20 American Billboard chart country hit for T.G. Sheppard in 1977.\n\"Before the Night is Over\" was recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis originally in 1977 and by Jerry Lee and BB King in 2006.\n\"Puttin' In Overtime At Home\" was a 1977 #8 Billboard chart country hit in America for Charlie Rich. It made #3 in Canada.\n\"Lovin' On\" was a #16 American Billboard chart country hit for Bellamy Brothers in 1978.\n\"Tell Me What It's Like\" (1979) was a #8 American Billboard chart Grammy Nominated country hit for Brenda Lee.\n\"Lost My Baby Blues\" was a 1982 top 5 Billboard chart country hit in America for David Frizzell. It made #5 in Canada.\n\"I'm Only a Woman\" recorded by Tammy Wynette.\n\nNotable History Making Albums\n\nPeters had 3 songs, \"The Little Town Square\", \"That's A No No\" and \"Satan Place\" on the million selling The Harper Valley P.T.A. album. This is a pop culture music album by Jeannie C. Riley released in 1968. This is Jeannie C. Riley's biggest album ever. The album was released by Plantation Records, and was very successful. The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard pop album chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard country album chart.\nPeters had 2 songs, \"Mr. Mistletoe\" and \"Soon It Will Be Christmas Day\" on The Christmas Album. This is a holiday music album by country music singer Lynn Anderson released in 1971. This was Lynn Anderson's first Christmas music album. The album was released by Columbia Records, and was very successful. The album reached No. 13 on the \"Billboard 200\" in 1971 (her highest chart position on that chart).\nPeters had 1 song, \"Daytime Friends\" on the 4 million selling 10 Years of Gold album. This is a collection of 10 years of Kenny Rogers hits. The album was released by United Artist, and went No. 1 on the Billboard country album chart in 1977.\nPeters had 1 song, \"Daytime Friends\" on the 4 million selling Kenny Rogers 20 Greatest Hits album. This is a collection of his hits prior to this project released in 1983. The album was released by Liberty Records, and was successful.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican country songwriters\nAmerican male songwriters\nUniversity of Southern Mississippi alumni\n2005 deaths\n1933 births\nMusicians from Greenville, Mississippi\n20th-century American musicians\nSongwriters from Mississippi\n20th-century American male musicians", "\"Close Your Eyes\" is a 1973 hit song recorded by Canadian trio Edward Bear. It was the lead single released from their fourth and final studio album, Close Your Eyes and was the biggest hit from the LP. The song was written by Larry Evoy, and was a sequel to their best-known hit, \"Last Song\".\n\n\"Close Your Eyes\" spent 12 weeks on the U.S. charts, and peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was a major hit in their home nation, where it reached number three. It was a sizeable Adult Contemporary hit in both nations, reaching number 11 in the U.S. and number four in Canada. It was the group's final hit.\n\nThe song was included on their 1984 compilation LP, The Best Of The Bear.\n\nChart performance\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Lyrics of this song\n \n\n1973 songs\n1973 singles\nCapitol Records singles\nCanadian soft rock songs\n1970s ballads\nEdward Bear songs" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1994: Roman Candle", "Was Roman candle an album?", "His first release, Roman Candle (1994),", "Was it a hit", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"" ]

[ "Le Cousin is a 1997 French film directed by Alain Corneau.\n\nPlot \nThe film deals with the relationship of the police and an informant in the drug scene.\n\nAwards and nominations\nLe Cousin was nominated for 5 César Awards but did not win in any category.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1997 films\n1997 crime films\nFilms about drugs\nFilms directed by Alain Corneau\nFrench crime films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films", "The 23rd Fangoria Chainsaw Awards is an award ceremony presented for horror films that were released in 2020. The nominees were announced on January 20, 2021. The film The Invisible Man won five of its five nominations, including Best Wide Release, as well as the write-in poll of Best Kill. Color Out Of Space and Possessor each took two awards. His House did not win any of its seven nominations. The ceremony was exclusively livestreamed for the first time on the SHUDDER horror streaming service.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nReferences\n\nFangoria Chainsaw Awards" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1994: Roman Candle", "Was Roman candle an album?", "His first release, Roman Candle (1994),", "Was it a hit", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"", "Did it win any awards", "I don't know." ]

[ "West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1: Anotha Level of the Game is the first compilation album released by No Limit Records. It was originally released on August 9, 1994, but was later re-released on July 22, 1997. Due to it being a re-release, the album couldn't make it to the Billboard 200 or any other regular charts, but it did make it to #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Catalog Albums. Due to a beef between Master P and King George, Two songs that featured George [Locked Up and Peace 2 Da Streets] were not included on the 1997 re-release.\n\nTrack listing \nWest Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1: Anotha Level of the Game\n\nReferences\n\nHip hop compilation albums\n1994 compilation albums\nNo Limit Records compilation albums\nPriority Records compilation albums\nGangsta rap compilation albums", "World Famous Classics: 1993–1998 is the first of three greatest hits albums by hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released by Sony BMG in 1999 two weeks after the release of The Beatnuts' most commercially successful album, A Musical Massacre. It contains songs from The Beatnuts' first three albums, as well as its two EPs. The album does not feature any exclusive songs. World Famous Classics did not chart upon release, and is currently out of print.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nThe Beatnuts albums\n1999 greatest hits albums" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1994: Roman Candle", "Was Roman candle an album?", "His first release, Roman Candle (1994),", "Was it a hit", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"", "Did it win any awards", "I don't know.", "Did he release any other albums", "The same year, Smith released a split 7\" single with Pete Krebs, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\" as the single's B-side." ]

[ "Sunfill was a soft drink concentrate brand owned by Coca-Cola. Sunfill marked Coca-Cola's entry into the segment and was first launched in 2001 in India. Sunfill too did not do well and was withdrawn from the Indian market in 2004, after it failed to break Rasna's monopoly in the segment. In 2011, Coke announced that Sunfill was being relaunched in India.\n\nReferences\n\nCoca-Cola brands\n2001 in India\nProducts introduced in 2001", "Stripping or bare argument ellipsis is an ellipsis mechanism that elides everything from a clause except one constituent. It occurs exclusively in the non-initial conjuncts of coordinate structures. One prominent analysis of stripping sees it as a particular manifestation of the gapping mechanism, the difference between stripping and gapping lies merely with the number of remnants left behind by ellipsis: gapping leaves two (and sometimes more) constituents behind, whereas stripping leaves just one. Stripping occurs in many languages and is a frequent occurrence in colloquial conversation. As with many other ellipsis mechanisms, stripping challenges theories of syntax in part because the elided material often fails to qualify as a constituent in a straightforward manner.\n\nExamples\nThe following examples illustrate standard cases of stripping. The elided material is indicated using smaller font size and subscripts.\n\nSusan works at night, and Bill works at night too.\nWhy did Sam call, and why did Bill call too?\nShould I do it, or should you do it?\nChris said yesterday that he knew it, and he said today that he knew it too.\nShe asked the kids to stay, and she asked the adults to stay too.\n\nNote the appearance of the additive particle too in these examples. Stripping is often marked by also, as well, or too. Notice also the appearance of the coordinator and or or. The coordinator's appearance marks coordination. Each time, the elided material appears in the non-initial conjunct of the coordinate structure. A trait that stripping shares with gapping is illustrated with the following examples:\n\nShould you call me, or should me call you. - Object pronoun of gapping functioning as subject\nYou are hungry, and me am hungry too. - Object pronoun of stripping functioning as subject\n\nShe did it first, and him did it second. - Object pronoun of gapping functioning as subject\nShe did it, and him did it too. - Object pronoun of stripping functioning as subject\n\nLike gapping, stripping allows the object form of the pronoun (disjunctive pronoun) to function as the subject in the stripped clause. A second trait that stripping shares with gapping is shown with the following examples:\n\nI was helpful this time, and you were helpful last time. - Elided finite verb of gapping does not match antecedent verb.\nI was helpful this time, and you were helpful this time too. - Elided finite verb of stripping does not match antecedent verb.\n\nHe laughs too much, and you laugh too little. - Elided finite verb of gapping does not match antecedent verb.\nHe laughs too much, and you laugh too much too. - Elided finite verb of stripping does not match antecedent verb.\n\nLike the gapped verbs, the stripped verbs in these examples do not match their antecedents in the area of verbal inflection. The fact that gapping and stripping are alike in these respects does indeed suggest that they are one and the same ellipsis mechanism.\n\nNot-stripping\nA particularly frequent type of stripping is not-stripping. The remnant in the stripped clause is introduced by not and the entire sentence functions to correct a mistaken assumption in the preceding context. More often than not, the coordinator is omitted:\n\nSam solved the problem, not Bill solved the problem. - not-stripping\nShe smiled at me first, she smiled not at you first. - not-stripping\nSusan gave me some advice, Susan gave not you some advice. - not-stripping with ambiguity\nSusan gave me some advice, not you gave me some advice. - not-stripping with ambiguity\nHe gave it to Smeagol for his birthday, he gave it not to Deagol for his birthday. - not-stripping\n\nA noteworthy aspect of not-stripping is the position of not. In the full versions of these sentences (i.e. without stripping), not cannot appear in the positions shown. When stripping occurs, the not must immediately precede the one remnant. Given this observation, one might conclude that stripping does not really involve ellipsis at all, but rather something else is going on. This conclusion is undermined by further facts. One of these facts is that the behavior of not is the same in cases of not-gapping:\n\nShe asked him out, not him asked her out. - not-gapping\nSam should read Susan's paper, not Susan should read Sam's. -not-gapping\n\nThese examples of not-gapping suggest two things: that not-stripping, and thus stripping in general, is indeed a particular manifestation of the gapping mechanism and that not-stripping is also indeed ellipsis, since the ellipsis analysis of not-gapping is the only plausible analysis. The aspect of not-stripping that remains mysterious concerns the obligatory position of not before the (first) remnant. One can note in this area that the gapping/stripping mechanism treats the negation in a special way in general. A negation cannot be included in the gapped/stripped material:\n\n *Fred did not ask Susan out, and Susan did not ask Fred out. - Failed attempt to include the negation not in the gapped material\n *Fred did not ask Susan out, and Bill did not ask Susan out too. - Failed attempt to include the negation not in the stripped material\n\nStripping or not?\nLike with gapping, delimiting instances of stripping from \"normal\" instances of coordination, i.e. from instances of coordination that do not involve ellipsis, can be difficult, as the following competing analyses illustrate:\n\n a. Susan watches [Fox news] and [the weather channel]. - Non-stripping analysis\n b. [Susan watches Fox news], and [she watches the weather channel too]. - Stripping analysis\n\n a. I like to read [Kafka] and [Schiller]. - Non-stripping analysis\n b. [I like to read Kafka], and [I like to read Schiller as well]. - Stripping analysis\n\n a. Fred has stopped [complaining] and [obstructing our efforts]. - Non-stripping analysis\n b. [Fred has started complaining], and [Fred has started obstructing our efforts too]. - Stripping analysis\n\nThe brackets mark the extent of the coordinate structures. The distinction between the stripping and non-stripping analyses can be slight. Given a single intonation curve, the non-gapping analysis seems better, but if a pause occurs immediately before the coordinator (as marked by the comma) and an additive particle appears (e.g. too, also, as well), then the stripping analysis becomes more plausible.\n\nThe distinction between the two analyses explains the ambiguity in the sentence Do you want coffee or tea?:\n\n a. Do you want [coffee] or [tea]? - Non-stripping analysis; answer: Yes/No.\n b. [Do you want coffee], or [do you want tea]? - Stripping analysis; answer: Coffee/Tea.\n\nTheoretical analyses\nAs with most ellipsis mechanisms, theoretical accounts of stripping face significant challenges. The greatest challenge is to come up with a coherent explanation of the stripped material. The insight that the remnant of stripping is always a constituent is straightforward. The difficulties arise when one attempts to discern which individual constituents can and cannot be a remnant. For instance, why are the remnants in the following cases disallowed?:\n\n *Larry has read the text, and he has enjoyed it. - Failed attempt at stripping\n *Susan promised to read the page, and she promised to copy it. - Failed attempt at stripping\n *An instructor flubbed the problem, and a student flubbed the problem too. - Failed attempt at stripping\n\nThe remnants in these examples are constituents in constituency grammars (phrase structure grammars), since every individual word is by definition a constituent in constituency grammars. These words are not, however, constituents in dependency grammars, since they dominate other (elided) material. The constituency vs. dependency distinction is therefore one avenue that one might pursue to locate an explanation of such cases. If one chooses a constituency-based grammar, however, then the explanation might draw attention to the distinction between projection levels (see X-bar theory): the remnant must qualify as a maximal projection (as opposed to an intermediate or minimal projection).\n\nAnother avenue to explore for an explanation is to focus on the elided material (as opposed to on the remnant). In most cases, the elided material cannot be characterized as a constituent. It can, however, be characterized as a catena. The following dependency grammar trees illustrate this explanation in terms of catenae. The elided material is indicated with a lighter font shade:\n\nThe elided word combinations form chains (catenae), that is, the elided words are linked together by dependencies in the vertical dimension. The word combinations do you want and he said...that he knew it are catenae. These two examples must be compared to the following two:\n\nThese sentences are bad, and one can explain their badness by acknowledging the status of the elided words as non-catenae; the elided words are not entirely linked together in the vertical dimension. The object pronoun it in the a-tree and the indefinite article an in the b-tree are not linked directly to the other elided material. This observation may explain why these attempts at stripping fail. The elided material should qualify as a catena.\n\nSee also\nCatena (linguistics)\nDependency grammar\nGapping\nPhrase structure grammar\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nCarlson K. 2002. Parallelism and prosody in the processing of ellipsis sentences. New York: Routledge.\nGroß, T. and T. Osborne 2009. Toward a practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. SKY Journal of Linguistics 22, 43-90.\nHankamer, J. and I. Sag 1976. Deep and surface anaphora. Linguistic Inquiry 7, 391-426.\nHudson, R. 1976. Conjunction reduction, gapping, and right-node raising. Language 52, 535-562.\nHudson, R. 1989. Gapping and grammatical relations. Journal of Linguistics 25, 57-94.\nLobeck A. 1995. Ellipsis: Functional heads, licensing, and identification. New York: Oxford University Press.\nO’Grady, W. 1998. The syntax of idioms. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16, 79-312.\nOsborne, T. 2006. Gapping vs. non-gapping coordination. Linguistische Berichte 207, 2006.\nOsborne, T., M. Putnam, and T. Groß 2012. Catenae: Introducing a novel unit of syntactic analysis. Syntax 15, 4, 354-396.\nWilliams, E. 1977. Discourse and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry 9, 101-139.\nZoerner E. and B. Agbayani 2000. Unifying left peripheral deletion, gapping, and pseudogapping. The 36th meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 549-561.\n\nSyntax\nEnglish grammar" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy" ]

[ "Family Guys third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003, before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"The Thin White Line\" and finished with \"Family Guy Viewer Mail #1\". An episode that was not part of the season's original broadcast run, \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\", was included on the DVD release and later shown on both Adult Swim and Fox. The third season of Family Guy continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and Brian, the family dog, who reside in their hometown of Quahog.\n\nThe executive producers for the third production season were Dan Palladino and series creator Seth MacFarlane. The aired season also contained nine episodes which were holdovers from season two, which were produced by MacFarlane and David Zuckerman.\n\nAlthough Family Guy was initially canceled in 2000 due to low ratings, following a last-minute reprieve, the series returned for a third season in 2001. The series was canceled again in 2002; however, high ratings on Adult Swim and high DVD sales renewed Fox's interest in the series. The series returned for a total of 30 new episodes in 2005.\n\nThe episode \"Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" won an Emmy Award for Best Song. Creator MacFarlane, the recipient of the award, noted that the episode's director Dan Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode's win. Povenmire jokingly responded \"That's a nice sentiment and all, but did he offer to give me his? No! And it's not like he doesn't already have two of his own just sitting in his house!\"\n\nProduction\n\nFamily Guy was first canceled in 2000 following the series' second season, but following a last-minute reprieve, it returned for a third season in 2001. In 2002, the series was canceled again after three seasons due to low ratings.\nFox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show, but it was difficult to find networks that were interested; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights, \" basically for free\", according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television Production.\n\nWhen the reruns were shown on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in 2003, Family Guy became Adult Swim's most-watched show with an average 1.9 million viewers an episode. Following Family Guys high ratings on Adult Swim, the first two seasons were released on DVD in April 2003. Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies, becoming the best-selling television DVD of 2003 and the second highest-selling television DVD ever, behind the first season of Comedy Central's Chappelle's Show. The third season DVD release also sold more than a million copies. The show's popularity in both DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox's interest in it. They ordered 35 new episodes in 2004, marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales. Fox president Gail Berman said that it was one of her most difficult decisions to cancel the show, and was therefore happy it would return. The network also began production of a film based on the series.\n\nDan Povenmire, who became a director on Family Guy during the series' second season, took a more prominent role in directing by the third season, having directed five episodes. Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom. Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him \"We've got two minutes to fill. Give me some visual gags. Do whatever you want. I trust you.\" Povenmire praised this management style for letting him \"have [...] fun.\" Povenmire brought realism, and material from his own experiences, to the visual direction of Family Guy. For \"One If by Clam, Two If by Sea\", several characters carried out fosse moves in prison — Povenmire went into the office of a color artist, Cynthia Macintosh, who had been a professional dancer, and had her strike poses in order for him to better illustrate the sequence. In the episode \"To Love and Die in Dixie\" Povenmire drew on his childhood in the deep south to sequence a background scene where the \"redneck\" character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.\n\nReception\nThe episode \"Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" won an Emmy Award for Best Song. Creator MacFarlane, the recipient of the award, noted that the episode's director Dan Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode's win. Povenmire jokingly responded \"That's a nice sentiment and all, but did he offer to give me his? No! And it's not like he doesn't already have two of his own just sitting in his house!\"\n\nThe third season has received positive reviews from critics. In his review for the Family Guy Volume 2 DVD, Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk stated \"Often brilliant, extremely witty and darkly hilarious, Family Guy was unfortunately cancelled after Fox bumped it around six or seven different time slots. Although this third season wasn't as consistent as the first two, it's still hilarious and fans of the show should definitely pick up this terrific set.\"\n\nEpisodes\n\nReferences\nSpecific\n\nGeneral\n\nExternal links\n\n \nFamily Guy seasons\n2001 American television seasons\n2002 American television seasons\n2003 American television seasons", "Daniel Kingsley Povenmire (; born September 18, 1963) is an American animator, writer, director, producer, and voice actor. Povenmire is the co-creator of the Disney animated series Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law with Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh, in which he also voiced the character Heinz Doofenshmirtz in both series. In October 2020, Povenmire announced a new series for Disney Channel titled Hamster & Gretel.\n\nPovenmire grew up in Mobile, Alabama, where he was an art student, and where he spent summers outdoors and making movies. Povenmire attended the University of South Alabama before deciding to pursue a film career and transferring to the University of Southern California.\n\nPovenmire has been a long-time contributor to the animation business, working on several different animated television series such as Hey Arnold!, The Simpsons, Rocko's Modern Life, and SpongeBob SquarePants. He was a longtime director on the prime time series Family Guy, where he was nominated for an Annie Award in 2005. He left the series to create Phineas and Ferb with Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh. Povenmire has been nominated for several awards for his work on the show, including a BAFTA, an Annie, two Emmy Awards. Following the success of Phineas and Ferb, he and Marsh created and produced a second show for Disney titled Milo Murphy's Law, which premiered in 2016. In 2020, the duo made a second Phineas and Ferb film, Candace Against the Universe.\n\nEarly life\n\nPovenmire was born in San Diego, California on September 18, 1963 to Dianne (née Lee, born 1930) and Sanford Earl Povenmire (1921–1965), and grew up in the city of Mobile, Alabama. A child prodigy, he began drawing at age two; by the time he was ten, his work was displayed in local art shows. His first efforts in animation included a series of flip books that he produced in his school text books. As a child, Povenmire considered animator Chuck Jones his hero; in a 2009 interview, he stated that \"every drawing he [Jones] did was beautiful to look at and had so much energy in it\". Hayao Miyazaki was also an early influence.\n\nEducation\n\nPovenmire received his secondary education at Shaw High School in Mobile. Initially, he attended the University of South Alabama, where he created his first popular comic strip, Life is a Fish, devoted to the life of Herman the goldfish and the college students he lives with. Povenmire also supported himself as a waiter and performer at a dinner theater. In 1985, he transferred to the University of Southern California (USC), planning to pursue a career in film.\n\nSoon after arriving at USC, he pitched Life is a Fish to Mark Ordesky, the editor-in-chief of the Daily Trojan, the university newspaper. Ordesky first \"basically brushed [him] off\", but, after viewing Povenmire's portfolio, accepted the strip. Fish ran daily in the paper. Though the rapid pace left Povenmire afraid he was \"running out of ideas\", he never missed a deadline and made $14,000 a year through Fish merchandise, which included T-shirts, books, and calendars sold at the campus craft fair. The discipline of regular production also helped teach Povenmire to \"represent something in the least amount of lines\".\n\nCareer\n\nEarly works\n\nPovenmire left USC without finishing the degree requirements, and used the money from Fish merchandise to fund a short-lived career as a street artist. His first professional animation commission came on the Tommy Chong project Far Out Man, for which Povenmire produced two minutes of animation. By age 24, Povenmire was freelancing on several animated television series, including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In 1989, he appeared in a small role as a band member in Adam Sandler's first film, Going Overboard.\n\nThe Simpsons\nIn the 1990s, Povenmire secured a job as a character layout animator on the hit animated series The Simpsons. His desk placed him opposite Jeffrey Marsh, another up-and-coming animator. They shared similar tastes in humor and music, and later became colleagues on other projects.\n\nPovenmire's experience, from both previous industry work and from his own projects, earned him respect at The Simpsons. He worked on layout animation and collaborated on storyboard production for the series, recalling later that staff were handed pages of production notes and instructed to \"Do the [creative consultant] Brad Bird notes and any others that make sense.\" He maintained a side interest in film, writing scripts and the screenplay for a low-budget horror movie, Psycho Cop 2. The movie's producers offered Povenmire the opportunity to direct the film, but its terms required that he quit The Simpsons. Povenmire chose to stay with The Simpsons, which he enjoyed and considered a better fit with his future ambitions. Rif Coogan ended up directing the picture instead.\n\nRocko's Modern Life\n\nWork on The Simpsons involved an irregular schedule. The producers laid off the animation staff for two-to-three-month periods, and rehired the staff later in the production cycle. During one of these layoffs, Povenmire found a temporary job on the series Rocko's Modern Life, Nickelodeon's first in-house cartoon production. The show's creator, television newcomer Joe Murray, hired Povenmire solely on the strength of his Life is a Fish comic strips, which proved he could both write and draw.\n\nThough Povenmire started on Rocko simply to occupy his downtime from The Simpsons, he found the greater creative freedom he enjoyed on his temporary job compelling, and quit The Simpsons to work on Rocko full-time. There, he reunited with Jeff Marsh, this time as a writing partner; Marsh claimed the crew hoped Povenmire's neatness would offset his own sloppy storyboarding. The pair developed a distinctive style characterized by characteristic musical numbers and chase scenes. Povenmire and Marsh won an Environmental Achievement Award for a 1996 Rocko episode they had written.\n\nFamily Guy\nPovenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode \"Road to Rhode Island\". Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom. Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him \"We've got two minutes to fill. Give me some visual gags. Do whatever you want. I trust you.\" Povenmire praised MacFarlane's management style for letting him \"have [...] fun.\"\n\nPovenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy. For \"One If by Clam, Two If by Sea\" (August 1, 2001), several characters demonstrate Fosse-like moves in prison. To correctly depict the moves, Povenmire asked color artist Cynthia MacIntosh, who had been a professional dancer, to strike poses so he could properly illustrate the sequence. In the episode \"To Love and Die in Dixie\" (November 15, 2001), Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.\n\n\"Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" (January 17, 2002), a Family Guy episode which Povenmire directed, won the Emmy Award for Best Song. Creator MacFarlane, the recipient of the award, noted that Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode's win. Povenmire jokingly responded \"That's a nice sentiment and all, but did he offer to give me his? No! And it's not like he doesn't already have two of his own just sitting in his house!\" Povenmire was nominated for an Annie Award for Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode \"PTV\" (November 6, 2005) but lost out to a fellow Family Guy director, Peter Shin, who had directed the episode \"North by North Quahog\". Povenmire and several others were also nominated for their work on \"PTV\" in the Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) category at the Primetime Emmy Awards. Povenmire also received the same nomination for \"Road to Rhode Island.\"\n\nDuring Family Guys brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants. He also became a writer for the show, writing the season 2 episodes \"Graveyard Shift\", \"The Fry Cook Games\" and \"Sandy, SpongeBob and the Worm\", all of which premiered on Nickelodeon between 2001–2002. He also wrote \"The Campfire Song Song\" for the Season 3 episode \"The Camping Episode\", for which he was also a storyboard director on alongside Jay Lender (April 3, 2004).\n\nPhineas and Ferb\n\nIn 1993, Povenmire and Marsh conceived the series Phineas and Ferb, based on their similar experiences of childhood summers spent outdoors. Povenmire spent 14–16 years pitching Phineas and Ferb to several networks. Most rejected it as unfeasible for the complexity of its plots, but Povenmire persevered, later observing \"It was really the show we wanted to see: if this was on the air, I'd watch it, and I don't always feel that about every show I work on.\" Even the Walt Disney Company initially rejected Povenmire's pitch, but asked to keep the proposal packet: \"Usually that means they throw it in the trash later,\" Povenmire recalled. Eventually Disney called Povenmire back with an acceptance, on the condition that he would produce an 11-minute pilot. He called Marsh, who was living in England, to ask him if he would like to work on the pilot; Marsh accepted immediately and moved back to the United States.\n\nInstead of a conventional script, the pair pitched the pilot by recording reels of its storyboard, which Povenmire then mixed and dubbed to produce action and vocals. The network approved the show for a 26-episode season. As a result, Povenmire left Family Guy to create the series.\n\nPovenmire and Marsh wanted to incorporate into Phineas and Ferb the kind of humor they had developed in their work on Rocko's Modern Life. They included action sequences and, with Disney's encouragement, featured musical numbers in every episode subsequent to \"Flop Starz\". Povenmire described the songs as his and Marsh's \"jab at immortality\", but the pair have earned two Emmy nominations for Phineas and Ferb songs to-date. A third Emmy nomination, for the episode \"The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein\" (2008), pitted the show against SpongeBob SquarePants, although neither nominee received the award due to a technicality. In 2010, Povenmire was nominated amongst several other Phineas and Ferb crew members for the Daytime Emmy Award for both \"Outstanding Writing in Animation\" and \"Outstanding Original Song – Children’s and Animation\" for their work on the show, winning for \"Outstanding Writing in Animation\". In 2021, Povenmire, among other writers, won an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Writing Team for a Daytime Animated Program\" for their film Candace Against the Universe.\n\nThe distinctive style of the animation legend Tex Avery influenced the show's artistic look. Like Avery, Povenmire employed geometric shapes to build both the characters and the background. The style developed almost accidentally, with Povenmire's first sketch of title character, Phineas Flynn, which he produced while eating dinner with his family in a restaurant in South Pasadena, California. He doodled a triangle-shaped child on the butcher paper covering the table. He was so taken with the sketch he tore it out, kept it, and used it as the prototype for Phineas and as the stylistic blueprint for the entire show.\n\nMusical endeavors\nDuring his college years, Povenmire had performed with a band that played at clubs and bars across Los Angeles, California. His current band, Keep Left, releases albums through Arizona University Recordings. Their second CD, Letters from Fielding, became available for download on aurec.com during 2004. They have an official website maintained and updated by artist Larry Stone. A 2004 email exchange about the website between Stone and Povenmire resulted in a \"clever and twisted\" series of comic strips drawn by the two, eventually moved to the website Badmouth.\n\nTikTok \nPovenmire joined TikTok on November 26, 2019. Since then, he has amassed more than 5 million followers and 140 million likes. Povenmire often reacts to and interacts with young artists and creators, giving them advice and encouragement, while also providing behind-the-scenes information and debunking fan theories about his various projects, including Phineas and Ferb, Milo Murphy's Law and more.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilms\n\nAnimation\n\nWeb series\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nWriters from San Diego\nAmerican television directors\nAmerican television writers\nAmerican male television writers\nTelevision producers from California\nShowrunners\nAmerican storyboard artists\nAmerican male voice actors\nMale actors from San Diego\nWriters from Mobile, Alabama\nUniversity of Southern California alumni\nUniversity of South Alabama alumni\nWalt Disney Animation Studios people\nAmerican animated film directors\nScreenwriters from Alabama\nScreenwriters from California\nAnimators from Alabama\nNickelodeon people\nTelevision producers from Alabama" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy." ]

[ "Guy Carpenter is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Andrew Williams. The actor was initially hesitant about joining the show, as he had been about to secure a record contract. He made his first screen appearance on 10 September 1991. A few months later, Williams decided to leave Neighbours as he felt unfulfilled by the role. He also wanted more time to pursue his music career. Guy departed on 27 March 1992. Williams reprised his role for one episode as part of the show's 30th anniversary on 18 March 2015.\n\nGuy was portrayed as a handsome, sporty, ladies' man. Williams said there were aspects of Guy's personality he could relate to, especially their search for \"Miss Right\". Upon his introduction, Guy was estranged from his father, Lou (Tom Oliver). When Lou returned to Erinsborough, he and Guy made their peace with each other. During his time in the show, Guy took steroids, tried dating three women at once and had a brief romance with Gaby Willis (Rachel Blakely). Television critics branded the character a \"heart throb\" and \"a charming rogue\".\n\nCasting\nGuy was one of three \"young and spunky\" characters created as part of a large revamp of the show, which had seen a large decline in ratings and eight other characters written out. Also joining the cast was Rachel Blakely and Scott Michaelson as siblings Gaby Willis and Brad Willis. Producers hoped the new characters would attract younger viewers to the soap. Musician and former model Andrew Williams won the role of Guy. He decided to join the cast of Neighbours after failing to secure a record contract. He almost rejected the role, explaining: \"I was still in music mode and I thought Kylie, Jason, Craig... not me, no way\". \n\nA few months after joining Neighbours, Williams decided to leave. He said the show was not what he was after and wanted to continue pursuing a career in music, which he found he did not have time to do during his time on Neighbours. He added, \"I guess I felt a little bit unfulfilled for that.\" In March 1996, Inside Soaps Jason Herbison reported that Channel 10 were keen on keeping actor Vince Poletto on the network, and were considering casting him as Guy, as Williams was unlikely to return to the serial.\n\nDevelopment\nGuy was given a connection to established character Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver), who was revealed to be his father. The pair were estranged following Lou's divorce from Guy's mother, Kathy Carpenter (Tina Bursill). Guy was introduced as Erinsborough's recreational officer. He arrived alongside his aunt Brenda Riley, played by Genevieve Lemon. The pair co-manage the local coffee shop and have fun romancing their neighbours. Josephine Monroe, author of Neighbours: The First Ten Years, said Guy's \"good looks and way with the cappuccino machine in the Coffee Shop set his female customers' heart aflutter.\" The BBC's official Neighbours website described Guy as being \"a ladies man\" much like his father. They also thought that Guy took steroids to win a race, due to the \"competitive nature\" of his relationship with his father, who often expected too much from him. Williams said there were parts of Guy that he could relate to, especially their sporty sides and that they were both looking for \"Miss Right\".\n\nAhead of the character's arrival on UK screens, Ian Brandes of the Sunday Mirror described Guy as \"a randy Ramsay Street Romeo\" and said he would set his sights on Gaby. Reinforcing his ladies man reputation, Guy tries dating Gaby, Lucy Robinson (Melissa Bell) and Caroline Alessi (Gillian Blakeney) at the same time, however, they soon find out what he is doing. He later becomes close to Gaby and they have a brief romance. Discussing Guy and Gaby's first kiss, Williams told a reporter from BIG! magazine that \"there was nothing in it really – it was just a screen kiss. I knew her real-life husband very well so it was just like kissing a friend's wife.\" Following an argument with her boyfriend Glen Donnelly (Richard Huggett), Gaby runs off with Guy. However, she is not serious about him and she later returns to Glen when he proposes to her. Guy is \"very hurt\" when he learns the news, as he cared a lot for Gaby and wanted her to tell him. Guy is reunited with his father when Lou returns to town, and the two make their peace with each other.\n\nOn 28 November 2014, it was announced that Williams had reprised his role as Guy for Neighbours''' 30th anniversary in March 2015. Guy returned for his niece, Amber's (Jenna Rosenow) wedding day. He arrived at the Turner house ahead of the ceremony and was reunited with his family, including his sister Lauren (Kate Kendall) and his father Lou.\n\nStorylines\nGuy comes to Erinsborough to stay with his aunt, Brenda. However, Brenda tells Guy that he cannot stay with her as the house she is leasing belongs to Harold Bishop (Ian Smith), who does not like Lou and may not want his son staying there. Guy spends a night sleeping on the floor of the Coffee Shop, and after Harold leaves town, Guy moves in with Brenda. Guy begins working at the Coffee Shop, where he flirts with the female customers. Guy arranges dates with Gaby Willis, Lucy Robinson and Caroline Alessi at the same time, but he is soon caught out and forced to apologise to them. Guy befriends Brad Willis (Scott Michaelson) and they train for a cross-country run together. Brad discovers Guy is taking steroids and tries to talk him out of taking them, but Guy tells him to mind his own business. Brad asks his mother, Pam (Sue Jones), a nurse, for advice and she tells Brenda, who confronts Guy. When she threatens to take some of the steroids herself, Guy agrees to give them up. He ends up winning the cross-country run.\n\nWhen Brad's surfboards are stolen, Guy comes under suspicion when his half-coin pendant is found nearby. Gaby confronts Guy, but he assures her he did not take the surfboards. He also explains that the pendant was given to him by a woman he had gone on a date with. She had kept hold of the other half and Brad realises she was involved in the robbery. Guy later recognises the woman as Paige Sneddon (Tracy Callander), Brad's boss and girlfriend. Guy struggles to tell Brad and tries asking Paige out on a date in a bid to get the truth about the robbery out of her. Brad catches Guy and accuses him of trying to steal his girlfriend. Gaby shows an interest in Guy again, but he realises she is only using him to get back at her ex-boyfriend, Glen. However, Guy ends up asking Gaby to dinner and develops strong feelings for her. Glen proposes to Gaby and she accepts, and Guy finds out the news from Pam and is upset that Gaby did not tell him herself.\n\nGuy starts working at the local swimming pool as a recreation officer, but soon clashes with his boss, Sid Butcher (Timothy Bell). After a confrontation with Sid, Guy quits his job. Brenda intervenes and tells Sid that Guy was upset about the death of his dog. Sid offers Guy his job back. Lou arrives in town and he and Guy try to repair their relationship. Lou initially avoids talking about their issues and only shows interest in Guy's sporting achievements. But they manage to sort things out and Lou tells Guy that he loves him. Guy gets a job as a swimming instructor in Broome and he leaves Erinsborough.\n\nIn 2015, Guy returns to Erinsborough for his niece, Amber's wedding. He heads to Number 32 to see his family and he meets his eldest niece Paige Smith (Olympia Valance) for the first time. Guy is also reunited with Brad (now Kip Gamblin). After the wedding is cancelled, he returns home. Lou later learns Guy has moved to Queensland to be closer to Kathy.\n\nReception\nA writer from the BBC said that Guy's most memorable moment was dating three women at the same time. Lisa Anthony from BIG! branded Guy a \"heart throb\". Coral O'Connor of the Daily Mirror agreed with Anthony, and said that while Michaelson was set to be the show's new pin-up, he \"faces competition from handsome Andrew Williams\". Alex Cramb from Inside Soap called the character \"Neighbours nice guy\". TV Week's Elisabeth di Giovanni observed that Guy was a smooth-talker and \"a charming rogue\". Ahead of Guy's return in 2015, an Inside Soap'' columnist commented \"It's about time Guy Carpenter visited dad Lou and sister Lauren!\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGuy Carpenter at BBC Online\n\nNeighbours characters\nTelevision characters introduced in 1991\nFictional waiting staff\nMale characters in television", "Kastriot \"Georges\" Mehdi (1934 in Cannes, France – November 6, 2018 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was a Brazilian judoka of French ascendance, considered one of the most prominent practitioners of judo in Brazil.\n\nBiography\nBorn in Cannes, France, George originally came to Brazil on a vacation in 1949 and did not return. A trained judoka, he went to the jiu-jitsu school of Carlos Gracie, but left it after some time due to differences with the Gracie family. \n\nAccording to Armando Wriedt, in his youth in Brazil, Mehdi \"was lazy and undisciplined\".\n\nArmando describes his reason for going to Japan as such.\n\n″Armando: Yes, so anyway, one day, he did something different. A guy from the police caught his attention. “Hey, who are you?” He punched him and the guy fell to the ground. So, what did the guy do? He called his buddies over.\n\nArmando: All three came over. Who did this here? Get that guy, arrest the guy! They really beat up George, and I don’t even want to talk about it because it’s sad. They told him that if he did it again, you won’t be back, you will be dead. Well, he was scared. So, what did he do?\n\nArmando: He looked for Hermani from judo and said, “Hermani can you . . . So, Hermani suggested, you know what? George, I am going to take you to Japan. I can, because I’ve got friends in Japan and you can spend some time there…\".\n\nLearning under all Japan champion and Kyuzo Mifune trainee Yasuichi Matsumoto, Mehdi trained for five years at the Tenri University in Nara, meeting names like world middleweight champion Isao Okano and the great Masahiko Kimura. He actually had already met Matsumoto in Brazil, where Yasuichi had seen him do judo while on a tour of the world. He provided Mehdi with tuition room and board and spending money for 5 years. Additionally Mehdi trained at the Kodokan and Chuo University. The training in Japan only lasted 6 months as George went to attend his sick mother. Georges spent a total of 10 years in Japan and taught Judo in a high school in Japan, probably the first non Japanese to do so. When he died Mehdi was a 9th dan in Judo.\n\nJudo champion Okano said of Mehdi that \"if you took all the knowledge of all the instructors in this hall [the Olympics], it would not equal the knowledge of Sensei Mehdi\".\n\nCompetition career\nMehdi was referred to as the best judoka in Brazil, whom the Gracie family refused to face in judo competition. This was after the loss of George Gracie to Euclydes Hatem fearing that it might have a bad effect on their growing reputation. Georges Mehdi was challenged by the Gracie family to fight the BJJ practitioner, and Helio's student, Pedro Hemetério, that was nicknamed \"Okra Man\" for his victory over the Judoka Akio Hyoshiara. Georges did not accept the challenge, stating that; \"I don't want to fight Hemetério, because a Judoka is not on equal terms with a Jiu-jitsu fighter. While one is a sport, the other is a real fight.\" He was the Brazilian champ for seven years straight. He competed in the 5th world championships. At the age of 32 he was already a 4th dan in Judo. He received a silver medal and a bronze medal in the Pan American games in 1963 and 1967 respectively.\n\nMehdi was a witness to the Masahiko Kimura vs. Hélio Gracie fight and Helio's subsequent hospitalization, He stated that, unlike what the Gracie side claimed, Kimura was no giant, but about 5'6 and 185 lbs.\n\nTeaching career\nHe trained numerous individuals including Henrique Machado. George's students included Mario Sperry, Rickson Gracie, and Sylvio Behring.\n\nHe was fluent in French, English, Japanese, and Portuguese.\n\nDeath\nSensei Mehdi died November 6, 2018 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aged 84.\n\nReferences\n\n1934 births\n2018 deaths\nFrench male judoka\nJudoka trainers\nMartial arts school founders\nBrazilian male judoka\nPan American Games medalists in judo\nPan American Games silver medalists for Brazil\nPan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil\nJudoka at the 1963 Pan American Games\nJudoka at the 1967 Pan American Games\nMedalists at the 1963 Pan American Games\nMedalists at the 1967 Pan American Games" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.", "What other things did he do when he was working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river." ]

[ "Pete Michels is an American animation director who is the supervising director of Future-Worm! on Disney XD. Prior, he was a supervising director on seasons 1 and 2 of Rick & Morty, an animation and supervising director on Family Guy, and supervising director of the short-lived TV show Kid Notorious. He started working on The Simpsons in 1990 as a background layout artist, and eventually became a director. He has also been a director on Rugrats, Rocko's Modern Life, and Bless the Harts.\n\nMichels grew up in Little Ferry, New Jersey. He attended Ridgefield Park High School and graduated as part of the class of 1983. He graduated from Jersey City State College, where a course in animation sparked further interest and led him to attend a graduate program at the University of California, Los Angeles, which led to his career in animation.\n\nThe Simpsons episodes\nHe has directed the following The Simpsons episodes:\n\"Brother from Another Series\"\n\"The Cartridge Family\"\n\"Das Bus\"\n\"Lost Our Lisa\"\n\"When You Dish Upon a Star\"\n\"Homer to the Max\"\n\"They Saved Lisa's Brain\"\n\"Treehouse of Horror 10\"\n\"Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge\"\n\"Strong Arms of the Ma\"\n\"Brake My Wife, Please\"\n\nFamily Guy episodes\nHe has directed the following Family Guy episodes:\n\"The Kiss Seen Around the World\"\n\"Screwed the Pooch\"\n\"Family Guy Viewer Mail#1\"\n\"Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High\"\n\"Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story\"\n\"Chick Cancer\"\n\"No Chris Left Behind\"\n\"Padre de Familia\"\n\"The Former Life of Brian\"\n\"FOX-y Lady\"\n\"Brian's Got a Brand New Bag\"\n\"Business Guy\"\n\"Quagmire's Dad\"\n\"New Kidney in Town\"\n\"Foreign Affairs\"\n\"Livin' on a Prayer\"\n\"Tea Peter\"\n\"Space Cadet\"\n\"12 and a Half Angry Men\"\n\"Quagmire's Quagmire\"\n\nBless the Harts episodes\n\"Hug N' Bugs\"\n\"Pig Trouble in Little Greenpoint\"\n\"Miracle on Culpepper Slims Boulevard\"\n\"My Best Frenda\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLiving people\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican animators\nAmerican animated film directors\nAmerican television directors\nNew Jersey City University alumni\nPeople from Little Ferry, New Jersey\nRidgefield Park High School alumni\nUniversity of California, Los Angeles alumni", "Guy Carpenter is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Andrew Williams. The actor was initially hesitant about joining the show, as he had been about to secure a record contract. He made his first screen appearance on 10 September 1991. A few months later, Williams decided to leave Neighbours as he felt unfulfilled by the role. He also wanted more time to pursue his music career. Guy departed on 27 March 1992. Williams reprised his role for one episode as part of the show's 30th anniversary on 18 March 2015.\n\nGuy was portrayed as a handsome, sporty, ladies' man. Williams said there were aspects of Guy's personality he could relate to, especially their search for \"Miss Right\". Upon his introduction, Guy was estranged from his father, Lou (Tom Oliver). When Lou returned to Erinsborough, he and Guy made their peace with each other. During his time in the show, Guy took steroids, tried dating three women at once and had a brief romance with Gaby Willis (Rachel Blakely). Television critics branded the character a \"heart throb\" and \"a charming rogue\".\n\nCasting\nGuy was one of three \"young and spunky\" characters created as part of a large revamp of the show, which had seen a large decline in ratings and eight other characters written out. Also joining the cast was Rachel Blakely and Scott Michaelson as siblings Gaby Willis and Brad Willis. Producers hoped the new characters would attract younger viewers to the soap. Musician and former model Andrew Williams won the role of Guy. He decided to join the cast of Neighbours after failing to secure a record contract. He almost rejected the role, explaining: \"I was still in music mode and I thought Kylie, Jason, Craig... not me, no way\". \n\nA few months after joining Neighbours, Williams decided to leave. He said the show was not what he was after and wanted to continue pursuing a career in music, which he found he did not have time to do during his time on Neighbours. He added, \"I guess I felt a little bit unfulfilled for that.\" In March 1996, Inside Soaps Jason Herbison reported that Channel 10 were keen on keeping actor Vince Poletto on the network, and were considering casting him as Guy, as Williams was unlikely to return to the serial.\n\nDevelopment\nGuy was given a connection to established character Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver), who was revealed to be his father. The pair were estranged following Lou's divorce from Guy's mother, Kathy Carpenter (Tina Bursill). Guy was introduced as Erinsborough's recreational officer. He arrived alongside his aunt Brenda Riley, played by Genevieve Lemon. The pair co-manage the local coffee shop and have fun romancing their neighbours. Josephine Monroe, author of Neighbours: The First Ten Years, said Guy's \"good looks and way with the cappuccino machine in the Coffee Shop set his female customers' heart aflutter.\" The BBC's official Neighbours website described Guy as being \"a ladies man\" much like his father. They also thought that Guy took steroids to win a race, due to the \"competitive nature\" of his relationship with his father, who often expected too much from him. Williams said there were parts of Guy that he could relate to, especially their sporty sides and that they were both looking for \"Miss Right\".\n\nAhead of the character's arrival on UK screens, Ian Brandes of the Sunday Mirror described Guy as \"a randy Ramsay Street Romeo\" and said he would set his sights on Gaby. Reinforcing his ladies man reputation, Guy tries dating Gaby, Lucy Robinson (Melissa Bell) and Caroline Alessi (Gillian Blakeney) at the same time, however, they soon find out what he is doing. He later becomes close to Gaby and they have a brief romance. Discussing Guy and Gaby's first kiss, Williams told a reporter from BIG! magazine that \"there was nothing in it really – it was just a screen kiss. I knew her real-life husband very well so it was just like kissing a friend's wife.\" Following an argument with her boyfriend Glen Donnelly (Richard Huggett), Gaby runs off with Guy. However, she is not serious about him and she later returns to Glen when he proposes to her. Guy is \"very hurt\" when he learns the news, as he cared a lot for Gaby and wanted her to tell him. Guy is reunited with his father when Lou returns to town, and the two make their peace with each other.\n\nOn 28 November 2014, it was announced that Williams had reprised his role as Guy for Neighbours''' 30th anniversary in March 2015. Guy returned for his niece, Amber's (Jenna Rosenow) wedding day. He arrived at the Turner house ahead of the ceremony and was reunited with his family, including his sister Lauren (Kate Kendall) and his father Lou.\n\nStorylines\nGuy comes to Erinsborough to stay with his aunt, Brenda. However, Brenda tells Guy that he cannot stay with her as the house she is leasing belongs to Harold Bishop (Ian Smith), who does not like Lou and may not want his son staying there. Guy spends a night sleeping on the floor of the Coffee Shop, and after Harold leaves town, Guy moves in with Brenda. Guy begins working at the Coffee Shop, where he flirts with the female customers. Guy arranges dates with Gaby Willis, Lucy Robinson and Caroline Alessi at the same time, but he is soon caught out and forced to apologise to them. Guy befriends Brad Willis (Scott Michaelson) and they train for a cross-country run together. Brad discovers Guy is taking steroids and tries to talk him out of taking them, but Guy tells him to mind his own business. Brad asks his mother, Pam (Sue Jones), a nurse, for advice and she tells Brenda, who confronts Guy. When she threatens to take some of the steroids herself, Guy agrees to give them up. He ends up winning the cross-country run.\n\nWhen Brad's surfboards are stolen, Guy comes under suspicion when his half-coin pendant is found nearby. Gaby confronts Guy, but he assures her he did not take the surfboards. He also explains that the pendant was given to him by a woman he had gone on a date with. She had kept hold of the other half and Brad realises she was involved in the robbery. Guy later recognises the woman as Paige Sneddon (Tracy Callander), Brad's boss and girlfriend. Guy struggles to tell Brad and tries asking Paige out on a date in a bid to get the truth about the robbery out of her. Brad catches Guy and accuses him of trying to steal his girlfriend. Gaby shows an interest in Guy again, but he realises she is only using him to get back at her ex-boyfriend, Glen. However, Guy ends up asking Gaby to dinner and develops strong feelings for her. Glen proposes to Gaby and she accepts, and Guy finds out the news from Pam and is upset that Gaby did not tell him herself.\n\nGuy starts working at the local swimming pool as a recreation officer, but soon clashes with his boss, Sid Butcher (Timothy Bell). After a confrontation with Sid, Guy quits his job. Brenda intervenes and tells Sid that Guy was upset about the death of his dog. Sid offers Guy his job back. Lou arrives in town and he and Guy try to repair their relationship. Lou initially avoids talking about their issues and only shows interest in Guy's sporting achievements. But they manage to sort things out and Lou tells Guy that he loves him. Guy gets a job as a swimming instructor in Broome and he leaves Erinsborough.\n\nIn 2015, Guy returns to Erinsborough for his niece, Amber's wedding. He heads to Number 32 to see his family and he meets his eldest niece Paige Smith (Olympia Valance) for the first time. Guy is also reunited with Brad (now Kip Gamblin). After the wedding is cancelled, he returns home. Lou later learns Guy has moved to Queensland to be closer to Kathy.\n\nReception\nA writer from the BBC said that Guy's most memorable moment was dating three women at the same time. Lisa Anthony from BIG! branded Guy a \"heart throb\". Coral O'Connor of the Daily Mirror agreed with Anthony, and said that while Michaelson was set to be the show's new pin-up, he \"faces competition from handsome Andrew Williams\". Alex Cramb from Inside Soap called the character \"Neighbours nice guy\". TV Week's Elisabeth di Giovanni observed that Guy was a smooth-talker and \"a charming rogue\". Ahead of Guy's return in 2015, an Inside Soap'' columnist commented \"It's about time Guy Carpenter visited dad Lou and sister Lauren!\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGuy Carpenter at BBC Online\n\nNeighbours characters\nTelevision characters introduced in 1991\nFictional waiting staff\nMale characters in television" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.", "What other things did he do when he was working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.", "When did he stop working on Family Guy?", "During Family Guy's brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants." ]

[ "Christopher Sheridan (born September 19, 1967) is an American television writer, producer, and occasional voice actor. Born in the Philippines, Sheridan grew up in New Hampshire. He attended Gilford High School, where he decided that he wanted to become a writer. After graduating from Union College, he moved back to his home, where he worked at several short-term jobs before relocating to California to start his career. His first job came in 1992 when he was hired as a writer's assistant for the Fox sitcom Shaky Ground. Following that, he was hired as an assistant on Living Single, a Fox sitcom, where he was eventually promoted to writer. He stayed with the show until its cancellation in 1998.\n\nAfter the show was cancelled and Sheridan became unemployed, he began writing for the animated television series Family Guy. Although initially skeptical, he accepted the job as he did not have other options. Sheridan was one of the first writers hired, and has continued to write for the show through its eleventh season. For his work on Family Guy, he has been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards, a British Academy Television Award, and has won a DVD Exclusive Award. Sheridan has also written episodes of Titus and Yes, Dear. He has one daughter.\n\nEarly life\nChristopher Sheridan was born on September 19, 1967, in the Philippines. He grew up in New Hampshire and attended Gilford High School. While there, Sheridan discovered he enjoyed writing, but had not considered a career in it. After graduating from the school in 1985, Sheridan went to Union College, where he majored in English and took every creative writing class available. After he met a person who had written a screenplay, Sheridan decided that he wanted to have a career in screenwriting.\n\nAfter receiving his college degree in 1989, Sheridan returned to his home. He held various jobs, including substitute teaching, bartending, and working in his father's variety store. Sheridan eventually decided that if he wanted to establish a career, he had to relocate, so he moved to California in 1992. Sheridan stayed at a friend's house, and as he did not own a cell phone, he used a payphone located on Sunset Boulevard to call interested employers.\n\nCareer and later life\nIn 1992, Sheridan was hired as an assistant writer for the sitcom Shaky Ground. During his time on the show, he also worked elsewhere as a freelance writer. Following that show's cancellation in 1993, Sheridan was hired as an assistant on the show Living Single, where he wrote four episodes. Sheridan was promoted to writer, and worked on the show until it was cancelled in 1998. Shortly after, Sheridan received a call from his agent, where he was told that the only show with an open spot was Family Guy, which Sheridan did not want to do, thinking that writing for an animated show would end his career.\n\nAfter meeting series creator Seth MacFarlane, Sheridan was hired as one of the series' first writers. The first episode he wrote was \"I Never Met the Dead Man\", the second episode of the first season, which premiered on April 11, 1999. Sheridan also wrote the second season premiere \"Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater.\" He later went on to write the episodes \"I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar\", \"If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin'\", \"He's Too Sexy for His Fat\", and \"Lethal Weapons\".\n\nDue to low ratings, Family Guy was cancelled at the end of its second season. While the show was on hiatus, Sheridan became a writer for the sitcom Titus and also wrote several episodes for the sitcom Yes, Dear. He returned to the show after it was revived for a fourth season, writing \"The Fat Guy Strangler\". Sheridan would later write the episodes \"Peter's Daughter\", \"Peter-assment\" and \"Burning Down the Bayit\". He penned the Road to... episode \"Road to the North Pole\" along with Danny Smith, and wrote the episode \"Save the Clam\". Sheridan continues to write for the show, being the seventeenth season episode \"Dead Dog Walking\". Sheridan also infrequently provides voices for several small characters on the show, such as recurring character James William Bottomtooth III. In 2011, Sheridan wrote a television pilot entitled Lovelives for NBC. It was to star Ryan Hansen. Although a pilot was ordered and filmed, it did not continue.\n\nSheridan has received several nominations for awards for his work on Family Guy. At the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards, Sheridan was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing the song \"We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass.\" He wrote that \"It was a strange experience at the Emmys ... my song was called, 'We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass.' I laughed out loud when the presenter had to list that song as one of the nominations alongside normal songs written by people like Marvin Hamlisch.\" Along with the other producers of the series, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2005 for \"North by North Quahog\" at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards, and again in 2006 for \"PTV\" at the 58th. Also in 2006, Sheridan won a DVD Exclusive Award for writing the \"Stewie B. Goode\" segment of the Family Guy direct to video film Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story. He shared the award with writer Gary Janetti. 2008 saw Sheridan receive another Outstanding Animated Program nomination, for \"Blue Harvest\", at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards. 2008 also saw him receive a nomination for a British Academy Television Award for Best International and in 2009 he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards; both awards were for Family Guy in general.\n\nSheridan splits his time between Los Angeles and Connecticut, and has a daughter. When asked if being a parent affected his style of humor, Sheridan responded that he found himself \"a little less forgiving of pedophile jokes.\"\n\nFilmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1967 births\nLiving people\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican male voice actors\nUnion College (New York) alumni\nFilipino emigrants to the United States\nPeople from Gilford, New Hampshire\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nScreenwriters from Connecticut\nScreenwriters from New Hampshire", "Family Guy Online was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) based on the animated television series Family Guy, developed in a partnership between Canadian studio Roadhouse Interactive and 20th Century Fox. Family Guy Online was free-to-play using the Unity game engine. The game originally launched into public beta on April 17, 2012. On December 21, 2012 the developers announced that the game would not be developed beyond beta status and would be permanently shut down on January 18, 2013. The shutdown took place as announced, and the game is now closed. Until January 18, 2014, the game never left beta and the Family Guy Online website redirected to the Fox website for the show.\n\nGameplay\n\nFamily Guy Online used cel shaded graphics. The game used typical MMORPG character classes such as having Stewie act as a ranger, Peter as a tank, and Lois as a healer. Players would create their own character using the Griffin family as a template. The actual characters from the show are reserved as non-playable characters (NPCs) in the game in order to give the player quests and advance the storyline (pictured). The NPCs in the game were voiced by the same voice actors in the show.\n\nThe game used two types of in-game currency: cash and clams. Clams are earned by completing in-game objectives.\n\nDevelopment\nFamily Guy Online was first revealed by 20th Century Fox through social media and through its official website on June 16, 2011, with initial plans to launch the game in autumn 2011. People wishing to join the beta phase for the game were invited to register on the website, although registration did not guarantee entrance into the beta. The game would use the Unity game engine to run within a user's web browser. IGN's Nick Kolan said that the game's use of cel shaded graphics showed potential for the game, but worried that it \"could also be a total no-effort cash-cow.\"\n\nRather than licensing the rights to create a game based on the television series, Family Guy Online was developed directly by 20th Century Fox, in partnership with Roadhouse Interactive and Sleepy Giant Entertainment. The publisher of the game wanted it to appeal to both casual and hardcore gamers, and to this end chose to make the game using the Unity engine instead of developing it as a game for Facebook.\n\nThe game was launched in 2012 and entered a public beta phase on April 17, 2012, but never moved out of beta. On December 21, 2012, an announcement posted on the Family Guy Online website stated that the game would be permanently closed on January 18, 2013. Real-money purchases that players had made within the 60 days prior to the announcement would be refunded to them.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n - Archived on December 25, 2012\n\nBrowser games\nMassively multiplayer online games\nInactive massively multiplayer online games\nVideo games based on Family Guy\n2012 video games\nProducts and services discontinued in 2013\nFree-to-play video games\nVideo games developed in Canada\nVideo games set in Rhode Island" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.", "What other things did he do when he was working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.", "When did he stop working on Family Guy?", "During Family Guy's brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants.", "Did he write the storyline for Family Guy?", "Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" (January 17, 2002), a Family Guy episode which Povenmire directed, won the Emmy Award for Best Song." ]

[ "Christopher Sheridan (born September 19, 1967) is an American television writer, producer, and occasional voice actor. Born in the Philippines, Sheridan grew up in New Hampshire. He attended Gilford High School, where he decided that he wanted to become a writer. After graduating from Union College, he moved back to his home, where he worked at several short-term jobs before relocating to California to start his career. His first job came in 1992 when he was hired as a writer's assistant for the Fox sitcom Shaky Ground. Following that, he was hired as an assistant on Living Single, a Fox sitcom, where he was eventually promoted to writer. He stayed with the show until its cancellation in 1998.\n\nAfter the show was cancelled and Sheridan became unemployed, he began writing for the animated television series Family Guy. Although initially skeptical, he accepted the job as he did not have other options. Sheridan was one of the first writers hired, and has continued to write for the show through its eleventh season. For his work on Family Guy, he has been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards, a British Academy Television Award, and has won a DVD Exclusive Award. Sheridan has also written episodes of Titus and Yes, Dear. He has one daughter.\n\nEarly life\nChristopher Sheridan was born on September 19, 1967, in the Philippines. He grew up in New Hampshire and attended Gilford High School. While there, Sheridan discovered he enjoyed writing, but had not considered a career in it. After graduating from the school in 1985, Sheridan went to Union College, where he majored in English and took every creative writing class available. After he met a person who had written a screenplay, Sheridan decided that he wanted to have a career in screenwriting.\n\nAfter receiving his college degree in 1989, Sheridan returned to his home. He held various jobs, including substitute teaching, bartending, and working in his father's variety store. Sheridan eventually decided that if he wanted to establish a career, he had to relocate, so he moved to California in 1992. Sheridan stayed at a friend's house, and as he did not own a cell phone, he used a payphone located on Sunset Boulevard to call interested employers.\n\nCareer and later life\nIn 1992, Sheridan was hired as an assistant writer for the sitcom Shaky Ground. During his time on the show, he also worked elsewhere as a freelance writer. Following that show's cancellation in 1993, Sheridan was hired as an assistant on the show Living Single, where he wrote four episodes. Sheridan was promoted to writer, and worked on the show until it was cancelled in 1998. Shortly after, Sheridan received a call from his agent, where he was told that the only show with an open spot was Family Guy, which Sheridan did not want to do, thinking that writing for an animated show would end his career.\n\nAfter meeting series creator Seth MacFarlane, Sheridan was hired as one of the series' first writers. The first episode he wrote was \"I Never Met the Dead Man\", the second episode of the first season, which premiered on April 11, 1999. Sheridan also wrote the second season premiere \"Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater.\" He later went on to write the episodes \"I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar\", \"If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin'\", \"He's Too Sexy for His Fat\", and \"Lethal Weapons\".\n\nDue to low ratings, Family Guy was cancelled at the end of its second season. While the show was on hiatus, Sheridan became a writer for the sitcom Titus and also wrote several episodes for the sitcom Yes, Dear. He returned to the show after it was revived for a fourth season, writing \"The Fat Guy Strangler\". Sheridan would later write the episodes \"Peter's Daughter\", \"Peter-assment\" and \"Burning Down the Bayit\". He penned the Road to... episode \"Road to the North Pole\" along with Danny Smith, and wrote the episode \"Save the Clam\". Sheridan continues to write for the show, being the seventeenth season episode \"Dead Dog Walking\". Sheridan also infrequently provides voices for several small characters on the show, such as recurring character James William Bottomtooth III. In 2011, Sheridan wrote a television pilot entitled Lovelives for NBC. It was to star Ryan Hansen. Although a pilot was ordered and filmed, it did not continue.\n\nSheridan has received several nominations for awards for his work on Family Guy. At the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards, Sheridan was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing the song \"We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass.\" He wrote that \"It was a strange experience at the Emmys ... my song was called, 'We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass.' I laughed out loud when the presenter had to list that song as one of the nominations alongside normal songs written by people like Marvin Hamlisch.\" Along with the other producers of the series, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2005 for \"North by North Quahog\" at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards, and again in 2006 for \"PTV\" at the 58th. Also in 2006, Sheridan won a DVD Exclusive Award for writing the \"Stewie B. Goode\" segment of the Family Guy direct to video film Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story. He shared the award with writer Gary Janetti. 2008 saw Sheridan receive another Outstanding Animated Program nomination, for \"Blue Harvest\", at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards. 2008 also saw him receive a nomination for a British Academy Television Award for Best International and in 2009 he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards; both awards were for Family Guy in general.\n\nSheridan splits his time between Los Angeles and Connecticut, and has a daughter. When asked if being a parent affected his style of humor, Sheridan responded that he found himself \"a little less forgiving of pedophile jokes.\"\n\nFilmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1967 births\nLiving people\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican male voice actors\nUnion College (New York) alumni\nFilipino emigrants to the United States\nPeople from Gilford, New Hampshire\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nScreenwriters from Connecticut\nScreenwriters from New Hampshire", "Guy Singh-Watson (born Guy Watson, 1960) is a British farmer and founder and creator of Riverford, an organic farm and UK-wide organic vegetable box delivery company.\n\nBiography\nSingh-Watson was born in Totnes. He was brought up on Riverford Farm, in Buckfastleigh, Devon, which was taken over by his family in the 1950s. After studying Agricultural and Forestry Science at the University of Oxford he became a management consultant, but left after working in New York City for a while.\n\nIn 1986 Singh-Watson returned to the farm, deciding to convert it to farming organically. In the 1990s, to find an effective way of distributing his produce, he developed the weekly vegetable box scheme, which is delivered direct to customers' doors with locally grown produce. In 2015 the Riverford business was valued at £45 million. In June 2018 it was announced that Riverford would transition to employee ownership, with 74% of the business being held in a trust overseen by a board.\n\nSingh-Watson lectures on ethical business and is a judge for the Observer Ethical Awards and his leadership has seen five previous Observer awards including Best Ethical Business and Best Ethical Restaurant in 2009.\n\nSingh-Watson married Geetie Singh in 2014. He is a keen surfboarder. In July 2018 he was interviewed on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs programme.\n\nIn 2018 Singh-Watson sold 76% of Riverford Organic Farmers to the trustee of an employee ownership trust.\n\nPublications\nRiverford Farm Cook Book: Tales from the Fields, Recipes from the Kitchen (2008) Singh-Watson, G. and Baxter, J.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Triodos Bank: interview with Guy Watson October 2011\n About Guy Singh-Watson - Riverford Organic Farmers\n Guy Singh-Watson interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, 1 July 2018\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of the University of Oxford\nBritish farmers\nPeople from Buckfastleigh\nPeople from Totnes" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.", "What other things did he do when he was working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.", "When did he stop working on Family Guy?", "During Family Guy's brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants.", "Did he write the storyline for Family Guy?", "Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" (January 17, 2002), a Family Guy episode which Povenmire directed, won the Emmy Award for Best Song.", "Did he win any other awards while working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire was nominated for an Annie Award for Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode \"PTV\" (" ]

[ "In philosophy, further facts are facts that do not follow logically from the physical facts of the world. Reductionists who argue that at bottom there is nothing more than the physical facts thus argue against the existence of further facts. The concept of further facts plays a key role in some of the major works in analytic philosophy of the late 20th century, including in Derek Parfit's Reasons and Persons, and David Chalmers's The Conscious Mind.\n\nOne context in which the existence of further facts is debated is that of personal identity across time: in what sense is Alice today really the same person as Alice yesterday, given that across the two days the state of her brain is different and the atoms that constitute her are different? One may believe that at bottom, there is nothing more than the atoms and their arrangement at different points in time; while we may for practical purposes come up with some notion of sameness of a person, this notion does not reflect anything deeper about reality. Under this view there would be no further facts. Alternatively, one may believe that there is a deeper sense in which Alice yesterday and Alice today really are the same person. For example, if one believes in Cartesian souls, one may believe that Alice yesterday and Alice today are the same person if and only if they correspond to the same soul. Or one may not believe in Cartesian souls, but yet believe that whether Alice yesterday and Alice today are the same person is a question about something other than facts about which atoms constitute them and how they are arranged. These would both be further-fact views.\n\nThe debate about further facts about personal identity over time is most closely associated with Derek Parfit. In his Reasons and Persons, he describes the non-reductionist's view that \"personal identity is a deep further fact, distinct from physical and psychological continuity\". Parfit takes a reductionist stance and argues against this further-fact view. As a result it is not clear whether a person has any reason to be worried about his or her future self in a special way that does not also apply to worrying about others, with Parfit arguing that it is plausible that \"only the deep further fact gives me a reason to be specially concerned about my future\" (his so-called \"Extreme Claim\"). Sydney Shoemaker objects that it is not clear how a further fact would give a reason for such special concerns, either. Harold Langsam has attempted to give a positive account of how a further fact would give such a reason.\n\nDavid Chalmers lists a number of other types of candidates for further facts. One is facts about conscious experience. For example, it is difficult to see how it follows from the physical facts what it is like to experience seeing red; indeed, inverted spectrum scenarios, where we imagine that experiences of colors are swapped without anything else changing, might suggest that things could have been different without the physical facts changing. Another candidate for a further fact is the fact that there is any conscious experience at all, rather than everyone being a philosophical zombie. Christopher Hill and Brian Mclaughlin have argued against the idea that facts about consciousness are further facts, disputing the logical possibility of a world physically identical to ours in which the facts about consciousness are different.\n\nChalmers also considers facts about indexicality. He cites the fact that \"I am David Chalmers\", noting that its significance seems to go beyond the tautology that David Chalmers is David Chalmers. (See also Caspar Hare's egocentric presentism and Benj Hellie's vertiginous question.) Similarly, in the philosophy of time, what date and time it is now might be considered a candidate for a further fact, in the sense that a being that knows everything about the full four-dimensional block of spacetime would still not know what time it is now. (See also the A-theory and the B-theory of time.)\n\nA final type of fact that Chalmers considers is that of negative facts. For example, consider the following statement: there do not exist nonphysical angels. If in fact true, it does not seem that this logically follows from any of the physical facts by themselves; but, he argues, it would follow if one added a \"That is all\" statement at the end of the list of all the physical facts.\n\nSee also\n Benj Hellie's vertiginous question\n B-theory of time\n Centered world\n Consciousness\n Personal identity\n Simulation hypothesis\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Conitzer, Vincent. A Puzzle about Further Facts. Open access version of article in Erkenntnis.\n\nEpistemological theories\nMetaphysics of mind\nPhilosophy of time\nTheory of mind\nConceptions of self\nIdentity (philosophy)\nThought experiments in philosophy", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Dan Povenmire", "Family Guy", "When did Dan Povenmire start drawing Family Guy?", "Povenmire later became a director on Family Guy, starting with the season two episode, \"Road to Rhode Island", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy.", "What other things did he do when he was working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire drew on his childhood in the Deep South to create and sequence a background scene in which the redneck character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river.", "When did he stop working on Family Guy?", "During Family Guy's brief cancellation, Povenmire was offered a job as storyboard director of the series SpongeBob SquarePants.", "Did he write the storyline for Family Guy?", "Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" (January 17, 2002), a Family Guy episode which Povenmire directed, won the Emmy Award for Best Song.", "Did he win any other awards while working on Family Guy?", "Povenmire was nominated for an Annie Award for Directing in an Animated Television Production for the episode \"PTV\" (", "Is there anything in this article that has any interesting facts about it?", "Povenmire brought realism and material from his own experiences to the visual direction of Family Guy." ]

[ "Henry Wellesley Wild (born April 27, 1972) is an American screenwriter, producer, and voice actor. He is best known for writing and producing several episodes of the animated series Family Guy. He was a former executive producer and an occasional voice actor for the show.\n\nWild attended Westminster School, a Founders League prep school located in Simsbury, Connecticut. Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also attended another Founders League school, the Kent School in Kent, Connecticut. Wild also wrote for The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn during the show's first year.\n\nCareer\nWild joined Family Guy in 2005, and has since written and produced multiple episodes, including:\n\"Petarded\"\n\"PTV\"\n\"Petergeist\"\n\"Untitled Griffin Family History\"\n\"Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure\"\n\"Chick Cancer\"\n\"Barely Legal\"\n\"Road to Rupert\"\n\"Airport '07\"\n\"McStroke\"\n\"Long John Peter\"\n\"Tales of a Third Grade Nothing\"\n\"Family Gay\"\n\"Peter's Progress\"\n\"Road to the Multiverse\"\n\"Welcome Back, Carter\"\n\"Seahorse Seashell Party\"\n\"Internal Affairs\"\n\"Call Girl\"\n\"Boopa-dee Bappa-dee\"\n\"Trans-Fat\"\n\nIn August 2010 Wild and his writing partner Alec Sulkin signed a three-year pact with 20th Century Fox TV. The two will continue working on Family Guy and will develop their own television series. Discussing whether the new series would be a live action or an animation, Wild said, \"We've been throwing around both ideas.\" Their joint production, Dads premiered on September 17, 2013.\n\nHe co-wrote the 2012 film Ted with Sulkin and MacFarlane, and also wrote the 2014 film A Million Ways to Die in the West and Ted 2 (2015). He served as co-executive producer along with MacFarlane for MacFarlane's show, The Orville. Wild is also the showrunner for the revival of Animaniacs, which premiered on Hulu in 2020.\n\nThrough his English paternal grandfather Wellesley is a descendant of both Edward I (Longshanks) King of England (1272-1307) and Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess, brother of Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington.\n\nWild is also related to former CIA Director Porter Goss.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nTelevision producers from New York City\nAmerican television writers\nAmerican male television writers\nLiving people\nWestminster School (Connecticut) alumni\nWriters from New York City\n1972 births\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nScreenwriters from Connecticut\nConnecticut College alumni", "Jules Fisher (born November 12, 1937) is an American lighting designer and producer. He is credited with lighting designs for more than 300 productions over the course of his 50-year career in Broadway and off-Broadway shows, as well extensive work in film, ballet, opera, television, and rock and roll concert tours. He has been nominated 20 times for Tony Awards (as a lighting designer) and won nine Tony awards for Lighting Design, more than any other lighting designer.\n\nBiography \nFisher was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, the son of Anne (Davidson) and Abraham Fisher, a retailer. He is a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology. He is married to choreographer-director Graciela Daniele. He has been in a professional partnership with lighting designer Peggy Eisenhauer since 1985, and they formed Third Eye Ltd, a firm specializing in entertainment and theatre lighting. He is also a principal in the theatre consulting firm Fisher Dachs Associates, architectural lighting firm Fisher Marantz Stone, and teaches at The New School. Fisher was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts degree from Carnegie Mellon University in May 2013.\n\nStage work (selected)\n Anyone Can Whistle (1964)\n High Spirits (1964)\n The Subject Was Roses (1964)\n Do I Hear a Waltz? (1965)\n You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running (1967)\n The Man in the Glass Booth (1968)\n The Only Game in Town (1968)\n Hair (1968, revival 1977)\n Jesus Christ Superstar (1971)\n Soon (1971)\n Pippin (1972)\n The Iceman Cometh (1973)\n Liza (Special) (1974)\n Chicago (1975)\n Beatlemania (1977)\n La Cage aux Folles (1983)\n\nwith Peggy Eisenhauer\n Song and Dance (1985)\n Rags (1986)\n Legs Diamond (1988)\n Ragtime (1998)\n Gypsy (2003)\n School of Rock (2003)\n Assassins (2004)\n The Ritz (2007)\n 9 to 5 (2008)\n Lucky Guy (2013)\n Once on this Island (2017)\n Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus (2019)\n\nConcert work\nFisher has worked with many popular musicians on their concerts and tours including:\n The Rolling Stones\n KISS\n David Bowie\n Parliament-Funkadelic\n The Who's Tommy\n Crosby, Stills and Nash\n Whitney Houston\n Simon & Garfunkel\n Barbra Streisand\n\nFilm lighting\nFisher has designed theatrical lighting for many film features. Designs include:\n A Star is Born (1976)\n The Rose (1979)\n Can't Stop the Music (1980)\n Chicago (2002)\n The Producers (2005)\n Dreamgirls (2006)\n Enchanted (2007)\n Burlesque (2010)\n\nFisher can be seen as himself lighting a show in Bob Fosse's All That Jazz (1979).\n\nTony Award wins \nfor Best Lighting Design:\n1973 Pippin\n1974 Ulysses in Nighttown\n1978 Dancin'\n1990 Grand Hotel\n1991 The Will Rogers Follies\n1992 Jelly's Last Jam\n1996 Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n2004 Assassins (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n2013 Lucky Guy (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n\nTony Award nominations \nfor Best Lighting Design:\n1972 Jesus Christ Superstar\n1976 Chicago\n1978 Beatlemania\n1978 Dancin' (Best Musical, as producer)\n1984 La Cage aux Folles\n1986 Song & Dance\n1993 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches\n1994 Angels in America: Perestroika\n1998 Ragtime (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n2000 Marie Christine and The Wild Party (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n2018 Once on this Island (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n2019 Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus (shared with partner Peggy Eisenhauer)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer papers and designs, 1960-2007, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts\n Hair Original Broadway production complete lighting paperwork, light plot, hookup, shop order, focus charts, magic sheets and production notes at the New York Public Library Theatrical Lighting Database\n\n1937 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Norristown, Pennsylvania\nAmerican lighting designers\nTony Award winners\nDrama Desk Award winners\nCarnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career" ]

[ "Grow Up may refer to:\nAdvance in age\nProgress toward psychological maturity\nGrow Up (book), a 2007 book by Keith Allen\nGrow Up (video game), 2016 video game\n\nMusic\nGrow Up (Desperate Journalist album), 2017\nGrow Up (The Queers album), 1990\nGrow Up (Svoy album), 2011\nGrow Up, a 2015 EP by HALO\n\"Grow Up\" (Olly Murs song)\n\"Grow Up\" (Paramore song)\n\"Grow Up\" (Simple Plan song)\n\"Grow Up\", a song by Rockwell\n\"Grow Up\", a song from the Bratz album Rock Angelz\n\"Grow Up\", a song by Cher Lloyd from Sticks and Stones\n\nSee also\nGrowing Up (disambiguation)\nGrow Up, Tony Phillips, a 2013 film by Emily Hagins", "\"When I Grow Up\" is the second single from Swedish recording artist Fever Ray's self-titled debut album, Fever Ray (2009).\n\nCritical reception\nPitchfork Media placed \"When I Grow Up\" at number 36 on the website's list of The Top 100 Tracks of 2009.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"When I Grow Up\" was directed by Martin de Thurah. He said of the video's visual statement:\n\n\"That initial idea was something about something coming out of water—something which was about to take form – a state turning into something new. And a double headed creature not deciding which to turn. But the idea had to take a simpler form, to let the song grow by itself. I remembered a photo I took in Croatia two years ago, a swimming pool with its shining blue color in a grey foggy autumn landscape.\"\n\nThe video premiered on Fever Ray's YouTube channel on 19 February 2009. It has received over 12 million views as of March 2016.\n\n\"When I Grow Up\" was placed at number three on Spins list of The 20 Best Videos of 2009.\n\nTrack listings\niTunes single\n\"When I Grow Up\" – 4:31\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Håkan Lidbo's Encephalitis Remix) – 5:59\n\"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik) – 4:28\n\"Memories from When I Grew Up (Remembered by The Subliminal Kid)\" – 16:41\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Van Rivers Dark Sails on the Horizon Mix) – 9:16\n\"When I Grow Up\" (We Grow Apart Vocal Version by Pär Grindvik) – 6:02\n\"When I Grow Up\" (We Grow Apart Inspiration - Take 2 - By Pär Grindvik) – 7:59\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Scuba's High Up Mix) – 6:17\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Scuba's Straight Down Mix) – 5:54\n\"When I Grow Up\" (Video) – 4:04\n\nSwedish 12\" single \nA1. \"When I Grow Up\" (Van Rivers Dark Sails on the Horizon Mix) – 9:10\nA2. \"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik) – 4:28\nB1. \"Memories from When I Grew Up (Remembered by The Subliminal Kid)\" – 16:41\n\nUK promo CD single \n\"When I Grow Up\" (Edit) – 3:42\n\"When I Grow Up\" (D. Lissvik Radio Edit) – 3:19\n\nNominations\n\nAppearances in other media\nThe song was used as part of the soundtrack for the video game Pro Evolution Soccer 2011.\n\nReferences\n\n2009 singles\n2009 songs\nFever Ray songs\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career", "Where did he grow up", "He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California." ]

[ "The Extraordinary Tale of Nicholas Pierce is a 2011 adventure novel written by Alexander DeLuca. It follows the journey of a university teacher Nicholas Pierce, who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder as he searches for his biological parents, traveling across states in the United States of America. He travels with a friend, who is an eccentric barista in a cafe in upstate New York, named Sergei Tarasov.\n\nPlot\nNicholas Pierce suffers from OCD. He is also missing the memory of the first five years of his life. Raised by adoptive parents, one day he receives a mysterious box from an \"Uncle Nathan\". Curious, he sets off on a journey to find his biological parents with a Russian friend, Sergei Tarasov. On the trip, they meet several people, face money problems and different challenges. They also pick up a hitchhiker, Jessica, who later turns out to be a criminal.\n\nFinally, Nicholas finds his grandparents, who direct him to his biological parents. When he meets them, he finds out that his vaguely registered biological 'parents' were actually neighbors of his real parents who had died in an accident. The mysterious box that he had received is destroyed. He finds out that it contained photographs from his early life.\n\n2011 American novels\nNovels about obsessive–compulsive disorder", "Bomba and the Jungle Girl is a 1952 adventure film directed by Ford Beebe and starring Johnny Sheffield. It is the eighth film (of 12) in the Bomba, the Jungle Boy film series.\n\nPlot\nBomba decides to find out who his parents were. He starts with Cody Casson's diary and follows the trail to a native village. An ancient blind woman tells him his parents, along the village's true ruler, were murdered by the current chieftain and his daughter. With the aid of an inspector and his daughter, Bomba battles the usurpers in the cave where his parents were buried.\n\nCast\nJohnny Sheffield\nKaren Sharpe\nWalter Sande\nSuzette Harbin\nMartin Wilkins\nMorris Buchanan\nLeonard Mudie\nDon Blackman.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1952 films\nAmerican films\nAmerican adventure films\nFilms directed by Ford Beebe\nFilms produced by Walter Mirisch\nMonogram Pictures films\n1952 adventure films\nAmerican black-and-white films" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career", "Where did he grow up", "He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California.", "Who were his parents", "Chandler was born to Frank Chandler and Vernie Threadgill," ]

[ "Kayin Maunghnama (; ) are two traditional Karen nats, named San Sae Phoe and Naw Mu Phan, who are believed to live in Mount Zwegabin, Hpa-An, Kayin State.\n\nLegend\nAccording to local legends, a Karen man Saw Phar Thant and his wife Naw Phaw Ya had two children named San Sae Phoe and Naw Mu Phan. After years of saving and honestly collecting all the hard-earned money, he needed to initiate his son into the Buddhist order and to make a big donation. While he was working in the farm, he died after being bitten by a tiger due to bad luck. After the death of Saw Phar Thant, Naw Phaw Ya was left a widow with two children. And then she remarried with Saw Phar Pug, a widower from the same village. At that time, two innocent siblings, San Sae Po and Naw Mu Phan, were full of fear and anxiety. Anxiety and pain overwhelmed them. The quiet little house was full of swearing and shouting. The two siblings burst into tears under the angry and violent insults of their stepfather. \n\nOne day, the stepfather took two siblings to the farm and pushed them down a steep cliff on the way to the farm and returned home alone. Two brothers and sisters fell from the mountain and prayed for Zwegabin Pagoda to be saved so they survived by lying on a bamboo tree under the cliff without dying. The two siblings returned to their mother in almost dawn and told her all about it. Their mother, Naw Phaw Ya was sad and cried. However, when it was not possible to bring the two children back home, she hid them in a forest cave on Mount Zwegabin to keep them safe. The two siblings did not dare go far from the forest cave that their mother left behind. Everywhere they looked in the forest was dark. It was a place they had never been to before, where they could only hear the sounds of wild animals. The younger sister did not know anything so the elder brother had to take care of her. One day morning two siblings made a campfire in the cold weather and a weizza-hermit came to them and greets two siblings. And then he was given three golden pills and forced to go down into the fire, transforming into a young man and a young woman. The two siblings gained the power of influence. They took care Pagoda as promised to hermit, Work diligently for the sake of the Dhamma and all those who believe in the Dhamma and all those who come to the Mount Zwegabin to pray the Pagoda that you will be took care of them, two siblings. \n\nThe Kayin Maunghnama shrine was built about 50 years ago by Sayadaw U Kay Tu of Naung Ein Saing at the foot of Mount Zwegabin. Zwegabin Sayadaw U Kawidaza was also a pilgrimage resort. The Lumbini Garden has also been remodeled to make it more memorable.\n\nReferences\n\nBurmese nats\nBurmese goddesses", "(1548 – September 19, 1603) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku through early Edo period. He is believed to have been the illegitimate son of Matsudaira Hirotada of Okazaki, and therefore the half-brother of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He known as Matsudaira Saburo Goro Iemoto.\n\nFamily\n Father: Matsudaira Hirotada\n Half-siblings:\n Tokugawa Ieyasu\n Naito Nobunari\n Matsudaira Tadamasa (1544-1591)\n Shooko Eike\n Matsudaira Chikayoshi\n Natural Siblings:\nIchibahime (d.1593) married Arakawa Yoshihiro\n Yadahime married Matsudaira Yasutada\n\n1548 births\n1603 deaths\nSamurai" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career", "Where did he grow up", "He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California.", "Who were his parents", "Chandler was born to Frank Chandler and Vernie Threadgill,", "Did he have siblings", "I don't know." ]

[ "Ronald Haigler (born 1953) is an American former basketball player and current high school basketball coach. He is best known for his collegiate career at the University of Pennsylvania between 1972–73 and 1974–75. A 6'8\" power forward, Haigler helped guide the Quakers to several consecutive Ivy League titles as well as setting numerous offensive statistical records at Penn. He was named the first ever Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year as a senior and was twice named the Philadelphia Big 5 Player of the Year.\n\nAfter college, he was chosen as the 68th overall pick in the 1975 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls. He was also chosen in the 1975 ABA Draft by the Memphis Sounds as the 23rd overall pick, but Haigler ultimately did not play in either league. He did play for seven seasons in the Turkish Basketball League for Eczacıbaşı (1978 to 1984) and Efes Pilsen (1984–85). As of 2016, he coaches high school girls basketball in Strawberry Mansion, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTurkish League profile\n\n1953 births\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in Turkey\nAmerican men's basketball players\nAnadolu Efes S.K. players\nBasketball coaches from New York (state)\nBasketball players from New York City\nChicago Bulls draft picks\nHigh school basketball coaches in the United States\nJames Madison High School (Brooklyn) alumni\nMemphis Sounds draft picks\nPenn Quakers men's basketball players\nPower forwards (basketball)\nSportspeople from Brooklyn", "Tom Dore is a retired American basketball player and former Comcast SportsNet play-by-play announcer for the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls.\n\nA native of Northlake, Illinois, the 7'2\" (218 cm) Dore played basketball at East Leyden High School in Franklin Park, Illinois, where he was an All-America honoree during the mid-1970s. Dore then played at the University of Missouri, where he appeared in two NCAA Tournaments and became the school's all-time leader in tournament blocked shots. Afterwards, he played professionally in France and New Zealand before turning to a broadcasting career. During the 1980s and early 1990s, he did color commentary and play-by-play work for The University of Texas, Southern Methodist University and the University of Missouri sports events on the radio.\n\nDore joined the Chicago Bulls broadcasting crew in 1991. The trio of 7'2\" (218 cm) Dore, 6'9\" (206 cm) color commentator Johnny \"Red\" Kerr, and 6'11\" (211 cm) color commentator Stacey King arguably formed one of the tallest broadcasting crews in sports history.\n\nOn May 6, 2008, Dore was let go by the Chicago Bulls and replaced by Neil Funk, the former Bulls radio play-by-play man. Along with Dore leaving, the Bulls' WGN-TV play-by-play man Wayne Larrivee was also let go. Johnny \"Red\" Kerr, who did all games on Comcast SportsNet and WGN, had his role reduced, working only pre-game and half-time shows for home games.\n\nDore was also the radio voice of the Arena Football League's Chicago Rush. For two of those seasons his color man was former sports-radio \"shock-jock\" Mike North.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nProfile at bulls.com\n\nLiving people\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in France\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in New Zealand\nNational Basketball Association broadcasters\nArena football announcers\nBasketball players from Illinois\nCenters (basketball)\nChicago Bulls announcers\nCollege basketball announcers in the United States\nCollege football announcers\nMissouri Tigers men's basketball players\nPeople from Northlake, Illinois\nEast Leyden High School alumni\nAmerican men's basketball players\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career", "Where did he grow up", "He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California.", "Who were his parents", "Chandler was born to Frank Chandler and Vernie Threadgill,", "Did he have siblings", "I don't know.", "Did he play high school basketball", "he enrolled at Dominguez High School, a school known for its athletics," ]

[ "Excel is a spreadsheet program by Microsoft Corporation.\n\nExcel may also refer to:\n\nCompanies \n Excel Airways\n Excel Communications, a telephone company in Irving, Texas\n Excel Entertainment Pvt. Ltd., a film studio based in Mumbai, India\n Excel mobile phones\n Excel Records, a record label\n Excel, a division of Cargill Meat Solutions\n\nPlaces \n Excel, Alabama, a town in the United States\n EXCEL High School, a public secondary school in Oakland, California\n ExCeL London (Exhibition Centre London), England\n Excel, Alberta, a locality in Canada\n Excel No. 71, Saskatchewan, a rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada\n Excel Township, Marshall County, Minnesota\n\nVehicles \n Excel (automobile), a 1914 cyclecar\n Cessna Citation Excel, a business jet by Cessna Aircraft Company\n Edel Excel, a South Korean paraglider design\n Europe Sails Excel, an Austrian hang glider\n Hyundai Excel, a sedan and hatchback\n Lotus Excel, a sports car\n Optare Excel, a single-deck bus\n\nShips\n USS Excel (AM-94), a minesweeper launched in 1942\n USS Excel (AM-439), a minesweeper launched in 1953\n\nOther uses\n Excel (gum), a brand of chewing gum produced by Wrigley's\n Excel (band), a thrash-punk band from Venice, California\n Excel (Excel Saga), a character in Excel Saga\n Excel, a 6-row malting barley variety\n\nSee also \n Edexcel\n Excell\n Excellence\n Excellent (disambiguation)\n Excelsior (disambiguation)\n USS Excel, a list of ships of the U.S. Navy\n Xcel Energy\n XL (disambiguation)", "Excel Esports (previously stylized as exceL Esports) is a British esports organisation with active rosters in League of Legends, Fortnite Battle Royale, and Valorant. Its main League of Legends division is one of ten teams competing in the League of Legends European Championship (LEC), the top level of professional League of Legends in Europe.\n\nLeague of Legends\n\nHistory\n\n2018 \n\nRiot Games announced on 20 November 2018 that Excel Esports would be one of ten franchise partners participating in the newly rebranded League of Legends European Championship (LEC). On 3 January 2019, Excel Esports announced that it would house a training facility in Twickenham Stadium.\n\n2019 \nFor the 2019 LEC Spring Split, Excel signed top laner Ki \"Expect\" Dae-han, jungler Marc \"Caedrel\" Lamont, mid laner Fabian \"Exile\" Schubert, bot laner Jesper \"Jeskla\" Stromberg, and support Raymond \"kaSing\" Tsang. In addition to the team's main roster, five other players were also signed as substitutes who would alternate games with players on the main roster. However, the only substitutes who played on-stage in the LEC were mid laner Joran \"Special\" Scheffer and support Patryk \"Mystiques\" Piórkowski.\n\nOn 28 May 2019, Son \"Mickey\" Young-min officially joined Excel as starting mid laner. However, he did not play until the second week of the 2019 LEC Summer Split due to visa issues. On 20 June 2019, it was announced that Jeskla and Mystiques would replace Hjarnan and kaSing in the bot lane, and that the latter two would play for Excel UK.\n\nCurrent roster\n\nValorant\n\nHistory \nExcel Esports announced on 8 March 2021 that they would be entering the competitive Valorant scene with their signing of Ignition Series Champion David \"Davidp\" Prins, who would be the team's captain.\n\nCurrent roster\n\nWorld of Warcraft\n\nHistory \nIn August 2018, Excel Esports acquired the WoW roster of Kjell's Angels, which consisted of Rory \"Cirra\" Singer, Rasmus \"Divinefield\" Andersen, Hakon \n\"Dorullkjell\" Walberg, Lari \"Ashine\" Strandberg and Kristoffer \"Herudra\" Jensen. The team participated in the Mythic Dungeon Invitational under the name Excel's Angels.\n\nFormer roster\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2014 establishments in the United Kingdom\nEsports teams based in the United Kingdom\nEsports teams established in 2014\nHearthstone teams\nLeague of Legends European Championship teams\nWorld of Warcraft teams" ]

[ "Tyson Chandler", "Early life and high school career", "Where did he grow up", "He grew up in a family farm in Hanford, California, just south of Fresno, California.", "Who were his parents", "Chandler was born to Frank Chandler and Vernie Threadgill,", "Did he have siblings", "I don't know.", "Did he play high school basketball", "he enrolled at Dominguez High School, a school known for its athletics,", "Did he excel there?", "Chandler became a teenage sensation;" ]

[ "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod", "Kyree Walker (born November 20, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League. At the high school level, he played for Moreau Catholic High School in Hayward, California before transferring to Hillcrest Prep Academy. A former MaxPreps National Freshman of the Year, Walker was a five-star recruit.\n\nEarly life and high school career\nIn eighth grade, Walker drew national attention for his slam dunks in highlight videos. He often faced older competition, including high school seniors, in middle school with his Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team Oakland Soldiers. As a high school freshman, Walker played basketball for Moreau Catholic High School in Hayward, California, averaging 21.3 points, 6.5 rebounds and four assists per game. After leading his team to a California Interscholastic Federation Division II runner-up finish, he was named MaxPreps National Freshman of the Year. Entering his sophomore season, Walker transferred to Hillcrest Prep, a basketball program in Phoenix, Arizona, with his father, Khari, joining the coaching staff. On October 25, 2019, during his senior year, he left Hillcrest Prep, intending to move to the college or professional level. In December 2019, Walker graduated from high school but did not play high school basketball while weighing his options.\n\nRecruiting\nOn June 30, 2017, Walker committed to play college basketball for Arizona State over several other NCAA Division I offers. At the time, he was considered a five-star recruit and a top five player in the 2020 class by major recruiting services. On October 21, 2018, Walker decommitted from Arizona State. On April 20, 2020, as a four-star recruit, he announced that he would forego college basketball.\n\nProfessional career\n\nCapital City Go-Go (2021–present)\nWalker joined Chameleon BX to prepare for the 2021 NBA draft. For the 2021-22 season, he signed with the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League, joining the team after a successful tryout.\n\nPersonal life\nIn 2018, Walker's mother, Barrissa Gardner, was diagnosed with breast cancer but achieved remission in the following months.\n\nReferences\n\n2000 births\nLiving people\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\nAfrican-American basketball players\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball players from Oakland, California\nCapital City Go-Go players\nSmall forwards\nTwitch (service) streamers" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship" ]

[ "The 1899–1900 St Helens R.F.C. season was the club's fifth in the Northern Rugby Football Union, the 26th in their history. In their highest ever finish in a rugby league competition, and their most successful season, the club finished fourth in the Lancashire Senior Championship. In the Challenge Cup, St Helens were beaten in the first round by rivals Warrington. However, they did manage some silverware in the season, by beating league winners Runcorn 6-0 in the South Lancashire Cup final.\n\nLancashire Senior Championship\n\nReferences\n\nSt Helens R.F.C. seasons\n1900 in English rugby league\n1899 in English rugby league", "The 2010 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 18–20 June 2010 at Silverstone. It was the first event Valentino Rossi missed since his debut in 1996, due to a shin bone fracture at Mugello in practice for the previous Grand Prix.\n\nJorge Lorenzo dominated the MotoGP race, finishing nearly seven seconds clear of a battle for second place. Andrea Dovizioso won the battle for second, with Ben Spies passing countryman Nicky Hayden for third on the last lap to get his first ever MotoGP podium, and Casey Stoner recovered from a terrible start which left him last at the first corner to finish fifth ahead of front row starter Randy de Puniet.\n\nMotoGP classification\n\nMoto2 classification\n\n125 cc classification\n\nNotes\n\nChampionship standings after the race (MotoGP)\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round five has concluded.\n\nRiders' Championship standings\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.\n\nReferences\n\nBritish motorcycle Grand Prix\nBritish\nMotorcycle Grand Prix" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games." ]

[ "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has had occurrences of actors and actresses nominated for two different Academy Awards in acting categories in a single year, with the first instance in 1938. Provided that they receive enough votes from the Academy in both categories to earn a nomination, there are no restrictions on actors being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor or actresses being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in any given year. The only two rules with regard to multiple nominations is that an actor or actress cannot receive multiple nominations for different performances in the same category (one nomination must be for a lead role and the other must be for a supporting role), and they cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance. The second rule was introduced in 1944 after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor nomination and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way.\n\n, 12 actors and actresses have been nominated for two different Academy Awards in the same year. The first of these actors and actresses was Fay Bainter, who received nominations for her performances in White Banners and Jezebel at the 11th Academy Awards. The most recent occurrence was the 92nd Academy Awards when Scarlett Johansson received (her first ever) nominations for Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit. Seven of these actors and actresses received an Academy Award in one of the categories they were nominated in, and none have won two Academy Awards in the same year. Five did not receive an Academy Award in either category: Sigourney Weaver (nominations for Gorillas in the Mist and Working Girl), Emma Thompson (nominations for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father), Julianne Moore (nominations for Far from Heaven and The Hours), Cate Blanchett (nominations for Elizabeth: The Golden Age and I'm Not There) and Scarlett Johansson. Emma Thompson is notable for not only her dual nominations, but also for being the only person to win Academy Awards for both acting and writing. In 1993, the only time to date, two actors were nominated in two categories each in a single year: Holly Hunter (for The Piano and The Firm) and Emma Thompson (for The Remains of the Day and In the Name of the Father).\n\nNominees\n\nSee also\n\nList of actors nominated for Academy Awards for non-English performances\n\nReferences\nGeneral\n\nSpecific\n\nExternal links\nThe Official Academy Awards Database\n\nAcademy Awards lists\nLists of film actors", "The 4th Academy Awards were awarded to films completed and screened released between August 1, 1930, and July 31, 1931, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. At the ceremony, nine-year-old Jackie Cooper, nominated for Best Actor in Skippy, fell asleep on the shoulder of Best Actress nominee Marie Dressler. When Dressler was announced as the winner, Cooper had to be eased onto his mother's lap.\n\nCimarron was the first Western to win Best Picture, and would remain the only one to do so for 59 years (until Dances with Wolves won in 1991). It received a then-record seven nominations, and was the first film to win more than two awards.\n\nJackie Cooper was the first child star to receive a nomination, and he was the youngest nominee for nearly 50 years. He is the second-youngest Oscar nominee ever and the only Best Actor nominee under age 18.\n\nBest Actor winner Lionel Barrymore became the first person to have received nominations in multiple categories, with a Best Director nod for Madame X at the 2nd Academy Awards. He was also the only ever best leading actor winner to be born in the 1870s\n\nIn addition, Cimarron and A Free Soul became the first movies to receive multiple acting nominations.\n\nAwards \n\nWinners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.\n\nMultiple nominations and awards \n\nThe following seven films received multiple nominations:\n\n 7 nominations: Cimarron\n 4 nominations: Skippy and Morocco\n 3 nominations: The Front Page and A Free Soul\n 2 nominations: Holiday and Svengali\n\nThe following one film received multiple awards:\n\n 3 awards: Cimarron\n\nSee also \n\n 1930 in film\n 1931 in film\n\nReferences\n\nAcademy Awards ceremonies\n1930 film awards\n1931 film awards\n1931 in American cinema\n1931 in Los Angeles\nNovember 1931 events" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games" ]

[ "Øyvind Gjerde (born 18 March 1977) is a Norwegian former footballer who played for Molde. He has previously played for the clubs Åndalsnes, Lillestrøm and Aalesund.\n\nAfter the 2010 season, when he did not get a new contract with Molde after 7 years in the club, Gjerde announced that he would most likely retire.\n\nReferences \n\n1977 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Møre og Romsdal\nNorwegian footballers\nEliteserien players\nNorwegian First Division players\nAalesunds FK players\nLillestrøm SK players\nMolde FK players\n\nAssociation football defenders", "Max Mnkandla is the President of the Zimbabwe Liberators' Peace Initiative. He fought for the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) in the Rhodesian Bush War.\n\nHis father, Siqanywana, died in the Gukurahundi massacres of the 1980s. When Information Minister Nathan Shamuyarira defended the massacres in October 2006, Mnkandla said Shamuyarira's comments show he is \"not only suffering from 1880s hangover — the feeling that the Ndebele also did the same to the Shonas — it also shows that Shamuyarira is now old and should retire.\"\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nZimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army personnel\nZimbabwean politicians" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games", "When did he retire?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsijänkä is a bog region in Savukoski, Lapland in Finland. Its name is 35 letters long and is the longest place name in Finland, and also the third longest, if names with spaces or hyphens are included, in Europe. It has also been the longest official place name in the European Union since 31 January 2020, when Brexit was completed, as the record was previously held by Llanfair­pwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwll­llan­tysiliogogogoch, a village in Wales, United Kingdom.\n\nOverview\nA pub in Salla was named Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsi-baari after this bog region. According to an anecdote, the owner of the pub tried two different names for it, but both had already been taken. Frustrated, he registered the pub under a name he knew no one else would be using. The pub also had the longest name of a registered commercial establishment in Finland. The bar was in practice known as Äteritsi-baari. The pub was closed in April 2006.\n\nThe etymology is not known, although the name has been confirmed as genuine. Other than jänkä \"bog\", lauta \"board\" and puoli \"half\", it does not mean anything in Finnish, and was probably never intended to be anything else than alliterative gibberish.\n\nReferences \n\nSavukoski\nBogs of Finland\nLandforms of Lapland (Finland)", "Benjamin F. Royal was a state senator in Alabama during the Reconstruction era. He was elected to the state senate in 1868, and was the first African American to serve in the chamber. He represented Bullock County and served for nine years. He served as a Republican, and had stated that \"he could as well be an infidel as to be anything else than a Republican\". He was a Union League organizer.\n\nHe was born to a white father and a mother who had been a slave.\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing\nAlabama state senators\nReconstruction Era" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games", "When did he retire?", "I don't know.", "Was he known for anything else?", "NBA record of 221 straight playoff appearances for Parker." ]

[ "This is a list of the tallest players in National Basketball Association history. It is currently topped by the Romanian Gheorghe Mureșan, taken by the Washington Bullets as the number 30 overall pick in the 1993 NBA draft.\n\nThrough 2019, twenty-six players have been listed at or taller. Three are active as of the season; Kristaps Porziņģis of the Washington Wizards, Boban Marjanović of the Dallas Mavericks, and Tacko Fall of the Cleveland Cavaliers. The tallest player inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is Yao Ming. In addition to Yao, Ralph Sampson and Arvydas Sabonis were the only other players 7'3\" or taller selected to the Hall of Fame.\n\nYasutaka Okayama, a Japanese basketball player picked 171st overall in the seventh round of the 1981 NBA Draft by the Golden State Warriors, is the tallest player to ever be drafted for the NBA. However, he never played in the NBA.\n\nSee also\n\nList of tallest people\nList of shortest players in National Basketball Association history\nNBA records\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nHuman height\nNational Basketball Association lists\nNational Basketball Association players\nTallest NBA\nNBA", "Russ Granik is an American sports executive who served as Deputy Commissioner of the NBA for 22 years. He retired from that position on July 1, 2006, after 30 years with the NBA. Granik was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on September 8, 2013, alongside basketball legends including Gary Payton, Bernard King, Rick Pitino, and Jerry Tarkanian. He was enshrined into the Hall of Fame by Jerry Colangelo. During his professional career, Granik served as the announcer of second-round picks in the NBA Draft and in later years, the television host of the NBA Draft Lottery.\n\nNBA Deputy Commissioner\nGranik was the lead negotiator for the NBA for the past four collective bargaining negotiations with the NBA players' union. He also represented the league in negotiating numerous television deals, and in his role with USA Basketball helped lobby FIBA, the world sanctioning body for basketball, to permit professional basketball players to play in the Olympic Games. That eligibility rule change led directly to the formation of the Dream Team that represented the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He also served as President of USA Basketball and Chairperson of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.\n\nEducation\nGranik graduated magna cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1969 and from Harvard Law School.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNBA press release announcing Granik's departure\n \n\nDate of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nDartmouth College alumni\nHarvard Law School alumni\nNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees\nNational Basketball Association league office executives\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games", "When did he retire?", "I don't know.", "Was he known for anything else?", "NBA record of 221 straight playoff appearances for Parker.", "Did he ever make it into NBA hall of fame?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games", "When did he retire?", "I don't know.", "Was he known for anything else?", "NBA record of 221 straight playoff appearances for Parker.", "Did he ever make it into NBA hall of fame?", "I don't know.", "Anything else interesting about him?", "Parker left the game with a rupture of his left quadriceps tendon" ]

[ "Summer Ever is the fourth release, and third full-length LP from The Revolution Smile. The album was an independent release, sold online in physical format and on iTunes and Amazon.\n\nTrack list\n \"Summer Ever\" - 1:12\n \"Are You Awake?\" - 4:16\n \"I Was a Werewolf\" - 3:22\n \"Ringwald\" - 3:17\n \"Destination Isolation\" - 3:33\n \"Maybe, Baby\" - 3:17\n \"Fate\" - 3:55\n \"When Love Was Dead\" - 4:52\n \"Recover\" - 4:37\n \"Move South\" - 1:08\n \"The State We're In\" - 3:30\n \"Positive.Negative\" - 2:33\n \"Nice Talking to You\" - 3:11\n \"My Skin Is Thicker Than I Wanted\" - 6:19\n \"Flight Delay\" - 4:13\n\nThe Revolution Smile albums\n2006 albums", "Scooter was a Belgian pop band from Antwerp, that started in 1979 as Scooter on the Road. In 1981, they released the singles \"Tattoo Turkey\" and \"Peppermint Girl\". Due to guitarist Jan Fraeyman suffering from terminal illness he was replaced by Bert Decorte (from The Misters). Sadly, shortly after the release of their debut album One by One (1981), guitarist Jan Fraeyman died.\n\nScooter scored a megahit in Belgium with \"You (Don't Want to Be Number One)\" and won the Summerhit of 1981 award, an annual prize awarded by the Flemish broadcaster Radio 2.\n\nThe album “One by One” was produced by the drummer of the band, Herwig Duchateau, who was later successful as the producer of bands like The Bet, Schmutz, Won Ton Ton, The Machines, e.a.).\n\nScooter, now with guitarist Jan Verheyen after Bert Decorte left the band, released two more albums: Charm and Oblivion with American-sounding songs such as \"Will I Ever Recover from You\" (1982), \"Stand Out\" (1982) and \"Minute by minute\" (1983). In 1982, shortly after the release of Charm, keyboard player Pit Verlinde left the band.\n\nMembers\nPiet Van Den Heuvel - vocals\nJan Verheyen - guitar\nPit Verlinde - keyboards\nHerwig Duchateau - drums\n\nPast members\nJan Fraeyman - guitar\nBert Decorte - guitar\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\nStudio albums\n One by One (Ariola, 1981)\n Charm (Ariola, 1982)\n Oblivion (Ariola, 1983)\n\nCompilation albums\n Scooter Master Serie (Polydor, 1997)\n\nSingles\n \"Tattoo Turkey\" (1981)\n \"Peppermint Girl\" (1981)\n \"You\" (1981)\n \"Will I Ever Recover From You\" (1982)\n \"Stand Out\" (1982)\n \"Minute by Minute\" (1983)\n\nExternal links\n Het Belgisch poparchief\n\nBelgian rock music groups\nBelgian pop music groups" ]

[ "Tony Parker", "Chasing the fifth championship", "Did he ever get a fifth championship?", "lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games.", "Did he ever receive any awards?", "Parker helped the Spurs win a franchise-best 67 games", "When did he retire?", "I don't know.", "Was he known for anything else?", "NBA record of 221 straight playoff appearances for Parker.", "Did he ever make it into NBA hall of fame?", "I don't know.", "Anything else interesting about him?", "Parker left the game with a rupture of his left quadriceps tendon", "Did he ever recover?", "Parker had six points and four assists in 14 minutes in his first appearance since tearing his quadriceps tendon." ]

[ "Qua v John Ford Morrison Solicitors [2003] ICR 482 (EAT) is a UK labour law case concerning emergency leave to care for children.\n\nFacts\nMrs Qua was absent for 17 days, because of her young son's medical problems. She had not told the employer quickly.\n\nThe Employment Tribunal held that she had not told the employer as soon as reasonably practicable and said how long she would be absent.\n\nJudgment\nCox J held that Mrs Qua had not done anything wrong, and ERA 1996 section 57A did not require the employee give daily updates about absence. He noted that even if the right to automatically unfair dismissal was lost because one did not comply with section 57A(2), then an employee who had been working over a year could still have an unfair dismissal claim. He added that the legislation only covers unforeseen emergencies, and employees cannot use the right to deal with regular occurrences, e.g. one day a week.\n\nSee also\n\nUK labour law\nUnfair dismissal\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nEmployment Appeal Tribunal cases\n2003 in case law\n2003 in British law", "is a former Japanese professional baseball player. He is currently with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. Despite having one of the best fastballs and sliders of anyone in the league, Arakaki has battled control problems and injuries throughout his career. In 2007, Arakaki set the NPB record for most wild pitches in a season with 21, breaking Kazuhisa Ishii's record.\n\nArakaki was first seen at the 1998 Koshien summer tournament, and caught the eyes of many scouts with his fastball and sharp break on his slider. Despite his team not going far in the tournament, he was scouted by the Orix BlueWave and offered a contract. However, Arakaki turned it down stating that he did not intend to play for Orix. Incidentally, Katsutoshi Miwata who scouted Arakaki subsequently jumped to his death from an apartment building.\n\nIn both 2008 and 2009, Arakaki had been in and out of the lineup due to persistent shoulder problems. From the end of '07 to late '08, the righty did not win a start, a stretch that spanned from September 17, 2007, to August 28, 2008. In the 2008 campaign, Arakaki finished with a 4-6 record and a 4.18 ERA. The 2009 season was far less kind, as the embattled righty went 0-2 with a 7.91 ERA whilst battling shoulder injuries. He did not pitch at the Major League level in 2010 and 2011 due to injury. He finally cracked the Opening Day roster in 2012 for his first action in nearly three years.\n\nPitching style\nWhen he was drafted, Arakaki was considered one of the best pure power pitchers in the league, with a fastball that could consistently sit in 90-93 mph, and went as high as 155 km/h (96 mph) with an excellent slider that had late downward break. However, control has always been Arakaki's Achilles' heel, as he set the NPB record for wild pitches in 2007, a record that had been previously held by Kazuhisa Ishii, who was also a power pitcher with great breaking balls, but was also well known for his control problems.\n\nArakaki's later career has been plagued by recurrent shoulder and elbow problems. He had elbow surgery performed on him in the 2008 offseason, and had shoulder surgery in December 2009. Because of his rehab, he did not pitch at the ichi-gun level until 2012.\n\nExternal links\n\n1980 births\nFukuoka Daiei Hawks players\nFukuoka SoftBank Hawks players\nJapanese baseball players\nLiving people\nNippon Professional Baseball pitchers\nPeople from Naha\nTokyo Yakult Swallows players" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research" ]

[ "Camilla Sih Mai Pang (born February 1992) is a British computational biologist, writer, and autism advocate. In 2020, she was awarded the Royal Society Prize for Science Books for her memoir, Explaining Humans: What Science Can Teach Us about Life, Love and Relationships.\n\nEarly life and education \nPang has said that she was not a typical child, and evaluated her early friendships in terms of computer code. At the age of eight Pang was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, and asked her mother whether there was an instruction manual for life. Pang attended Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire. She studied mathematics, physics, biology and art for GCE Advanced Level. Pang joined the University of Bristol as an undergraduate student, where she specialised in biochemistry. She earned a PhD in computational biology at University College London where her research was supervised by Christine Orengo.\n\nCareer \nAfter earning her doctorate, Pang joined a pharmaceutical company as a postdoctoral researcher. Her research considers the computational model of disease in an effort to identify new pharmaceutical options for neurological diseases.\n\nIn 2020 Pang released her first book, Explaining Humans: What Science Can Teach Us about Life, Love and Relationships. The book explores what it means to be human, discussing social etiquette, relationships and perfectionism. \n\nAlongside her scientific research, Pang looks to inspire young people to study science. She has spoken openly about her neurodiversity, and campaigned for increased awareness of autism amongst young women.\n\nAwards and honours\nPang was awarded the Royal Society Prize for Science Books in 2020 for her memoir Explaining Humans: What Science Can Teach Us about Life, Love and Relationships.\n\nPersonal life\nAt the age of twenty six, Pang was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).\n\nReferences \n\nScience writers\nBritish science writers\nAlumni of the University of Bristol\nAlumni of University College London\nBritish bioinformaticians\nBiochemists\nBritish women academics\nBritish women scientists\nBritish women chemists\n1993 births\nLiving people\nAutism activists\nPeople on the autism spectrum\n21st-century British women scientists\nComputational biologists\nWomen computational biologists", "Julian Parkhill (born 1964) FRS is a Professor in the Department of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Cambridge. He was previously head of Pathogen Genomics at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.\n\nEducation\nParkhill was educated at Westcliff High School for Boys, the University of Birmingham and the University of Bristol where he was awarded a PhD in 1991 for research into the regulation of transcription of the mercury resistance operon.\n\nResearch\nParkhill uses high throughput sequencing and phenotyping to study pathogen diversity and variation, how they affect virulence and transmission, and what they tell us about the evolution of pathogenicity and host–pathogen interaction. Research in the Parkill Laboratory has been funded the Wellcome Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Medical Research Council (MRC).\n\nAwards and honours\nParkhill was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2009, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology (FAAM) in 2012. \n\nParkhill was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014, his certificate of election reads:\n\nReferences\n\nFellows of the Royal Society\nLiving people\nAcademics of the University of Birmingham\nPathogen genomics\nPeople educated at Westcliff High School for Boys\n1964 births" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East" ]

[ "Middle Eastern studies (sometimes referred to as Near Eastern studies) is a name given to a number of academic programs associated with the study of the history, culture, politics, economies, and geography of the Middle East, an area that is generally interpreted to cover a range of nations including Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen. It is considered a form of area studies, taking an overtly interdisciplinary approach to the study of a region. In this sense Middle Eastern studies is a far broader and less traditional field than classical Islamic studies.\n\nThe subject was historically regarded as part of Oriental studies, which also included East Asian studies and Egyptology and other specialisms in the ancient civilizations of the region; the growth of the field of study in the West is treated at that article. Many academic faculties still cover both areas. Although some academic programs combine Middle Eastern studies with Islamic studies, based on the preponderance of Muslims in the region (with Israel and Lebanon being the only exceptions), others maintain these areas of study as separate disciplines.\n\nContentious issues\nIn 1978 Edward Said, a Palestinian American professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, published his book Orientalism, in which he accused earlier scholars of a \"subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arab-Islamic peoples and their culture\", claiming the bias amounted to a justification for imperialism. Western academics such as Irwin challenged Said's conclusions, however the book became a standard text of literary theory and cultural studies.\n\nFollowing the September 11 attacks, U.S. Middle Eastern studies programs were criticized as inattentive to issues of Islamic terrorism. Israeli-American historian Martin Kramer published a 2001 book, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America, and Wall Street Journal article claiming that Middle Eastern studies courses were \"part of the problem, not its remedy.\" In a Foreign Affairs review of the book, F. Gregory Gause said his analysis was, in part, \"serious and substantive\" but \"far too often his valid points are overshadowed by academic score-settling and major inconsistencies.\"\n\nIn 2002, American writer Daniel Pipes established an organisation called Campus Watch to combat what he perceived to be serious problems within the discipline, including \"analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, apologetics, and the abuse of power over students\". He encouraged students to advise the organization of problems at their campuses. In turn critics within the discipline such as John Esposito accused him of \"McCarthyism\". Professors denounced by Pipes as \"left-wing extremists\" were often harassed with hate speech. Pipes was appointed to the United States Institute of Peace board of directors by George W. Bush, despite protests from the Arab American community.\n\nIn 2010, foreign policy analyst Mitchell Bard claimed in his 2010 book The Arab Lobby: The Invisible Alliance That Undermines America's Interests in the Middle East that elements of the Arab lobby particularly Saudi Arabia and pro-Palestinian advocates were hijacking the academic field of Middle Eastern studies within several prominent American universities including Georgetown University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. This has involved Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States funding centers and chairs at universities to promote a pro-Arabist agenda. Bard has also accused several prominent Middle Eastern studies academics including John Esposito and Rashid Khalidi of abusing positions by advancing a pro-Palestinian political agenda.\n\nIn addition, Bard has criticized the Middle Eastern Studies Association (MESA) for adopting a pro-Palestinian standpoint. Bard has also alleged that MESA marginalizes non-Israel-related topics including the Kurdish–Turkish conflict and the persecution of religious minorities like Christians and ethnic minorities that are non-Arabs such as Jews and Kurds. Finally, Bard has contended that since the September 11 attacks, the Arab lobby working through Middle Eastern Studies university departments have sought to influence pre-university education by tailoring education programs and resources to reflect a pro-Arabist agenda.\n\nAcademic centers\n Department of Near and Middle Eastern Studies at Trinity College Dublin in Dublin, Ireland\n Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies at the American University of Beirut\n Centre for Arab & Islamic Studies (Middle East & Central Asia), The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia\n Center for Contemporary Arab Studies at Georgetown University\n Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Metropolitan University Prague\n Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago\n Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona\n Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University\n Middle East Studies Institute at Shanghai International Studies University, China\n Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan\n Center for Modern Oriental Studies at Humboldt University in Berlin\n Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies at Marburg University\nDepartment of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey\n Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), the French Institute for the Near East, in Damascus, Beirut and Amman\n Institute for Middle East Studies at George Washington University\n Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at University of Exeter\n Institute of Middle East at Marmara University\n London Middle East Institute at School of Oriental and African Studies\n Middle East Center at the University of Pennsylvania\n Middle East Center at the University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies\n Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York University\n Middle East/South Asian Studies Program at UC Davis\n Middle East Studies Center at The American University in Cairo\n Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University\n Sakarya University Middle East Institute\n School of Oriental and African Studies at University of London\n Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas\n UCLA Center for Near East Studies\n Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies\n Department of Middle Eastern Studies at King's College London, University of London\n Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University\n The European Centre for Middle East Studies-ECMES\n\nSee also \nAncient Near East studies\nOrientalism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nJournal of Arabic and Islamic Studies\nMiddle East Studies Association\nMiddle East Institute\n\nLibrary guides to Middle-Eastern studies\n\n \nMiddle East\nArea studies\nJudaic studies\nArab studies\nAsian studies", "Kenneth W. Stein is a professor known for studying the Arab–Israeli conflict, in both historical and social-economic context. He spent many years working with the Carter Center from the 1980s, before cutting ties in 2006; and decades teaching at Emory University starting in 1977. His life has been filled with teaching and interdisciplinary study of the Middle East with the publication of many books on the subject of Israel, the Middle East and the foundations of the Arab–Israeli conflict.\n\nEarly life \nProfessor Kenneth W. Stein was born in 1946 in Hempstead, New York to parents Mathilde (Tillie) Wertheim Stein, a teacher of foreign language, and Max Kaufmann Stein, an accountant. Both were Jews who emigrated to the U.S. before and after Hitler's ascension to power.\n\nEducation \nProfessor Stein received his undergraduate BA degree from Franklin and Marshall College (1968), and two masters (1969 and 1971) and his doctoral degree (1976) from The University of Michigan. His doctoral work focused on the social-economic background of the Arab–Israeli conflict in British Mandatory Palestine. From 1971–1973, he was a visiting graduate student at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. As a returning graduate student to Ann Arbor from 1973–76, he wrote secondary school social studies materials on the Middle East.\n\nAcademic career and administration \nSince 1977, Professor Stein has taught Middle Eastern history, political science and Israel studies at Emory University, where he holds a joint appointment in the History and Political Science Departments. Author, writer, teacher, and lecturer, he was at the center of developing sustained institutions at Emory, namely the International Study Center (1979), the Middle East Research Program (1992), and the Institute for the Study of Modern Israel (1998). He was the first permanent Director of the Carter Center (1983–1986) and its Middle East Fellow from 1982 to 2006.\n\nStein's scholarship focuses on the origins and politics of modern Israel, Palestinian social history, the British Mandate in Palestine, the Arab-Israeli negotiating process, American foreign policy toward the region, and the modern Arab world. Primarily, he concentrates on undergraduate teaching in courses on American foreign policy toward the Middle East, the modern Arab world, Arab–Israeli conflict, and modern Israel. His undergraduate course, \"History, Politics and Diplomacy of the Arab Israeli Conflict,\" is one of Emory's most popular courses. In Spring 2006, he was a Visiting Professor of Political Science at Brown University.\n\nThe Carter Center \nAt the Carter Center, from November 6 to 9, 1983, Stein directed a conference on the Middle East called \"Middle East Consultation: Five Years After Camp David.\" He was \"appointed Carter Center Middle East Fellow in 1983.\" Appointed by Emory University, he directed the Center from December 1983 through June 1986 and advised President Carter on the Middle East (page 6 of Stein's CV). Stein was a Carter Center monitor of the Palestinian Presidential and Legislative Council elections in January 1996. Stein remained Middle East Fellow of the Carter Center until the publication of Carter's book Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid, resigning in December 2006.\n\nPalestine Peace Not Apartheid, by Jimmy Carter \n\nStein resigned from his position as Middle East Fellow of the Carter Center in December 2006. In his subsequent public lectures and media appearances, Stein, who \"made Middle East trips with Carter in 1983, 1987 and 1990, [and] was \"partner\" with Carter in writing an earlier Middle East volume, The Blood of Abraham, published in 1985\", has criticized Carter's book for what he alleges are its multiple errors and omissions.\n\nStein's detailed review of the book appears in the Middle East Quarterly.\n\nEmory Institute for the Study of Modern Israel \nEstablished by Prof. Kenneth W. Stein in 1998, the Institute for the Study of Modern Israel (ISMI) is an interdisciplinary and non-degree conferring unit of Emory University. It was the first academic institute for the study of modern Israel established in the United States. It promotes teaching, research, and learning that focuses on Israeli culture, foreign policy, history, society, and politics. ISMI likewise offers an internship program at Emory, which fosters appreciation for Israel and its people by immersing students in real world experiences. ISMI interns have the opportunity to work closely with Professor Ken Stein and the ISMI staff on a wide variety of academic and scholarly projects. Students participate in research; substantive projects relating to culture, economics, history, international relations, and politics.\n\nCenter for Israel Education \nSince founding the Atlanta-based non-profit, The Center for Israel Education (CIE) in 2007, Prof. Stein has engaged in writing secondary school curriculum on Israel and the Middle East. CIE’s work focuses on teacher/student education and curriculum development on modern Israel and the Middle East, through conducting workshops, symposia, and long distance learning. By the end of 2015 more than 2000 middle school and secondary school teachers had participated in workshops in which he directed and participated in actively. Published by the Center for Israel Education, he has written or co-authored seven curricula/teaching units on aspects of modern Israeli history, society and politics: \"A Sephardi Jewish History\" (2014); \"Israel @ 65: A Family and Community Resource\" (2013); \"Israel and the Jewish Nation: Part One\" (2012); \"Israel and Hebrew Language: A Nation's Choice\" (2010); \"Israel's National Security and Civil Liberties: Balancing the State's Objectives\" (2009); \"A Call to Action: Volunteering and Israel's State-Building\" (2008); and \"To Israel and Back: A Journey to Our Future\" (2008).\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn 2009, he was awarded the Cuttino Medal for Lifelong Mentorship to Emory undergraduates. In 2008, the Atlanta Jewish community honored him for his thirty years of service as a public intellectual with the Tree of Life Award. In 2001, he received the Marion V. Creekmore Award for his quarter-century commitment to the internationalization of Emory College's curriculum. In 1995, Emory awarded him the Williams Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. In 2012, he was the recipient of the Jewish National Fund's prestigious Etz Chaim Award for Service to the Atlanta community.\n\nBooks \n History Politics and Diplomacy of the Arab-Israeli Conflict – a source document reader for college courses and adult education (2015)\n Mediniut Amitza [Courageous Policy] (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Publishing House, 2003)\n Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab-Israeli Peace (New York: Routledge, 1999)\n Making Peace Among Arabs and Israelis: Lessons from Fifty Years of Negotiating Experience, co-authored with Samuel W. Lewis (Washington: United States Institute for Peace, 1991)\n The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984, 1985, and 2003)\n\nNotes\n\nSee also \n Arab–Israeli conflict\n Carter Center\n Israel\n Israeli–Palestinian conflict\n Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid\n\nReferences \n Stein, Kenneth W. \"My Problem with Jimmy Carter's Book.\" Middle East Quarterly 14.2 (March 2007). Accessed February 5, 2007.\n In 1997, Stein was a recipient of the Emory Williams teaching award, given as a highest honor of excellence in teaching at Emory University.\n\nExternal links \n A Full List of Publications\n Center for Israel Education\n Institute for the Study of Modern Israel Department Page\n Emory History Department Website\n\nEmory University faculty\nAmerican people of German-Jewish descent\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives." ]

[ "Runology is the study of the Runic alphabets, Runic inscriptions and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.\n\nHistory\nRunology was initiated by Johannes Bureus (1568–1652), who was very interested in the linguistics of the Geatish language (Götiska språket), i.e. Old Norse. However, he did not look at the runes as merely an alphabet, but rather something holy or magical.\n\nThe study of runes was continued by Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630–1702) and presented in his collection Atlantica. The physicist Anders Celsius (1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and traveled around the whole of Sweden to examine the bautastenar (megaliths, today termed runestones). Another early treatise is the 1732 Runologia by Jón Ólafsson of Grunnavík.\n \nThe sundry runic scripts were well understood by the 19th century, when their analysis became an integral part of the Germanic philology and historical linguistics.\nWilhelm Grimm published his Über deutsche Runen in 1821, where among other things he dwelt upon the \"Marcomannic runes\" (chapter 18, pp. 149–159). In 1828 he published a supplement, titled Zur Literatur der Runen, where he discusses the Abecedarium Nordmannicum.\n\nSveriges runinskrifter was published from 1900. The dedicated journal Nytt om runer has been published by the \"Runic Archives\" of the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo from 1985. The Rundata project, aiming at a machine-readable catalogue of runic inscriptions, was initiated in 1993.\n\nSee also\nBautil\nList of runologists\nRunic transliteration and transcription\nSveriges runinskrifter\n\nReferences\n\n \nGermanic studies", "The Interphone study (sometimes stylized as INTERPHONE) was a set of international case-control studies conducted with the aim of determining whether mobile phone use increased the risk of certain tumors, namely, glioma, meningioma, and schwannoma. The study was conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in thirteen different countries, at a cost of $24 million. About fifty scientists worked on the study, which was the largest case-control study conducted on the association between mobile phones and cancer as of 2014. The study's results, published in 2010, indicated that mobile phone use did not increase the risk of tumors among most cell phone users, with the possible exception of an increased risk among the 10% of users who used their cell phones the most.\n\nIn the Interphone study, the top 10% of users used their phones 30 minutes/day. Some users reported using their cell phones >5 hours per day, but this was considered implausible at the time of the study. The median usage was less than 2.5 hours per month.\n\nHistory and design\nIn 1998 and 1999, the IARC conducted a feasibility study which concluded that a large case-control study examining the relationship between mobile phone use and risk of brain tumors would be \"feasible and informative\". After this conclusion was reached, Interphone began in 2000, and interviewed over 5,000 people with either glioma or meningioma. The study ended in 2006 and was originally due to be released that year, but its release was delayed until 2010 because scientists involved in the study could not agree on how its results should be described.\n\nFunding\nInterphone received some funding from the mobile phone industry, including the Mobile Manufacturers Forum and Groupe Speciale Mobile Association, but this was subject to guarantees that the study would remain scientifically independent.\n\nResults\nOn May 17, 2010, the Interphone study's results were published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. The results indicated that overall, mobile phone use did not increase the risk of glioma or meningioma, and that, in fact, a decrease in risk was observed. The authors said this decrease may have been due to study limitations. However, the results also found that among people who were exposed to mobile phones the most (half an hour per day over ten years), there was evidence of an increase in risk of glioma. The study also concluded that \"biases and error prevent a causal interpretation\" with regard to the increased risk of glioma observed at the highest exposure levels. The authors also said that the number of people using their mobile phones this much was relatively small.\n\nReaction\nThe results of the study were hailed by the mobile phone industry, but some researchers criticized the study, with an editorial accompanying it arguing that its results were likely due to bias. Michael Thun of the American Cancer Society noted that Interphone was the largest study of mobile phone use and tumor risk conducted to date, but also criticized it, saying in a statement that \"The majority of participants in this study were not heavy cell phone users compared to today's practices.\" John Niederhuber, the then-director of the National Cancer Institute, said that Interphone \"illustrates how difficult it is to identify and corroborate, or definitively rule out, any possible association between the two [i.e. cell phones and cancer]\".\n\nReferences\n\nEpidemiological study projects\nCancer research" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history." ]

[ "Thure Wilhelm Palm (30 January 1894 – 2 May 1987) was a Swedish entomologist who worked mainly on beetles. He made large collections of Scandinavian insects which are now in the University of Lund and described numerous species, particularly those of importance to forestry.\n\nPalm was born in Bellinga near Ystad in southern Sweden to Oscar Palm and Agnes Marie Louise Hederström. He became interested in insects when he was a teenage student and began to make collections. In 1918 he became a forestry officer in Domänverket. He began to study Swedish insects, especially those of importance to forestry, with renewed vigour from 1926. He described numerous species from his collections, publishing nearly 200 papers, and made collections from outside Sweden, including the Canary Islands, Kenya, Thailand, Malaysia, the Gambia and Bulgaria.\n\nHe was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1953 by the University of Lund. He contributed to the series Svensk Insektfauna from 1948 to 1972. His collections were donated to the University of Lund. He died at Malmö.\n\nReferences\n\nSwedish entomologists", "The 1987 Defence White Paper, titled The Defence of Australia, was a white paper published by the Australian Department of Defence during the Hawke Government introduced by Minister for Defence Kim Beazley.\n\nBackground \n\nThe first Defence White Paper was published in 1976 under the Whitlam government. The 1987 Defence White Paper expanded the emphasis on self-reliance that was established in the 1976 Defence White Paper, no longer focussing defence policy primarily on attracting the attention of powerful allies. These white papers formalised the Defence of Australia policy.\n\nThe 1987 White Paper was released following the Dibb Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities and the Cooksey Review of Australia's Defence Exports and Defence Industry.\n\nSynopsis \n\nThe paper affirmed that Australia faced no military threat, barring the remote threat of global war. It asserted that no country had the capacity or motivation, to sustain high level military operations against Australia, though Australia would still be vulnerable to harassment across its coastline and sea approaches. The paper re-affirmed self-reliance and adopted the strategy of defence in depth, as opposed to the publicly unpopular forward defence strategy which saw Australia intervene in the Vietnam War. The paper restated the importance of Australia's alliance with the United States and declared Australia's area of military interest to include much of Oceania and South East Asia.\n\nThe paper did not announce any new capability projects or any detailed expenditure proposal. However, it did emphasise the need to acquire modern technology such as satellite communications and airborne early warning aircraft.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Defence of Australia, full original document\n\nAustralian defence policies\nDefence reviews and defence white papers" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.", "Did he make any papers of importance", "His first article, dedicated to professional guilds of medieval Islam," ]

[ "A tortilla press is a traditional device with a pair of flat round surfaces of about 8-inch plus to crush balls of corn dough in order to obtain round corn tortillas or flour tortillas. Tortillas are pressed out between sheets of plastic or corn leaves. Tortilla presses are usually made of cast iron, cast aluminium or wood.\n\nMaintenance and Use \nTraditional tortilla presses require the presence of plastic wrap or wax paper or butter paper under and above the dough to prevent the dough from sticking to the surface of the press. However, many modern tortilla presses have addressed this by offering an easy to maintain non-stick surface. Unlike non-stick surfaces of your cookware, these require the application of oil (mineral oil for wood, as vegetable oil will go rancid) on the surface after use, in a process known as seasoning, maintaining the surface and at the same time allowing easy and direct use the next time it is used. Traditional tortilla presses do not need to be cleaned as the dough never touches the surface of the press. But when it comes to cleaning modern presses, some come with dishwasher safe faces that can be detached, while the others need to washed manually.\n\nThe amount of force you require to produce a tortilla depends a lot on the machine being used and the thickness of the desired tortilla. In some instances, a lot of force is required, especially when using tortilla presses constructed with lighter materials such as Aluminum. But, the amount of force required is a lot lower than rolling them out with a rolling pin.\n\nGeneral Steps to Using a Tortilla Press \n Use ground corn or corn flour to make the dough, traditionally called masa.\n Cut two squares of wax paper and place one on the face of the press.\n Place the dough on the wax paper and another piece of wax paper on top of the dough.\n Using the handle to bring the other face of the press onto the dough ensuring the wax paper stays in place.\n Force the handle closed, pressing until the dough is flattened to the desired thickness. You may have to open and reorient the dough to get the perfect circle. \nThe steps vary with modern machines where there is no need of wax paper or other insulating materials.\n\nReferences\n\nCookware and bakeware\nTortilla", "The 1987 Defence White Paper, titled The Defence of Australia, was a white paper published by the Australian Department of Defence during the Hawke Government introduced by Minister for Defence Kim Beazley.\n\nBackground \n\nThe first Defence White Paper was published in 1976 under the Whitlam government. The 1987 Defence White Paper expanded the emphasis on self-reliance that was established in the 1976 Defence White Paper, no longer focussing defence policy primarily on attracting the attention of powerful allies. These white papers formalised the Defence of Australia policy.\n\nThe 1987 White Paper was released following the Dibb Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities and the Cooksey Review of Australia's Defence Exports and Defence Industry.\n\nSynopsis \n\nThe paper affirmed that Australia faced no military threat, barring the remote threat of global war. It asserted that no country had the capacity or motivation, to sustain high level military operations against Australia, though Australia would still be vulnerable to harassment across its coastline and sea approaches. The paper re-affirmed self-reliance and adopted the strategy of defence in depth, as opposed to the publicly unpopular forward defence strategy which saw Australia intervene in the Vietnam War. The paper restated the importance of Australia's alliance with the United States and declared Australia's area of military interest to include much of Oceania and South East Asia.\n\nThe paper did not announce any new capability projects or any detailed expenditure proposal. However, it did emphasise the need to acquire modern technology such as satellite communications and airborne early warning aircraft.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Defence of Australia, full original document\n\nAustralian defence policies\nDefence reviews and defence white papers" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.", "Did he make any papers of importance", "His first article, dedicated to professional guilds of medieval Islam,", "did the paper get a lot of attention", "had been widely regarded as the most authoritative work on the subject for about thirty years." ]

[ "My Day was a newspaper column that was written by First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt six days a week from 1935 to 1962. From 1961 until 1962, issues were only published every other day because Roosevelt became too sick to write on her usual schedule. In her column, she discussed issues such as race, women, and key events (Pearl Harbor, Prohibition, H Bomb, etc.). This column allowed Roosevelt to spread her ideas and thoughts to millions of Americans and give them her perspective on contemporary events. George T. Bye, Eleanor Roosevelt's literary agent, encouraged her to write the column. With this column, Roosevelt became the first First Lady to write a daily newspaper column. Roosevelt also wrote for Ladies Home Journal, McCall's, and various articles in Vogue and other women's magazines.\n\nThe White House Historical Association and the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project collaborated on an online representation on some of Roosevelt's best writings with extra insights from Allida M. Black, the director of the Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project at the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences works to release digital and print versions of Roosevelt's political writings; it is currently working on transcribing her radio and television appearances.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nMy Day, PBS. Retrieved January 4, 2008.\n\"My Day\" Project, George Washington University. Retrieved January 4, 2009.\n\nColumns (periodical)\nEleanor Roosevelt", "Kate Vannah (pen name, Kate Van Twinkle; 1855–1933) was an American organist, pianist, composer, and writer. Of her music, more was sold in her day than that of any other composer in the US, excepting Reginald De Koven.\n\nEarly years and education\nVannah was born in Gardiner, Maine and received her education in its public schools, graduating from Gardiner high school. She graduated with high honors from the St. Joseph's Academy at Emmitsburg, Maryland. She played the organ at the Catholic church in Gardiner, it being her favorite instrument. She also studied piano with Ernst Perabo of Boston, and composition with Eversmann of Baltimore, Maryland and George Washington Marston of Portland, Maine.\n\nCareer\nVannah tried her hand at journalism, writing for the Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia papers, and for several Maine papers, under the name of Kate Van Twinkle. Her poetry was superior, and was widely copied. In 1892, a book of her poems, \"Verses\", was published by J. B. Lippincott & Co., and this was followed by another book of poems in 1893, \"From Heart to Heart\".\n\nHer first songs were published when she was eighteen. Her first notable hit was the song \"Good-bye, Sweet Day\". Vannah published about fifty songs and perhaps a dozen instrumental pieces. Regarding her methods, Vannah said: \nMy work is the greatest possible pleasure to me when I am in the mood. I work like a Trojan at times. I have done six songs in ten days, but that is rather beyond my average rate. I probably write from twelve to fifteen songs a year, but I do not work constantly. Sometimes for a month I will not touch pen to paper, and then I will make up for lost time by working almost continuously for the next month. It is hard to say just how I write. I will read a little poem, perhaps, and then the melody comes, and, do you know, that particular melody is always thereafter connected with that poem. I might put the poem aside and not look at it again for a dozen years, but when I did, that same melody would leap into my mind at once.\nVannah preferred the serious love ballad to any other style of song, but she was versatile and has written various melodies. Of her music, more was sold in her day than that of any other composer in the US, excepting Reginald De Koven.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n1855 births\n1933 deaths\nAmerican composers\nAmerican classical organists\nAmerican classical pianists\nAmerican women pianists\nAmerican women poets\nPeople from Gardiner, Maine" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.", "Did he make any papers of importance", "His first article, dedicated to professional guilds of medieval Islam,", "did the paper get a lot of attention", "had been widely regarded as the most authoritative work on the subject for about thirty years.", "Did he write any other papers", "A series of articles that Lewis published over the next several years revolutionized the history of the Middle East" ]

[ "Zhou Xiaoping (; born 24 April 1981) is a Chinese essayist and popular blogger. His most well-known works are Please Do Not Fail This Era!, Young, do you really know about this country?, Where did our heroes go?, and Nine Tricks of the United States Cultural Cold War. He is a supporter of communist party rule and has expressed nationalist, anti-American and anti-Western sentiment. Zhou is noted for praising by Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping at a conference on art and literature. Xi lauded Zhou for spreading \"positive energy\" in 2014.\n\nLife\nZhou was born and raised in Zigong, Sichuan, after junior high school, he started to publish works in 1996. \"Cutlassfish Zhou\" () became the nickname for his nationalist, pro-Communist, pro-Chinese government and anti-American writing. Zhou has been praised by General Secretary Xi Jinping for his \"positive energy\".\n\nWorks\n Please Do Not Fail This Era! ()\n Young, do you really know about this country? ()\n Where did our heroes go? ()\n Nine Tricks of the United States Cultural Cold War ()\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1981 births\nWriters from Zigong\nLiving people\nArchibald Prize Salon des Refusés People's Choice Award winners\nPeople's Republic of China writers\nChinese bloggers", "The Kallias-Briefen was a collection made by Schiller of his thoughts on beauty from his correspondence with his friend Christian Gottfried Körner. He planned to turn them into a major treatise entitled Kallias oder Über die Schönheit but in the end did not have time to do so.\n\nCollections of letters\nWorks by Friedrich Schiller" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.", "Did he make any papers of importance", "His first article, dedicated to professional guilds of medieval Islam,", "did the paper get a lot of attention", "had been widely regarded as the most authoritative work on the subject for about thirty years.", "Did he write any other papers", "A series of articles that Lewis published over the next several years revolutionized the history of the Middle East", "Did he do other works?", "Lewis wrote a study of anti-Semitism, Semites and Anti-Semites (1986)." ]

[ "The 1987 Defence White Paper, titled The Defence of Australia, was a white paper published by the Australian Department of Defence during the Hawke Government introduced by Minister for Defence Kim Beazley.\n\nBackground \n\nThe first Defence White Paper was published in 1976 under the Whitlam government. The 1987 Defence White Paper expanded the emphasis on self-reliance that was established in the 1976 Defence White Paper, no longer focussing defence policy primarily on attracting the attention of powerful allies. These white papers formalised the Defence of Australia policy.\n\nThe 1987 White Paper was released following the Dibb Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities and the Cooksey Review of Australia's Defence Exports and Defence Industry.\n\nSynopsis \n\nThe paper affirmed that Australia faced no military threat, barring the remote threat of global war. It asserted that no country had the capacity or motivation, to sustain high level military operations against Australia, though Australia would still be vulnerable to harassment across its coastline and sea approaches. The paper re-affirmed self-reliance and adopted the strategy of defence in depth, as opposed to the publicly unpopular forward defence strategy which saw Australia intervene in the Vietnam War. The paper restated the importance of Australia's alliance with the United States and declared Australia's area of military interest to include much of Oceania and South East Asia.\n\nThe paper did not announce any new capability projects or any detailed expenditure proposal. However, it did emphasise the need to acquire modern technology such as satellite communications and airborne early warning aircraft.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Defence of Australia, full original document\n\nAustralian defence policies\nDefence reviews and defence white papers", "Stone Age Cartoons is a 1940 American series of twelve animated short films from Fleischer Studios. The films are set in the stone-age era, much like the 1960s series The Flintstones. When they did not get the anticipated reception, Fleischer turned their attention to the Gabby cartoon series.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nStone Age Cartoons theatrical series at the Big Cartoon DataBase\n\nFilm series introduced in 1940\nFleischer Studios short films\nAmerican films\nAnimated film series\nFilms about dinosaurs" ]

[ "Bernard Lewis", "Research", "What was his research about", "He is a pioneer of the social and economic history of the Middle East", "which part of the middle east did he study", "extensive research of the Ottoman archives.", "did he study their history", "He began his research career with the study of medieval Arab, especially Syrian, history.", "Did he make any papers of importance", "His first article, dedicated to professional guilds of medieval Islam,", "did the paper get a lot of attention", "had been widely regarded as the most authoritative work on the subject for about thirty years.", "Did he write any other papers", "A series of articles that Lewis published over the next several years revolutionized the history of the Middle East", "Did he do other works?", "Lewis wrote a study of anti-Semitism, Semites and Anti-Semites (1986).", "Did the simitism paper get much attention", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Sword of Knowledge is a trilogy of shared world fantasy novels credited to the authors C. J. Cherryh, Leslie Fish, Nancy Asire, and Mercedes Lackey. The three novels in the series were all published by Baen Books in 1989: A Dirge for Sabis (Cherryh and Fish), Wizard Spawn (Cherryh and Asire), and Reap the Whirlwind (Cherryh and Lackey). The books were first released as a complete trilogy in an omnibus edition in 1995.\n\nAlthough Cherryh is credited as a co-author on each of the books, she apparently did not write any of them. She did write a foreword for each book and may have helped plan the storylines, and therefore was credited as a co-author for all three novels. The publisher, however, eliminated Cherryh's introduction from most or all editions of the book.\n\nThe novels are unusual for the genre in their treatment of magic. Specifically, although wizards exist in the books, they do not cast magic spells in the manner typical of works of high fantasy or tales of Sword and Sorcery. Instead, individuals with magical powers in these books are capable of only two feats: wishing good things upon people, and wishing ill upon people.\n\nAdditionally, the books take place in a culture beginning to develop cannon and other technology appropriate for a Late Middle Ages-style setting. Because of the limits of magical powers in these books and the technical developments portrayed in them, the novels could be considered examples of the Low Fantasy subgenre.\n\nReferences\n Cherryh, C. J. and Leslie Fish. A Dirge for Sabis, Baen Books, 1989.\n Cherryh, C. J. and Nancy Asire. Wizard Spawn, Baen Books, 1989.\n Cherryh, C. J. and Mercedes Lackey. Reap the Whirlwind, Baen Books, 1989.\n Cherryh, C. J. et al. The Sword of Knowledge (Omnibus), Baen Books, 1995 (Paperback); 2005 (Hardcover).\n\nC. J. Cherryh\nFantasy novel series\n1989 novels\nBaen Books books", "Life of the Party: The Biography of Pamela Digby Churchill Hayward Harriman is an unauthorized 1994 biography of Pamela Harriman by Christopher Ogden.\n\nBackground\nThe author stated that he chose to write the book anyway after Harriman canceled plans for an authorized biography and did not pay him for the work he did. Kirkus Reviews stated \"That may or may not have influenced his perspective when he decided to write the story anyway\".\n\nOgden had, over a period of several months, collected about forty hours of interview footage.\n\nOgden was a correspondent for Time.\n\nContent\nThere are nineteen chapters, with most of them each being named after a male figure with significance in the biography.\n\nKirkus stated that the author had a negative view of her romantic ties, and according to Kirkus this was not primarily about any promiscuity but instead about allowing her partners to give her support.\n\nReception\nKirkus Reviews stated that \" This is fun to read as the names drop, but it offers more titillation than insight into\" the subject.\n\nPublishers Weekly stated that the book is \"captivating, gossipy, withering\".\n\nReferences\n\n1994 non-fiction books\nUnauthorized biographies" ]

[ "John Kasich", "U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2001)" ]

[ "Adoniram Judson \"Jud\" Russell (January 23, 1852 - June 4, 1902) was an American politician. He was the speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1900 to his death.\n\nBiography \nAdoniram Judson Russell was born on January 23, 1852, in Alabama. He moved with his parents to Verona, Lee County, Mississippi, when he was a young boy. Russell was born into poverty, and he had difficulties receiving an education. Russell became a lawyer and then practiced at Tupelo. He moved to Meridian, Mississippi, when he was appointed to the position of district counsel of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, the same railroad for which his brother was the general solicitor. In 1895, Russell was elected to represent Meridian, part of the Lauderdale County district, in the Mississippi House of Representatives for the 1896–1900 term. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was re-elected in 1899 for the 1900–1904 term and was unanimously elected to the position of Speaker in January 1900. Russell died unexpectedly of a heart attack in bed on June 4, 1902. He had been visiting Oxford, Mississippi, to give the annual commencement address for the University of Mississippi.\n\nReferences \n\nMembers of the Mississippi House of Representatives\n1852 births\n1902 deaths\nPeople from Meridian, Mississippi\nMississippi Democrats\nSpeakers of the Mississippi House of Representatives", "Louis St. Martin (May 17, 1820 – February 9, 1893) was an American politician from Louisiana.\n\nHe first was elected to the Louisiana state house of representatives in 1840. However, he then held a federal appointment for much of the mid-1840s. He was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives 1846–1850. \nIn 1850 he was elected a member of the U. S. House of Representatives representing the state of Louisiana in its First District, which at the time encompassed part of New Orleans and everything east of the city but south of Lake Pontchartrain. At this point he only served one term in Congress. He was a Democrat.\n\nIn 1852 he did not run for reelection and then went into business ventures. About this time he served as an election commissioner for the city of New Orleans.\n\nHe was elected to Congress in 1864, but Congress refused to accept the reconstruction of Louisiana as it stood then and refused to seat any members of Congress from the state. St. Martin was again elected to the Forty-first Congress, but the house ruled the election invalid, and St. Martin was not returned by the latter election to that congress that allowed for Universal Male Suffrage in the state. In 1884, when the vote had again been essentially restricted to only white males in Louisiana, St. Martin was returned to the house, representing the First District which had virtually the same boundaries it had had when he was first sent to congress more than 30 years before. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1852, 1868, 1876 and 1880.\n\nSt. Martin was born in St. Charles Parish and died in New Orleans.\n\nThe long hiatus between St. Martin's two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives can be partially explained by the intervening Civil War.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1820 births\n1893 deaths\nMembers of the Louisiana House of Representatives\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana\nLouisiana Democrats\nDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives\n19th-century American politicians" ]

[ "John Kasich", "U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2001)", "When was he elected to the house of representatives?", "In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohio's 12th congressional district," ]

[ "El Etmish Kutluk Bilge () was a khagan of the Turgesh.\n\nEarly life \nHe was born Tumodu (都摩度) in the Black Turgesh tribe. He was a high-ranking general in Suluk's army, however his name can be a title as well. After Baga Tarkhan's coup, he supported Suluk's son Kut Chor in Suyab.\n\nReign \nAfter Baga Tarkhan's fall, he submitted to Tang and was created khagan by Xuanzong on 26 July 744. It is not known when he died. He was followed by Yibo.\n\nReferences \n\n8th-century Turkic people\nTürgesh rulers\n8th-century rulers in Asia", "Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto (12 July 1756 – 21 May 1821) was a Genoese lawyer who supported the French Revolution, became a leading politician under the First French Empire and was a successful Minister of Finance at the start of the Bourbon Restoration.\n\nEarly years\n\nLuigi Emanuele Corvetto was born in Genoa, Italy, on 12 July 1756.\nHis family originated in Nervi, east of Genoa.\nHe was the oldest son of Luigi Corvetto and Maddalena Turpia. His father was a professor of civil architecture in Genoa and his mother was from a family of merchants doing business in Amsterdam. At the age of eleven he entered the church school at Genoa, where he did well in classical studies and showing a strong taste for literature.\nHe then studied law, specializing in commercial and maritime law. He spoke excellent French.\nIn 1788 Corvetto married Anna Schiaffino in Geneo, from a well-known trading family. Of their children, two daughters survived and married.\n\nPolitical career\n\nCorvetto supported the French Revolution, and in 1797 was appointed Chairman of the Executive Board of the Ligurian Republic.\nHe became a member of the State Council in 1806. In 1814 he was naturalized as a French citizen.\nUnder the Bourbon Restoration Corvetto was appointed Minister of Finance, holding office from 26 September 1815 to 7 December 1818.\nHe was able to restore financial stability and reestablish the credit of the state.\n\nCorvetto died in Genoa on 21 May 1821, aged 64.\n\nReferences\nCitations\n\nSources\n\n1756 births\n1821 deaths\nFrench Ministers of Finance\n18th-century Italian lawyers\n19th-century Italian lawyers\nItalian expatriates in France" ]

[ "John Kasich", "U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2001)", "When was he elected to the house of representatives?", "In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohio's 12th congressional district,", "Was he well supported?", "He won the Republican primary with 83% of the vote" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "John Kasich", "U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2001)", "When was he elected to the house of representatives?", "In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohio's 12th congressional district,", "Was he well supported?", "He won the Republican primary with 83% of the vote", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "He was re-elected eight times after 1982, winning at least 64% of the vote each time." ]

[ "The Outlook (1870–1935) was a weekly magazine, published in New York City.\n\nPublication history\n\nThe Christian Union (1870–1893)\n\nThe Outlook began publication January 1, 1870, as The Christian Union (1870–1893).\n\nThe Outlook (1893–1928)\n\nThe magazine was titled The Outlook from 1893 to 1928, reflecting a shift of focus from religious subjects to social and political issues.\n\nIn 1900, the ranking weekly magazines of news and opinion were The Independent (1870), The Nation (1865), The Outlook (1870), and, with a different emphasis, The Literary Digest (1890).\n\nThe Outlook and Independent (1928–1932)\n\nIn 1928 The Independent was merged with The Outlook to form The Outlook and Independent.\n\nThe New Outlook (1932–1935)\n\nFrom 1932 to 1935 the magazine was published as The New Outlook. Its last issue was dated June 1935.\n\nNotable contributors\n\nTheodore Roosevelt was an associate editor for The Outlook, after he served as president.\nEdwin Arlington Robinson\n In 1900 Booker T. Washington published autobiographical pieces in The Outlook. These pieces were collected in book form and published in 1901 as Up from Slavery. A report by Washington about the new state of Oklahoma was published in the first issue of 1908. \nAlfred Emanuel Smith, Francis Rufus Bellamy, and Harold Trowbridge Pulsifer were editors.\nOscar Cesare was an editorial cartoonist for the magazine.\nBenjamin Kidd's interview article, \"Future of the United States\" (September 1, 1894) made him a celebrity in the United States.\n Robert Cantwell was literary editor of The New Outlook (1932–1935)\n\nAnthologies\n\nA collection of poetry from The Outlook, Scribner's Magazine, Harper's Magazine, and The Century Magazine was published in 1913.\n\nSee also\n The Nation (1865)\n The Independent (1870)\n The Literary Digest (1890)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n\nWeekly magazines published in the United States\nDefunct political magazines published in the United States\nDefunct magazines published in the United States\nMagazines disestablished in 1935\nMagazines established in 1870\nMagazines published in New York City", "Socialist Outlook was the name of two publications edited by supporters of the Fourth International in Britain.\n\nSocialist Outlook (1948 - 1954)\nThe first Socialist Outlook was the name of the newspaper published by the Socialist Fellowship from December 1948 until 1954. For much of that period, it was edited by John Lawrence and was formally published by an association of left wing members of the Labour Party. The paper's editorial policy was controlled by a group around Gerry Healy. This Trotskyist group was privately known as The Club. Socialist Outlook was banned by the Labour Party's National Executive Committee in late 1954 and soon expired. The Club moved to selling Tribune instead.\n\nSocialist Outlook (1987 - 2009)\n\nThe second Socialist Outlook was the publication of the International Socialist Group, the Trotskyist organisation which was the British section of the Fourth International between 1987 and 2009. Launched as a bi-monthly magazine in May 1987, the title Socialist Outlook was partly selected because, at that time, most of the ISG's members were also active in the Labour Party. It was published as a fortnightly newspaper between 1992 and 2002. It was then a quarterly magazine and used the .\n\n'Socialist Outlook' was used as the electoral name of the International Socialist Group when it stood four candidates as part of the Socialist Alliance in the 2001 general election. The candidates ran in Lambeth and Southwalk, Bristol, North Tyneside and Oxford East.\n\nExternal links \n Socialist Outlook webpage\n Archive site of the pre-2003 newspaper\n Account of a Socialist Outlook supporter in the 1950s\n\nDefunct political magazines published in the United Kingdom\nFourth International (post-reunification)\nMagazines established in 1948\nMagazines disestablished in 1954\nMagazines established in 1987\nMagazines disestablished in 2009\nSocialist magazines\nMarxist magazines\nSocialist newspapers published in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "John Kasich", "U.S. House of Representatives (1983-2001)", "When was he elected to the house of representatives?", "In 1982, Kasich ran for Congress in Ohio's 12th congressional district,", "Was he well supported?", "He won the Republican primary with 83% of the vote", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "He was re-elected eight times after 1982, winning at least 64% of the vote each time.", "What was his political outlook?", "During his congressional career, Kasich was considered a fiscal conservative," ]

[ "\"Why\" is a song by American singer Lionel Richie. It was written by Richie along with Sean Garrett and Chuckii Booker for his eighth studio album Coming Home (2006). Production on the song was helmed by Richie and Garrett, while Booker is credited as a co-producer. \"Why\" was initially considered as the album's second single, but \"What You Are\" became the official selection. In the United Kingdom, the song was released as the album's third single in December 2006.\n\nTrack listing\n\nNotes\n signifies a co-producer\n\nReferences \n\n2006 singles\nLionel Richie songs\n2006 songs\nIsland Records singles\nMercury Records singles\nSongs written by Lionel Richie\nSongs written by Sean Garrett\nSongs written by Chuckii Booker", "Emily's Reasons Why Not is a television series starring Heather Graham. The show, which was based on the novel of the same name by Carrie Gerlach, published in August 2004, was canceled by its broadcaster, ABC, after a single airing on January 9, 2006. The story revolves around Emily Sanders, a successful career woman in Los Angeles who has been unsuccessful dating. She seeks help from a therapist who recommends that Emily make a list of ten reasons why each of her dating relationships has failed.\n\nThe series premise centered on Emily (Graham), an editor of self-help books who is unable to find success in romance. In the premiere episode she ends a bad relationship and adopts a new rule for her romances: if she can list five reasons to break up with a guy, then she does so. Emily gets help from her friends, among them Josh, whose character is strongly based on gay stereotypes. The show was widely considered a less risqué copycat of Sex and the City.\n\nFirst episode\nIn the first episode, she is convinced that the man she was dating was gay when he was actually a devout Mormon practicing chastity before marriage. His open virginity is presented through gay stereotypes, and his preferred sport, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is described as \"the gayest sport there is\" by Emily's former boyfriend.\n\nCritical reception\nIt was reported that ABC committed to the show before seeing a script. Despite heavy promotion by both Sony Pictures Television and ABC, and a viewing average of 6.2 million viewers, the show was pulled after the first episode due to negative reception; production was stopped after filming six episodes. ABC was said to have spent millions on promotion, including airtime, billboards and radio ads, and considered Emily to be the \"linchpin\" of the network's post-football Monday-night schedule. The promotion was so heavy and the cancellation so abrupt that some magazines found themselves carrying cover stories about a canceled show. After viewing it, ABC's entertainment president suggested that they considered the show lackluster and unlikely to improve. The New York Times attributed the cancellation in part to the extremely unappealing nature of the main character and the portrayal by Graham.\n\nIn 2006, all six episodes of the show aired on Spain's pay-TV channel Cosmopolitan under the title Cinco razones (para no salir contigo) (\"Five Reasons (to not go out with you)\"), on Sony Entertainment Television (Latin America), on ORF1 in Austria, and on POP TV in Slovenia. It also aired on the cable/satellite channel, FOX Life, in Japan in 2007, titled in Japanese as .\n\nCast\n Emily Sanders (Heather Graham)\n Reilly Harvey (Nadia Dajani)\n Midas O'Shay (James Patrick Stuart)\n Josh (Khary Payton)\n Glitter Cho (Smith Cho)\n\nEpisodes\n\nHome media\nEmily's Reasons Why Not – The Complete Series was released on DVD on May 1, 2012. All six episodes produced were included in the set.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Washington Post article in which the programming chief at ABC discusses why the show was canceled and why it got as far as it did.\n\nAmerican Broadcasting Company original programming\n2006 American television series debuts\n2006 American television series endings\n2000s American single-camera sitcoms\nTelevision shows based on American novels\nTelevision series by Sony Pictures Television\nTelevision shows set in Los Angeles" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69" ]

[ "\"Sympathy\" is an 1899 poem written by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Dunbar, one of the most prominent African-American writers of his time, wrote the poem while working in unpleasant conditions at the Library of Congress. The poem is often considered to be about the struggle of African-Americans. Maya Angelou titled her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings from a line in the poem and referenced its themes throughout her autobiographies.\n\nBackground \nPaul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) was an American poet. Born to freed slaves, he became one of the most prominent African-American poets of his time in the 1890s. Dunbar, who was twenty-seven when he wrote \"Sympathy\", had already published several poetry collections which had sold well. He was hired to work as an attendant at the Library of Congress on September 30, 1897, but the experience was unpleasant and strained his declining health. He wrote \"Sympathy\" at least in part because he was feeling \"like he was trapped in a cage\" while working there. Alice Dunbar Nelson, Dunbar's wife, later wrote in a 1914 article that:\n\n\"Sympathy\" was first published in 1899 in Dunbar's poetry collection Lyrics of the Hearthside. He had previously published a poem also titled \"Sympathy\" in 1893.\n\nText \n\nI know what the caged bird feels, alas!\n When the sun is bright on the upland slopes;\n When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass,\nAnd the river flows like a stream of glass;\n When the first bird sings and the first bud opes,\nAnd the faint perfume from its chalice steals –\nI know what the caged bird feels!\n\nI know why the caged bird beats his wing\n Till its blood is red on the cruel bars;\n For he must fly back to his perch and cling\nWhen he fain would be on the bough a-swing;\n And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars\nAnd they pulse again with a keener sting –\nI know why he beats his wing!\n\nI know why the caged bird sings, ah me,\n When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, –\n When he beats his bars and he would be free;\nIt is not a carol of joy or glee,\n But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core,\nBut a plea, that upward to Heaven he flings –\nI know why the caged bird sings!\n\nReception \nThe literary critic Joanne M. Braxton considers \"Sympathy\" to represent Dunbar as a \"mature\" poet who is finding his own voice as a poet and distancing himself from \"the imitation of European models\". The poet Carol Rumens described the poem as \"an almost unbearably painful lyric.\" She concludes her analysis by saying that \"Dunbar's parents had known the agony of being slaves; Dunbar understands that there are other kinds of cages for their children.\" In The Cambridge History of African American Literature, the scholar Keith Leonard described \"Sympathy\" as following Standard English norms and felt that its \"celebration of nature\" was \"common to Romantic poets\" but that it also \"betrays Dunbar's social anxieties.\" \n\n\"Sympathy\" is about \"the frustration of perceiving a better life that one cannot obtain\", according to the scholar Alan Burns. He notes that the imagery of a bird in a cage references enslaved black Americans. The scholar Christine A. Wooley feels that Dunbar personally identified with the bird, but notes that the final stanza \"subtly shifts the reader away from the bird's experience toward what the experience produces: the song.\"\n\nThe poem and \"We Wear The Mask\" are two of Dunbar's most widely anthologized poems, and \"Sympathy\" has been cited as one of his more popular works. Although Dunbar was only twenty seven when he wrote the poem, he died six years later.\n\nStructure \nThe poem itself is divided into three stanzas. The first stanza revolved around the \"caged bird\" longing for freedom as spring and freedom exist around it. In stanza two, the bird is described as fighting to be free and escape the cage. Finally, the third stanza is about, as Burns notes, \"the nature of the bird's song\", as a \"prayer for freedom.\" Every stanza begins and ends with a similar refrain. \"Sympathy\" uses a abaabcc rhyming scheme.\n\nLegacy \nMaya Angelou titled her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), from a line in \"Sympathy\", at the suggestion of jazz musician and activist Abbey Lincoln. Angelou said that Dunbar's works had inspired her \"writing ambition.\" She returns to his symbol of a caged bird as a chained slave in some of her writing, referencing the metaphor throughout all of her autobiographies. Angelou wrote the poem \"Caged Bird\" in 1983 as a \"sequel\" to \"Sympathy\" and the title of her sixth autobiography, A Song Flung Up to Heaven, was also inspired by the poem.\n\nScholars have also drawn parallels between Dunbar's poem and a scene in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man (1952).\n\nReferences \n\n1899 poems\nWorks by Paul Laurence Dunbar\nLibrary of Congress", "Caged Bird may refer to:\nCaged bird, a bird kept in a birdcage\n\"Caged Bird\", a song by Alicia Keys on her 2001 album Songs in A Minor\n\"Caged Bird\" (Wonderfalls), a 2004 episode of the TV dramedy Wonderfalls\nThe Caged Bird, a 1913 American silent short drama film" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident." ]

[ "¿Qué hubiera pasado si...? (in English, What would have happened if...?) is a counterfactual history Argentine book written by Rosendo Fraga. The book speculates on how would the History of Argentina have developed if certain key events did not take place or had happened in a different way.\n\nDescription\nAmong other things, the book speculates what would have happened if the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata wasn't created, if the British invasions of the Río de la Plata did not fail, if José de San Martín had obeyed the Supreme Directors and returned with the Army of the Andes to fight Artigas instead of taking the independentist war to Peru, if the Conquest of the Desert did not take place, if the different coup d'états that took place in Argentina did not happen or were defeated, and if Argentina had obtained the sovereignty of the Malvinas. Each chapter starts with a basic premise but speculates as well on related possibilities that could have influenced changes: for example, the one on San Martin questions as well what would have happened if the government of Chile fell, if a Spanish task force arrived to take Buenos Aires, and what stance could have the caudillos taken in those hypothetic scenarios.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Interview with Rosendo Fraga about the book \n\nArgentine books\nAlternate history anthologies", "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place () is a collection of three short essays by Jean Baudrillard published in the French newspaper Libération and British paper The Guardian between January and March 1991.\n Part 1, \"The Gulf War will not take place\" (La guerre du Golfe n'aura pas lieu) was published in Libération on January 4, 1991.\n Part 2, \"The Gulf War is not really taking place\" (La guerre du Golfe a-t-elle vraiment lieu?) was published in Libération on February 6, 1991, and\n Part 3, \"The Gulf War did not take place\" (La Guerre du Golfe n'a pas eu lieu) was published in Libération on March 29, 1991.\n\nContrary to the title, the author believes that the events and violence of the Gulf War actually took place, whereas the issue is one of interpretation: were the events that took place comparable to how they were presented, and could these events be called a war? The title is a reference to the play The Trojan War Will Not Take Place by Jean Giraudoux (in which characters attempt to prevent what the audience knows is inevitable).\n\nThe essays in Libération and The Guardian were published before, during and after the Gulf War and they were titled accordingly: during the American military and rhetorical buildup as \"The Gulf War Will Not Take Place\"; during military action as \"The Gulf War Is Not Taking Place\", and after action was over, \"The Gulf War Did Not Take Place\". A book of elongated versions of the truncated original articles in French was published in May 1991. The English translation was published in early 1995 translated by Paul Patton.\n\nSummary \nBaudrillard argued the Gulf War was not really a war, but rather an atrocity which masqueraded as a war. Using overwhelming airpower, the American military for the most part did not directly engage in combat with the Iraqi army, and suffered few casualties. Almost nothing was made known about Iraqi deaths. Thus, the fighting \"did not really take place\" from the point of view of the West. Moreover, all that spectators got to know about the war was in the form of propaganda imagery. The closely watched media presentations made it impossible to distinguish between the experience of what truly happened in the conflict, and its stylized, selective misrepresentation through simulacra.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Baudrillard, Jean (1991) La Guerre du Golfe n'a pas eu lieu, Paris: Galilée.\n Baudrillard, Jean (1995) The Gulf War Did Not Take Place, Bloomington: Indiana University Press\n\n1995 non-fiction books\nBooks by Jean Baudrillard\nEssays about hyperreality\nFrench non-fiction books\nGulf War books" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "What year did this take place?", "In 1962," ]

[ "Koketso Mmathabo Mary Tlailane (born 7 December 1992) is a South African soccer player who plays as a defender for the South Africa women's national team.\n\nInternational career\nTlailane appeared in two matches for the South Africa women's national soccer team in 2019. She was on the South Africa squad at the 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations but did not appear in any matches.\n\nReferences\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nSouth African women's soccer players\nSouth Africa women's international soccer players\nWomen's association football defenders", "Francisca Chepkurui, HSC (born 11 September 1963) is a retired Kenyan middle-distance runner. She won the gold medal in the 400 metres at the 1987 All-Africa Games in Nairobi. Later in those games she anchored Kenya to a silver medal in set the 4 × 400 metres relay, setting a still-standing Kenyan record of 3:28.94.\n\nLater in the 1987 season, Chepkurui competed in the second-ever World Championships in Athletics in both the 400 m and the . She did not advance to the finals in either event.\n\nIn 1988, Chepkurui moved up to the 800 metres, culminating in August with a 1:58.1 hand-timed personal best which at the time was a Kenyan record and African record. Her national record stood until 2007. She was viewed as a gold medal favorite for the 1988 Summer Olympics, but she was withdrawn from competition before the Games started. The IAAF does not list any results for Chepkurui past 1988.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 births\nKenyan female sprinters\nKenyan female middle-distance runners\nLiving people\nAfrican Games gold medalists for Kenya\nAfrican Games medalists in athletics (track and field)\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1987 All-Africa Games" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "What year did this take place?", "In 1962,", "Did she spend any time in Africa?", "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965." ]

[ "Marilyn Ramos (born 16 February 1991) is a South African designer, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss South Africa 2012, becoming the official representative of her country to Miss Universe 2013 and Miss World 2013. Ramos represented South Africa at Miss World 2013 and Miss Universe 2013, failing to place in both competitions. She entered the pageant twice before she emerged the winner. She also held the title for the longest in SA pageant history- 16 months until she has crowned Roline Strauss on 30 March 2014 as her successor.\n\nEarly life\nMarilyn's home town is Klerksdorp. Marilyn is a student of Interior Architecture at Inscape Design College in Pretoria. She is the daughter of Victor and Yolandi Ramos. She is of South African and Portuguese descent.\n\nMiss South Africa 2012\nIn light of the fact that the outgoing Miss South Africa was in attendance at the Miss Universe pageant where she had placed in the top 10. Marilyn Ramos from Klerksdorp has been crowned Miss South Africa 2012 by Remona Moodley (The First Runner-up Miss South Africa 2011) at the Sun City Super Bowl on Sunday night, 9 December 2012. However, Melinda Bam did pay homage to her country and the title that she held in the form of a video montage that was aired on the night of the finale.\n\nBeyond 2012 \nIn 2013 a now-defunct major media publication (Heat magazine) accused her of being ‘the worst Miss SA ever'. However, she responded to it, by indicating that: \"There was no PR in place for Miss SA 2012. The events, charities and other initiatives I had done went unseen to the public. No one was sending out Press Releases of my doings, creating the warped perception that I wasn't fulfilling my duties as Miss SA. A PR team was only put in place when the Miss SA 2014 search started, and clearly focused on the 2014 pageant. The events I attended were a combination of what the Miss SA Offices arranged and invitations I received in my own personal capacity. But despite all this I tirelessly focused all my energy on the various charities I was responsible for. Contrary to popular belief, as Miss South Africa I did not even have a clothing sponsor, but was always expected to look my best and that of a Miss South Africa. This dilemma reached a critical climax when it came to the Miss World (hosted in Bali) and Miss Universe (hosted in Moscow) pageants. With minimal support once again, it came down to my parents and family drives (to raise money) to pay for almost everything, including 90 outfits (gowns, national costumes etc.), national gifts, contestant gifts and R23000 excess luggage, just to name a few. My family and I had only 4 weeks in between the two international competitions to prepare for Miss Universe, a time frame any industry expert will tell you is almost impossible to achieve. To make everything worse, no one from the Organization even made an effort to come see me off at OR Tambo. I did not let this hinder me. I still went ahead and represented my country to the best of my abilities. The fact that I didn't place at either pageant wasn't because of anything I did or didn't do. I tried my utmost best, poured my heart and soul into it, and firmly believe that it just wasn't my time. I think it is also fair to mention that I was not the only Miss South Africa, that did not place at Internationals; in fact, there were three other Miss South Africa's that did not place in previous years. Perhaps the absence of a South African Director played a role while 99% of all contestants had someone from the national organization present for meetings, events and the final show.\"\nShe married Louwrens Mahoney,a six-time national champion in 2018. Mahoney has successfully represented KTM (motorcycling) South Africa in both the National Cross Country and Enduro Championship.\n\nReferences\n\n5 Miss South Africa winners who took home the crown on a second (or third!) attempt \nFormer Miss South Africa, Marilyn Ramos, breaks the silence!\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Miss South Africa website\n\nMiss World 2013 delegates\nMiss South Africa winners\nPeople from Klerksdorp\n1991 births\nMiss Universe 2013 contestants\nLiving people\nSouth African people of Portuguese descent", "Stephanie Hana Malherbe (born 5 April 1996) is an American-born South African soccer player who plays as a forward. She played for the South Africa women's national team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She has also played for Swedish club Djurgårdens IF.\n\nEarly life\nShe was born on 5 April 1996 in Temecula, California, and attended Great Oak High School there. Both her parents are South Africans who now reside in the United States. Malherbe played football while in high school, being named the South Eastern Conference High School Player of the Year. While attending Texas A&M University where she studies accounting, she began to play for the women's soccer team. She was named to the 2014 National Collegiate Athletic Association All Freshman Team.\n\nInternational career\nMalherbe sought South African nationality prior to the qualifiers for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in order to allow her to play for the South Africa women's national football team in the football tournament. Although she was unable to do so because of holdups in her application, she trained with the women's U20 team. She said that \"I was shy and didn’t know if I would be accepted. But the team was very welcoming and now I feel very comfortable among my teammates. I guess as a person you adapt quickly and that’s what I did\".\n\nHer South Africa documentation arrived prior to the Olympics itself, and so she was chosen for the squad which played there. She said \"I never really thought some day I would be at the Olympics. But to be honest, this has been a big dream of mine since I was very young but I never thought I would be able to make it a reality, so it’s very exciting.\" She made her debut playing against Cameroon women's national football team in Doula, Cameroon, on 25 March 2016.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1996 births\nLiving people\nPeople with acquired South African citizenship\nSouth African women's soccer players\nWomen's association football midfielders\nDamallsvenskan players\nDjurgårdens IF Fotboll (women) players\nSouth Africa women's international soccer players\nOlympic soccer players of South Africa\nFootballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nSouth African expatriate soccer players\nSouth African expatriate sportspeople in Sweden\nExpatriate women's footballers in Sweden\nWhite South African people\nSportspeople from Temecula, California\nSoccer players from California\nAmerican women's soccer players\nTexas A&M Aggies women's soccer players\nAmerican expatriate women's soccer players\nAmerican expatriate sportspeople in Sweden\nAmerican people of South African descent\nAmerican sportspeople of African descent\nSportspeople of South African descent" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "What year did this take place?", "In 1962,", "Did she spend any time in Africa?", "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965.", "What did she do while in Africa?", "I don't know." ]

[ "DiscoveryBox is a children's magazine by Bayard Presse. It is targeted at children from 9 to 12 years old. Inside there are topics about science, animals, current events, nature, history and the world. It also includes games and quizzes. It is designed for the completely independent reader and is the 3rd and final instalment of the Box series (after StoryBox and AdventureBox).\n\nDiscoveryBox is mostly non fictional and is designed to answer questions and expand the knowledge of its readers in the subjects that it covers each month.\n\nThere is a current shortage in this type of information rich magazine for this age group at the moment and children find the magazine very interesting. It is designed to build on what they have learned in School and it takes many of its subjects from the British Curriculum so reinforces what they have learned as well as adding additional interesting facts that they may not have previously known about.\n\nBecause there is a shortage of information magazines for children this age, both ESL and English speaking students like to read this book as the information is specially presented for them. As it is specifically designed for the ages 9 to 12 the magazine takes subjects that they would find interesting such as The Olympic Games, Space Exploration and Avalanches being just a few of the previous topics covered.\n\nIn July 2009 DiscoveryBox collaborated with the movie Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs with a behind-the-scenes look at 3D animation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n DiscoveryBox Website\n DiscoveryBox Information Page\n Bayard English magazine Website\n\nChildren's magazines published in France\nFrench-language magazines\nMonthly magazines published in France\nMagazines established in 1995", "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "What year did this take place?", "In 1962,", "Did she spend any time in Africa?", "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965.", "What did she do while in Africa?", "I don't know.", "What is some other interesting information about this article?", "In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march." ]

[ "Emma Kinema is an American labor organizer and a lead organizer of CODE-CWA, the Communication Workers of America's Campaign to Organize Digital Employees. In the late 2010s, while working as a quality assurance tester, Kinema volunteered as a games industry organizer and co-founder of Game Workers Unite. She was hired by the CWA union in 2020 to lead their initiative to organize video game and tech workers, the first American initiative of its kind in those sectors. The campaign has organized Glitch and Voltage Entertainment workers.\n\nCareer \n\nEmma Kinema's career background in the video game industry has spanned a variety of roles across multiple types and sizes of game companies. She had also been involved in labor organizing since the early 2010s. By the late 2010s, those interests coincided for her as a labor organizer in the games industry. While working full-time as a quality assurance tester for an Orange County, California-based game developer, Kinema became a founding member of Game Workers Unite, a group of volunteers organizing the video games industry. Kinema and games writer Liz Ryerson were the main figures behind the group's initial expansion in early 2018. This volunteering, which she estimated as 60 hours per week, included giving and receiving training and was supported by crowdfunded monthly income. Kinema's interest in organizing was propelled by her first- and secondhand experiences with crunch time (long periods of overtime), toxic workplace culture, and issues related to layoffs, pay gaps, discrimination, health care, and artistic credit attribution. She had previously trained with the Industrial Workers of the World.\n\nKinema helped to organize a panel on labor at the March 2019 Game Developers' Conference and in May, helped to organize the walkout at Riot Games over its handling of sex discrimination. She assisted Riot workers in creating an organizing committee after they attended a 2018 Game Workers Unite meeting and further advised the organizers via phone. Variety named the Game Workers Unite organizers and Kinema (as the group's most public figure) among the most influential people in video games in 2018.\n\nCODE-CWA \n\nFollowing two years of discussions, in January 2020, Communications Workers of America hired Kinema to organize workers in the video game and tech industries, the first American union initiative in those sectors. Her initiative with Wes McEnany is named Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE). She plans to use the Communications Workers of America's infrastructure to fight issues including crunch time, layoffs, and workplace ethics, which she has construed as working conditions for employees who choose employers based on their ability to impact society. She also emphasized the slow-moving nature of organizing through one-on-one relationships. CODE organized the New York-based tech company Glitch in March and contracted writers for Voltage Entertainment, whose successful July strike led to pay increases and workplace transparency. In early 2020, Kinema said that she was involved with almost every video game worker unionization drive in the United States. CODE campaigns include both small and large, multinational game companies.\n\nThe campaign has unionized multiple companies, including the petition website Change.org, the role-playing game publishing company Paizo, and the indie video game studio Vodeo. CODE-CWA has also assisted Activision Blizzard staff in their organization efforts.\n\nPersonal life \n\nHer name is a pseudonym chosen so that she could continue working in the games industry without risking dismissal or reprisal under at-will employment. She described undergoing \"pretty extreme lengths\" to separate her full-time career from her work as an organizer.\n\nKinema, a queer, trans woman, has spoken about the power of unionization to connect economic rights and social justice.\n\nSee also \n\n Claire Stapleton\n Liz Fong-Jones\n Jaz Brisack\n Cher Scarlett\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n21st-century American women activists\n21st-century American women\nAmerican social activists\nAmerican social justice activists\nAmerican women activists\nAmerican women trade unionists\nAmerican video game programmers\nCommunications Workers of America people\nLiving people\nQueer women\nTrade unionists from California\nTrans women\nWorkers' rights activists\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "Jesse Leech Davisson (1860-1940) was an American suffragist active in Ohio. She was a member of the Advisory Council of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.\n\nLife\nDavisson née Leech was born on February 5, 1860 in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. In 1899 she married the attorney Oscar F. Davisson (1851-1932) with whom she had three children.\n\nIn 1896 Davisson joined the Jonathan Dayton chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. By 1912 Davisson became involved with advocating for women's suffrage when she campaigned for suffrage for Ohio women. She went on to become president of the Woman Suffrage Party of Montgomery County, Ohio. She also served on the Executive Committee of the Ohio State Woman Suffrage Association, and the Advisory Council of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. In 1914 Davidson helped organize Dayton, Ohio's the first Woman's Suffrage Parade. Her efforts to win women's suffrage on the state level failed, and the women of Ohio did not receive the vote until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.\n\nIn 1921 Davisson help found the Dayton and Montgomery County League of Women Voters and served as its first vice president.\n\nDavisson died on June 29, 1940.\n\nSee also\n List of suffragists and suffragettes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1860 births\n1940 deaths\nAmerican suffragists" ]

[ "Maya Angelou", "Africa to Caged Bird: 1961-69", "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "What year did this take place?", "In 1962,", "Did she spend any time in Africa?", "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965.", "What did she do while in Africa?", "I don't know.", "What is some other interesting information about this article?", "In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march.", "Did she organize it?", "She agreed, but \"postpones again\", and in what Gillespie calls \"a macabre twist of fate\", he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4)." ]

[ "Linda Kay Willis (born July 20, 1949) was a close witness during the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy.\n\nWhen the assassination started, she was located to the left of President Kennedy's presidential limousine on the south side of Elm Street, directly in front of the Texas School Book Depository. In the Zapruder film, she was seen wearing a blue coat and a long gold skirt.\n\nWillis testified to the Warren Commission in 1964 that she remembered hearing three shots, with the last two shots bunched much closer together than the first two shots. Specifically, she also testified that the assassination started when President Kennedy was already waving (his waving motion does not start until Zapruder film frame 174) when she heard the first shot (from Z-165 through Z-208, the president was hidden by a large oak tree from the view of anyone located in the Warren Commission lone snipers lair). Like many Dealey Plaza witnesses, the first shot she remembered hearing sounded like a firecracker to her. She said that this first shot hit President Kennedy because she saw the president immediately (and almost simultaneously) raise up both his arms and clench his fists in front of his throat as a result of the first shot that she remembered. Willis stated that she did not know where the second shot that she remembered hearing came from or went to. She said that it was the third shot that she remembered that hit President Kennedy in his head. In 1978, Willis told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that she \"had a distinct impression that the head wound to President Kennedy was a result of a front-to-rear shot\" when she saw his head \"blow up.\" In her 1989 video interview for The Men Who Killed Kennedy documentary, Willis stated that when she saw the president's head explode in blood that she saw brain matter come out the back of the president's head, so, the head shot must have been fired from the front of President Kennedy.\n\nWillis stated to assassination researcher and author Richard Trask (Pictures of the Pain 1994) that after the assassination, she and her sister Rosemary also saw someone find a piece of the president's head that had landed in the grass located at least to the left of the president.\n\nAfter the assassination, Willis, along with her sister, father (Phillip) and mother (Marilyn), were present at the Kodak photographic laboratory getting her father's assassination-related photo slides developed when the Zapruder film was first developed and first shown.\n\nSources\nWarren Commission; Witness Testimony; Volume 7, Page 498, Linda Kay Willis Testimony\nHouse Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 12, Section 2, page 7-8, \"Presence of Possible Gunman on the Grassy Knoll\", Linda Willis interview\n\nExternal links\n\nAn Image-stabilized Version of the Zapruder Film, Running in a Loop Users must initially wait a few seconds for the first QuickTime version to download, after which the film runs continuously\nDetails and Zapruder frames showing the Rosemary Willis rapid headsnap towards the grassy knoll\n\nWillis, Linda Kay\nLiving people\nWitnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy", "Karla Avelar (born 1978) is a Salvadoran transgender rights activist. She is the Executive Director of Comcavis Trans,\n\nBiography\nShe has received several death threats, and survived assassination attempts. The first assassination attempt to her life was in 1992, when she was just a teen, she was able to disarm her assailant who drew a .45 at Avelar.\n\nWorks\nIn 2008, Avelar founded the support organization for transgenders called COMCAVIS TRANS, it was founded as a response to the needs felt by TRANS women participating in the various support groups (people with HIV) to feel discriminated against, not represented and did not obtain the required information according to their own characteristics.\n\nAwards\nShe was a finalist of the Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders in the year of 2017.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Comcavis Trans website\n\n1978 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "Pete Wentz", "Writing" ]

[ "This Type of Thinking (Could Do Us In) is the third studio album by American rock band Chevelle. Debuting at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 based on nearly 90,000 copies sold in its first week, it charted higher than its predecessor, Wonder What's Next but did not exceed its debut position. The album did not manage to match its predecessor's commercial success, but was certified platinum. This Type of Thinking follows generally the same heavy style as Wonder What's Next with popular singles like \"Vitamin R\" and \"The Clincher\". It would be the first of two records produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette. This was also the final album featuring bassist Joe Loeffler, who departed from the band in 2005.\n\nBackground and recording\nComing off a highly successful major label debut, Chevelle finishing touring on December 17, 2003. They set out to write a follow-up album from scratch at the onset of the following year in what drummer Sam Loeffler described as a different approach to writing. He also noted how the band felt significant pressure from their label to not simply match but topple the platinum success of Wonder What's Next. In a 2004 interview, Loeffler described the process of approaching This Type of Thinking:\n\"We went home for Christmas and after New Year's we went into the studio and we said, 'All right, we have to write a whole record in basically four months.' We had no songs, so we had to write that whole record and we ended up taking five months. We wanted to go heavy, we wanted to do a lot of double-bass drum, kind of syncopated rhythms, and we wanted to basically write songs that we could bob our heads to. That was sort of where we started. We're a heavy melodic rock band, that's what we like to write, and that's what we like to play. And that's what we did.\"\n\nThis time around, Chevelle opted to produce their own album with the help of Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette. This Type of Thinking would continue the balance of melody and heaviness of its predecessor. And much like the final track on Wonder What's Next, \"Bend the Bracket\" would be recorded simply as an acoustic demo for its unpolished presentation.\n\nCritical reception\n\nAllMusic editor Johnny Loftus observes the album as \"...flatly mixed, lost in depression, and obsessed with rewriting \"Sober\" for a new generation of lank-haired misunderstoods.\"\n\nMelodic calls it \"...a real quality album that you will never get bored of.\", praising the songs \"The Clincher\", \"Vitamin R (Leading Us Along)\" and \"Another Know It All\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nChevelle\n Pete Loeffler – guitar, vocals\n Joe Loeffler – bass, backing vocals\n Sam Loeffler – drums\n\nTechnical personnel\n Andy Wallace – mixing\n Ben Goldman – A&R\n Christian Lantry – photography\n Dave Holdredge – digital editing, drum programming, engineer\n Eddy Schreyer – mastering\n Farra Mathews – A&R\n Jef Moll – assistant\n Josh Wilbur – digital editing\n Katharina Fritsch – cover sculpture\n Kevin Dean – assistant\n Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette – engineer, producer\n Sean Evans – art direction\n Steve Sisco – assistant\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2004 albums\nAlbums produced by Michael Baskette\nChevelle (band) albums\nEpic Records albums", "I Write What I Like (full name I Write What I Like: Selected Writings by Steve Biko) is a compilation of writings from anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko.\n\nI Write What I Like contains a selection of Biko's writings from 1969, when he became the president of the South African Student Organisation, to 1972, when he was prohibited from publishing. Originally published in 1978, the book was republished in 1987 and April 2002. The book's title was taken from the title under which he had published his writings in the SASO newsletter under the pseudonym Frank Talk.\n\nI Write What I Like reflects Biko's conviction that black people in South Africa could not be liberated until they united to break their chains of servitude, a key tenet of the Black Consciousness Movement that he helped found.\n\nThe collection was edited by Aelred Stubbs. The book includes a preface by Archbishop Desmond Tutu; an introduction by Malusi and Thoko Mpumlwana, who were both involved with Biko in the Black Consciousness Movement; a memoir of Biko by Father Aelred Stubbs, his longtime pastor and friend; and a new foreword by Professor Lewis Gordon.\n\nReferences\n\n1978 non-fiction books\n2002 non-fiction books\nBooks about apartheid\nPolitical books\nSouth African non-fiction books" ]

[ "Pete Wentz", "Writing", "What did he write?", "Wentz has written a book entitled The Boy With the Thorn in His Side," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Pete Wentz", "Writing", "What did he write?", "Wentz has written a book entitled The Boy With the Thorn in His Side,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In June 2009, it was announced that Wentz was working on a five-issue comic book mini-series called Fall Out Toy Works," ]

[ "'My Take' is an autobiography by British singer/songwriter and lead member of Take That, Gary Barlow. My Take is his take on his childhood, breaking into the music scene, his years in Take That, after the band split, going solo and culminating in the reformation of the Take That to phenomenal success.\n\nBackground Information \nBarlow had stated that he had begun writing 'a thin thing' that would have been nothing more than a collection of stories about his days in Take That, his time as a solo artist and his profession since he left the public spotlight, songwriting and producing for artists across the music scene. He stated that this short book was originally titled Backstage For Good, referencing his fall from superstardom during the late 1990s and how he no longer felt comfortable in the media spotlight, preferring to focus on his family and songwriting.\n\nThere are 2 versions of the book - the hardback which was released in 2006 and the paperback released a year later and updated with \"the story of the comeback of all comebacks\" with Take That reuniting for the first time in 10 years.\n\nPublic Appearances \nBarlow appeared at a number of book shops and did various media interviews promoting My Take. He also visited Waterstones where he stayed to meet, pose for pictures and speak with every single person that had come for a book to be signed.\n\n7/7 Terror Attacks \nChapter 17, entitled Full Circle, is a short chapter about Gary's experience on 7 July 2005. Gary was on a tube train travelling from Edware Road when a bomb went off on the train next to his. This chapter describes the aftermath and chaos of what happened that day; according to Barlow it changed the way he viewed his life.\n\nReferences \n\n2006 non-fiction books\nBritish autobiographies", "¿Qué hubiera pasado si...? (in English, What would have happened if...?) is a counterfactual history Argentine book written by Rosendo Fraga. The book speculates on how would the History of Argentina have developed if certain key events did not take place or had happened in a different way.\n\nDescription\nAmong other things, the book speculates what would have happened if the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata wasn't created, if the British invasions of the Río de la Plata did not fail, if José de San Martín had obeyed the Supreme Directors and returned with the Army of the Andes to fight Artigas instead of taking the independentist war to Peru, if the Conquest of the Desert did not take place, if the different coup d'états that took place in Argentina did not happen or were defeated, and if Argentina had obtained the sovereignty of the Malvinas. Each chapter starts with a basic premise but speculates as well on related possibilities that could have influenced changes: for example, the one on San Martin questions as well what would have happened if the government of Chile fell, if a Spanish task force arrived to take Buenos Aires, and what stance could have the caudillos taken in those hypothetic scenarios.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Interview with Rosendo Fraga about the book \n\nArgentine books\nAlternate history anthologies" ]

[ "Pete Wentz", "Writing", "What did he write?", "Wentz has written a book entitled The Boy With the Thorn in His Side,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In June 2009, it was announced that Wentz was working on a five-issue comic book mini-series called Fall Out Toy Works,", "How did the public take the book?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "Say Anything may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\n Say Anything..., a 1989 American film by Cameron Crowe\n \"Say Anything\" (BoJack Horseman), a television episode\n\nMusic\n Say Anything (band), an American rock band\n Say Anything (album), a 2009 album by the band\n \"Say Anything\", a 2012 song by Say Anything from Anarchy, My Dear\n \"Say Anything\" (Marianas Trench song), 2006\n \"Say Anything\" (X Japan song), 1991\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Aimee Mann from Whatever, 1993\n \"Say Anything\", a song by the Bouncing Souls from The Bouncing Souls, 1997\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Good Charlotte from The Young and the Hopeless, 2002\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Girl in Red, 2018\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Will Young from Lexicon, 2019\n \"Say Anything (Else)\", a song by Cartel from Chroma, 2005\n\nOther uses\n Say Anything (party game), a 2008 board game published by North Star Games\n \"Say Anything\", a column in YM magazine\n\nSee also\n Say Something (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Pete Wentz", "Writing", "What did he write?", "Wentz has written a book entitled The Boy With the Thorn in His Side,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In June 2009, it was announced that Wentz was working on a five-issue comic book mini-series called Fall Out Toy Works,", "How did the public take the book?", "I don't know.", "Did he write anything else?", "With writing by Brett Lewis, and art by Sam Basri, the first issue was released on September 2, 2009." ]

[ "Of What Was is the first full-length album by in medias res, an indie rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia. Produced by fellow Vancouver indie act Jonathan Anderson, it was originally self-released on July 8, 2003 and sold out of its initial 1,000 copies within a year and a half. Of What Was was then picked up by Anniedale Records and re-released on May 24, 2005. The album was preceded by two EPs, Demos and Intimacy.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Idée Fixe\" - 2:57\n \"Radio Friendly\" - 2:41a\n \"Shakeher\" - 3:46\n \"A Cause For Concern\" - 5:41\n \"You Know You Don't Know\" - 5:47\n \"Best Kept Secret\" - 4:20\n \"Assembly Lines\" - 5:35\n \"Annadonia\" - 5:24\n \"Tail End of a Car Crash\" - 0:55\n \"Of What Was\" — 7:31\n \"Silence Calls\" - 6:24\n \"Silence Calls\" - 22:13b\n\na Originally titled \"Wise Investors\" in the self-released version.\nb Added in the Anniedale Records re-release.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOf What Was on Anniedale Records\nOf What Was on CD Baby\n\n2005 debut albums", "\"What a Night\" is a song performed by British band, Loveable Rogues. It was their debut single and was intended to feature on a debut album. The single was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom on 19 April 2013. The band were dropped from Syco in October 2013, but the single was featured on their debut album This and That, released in 2014 on Super Duper Records.\n\nBackground\nLoveable Rogues first announced that they're signed to Syco on June, 2012. In late 2012, the band released a free mixtape through their Soundcloud channel. The collection of songs was released as a free download and was called 'First Things First'. \"What A Night\" was previewed along with new songs such as \"Maybe Baby\", \"Talking Monkeys\" and \"Honest\".\n\nMusic video\n\nTwo teaser videos were released before the music video. The first teaser video was uploaded to their Vevo channel on 11 February 2013. The second teaser released two days after or a week before the music video released; on 19 February 2013, the music video was uploaded to their Vevo channel.\nThe video features the band having a night party with their friends.\n\nChart performance\n\"What a Night\" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 9 on 27 April 2013 after debuting at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart Update.\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n What a Night - 2:50\n Nuthouse - 3:58\n What a Night (feat. Lucky Mason) Sonny J Mason Remix] - 3:41\n What a Night (Supasound Radio Remix) - 2:42\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 debut singles\n2013 songs\nSyco Music singles\nSong recordings produced by Red Triangle (production team)\nSongs written by Rick Parkhouse\nSongs written by George Tizzard" ]

[ "James O'Keefe", "ACORN videos (2009)" ]

[ "The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) is an international collection of autonomous community-based organizations that advocated for low- and moderate-income families by working. The association was founded in 1970 by Wade Rathke and Gary Delgado, and, at its peak in the US, had over 500,000 members and more than 1,200 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities.\n\nIn the US, ACORN suffered a damaging nationwide controversy in the fall of 2009 after James O'Keefe and Hannah Giles secretly recorded, selectively edited and released videos of interactions with low-level ACORN personnel in several of their offices, portraying the personnel as encouraging criminal behavior. Multiple investigations on the federal, state, and county level found that the released tapes were selectively edited to portray ACORN as negatively as possible, that nothing in the videos warranted criminal charges against ACORN or its employees, and that the clandestine recordings violated privacy laws in Maryland and California. The organization conducted its own audits and cooperated with investigations of employees, referring some cases to law enforcement. In the meantime, however, the organization suffered an immediate loss of funding from government agencies with which it had contracts and from private donors.\n\nThe loss of funds had been too damaging, and by March 2010, 15 of ACORN's 30 state chapters had already closed. ACORN announced it was closing its remaining state chapters and disbanding. On November 2, 2010, its U.S. offices filed for Chapter 7 liquidation effectively closing the organization. ACORN members and organizers formed new organizations in at least three states while ACORN groups outside of the US continued unaffected. ACORN, under ACORN International, still works within the US through its Home Savers Campaign, for example.<ref>Akers, Seymour, Butler, Rathke, 'Liquid tenancy: 'Post-crisis' economies of displacement, community organizing, and new forms of resistance' in Radical Housing Journal, April 2019 Vol 1(1): 9–28</ref>\n\n Organization and budget \nIn the US, ACORN was composed of a number of legally distinct nonprofit entities and affiliates including a nationwide umbrella organization established as a 501(c)(4) that performed lobbying; local chapters established as 501(c)(3) nonpartisan charities; and the national nonprofit and nonstock organization, ACORN Housing Corporation. ACORN's priorities included: better housing and wages for the poor, more community development investment from banks and governments, better public schools, labor-oriented causes and social justice issues. ACORN pursued these goals through demonstration, negotiation, lobbying for legislation, and voter participation.\n\nUntil the controversies of 2008 and 2009, in the US ACORN had an annual budget of approximately US$25 million, with approximately 10% of those funds coming from federal sources, a smaller figure from state sources, and the rest coming from supporters and membership. HUD estimated that ACORN received $42 million in federal funds since the 2000 budget year; the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee estimated that ACORN received $53 million since 1994.\n\n History \n\n1970–1975\nWade Rathke founded ACORN in 1970, after the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) sent him to Little Rock, Arkansas, as an organizer. Rathke had previously dropped out of Williams College to promote draft resistance for Students for a Democratic Society. Gary Delgado and George Wiley were also instrumental in its founding. ACORN's first campaign was to help welfare recipients attain their basic needs, such as clothing and furniture. This drive, inspired by a clause in the Arkansas welfare laws, began their effort to create and sustain a movement to assist welfare and lower-income working individuals; they developed the Arkansas Community Organizations for Reform Now, the beginnings of ACORN.\n\nACORN's goal was to \"unite welfare recipients with needy working people around issues such as school lunches, unemployment, Vietnam veterans' rights, and emergency room care.\"\n\n1975–1980\nIn 1975, ACORN created branches in Texas and South Dakota. On December 13, 1975, sixty leaders from the three ACORN states elected the first associate Executive Board and the first ACORN president, Steve McDonald, to deal with matters beyond the scope of the individual city and state boards. Each year thereafter ACORN chapters were established in three or more states, building to a total of 20 states represented by 1980. This expansion led to multi-state campaigns, beginning with a mass meeting of 1,000 members in Memphis in 1978. At the end of the conference, ACORN convention delegates marched on the Democratic Party conference with the outline of a nine-point \"People's Platform.\" When ratified in 1979, this became the foundation of ACORN's platform.\n\nACORN was active in the 1980 Election with the \"People's Platform\" serving as its standard. It led demonstrations aimed at both major party candidates; demanded to meet with President Jimmy Carter; marched on the president's campaign finance committee chair's home; and presented its platform to the Republican Party platform committee.\n\n1981–1989\nBy 1980, ACORN's staff was stretched thin by the demands of meeting its expansion goals. Much of its resources and energy had been dedicated to the presidential primaries and national party conventions. ACORN launched squatting campaigns in an attempt to obtain affordable housing, and encouraged squatters to refit the premises for comfortable living.\n\nIn June 1982, ACORN sponsored \"Reagan Ranches\" in Washington, DC and more than 35 other cities, in reaction to its belief that the president was focused on military as opposed to social spending. These tent cities were erected for two days on national park grounds; they were resisted by the National Park Service, which tried repeatedly to evict the tenters. The protesters remained; they marched on the White House and members testified before a Congressional committee about what they described as the housing crisis in America. The last Reagan Ranch was held at the Republican Convention in Dallas in 1984. \n\nIn addition to protesting, ACORN also developed and strengthened its political action committees and encouraged its members to run for office. For the 1984 election ACORN wanted to endorse a candidate, setting a 75% support in polls among members as its requirement. No candidate reached that level, though there was strong support for Jesse Jackson. ACORN also established a legislative office that year in Washington, DC. During this period ACORN also focused on local election reform in a number of cities, including Pittsburgh, Columbia, South Carolina, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. They encouraged cities to change legislative bodies whose members were elected at-large to electing members by single-member district, which resulted in more participation by minorities, including women. At-large voting tends to favor candidates who can appeal to the majority and who can command more campaign funding, reducing participation by a wider variety of citizens.\n\nBy the end of Reagan's first term, ACORN operated in 27 states, adding chapters in New York City, Washington, DC, and Chicago. During the 1988 Election, ACORN held its National Convention in the same city as the Democratic Convention — Atlanta.\n\nACORN's membership grew to more than 70,000 in 28 states during this time. It increased its legislative lobbying efforts in Washington, DC, and strengthened its Political Action Committees (PACs). It also developed what it called the Affiliated Media Foundation Movement (AM/FM). Starting with station KNON in Dallas, AM/FM established radio stations, UHF television and cable television programming. It also sought and received appointments to the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), which was formed to dissolve the assets of failed Savings and Loans resulting from the Savings and Loan crisis.\n\n1988–1998\n\nWhile some of ACORN's most notable efforts were in the area of housing, it has counted health, public safety, education, representation, work and workers' rights and communications concerns among its victories. The 1990 ACORN convention in Chicago focused on the fast-breaking housing campaign. It featured a squatting demonstration at an RTC house. ACORN members demanded that banks provide loan data on low- and moderate-income communities and comply with the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). ACORN fought weakening of the CRA in 1991, staging a two-day takeover of the House Banking Committee hearing room. It established ACORN Housing Corporation to assist people in moving into homes under the housing campaign, and to rehabilitate hundreds of houses addressed by the CRA. The ACORN convention in New York in 1992, called the \"ACORN-Bank Summit\", was organized to make deals with giant banks. When Citibank, the nation's largest bank, did not participate, conventioneers protested at its downtown Manhattan headquarters, and won a meeting to negotiate for similar programs. \n\nACORN supported and lobbied for the \"Motor Voter\" Act, which provided for voter registration at motor vehicle bureaus. After its passage, ACORN members attended President Clinton's signing ceremony. ACORN worked for new voter registration laws in Arkansas and Massachusetts and filed suit in Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania against certain state practices as a result of the act.\n\nIn 1993, ACORN also began a national campaign to fight insurance redlining, a practice that put the gains made in other housing campaigns at risk. The campaign targeted Allstate, hitting sales offices in 14 cities and a stockholders meeting. Allstate agreed to negotiate and signed an agreement in 1994 for a $10 million partnership with ACORN and NationsBank for below-market mortgages to low-income home-buyers. Travelers Insurance agreed to a Neighborhood and Home Safety Program, linking access to insurance and lower rates to public safety programs. \n\n1998–2004\nACORN has worked on supporting a \"Living Wage\" programs, voter registration, and grassroots political organization.\n\nIn 1998, ACORN helped form the Working Families Party in New York, which had made increasing the minimum wage as its centerpiece issue.\n\nA March 27, 2003 decision of the National Labor Relations Board found that ACORN tried to thwart union organizing efforts within its own organization by laying off two workers who were trying to organize. The two workers, both field organizers with ACORN, began discussions with the Service Employees International Union and later sought to organize under Industrial Workers of the World, seeking to improve their $20,200 annual salary for a 54-hour work week. The NLRB ordered the two employees be reinstated in their former jobs and that ACORN cease from interrogating employees about organizing activity.\n\nIn 2004, Florida ACORN helped to raise Florida's minimum wage by $1.00 per hour, by lobbying for a minimum wage amendment to be placed on the ballot. Over 1 million Florida employees were affected by the raise, which is adjusted annually for inflation. That year, ACORN became an international organization, opening offices in Canada, Peru, and beginning work in Dominican Republic. Offices have subsequently been opened in Mexico and Argentina.\n\nACORN International was created in 2004 as an offshoot of ACORN to aid the spread of ACORN's model to other countries.\n\n2008–2009\nControversies\nAccording to academics and community organisers Dave Beck and Rob Purcell, '[o]nce ACORN began to seriously threaten powerful vested interests, from the finance sector to the Republican Party, then a sustained attempt to shut down or seriously damage the organisation was likely to happen'.\n\nAccusations of voter fraud\nACORN is a liberal organization, and in the US its legally separate political action arm frequently endorsed causes and candidates, including the 2008 Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. ACORN lobbied every Democratic National Convention since 1980 and had members elected as delegates to those conventions; ACORN also lobbied at Republican conventions. ACORN was criticized by Republicans for its support of Democratic candidates and for its general support of political positions that are more often favored by Democrats.\n\nIn a report released in October 2008, the U.S. Department of Justice Inspector General concluded that U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales fired U.S. Attorney David Iglesias (one of nine US attorneys removed in 2006) for political reasons after Iglesias failed to prosecute a New Mexico ACORN chapter. The report said claims that Iglesias was fired for poor performance were not credible, and the \"real reason for Iglesias's removal was the complaints from New Mexico Republican politicians and party activists about how Iglesias handled voter fraud [cases].\" Iglesias did not believe there was sufficient evidence to support prosecution by the government.\n\nDuring the debate on the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, some commentators claimed that a draft provision (omitted in the adopted bill) to give money to funds run by the U.S. Department of the Treasury could potentially lead to money going to groups like ACORN. When asked how much money ACORN or other community groups would get, a spokesman for Financial Services Committee chairman Barney Frank, said, \"Absolutely none. All funds would go to state and local governments.\" Critics also claimed that ACORN's complex organizational structure allowed it to escape public scrutiny.\n\nACORN was among groups conducting voter registration drives prior to the 2008 presidential election; it was alleged they were responsible for voter registration fraud and had a conflict of interest. During the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary, ACORN's national political action committee, ACORN Votes, endorsed Barack Obama. Obama, with several other attorneys, had served as local counsel for ACORN more than a decade earlier in a 1995 voting rights lawsuit joined by the Justice Department and the League of Women Voters. Obama's campaign hired an ACORN affiliate for $800,000 to conduct a get-out-the-vote effort during that primary, but did not retain ACORN for the general presidential election.\n\nThroughout the election season, supporters of Republican candidates alleged that ACORN was responsible for widespread vote fraud. In October 2008, the campaign for Republican presidential candidate John McCain released a Web-based advertisement claiming ACORN was responsible for \"massive voter fraud,\" a point that Sen. McCain repeated in the final presidential debate. FactCheck.org called this claim \"breathtakingly inaccurate,\" but acknowledged that ACORN had problems with phony registrations. The ads also claimed that home loan programs ACORN promoted were partly responsible for the sub-prime mortgage crisis, claims which Newsweek and Factcheck.org also found to be exaggerated and inaccurate.\n\nA poll released in November 2009 by Public Policy Polling found that 26% of respondents overall, believed in a conspiracy theory that ACORN \"stole\" the election for Barack Obama. That number increased to 56% amongst Republicans polled. The Democratic polling organization commented that this was somewhat higher than belief in the birther conspiracy theories. (In a follow-poll in 2012, PPP found that 49% of Republicans, nearly the same percentage as in 2009, believed that ACORN had stolen the 2012 election for Obama, despite the fact that by then ACORN was no longer operating.)\n\nEmbezzlementThe New York Times reported on July 9, 2008, that Dale Rathke, the brother of ACORN's founder Wade Rathke, was found to have embezzled $948,607.50 from the group and affiliated charitable organizations in 1999 and 2000. ACORN executives decided to handle it as an internal matter, and did not inform most of the board members or law enforcement, and instead signed an enforceable restitution agreement with the Rathke family to repay the amount of the embezzlement. $210,000 has already been repaid, and a donor, Drummond Pike, has offered to pay the remaining debt. The Times reported that, according to Wade Rathke, \"the decision to keep the matter secret was not made to protect his brother but because word of the embezzlement would have put a 'weapon' into the hands of enemies of ACORN, a liberal group that is a frequent target of conservatives who object to ACORN's often strident advocacy on behalf of low- and moderate-income families and workers.\" A whistleblower revealed the embezzlement in 2008. On June 2, 2008, Dale Rathke was dismissed, and Wade stepped down as ACORN's chief organizer, but he remains chief organizer for Acorn International L.L.C.\n\nIn September 2008, following revelations of Dale Rathke's embezzlement, two members of ACORN's national board of directors filed a lawsuit seeking to obtain financial documents and to force the organization to sever ties with Wade Rathke. ACORN's executive committee voted unanimously to remove the two, \"because their actions—such as releasing a confidential legal memo to the press—were damaging the organization.\"\n\nIn October 2009, Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell claimed in a subpoena that ACORN's board of directors found that a larger amount—$5 million—had been embezzled from the organization. Bertha Lewis, ACORN's CEO, said the allegation is false. On November 6, following up on the subpoena, Caldwell served a search warrant at the ACORN headquarters in New Orleans. Caldwell stated, \"This is an investigation of everything—Acorn, the national organization, the local organization and all of its affiliated entities.\"\n\nUndercover videos controversy\n\nIn September 2009, Hannah Giles and James O'Keefe publicized selectively editedFake pimp from ACORN videos tries to 'punk' CNN correspondent CNN; September 29, 2009 hidden camera recordings through Fox News and Andrew Breitbart's website BigGovernment.com. In the videos, Giles posed as a prostitute and O'Keefe posed as her boyfriend in order to elicit damaging responses from employees of ACORN. The videos were recorded over the summer of 2009 while visiting ACORN offices in eight cities, and purported to show low-level ACORN employees in several cities providing advice to Giles and O'Keefe on how to avoid taxes and detection by the authorities with regard to their plans to engage in tax evasion, human smuggling, and child prostitution.\n\nAfter the videos were made public, the U.S. Congress voted to eliminate federal funding to ACORN. The House passed a bill by a 345–75 vote to stop all federal funding to ACORN. Every House Republican who attended the vote backed the measure, as well as 172 Democrats, while only 75 Democrats opposed it. The Senate, earlier had passed a bill by an 83 to 7 margin to bar ACORN from receiving federal housing grants from the Department of Housing and Urban Development.\n\nAlthough the resolutions were later nullified in a federal court ruling that the measure was an unconstitutional bill of attainder, on August 13, 2010, a federal appeals court upheld the congressional act that cut off federal funding for ACORN.Hays, Tom. Federal appeals court in NY rules against ACORN. Associated Press, August 13, 2010. In March 2010, ACORN announced it would be closing its offices and disbanding due to loss of funding from government and private donors.\n\nOn December 7, 2009, the former Massachusetts Attorney General, after an independent internal investigation of ACORN, found the videos that had been released appeared to have been edited, \"in some cases substantially\". He found no evidence of criminal conduct by ACORN employees, but concluded that ACORN had poor management practices that contributed to unprofessional actions by a number of its low-level employees.ACORN Investigation Results , The Nonprofit Quarterly On March 1, 2010, the District Attorney's office for Brooklyn determined that the videos were \"heavily edited\" and \"many of the seemingly crime-encouraging answers were taken out of context so as to appear more sinister\", and concluded that there was no criminal wrongdoing by the ACORN staff in the videos from the Brooklyn ACORN office. On April 1, 2010, an investigation by the California Attorney General found the videos from Los Angeles, San Diego and San Bernardino to be \"heavily edited,\" and the investigation did not find evidence of criminal conduct on the part of ACORN employees. On June 14, 2010, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released its findings which showed that ACORN evidenced no sign that it, or any of its related organizations, mishandled any federal money they had received.\n\nDefund ACORN Act\nIn late 2009, after various allegations of criminal activity due to the videos, a number of Democrats who once advertised their connections to ACORN began to distance themselves. In immediate response to the 2009 video controversy, the United States House and Senate, by wide margins, attached amendments to pending spending legislation that would temporarily prohibit the federal government from funding ACORN, or any agency that had been involved in similar scandals — including money authorized by previous legislation. President Obama signed the bill into law on October 1.\n\nACORN sued the United States Government in the United States District Court in Brooklyn over the measure, known as the \"Defund ACORN Act\", claiming it was a bill of attainder, and therefore unconstitutional. Experts varied on the merit of the case, which was styled ACORN v. United States. One argument was that while government funding choices do not generally qualify as bills of attainder, the lack of a non-punitive regulatory purpose for the legislation may give a court \"sufficient basis to overcome the presumption of constitutionality.\" The court issued a preliminary injunction that nullified the act.\n\nIn response to an inquiry from a Housing and Urban Development Department lawyer, David Barron, the acting assistant attorney general for the Office of Legal Counsel, wrote a five-page memorandum concluding that the law does not prohibit the government from paying ACORN for services already performed. On December 11, U.S. District Judge Nina Gershon issued a preliminary injunction blocking the government from enforcing its temporary spending ban, a week before it was set to expire. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) opened an investigation of ACORN in December 2009. In June 2010, the GAO released a preliminary report stating the investigation has found no sign the group or related organizations mishandled the $40 million in federal money they received from nine federal agencies.\n\nOn August 13, 2010 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed Judge Gershon's decision. The appeals court cited a study finding that only 10% of ACORN's funding came from federal sources, and stated, \"We doubt that the direct consequences of the appropriations laws temporarily precluding ACORN from federal funds were so disproportionately severe or so inappropriate as to constitute punishment.\" The Center for Constitutional Rights, which had argued the case on ACORN's behalf, was considering a request for a rehearing by more judges of the 2nd Circuit.\n\nDissolution\nOn March 19, 2010, The New York Times reported that ACORN was on the verge of filing for bankruptcy; 15 of the group's 30 state chapters had disbanded over the previous six months, and other chapters (including the largest, in New York and California) renamed themselves and severed all ties to the national organization. Two unnamed ACORN officials told the Times'' that the following weekend, a teleconference was planned to discuss a bankruptcy filing; \"private donations from foundations to Acorn [had] all but evaporated,\" and the federal government had distanced itself from the group. \"[L]ong before the activist videos delivered what may become the final blow, the organization was dogged for years by financial problems and accusations of fraud.\" \"That 20-minute video ruined 40 years of good work,\" said Sonja Merchant-Jones, former co-chairwoman of ACORN's recently closed Maryland chapter. \"But if the organization had confronted its own internal problems, it might not have been taken down so easily.\"\n\nOn March 22, 2010, National ACORN spokesman Kevin Whelan says the organization's board decided to close remaining state affiliates and field offices by April 1 because of falling revenues. Other national operations continued operating for another several weeks before shutting for good. On April 20, ACORN CEO Bertha Lewis reported that ACORN was \"still alive. We're limping along. We're on life support.\" Lewis said that ACORN's annual budget had been reduced from $25 million to $4 million, and that its staff of 350 to 600 people had been reduced to four. Lewis explained the controversies had left a stain on ACORN, \"sort of like a scarlet letter,\" forcing the group to spend money defending itself against \"one investigation after another.\"\n\nACORN-affiliated groups\nAfter the dissolution of ACORN in the US, some chapters continued operations by setting up new organization:\nMembers and staff of California ACORN founded a new organization, the Alliance of Californians for Community Empowerment. \nNew York ACORN founded New York Communities for Change. \nA Milwaukee offshoot of ACORN called Acorn Housing changed its name to Affordable Housing Centers of America yet has retained the same tax and employee identification numbers that it held under its former name.\nThe Center for Popular Democracy includes many of the old chapters of ACORN.\n\nAfter ACORN International was founded, groups in other countries became affiliated, include Living Rent in Scotland and Alliance Citoyenne in France.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nACORN International's US campaigns\nACORN International website\nLegacy websites\nACORN USA website placeholder\nThe ACORN website as it appeared in 2009 (USA)\n\nOrganizations established in 1970\n1970 establishments in the United States\nOrganizations disestablished in 2010\nCivil rights organizations in the United States\nCommunity-building organizations\nConsumer rights organizations\nUnited States political action committees\nAffordable housing advocacy organizations\nGun control advocacy groups in the United States\nImmigration political advocacy groups in the United States\nNonpartisan organizations in the United States\nProgressive organizations in the United States\nSquatting in the United States", "The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) is an international collection of autonomous community-based organizations that advocated for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, voter registration, health care, affordable housing, and other social issues. They, along with a number of other community unions, are affiliated under ACORN International.\n\nOrganization \nIn the US, ACORN was composed of a number of legally distinct nonprofit entities and affiliates including a nationwide umbrella organization established as a 501(c)(4) that performed lobbying; local chapters established as 501(c)(3) nonpartisan charities; and the national nonprofit and nonstock organization, ACORN Housing Corporation. ACORN's priorities included: better housing and wages for the poor, more community development investment from banks and governments, better public schools, labor-oriented causes and social justice issues. ACORN pursued these goals through demonstration, negotiation, lobbying for legislation, and voter participation.\n\nUnlike in the US, ACORN groups in other countries have little organizational funding. Under the ACORN model, most members are volunteers. Employed union organizers come from those working in local ACORN campaigns rather than from existing organizations and are paid a low wage. The union works on local and national level campaigns.\n\nHistory\n\nFounded in 1970 by Wade Rathke and Gary Delgado, at its peak ACORN had over 500,000 members and more than 1,200 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the U.S. as well as groups in other countries. In 2004, ACORN International was created to aid the spread of ACORN's model to other countries. For example, there has been or currently is an ACORN presence in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, Peru and the UK, with affiliate groups in Scotland and France.\n\nIn the US, ACORN suffered a damaging nationwide controversy in the fall of 2009 after James O'Keefe and Hannah Giles secretly made, edited and released videos of interactions with low-level ACORN personnel in several of their offices, leading to several investigations by state officials that concluded the videos were inaccurately portraying the personnel as encouraging criminal behavior. The organization didn't recover in the US and dissolved, with ACORN members and organizers forming new organizations. ACORN groups outside of the US continued unaffected. ACORN, under ACORN International, still works within the US through its Home Savers Campaign, for example.\n\nIssues and actions\n\nPredatory lending and affordable housing\nACORN investigated complaints against companies accused of predatory lending practices. ACORN also worked to support strict state laws against predatory practices, organized against foreclosure rescue scams, and steered borrowers toward loan counseling; Following a three-year campaign, Household International (now owned by HSBC Holdings and renamed HSBC Finance Corporation), one of the largest subprime lenders in the country, and ACORN announced on November 25, 2003 a proposed settlement of a 2002 national class-action lawsuit brought by ACORN. The settlement created a $72 million foreclosure avoidance program to provide relief to household borrowers who were at risk of losing their homes. The settlement came on the heels of an earlier $484 million settlement between Household, Attorneys General, and bank regulators from all 50 U.S. states.\n\nEducation\nACORN opposed the privatization of some NYC schools, favoring its own Charter School plan.\n\nVoter registration\nSince the 1980s, ACORN conducted large-scale voter registration drives, focusing primarily on registering poor and minority citizens.\n\nIn addition to conducting voter registration drives, ACORN worked to remove obstacles to voter registration. In 2006, it brought a lawsuit in federal court in Ohio against the Ohio Secretary of State, at that time Ken Blackwell, and the Director of the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, alleging that, during the period that included the 2004 United States election voting controversies, the defendants had committed multiple violations of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. The district court dismissed the case, but that decision was reversed in 2008 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The parties agreed to a settlement, under which the defendants agreed to implement several measures to facilitate registration of low-income voters to bring the state into compliance with the National Voting Rights Act.\n\nGun control\nIn 2006, ACORN intervened on behalf of Jersey City, New Jersey, in a lawsuit brought against the city challenging a local ordinance that limited individuals' handgun purchases to one gun a month. The Hudson County Superior Court struck down the ordinance on the grounds that it violated the New Jersey Constitution's Equal Protection clause, and a state statute prohibiting towns and municipalities from enacting firearms legislation. On September 29, 2008, the New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division denied ACORN's appeal of the Hudson County Superior Court's decision striking down Jersey City's ordinance.\n\nHome Defender Program\nIn 2009, ACORN advocated allowing homeowners delinquent in their mortgage payments to remain in their homes pending a government solution to the housing foreclosure crisis. ACORN introduced a program called the Home Defender Program, intended to mobilize people to congregate at homes faced with foreclosure to \"defend a family's right to stay in their homes.\"\n\nLegal issues \nDuring the 2008 election season, ACORN gathered over 1.3 million voter registration forms in 21 states. Project Vote estimated that 400,000 registrations collected by ACORN were ultimately rejected, the vast majority for being duplicate registrations submitted by citizens. Project Vote estimated that only a few percent of registrations were fraudulent, based on past years and samples from some drives in 2008. Project Vote estimated that 450,000 of the registrations collected by ACORN represented first-time voters, while the remainder were address changes submitted by citizens updating their addresses.\n\nACORN has fired employees for fraudulent registration practices and turned them over to authorities. Of 26,513 registrations submitted by ACORN over a nine-month period in San Diego County, California, 4,655 were initially flagged, but 2,806 of those were later validated. County officials said this resulted in a 7% error rate by ACORN, compared to usually less than 5% for voter drives by other organizations.\n\nIn a 2007 case in Washington state, in which seven temporary employees of ACORN were charged with submitting fraudulent voter registrations, ACORN agreed to pay King County $25,000 for its investigative costs and acknowledged that the national organization could be subject to criminal prosecution if fraud occurred. In May 2009, six ACORN employees in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pleaded guilty to charges of a combined total of 51 counts of forgery and other violations while registering voters during the 2008 election cycle.\n\nIn plea deals in a 2009 Las Vegas case, former ACORN field director Amy Busefink and ACORN official Christopher Edwards pleaded guilty to \"conspiracy to commit the crime of compensation for registration of voters,\" in connection with a quota system for paid registration staff. Edwards was sentenced to a year's probation and agreed to testify for prosecutors in charges against ACORN and against Busefink. Busefink appealed her case to the Nevada Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality of the statute. In April 2011, ACORN entered a guilty plea to one count of felony compensation for registration of voters, for which they were fined $5000, but did not concede that the law was constitutional.\n\nACORN International\n\nACORN International was created in 2004 as an offshoot of ACORN to aid the spread of ACORN's model to other countries, including Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and Peru. The first ACORN branch in the UK opened in Bristol in 2014 by three people, two of whom were graduates of the Community Organisers programme.\n\nOther groups are affiliated with ACORN: for example, Living Rent in Scotland and Alliance Citoyenne in France.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nACORN International - with information about ACORN branches in various countries\n\nOrganizations established in 1970\n1970 establishments in the United States\nOrganizations disestablished in 2010\nCivil rights organizations in the United States\nCommunity-building organizations\nConsumer rights organizations\nUnited States political action committees\nAffordable housing advocacy organizations\nGun control advocacy groups in the United States\nImmigration political advocacy groups in the United States\nNonpartisan organizations in the United States\nProgressive organizations in the United States\nSquatting in the United States" ]