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- Are you the one suffering from bad breath (halitosis)?
- Does it have a negative impact on your social life?
If you answered YES for the above questions, fret not.
Bad breath or halitosis is curable.
Further, knowing the preventive measures can also help you to avoid the development of bad breath. So, before we begin, here are the things that this post will help us learn.
- What causes Bad Breath?
- Reasons for bad breath during pregnancy
- How to deal with bad breath
What causes bad breath?
Bad breath can arise due to a variety of reasons. It can be improper oral hygiene, dental treatment procedures, dehydration or even poor diet. So, if you have been wondering where bad breath comes from, let’s look at the causes below:
Food stuck between your teeth
Generally bad breath originates in your mouth from the remaining food stuck between your teeth could cause bad odor. Garlic and onion (contains volatile oil), many spices and vegetables could likewise cause bad breath. After digestion the oils are soaked up in your blood, and then moves to your lungs, and you just simply breath it out. Garlic and onion could have an odor for 72 hours after ingestion.
Poor dental hygiene can trigger bad breath
Poor oral hygiene is one of the most common cause of halitosis or bad breath. It is important to brush and dental floss every day, otherwise fetid plaque (film of bacteria) sticks to your teeth because of the leftover food particles.
Dry Mouth can give birth to halitosis
Dry mouth may cause halitosis as well. Dead cells sustains on your tongue, if you have no saliva. Usually it happens during sleep (especially if you sleep with open mouth), that’s what causes “morning breath”. Smoking and some medications could also cause dry mouth.
Complex ailments like lung infections and GERD are responsible for bad breath
Diseases like lung infections, kidney failure-“urine-like odor”, some cancers, liver failure-“fishy smell”, diabetes-“fruity odor” and gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) has been associated with bad breath too.
Smoking, chewing tobacco can also cause halitosis
Sinus infections can also cause halitosis, as well as throat infections and bronchitis. Smoking and other tobacco products are additional source of bad breath. Severe dieting may also build up unpleasant “fruity” odor.
Reasons Of Bad Breath During Pregnancy
Excessive weight gain, early morning sickness, varicose veins, and mood swings are some of the more distinct side effects that go together with carrying a child. Another result that may manifest when pregnant is experiencing bad breath. Having bad breath during pregnancy is something that most mothers-to-be would soon just like to forget.
Changes in Hormones
Pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, is a period of rapid changes in estrogen and progesterone levels. One consequence of these fluctuations is additional plaque in teeth. This plaque contains bacteria, which leads to halitosis and possibly gum disease.
A woman expecting a child tend to be more than willing to eat for two, but when it comes to drinking, sometimes adequate levels don’t get met. When supporting a growing fetus, women should drink more water to support the systems that are hard at work in their body. A lack of hydration causes dry mouth, or xerostomia. This is a huge culprit in bad breath, and if this is the cause of your halitosis, a simple remedy is to drink more water.
Similar to the need for additional water, a pregnant woman needs additional amounts of calcium to support her body and the body of the fetus. When proper calcium levels are not met, calcium from the bones or teeth will be used. The deterioration of the teeth in this way causes bad breath.
Morning sickness is experienced by more than half of pregnant women and generally occurs from the 6th-12th week of pregnancy. Morning sickness generally involves feelings of nausea and vomiting. Needless to say, this can be a huge source of bad breath. The mix of stomach acids and partially digested goods creates a smell that is unpleasant for the person as well as people they may come in contact with.
Upon vomiting from morning sickness or another cause, it is wise to brush your teeth and rinse your mouth. This will help remove bacteria and fight bad breath. Also keep an eye on lifestyle changes.
How Bad Breath Can Be Cured?
- After every meal brush your teeth if you can, or at least twice a day. Keep a toothbrush at your work too. Every 3 months change your toothbrush.
- A proper flossing is important, do it at least once every day to remove particles of food and plaque you have between your teeth.
- A gentle brushing off your tongue removes bacteria, and dead cells. If you have tongue scraper, use that, if not then use a soft toothbrush. Clean it as far back as you can reach without gagging.
- If you wear dentures or bridge, clean it daily as directed.
- Make sure that you drink plenty of water, it keeps your mouth moist. Chewing sugarless chewing gum, or sucking unsweetened candy also trigger saliva production to wash away bacteria and food remains.
- To improve your bad breath, you can suck sugarless mint or chew fresh parsley.
- See your dentist twice a year to get your teeth cleaned and checked.
These are temporary solutions, you have to repeat it time and time again to maintain a fresh breath all the time.
Make sure to do all of these things regularly to prevent bad breath and keep your teeth healthy. Also, pay a visit to your dentist and discuss about the cure as soon as possible.
If you find this post helpful, feel free to share it with your social connections, your family and friends. Also keep following this space as we keep on posting helpful content related to dentistry and oral hygiene practices on a periodic basis. | <urn:uuid:d4988465-8d53-4294-bf20-28f17c2e4969> | {
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There are standard “core” texts taught in English Language Arts classrooms, but should that text be the ONLY text students should be reading? Generally speaking, the pace for a book taught in class may be slower for some members of the class. There maybe a text, specifically a play by Shakespeare where students cannot be expected to read by themselves. 183 teaching days in a school year does limit the number of texts a class can read as a group. Of course, a teacher can adjust the speed of unit dedicated to teaching a text, but occasionally a unit can stretch over seemingly endless weeks. Interruptions to a schedule (snow days, assemblies, etc.) can contribute to the “drag” on teaching a particular text.
So, how does a teacher keep up with student reading skills when the unit slows down? What to do to keep students reading independently? What to offer higher level readers when a taught text is lower than their reading ability? What to offer lower level readers when the taught text is to high? Use satellite texts!
Satellite texts are books that are connected to a taught text either by context or theme or author. I wish I had coined this name, but full credit belongs to Stephanie, our grade 11 English teacher. In using satellite texts, she selects a multitude of texts and offers these to students to choose to read in conjunction with a taught text.
For example, for her unit on Native Americans Influence on Culture, Barbara Kingsolver’s novel The Bean Trees is the core text or whole class novel. Students are offered 10-15 other titles to read independently including (but not limited to) Sherman Alexie’s The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian or Reservation Blues; Larry Watson’s Montana 1948; Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine; Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony; Tony Hillerman’s A Thief of Time; Dee Brown’s Bury My Heat at Wounded Knee; Kingsolver’s other two novels Pigs in Heaven and Animal Dreams; and Codetalker by Joseph Bruchac.
There are several ways to effectively use satellite texts to complement a taught text. The most obvious use in the above scenario is to have students compare and contrast the contexts, themes, and/or characters between a whole class novel and the text they have chosen on their own. Stephanie can choose to have students work in literature circles, work with a book-buddy or communicate through blogs; she can have students work independently.
Satellite texts are the books that students can read during scheduled SSR period. Students are encouraged to set reading goals based on the number of pages in a text and their reading rate which is usually determined after reading the first 20 pages in a text. Satellite texts are not designed to provide assessments the same way that a taught text would; quizzes and tests should never be the focus. Instead, a satellite text is designed to increase opportunities to practice reading. Students may record their progress on an index card (# of pages read at a location, # of minutes) as a means of assessing their reading progress and reflect on this data.
Ideally, students should be able to draw comparisons (plot, character, theme, setting) from their satellite text to the text being taught. These comparisons can be made in class discussions or in written responses to the taught text. For example, students can draw conclusions about setting on a character’s coming of age or notice similarities in an author’s writing style. Contrasts can be made in recognizing differences by evaluating language or theme from the taught text to the satellite text.
Using satellite texts can expand a unit by an additional week, however, this additional time can provide some flexibility for a teacher in transitioning from one unit to another. Students in a class can be still be engaged in a book while the needs of a few students who need individual attention to improve understanding, or who may have make-up work, or who need more time to finish the taught text can be addressed. Using satellite texts is ideal for employing mini-lessons, or for transitioning from one unit to another that may overlap in theme or content.
Our classroom libraries are loaded with satellite texts purchased through the used book markets (thrift stores, public library book sales, online used book vendors) that sell books for $.50-$4.00. After two years of collecting, there are roughly 5-20 copies of each of the texts listed above; our total investment for this unit has been under $300.00.
Employing satellite texts in a classroom is a way to increase reading in the classroom and provide (limited) choice in texts. These books allow teachers the opportunities to expand reading beyond core texts…to increase a student’s reading experience….to infinity and beyond! | <urn:uuid:0a97db27-0521-4aee-9095-425b63ac2581> | {
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Classes are various forms of shares that are issued from an individual fund (usually named alphabetically). A Class is a group of shares that have the same rights, are issued from the same fund, and basically share the same worth among all other shares within that Class. Classes can be from shares, stocks, mutual funds, bonds, and other investment options. Shares do not have to be issued from only one Class, rather shares can be issued in multiple Classes and can each individual Class can have a different value, but all the shares within a single specific Class will be equal. These Classes basically invest in the same area but have different shareholder services such as different costs, expenses, and distributions. Commonly you can find a multi-class option that gives investors the ability to invest depending on what their ultimate end goal is. For instance a company can issue 300 shares into three different Classes, 100 shares each into class A, B, and C. Each class might have its own fees, its own rights, and other benefits. While Class A and Class B might not share the same fees and terms as Class C, all the shares within Class A will be equal to all other shares within Class A. The same goes for Class B and Class C. | <urn:uuid:262558dc-5b08-4d2f-975f-9b52846fde0a> | {
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Geometry Meets Design
Geometry has always played a central role in design. Some designers have found amazing ways to marry repetition, geometry, and color to make us see the world a little differently. Here’s a collection of notable geometric creations to change our perspectives.
**Italian Geometric Tile Patterns by Daniele De Nigris
Geometry and artistry meets to build impossibly complex designs from simple tile patterns.
**Illustrated Views: La muralla Roja by Ricardo Bofill
**Repetition of right angles create an infinite expanse.
**Abstractions — Vol. 01 by Mohamed Samir
**Neon hues and gradients creates vibrancy in Samir’s reinterpretation of calligraphy.
**GEOM Font by Danilo Gusmão Silveira
**The repetition of 45-degree angles in each character gently guides the eyes to the right.
**A Propaganda Poem by Sebastian Onufszak
**Black, typically a background hue, is creatively foregrounded as abstract geometric lettering.
**The Bully Project Mural: All Sorts by Karan Singh
**Designed by 16 designers around the world, this piece is nonetheless unified by repeated shapes. | <urn:uuid:cea6da7e-5fc0-424a-8263-ef3eaa2c715f> | {
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Numerous research studies have shown the many physiological benefits of meditation, and the most recent one originates from Harvard University.
An eight week study performed by Harvard researchers at Massachusetts General Health center (MGH) identified that meditation actually rebuilds the brains grey matter in as little as eight weeks. It's the primary research study to record that meditation produces modifications with time in the brain's grey matter.
" Although the practice of meditation is related to a sense of tranquillity and physical relaxation, practitioners have long declared that meditation also offers cognitive and psychological advantages that persist throughout the day. This study demonstrates that changes in brain structure might underlie a few of these reported improvements which individuals are not just feeling better since they are hanging out relaxing."-- Sara Lazar of the MGH Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research study Program and a Harvard Medical School Teacher in Psychology
The research study included taking magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain's of 16 research study individuals two weeks prior to taking part in the study. MRI images of the individuals were likewise taken after the research study was completed.
" The analysis of MR images, which focused on locations where meditation-associated differences were seen in earlier research studies, discovered enhanced grey-matter density in the hippocampus, understood to be crucial for discovering and memory, and in structures associated with self-awareness, compassion and introspection."
For the study, individuals took part in meditation practices every day for around 30 minutes. These practices consisted of focusing on audio recordings for guided meditation, non-judgmental awareness of feelings, feelings and frame of mind.
" It is remarkable to see the brain's plasticity and that, by practicing meditation, we can play an active role in altering the brain and can increase our well-being and quality of life. Other research studies in different patient populations have actually revealed that meditation can make significant improvements in a range of signs, and we are now examining the hidden mechanisms in the brain that facilitate this change."-- Britta Holzel, first author of the paper and a research study fellow at MGH and Giessen University in Germany
Researchers from Harvard have also released another study revealing that meditation can have a considerable effect on clinical signs of food poisonings, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel illness (IBD). The research study revealed that elicitation of the relaxation response (a physical state of deep rest that alters the physical and psychological responses to tension) is a very big aid.
The research study comes out of the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Health center (MGH) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). This is the primary study where the use of the "relaxation response" was analyzed in these disorders, and the very first to examine the genomic impacts of the relaxation response in individuals with any condition. The report was released in the journal PLOS-ONE.
Provided the 2 studies pointed out above, and all of the other documented health benefits of meditation, this should open the door for more research studies to examine the advantages of meditation for a large range of illness.
" Our outcomes show interesting possibilities for additional developing and implementing this treatment in a wider group of clients with gastrointestinal disease. A number of research studies have found that tension management methods and other mental interventions can assist clients with IBS, at least in the short-term; and while the evidence for IBD is less evident, some research studies have suggested prospective advantages. What is novel about our study is demo of the impact of a mind/body intervention on the genes managing inflammatory factors that are known to play a major role in IBD and possibly in IBS."-- Brandon Kuo of the intestinal device in the MGH Department of Medication, co-lead author of the report.
For those of you who are unaware, IBS and IBD are chronic conditions that produce symptoms that include; abdominal pain, and changes in bowel function, like diarrhea. IBD also consists of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which leads one to struggle with serious swelling in all or part of the gastrointestinal system. Science has shown us that stress heightens these symptoms, which is why this study concerning meditation and these illness holds a lot of value.
The relaxation response has actually gone through several studies that plainly show that its regular practice (caused by meditation) straight impacts physiologic factors such as oxygen consumption, heart rate, high blood pressure and once again, tension and anxiety. It was very first described over 40 years back by Herbert Benson, director emeritus of the Benson-Henry Institute and co-author of the paper provided in this post.
The research study had 48 adult individuals, with 19 of them being identified with IBS and 29 with IBD. There was weekly relaxation response training, as well as in their house for 15 t0 20 mintues every day.
The research study registered 48 adult individuals-- 19 of whom had been identified with IBS and 29 with IBD-- who took part in a nine-week group program concentrated on stress reduction, cognitive abilities, and health-enhancing behaviors. Each of the weekly sessions consisted of relaxation reaction training, and participants were asked to practice relaxation response extraction in the house for 15 to 20 minutes every day. In addition to elements included in other group programs offered at the Benson-Henry Institute, this program consisted of a session particularly focused on intestinal health.
" Both in patients with IBS and those with IBD, participation in the mind/body program appeared to have actually significantly improved disease-related symptoms, stress and anxiety, and overall lifestyle, not only at the end of the study period but also 3 weeks later on. While there were no significant modifications in inflammatory markers for either group of individuals, changes in expression were observed in practically 200 genes amongst individuals with IBS and more than 1,000 genes in those with IBD. A lot of the genes with modified expression are understood to add to paths included with tension reaction and swelling."
Ways to Meditate
A typical misunderstanding about meditation is that you need to sit a specific method or do something in particular to accomplish the numerous benefits that it can supply. All you have to do is location yourself in a position that is most comfy to you. It might be sitting cross legged, resting in a bed, sitting on a sofa etc, it's your choice.
Another typical mistaken belief about meditation is that you have to "try" to clear your mind. One important factor I enjoyed reading from the research study pointed out above is that individuals were engaged in "non-judgmental awareness of feelings, feelings and frame of mind." When practicing meditation, you should not try to "empty" your mind. Instead, aim to let your thoughts, feelings and whatever emotions you are feeling at the time flow. Do not evaluate them, simply let them come and go and be at peace with it.
I likewise believe that meditation is a state of being/mind more than anything else. I feel that one does not need to take a seat for half an hour and "practice meditation" so to speak in order to reap the benefits of it, or to be taken part in the practice itself. One can be taken part in meditation while they are on a walk, for instance, or the time they have right prior to they sleep. Throughout the day, one can withstand evaluating their thoughts, letting them stream until they disappear, or simply remain in a continuous state of peace and self awareness. Contrary to common belief, there is more than one way to meditate.
" You will have to think of the most essential features of meditation: that no method leads to meditation. The old so-called strategies and the new scientific biofeedback techniques are the very same as far as meditation is worried. Meditation is not a by-product of any technique. Meditation takes place beyond mind. No method can surpass mind."-- Osho
Thanks for taking the time to read this article. If you found this information helpful, please share it with your friends and family. Your support in our endeavor of sharing free information would be much appreciated. | <urn:uuid:88c8b5de-2700-4879-a344-3561a9d0f565> | {
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Slate has an article discussing Wall Street CEO compensation that advocates binding shareholder votes on pay for company executives. And of course, salary caps for execs at companies that have received federal “bail out” money is mentioned all over the news pages and blogs.
I have a different thought.
Years ago, I read a paper on the role of corporations in the young United States. I can’t find that same paper now, but here’s a quote from The Uncooling of America that is similar to what I read:
“Early American charters were created literally by the people, for the people as a legal convenience. Corporations were “artificial, invisible, intangible,” mere financial tools. They were chartered by individual states, not the federal government, which meant they could be kept under close local scrutiny. They were automatically dissolved if they engaged in activities that violated their charter. Limits were placed on how big and powerful companies could become. Even railroad magnate J. P. Morgan, the consummate capitalist, understood that corporations must never become so big that they “inhibit freedom to the point where efficiency [is] endangered.”The two hundred or so corporations operating in the US by the year 1800 were each kept on fairly short leashes. They weren’t allowed to participate in the political process. They couldn’t buy stock in other corporations. And if one of them acted improperly, the consequences were severe. In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a motion to extend the charter of the corrupt and tyrannical Second Bank of the United States, and was widely applauded for doing so. That same year the state of Pennsylvania revoked the charters of ten banks for operating contrary to the public interest. Even the enormous industry trusts, formed to protect member corporations from external competitors and provide barriers to entry, eventually proved no match for the state. By the mid-1800s, antitrust legislation was widely in place. In the early history of America, the corporation played an important but subordinate role. The people — not the corporations — were in control.”
I think we need to roll back definitions of corporations toward that early standard, with its emphasis on good citizenship and public interest. And as part of the redefinition of their roles in society, the compensation (not just salary) of the highest level officers in a corporation be expressed as a multiple of the compensation of the employees.
For example, for a corporation to retain its charter, its officers can receive compensation at a rate no greater than…what would be reasonable? No greater than 5times the median compensation paid to employees? 25 times? 100? Average, rather than median?
Well, those are details for econonomic experts and policy makers. But this would do much to rectify the obscene imbalance in salary between the CEOs and workers, and it would also be an incentive for improving employee compensation at all levels. | <urn:uuid:7686e7b0-0fb0-41b2-998d-53beaaf427ea> | {
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Pain In The Foot Arch After Running
Plantar fasciitis is a common, painful foot condition. Patients, and sometimes doctors often confuse the terms plantar fasciitis and heel spurs. Plantar fasciitis refers to the syndrome of inflammation of the band of tissue that runs from the heel along the arch of the foot; a heel spur is a hook of bone that can form on the heel bone (calcaneus). About 70% of patients with plantar fasciitis have been noted to have a heel spur that can be seen on x-ray.
Conditions that affect the nervous system (brain and spinal cord) can also cause the arches to fall. Over time, the muscles gradually become stiffer and weaker and lose their flexibility. Conditions where this can occur include cerebral palsy, spina bifida and muscular dystrophy. Adult-acquired flat feet often affect women over 40 years of age. It often goes undiagnosed and develops when the tendon that supports the foot arch gradually stretches over time. It’s not fully understood what causes the tendon to become stretched, but some experts believe that wearing high heels and standing or walking for long periods may play a part. Obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes are all risk factors.
Symptoms of plantar fasciitis may occur anywhere along the arch, but it is most common near its attachment to the heel bone. Symptoms of plantar fasciitis vary, but the classic symptom is pain after rest–when you first get out of bed in the morning, or when you get up after sitting down for a while during the day. This is known as “post-static dyskinesia.” The pain usually diminishes after a few minutes of walking, sometimes even disappearing, but the pain is commonly felt again the longer you’re on the foot. Fasciitis can be aggravated by shoes that lack appropriate support, especially in the arch area, and by the chronic irritation of long-periods of standing, especially on concrete, and by being overweight. Other factors which influence this condition are gender (females get this more than men), age (30s to 50s are most common), and those with flatter-than-normal feet. It doesn’t help that fascia doesn’t heal particularly quickly. This is because it has relatively poor circulation, which is why it’s white in colour.
The doctor will examine your feet for foot flexibility and range of motion and feel for any tenderness or bony abnormalities. Depending on the results of this physical examination, foot X-rays may be recommended. X-rays are always performed in a young child with rigid flatfeet and in an adult with acquired flatfeet due to trauma.
Non Surgical Treatment
An orthotic arch support, specially molded to fit your foot, may be part of your treatment. These supports can be particularly helpful if you have flat feet or high arches. You can tell if that is what is needed when short-term taping decreases your heel pain.
The procedure involves cutting and shifting the bone, and then performing a tendon transfer. First, the surgeon performs a calcaneal osteotomy, cutting the heel bone and shifting it into the correct position. Second, the surgeon transfers the tendon. Reroute the flexor digitorum to replace the troublesome posterior tibial tendon. Finally, the surgeon typically performs one or more fine-tuning procedures that address the patient?s specific foot deformity. Often, the surgeon will lengthen the Achilles tendon because it is common for the mispositioned foot to cause the Achilles to tighten. Occasionally, to increase the arch, the surgeon performs another osteotomy of one of the bones of the midfoot. Occasionally, to point the foot in a straightforward direction, the surgeon performs another osteotomy of the outside portion of the calcaneus.
Stretch and strengthen important muscles in your feet, ankles and legs in order to guard against future strain. Make sure to acquire suitable arch supports and inserts if necessary, and that your shoes are shock absorbent and in good condition. Wearing tattered shoes provides no protection, and runners should replace their footwear before exceeding 500 miles of usage. Athletes new to arch supports should gradually build their training routine, allowing their feet to become accustomed to a new stance. | <urn:uuid:f39fc32e-dbe7-4a41-a35b-a1a0aececcfc> | {
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FCC Adopts Net Neutrality Rules
On Dec. 21, 2010, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted net neutrality rules, which largely implement existing Internet traffic and management practices, impose new non-discrimination and transparency rules, but leave room for specialized or managed services and usage based billing. The order is notable for basing jurisdiction mostly on Title I and ancillary jurisdiction, rather than reclassifying broadband as a Title II common carrier service.
As expected, the vote was adopted on a 3-2 partisan vote. Democratic Commissioners justified the order as a compromise necessary for maintaining the Internet as an open platform where innovation may occur without seeking regulatory permission, while providing certainty conducive to investment at the edge as well as in the broadband network core. In vigorous dissent, Republican Commissioners questioned any need for departing from the successful history of building and maintaining an open Internet by leaving it largely free of government regulation.
Net neutrality principles
The FCC rules codify three basic principles for providers of broadband Internet access. The FCC adopted a lighter set of principles for wireless (mobile) than for wireline (fixed) providers, on the premise that wireless is a newer platform which is evolving rapidly. The three principles are:
- Transparency. Wireline and wireless providers must provide transparent disclosure to consumers and third parties of commercial terms, performance, and network management practices. Providers must provide disclosures at point of sale and on the web. Wireless providers must specifically disclose wireless device certification requirements.
- No blocking. Wireline providers may not block lawful content, applications, or services, or the use of non-harmful devices. Wireless providers may not block lawful websites or block applications offering voice and “video telephony” that compete with the wireless provider’s offerings. This does not apply to wireless applications stores or their functional equivalent. This principle is subject to reasonable network management.
- No unreasonable discrimination. Wireline providers may not engage in “unreasonable” discrimination in transmitting lawful traffic over broadband internet access service. This principle is also subject to reasonable network management. Significantly, there is no nondiscrimination requirement that wireless providers carry other content, applications, or services, or permit the use of non-harmful devices.
These rules are directed to providers of last mile Internet access to all or substantially all Internet endpoints, not to peering or backbone arrangements. These principles apply not only for residential use but for services to small businesses, schools and libraries. Excluded from the set of regulated broadband access providers are coffee shops, bookstores, and airlines.
Reasonable network management is broadly defined as “appropriate and tailored” measures for legitimate network management functions.
Specialized (or managed) services are permitted under these principles, meaning that providers are not bound by these rules in shaping innovative IP arrangements which do not include Internet access to all or substantially all Internet endpoints. Providers do not need to seek permission to launch specialized or managed services, but the FCC will actively monitor such offerings (partly through a new Open Internet Advisory Committee), and retain the authority to treat specialized and managed services like Internet access if they become the functional equivalent, or are considered an evasion of the new rules.
Paid prioritization for certain traffic is not forbidden, but the order is expected to recite that many harms could arise, that the FCC majority believes paid prioritization would likely fail the unreasonable discrimination test for fixed services, and that providers who offer such services would, if challenged, have the burden to demonstrate that the arrangement is not harmful and is consistent with an open Internet.
Usage based billing (tiered pricing), is also allowed under these principles.
The FCC will enforce its new rules on a case-by-case basis. Informal complaints may be filed online without charge. Formal complaints may be submitted after 10 days notice to the provider. The rules for the FCC’s “rocket docket” will govern these complaints. The FCC may also investigate and potentially file its own complaints.
Although wireless broadband service is held to a lower bar, wireless providers are cautioned that wireless practices that are not explicitly forbidden have not been endorsed and will be subject to active monitoring.
In an effort to collect three votes, the FCC did not hew entirely to the draft bill that Rep. Waxman had brokered, with which industry had expressed some comfort. In a significant departure from the Waxman framework, the order adopts a presumption against paid prioritization, covers more than residential Internet access, and includes no sunset provision.
The legal justification for the order steers sharply away from this summer’s “Third Way” proposal to reclassify broadband as a telecommunications service. That approach would have subjected broadband providers to the Title II provisions designed for monopoly “Ma Bell” telephony. Instead, the FCC draws on a variety of cable, broadcast, interconnection, wireless, and deregulation provisions of the Communications Act to tether its claim to Title I “ancillary” authority over the Internet. “Ancillary” jurisdiction is an approach which reviewing courts have sometimes used to sustain FCC authority over new technologies. It is an open question whether this approach can withstand appeal any better than the FCC’s Comcast BitTorrent decision fared in the D.C. Circuit earlier this year. In this instance, the dissenting Republicans noted the absence of any limiting principle which would confine the FCC to statutory bounds.
The FCC majority obviously did not defer to the many bipartisan voices of protest that a net neutrality decision should be left to Congress. We should expect a response from Congress, at least through oversight hearings, bills, and efforts to defund enforcement.
The FCC also split on partisan lines over whether this order would encourage or discourage foreign nations from adopting their own restrictions on the Internet.
When the full text of the order is released, we will provide an updated analysis. | <urn:uuid:4e353d48-e730-4db1-b103-ad56645c17b7> | {
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"Conflicts That Can't Be Resolved," Wall Street Journal, September 5, 1997.
Peace processes are proliferating all over the world, along with the violence that gave birth to them. There is the Middle East peace process, of course, but peace processes are also at work in the Cyprus conflict between Greeks and Turks, the Northern Ireland conflict between Catholics and Protestants, the Korean conflict between Communists and non-Communists, the Bosnian conflict between just about everyone, and in many other conflicts around the globe. Nor are they limited to international conflicts. In the California Legislature a bill has been proposed authorizing a Peace Process Task Force to oversee truces in gang warfare.
So many “peace processes” and so little peace! What’s going on?
Well, what’s going on is the familiar story of a social science theory being promoted to politicians who find it an attractive and easy option. The theory in question is “conflict resolution,” by now a venerable department of social psychology with some thousands of “experts” who are happy to sell their services to foundations, government agencies or troubled nations. Our State Department is thoroughly under the sway of this theory — aren’t diplomats by training experts at conflict resolution? — and so is the United States Institute of Peace, whose latest bulletin features a summary of a speech by Joseph Duffy, director of the U.S. information Agency. It reads: “The new information technologies are transforming international relations, opening up new possibilities for conflict prevention, management and resolution.” | <urn:uuid:5d376497-89ee-44c5-a57e-248ce8964093> | {
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2 Answers | Add Yours
As the previous post suggested, the conflict with society that always results when either of the two leave the river is an important part of Twain's commentary on society. Of course you also have to consider the run-in with the thieves on the river and the danger of that situation. In this case it would appear, if you are assuming that each part of the story has an attached meaning, that the river also takes care of its own problems in a way as the thieves are drowned after Huck leaves the boat with them trapped inside.
Twain's outlook on society in general is cynical and critical almost to a fault. His description of American society is filled with criticisms of the government, of common people and their ignorance, percieved or otherwise. He tends to think of people that are outside of these normal, "civilised" places as being more capable, more interesting, and at times happier, just as Huck and Jim appear to live a happy and uncomplicated life while on the river and get into all kinds of trouble once they go on shore.
The idea of the King being an accepted part of society is a great example of society and civilization being portrayed in a negative light, but so too is the fact that Huck is so often able to outsmart and outwit "civilized" people, demonstrating that his training and education is at least as valid and useful as that of civilization.
I think it is pretty clear that Twain does suggest that civilization (or at least the civilization he describes) corrupts people. I don't know that he thinks you can have an uncivilized life, but I do think he is criticizing society.
I would say this is true because of how much bad seems to happen when Jim and Huck get off the river (freedom) and come to the shore (civilization). They meet all sorts of people who act in ways that are rather despicable (the feud, the King and Duke). These people are accepted by society, so something must be wrong with society.
We’ve answered 319,175 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:9db05f51-6129-447c-98ac-ce411da4f1d8> | {
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Imagine that you are a spreadsheet specialist tasked with developing a monthly worksheet for your family budget.
Imagine that you are a spreadsheet specialist tasked with developing a monthly worksheet for your family budget. After reading Excel Chapter 1 and the links in eCollege, research some family budgets on the Internet. Then answer all of the following questions. Be sure to respond with specific and substantive content. What kinds of expenses would you enter in the rows of the worksheet? What are some ways to enhance the look of the worksheet when constructing or editing it to highlight specific data? What do you think the best kind of embedded chart would be for your budget?
- What is marketing research? How has the Interne...
- Instructions – Read the following questio...
- Introduction to Management Science (Decision Su...
- Criminal Justice
- Gender Studies
- General Questions
- Health Care
- Political Science
- Religious Studies | <urn:uuid:24b641eb-6750-4425-aaef-2cdef7bba0b7> | {
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Ramadan is an important holiday to Muslims because it is one of the most major holidays and it incorporates fasting, which is one of the main practices in the Islamic religion. Fasting has to do with a form of worship where Muslims resign themselves from every day enjoyment, like food and water, as an act of worship to God. During Ramadan, Muslims fast in order to ask for forgiveness for sins of their past.
Fasting is also considered a form of spiritual cleansing where abstaining from sustenance and bad habits is a way of cleaning oneself from the wicked desires and sins of mankind. Fasting is very important to Muslims because not only does it symbolize loyalty to one's faith, but it wholly requires self-control and commitment to do.
In the Islam canon, Ramadan is a holiday that refers to the Qu'ran, the Islam holy text, that describes a month in which Muhammad, the Islamic prophet, conceived the initial verses.
Ramadan has always been a passionate time for Muslims of all ages. Very young children even take part in the fasting, and the holiday is also considered important because it is recognized in the Muslim tradition as a time of brotherhood among Muslims, where communal closeness is encouraged and people celebrate their faith. | <urn:uuid:b83fae32-b500-4c35-8100-7348c533beeb> | {
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Someone sent the link through for Debatepedia on Twitter last week. I can’t remember who it was and that’s a shame because I would like to give them credit for alerting me to this resource. Debatepedia is like Wikipedia - a wiki based resource for debate topics. This is what is written on their main page:
Debatepedia is a wiki encyclopedia of pro and con arguments and quotations in important public debates from around the world. It is considered “the Wikipedia of debate”, helping the world centralize arguments and quotations found in millions of different articles, essays, and books into a single encyclopedia, so that citizens can better understand important public debates and make informed choices. Join this cause and community and become an editor of the site. Your efforts will improve your own thinking and have a major impact on the way thousands of other citizens draw conclusions. Debatepedia is endorsed by the United States’ National Forensic League
It is an interesting resource and one that I think teachers and students in Secondary schools will find useful. A category browser is listed on the main page and you can explore these to see if a topic has been covered. Some topics have received a lot of attention and have quite a bit of detail in the pros and cons but others require more fleshing out. I looked up Environment and Animal welfare and checked out the page for Kangaroo Culling (obviously a topic Australian in nature and something I could look at objectively). I liked the fact that this appeared at the top of the entry;
Editing tasks you can help with:
- The “costs” section of this article needs development.
- More articles against culling should be presented in the pro/con resources section and arguments and quotations should be drawn from them.
Nice to see some recognition of areas needing improvement. In terms of information presented in the pros and cons you get a good rundown of the subtopics of the debate question but some of the information is a bit simplistic in terms of explanation. I would have liked to see more links included to allow students to follow these to verify information. Nonetheless, it would be a useful starting point for students to help them gain some understanding of a topic and introduce them to ideas they might choose to research further.
Like Wikipedia, this is a resource that will require explanation for our students. When I discuss Wikipedia with students I explain how the pages are created and ask students to cross reference information with other sources to verify what they have read. This to me is good research practise for any research activity. Some of the facts about Debatepedea are outlined on their main page;
- A wiki just like Wikipedia where anyone can edit and document debates, arguments, evidence, quotes, studies and more.
- 7,134 articles. Debate pages, argument pages (for supporting evidence in the form of quotes, studies, links…), encyclopedia pages, team pages, and organization pages.
- Over 450 existing, well-developed pro/con debate articles from IDEA’s famous Debatabase, written by expert debaters and professionals over the past 7 years (now you can edit them).
- A growing community of 2,207 idebate.org registered users.ain page;
It’s supported by the International Debate Education Association (another resource I was not aware of!) and there are ample opportunities for people to get involved in helping to create pages. For senior students this could be an interesting exercise in helping them to understand how wikis function and to see how they can become creators of content. I read an article today about a professor from the University of British Columbia who had his students write entries on Wikipedia in the hope that their work would be of such high quality that their article would be granted feature article status on Wikipedia. To me, that represents an authentic learning task and is an idea worth exploring.
I like Debatepedia and the ideas behind it, just as I like Wikipedia as a resource for our students. Provided our students are educated about how these resources are put together and they cross reference appropriately I see no harm in using them in our classrooms. I find myself using Wikipedia more and more as the quality of the pages improve with time. | <urn:uuid:32946bb9-dc4d-453e-962d-a4ed832f73b0> | {
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When you hear of a disease named after a certain sporting activity – tennis elbow or runner’s knee for instance – you naturally tend to think that people who do those sports like crazy are the only ones who are affected. Of course, the truth of the matter is, these conditions are named this way for no particular reason. While runners knee is something that runners are often afflicted with, any kind of athlete who uses their legs – i.e. a cyclist, pole vaulter, boxer or even a weight lifter can be struck down by the ailment just as easily. In fact, runners knee isn’t actually one specific condition , it’s a term that doctors use loosely to describe any of a set of problems that occur in the kneecaps.
For instance, any kind of athletic activity that requires you to bend your knee and straighten it repeatedly can bring the condition on. Doing that can rub the nerves the wrong way. Sometimes, the tendons that connect your muscles to the bones around the knees can get injured with repeated bending. And about half the time, overworked and inflamed tendons act up in such a way that you experience quite a bit of pain. In some people, simply to fall hard on their knees can cause the kind of nerve or tendon injury that overuse can cause. Not good!
Runner’s knee can feel really painful. You experience a serious pain around the kneecap – most pointedly where the thigh bone meets the kneecap. You can also feel a grinding and popping sensation in the knee and there is usually a good bit of pain when you climb stairs or when you try to walk or sit. Your doctor can give you an MRI or an x-ray or CT scan to diagnose you. While all of this does sound kind of scary, the good news is that it can be relatively straightforward to treat runner’s knee. Most minor cases go away with a bit of the rest and icing your knee for a half hour every day for a week or using a tight knee support. If it hurts when you sit down, you could try elevating your knee on a pillow. Athletes often take NSAIDs – painkillers like Advil – to settle the swelling and pain.
Athletes often have aching joints and muscles and often pop acetaminophen in place of Advil to try to prevent the stomach problems that can be associated with some painkillers. If you have runners knee and you need to take a painkiller, doctors are usually of the opinion that Tylenol is the safest bet – providing you take no more than six tablets a day.
The military also has a huge problem with runner’s knee, especially in boot camp. Recruits who show up and go through the military’s grueling series of exercises often complain of this affliction and, in fact, runners knee happens to be one of the major reasons why military recruits drop out.
Researchers have found now that simple well thought-out stretching exercises can help a great deal with keeping running knee away. Exercises especially that strengthen thigh muscles and leg muscles making them stronger and more flexible make the occurrence of runner’s knee a lot less frequent. | <urn:uuid:77beda3c-a582-409e-bfa0-6f1131ec78a6> | {
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A Free Workshop on Saturday August 17, 11 am
Brenda Van Ryswyk is an expert on dragonflies, and she is coming back this year
by popular demand!
Dragonflies have lived on earth for 300 Million years, and during this time have
honed their extraordinary skills, which include being able to see in all directions at
the same time, and the ability to hover like a helicopter.
Dragonflies and Damselflies are fascinating to watch, with their extraordinary
displays of speed and agility in the air, and some species can fly for many
thousands of miles. However, don't be deceived by their agility and beauty,
because they are also very powerful hunters, and gobble up scores of smaller
insects as they zip through the air.
This free workshop on August 17 th at 11 am is suitable for young and old.
– Please bring a chair
– The workshop will be cancelled in the event of rain
– Lots of free parking and on a bus route
The Summer Series 2019 is funded by the Dougher Fund of the Hamilton
Joanna Chapman, Coordinator, Urquhart Butterfly Garden, | <urn:uuid:45beeb36-5c0d-43ce-9fb8-17116b531044> | {
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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Renewable Energy
| General Conference
|| Skill Level 2
Year of Introduction: 2014
- 1 1. What is renewable energy?
- 2 2. Why is renewable energy important?
- 3 3. Describe how each of the following sources is used as a renewable source of energy. Draw an illustration depicting the usage of at least 3 of these renewable sources of energy.
- 4 4. Individually or as a group, discuss some of the earliest forms of renewable energy. Are there energy forms that might have been used before sin? By Noah? By the patriarchs?
- 5 5. Individually or as a group, show at least five important events in the history of renewable energy through:a. Presentationb. Videoc. Interactive gamed. Speeche. Display
- 6 6. Discover the source of most reusable energy.
- 7 7. What are some commercial and industrial uses of renewable energy?
- 8 8. Why have many governments invested in renewable energy sources? Be able to cite at least two examples.
- 9 9. What are some of the issues facing the use of renewable energy? What are some of the advantages and potential disadvantages of moving away from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable energy?
- 10 10. Individually or as a group, build, not from a kit, a device to harness some form of renewable energy. These devices may include:a. Potato clockb. Solar or wind powered motorc. Hydropower liftd. Your choice.
- 11 11. Brainstorm a list of at least four Biblical texts/stories that illustrate the use of renewable energy.
- 12 References
Earning this honor meets a requirement for:
This Honor is a component of the Conservation Master Award.
1. What is renewable energy?
Renewable energy is energy whose origins are continually and naturally replenished without human intervention. Examples of renewable energy sources include sunlight, wind, and waves.
2. Why is renewable energy important?
As the demand for energy resources continues to climb, mankind is faced with the dilemma of depleting the earth's resources to meet the demand. With the discovery of processes designed to harness clean and renewable energy, depletion of such resources will not be an issue, since they are naturally replenished. In addition, these processes have much less of an environmental impact than conventional methods used to harness resources such as oil.
3. Describe how each of the following sources is used as a renewable source of energy. Draw an illustration depicting the usage of at least 3 of these renewable sources of energy.
a. Wind Power
Wind Power is energy that has been converted from the natural movement of wind by the use of devices such as wind turbines. It is clean, largely available, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions.
Bioenergy is biomass energy, which is energy from organic matter. Wood, plants, even the fumes from landfills can be used as a biomass energy source. Ethanol is a fuel made from corn, sugar cane and other sources used in auto and jet fuel.
c. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is energy that is created and stored in the earth. It can be used for heating for large areas, mineral recovery, and industrial process heating.
Hydropower is energy that is comes from falling water. Most commonly electricity from dams or run of the river generation turbines is created. Other uses are irrigation and (in pioneer times) falling water was directly harnessed with water wheels for the operation of gristmills and sawmills.
e. Ocean Energy
Ocean Energy is energy that is comes from the ocean, which can be responsible for two types of energy: mechanical energy from the tides and waves, and thermal energy from the heat of the sun. It can be used for generating electricity.
f. Solar Power
Solar Power is light and heat that is derived from the sun and collected through solar panels. It can be used to generate electricity for a variety of useful applications.
4. Individually or as a group, discuss some of the earliest forms of renewable energy. Are there energy forms that might have been used before sin? By Noah? By the patriarchs?
The earliest form of renewable energy was probably the burning of biomass in the form of wood and dried animal dung. The fuel could be stored, and energy was available for immediate use, but the energy could not be kept in storage for afterwards.
Some people believe that the pre-flood culture had advanced technologies. Out of place artifacts like machined balls and gold chains inside coal suggest this. Consider how much knowledge a person living hundreds of years and so close to God's perfect creation of Adam and Eve could amass and what they could create with that knowledge. The world had one language as well, and many overlapping generations, facilitating communication.
Additional references are available from the Bible which can provide further insight into this. For example, the sun, the movement of water through rivers, etc.
5. Individually or as a group, show at least five important events in the history of renewable energy through:
c. Interactive game
For this requirement, you will need to research the history of renewable energy, and then present your findings using one of the techniques listed in the requirement.
Prior to the development of coal in the mid 19th century, nearly all energy used was renewable. Almost without a doubt the oldest known use of renewable energy, in the form of traditional biomass to fuel fires, dates from the beginning of history.
Probably the second oldest usage of renewable energy is harnessing the wind in order to drive ships over water. This practice can be traced back to ships on the Nile.
The primary sources of traditional renewable energy were human labor, animal power, water power, wind, in grain crushing windmills, and firewood, a traditional biomass. A graph of energy use in the United States up until 1900 shows oil and natural gas with about the same importance in 1900 as wind and solar played in 2010.
By 1873, concerns of running out of coal prompted experiments with using solar energy. Development of solar engines continued until the outbreak of World War I. The importance of solar energy was recognized in a 1911 Scientific American article: "in the far distant future, natural fuels having been exhausted [solar power] will remain as the only means of existence of the human race".
The theory of peak oil was published in 1956. In the 1970s environmentalists promoted the development of renewable energy both as a replacement for the eventual depletion of oil, as well as for an escape from dependence on oil, and the first electricity generating wind turbines appeared. Solar had long been used for heating and cooling, but solar panels were too costly to build solar farms until 1980.
6. Discover the source of most reusable energy.
The source of most renewable energy comes from the sun.
7. What are some commercial and industrial uses of renewable energy?
Renewable energy such as solar energy can be used to supply power larger communities through a solar power station. Tanks of molten salt can be used to store the energy harnessed from the sun for the purpose of generating electricity during cloud cover, or through the night. Renewable energy can also be used for agricultural purposes, providing social services, education, and health care.
Fuel made from bio sources like corn is now a common ingredient in automotive fuel.
Hydro electric power (electricity) is a renewable energy used everywhere the grid goes.
8. Why have many governments invested in renewable energy sources? Be able to cite at least two examples.
There are positive incentives for governments to invest in renewable energy sources.
The Overall Impact on the Planet
Most sources of renewable energy pose no noxious by-products (the main exception being the burning of biomass). As a result, there is less pollution, waste, and less of a threat concerning extremely destructive natural disasters.
The reality of global warming has also become a considerable factor with regard to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the balance of the planet’s ecosystem. The less CO2, the better of our planet would be.
The Failure of its Technology More Minimized
The technology used to harness energy from renewable resources is essentially stable. As a result, insurance companies are more inclined to issue warranties for performance of panels and turbines for 20 years or more. Once these items are installed, they can be relied upon to start working straight away and not stop for years.
9. What are some of the issues facing the use of renewable energy? What are some of the advantages and potential disadvantages of moving away from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable energy?
Although renewable energy has many advantages with regard to its environmental impact, there are concerns that must be considered as well. The ability to supply energy to meet the demand may pose a problem. Providing renewable energy requires designing and building equipment that will harness and extract it once found. The entire manufacturing process must be considered as well.
The general population has grown accustomed to current resources such as oil for heating. As such, although the development of an cleaner, alternative means that present less of an environmental impact may not gain the momentum desired. Some renewable resources have not been around long and tested long enough for individuals to give up what they are comfortable with for something that may be cleaner.
10. Individually or as a group, build, not from a kit, a device to harness some form of renewable energy. These devices may include:
a. Potato clock
b. Solar or wind powered motor
c. Hydropower lift
d. Your choice.
Note: Internet search engines provide tons of information when you type one of the sources of renewable power and “science experiment.” Thus for hydropower you would search for “hydropower science experiment.”
11. Brainstorm a list of at least four Biblical texts/stories that illustrate the use of renewable energy.
Wind - to move ships through the waters.
|Jonah 1:4 (KJV)|
|“But the Lord sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken.”|
In Job, Satan used a wind power for evil.
|Job 1:19 (KJV)|
|“And, behold, there came a great wind from the wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.”|
Biomass - from firewood
|Leviticus 1:6-8 (KJV)|
|“And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar, and lay the wood in order upon the fire: And the priests, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar.”|
|1 Kings 17:10-12 (KJV)|
|“And when he came to the gate of the city, indeed a widow was there gathering sticks. And he called to her and said, “Please bring me a little water in a cup, that I may drink.” And as she was going to get it, he called to her and said, “Please bring me a morsel of bread in your hand.”
So she said, “As the Lord your God lives, I do not have bread, only a handful of flour in a bin, and a little oil in a jar; and see, I am gathering a couple of sticks that I may go in and prepare it for myself and my son, that we may eat it, and die.”
|2 Kings 1:12 (KJV)|
|“And Elijah answered and said unto them, If I be a man of God, let fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy fifty. And the fire of God came down from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty.”| | <urn:uuid:97a4e371-0ddf-4744-8060-a19001c50611> | {
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Public employees in New York state have the right to be represented by unions and to bargain collectively with their employers for salary, benefits and other terms and conditions of employment. This right should not be taken lightly. It did not exist in New York until the Legislature enacted the Taylor Law in 1967, and it does not exist today for school employees in 18 other states. Private-sector members are covered under the National Labor Relations Act, which likewise gives private-sector members the right to be organized, represented and to bargain collectively.
Before the Taylor Law was enacted, public employees in New York had no collective bargaining rights. Under the Condon-Wadlin Act, a 1947 law that the Taylor Law replaced, striking public employees were penalized by being fired. They could only be reinstated under a three-year pay freeze and five-year probation. The Public Employees’ Fair Employment Act (Taylor Law) was enacted in 1967 following a series of public-sector strikes, including the 12-day New York City transit strike a year earlier. The state Legislature granted amnesty to the striking employees, and Gov. Nelson Rockefeller appointed a committee to recommend legislation regarding public-sector employee rights. The result was the Taylor Law. Its provisions include:
- The right of public employees to organize and bargain collectively with their employers;
- The right to representation by employee organizations (unions) of their own choosing;
- The requirement that public employers (including school districts) negotiate with their employees and enter into written agreements (contracts) with their employees’ chosen representatives;
- Procedures for resolution of contract disputes (impasses);
- Prohibition of improper labor practices by either side;
- Creation of the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) to administer the law; and
- The requirement that bargaining unit members who choose not to join a union pay an agency fee, and that use of the fee for political and ideological purposes only incidentally related to bargaining to which the agency fee payer objects is subject to a rebate procedure.
While the Taylor Law grants public employees the right to collective bargaining, it denies them the right to strike. The penalties for striking are loss of pay for each day the employee is on strike, plus a fine of an additional day’s pay for every day on strike and potential discipline for misconduct.
NYSUT is always working to win legislation to improve the provisions of the Taylor Law. For exam- ple, a 1982 amendment mandated that if a collec- tive bargaining agreement expires, its terms and con- ditions continue until a new agreement takes effect. That amendment has helped thousands of members avoid hardships when negotiations are impeded by harsh economic conditions, recalcitrant employers or both. An earlier improvement eliminated the “probation penalty” (probation for one year) against tenured teachers who went on strike. | <urn:uuid:7e5303fb-861a-4509-b2cc-ab98d4740d75> | {
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Nearly Half of U.S. States Offer Special Recognition for Bilingual Graduates
Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia are promoting bilingualism among K-12 students by offering the seal of biliteracy—special recognition on high school diplomas for graduates who demonstrate fluency in two or more languages.
The popularity of the seals of biliteracy stems in part from the expansion of dual-language programs across public schools that bring both native English-speakers and English-language learners together into classrooms to learn all academic content in English and the target language.
Tens of thousands of students are earning the honors each year: more than 40,000 students in California, the birthplace of the biliteracy seal, earn the special recognition last school year. The state began offering the seal in 2012.
Here's a link to a map identifying the states that now offer the recognition. Rhode Island is the most recent addition.
U.S. Secretary of Education John B. King Jr. recognized representatives from more than 20 of the states during a national symposium this month on multiliteracy and dual-language learning. Supporters of the special recognition of biliteracy say that earning the seal could give students an advantage, opening the door for college scholarships, internships and jobs that require proficiency in a language other than English.
"We are preparing all young people for a global economy in which they are likely to work alongside someone different from them, they are likely to have a supervisor who may speak a different language than they do, they may be serving clients and customers in other countries with vastly different language and cultural experiences," King said.
King also acknowledged the work of Californians Together, a research and advocacy group for English-language learners, in spearheading the growth in the numbers of states offering the biliteracy seal.
The nonprofit group conceived of the recognition in its home state and has been a strong advocate for other states to honor students who are proficienct speakers, readers, and writers in multiple languages. The seal is intended for all students, including English-language learners. Californians Together also advises states looking to implement and develop standards for the seals.
"It's important that we see bilingualism education, multilingualism as not just for those for whom English is not their first language, but for all students," King said. "We must be committed that all students whatever language they speak at home, have access to the opportunities to be bilingual or multilingual."
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Insurance is a very serious business as it involves a lot of risk for the insurer. If the insurer makes a wrong judgment and provides an insurance policy to an individual or entity, that minor miscalculation in their risk assessment may end up costing them a lot in the end. This is why it is forgivable to say that insurers can sometimes be very strict when it comes to providing and releasing claims made by their policyholders. Even so, while a strict by-the-book act can be an acceptable demeanor, still it does not justify the fact that some insurers can be just downright shrewd and unapproachable, especially when it comes to concerns about filing and making claims.
Most of the time, insurers are in the blind in regards to the actual value of the items being insured to them. This in turn leaves them vulnerable to fraudulent individuals who are trying to take advantage of the loophole in an attempt gain monetary or financial benefits from themselves. As a means of protecting themselves (insurance companies) from any risk of fraud or anything that is to their disadvantage, insurance companies have built six Principles of Insurance which they strictly abide by to protect themselves from any unnecessary risks.
The Six Principles of Insurance are as follows:
- Principle of Utmost Good Faith
- Principle of Insurable Interest
- Principle of Indemnity
- Principle of Proximate Cause
- Principle of Subrogation
- Principle of Contribution
All these six principles provide certain codes or values that are indispensable in the protection of the best interest of the insurer from any fraud or scheme that tries to cheat their established system. By strictly adhering to the philosophies involved within each principle of insurance, insurance companies are able to sustain, an almost, risk-free business fortitude. Thanks to these principles, insurers are able to effectively assess insurance risks and simply deny any individual or entity of any insurance policy if the insurer is doubtful or deems that the clients who are getting insurance are in this to create fraud.
The first two principles are delved into the value that they imply. However, both have the innate capacity of denying insurance to individuals that attempt to commit fraud. The middle two also implies certain values and aspects for certain circumstances. Nevertheless, both attempt to cover cost and compensation over loss, but with strict adherence to the amount of claim or type of coverage to get compensation for claim. The last two principles basically has cover on the amount of claims, especially on dual insurance policies by the insured from two different insurers. The latter and last principle emphasizes the sharing of claims, whereas the principle prior to the last one states the responsibility of the insurer and what likely action they will take as compensation for loss from damages caused by a third party. | <urn:uuid:f7536de2-781f-4106-baf0-cf5f0304ada7> | {
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Alexandre Dumas on the 3 Types of Appetites, 3 Types of Gluttony, and Perfect Number of Dinner Guests
“Assuredly it is a great accomplishment to be a novelist, but it is no mediocre glory to be a cook.”
By Maria Popova
Although literary history remembers Alexandre Dumas (July 24, 1802–December 5, 1870) as the author of The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo, he was also, unbeknownst to many today, a formidable gastronome and masterful cook. In many ways, this makes sense — from The Artists’ and Writers’ Cookbook to bibliophilic recipes to literary culinary parodies, food and fiction have always gravitated to each other. The Alexandre Dumas’ Dictionary of Cuisine (public library), however — one of literary history’s rarest culinary treasures, it is also one of the most glorious — is in a league of its very own. Its story is equally epic: The manuscript was delivered to Dumas’s publisher and friend, Alphonese Lemerre, in the spring of 1870, but just as it was being set in type, the Franco-Prussian War tore Europe apart. Publication was halted. A few months later, Dumas died. Despite the five hundred books he had authored, he considered the Dictionary of Cuisine his masterwork, so once peace was established, his friend D. J. Vuillemot corrected and revised the manuscript, and Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine was published posthumously in 1873. Nine years later, Lemerre published Le Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine, consisting of only the recipes and doing away with all the historical commentary on food and its rituals.
The bibliophile Jacob Paul Lacroix, a Dumas contemporary, captured the singular significance of the Dictionary most memorably:
Assuredly it is a great accomplishment to be a novelist, but it is no mediocre glory to be a cook. Novelist or cook, Dumas is a master, and the two vocations appear to go hand in hand, or, rather, to be joined in one.
Dumas’s epicurean tour of the alphabet, “from absinthe (and how to make it) to zest (and how to use it),” is itself a treasure trove of hundreds of recipes spanning 150 years and delivered with a storyteller’s poise, the most delightful part of the book is Dumas’s preface, titled “A Few Words to the Reader.” In it, amidst meditations on the art, science, and psychology of cuisine, Dumas delivers a taxonomy of appetite:
There are three sorts of appetites:
1. Appetite that comes from hunger. It makes no fuss over the food that satisfies it. If it is great enough, a piece of raw meat will appease it as easily as a roasted pheasant or woodcock.
2. Appetite aroused, hunger or no hunger, by a succulent dish appearing at the right moment, illustrating the proverb that hunger comes with eating.
The third type of appetite is that roused at the end of a meal when, after normal hunger has been satisfied by the main courses, and the guest is truly ready to rise without regret, a delicious dish holds him to the table with a final tempting of his sensuality.
He follows this with a parallel taxonomy of the three types of gluttony:
First there is that gluttony which has been raised by the theologians to rank among the seven deadly sins. This is what Montaigne calls “the science of the gullet,” and it is well exemplified by Trimalchio and Vitellius.
The greatest example of gluttony that has come to us from classical antiquity is that of Saturn, who devoured his children for fear they would dethrone him, and did not even notice it was a paving stone he swallowed instead when it came to Jupiter’s turn. He is forgiven, for in doing so he furnished Vergniaud with a fine simile: “The Revolution is like Saturn. It devours its own children.”
Besides this sort of gluttony, which requires a strong stomach, there is what we might call the gluttony of delicate souls. Horace praised it, and Lucullus practiced it. This is exemplified by the host who gathers together a few friends, never less numerous than the Graces, ever more than the Muses, and does his utmost to distract their minds and cater to their tastes.
For a curious epitome of how language and culture co-evolve, Dumas uses the word bulimia, which originates from the Greek boulimia for “ravenous hunger,” to describe the third kind of gluttony. The formal diagnosis of bulimia nervosa as an eating disorder, one of today’s most heartbreakingly prevalent mental-health maladies, was nearly a decade away, but Dumas articulates the tragedy of its grip with remarkable poignancy and even calls it a “disease” long before it was officially categorized as one:
The third form of gluttony, which I can only deplore, is that of those unfortunates who suffer from bulimia, a perpetual and insatiable hunger. They are neither gourmands nor gourmets; they are martyrs. It was doubtless during an attack of this disease that Esau sold his birthright to his brother Jacob for a mess of pottage.
Dumas then returns to the question of the perfect number of dinner guests, scouring ancient history for an answer:
Varro, the learned librarian, tells us that the number of guests at a Roman dinner was ordinarily three or nine — as many as the Graces, no more than the Muses. Among the Greeks, there were sometimes seven diners, in honor of Pallas. The sterile number seven was consecrated to the goddess of wisdom, as a symbol of her virginity. But the Greeks especially liked the number six, because it is round. Plato favored the number twenty-eight, in honor of Phoebe, who runs her course in twenty-eight days. The Emperor Verus wanted twelve guests at his table in honor of Jupiter, which takes twelve years to revolve around the sun. Augustus, under whose reign women began to take their place in Roman society, habitually had twelve men and twelve women, in honor of the twelve gods and goddesses.
In France, any number except thirteen is good.
Since literature is the original internet, with each reference or footnote essentially a hyperlink to another work, it’s no surprise that I discovered Alexandre Dumas’ Dictionary of Cuisine in the equally wonderful Seducer’s Cookbook, also very much worth a read. Complement it with this magnificent illustrated edition of The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook and the favorite recipes of beloved poets.
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U.S. Air Force Col. Henry Rogers, 421st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, conducts pre-flight inspections on an F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft at Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, Nov. 27, 2015. U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Robert Cloys.
DEFENSE CASUALTY ANALYSIS SYSTEM
A Brief History
In response to the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York’s World Trade Center and the Pentagon, President George W. Bush launched the Global War on Terror (GWOT). As it evolved, his objective was two-fold: to destroy al Qaeda, the Taliban, and other terrorist groups in Afghanistan and around the world, and to remove Saddam Hussein from power to forestall threats from his presumed possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM began on October 7, 2001, when the United States launched military operations in Afghanistan, including airstrikes against Kabul and Kandahar. In sustaining military operations for over a decade, American troops continue to fight a widespread insurgency and establish a viable government. On May 1, 2011, US Navy SEALS killed al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. | <urn:uuid:5e838559-7b63-4ba2-be5d-3b7ea1520ccd> | {
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Follow along with this Microsoft Outlook tutorial to learn the ins and outs of using Outlook for emailing tasks.
Introduction to Microsoft Outlook
Let’s look at how you can use Microsoft Outlook before getting into its tools.
What is Microsoft Outlook?
Microsoft Outlook is a management software that helps keep emails sorted to enhance the link between you and your contacts. Although Gmail works fine, usually, the setup may not provide the full set of organizational tools you need. Outlook may even provide tools you did not know existed.
How does it work?
Microsoft Outlook comes with your Microsoft Office 365 account. Find it by searching in the Start menu or use the shortcut on your desktop. When you launch Outlook, it will connect to your email account and provide easy instructions for setting up your information. To learn how to add a new email account to Outlook, keep reading this tutorial.
What is it used for?
Microsoft Outlook provides a calendar that you can sync with other people, quick accessibility to Microsoft Teams for business calls, task management tools, and document sharing as an alternative to email attachments.
How to Create a New Outlook Email Account
The first time you open Microsoft Outlook, connect to your Gmail by selecting your email address from the list that appears or type it. All your contacts and emails sync with your Outlook account.
To add another email to MS Outlook, go to the File tab, select Account Settings, and Account Settings again from the drop-down menu. From there, a window will pop up that shows the currently linked emails, data files, internet calendars, address books, and so on.
To create the new Outlook email account, click the option that says “New…” and type the address in the space provided. When you finish typing, press Connect. It will then connect to Google and ask for a password.
How to Archive or Delete All Your Outlook Emails
Instead of permanently deleting emails, set them to archive to a file on your computer automatically.
To set up AutoArchive, go to File > Options > Advanced. Select the AutoArchive Settings button. A small window will appear with options for using AutoArchive. Check the first box to run AutoArchive, then change the settings below it to meet your needs. You can tell the AutoArchive tool to move old emails to a specific folder after they become old or delete them permanently.
To delete all the emails in a folder, right-click on a folder and select Delete All. This will keep the folder in-tact but moves all emails within it to the Deleted Items folder.
How to Quickly Delete Your Outlook Account
You can delete an Outlook account by removing it in the Account Settings section of the File tab. It will double-check that you want to delete the account, and that is it! Consider backing up the account to your computer first.
How to Compose and Send New Emails with Microsoft Outlook
To quickly start a new email message, click New Email on the Home tab.
If you have Grammarly and want to use that to make sure the Grammar in your email is acceptable for business emails, go to the Grammarly tab and choose Reply with Grammarly. This tab is only visible if you have a Grammarly account.
Another option is to use one of the Quick Steps tools set up on the Home tab. Automatically, your Outlook account should have come with a Quick Step for a Team Email. Click Team Email to enter the setup. You can specify the people who you want included in a team email, and then each time you pick that Quick Steps option, it will automatically start a group thread with those people.
How to Create Rules in Microsoft Outlook to Auto Sort Emails
Instituting rules in Microsoft Outlook will help the software to automatically sort your incoming emails to the correct folders and send automated responses.
To create a new rule, right-click on an email and then select one of the suggested rules or hit Create Rule, like you see here:
In the Create Rule window, choose an option for where to apply the rule. Then, decide what the rule does. Change all settings according to your goal and then look at the Advanced Options to make sure you are not missing anything useful.
How to Organize Your Outlook Email Inbox
A great way to organize your Outlook Inbox is by viewing emails in groups. Under View, use the Arrangement tools. To quickly see automated groups of emails in the current folder, choose one of the options such as Date, From, To, or Size to see the emails grouped by that element. If your emails do not show in groups when you pick one of these options, make sure to expand the Arrangement tools, and select Show in Groups.
How to Add a Professional Outlook Email Signature to Your Email
Email signature templates make your emails look professional and legitimate.
Click here to get signature templates from Microsoft; copy the elements from a signature template and then paste it in the body of a new email with your information.
To save the new signature, go to the Message tab. Click Signature, then Signatures… Now, you can name the signature and paste the previously copied template in the Edit Signature box. Hit OK to save and automatically use it with all future emails.
How to Set an Out of Office Message in Outlook
Some versions of Outlook have an Automatic Replies (Out of Office) button on the File tab. However, if your version does not, then you can follow these steps to create one.
Go to File > Manage Rules & Alerts. Here you will find a place to create a new rule. Make sure to check the box for “Apply rule on messages I receive,” then hit Next. Leave Step 1 and Step 2 boxes alone, then hit Next again. Select Yes to apply the rule to all messages.
Now, under the next Step 1, select “reply using a specific template.” In Step 2, click the underlined text for a specific template. In the Look In box, choose the option “User Templates in File System.” Open your template and go to Next. Add any exceptions, Next. Name the rule, make sure it is on, then select Finish, and you should be good to go.
Microsoft Outlook Calendar: How to Add, Share and Use it the Right Way
Open your Outlook calendar by clicking the small calendar button at the bottom of the left task pane. Open the Folder tab and click Add Calendar. Name it and then select where it goes on the folder pane.
To share a calendar, you can use the Share Calendar under the Home tab. Choose the correct one from the drop-down list and then Add. You can add people from your address book in the settings that appear and change the level of details they see. Sharing this way sends via email.
You can remove permissible persons by going to Calendar Permissions under the Home tab and removing users.
How to Organize Your Outlook Contacts
Next to the email button at the bottom of the left pane, there is a People icon. Click the icon to see your contacts. You can organize contacts by color categories. Right-click on a contact and select a color.
You should also consider formatting individual contact names or adding them to Favorites, by either editing the contact or right-clicking and selecting Add to Favorites.
How to Use OneNote With Your Outlook Calendar
Most people who have Outlook can already see a OneNote button on the Home tab of their main Outlook screen. If you do not, go to Options under the File tab. Go down to Add-ins and check to see if OneNote is under the Inactive list. If so, select “COM Add-ins” next to Manage and hit Go.
Select the checkbox for OneNote. Press OK.
When you add a new task in OneNote, you can use the Outlook Tasks tool (in OneNote) to pick when the task adds to Outlook. You can schedule and customize the start date and due date of each task, which will tell Outlook to set a reminder – remember to select the Reminder checkbox when prompted. Watch: Microsoft OneNote – Designed for the New User
How to Email Large Files as Attachments in Microsoft Outlook
You can send large files is by uploading them to OneDrive or Dropbox. Copy the file link and paste it into a new email. That way, you are not sending a giant file; instead, you are sending an access point to the file in the cloud.
How to Find Missing Emails in Microsoft Outlook
Always check the Trash folder first. Use the arrow next to your email address in the Inbox to find Trash.
Your email settings can cause missing emails, as well. Go to File, Options, Mail. Scroll down to the Save Messages section to make sure there is a checkmark next to “Save copies of messages in the Sent Items folder.”
If the missing email was archived, try searching for it. When you conduct a search, it scatters through all mailboxes, not just your inbox.
How to Back Up All Your Microsoft Outlook Emails
Export a backup file by going to File and Open & Export, then Import/Export.
The Import and Export Wizard will ask you to choose an action. Click “Export to a file,” hit Next. Then, select Outlook Data File (.pst) and hit Next. You can then choose where to export the file on your computer. Finish.
Another way to backup your emails is by setting up AutoArchive (instructions in previous section).
How to Filter Emails in Outlook to Specific Folders
The Filter Email tool allows you to search your mailbox based on specifications. The Filter Email tool is in the Find group on the Home tab. Select the tool to see a short list of filter options or choose More Filters.
When you choose a filter, such as Unread, it will pull up related emails.
After selecting a filter, hit the X next to the statement in the search bar to clear it and go back to the inbox.
How to Secure Your Account and Encrypt Emails
Encrypting emails ensures the security of your email messages. When you encrypt an email, it scrambles the data until the receiver removes the encryption.
First, make sure you have a valid Digital ID on your computer. This Digital ID is not just for encryption; it proves your identity and helps to secure your Outlook account. Microsoft Support offers advice on where to find a Digital ID—they come from a website outside of Outlook.
Import your new Digital ID to Outlook. Open the File tab, Options, Trust Center, then Trust Center Settings. In the Email Security section, there is a place for the Import and Export of Digital IDs. If you are going to want encryption on all emails, select the checkbox for “Encrypt contents and attachments for outgoing messages.”
You can encrypt a single email by going to the Options tab and hitting the launch button of the More Options group on the ribbon.
Through the Security Settings button, check the first checkbox for “Encrypt message contents and attachments” in the Security Properties window and press OK. If you want to add a digital signature, you will do that here, too.
How to Protect Outlook Emails With Strong Passwords and Security Settings
On the File tab, visit the Options button and go to the Trust Center. Here you can find the Trust Center Settings, where you can adjust permissions, macro settings, privacy options, and email security. The level of security you use depends on how tight you need the security to be on an email.
Shortcuts and Tips to Save You Time
Follow these quick tips to save you loads of time when using Outlook and increase the professional appearance of your emails.
1. Delay Delivery
Set up emails to send automatically on a specific date and time.
With a new email open, go to your Options tab and tap the Delay Delivery button. In the Delivery options section on the bottom of the pop-up window, change the date and time to when you want the email to send.
Close the Properties box and send the email. It will now wait in the Outbox folder in your email until the set day and time.
2. Drag and Drop Calendar
Add emails from your inbox directly to your Outlook calendar by clicking and dragging. Drag the email to the small calendar button at the bottom of the sidebar on the left.
If you right-click to drag the email to the calendar, you will see options for how the email copies.
3. Create an Email Signature in Outlook
To add an email signature to a new email, use the Signature tool, and choose one of your pre-made signatures or create a new one. The signature templates we previously discussed have the most professional look and are free.
4. Insert Calendar
Share your calendar as an email attachment by clicking the Calendar tool on the Insert tab while you have a new message open. Choose what date range from the calendar you want to share and the level of detail. Hit OK. The shared link adds as an attachment, plus an image in the email itself.
5. Change Reply Address
Change the reply address in a new email by selecting Direct Replies To. Change the email next to the box – Have replies sent to – and then check the box and hit Close.
6. Quick Access Toolbar
Add frequently used tools to the quick access toolbar. That way, you never have to navigate through the tabs to find the tool you need. To add a quick access tool, click the down arrow in the very top left corner of the window. Choose a tool or click More commands to customize the toolbar further.
7. Change View
Create the best setup for your Outlook account by changing the view. On the View tab, use the Change View button and select the view you want to see.
Using This Microsoft Outlook Tutorial
This Microsoft outlook tutorial is just the start of what you can do in Outlook. Keep learning and come back for more helpful Microsoft tutorials. | <urn:uuid:7e47e471-500d-4eef-b918-7029c95fb321> | {
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Redefine Technologies, along with researchers at the University of Colorado, will use three redundancy methods to decrease the susceptibility of a spacecraft, on a mission survivability level, to electronic failures anywhere throughout the spacecraft. By using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chips, we will analyze the spacecraft-wide benefits of: *triplicating the logic and RAM on-board each subsystem using a Xilinx proprietary Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) tool; *triplicating the persistent memory storage (i.e. ROM, science data, and flight code) on-board each subsystem using various methods specific for the space environment; and, *triplicating the backup architecture itself, while reducing weight and volume requirements, so subsystem code can run on alternate processors if any component is rendered inoperable due to an electronic failure (radiation, manufacturing, human-error, etc). These three methods of triplication should significantly increase the reliability of non-radiation hardened designs, which should allow commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing components to be used as flight critical hardware. The analysis that is performed will predict the total benefit of this approach to any future spacecraft. | <urn:uuid:76040446-3bd0-4305-826c-17a610d99e4a> | {
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless and poisonous gas that is created as a by-product of combustion from sources such as fireplaces, cooking appliances and boilers. It arises from incomplete combustion of carbon, fossil fuels or other combustible substances that contain carbon compounds.CO is a silent killer. Don't hesitate and install at least one CO detector in your home! It continuously monitors the amount of CO particles in the air and warns you when a pre-set value is exceeded.
All our CO detectors are in compliance with Belgian-European standards NBN EN50291 and NBN EN50292, making them perfectly safe to use, both privately and professionally!
Frequently asked questions | <urn:uuid:1c98911c-b40c-445b-a9b0-d80965751dd1> | {
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70 years ago William Burrell gifted his extraordinary art collection to the City of Glasgow. Alvin Hall reveals the story of the shipping magnate who made a huge cultural impact in Glasgow, yet remains himself a shadowy figure, a 'Victorian magpie' eclipsed by the splendour of his collection.
Burrell amassed the most outstanding range of Degas' works anywhere in Europe; a huge range of Chinese and Islamic Art; plus tapestries and sculptures to rival the collections of the world's top museums. 70 years ago, he stipulated in his bequest that the collection should never be loaned overseas. Debate is currently raging over whether this highly unusual collection should be allowed to travel to other museums and galleries around the world.
The imposing Pollock House sits in parkland 3 miles from Glasgow. Here again, the terms of Burrell's request were challenged. He insisted that the collection shouldn't be located within 14 miles of Glasgow, concerned about the effects of air pollution on the exhibits. After his death, this was overturned when the Pollock site became available - the conclusion being that air pollution is less of a factor nowadays. A similar argument is being used in the current debate, with air travel and cutting edge techniques for the transportation of art minimising the risks.
This raises interesting legal questions - and also provides a peg to dig deeper into the little-known life of the man behind the collection, and the fine art of transporting art. Financier and art collector, Alvin Hall visits Glasgow's much-loved Burrell Museum in Pollok Park and, by tracing the journey of the objects of the collection, gains an insight into the character of an extraordinary man, who helped transform the fortunes of the city where he'd amassed his own fortune." | <urn:uuid:6a24d4b4-eb5a-4c77-bb13-a6ad5761e55c> | {
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COLLEGE STATION - Scientists at Texas A&M University have successfully cloned what is believed to be the first calf cloned from an adult bull, which is also the oldest animal ever cloned - a 21-year-old Brahman. Their research could have enormous implications in the beef cattle industry and in the future applications of cloning technology.
Researchers Jonathan Hill and Mark Westhusin accomplished the cloning of the bull, fittingly named "Chance," in a year-long project. Chance's offspring, "Second Chance," was born three weeks ago and displays identical markings as his father and has identical DNA, the researchers say.
"The owners of Chance, who are from LaGrange, Texas, wanted to have their prized bull cloned because of his unusually gentle nature, and they considered the cloning effort a good opportunity to see if an identical copy of Chance might also have such an easy going disposition," Hill said. "Chance was great around people, and he was in several TV commercials, performed in the Houston Rodeo and was even on The Late Show with David Letterman," Hill added "They are looking forward to seeing if Second Chance lives up to his heritage." Hill said the bull was unable to reproduce naturally because of the removal of both diseased testicles two years ago. Therefore, he said, cloning Chance was the only option for preserving his genetics. "Second Chance is obviously an intact male and should be able to sire offspring when he reaches puberty," Hill confirmed. Chance died a few months ago at age 21, shortly before his DNA was used to produce Second Chance. Hill said there is considerable interest in keeping track of Second Chance throughout his lifetime because of the age of the cells used to clone him. Last spring, scientists revealed that the DNA of Dolly, the first cloned sheep, had some characteristics of the older cells that were used to generate her.
"The chromosomes, which package the animal's DNA, have some special DNA at their tips called telomeres," Hill explained.
"These small pieces of DNA help to protect chromosomes from damage. Very young animals have long telomeres, but as the animal ages, the telomeres are worn away. We should know in a month or so if the telomeres of Second Chance are like those of the 21-year-old bull used as the source of the cells for the cloning process, or if they are more like those of a normal newborn calf."
Hill said it took 189 attempts - that is, transferring 189 cells into 189 different eggs - before a pregnancy ended in the delivery of Second Chance. Because Second Chance came from the oldest animal cloned to date, he has received intensive monitoring and treatment since birth by a team of veterinarians and intensive care technicians at the Texas A&M Large Animal Hospital. Like many previously cloned calves, at birth he displayed some symptoms that resembled those seen in premature human babies. However, Second Chance is now in good health, Hill said.
The successful cloning effort could dramatically impact the multi-billion dollar beef cattle industry in Texas and throughout the world.
"This could lead to new opportunities in cattle breeding, and for that matter, other animals," Hill believes.
Hill is a veterinarian trained in Australia and at Texas A&M who used the cloning work as part of his doctor of philosophy studies in physiology with Westhusin. He is also a member of another research team led by Westhusin that is involved in the Missyplicity Project, the first-ever attempt to clone a dog.
The Missyplicity Project is a 2-year effort to produce the first cloned dog. The anonymous sponsors of the project have invested $2.3 million to produce a clone of their pet dog, Missy, a mixed breed border collie. A team of about 20 researchers is working on the Missyplicity Project, and some of the knowledge gained by Second Chance is helping to advance that research.
The cloning of Second Chance was funded by the Texas Coordinating Board of Higher Education's Advanced Research Program and by Dr. Charles Looney of Ultimate Genetics in Franklin, Texas.
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There are various modes of shipment for different types of goods depending on factors such as packaging, durability, expiry date, suitable temperatures, among others. Goods requiring moderate care such as clothing, wearing apparel, toys and home décor accessories, can be shipped through a variety of modes without concern for loading and unloading. As far as shipment complication is concerned, goods in the clothing category stand at the far left while dangerous goods stand at the far right. Before touching on the five tricks for safe transport, we need to start by getting to know dangerous goods to be shipped.
Dangerous goods are classified by type of dangerousness into nine categories, for example, combustible and flammable materials, toxic and infectious substances, corrosive materials, radioactive materials, explosive materials, among others. Unless handled correctly, they can cause severe damage to the body, property, community and the environment.
Dangerous goods can take the forms of solids, liquids or gases with both high and low temperatures, with pungent odor or odorless and with or without color and odor, while the degree of dangerousness can range from nausia and/or a burning sensation in the nostrils to loss of life.
Five Tricks for Safe Maritime Transport of Dangerous Goods
1. Knowing dangerous goods
Goods looking non-dangerous such as table tennis (ping pong) ball, nail polish, color and perfume could be assessed as dangerous in the context of transportation as they contain hazardous materials or substances. When stored close to each other, they can cause hazardous reactions that are dangerous.
Thus, knowing which of our goods can cause what types of danger will enable us to manage them, e.g. by putting them in packages that prevent reactions with other substances, storing them at a proper distance from goods or materials that may cause reactions, etc.
Among various documents relating to the transport of dangerous goods is the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) which contains detailed information about dangerous goods and also states the chemical compound, chemical and physical properties, stability and susceptibility to chemical reactions, data on toxicity and ecology, features of dangerousness, storage, transport, packaging, personal protective equipment (PPE), first aid, firefighting, protective measures against leakage of toxic substances as well as eradication and management to prevent accidents or alleviate and minimize damage.
2. Compliance with Rules and Regulations Covering Transport of Dangerous Goods
The transport of dangerous goods is strictly controlled in every step of the process regardless of the mode of transportation. This is because each process concerns humans and properties.
Besides the operating complications in compliance with rules and regulations which are different and diverse depending each mode of transportation and restrictions imposed by each individual country and sometimes even by each state of the same country. Thus, this article is going to touch on international rules governing maritime and air transport just to give you a rough picture of the situation.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG) has been created to internationally regulate the transport of dangerous goods by sea while ensuring safety of the crew, preventing marine pollution caused by leaks and spills of toxic substances and contaminants and building public confidence in safe marine transport.
Specific codes assigned to each category of dangerous goods contain definitions of technical terms and details for proper packaging, labeling, signs or symbols, storage and maintenance methods as well as measures to counteract emergencies.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) plays an important role in setting standards and imposing rules and regulations covering passenger-centered services and operations including those working to ensure safe and smooth traveling and transportation.
IATA regulations have been enforced for more than six decades with occasional amendments to reflect the modern era and become more user-friendly. They are recognized by airlines worldwide and presently have more than 100 member airlines.
3. Strict compliance with packaging procedures and standards
Also important is the method of arranging or stowing dangerous goods in order. A case in point is, for example, the process of loading, stowing and transport of general cargo together with dangerous goods in a shipping container where the latter should be arranged and laid closest to the door to enhance swift and convenient access, timely segragation of the latter in case of emergency and alleviation of severe damage.
Given complications as regards dangerous goods management which give rise to cost increase, large numbers of logistics operators tend to ignore or fail to comply with the rules and regulations. Thus, emergencies often result in damage to cargo or even loss of life/lives.
4. Checking to make sure that the packaging is appropriate for dangerous goods being handled
Packaging materials used for dangerous goods must be properly selected and suitably designed to reflect the nature of the cargo. They must not (chemically) react with dangerous goods while helping protect and retain the original state of cargo, prevent leaks and spills or functioning as a temperature controller. This is because certain dangerous goods might be affected by moisture, condensation or heat. Besides, the packaging materials must be designed to facilitate safe transfer and handling.
In case where packages are to be reused, used labels or symbols must be removed or discarded because they might be misleading for workers such that dangerous goods are not correctly or properly handled and taken care of.
Despite different labeling requirements depending on the countries, the IMDG or UN numbers must be clearly stated as they specify the types of risk, degree of dangerousness and the sender’s emergency telephone number as well as country code that can be contacted round the clock to enable confirmation of emergency counteracting guideline.
5. Providing training for concerned personnel to ensure their understanding of dangerous goods and safety awareness
No matter how precisely the rules, regulations, requirements and work manuals have been researched and written, safety would mean nothing unless each party concerned is aware of their importance and puts them into practice and all parties in the chain be they shipping document preparers, loaders/unloaders, logistics workers or inspectors have been subjected to suitable training befitting their respective roles and understand the overall picture of work all through the entire chain.
Each individual worker should be familiar with rules and regulations relating to transportation, rules and regulations enforced at the port of destination and all related documents.
It’s clear that the delivery of dangerous goods requires a lot of expertise. Various aspects of the process need to be considered and prepared for with special attention.
Operating agencies and all related parties must prioritise safety at the top of the list and get on the same page on implementation that strictly complies with regulations in place, it be document preparation, labeling, or symbols, all the way to reinforcement of transportation rules and standard operating procedures (SOP).
On the other hand, transport of dangerous goods is not for any carrier. It must be handled by a qualified operator carrier that is, first and foremostly, aware of the risk involved and therefore implement safety measures that are embedded in the corporate culture and SOPs in order to handle the process responsibly, in a systematic way. On the physical side, to do so requires a carrier to meet facility and resource requirements that create conducive environments and facilitate operations that reflect planned measures. For corporate culture to reflect safety awareness and facility commitment requires safety narrative to be reflected in top level policy along with reinforced rules and SOPs. To handle complicated SOPs with experience operators, the best alternative for most companies thus is to outsource the entire supply chain to an expert logistics service provider capable of handling shipments with high safety standards.
Foretunately, when it comes to the transport of dangerous goods, there’s an expert in town! Interested parties and strategic partners, please contact SCG-L at 02-586-5489 and simply ask for Khun Ithawat.
Compiled by: BLOG.SCGLogistics
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Turks and Caicos
Turks & Caicos the Number 1 Beach in the World!
I occasionally write an article on Turks and Caicos and post it on my blog. All my Turks and Caicos related articles can be found here… “Turks And Caicos Blog”
The History of Turks and Caicos
The Revolutionary War Helped Shape the Turks and Caicos Islands
The people of Turks and Caicos are just as diverse as the islands themselves. While first discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon of Spain, the island chain has largely been a British territory since 1764.
Bermudans first came to Grand Turk and Salt Cay in the 1600s to rake salt. The industry flourished for the next 300 years, providing the salt that Americans settlers needed to preserve their food.
During the American Revolution, the Turks and Caicos played a relatively unknown role. Despite being a British Colony, salt merchants sold their product to George Washington’s Revolutionary Army.
In February of 1783, the French captured Grand Turk Island and its rich salt reserves. However, the occupation was short lived. The Turks and Caicos Islands were returned to British control under the terms of Treaty of Paris, which was formally ratified later in 1783.
In the wake of the American victory, Britain gave loyalists grants in the Turks and Caicos Islands as compensation for the land they lost in America for failing to pledge their allegiance to the new country. Most of the settlers hailed from Georgia and South Carolina and had served in the British military. The higher the rank of the officer, the larger the grant of land he received.
The loyalist brought their slaves with them to the islands and built plantations for growing cotton or fruit and raising cattle. According to the Turks and Caicos National Museum, 40 families with around 1200 slaves had settled in the Turks and Caicos Islands by 1793.
As further detailed in historical accounts, “ . . . men of capital, brought their families, slaves, livestock, knowledge of plantation cultivation, arts and crafts, musical instruments, books and all else needed to create a self-contained home life and farming hierarchy in this new British community.”
In 1813, a devastating hurricane blew through the Caribbean. The destruction forced many loyalists to abandon their plantations. After being further tested by years of insect infestation and soil depletion, most abandoned their slaves and left the islands. Those who remained continued to operate their plantations until slaves were emancipated in 1834.
While historical records help tell the stories of these early settlers, there is little evidence of their existence remaining on the islands. The main house of the Cheshire Hall plantation remains in the heart of Providenciales. However, much of the site has been lost to development. More remote sites on North Caicos, including the Wades Green Plantation, are in the process of being excavated and preserved.
The Alexandra Resort
“The Alexandra Resort on Grace Bay, Providenciales is a home away from home.”
“Traveler’s Choice 2012, picks Providenciales beach in Turks & Caicos as the number 1 Beach in the World! This has been my family’s summer destination for many years. I highly advise all to take a trip. It’s a breath taking experience. | <urn:uuid:c9c6fcb2-90c5-4a77-a1b1-7c1a29647eee> | {
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How the German Dendritic Cell − Tumor Cell Fusion Vaccine Works
Before You Start
The National Cancer Institute’s Cancer.gov has an that is good background reading for this explanation. (Note: Links will open in new window)
Be aware that the fusion vaccine discussed here is somewhat different from the vaccines described at the CancerTrials site. I would also ignore the statement there that vaccines might not work well in advanced cancer, since it appears that this vaccine is working in advanced cancer, and also because vaccine research is very young – who knows what innovative new approaches, like this one, might do!
How the German Fused Dendritic – Tumor Cell Vaccine Works
The German vaccine is a very clever way of getting the immune system to recognize and respond to your tumor. To understand it you need to understand something about the immune system.
The immune system is an astoundingly complex and wonderful system – perhaps second only to the brain in complexity and mystery. It has many different pathways, mechanisms, and feedback loops that enable it to recognize and destroy highly evolved invaders like bacteria, viruses, and parasites… and sometimes tumor cells – without destroying the normal healthy cells which make up your body. I am not an immunologist but I have tried to understand enough about how this dendritic cell vaccine works to be able to give you an idea of how it works. But there’s also a lot I don’t understand. If you happen to be a scientist reading this and can answer any of my questions I solicit your comments!
Antigens and Normal Antigen Display
The immune system attacks things it recognizes as foreign. This recognition involves binding to very specific molecular sequences called “antigens”. Antigens are commonly proteins, or more specifically small parts of proteins.
The cells in your body process bits of the proteins inside them and display them on their surface (the cell membrane) bound to special presenting proteins called MHC or HLA. When a virus infects a cell, it takes over the cells protein manufacturing equipment to make viral proteins which are assembled into new viruses. One of the defenses of the body is that the infected cell presents these viral proteins on its surface where it can be recognized by cells of the immune system, including cells called cytotoxic T-Cells, which bind to cells displaying foreign antigens and send them a signal telling them to self-destruct. Tumor cells may also make abnormal proteins and can also be destroyed in this way. If the immune system can recognize and respond to an abnormal protein displayed on the tumor cell’s surface, that is.
Cytotoxic T-Cells each recognize exactly one specific antigen – if they recognize their specific antigen on the surface of a cell, they bind and send the self destruct signal. But it turns out that cytotoxic T-Cells need to be “activated” in a special way before they will kill infected or cancerous cells. Once cytotoxic T-cells are activated, they will not only kill cells displaying the antigen they recognize, but they will also multiply. Cytotoxic T-Cells are activated by encounters with special immune cells called Antigen Presenting Cells.
Antigen Presenting Cells (Including Dendritic Cells)
There is another class of immune cells called “Antigen Presenting Cells” (APCs) which “eat” possible foreign matter that they encounter in their environment. Dendritic cells are a type of antigen presenting cell. (Immune cells you may have heard of called macrophages, which are often portrayed as “scavenger cells”, also act as antigen presenting cells).
When an antigen presenting cell eats something, it processes it and displays possible antigens on its surface in a way that is similar to how all cells display samples of what is inside them. APCs also display special “co-stimulatory” proteins on their surface.
When a cytotoxic T-Cell encounters its antigen on an antigen-presenting cell, it binds to both that and the co-stimulatory protein. It then becomes activated and is ready to actually destroy cells it encounters which display its specific antigen. The activated cells are also stimulated to multiply.
Cytotoxic T-Cells normally reside in immune tissues like the lymph nodes. When APCs enter a lymph node, and an antigen is recognized, an army of specific killers is created which goes forth from the node to do battle with the enemy.
Another class of T-Cells called “Helper T-Cells” is required to generate a effective an cytotoxic T-Cell response. It is less clear to me exactly what role these cells play – but they are the immune cells which are destroyed by the AIDS virus. And when they are gone, the result, as we all know, is a total failure of the immune system. So they are critical. They also play an important part in the immune response generated by this vaccine – one which I am still trying to understand.
The Helper T Cell has a specific antigen and also binds to antigen presenting cells at the same time as the cytotoxic T-Cell.
Anyway, the helper T-Cell generates a variety of immune regulating proteins called “Cytokines” – different types of helper cells generate different profiles of cytokines which stimulate and regulate the immune response. One important cytokine generated by helper cells is Interleukin-2, which stimulates T-Cell growth, including growth of cytotoxic T-Cells, and which is also a major treatment for advanced renal cell cancer. But IL-2 is only one of many cytokines the helpers make. Helpers can actually generate different sets of cytokines which apparently help direct the immune response towards either a cellular response (what we want here) or an antibody dominant response.
As I say I have many questions about why the helper cells are really necessary and how they “decide” which way to direct the immune response. There is a lot I don’t understand in this area! What I do understand is that the stimulaton provided by the helper cells is required for an effective immune response.
The vaccine is made by fusing tumor cells from the patient with dendritic cells isolated from unrelated donors in the lab with a technique that has been used for many years to join cells to create such cellular hybrids (Note that cells from an unrelated donor are said to be “allogenic”, while cells from the patient are said to be “autologous”). When the cells are fused they share one cell membrane. Once the cells are fused, the tumor antigens are now inside this hybrid cell which still functions as an antigen presenting cell. It is as if the dendritic cell ‘ate’ a tumor cell. Now it will present proteins from this tumor cell on its surface. Notice that we don’t have to know exactly what these antigens are in order to create an effective vaccine. Actually there may be many different important antigens. Different cancer cells from the same tumor may have different antigens. Without knowing what any of them are, they are now presented on the surface of these hybrid dendritic cells – ready to stimulate an immune response against your tumor! Pretty neat, eh?
The fused cells are then subjected to radiation (I am not sure of the purpose of this step, but I suspect the radiation renders the cells incapable of dividing, but does not kill them. This is presumably a safety measure.) and finally are injected into the patient near lymph nodes in the groin. Once in the patient these hybrid antigen presenting cells can stimulate an tumor specific immune response in the lymph nodes which send forth an army of tumor killers as I’ve already described.
Why Unrelated Donors?
A very interesting, and to me puzzling aspect, of this therapy is that the they used allogeneic rather than autologous dendritic cells. This turns out to be a mechanism for getting a response similar to that normally generated by helper T-Cells, but without requiring antigen specific helper cells. Why this is desirable is not at all clear to me, but it works like this: The unrelated donors are specifically selected to have an incompatible “tissue type” to the patient. These dendritic cells then are seen by the patient’s immune system as foreign in their own right and attract T-Cells which respond to the foreign antigen. They then generate stimulatory cytokines in a way that is similar to how the helper T-Cells generate them when they see their antigen on the presenting cells. So helper t-cell like stimulation is generated without needed specific helper T-cells.
It turns out that “tissue type” is determined by the type of HLA/MHC protein you produce. These are the same antigen presenting molecules that dendritic and normal cells use to present antigen on their surfaces! It turns out there are different variants of these proteins which are inherited. These are actually the same proteins which determine if an organ or marrow transplant from an unrelated donor will be rejected. It is virtually guaranteed that you have T-Cells which will respond to cells displaying foreign HLA on their surfaces, so this method should predictably produce the desired helper cell like response. The authors hint that this is more dependable than depending on a specific T-helper response, as would be required if the patients own dendritic cells were used, but it’s far from clear to me why. My understanding is that these hybrids will present tumor antigen on native MHC molecules using MHC from the tumor cells (!) as well as displaying the foreign MHC from the foreign dendritic cell.
Some of the things that puzzle me about this include:
- Why doesn’t the patient’s immune system actually destroy the foreign hybrid cells themselves? After all they are recognizable as foreign!
- What exactly is the advantage of using foreign dendritic cells rather than native ones in the first place?
The researchers vaccinated the patients multiple times. One hint as to the answer to my first question is that they deliberately used different HLA types for each vaccine. This was apparently out of a concern that the patient’s immune system would recognize and destroy subseqent administrations of vaccines containing the same foreign HLA markers as previous shots. It may then be that this type of immune response develops slowly enough that the tumor immune response can take place before the immune system reacts with full force to the foreign HLA antigen, but that if the patient is re-challenged with a foreign HLA antigen the immune system “remembers” the previous encounter and responds rapidly, destroying the vaccine before it can serve its intended function.
The B-Cell Vaccine
B-Cells are normally thought of as antibody producing cells, but apparently at least some B-Cells can also act as antigen presenting cells. And that was the premise behind the use of B-Cells in this vaccine. Dendritic cells specialize in antigen presentation and are thought to be more effective than B cells. which might account for superiority of the dendritic cell vaccine over the B- Cell vaccine (if indeed it really is superior).
The other “rub” with the B-Cell vaccine was that some of the patients were treated with a vaccine made of renal cancer cells from other patients. That there were responses to this suggests that different patients may share similar tumor antigens. That the response to vaccines made from other patient’s tumors actually looked better than with vaccines made from the patients own tumor is surprising and to me unexplained. With the small number of patients treated it’s possible the seemingly better results were just due to chance.
This CancerGuide Page By Steve Dunn. © Steve Dunn
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Emily Cummins received a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and French Literature and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Sociology. She has instructor experience at Northeastern University and New Mexico State University, teaching courses on Sociology, Anthropology, Social Research Methods, Social Inequality, and Statistics for Social Research.
What Is the Critical Period Hypothesis?
Has someone ever said to you that you're too old to learn a new language? If so, this person was hinting at the main point of the critical period hypothesis, which argues that there is an ideal period for acquiring languages. A hypothesis is simply a proposed explanation made by a scientist, which can then be tested. Basically, the critical period links language acquisition to age.
This means that once we hit a certain age, our ability to learn our own language is greatly diminished. Although the original hypothesis was developed to understand how babies learn their first language, researchers have also extended the concept to study the best times for people to learn a new language.
The critical period, according to this theory, is the first few years of a person's life. So, assuming you are presented with the appropriate stimuli, you will be much more likely to learn a language when you're 3 than when you are 30!
As you get older, you will have a hard time with new languages, especially their grammatical systems, or the set of rules that all languages have, such as the order of nouns and verbs in a sentence. You might also have a hard time mastering an accent that sounds close to a native speaker.
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Development of the Hypothesis
The neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield was one of the earliest champions of the critical period, believing that children up to 9 years old are quite capable of learning a second language.
So, why can't older people learn languages as easily? The evidence for the critical period comes from a few places. First, there is something called neuroplasticity, which basically refers to how your brain changes and adapts as you grow. What does this have to do with learning a language? Basically, as you get older, your brain is less 'flexible.' This makes learning something very challenging, like a language, quite difficult. A child's brain can more easily adapt to new information.
Researchers have pointed to examples where children are deprived of the stimuli needed to acquire a language. An oft-cited example is the Genie case. Genie was an abused and neglected child who was locked in a room until she reached puberty. When she was discovered, she was unsocialized and could not speak. Eventually, she learned to speak a little bit but she was never able to master her language fully.
Challenging the Hypothesis
Today, some scientists believe that the critical period hypothesis might not be completely accurate and it remains a hotly debated theory in the field of linguistics. For example, some researchers, such as David Singleton, note that as many as 5% of bilingual people learned their second language as an adult, well after the critical period supposedly ends.
It is now argued that there are probably many factors related to learning a second language, including social factors, environment, and personal motivation. This is not really accounted for in the critical period hypothesis. So, one might question whether Genie never learned to speak because she passed the critical period or because her environment was so terrible.
The critical period hypothesis is a theory in linguistics that suggests we all have a fairly short window to learn languages. It argues that because of our brain's plasticity, it becomes harder to learn language as an adult because our brains are less flexible than a child's.
However, more recent evidence points out that there could be many other reasons for language acquisition, such as social or environmental context. So, don't worry if you're past the critical period and trying to learn a new language. There might still be a chance for you!
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Critical Period: Hypothesis & Definition
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Natural Beauty of Krka National Park in Croatia
Krka National Park is one of the Croatian national parks, named after the river Krka that it encloses. It is located along the middle-lower course of the Krka River in central Dalmatia just a few kilometers northeast of the city of Šibenik. It was formed to protect the Krka River and is intended primarily for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, and tourism activities. It is the seventh national park in Croatia and was proclaimed a national park in 1985.
The Krka National Park is located entirely within the territory of Šibenik-Knin County and encompasses an area of 109 square kilometers along the Krka River: two kilometers downriver from Knin to Skradin and the lower part of the river Čikola. The Krka National Park is a spacious, largely unchanged region of exceptional and multifaceted natural value, and includes one or more preserved or insignificantly altered ecosystems.
When you are at the Krka National Park there the three most popular features include:
Skradinski buk - Skradinski buk is a massive, clear, natural pool with high waterfalls at one end and cascades at the other. It is the lowest of the three sets of waterfalls formed along the Krka river. In an area 400 m in length and 100 m in width there are 17 waterfalls and the total difference in height between the first and the last falls is 47.7 m. Due to the wealth and variety of geomorphological forms, vegetation, and the various effects caused by the play of light on the whirlpools, Skradinski buk is considered to be one of the most beautiful calcium carbonate waterfalls in Europe. It is the largest travertine cascade system in Europe.
Roški Slap - Roški Slap, located near Miljevci, is a series of cascades which can be visited throughout the year. The most attractive way to reach Roški Slap is to take one of the excursion boats operated by the Krka National Park, although the falls can also be reached with a public road.
Visovac - Inside the park is the island of Visovac which was founded during the reign of Louis I of Hungary, home to the Roman Catholic Visovac Monastery founded by the Franciscans in 1445 near Miljevci village. The island can be visited by a boat tour from Skradinski buk.
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The Truth About Carbs
Carbohydrates have a bad rap for causing weight gain, which leads to many people following low-carb or zero-carb diets.
The truth is, carbs are the main source of energy for your body and should typically make up about 40-60% of your daily calorie consumption. Carbs are used quickly after they’re consumed and are broken down. As sugar levels rise in your blood, the hormone, insulin, is released. This moves sugar from the blood into the body’s cells. It is important to consume some carbohydrates if you plan on exercising. Studies have shown that those who eat the right amount of complex carbohydrates have a lower risk for type 2 diabetes, obesity and heart disease.
When people think of carbs, they typically think of bread and pasta. While the whole wheat versions of these foods are healthy in moderation, there are other ways to eat healthy carbs throughout the day. There are two types of carbohydrates – complex carbs and simple sugars. Let’s discuss the difference.
- Provide vitamins, minerals and fiber, which keep you fuller, longer
- Should make up a majority of your carb intake. Good sources include: beans, peas, 100 percent whole-wheat pasta and bread, quinoa, chickpeas, potatoes / sweet potatoes, starchy vegetables and barley.
- Are broken down quickly by the body
- Can be found naturally in foods like fruit, milk and milk products, which in moderation are good for you. These simple sugars are not unhealthy like their processed counterparts.
- Should make up a limited amount of your diet. They’re found in processed and refined foods like candy, soda and syrups. You should avoid these foods when possible.
Doing a low- or zero-carb diet may work for some people, but for most it is vital to consume enough carbohydrates throughout the day. Carbs are necessary for energy, hormone balance, feeding the brain and probiotics for good gut health. Here are some signs you may not be getting enough carbs:
- Bad breath
- Feeling tired or lethargic during a workout
- Strong desire for bread and other carbs
How to work smart carbs into your day:
- Breakfast: fruit smoothie, oatmeal, sweet potato quinoa muffins
- Snacks: veggies/hummus, cottage cheese, fruit, roasted chickpeas
- Lunch: wrap on whole wheat tortilla or Mediterranean quinoa salad
- Dinner: fish or chicken with baked sweet potato fries
For more recipes filled with healthy carbs, check out these posts:
Photo credit: Natalie Bennett | <urn:uuid:66b112ef-7776-4213-8ddc-e86491c3afae> | {
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what is database security
They are a costly expense that can damage lives and reputations and take time to repair. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. McAfee Data Center Security Suite for Databases offers real-time, reliable protection for business-critical databases, and requires no architecture changes, costly hardware, or database downtime. If you choose an on-premises solution, you need to provide everything from end-point protection to physical security of your hardware - which is no easy task. Encrypted data is commonly referred to as ciphertext, while unencrypted data is called plaintext. Database Security — Database security is designed to do what it says it will do. To have a successful business, you must keep a habit of automatic or manual data backup on a … These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes.. Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate security measures. Data security, often thought to be about the prevention, detection and mitigation tools an organization uses, is just as much about strategy and the implementation of best practices. What is DBMS? Reduce the risk of a data breach and simplify compliance with Oracle database security solutions for encryption, key management, data masking, privileged user access controls, activity monitoring, and auditing. IT security is a cybersecurity strategy that prevents unauthorized access to organizational assets including computers, networks, and data. Database security. Currently, encryption is one of the most popular and effective data security methods used by organizations. You need to identify critical data security risks without compromising the … Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. Data Security vs Information Security Data security is specific to data in storage. Implementing these security controls will help to prevent data loss, leakage, or unauthorized access to your databases. Protecting and using it securely is central to a zero trust strategy. The EU General Data Protection Regulation became law on May 25, 2018 and it is changing the landscape of regulated data protection. Why is data security important? Learn all about GDPR and how to prepare with this free course from our friend Troy Hunt. Digital warfare and worldwide cyberattack rates are on the rise, and protection on corporate networks is even more crucial. Data security refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle. Database security refers to the range of tools, controls, and measures designed to establish and preserve database confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Encrypted data, also known as ciphertext, appears scrambled or unreadable to a person or entity accessing without permission. Unfortunately, cybercriminals also see the value of data and seek to exploit security vulnerabilities to put your information at risk. Various high-profile hacking attacks have proven that web security remains the most critical issue to any business that conducts its operations online. Information security is a far broader practice that encompasses end-to-end information flows. Two main types of data encryption exist - asymmetric encryption, also known as public-key encryption, and symmetric encryption. Database encryption tools built with inadequate database encryption security expose the organization to fraud and data breaches. Database Security Table of Contents. Comprehensive Security This software-based offering provides robust security, streamlined database security management, and continuous compliance without requiring architecture changes, costly hardware, or downtime. A database administrator (DBA) is the information technician responsible for directing or performing all activities related to maintaining a successful database environment. Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, containing information about sales transactions or interactions with specific customers.. Why Data Security is of Paramount Importance. What is Data Security? Just the Beginning of Data Security. In simple terms, data security is the practice of keeping data protected from corruption and unauthorized access. Enroll for free It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database. Data provides a critical foundation for every operation of your organization. Data breaches can hurt businesses and consumers in a variety of ways. Data security is a shared responsibility between you, the customer, and your database provider. Auditing is the monitoring and recording of selected user database actions. The physical machine hosting a database is housed in a secured, locked and monitored environment to prevent unauthorized entry, access or theft. For an unexpected attack or data breach, it is really helpful to have an organization back up their data. McAfee database security products offer real-time protection for business-critical databases from external, internal, and intra-database threats. Web servers are one of the most targeted public faces of an organization, because of the sensitive data they usually host. Client information, payment information, personal files, bank account details - all of this information can be hard to replace and potentially dangerous if it falls into the wrong hands. This article will focus primarily on confidentiality since it’s the element that’s compromised in most data breaches. More data is growing in more places, and more users are accessing it to create business value. Data security is critical for most businesses and even home computer users. A data breach is a security incident in which information is accessed without authorization. Data security includes data encryption , hashing, tokenization , and key management practices that protect data across all applications and platforms. Cyber security is the practice of defending computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from malicious attacks. Azure Key Vault provides a central key management platform, leverages tightly monitored hardware security modules (HSMs), and enables separation of duties between management of keys and data to help meet security compliance requirements. Storage & Backup Data storage refers to holding your data files in a secure location that you can readily and easily access. The data that your company creates, collects, stores, and exchanges is a valuable asset. It's also known as information technology security or electronic information security. Data encryption is a security method where information is encoded and can only be accessed or decrypted by a user with the correct encryption key. Security versus Agility? It can be based on individual actions, such as the type of SQL statement executed, or on combinations of factors that can include user name, application, time, and so on. If the database's access to the key vault is revoked, a database cannot be decrypted and read into memory. IT security maintains the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive information while blocking access to hackers. Data security is the collection of measures taken to keep data from getting corrupted. Security awareness training, a data-centric security strategy, MFA, strict cloud permissions and a robust patch management strategy are all efforts by which organizations can advance their data security. This includes processes, knowledge, user interfaces, communications, automation, computation, transactions, infrastructure, devices, sensors and data storage. Data security refers to the protection of data from unauthorized access, use, change, disclosure and destruction and includes network security, physical security, and file security. Data that must be retained for compliance or other purposes can be moved to more secure storage – perhaps offline -- which is less susceptible to database security threats. For example, when key management is handled within the database, the database administrator has control of both the data and key. They keep restricted parties from accessing company databases and ensure data is protected by a firewall, encryption, and other security methods to prevent unauthorized access and distribution for sensitive information. Physical Database Server Security. Security Training GDPR Attack Plan. 8 Da tabase Auditing: Security Considerations. Database security—Getting access to the database Database objects —Getting access to individual database objects and data First, the user must log in to the server by entering a password. The focus behind data security is to ensure privacy while protecting personal or corporate data. Get both. Data masking of structured data is the process of obscuring (masking) specific data within a database table or cell to ensure that data security is maintained and sensitive information is not exposed to unauthorized personnel. Data security—the processes and technologies you should be using to safeguard that data—is a crucial element in protecting your company’s reputation and fiscal health. Depending on the database provider you choose, the amount of responsibility you carry can vary. The database should be kept discreet as much as possible from the application, such that any database or database provider can easily be substituted with a minimum of cognitive effort on the part of the one setting up a new database. Access control is a method of guaranteeing that users are who they say they are and that they have the appropriate access to company data. A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Last on the list of important data security measures is having regular security checks and data backups. A DBA makes sure an organization's database and its related applications operate functionally and efficiently. It incorporates the use of systems, processes, and procedures that keep data inaccessible to others who may use it in harmful or unintended ways.
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A French patent has been granted to E. Huchet, of Nantes, for an apparatus called the "Auto-Slip ArchimMe," which is designed to facilitate the inspection, cleaning and repairing of automobiles. As will be seen from the illustrations, the device consists essentially of two wooden rails, shod and flanged with iron, which turn on bearings in two troughs or hollow tracks that are bolted to three cross pieces. In the middle of the flrst cross piece there is a winch which is operated by a tangent screw and crank. The front ends of the rails are connected by a tie-rod, and the steel cable by which the car is drawn up on the rails passes over a pulley, carried by this tie-rod. One end of the cable is attached to a hook on & winch, the other to a sort of whiffletree, which is fastened securely to the axle of the car by two straps. Either axle may be used, but it is best to select the more heavily loaded axle. The apparatus is portable and can be packed in a sll space, afl shown in Fig. 1. To reduce it to this form it is only necessary tr-take off the three cross pieces anO' the tie rod, and lay them parallel with the rails, each of which remains pivoted in its trough. Each end of the cross pieces and tie rod has three bolt holes, by means of which the width of the auto-slip can be adjusted to a car of any gage, from 1.20 to 1.40 meters (4614 to 55 inches). The nuts of the bolts have wings, and can be screwed on by hand. The parts having been assembled in this nner, props or wedges are placed under the front or short ends of the rai's. and the car (witb its lighter end in advance) is hauled up on the rails uiitil it strikes the hoppers. The brakes of the car are then set firmly and all four wheels are strapped securely to the rails, care being taken to ma ke a turn of each strap about a spoke. Then, the wedges having been removed, the continued operation of the winch has the effect of tipping the rails and the car, which can thus be placed in the most advantageous position for the examination and repair of any part of the chassis or mechanism. The wedges may be used, also, to support the rear or longer ends of the rails, as indicated in Figs. 3 and 2. It is preferable, however, to attach the cable to the heavier end of the car and to stop hauling when the vehicle has nearly reached the position of equilibrium. In this method no wedges are required, and the car (Continued on page 339.) The Auto-Slip Archimede. ( Oontinued from page 332. ) can be tipped with ease to any desired inclination. The proper approximate position of equilibrium for any particular car can be determined, once for all, by hauling the car up until the rails can be propped in a horizontal pOSition ( Fig. 2 ) , slackening the cable and moving the car by hand until it can be tipped by a moderate effort. The wheels are then strapped to the rails and their places are marked. The car is removed from the apparatuJ by simply reversing the motion of the winch, allowing the vehicle to move slowly down the rails, which return automatically to their initial position.
This article was originally published with the title "The Auto-Slip Archimède—A Portable Apparatus for Lifting Automobiles for Examination and Repair" in Scientific American 97, 19, 332 (November 1907) | <urn:uuid:74ce8f83-ef79-40e7-9163-1428b93b2292> | {
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Why Replace Old Windows with Double Glazed Windows?
Double glazing is an innovative concept in which windows contain two glass panels within a single frame. These panels are separated by little space which is filled with air or other non-toxic gases. There should be at least a distance of 20 mm for optimal efficiency. Your traditional wooden window cannot provide you durability and best longevity. For that, you need to install the double-glazed window from SESecondary Glazing, which can reduce your power consumption cost and save your family from any natural disaster. In addition, these double glazed windows can prevent dust particles and protect UV ray.
Top 5 reasons to choose the double-glazed window:
- Enhances Energy Efficiency
The two glass panels present in these energy-efficient windows insulates the home against high temperature and maintains a comfortable atmosphere indoors. This reduces the need of heating and cooling system, which in turn improves the energy efficiency of your home.
This is something that makes double glazed windows worth each and every penny you spend on time. But do make sure that you go with the best quality for effective results. During summer, these double glazed windows can block sunrays and keep your rooms cool all the time. Similarly, during the winter, these windows can block the coolest air flow and provide you warm temperature.
- Reduces Condensation
Condensation is a serious threat to older homes, as it makes it prone to dew, mould and in certain cases it even rots the frame of windows and can have a dreadful impact on the overall health of your family. This is why when you come across the signs of condensation then it’s time to replace the old windows with double glazed ones.
The panes of double gazed window reduce formation of excess moisture and thus keep the glass free from any sort of condensation.
- Protects the Interiors
The UVA & UVB rays from the sun are not only harmful for your health but they are equally bad for the furniture, drapes and other elements present near the window. Double-glazing made up of specialized glasses prevents UV rays from entering indoors and this ensures that they do not fade with time. Moreover, with this you will no longer have to install those heavy thermal drapes, which often block natural light from entering into the room. So now you can save your furniture from the adverse effects of sunrays by installing these double glazed windows.
- Improves Security
Presence of double glazed windows in your home signifies that your house is well-protected. It is relatively tough to break these glass panels when compared to those that are found in old windows. Therefore, if you do not want to make your property prone to break-ins or intruder attack then it is wise to replace the same old windows with double glazed ones. The metal panel of these double glazed windows is very sturdy and it is impossible to break these windows by intruders. Apart from that, these windows can provide you 100% privacy level.
- Temperature Control
Besides preventing energy loss, these glasses do not absorb heat during summers or let cool air pass in winters. This keeps the indoors cool in summers and warm in winters. So, with the installation of double glazed windows you not only end up saving on your energy bills but at the same time reduce the demand of heating and cooling system.
Next time when you are confused with the idea of having double glazed windows then do not forget to consider their benefits that they have to offer and the difference that they can bring to the value of your home. | <urn:uuid:6116baf3-2874-473a-958b-0fd7038a328d> | {
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Online Resources for Families Coping with Anxiety During Covid
Below are some useful articles and resources for parents and teenagers and young adults to cope with the added anxiety of living during this pandemic.
CRISIS TEXTLINE FOR TEENS/YOUNG ADULTS
Tips for Helping your Teen or Young Adult during Covid-19
--Encourage your teen/young adult to keep in regular contact with his mental health providers via telephone or online appointments.
--Make sure prescriptions are filled and up to date.
--Minimize access to "news" for it can be very stressful. Consider a "news fast".
--Keep routines going: get dressed everyday, exercise.
--Engage in family activities: eat at least one meal a day together; play board games or puzzles watch movies and tv as a family; go on walks with each other. | <urn:uuid:28825269-52ed-40df-8890-e8bb4440ec7a> | {
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Collaborative robots have grown in popularity and acceptance in manufacturing companies as they usher the industry into a new era. The era of human and robots working together rather than separately. The era of flexibility, accuracy and high quality products and faster adaptability to consumer preferences and market changes.
Collaborative robots used in robot assembly by the numerous manufacturing companies are categorized into four according to the International Standards Organization, ISO 10218. These categories are: Power and Force Limiting, hand guiding, speed and separation and safety monitored stop.
Collaborative robots that fall in this category are considered the safest collaborative robots for any factory to have. They can work alongside human workers without the risk of causing an accident in the factory. They do not require vision capabilities or caging. They are the ultimate collaborative robot.
Why is this so?
The answer to this question and the reason for this categorization lies in their design and safety features. Cobots in this category are designed with round edges and are completely smoothened. In addition, they are padded to ensure that the impact of an accident is minimal.
Further, these cobots have different types of super sensitive sensors that prevent accidents. These sensors have the ability to detect and predict a collision forcing the cobot to stop before it comes into contact with anything or anyone. These sensors are implanted in the cobots, giving them the capability to comfortably collaborate with human workers without the need for external attachments for this capabilities.
As the name suggests, this category represents collaborative robots that can be taught how to perform certain tasks using hand motions.
This happens especially when there is an urgent need to reprogram the cobot to perform a certain task. The worker holds the cobot and guides it through the correct positions of completing a particular task successfully.
Cobots in this category save time when it comes to programming enabling the factory to run continuously with minimal downtime.
It is important that cobot operators observe safety at all times especially when hand guiding a cobot without power and force limiting features.
Collaborative robots in this category are usually not in frequent contact with human workers. Safety monitored robots usually are large industrial robots that work independently but also require human input for their work to be successfully completed.
Robots in this category are affixed with an external senor that identifies when a human worker is in its working area. When it detects a human in its working area it will stop immediately to reduce any risk of accidents occurring. It will not start up until the human operator starts it by pressing a button for it to resume working.
Collaborative robots in this category are similar to those in the safety monitored stop category. The only difference is that, these robots have frequent interaction with human workers in the factory.
Just like those in the previous category they are also fitted with external apertures for vision and sensors. Unlike the safety monitored stop cobot, this cobot has two levels of security for the human operator working with it.
The first level can be described as a warning zone. When it detects a human worker in its warning zone, the robot slows down its activity.
The second level is the stop zone. When a human operator gets into the stop zone, the robot automatically stops operating.
Unlike the safety monitored stop cobot, this cobot resumes operation as soon as the human operator exits the stop zone.
As you can see, these cobot types are categorized on how safe they are to be used as collaborative robots. It is important for all companies that use robots to ensure that they know what risks they pose to their human workers and engage them appropriately by ensuring the correct safety standards are maintained. | <urn:uuid:a2c5b482-6842-481f-8727-e8d99dbd5b8e> | {
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Your blood pressure reading is composed of two numbers (e.g., 120/80). Systolic blood pressure, or the top number, is the amount of force put on the arteries as the heart beats. Diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) is the amount of force on the arteries when the heart is resting.
This article delves into the differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, why both numbers are important, and what your blood pressure readings mean.
Why Your Blood Pressure Matters
When the heart beats, blood pulses through the arteries to travel throughout the body. However, it is not a steady stream like you might see from a garden hose.
The pulse of the blood flow and the pressure it exerts change from moment to moment. It's highest during the heartbeat (systolic pressure) and lowest between heartbeats (diastolic pressure).
Providers measure blood pressure using these numbers because it is a standard way of describing the force of the pulsing blood.
Your systolic and diastolic blood pressures are both important. If the readings are too high, you could have high blood pressure. If the readings are too low, there may not be enough blood flowing to your brain and other organs.
Furthermore, if there are changes in the difference between the two numbers, it's a clue that there could be a heart condition or other health problem.
Systolic Blood Pressure
During a heartbeat, the heart pushes blood out into the arteries. Systolic pressure is the measure of this force. This phase, known as systole, is the point at which blood pressure is the highest.
Systolic blood pressure is considered normal when the reading is below 120 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) while a person is sitting quietly at rest.
High Systolic Blood Pressure
The heart muscle pushes out blood with higher pressure when a person is exercising, under stress, or at any time when the heart rate is increased. The systolic pressure goes up with it.
In these cases, the increased pressure is normal. However, when the pressure is high while a person is resting, that is not normal and is considered high blood pressure.
High systolic blood pressure is usually caused by the narrowing of the arteries, which makes the heart have to work harder to push blood through them.
Low Systolic Blood Pressure
There is such a thing as too-low systolic pressure, however. When the reading is significantly below normal, it's called hypotension. This can cause lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting. If low blood pressure is not treated, it may cause organs like the kidneys to start shutting down.
Systolic hypotension can happen if the amount of blood in your body becomes too low. For example, low blood pressure can happen when you are severely dehydrated or when you have major bleeding. In these cases, there just isn't enough blood to push through the body.
Low blood pressure can also happen if the heart muscle is too weak to push blood normally—for example if the heart muscle is damaged (cardiomyopathy) or if the arteries suddenly widen too much (as in vasovagal syncope, a reflex that causes fainting).
Sometimes, low blood pressure happens when you change positions suddenly. You may feel dizzy when you stand up because gravity is pulling blood down toward your feet. This is a common condition called orthostatic hypotension.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The heart rests between beats so it can refill with blood. The pause between beats is called s diastole. Your diastolic blood pressure is the measurement during this pause before the next heartbeat.
Normal diastolic blood pressure during quiet rest is below 80 mmHg. If you have high blood pressure, the diastolic number is often higher even during quiet rest.
Low diastolic pressure may be seen with dehydration or with severe bleeding. It also may happen if the arteries relax and widen.
Improving Blood Pressure Reading Accuracy
Your systolic and diastolic pressures—the highest and lowest points of your heartbeat—change depending on your activity level, stress, fluid intake, and other factors.
You need to do your best to limit how these other factors might change your pressure when you're taking a blood pressure reading.
For the most accurate reading, check your blood pressure when you are in a calm, warm space after you have been able to rest quietly for at least five minutes.
You should be relaxed, with your arms at your sides, and the cuff should be placed on your arm at about the level of your heart. Your legs should be uncrossed, and your bladder should be empty, as both of these factors can affect your reading.
Measuring blood pressure this way is a challenge in a busy provider's office. Your provider might suggest you take your blood pressure at home.
What Time of Day Should I Check My Blood Pressure?
Many experts suggest recording blood pressures that are taken over an extended time (which can include repeating the measurements at home) before diagnosing high blood pressure.
You should also know that your blood pressure will be different throughout the day. It tends to be highest in the morning and lower at night.
Your provider may want you to take your blood pressure multiple days a day—usually once in the morning and once in the afternoon or evening. Try to avoid taking it early in the morning right when you wake up or right after dinner.
Instead, try to take your morning reading before your breakfast (especially if you drink coffee or take medication) and your evening reading when you're getting ready for bed (and again, before you take any medications).
Once you decide what time you'll check your blood pressure, it's important that you're consistent. You'll get the most accurate results and comparisons if you take your blood pressure at about the same time every day.
Your blood pressure is a measurement of the pressures in your arteries while your heart is beating (systolic) and between beats (diastolic). Both of these values are important for diagnosing and managing high blood pressure.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure are also important to know for treating a range of conditions, including heart disease or severe blood loss. It's important to get an accurate blood pressure reading under calm, quiet conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
Which is more important: Systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure?
Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings give important information about your health. However, systolic pressure is the number your doctor pays the greatest attention to if it is high.
What is normal blood pressure by age?
A blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg is ideal for most healthy adults. Children and teens may have slightly lower normal blood pressure. For example, a blood pressure of 100/65 could be considered normal for a toddler and a healthy, active teen could have a blood pressure of around 115/70. Older adults may also have higher or lower blood pressures that are considered normal. For example, a person who is in their 60s may have a blood pressure of around 130/60.
What is considered dangerously high blood pressure?
Dangerously high blood pressure, also known as a hypertensive crisis, is when systolic blood pressure (the top number) is 180 or higher or diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) is 120 or more.
What is the best time to take your blood pressure?
The specific time you take your blood pressure is not as important as being consistent about it, day after day. That said, it is best to avoid taking a reading first thing in the morning, after you have a meal, or right after you take medication. | <urn:uuid:929c9540-3f63-4e1c-86f5-7ffadcd2967a> | {
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The Story of Jake and Blinky
BATTLE OF THE TITANS
By Jack Rudloe
Gulf Specimen Marine Lab in Panacea, Florida is in the process of building a new exhibit, THE BATTLE OF THE TITANS. This is the story of two famous crocodilians, Jake and Blinky, who fought to the death and are now immortalized as fiberglass models.
Jake the Crocodile was a wanderer. In 1957 he traveled 300 miles from the Florida Keys to Lake Tarpon in Central Florida, farther north than any other American Salt water crocodile on record. There two commercial fishermen accidentally caught him in their gillnet and called the Florida Fresh Water Fish and Game Commission. They relocated the eight foot reptile to the Homosassa Springs Wildlife Attraction and released him into their lagoon. There were 50 alligators there and he hated them all. Over the next twenty years, the big gray crocodile continued to grow and kept attacking them, sometimes inflicting major wounds.
Then came Blinky, a bull alligator with his own story. He was a superstar, perhaps the most famous alligator in Florida. Twelve feet long, he was the King of Lake Mirror in Lakeland, a ferocious warrior who had lost an eye and a front foot in battles with other gators. Oddly, he loved people and children gathered around to pet him. Although it was illegal, people came down to the lake to feed him his favorite food, marshmallows. One resident recalled, “Anytime he saw people, he would come out on shore like a pet dog.”
Blinky also made excursions into town. Cars would stop as the big gator lumbered across the highway and headed downtown to stroll along with shoppers. Residents recalled him sleeping beneath a park bench on which a drunkard was passed out. He was seen sleeping in front of the police station and occasionally hung out in front of Maas Brothers Department Store. Once he entered a church during a wedding, and was escorted back to the lake by motorcycle police officers coaxing him along with marshmallows.
In the 1970s, the Chamber of Commerce created an alligator costume with a long tail and an eye patch for the Christmas parade, and One-Eyed Joe, as he had been called for years, became “Blinky.” He was promoted as the world’s friendliest alligator. Blinky was to Lakeland what Mickey Mouse is to Disney. There were Blinky billboards, tee shirts and buttons.
After a terrible tragedy in 1979 in which an eleven-foot alligator killed a teenager in a nearby town, the FWC became fearful that Blinky might do the same. One man wrote, “We’re talking about a cold-blooded reptile, not a cute little puppy.” The city commissioners, being Blinky fans themselves, considered several options. But placing chain-link fence around the lake sounded tacky, and extending a concrete wall around the lake to match the rest of the Lake Mirror Promenade would cost an arm and a leg. Blinky had to go.
The FWC came and captured him. Even a professional alligator hunter often took hours or even days to catch a wild gator. Blinky came ashore hoping for marshmallows and popcorn, and they bagged him in ten minutes. Bound up, his snout taped shut, he was on his way to the Homosassa Springs Wildlife Attraction.
A newspaper wrote:
“Blinky arrived at Homosassa Springs attraction just after nine o’clock riding in the back of the attraction’s white pickup truck. He had been carefully tied and his nose tapped for the trip and no time was wasted in bringing the gator back to the park where he was transferred to a cart and transported by J.P. Garner to Gator Lagoon. Several park attendants helped lift Blinky out of the cart and to the banks of the Lagoon. His legs were untied and his nose untapped and the giant saurian needed only a little push before he took the plunge into the cool waters of his new home.
“And how does Blinky like it at Homosassa Springs? He seemed to be adjusting to his new environment just fine and is swimming happily around the lagoon, making the acquaintance of his fifty new alligator neighbors and Jake the fifteen-foot crocodile. The residents of this Lagoon are fed approximately five hundred pounds of fresh fish and beef every week so Blinky will have his share of the feast. J.P. Garner and everyone at Homosassa Springs would like to welcome Binky’s friends and Lakeland and everywhere around the state to visit him in his new home. “
The FWC was in an untenable situation since three people had been killed by alligators in the past five years, and dozen more were seriously wounded. The State had been keeping records of attacks since 1948 and saw the number escalate in the 1970’s. From 1973 to 2016 the human population in Florida swelled from roughly eight million people to twenty million and 24 people were killed by gators.
In the 1920’s steam shovels began draining the Everglades, digging up wetlands and stripping away the native vegetation to build subdivisions and canals with sea walls. As more people moved in the alligators were seen as a nuisance, climbing fences, getting into swimming pools, crossing highways, taking up residence in golf course ponds, drainage ditches and retention pounds that had previously been swamp.
As increasing development caused water quality to decline, wildlife and fish became scarce, and hungry gators had a harder time finding food. Dogs, cats, plastics, tin cans and occasional humans were added to their menu. So in the end, the state’s fish and game department had no alternative but to move Blinky to Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park to live out the rest of his days in peace. At least, that’s what the humans intended. Blinky the 12-foot alligator and Jake the 14-foot crocodile took an instant dislike to each other and began fighting.
The one eyed bull alligator was used to having his own way and was more aggressive and agile than Jake. For a while he prevailed and chased the bigger Jake around the lake. The crocodile avoided him, hiding in the marshes, but Blinky kept hunting him.
“Being king of that lake (Mirror) down there, I guess he figured he had to be king here, too,” said J.P. Garner, attractions manager at Homosassa Springs, to The Lakeland Ledger in April 1979. “So he started following Jake. Every minute, every day, he’d be looking for him.”
They were put in separate enclosures, but it wasn’t enough. On the third night Blinky climbed over the fence and attacked Jake. Oooops! Jake ate Blinky to the great embarrassment of the park and the FWC who tried to hush it up, but word got out that park workers found only a few pieces of him remaining early the next morning. No doubt Jake was thinking, “Ooh! I can’t believe I ate the whole thing.” And Blinky had learned the truth behind the admonition, “Be careful what you wish for!”
Upon hearing the sad story, the residents of Lakeland grieved for their beloved alligator and built a monument to him on the shores of Lake Mirror where he had reigned as king for so many years.
Nearly twenty years later, in 1998, Jake died from a fungal infection. The park veterinarians worked diligently to save him, but all their efforts failed. At a massive 14’3” and 1003 pounds, Jake was the Crocodile King of Homosassa Springs Wildlife Park.
A local taxidermist made a cast of Jake so he could be remembered and reproduced in fiberglass models. The original model remains in the Homosassa Springs Wildlife Park today. Kenny Ellingham of Creative Wildlife in Lecanto, Florida just made a new model from the original cast of Jake and created another model from a gator similar in size to Blinky to immortalize their famous battle in a new exhibit at Gulf Specimen Aquarium in Panacea, Florida.
The models are now on display and our visitors are enjoying the opportunity to see an American saltwater crocodile and an American alligator, both fully grown. Children can climb on the monsters as they stand in opposition to each other.
Your donation is tax deductible. All donations here go towards funding our sea turtle rehabilitation program, repairs to existing exhibits, construction of new exhibits, conducting outreach and many more activities at the aquarium. Click on the link below labeled “Donate” to donate through Paypal. | <urn:uuid:827708c5-3b4f-4c89-be6d-960f7b8d2238> | {
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Lasers have numerous applications outside the physics lab. These devices can be employed to measure distances accurately and many commercial instruments are used in construction for laying out a building site. When the light beam strikes a solid object, it is reflected back and the device determines how far away the object is. There is such a significant difference between the mass of the light beam (photons) and the mass of the object, the beam does not disturb the object at all. One measurement of interest was the use of a laser to measure the distance from the Earth to the moon. The impact of the photons from the laser on the moon had absolutely no effect on the moon's orbit.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Another feature that is unique to quantum mechanics is the uncertainty principle. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and the velocity of a particle. The detection of an electron, for example, would be made by way of its interaction with photons of light. Since photons and electrons have nearly the same energy, any attempt to locate an electron with a photon will knock the electron off course, resulting in uncertainty about where the electron is located (see below). We do not have to worry about the uncertainty principle with large everyday objects because of their mass. If you are looking for something with a flashlight, the photons coming from the flashlight are not going to cause the thing you are looking for to move. This is not the case with atomic-sized particles, leading scientists to a new understanding about how to envision the location of the electrons within atoms.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: The observation of an electron with a microscope requires reflection of a photon off of the electron. This reflected photon causes a change in the path of the electron.
- The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle explains why we cannot simultaneously determine both the precise velocity and position of a particle.
- This principle is only applicable at the atomic level.
CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon. | <urn:uuid:8533ec8c-dc87-4244-a282-9e5f8f02b3ea> | {
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For nearly 60 years the book and armband were kept on the cousins shelf as a reminder of the war years and her deep friendship with the soldier. The family protected this treasure and hopes that the release of the artifacts leads to an increased enlightenment around the world. This discovery provides so many unique lessons for humanity and with an open heart we embark on a journey to share this with the World.
The artifacts were created by two mundane activities, shaving on a brisk Spring morning and last minute office work. Their survival however was thanks to the dramatic events of the final year of World War II. In fact the artifacts mark the end of the last weekend Hitler appeared to the outside World as healthy, exuberant, gregarious and happy. While Hitler sat down to sign an inscribed copy of Mein Kampf, he produced a beautifully relaxed autograph. After sitting back to examine his handiwork one can imagine the radical change in mood as Hitler discovered the bright red blood stain on the inside cover and dustjacket of the book. He quickly tore the cover into thirds and stuffed it inside the book. Either he or his secretary noticed a blood droplet on the white silk face of his Swastika Armband and Hitler removed the armband and put it inside the book. Perhaps he felt or saw the additional blood droplets in the red wool of the band. One can assume they were meant to be destroyed but thanks to Hitler’s military losses, multiple assassination attempts, drug induced paranoia and deteriorating health the items were ignored and remained in the glass enclosed book shelves of the study. Hitler had inadvertently provided us with perfect samples of his DNA with 3 incontestable proofs:
- Position of Blood Stain in inside cover and dust jacket could only be created by the producer of the autograph. Provides Date and Authenticity.
- Position of blood droplets on armband are consistent with a straight razor shaving cut on the left side of the face and position is consistent with the way Hitler wore his armband inside the Berghof.
- The armband is the style only worn by the highest ranking officers of the Nazi Party and the Serial Number on the RZM tag on the armband is #7, which was Hitler’s mythical membership number in the Nazi Party and was used by Hitler throughout the war on all items produced by government factories for official use.
Please let us know what you think and share your stories. Thank you.
Editor, Istoriya Publishing, LLC
© Copyright Istoriya Publishing, LLC All Rights Reserved. No reprints of the information or images without express written permission. | <urn:uuid:ab75e2ae-3853-4c62-8a7a-2aa39e404463> | {
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Depending on the size of the compressed air cylinder, 2 to 3 cubic metres fit into it. This is then somehow equal to the volume of a telephone booth. Normally, there is about 180-200 bar in a tank. Thus if a 10-litre tank is filled with 200 bar, then this corresponds to 2,000 litres of air.
What types of compressed air cylinders are there?
For diving, cylinders with 200 and 300 bar pressure are permitted. These are mostly made of aluminium or steel, so that they can withstand the pressure without bending. The advantage of aluminium is thereby that the material itself is light. However, they are significantly bigger, since aluminium needs a thicker wall in order to withstand the pressure. In addition, aluminium has a higher buoyancy, so that you might need to take more lead weights with you. This is why steel cylinders are still the most popular choice.
Safety of your compressed air cylinder
Steel cylinders have to be subjected to an extensive security test every two years, aluminium cylinders every 6 years. Thereby an expert tests whether the cylinder is damaged inside and how much pressure it can still withstand. In doing so, a 200 bar cylinder must withstand 300 bar and a 300 bar cylinder 450 bar.
You should always transport filled compressed air cylinders horizontally, never vertically! If a standing cylinder falls, the pressure can escape explosively. Moreover, the cylinders must be specially secured during road transport.
You can only fill compressed air cylinders when they are standing and with a compressor authorised for it.
Find the best Dive Professionals, Dive Centers and Liveaboards on rateyourdive.com | <urn:uuid:4d1b4886-772d-42a2-931d-3470142435dd> | {
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|Food for Thought!
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
From the poem:CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809 - 1892)
This poem was written to memorialize a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain by British forces in the Battle of Balaclava (Ukraine) in the Crimean War (1854-56). 247 men of the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded.
Since this is a site for "The Ireland Mail List" and a page on "The Irish Famine", the first logical question would be something like:
"What's this have to do with Ireland and the Irish?".
The Answer to this question is quite simple, the "Charge of the Light Brigade" has virtually "Nothing!" to do with Ireland and the Irish -- however it has a lot to do with British Military Strength ca 1850.
The term "Light", when used in conjunction with Military Terminology, means the Military Unit does not have a full compliment of Manpower.
The "Light Brigade had about 600 men, this means that more men were required to make up a Full Brigade (A full brigade was about 800 to 1000 men on the average).
The English Military in Ireland
During the Famine Years, it is important to know a fairly good estimate of the number of British Troops in Ireland and their purpose for being there. Once again a little bit of knowledge about the military is required.
From 1845 to 1851, the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot, the 35th Brigade, and the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry had somewhere between 1952 to 2670 Troops (See Chart below). This is an average of about 2311 Troops per Regiment.
Since the Military works off round numbers, to round up to 2400 Troops as an average is acceptable, for Regiments are rarely fully manned and an increase of 89 troops is not far out of line.
It is said that England had around 215 Regiments in various places through out Ireland. This means that as many as 516,000 troops could have been in Ireland during the years of 1845 and 1851. Remember, the key word here is COULD. :) However, there are other factors to be considered.
The Main Factor is that, most probably, detachments of certain regiments were sent to Ireland. It is a very common practice for the military to deploy smaller sections of it's groups into an area for a "Tour of Duty", or "Temporary Duty". The Troops left at home are used for reserves, to relieve those sent away after a period of time.. this is known as a "Rotation".
So, to cut this 516,000 Troops Figure in half would be a fairly safe step to do (since we lack the actual figures). This takes our figure down to about 258,000 Troops in Ireland, as an estimate.
In the Notes Section, below the chart, it states:
"The British Regiments sent to Australia had a nominal strength of between 800-1000."
Using only 1000 Troops per regiment, you still come up with 215,000 Troops for 215 Regiments.
LOoking at the facts given to us by Kathleen and Mr. Myles Goddard, Myles figured that the number of troops ranged from 103,200 to 326,370.... or an average of 214,785 Troops in Ireland. However, obviously Mr. Goddard did not see the table below, otherwise I am sure the man would have incorporated the figures into his calculations.
In summary, it seems the number of Troops in Ireland during the famine ranged from 103,000 to 516,000 Troops... plus the 100,000 "Support Forces" that were in Ireland which were not actually a part of the military.
|Regimental numbers from 1830 to 1857
|Regimental Number||Date of issue
|1 to 547|| before 20/9/1833
|548 to 646||before 23/10/1833
|647 to 768||before 23/2/1834
|769 to 853 ||before 8/7/1834
|854 to 948||before 20/1/1835
|949 to 1033||before 6/10/1835
|1034 to 1179||before 15/2/1837
|1180 to 1281||before 1/4/1838
|1282 to 1388||before 21/4/1839
|1389 to 1448||before 4/8/1839
|1449 to 1541||before 17/6/1840
|1542 to 1620||before 5/10/1841
|1621 to 1751||before 15/12/1842
|1752 to 1848||before 10/10/1843
|1849 to 1951||before 7/12/1844
|1952 to 2057||before 23/10/1845
|2058 to 2119||before 25/2/1846
|2120 to 2220||before 11/7/1846
|2221 to 2352||before 11/12/1846
|2353 to 2469||before 21/10/1847
|2470 to 2556||before 13/11/1849
|2557 to 2670||before 2/12/1851
|2671 to 2769||before 26/3/1852
|2770 to 2848||before 7/9/1852
|2849 to 2948||before 9/6/1853
|2949 to 3059||before 9/2/1854
|3060 to 3151||before 5/3/1854
|3152 to 3267||before 17/6/1854
|3268 to 3350||before 30/6/1854
|3351 to 3461||before 17/10/1854
|3462 to 3553||before 16/1/1855
|3554 to 3667||before 24/5/1855
|3668 to 3776||before 24/6/1855
|3777 to 4165||before 29/3/1856
|4166 to 4207||before 12/6/1856
|4208 to 4211||before 24/8/1856
|From: Regimental numbers of the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot, the 35th Brigade, and the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry at http://www.hargreave-mawson.demon.co.uk/DCLINos.html
- "The British Regiments sent to Australia had a nominal strength of between 800-1000." (From: "http://users.netconnect.com.au/~ianmac/britain.html)
- "For soldiers of the British Army this is the primary and predominate military organizational unit. A regiment is commanded by a Colonel and has it's own number and title with distinctive designations that reflect it's own unique historical traditions. These distinctions include such things as the regimental Battle Honours, Colours or Guidon, cap badge, crossbelt plate, collar badge, and buttons. Over time these traditions build the regimental 'family' and 'spirit'. The manpower strength and number of battalions of a regiment has varied throughout history." (From: http://pobox.upenn.edu/~fbl/glossary.html#r-z)
|Decline in Population by County: 1841-1851
1841 - 1851
|Antrim||360,875|| || ||
|Kilkenny||202,420|| || ||27,000
|Meath||183,828|| || ||20,000
|Sligo||180,886|| || ||
|Tipperary||435,553|| || ||70,000
|* Various Sources
For Irish views on the Irish Famine, please go to:
|The Official Publication of the Choctaw Nation of
Oklahoma, June 1995
President of Ireland Mary Robinson Addresses the Choctaw People From Bishinik, The Official Publication of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, June 1995
The president of Ireland visited the Choctaw Nation May 23rd to convey thanks for an act of generosity from the Choctaws to the Irish 148 years ago.
Chief Hollis E. Roberts spoke of his appreciation of President Mary Robinson. "I thank her for coming and recognizing the Choctaw Nation for what was done in the past and what we can do
in the future."
The Chief gave the President a gift of a red and white traditional Choctaw dress made especially for her by Oneida Winship, a full-blood Choctaw who is the Director of the Nutrition Program for the tribe.
Chief Roberts also gave President Robinson a silver medallion featuring the Great Seal of the Choctaw Nation, which she immediately placed over her head and wore for the remainder of
From the front steps of the Tribal Complex building, President Robinson spoke to the Choctaw people in their native language, "Chohta I yakne ala li kut na sa yukpa." Then she translated, "I am glad to have come to Choctaw Country."
Apologizing for any incorrect pronunciations, President Robinson said, "Although I have had the honor of being made a Chieftain of the Choctaw Nation, I haven't had much opportunity to practice the Choctaw Language."
She told the crowd that Chief Roberts had given her a book and tapes to help with her Choctaw language lessons.
She began her public address with an expression of sympathy from the people of Ireland to the people of Oklahoma on the bombing of Oklahoma City. "I realize that this made a very deep impact on the whole of Oklahoma.
"My coming here today goes back to an event of almost 150 years ago. I am here to thank the Choctaw Nation for their extraordinary generosity and thoughtfulness when they learned in
1847 about the plight of poor Irish famine victims," said President Robinson.
"Thousands of miles away, in no way linked to the Choctaw Nation until then, the only link being a common humanity, a common sense of another people suffering as the Choctaw nation had suffered
when being removed from their tribal land."
She continued, "At an assembly (in 1847) $710 was raised and sent to Memphis to be used for the relief of Irish famine victims. I am glad, as President of that same Irish Nation, to come here and thank the Choctaw people and also to learn from your act of generosity."
"I know that both the Choctaw people and the Irish people remember the past. I know that you recently had a commemorative walk of the Trail of Tears to remember your own period of fame in
Choctaw history. Members of the Choctaw Nation, including Chief Hollis Roberts, have come to Ireland and taken part in an annual Famine Walk in the west, starting in Louisburg, to
commemorate the famine," said Robinson.
"Earlier in the month I met one of the members of the tribe, the artist Gary Whitedeer, who brought me a beautiful painting. He explained to me that taking part in that walk and remembering the past between the Choctaw Nation and Irish people and relinking our peoples is completing the circle. I have used that expression recently at a major conference on world hunger in New York. I spoke of the generosity of the Choctaw people and this idea of completing the circle.
"I believe that we have in common that bond of humanity and it should be an additional reason why we should particularly reach out now to countries who suffer from poverty and hunger. I think it is very important that we should try to give leadership in that and that we try to encourage others to understand tha there are people today who need the support that the Choctaw Nation gave 150 years ago to the Irish people.
"It was a great pleasure to come and get a sense of the pride in your past, you identity, your language, your customs and in your culture.
"I was delighted to meet the members of your Council and judges. I was very pleased to go and see the work that WIC was doing, to visit the clinic and see the good work that is going on there, to hear the children singing and to know that they, too, like myself, are learning the Choctaw language. We'll learn together and see what progress we make."
She said goodbye in Choctaw, Irish, and English, offering a warm welcome to any Choctaws traveling to Ireland.
In spite of running slightly behind schedule, President Mary Robinson was greeted by about 500 people who had come to hear her address and waited patiently for her arrival. Chief Hollis
Roberts greeted the president and her husband, Nicholas, on the front walk of the Tribal Complex. Chief Roberts, his daughter, Tina, and granddaughter, Sabre, along with a multitude of
Secret Service representatives, escorted the President and her delegation into the building. After a brief visit with the Chief, President Robinson shook hands with all twelve members of the
Tribal Council and tribal judges who were present for a welcome reception.
Having heard of the President's interest in the tribal WIC program, Chief Roberts escorted her across the breezeway to the Woman, Infants, and Children office for a review of the program
and a peek at some of the children receiving services.
Choctaw Indian Dancers from Broken Bow and Irish Step Dancers from the McTeggart School of Dance in North Texas showed the audience and each other a few dance moves that were indicative of
the different cultures.
|Long March : The Choctaw's Gift to Irish Famine Relief
Reading level: Ages 9-12
Hardcover - 32 pages illustrate edition (January 1999)
In 1847, Choona is a fourteen-year-old Choctaw youth living in "Indian Territory" (now Oklahoma). He knows that the elders of his tribe and family endured "The Long March" from their homelands in Mississippi, but they do not speak of it to the children.. When the Choctaws hear of the Irish famine, with people dying of starvation as they walk along the roads, their hearts are moved to collect money for these faraway people who are suffering what they suffered. Choona is not sure he approves and as his family discusses contributing to the tribal collection, he startles everyone including himself by shouting, "No!" A fascinating true story is poignantly brought to life in the text and exquisite, realistic pencil drawings of this author/illustrator. The text avoids being didactic by being filtered through the experiences of a young member of the Choctaw tribe. Choona's great-grandmother not only plays a pivotal role in the decision making process of the tribe but also of her great-grandson. Gold Award.
Results of Fire and Famine:
Census Records in Ireland 1813-1911
- Sherry Irvine, CGRS, FSA (Scot)
The so-called population controversy sparked much-heated debate in the British Isles during the latter half of the eighteenth century. Was the population rising or falling? Could the nation feed itself? As the century drew to a close, the discussion was intensified by poor harvests, unusual storms, and the appearance in 1798 of An Essay on the Principle of Population by the Reverend Thomas Malthus.
Poor harvests came and went in Britain during the late 1700s1 and across the Irish Sea it was no different. Several seasons of crop failure and famine in Ireland, notably in 1728, 1739-40, and 17562 resulted in a new look at the population. Malthus caught the attention of the public and authority figures in analyzing whether the supply of food could keep pace with the ever-increasing population. To some, his essay translated into the simplistic issue of whether or not poor relief was in the best interest of the nation.3 The growing concerns over food supply and bad harvests were enough to overcome any opposition to a national census.
The First Irish Census
While Britain's first enumeration was in 1801 and conducted every ten years thereafter, the first Irish census wasn't until 1813. Ireland then followed suit, with a census every ten years. Unfortunately, the Irish census return for 1813 is regarded as both careless and incomplete4-six counties and two towns were never even enumerated.
The blame was placed on the shortcomings of the process of data collection, but others believe it may have been caused by the lack of cooperation among the grand juries who were assigned responsibility, or by the inadequacies of the chosen enumerators. Certainly, the officials who organized the census return in 1821 knew what the problem was-there were no overseers of the poor in Ireland, and only a few parish schoolmasters were available to help with the enumeration.
Historically, parish overseers in England and Wales, and
schoolmasters in Scotland, gathered the early returns. Officials concluded that it was impossible in 1813 to find enumerators of reasonable intelligence and sufficient local knowledge, including familiarity with the many small administrative divisions known as townlands, to carry out a thorough enumeration. 5
When the second enumeration was carried out in May and June of 1821,
officials were confident, perhaps even smug, of the thoroughness of their efforts (as implied by their disparaging remarks about the enumerators of the first census). The enumerators were to be vested by the Bench of Magistrates with preference to those who collected local taxes-it was believed that these individuals knew their communities. Enumerators were instructed to proceed from house to house, day by day, until they had gathered the required information. Today, assessment of the 1821 census varies. It has been described as both "flawed"6 and "perhaps the single most disastrous loss in the 1922 burning of the Four Courts." 7
Fire in the Four Courts
The Four Courts building in Dublin housed the public records of Ireland. But in June of 1922 it was the scene of a battle between Free State forces and Republican Irregulars who had made the Four Courts their headquarters. The Free State bombardment set the building on fire midday on 30 June, and shortly thereafter a land mine exploded, fire spread, and the conflagration destroyed the building. Documents were found in the River Liffey, three miles away.8
The flames consumed the original returns of the 1831 census. Records that can now be consulted come from the retrospectively amended records (1834) which incorporate a column for religious affiliation. One way or another, a number of early census records have survived. Best represented among the fragments are the counties of Cavan (1821), Galway (1821), Offaly/King's (1821), Londonderry (1831), and Meath (1821). Details appear in a variety of publications. 9
These returns have been microfilmed and are in the collections of the LDS Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. For anyone interested in the descriptions written by the officials of the Public Record Office, refer to Irish and Scotch-Irish Ancestral Research (Falley, 1962) which quotes liberally from the Deputy Keepers reports, primarily the 55th, 57th, and 58th, that were published after the 1922 fire.
In 1841, following the pattern of the rest of the United Kingdom, Irish
returns were left with each household to be completed on June 6th;
distribution and collection was overseen by the Irish Constabulary. 10 But there were differences among national censuses. Irish returns required much more information than the form used in England, Scotland, and Wales. The census asked for name, age, occupation, marital status and year of marriage, county of origin, and relationship to the head of the household. In addition, the form recorded whether individuals could read or write, details of those absent, and details of those deceased since 1831 including relationship, occupation, and year of death and cause.
As with the early returns, a limited number of 1841 through 1891 records have avoided destruction. The 1841 and 1851 returns were lost in the 1922 fire, and the 1861 through 1891 returns were destroyed by government order.
- From the 1841 census, only the returns for Killeshandra in County Cavan, part of Currin in County Fermanagh, and some fragments from Waterford have survived. Few records remain from the 1851 enumeration-only twenty-eight volumes from thirteen parishes in County Antrim, returns for one townland in Fermanagh, and a few extracts from parishes in Kilkenny and northeast Cork.
For the other census years, a handful of stray copies survive in volumes of parish registers.
Modern Census Records Compensate
Two twentieth-century census returns are available for research and, in some measure, make up for the loss of the earlier records. In 1901 the following details were gathered: name, age, religion, occupation, literacy, marital status, relationship to head of household, county of birth, and knowledge of English or Gaelic. Several additional details were added in the 1911 census; married women were asked to report how long they had been married, number of children born, and those children still living. Data was arranged by county, district electoral division, and townland, and absentees were not recorded.
Most source guides caution genealogists against accepting recorded ages in the 1901 census because there is evidence from comparisons with the 1911 enumeration that many responses were too low. 11
Under ideal circumstances any search in these twentieth century returns can be made knowing the street or townland of the ancestor's residence. Even when there is no alternative to a search through one or more films, the job will be easier if the district electoral divisions and townlands have been identified.
Several aids make it easier to locate the appropriate divisions. The first are the townland indexes. The indexes for 1901 are contemporary, but the ones for 1841, 1851, and 1871 are also helpful. District electoral divisions appear in the 1871 and 1901 listings but not in 1851. The 1841 index (not in the Family History Library) is organized by county and barony, and Townlands and Poor Law Unions (Handran, 1997) includes parishes, electoral divisions and townlands. There is no townland index for 1911 but differences from the 1901 census are minor. Nominal indexes exist for the 1901 census of Longford, Fermanagh, and Tyrone, with Donegal to follow soon. 12 (The latter three are on microfiche.)
The Family History Library Catalog (FHLC) conveniently lists appropriate film numbers under each parish for the 1901 census. For many names, genealogists have extracted all the entries and generally arranged the lists by county. Any of these name lists held by the Family History Library can be found entered in the FHLC under the appropriate county and, for surveys through many counties, in the national census listings. A small portion of the 1911 census is now available at the FHL, but the majority of it must still be researched in Ireland.
Other twentieth century resources include the Old Age Pension applications. Ireland introduced an old age pension in 1908 but because few people had proof of their age, evidence was sought in nineteenth century census records. The abstracts of information include the name of the pensioner, his or her parents, and occasionally other members of the family. Townland, parish, barony and county, age at time of application, and age at time of census are also included. These records have not been indexed. Northern Ireland's applications have been filmed and can be accessed through family history centers. Pension applications for Ireland are located in the National Archives in Dublin.
There are three steps to assure that you have identified and located all of the relevant information on government census returns.
1. Use maps, gazetteers, and townland indexes so that all of the civil and ecclesiastical divisions are known.
2. Refer to the books noted in this article for listings of surviving census fragments.
3. Check the Family History Library Catalog under the following headings for information about LDS holdings.
IRELAND, COUNTY NAME- CENSUS
IRELAND, COUNTY NAME- CENSUS INDEXES
IRELAND, COUNTY NAME, PARISH NAME-CENSUS
Other important resources are records of civil registration, Griffith's
Primary Valuation, and modern probate calendars. All of these are in the Family History Library. Civil registration began for all events in all counties in 1864, and for all non-Catholic marriages in 1845. Griffith's Valuation, a property survey showing both occupiers and landlords between 1848 and 1864, has been filmed and indexed. A version of the index is on CD-ROM and another is incorporated into the Householders Index (available in family history centers).
Probate became the business of the secular court system in 1858. Although the wills were lost in the 1922 fire, the calendars of wills and letters of administration are available for study. These sources provide name, place, and date information. Relationships appear in birth and marriage records and sometimes in probate calendars.
Census Data Provides More Than Names
A census enumeration gathers data for statistical analysis. The reports
generated from the data in the censuses of Ireland were subsequently
published, and are available for study. The questions asked were included for a reason, and the resulting numbers influenced the government officials of the day, and the social and economic historians of more recent times.
Genealogists also have something to learn from the statistics-details that enhance and encourage understanding.
Historians have looked at the census statistics and used them to support various theories about the population of Ireland, when it peaked, and the impact of the potato famine. Genealogists will also find it worthwhile to examine the numbers for the appropriate county, barony, or electoral division of their ancestors. The report comparing 1813 and 1821 for County Limerick show that the number of houses in that county rose from 17,897 in 1813 to 36,089 in 1821. The population grew during the same period from 103,865 to 214,286. 13 In a later report, within the tables of figures for the Poor Law Unions, is the entry for Youghal in County Cork. 14 The population of the town of Youghal hardly changed between 1841 and 1851, but it was the scene of one of the food riots in 1846. 15 The enumerated population dropped dramatically in rural areas in the same union, such as at Kilmacdonagh electoral division from 3,457 to 2,008. 16
The numbers raise new questions. What was considered to qualify as a house? How do the numbers for Limerick compare to other counties? During the 1840s did people move into town when in dire need? Were some individuals missed by the enumerators? Whether or not such issues are investigated, a quantitative sketch emerges at a local level relating to people, their health, home, land, and schools. This information is easier to grasp than numbers for the entire country, and it can be related to eye-witness accounts, local histories, weather, and topography.
To access these reports consult British Parliamentary Papers indexes
available in reference or university libraries. 17 Directories,
topographical dictionaries, diaries, and local histories will round out the picture and occasionally quote census figures. Besides providing additional, interesting information for a family history, this sort of analysis often initiates questions or theories that direct further research.
The first Irish censuses were carried out as a response to controversy and, to some extent, fear of the ability of food production to keep pace with population growth. But genealogical researchers two hundred years after Malthus continue to benefit from the recording and analysis of the population. And, despite the devastation of the explosion and fire at the Four Courts in 1922, researchers can still find material of interest and importance. For the lucky ones, there are surviving fragments; however, everyone can search recent returns and pension records for collaterals, and gain useful insight from the official statistical summaries.
1. Nissel, Muriel. People Count. (1987), 51.
2. Foster, R. F. Modern Ireland 1600-1972, (London: Penguin, 1989), 199.
3. Nissel, Muriel. op. cit.
4. Connell, K.H. The Population of Ireland 1750-1845. Westport CT: Greenwood P, 1975: 20.
5. Abstract of Answers and Returns Pursuant to Act for Taking Account of the Population of Ireland, 1824: viii.
6. Connelly, S.J. The Oxford Companion to Irish History. (Oxford UP, 1998), 81.
7. Nolan, William. Tracing the Past. (Dublin: Geographical Publications, 1982), 58.
8. Illustrated London News, July 8, 1922, pp. 43-53.
9. Falley, Margaret. Irish and Scotch-Irish Ancestral Research. 2 Vol.
(Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1962 (rep. 1988); Nolan,
Tracing the Past.; Grenham, John. Tracing Your Irish Ancestors. (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1992).
10. Connolly, S.J. The Oxford Companion to Irish History. (Oxford UP, 1998), 81.
11. Grenham, Tracing Your Irish Ancestors. 14; and Nolan, Tracing the Past, 61.
12. Index to the 1901 Census, Vol. 1 County Fermanagh, 1995.
13. Abstract of the Population of Ireland According to the Late Census. Vol. XIV, page 737.
14. A Comparative View of the Census of Ireland in 1841-1851. Vol. XLVI, p. 357.
15. Illustrated London News. November 7, 1846, p. 293.
16. A Comparative View of the Census of Ireland in 1841-1851. Vol. XLVI, p. 357.
17. Ford, P. and G. Ford. A Guide to Parliamentary Papers: What they are, How to find them, How to use them. (Shannon: Irish UP, 1972).
Sherry Irvine, author of Your Scottish Ancestry: A Guide for North
Americans, is a faculty member of the Institute of Genealogy and Historical Research at Samford University and is a conference lecturer.
For lots more info on the Irish Rebellion of 1798 please visit:
The Great Hunger By Cecil Woodham Smith (Harper & Row 1989 / first published 1962)
A brilliantly researched, highly readable blow by blow account of the
Famine. Recommended as a first book to read for in-depth information with a chronological ordering of events.
The Great Famine, Studies in Irish History 1845-52
Editors R.Dudley Edwards and T.Desmond Williams
(First published in 1956. Published in 1994 by The Lilliput Press Ltd.)
A collection of comprehensive articles by historians on differents aspects of the Famine. The first study of its kind.
This Great Calamity
By Christine Kinealy (Gill & Macmillan 1995)
A precise history of the Famine, from 1845-1852. Particularly good on relief schemes and the operation of the Poor Law.
The Great Irish Famine
By Cormac Ó Gráda (Cambridge University Press 1995)
A short, concise, analytical overview of the Famine.
The Great Irish Famine (The Thomas Davis Lecture Series)
Edited by Cathal Póirtéir (RTE/Mercier Press)
A very interesting collection of lectures, covering various aspects of the Famine period.
Letters From Ireland During The Famine of 1847
By Alexander Somerville (Irish Academic Press 1994)
This is a fascinating collection of the letters of an excellent writer and an observant, socially aware journalist.
The Irish Famine / New Horizons
By Peter Gray (Thames And Hudson 1995)
A beautifully illustrated, sensitive summary of the main events of the
Famine years, with an interesting appendix of documents.
By Gerald Keegan (Wolfhound Press 1991)
The diary, written in 1847, of a schoolteacher who left Ireland with his wife to sail to Canada. Provides a great insight into the experiences of the period.
Women Surviving / Studies in Irish Women's History in the 19th and 20th
Edited by Maria Luddy and Cliona Murphy (Poolbeg1989)
A series of studies on Irish women's lives, including a look at the Poor nquiry of 1835 and women in workhouses from 1840 to 1870.
Edited by Cathal Póirtéir (Gill & Macmillan Ltd. 1995)
A selection of folk memories of the famine period, from those originally collected by the Folklore Commission in the 1940s.
Traits & Stories of The Irish Peasantry Volumes 1 and 2
By William Carleton (Colin Smythe Ltd., 1990)
A collection of stories, with factual backgrounds and extensive, informative footnotes, written in the early 1800s and first published in 1843-44. Brilliantly vivid, imaginative and entertaining, a fascinating insight into the people of the time.
The Hungry Voice
Edited by Christopher Morash (Irish Academic Press 1989)
A powerful selection of poetry from the period. Includes poems by John
Keegan, James Clarence Mangan, Aubrey de Vere and many others.
The Silent People
By Walter Macken (Macmillan & Co. Ltd 1988)
A novel set in 'Ireland 1826 - when millions knew only famine, oppression and degradation'.
By Liam O'Flaherty (Wolfhound Press 1984 & 1996)
A powerful novel of the Famine period, with interesting characterisation and great descriptive passages.
The Famished Land
By Elizabeth Byrd (Pan Books 1974)
A poignant, sensitive novel with a girl as its main character. A novel of heroic survival during the famine.
By Maria Edgeworth (Oxford University Press 1981)
A short, lively story which illustrates much about Irish life in the early 1800s.
By Thomas Gallagher. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1982)
Subtitled "Prelude to Hatred". A meticulously researched account of the
The Irish Famine: A Documentary History
By Noel Kissane. (Leabharlann Naisiunte na hEireann 1995)
This source-book documents the course of the calamity by means of contempory newspaper reports, workhouse records, maps, statistics, and engravings. The documents are set in context and a running story-line guides the reader as the story unfolds.
The Hungry Earth
By Sean Kenny. (Wolfhound Press, Dublin, 1995. Paperback £6.99)
A novel of the Irish Famine. Sean Kenny's powerful story is set in the
Dublin of today - but it's central character, yuppie Turlough Walsh finds himself awakening in the midst of famine-stricken west of Ireland where he begins to discover the truth about people, and more importantly about himself - uprooting forever the foundations of his twentieth-century world. An extraordinary accomplished fiction debut.
The Irish Famine: an Illustrated History
By Helen Litton. (Wolfhound Press, 1994, 1996)
Helen Litton's account is aimed at the general reader and is illustrated in colour and black and white, with numerous period extracts and is written in a clear, fast-paced narrative.
The Irish Famine Curriculum
By James Mullin.
Last Setember the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education approved this 111-page curriculum for use in New Jersey schools and distributed it to every high school in the state. It is the first state-approved Famine curriculum in the country. It is available from the following address for $15, including shipping. James Mullin, Chairman, Irish Famine Curriculum Committee. 757 Paddock Path, Moorestown, NJ 08057, USA
The Workhouse of Ireland - The fate of Ireland's Poor
By John O'Conner. (Anvil Books)
A well-researched and gracefully written, interesting book on the history of workhouses in Ireland from their inception in 1838 to their phasing out in 1933.
Death In Templecrone
By Patrick Campbell.
The story of Templecrone Parish in Northwest Donegal. Expertly researched and written by a native now living New Jersey. Available
by mail order from PH Campbell, 82 Bentley Avenue, Jersey City, NJ 07304, USA. Price $16 surface mail, $19 airmail.
Famine In The Valley
By Edmund O'Riordan.
Published by Edmund O'Riordan, June 1995.
Covers the effects of the Famine and workhouses in the Clogheen Union of South West Tipperary.
Massachusetts Help to Ireland During the Famine
By Henry Lee and H.A. Crosby (published by Forbes Museum, Milton,
An excellent account of the voyage of the US Jamestown, which was called into service by Boston citizens in spring of 1847. The U.S. Jamestown carried over $40,000 worth of supplies, food and money to Cork Harbor, where the ship and its crew was received with great appreciation and praise. (Submitted by Michael P Quinlan.)
The Famine Decade:Contemporary Accounts
Edited by John Killen, published by The Blackstaff Press, Belfast, 1995.
Although the book is bracketed by 1841 and 1851 census reports, most of the pieces were taken from Irish and English periodicals. This a wealth of primary source material and includes cartoons from Punch and auction
posters. (Submitted by Patricia Jameson-Sammartano.)
Fearful Realities: New Perspectives on the Famine
Edited by Chris Morash and Richard Hayes. Published by Irish Academic Press, 1996.
This collection of essays originated at a conference on the Famine organised by the society for the Study of Nineteenth-Century Ireland, held in St Patrick's College, Maynooth in July of 1994. (Submitted by Todd Bogan.)
A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger
By Cristine Kinealy. Published by Pluto Press, 1997.
Kinealy shows the complex factors which created the Famine, including the rise of free market ideologies, provedentialist ideas, the desire to disposses the Irish peasantry in order to "modernize" Irish agriculture. An important sequel to "The Great Calamity". (Submitted by Craig Gilmore.)
The San Patricios, a film available on video.
The San Patricios is the powerful story about famine immigrants who were sent as soldiers in the U.S. army in the conquest of Mexico in 1846-48.
When Ireland Starved - a video documentary.
Available from Irish Visions USA, 1997.
When Ireland Starved, a 104 minute documentary from Radharc Films, Dublin, recreates the horror of the most catastrophic event in Irish history. This video using archival sketches, many taken from the Illustrated London News of the period (1845-50) exposes this disaster that has been, for too long, hidden from the public eye.
The Scattering: Images of Emigrants from an Irish Country
edited by Anne Jones (Paperback; 25.00 IEP / 35.00 USD / 20.00 UK)
Down through the years thousands of people from County Clare have left home to live and work in other lands. To explore the lives of Clare emigrants, six photographers criss-crossed the world over a twelve month period visiting Clare people at their work and in their homes. The final selection of photographs was made from over 20,000 exposures. They were taken in Los Angeles and London, Sydney and Seoul, in South and Central America, Poland, Pakistan, South Africa and Israel and many other countries. As well as allowing the photographers into their lives, each emigrant was asked to tell his or her story. The words and pictures combine to make an intensely moving book showing the daily lives of sixty-eight emigrants, now scattered all over the world. The book provides a fascinating insight into the Irish abroad.
North Down Memories: Photographs 1860s to 1960s
by Keith Haines (Paperback; 14.30 IEP / 17.50 USA / 12.50 UK)
The history of the northern part of Country Down, from the monks and Vikings of medieval times to the malls and marinas of today, has been rich indeed, giving the area its distinctive character and atmosphere. In this striking book of 170 photographs, the author takes the reader on a nostalgic tour of coastal towns like Bangor and Donaghadee, down the Ards peninsula to Greyabbey and across to Comber and Scrabo. Complemented by informative captions, and covering a hundred years, the photographs vividly evoke the individuals, families, businessmen and events that have left their mark on north Down.
Kerry Anthology edited by Gabriel Fitzmaurice
(Hardback; 20.00 IEP / 28.00 USD / 16.00 UK)
The County of Kerry, known in Ireland as 'the Kingdom', has many unique
characteristics: unrivalled natural beauty of mountain and coastline; the lilt of the Irish language that is still the vernacular in Corca Dhuibhne, part of the Dingle peninsula in west Kerry; a wealth of literature in all its genres and in both Irish and English; the musical tradition of the Sliabh Luachra area; and most important of all for many Kerry people, a Gaelic football team that has won more championship finals than any other county. All these characteristics are represented in this major and comprehensive anthology.
Cooking at Ballymaloe House by Myrtle Allen
(Hardback; 19.99 IEP / 28.00 USD / 16.00 UK)
The name of Ballymaloe has now passed into lore and legend of good food and good cooking throughout the world. When this book was originally published in 1990, it became an instant classic. Those who have been to Ballymaloe and those who knew it by reputation welcomed this ground-breaking cookbook devoted to simple yet elegant versions of traditional Irish dishes. Now in a completely re-designed edition, which includes additional photography, Myrtle Allen presents 100 favoured recipes from her repertoire accompanied by 50 stunning colour photographs which capture the unique atmosphere of Ballymaloe House itself, its interior, its gardens and, of course, its food.
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On her parents’ vineyard in Mexico, Esperanza lives the life of a princess surrounded by the love of her family and servants. But on the eve of her thirteenth birthday, this dream is shattered when bandits kill her
father and her dishonest uncles threaten to take everything. Faced with impossible choices Esperanza and her mother flee, and must begin a new, harder life far from home.
The Authors Style
Pam Munoz Ryan’s ‘ Esperanza Rising’ is one of the best books I have ever read. It shows conflicts of the early 1930’s in Mexico when many Mexicans were out of work and moved to the Californian states to find work. Many moved onto Company Camp Farms. These are large farms that pick crop all year round and supply housing that is only small one-bedroom cabins without proper furnishing. The book is based on Pam’s Abuelita grandmother, Esperanza Ortega Munoz Hernandez Elgart, who lived a life like the Esperanza in the book (her as a young child.)
She suffered many of the pains that the Author wrote about and inspired people to have ‘esperanza’, The Spanish word for Hope.
The Book is written in third person. The main character’s thoughts and emotions tell you a bit more about conflicts and hard times they are going through or witnessing. This helps the reader to understand the emotional changes evident in the character throughout the book.
It Caught my Attention!
Ramona,” said the Lawyer, “ Your husband Sixto Ortega left this house and all of its contents to you and your daughter. You will also receive the yearly income for the grapes. As you know, it is not customary to leave land to women and since Luis was the banker on the loan, Sixto left the land to him.”
“Which makes thing rather awkward,” said Tio Luis. “ I am the Bank President and would like to live accordingly. Now that I own this beautiful land, I would like to purchase the house from you for this amount. “ He handed Mama a piece of paper.
Mama looked at it and said, “ This is our home. My husband meant for us to live here. And the house… it is worth twice as much! So no, I will not sell. Besides where would we live?”
“I predicted you would say no Ramona,” said Tio Luis. “And I have a solution to your living arrangements. A proposal actually. One of marriage.”
This part of the story made me feel very anxious and wanting to see how things would turn out. It made me wonder how I might feel if I was in Esperanza’s or even Mama’s position and what I might do to fix the problem. If Mama did end up marrying Tio Luis, I tried to imagine what Esperanza would feel like and how she would react.
The situation I chose to reflect on was when Mama is sent to hospital with valley fever where she had to stay for nearly 6 months. It made me feel as if I was longing to get Mama back. It made me wonder how people in the real world feel when their mums and dads are taken away. It gave me some insight on how upsetting it could be.
The Character That Surprised Me!
The character that surprised me most throughout the book was Miguel. Although at times Esperenza was rude to him, he still acted very respectfully towards her. One way that he showed this was acting as if he was still lower than her when he was not and by calling her ‘Mi Reina’ my queen. Although Miguel and Esperenza are equal, they are still on different sides of the river that never could be crossed.
Several years ago, when Esperenza was still a young girl, Mama and Papa had been discussing “Good Families” whom Esperenza should meet some day. She couldn’t imagine being matched with someone she had never met. So she announced “I want to marry Miguel!”
Mama had laughed at her and said, “You will feel differently as you get older.” “No I won’t,” Esperenza had said stubbornly.
But now that she was a young woman, she understood that Miguel was the Housekeepers son and she was the ranch owner’s daughter and between them ran a deep river that could never be crossed. In a moment of self-importance, Esperenza told all of this to Miguel. Since then they had only spoken a few words to her. When their paths crossed, He nodded and just said politely,”Mi Reina, my queen,” but nothing more. There was no teasing or laughing like there used to be, Esperenza pretended not to care though she secretly wished she had never told Miguel about the river.’
A Taste of the Book
Esperanza looked up to see Miguel, holding a broom and a dustpan. But he wasn’t laughing. She looked down and bit her lip so she wouldn’t cry in front of him.
He shut the door, then stood in front of her and said, “How would you know how to sweep a floor? The only thing that you ever learned was how to give orders. That is not your fault. Anza, look at me.”
She looked up.
“Pay attention,” he said, his face serious. “You hold the broom like this. One hand here and the other here.”
Then you push like this. Or pull it towards you like this. Here, you try,” he said, holding out the broom.
Slowly, Esperanza got up and took the broom from him. He positioned her hands on the handle. ‘ | <urn:uuid:9cffbf6a-e3e1-4a04-98c6-c56545503904> | {
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|Classification and external resources|
Micrograph showing the most common type of kidney cancer (clear cell renal cell carcinoma). H&E stain.
Treatment[change | change source]
Treatment of renal cancer depends on the type of cancer. For renal cell carcinoma, removing the kidney, (Nephrectomy), is the best treatment when the cancer is localized. Removing a part of the kidney, (partial nephrectomy) may also be an option for some patients. | <urn:uuid:2226f4cf-38fd-4f84-8ace-2f0ff9a59aa4> | {
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By Eric Pfeiffer – Jun 11, 2020 Previous article19 Compete for Indiana State FFA OfficeNext articleHow Indiana Worked its Way Through Recent Meat Supply Chain Challenge Eric Pfeiffer Audio Playerhttps://www.hoosieragtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HAT-Soil-Health-Pod-061120.mp300:0000:0000:00Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.On this specialty crops edition of the HAT Soil Health Podcast presented by the Conservation Cropping Systems Initiative, we discuss how watermelons, pumpkins and many other cucurbit crops rely on pollinators to move pollen from male to female flowers in order to get fruit set and ultimately yield of watermelon, pumpkins or whatever the crop.Pollinators are often honeybees or bumblebees brought in to the field for that purpose, but pollination is also done by some of the native bees that live in our fields. The insecticides and fungicides that are used to manage pest insects and diseases in the and other crops can be harmful to pollinators and other beneficial insects.Neonicotinoid insecticides in particular have received a lot of attention recently because of their widespread use. A multi-state research project on the effects of neonics in cucurbits is nearing its end and researchers from Purdue, Ohio and Michigan State have learned a lot about pollinators in cucurbit fields, how they are affected by neonics, and how growers can manage important pests like the striped cucumber beetle while minimizing harm to the pollinators and other beneficials.Other work at Purdue has identified how drift from field applications can affect pollinators that feed or live around the edges of fields. Entomologists involved with the research, Professors Elizabeth Long and Laura Ingwell, and the farm manager at the Southwest Purdue Ag Center Dennis Nowaskie will share what they have learned about protecting pollinators and other beneficials in cucurbits while keeping the crop healthy and preventing yield loss from insect pests.Audio Playerhttps://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.hoosieragtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HAT-Soil-Health-Pod-061120.mp300:0000:0000:00Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.Podcast (wirepodcastshat-rss): Play in new window | Download | EmbedSubscribe: RSS Home HAT Soil Health Podcast The HAT Soil Health Podcast- Pollinators and Other Beneficial Insects for Specialty… Facebook Twitter SHARE SHARE Facebook Twitter The HAT Soil Health Podcast- Pollinators and Other Beneficial Insects for Specialty Crops
Previous Article Next Article Related posts:No related photos. This award is aimed at HR teams which can demonstrate they have achievedgenuine business partner status within their organisations. Entries should explainthe business strategy and the contribution of HR to meeting objectives. Thejudge will look at the HR team’s own strategy, how this was devised andimplemented, the involvement of senior staff and what results have so far beenachieved. Entries should explain how HR has measured the benefits and how theteam identified priorities.Category JudgeProfessor Roger Gill is a visiting professor at the University ofStrathclyde’s Graduate School of Business. He is an expert in HR management andorganisational behaviour, having researched and taught these subjects atuniversities for many years. Gill has provided management consultancy to morethan 300 organisations worldwide, and cites being a fellow of the CIPD amonghis list of achievements. [email protected] the company Nestlé UK, part of food manufacturer Nestlé SA, employs around 8,000 staffin 13 locations, and produces 230 brands, including Nescafe and KitKat The challenge To provide an employee-centred, cost efficient HR service to make the companymore competitive in recruiting, retaining and developing staff What the company did – Overall review of HR structure – Internal investigation into HR function – Restructured the HR function to align with the company’s strategy – Split HR into six specialised areas from the individual service units Benefits and achievements – Nine out of 10 recruitment offer-to-hire rate – High employee satisfaction rate – Union partnership agreed – Flexible working introduced in factories – Reduced HR costs by £1m a year – HR intranet now single source of staff information Professor Roger Gill says: “Outstanding in innovation,achievement and teamwork in its development and contribution to the business.The HR strategy of Nestlé’s new @HR function is impressively aligned with thecompany’s business strategies. It has a clear vision and mission deliveredthrough key functions with agreed service levels and performance measures, andit has the unqualified endorsement of the chairman of the company.” The teamNo. in HR team 5 in steering group; 165 in HR team, including OHStaff responsible for 8,000Roger Cordier HR director of Nestle UKDennise Corfield Head of HR servicesDavid Harvey HR director of Nestle UK’s food and beverage unit Jean Gentry HR director of confessionary businessNigel Holt HR rewards and policy managerAdrian Hillier HR process development project managerFionna Alcorn Head of recruitmentTelford & Wrekin CouncilFlexible managementAbout the company The authority was formed in 1998 from Shropshire and Wrekin Council. Itemploys around 5,000 staff (including a teaching workforce) serving 154,000residents The challenge To introduce flexible management into the council What the company did – New employment conditions to support extended opening hours – Introduced flexible working including home and term-time working andflexi-time system – Outsourcing environmental maintenance while protecting conditions – HR restructure to have a representative working in each department – Updated HR information on intranet – Set up supply teachers agency for primary schools Benefits and achievements – Managerial survey shows high level of satisfaction and strategicinvolvement – Average sickness absence reduced by four days – A 50 per cent reduction in workplace accidents – Increased diversity with 40 per cent of top three management tiers nowwomen and 80 per cent female staff Professor Roger Gill says: “Telford & Wrekin Council setsthe standard in its HR strategy that most other councils probably only aspireto. Demonstrating outstanding innovation and achievement, HR strategy isclosely aligned with council priorities. It is also based on an excellentenvironmental analysis, shaped in collaboration with top management andconsultation with staff, and supported by a clear business plan.” The teamNo. in team 5 in project; 60 in HR, including training Staff responsible for 5,000Robert Cragg Head of personnel anddevelopmentJohn Harris Personnel managerMarie Whitefoot Learning and development managerJo Revell Health and safety managerMark Freathy Personnel manager for education and cultureSteve Newell Principle personnel officerSue Croughan Personnel officerClaire Hyde Senior personnel assistantBritish WaterwaysPeople Strategy teamAbout the company British Waterways is a public corporation that manages more than 2,000 milesof canals and navigable rivers. It employs more than 2,200 staff, includingarchitects, environmentalists and civil engineers, based at more than 50locations along the 200 year-old network. The challenge To improve the productivity and revenue of a company that evolved fromproviding maintenance to driving urban regeneration What the company did – Introduced performance management process – Performance appraisals and training and development initiatives – Management development programme – Harmonised employees terms and conditions Benefits and achievements – Doubled turnover of the business to more than £200m a year in five years – Productivity per employee increased by 178 per cent in five years – Staff turnover reduced to 8 per cent – Improvements in job satisfaction, loyalty and motivation – Reduction in absenteeism Professor Roger Gill says: “British Waterways’ HR strategy (knownas its ‘People Strategy’) shows outstanding innovation, achievement andcontribution to the business as a corporate champion in these areas. PeopleStrategy clearly supports the pursuit of the vision for its culture, and it hasreceived strong endorsements from senior executives in the company as well asstaff.” The teamNo. in team 4; 20 in HR, including pensions and payrollStaff responsible for 2,200Vince Morgan Personnel directorSally Charman Personnel manager (south)Andrew Johnson Personnel manager (north)Ken Adams Training and development managerThe sponsorRebusHR is one of the UK’s leading HR outsourcing firms providing strategicHR, payroll and employee information systems. It has been dedicated to helpingHR professionals manage their functionto deliver bottom line business benefits for more than 30 years. RebusHR canoffer in-house systems, managed services, application hosting, personnelservices, ASP and outsourcing solutions for firms of all sizes. Comments are closed. RebusHR Award for Best HR Strategy in Line with BusinessOn 8 Oct 2002 in Personnel Today
Sign up for our COVID-19 newsletter to stay up-to-date on the latest coronavirus news throughout New York Early this month, Betty Rosa, New York State’s new education chancellor, was on Long Island to visit Medford Elementary School, where she met with students, teachers and staff. Children in the dual language kindergarten program easily conversed with her in both English and Spanish.As the highest ranking member of the state’s Board of Regents and the state’s education czar, the teachers and the superintendent regarded Rosa with respect. After all, she is the boss, with a capital B. But the kids took to her with the natural curiosity and comfort of childhood that essentially said, “She’s one of us.” She spoke their language. Literally.The friendly scene was in stark contrast to the heated battle pitting the governor, the teachers unions and grassroots public school advocacy groups against one another. The struggle came to a head during this spring’s testing season, culminating in a giant win for Long Island Opt-Out, a parent-led group that organized an historic number of test-refusals this year with almost 100,000 students—more than half of the student population in Nassau and Suffolk counties—opting out of state tests. Their message has been effective: No more Common Core. Despite incremental fixes promised by Gov. Andrew Cuomo and his so-called “Common Core Task Force,” they are still demanding concrete changes.Yet, it remains to be seen how this evolving protest movement will improve or replace the current education agenda.According to local public education advocates, the answer is multi-tiered. It includes elections: first at the state level and then at the local school board in an effort to tackle education policy from all sides. The goal is a shift away from schools’ increasing test-prep focus almost exclusively on math and reading skills—eschewing the arts and play-based learning—to a comprehensive curriculum that addresses what some advocates call the “whole child.”“I think we need to emphasize the issue of high-stakes testing,” Rosa told the Press at a lunch in the school’s conference room with staff and other attendees. “I think we have to get back to what really matters, which is teaching and learning—deep learning—and our kids’ excitement to really become those deep learners. We have to change the narrative back to focus on teaching and learning, and less on one Kodak moment to capture all of that work. Believe me, parents know that those children are assessed constantly. The issue is having multiple ways to measure achievement.”Rosa had spoken out against high-stakes testing at a press conference in March after the Board of Regents had selected her to the leadership post. She said that if she were not a board member herself and her children were elementary-school aged, she would opt them out of taking New York’s Common Core tests. On May 3, at the elementary school in Patchogue, she told the Press that she doesn’t believe the state should have the right to withhold funds from school districts with significant numbers of students who had refused to take state tests in April.“Parents legally have a choice,” she said. “Given that choice, you cannot then legally punish school districts and schools for decisions that parents have made. So my goal is to make sure that we get to a better place where we don’t even have to have these discussions because it gets back to teaching and learning.”Dr. Betty Rosa, New York State’s new education chancellor, visiting with Long Island elementary school students in early May. (Jaime Franchi/Long Island Press)But no sweeping changes can be made to a school’s education policy without the support of the local district’s board of education. Perhaps no one understands this better than Jeanette Deutermann, founder of Long Island Opt-Out Info, the popular Facebook page with more than 24,000 members that transformed into a robust-and powerful advocacy group. Deutermann told the Press that the election of nearly 100 Opt-Out members to local school boards, coupled with a new Regents chancellor, means that the tide is turning.“The bottom line is that some of these big wins could mean huge, sweeping changes for some districts,” she told the Press. “Education is shifting in New York. It’s up to parents to elect the right board of education that’s moving with this philosophical shift of how we want to educate our children. It all goes back to something that Dr. Joe Rella [superintendent of Comsewogue schools] said: ‘You get the Board of Ed you deserve.’“Parents are taking that seriously,” Deutermann continued. “This shift in philosophy is happening fast. We can’t wait 10 years if we want our children to experience this change.”A key part of Long Island Opt Out’s strategy for the last two years has been to promote local supporters to their individual district’s school boards. So far, Long Island Opt Out has helped elect 94 candidates; 34 out of 57 this year, including local advocates Anthony Griffin and Sara Wottawa, who were elected on May 17 to their respective school boards.“We have to change the narrative back to focus on teaching and learning, and less on one Kodak moment to capture all of that work.”Griffin, an English teacher in Central Islip and co-founder of Lace to the Top, an advocacy group that promoted bright green laces to signify that “children are more than test scores,” was an LIOO-backed candidate who won a seat on the South Country school board. He’s hoping to influence his children’s public education experience from the local level.“Changes in public education happen because of people,” Griffin told the Press in an email. “Some people want change to increase profits. Some want change to impose a belief. I want change to help students. As a board member in a student-centered district, I have an amazing opportunity to manifest those changes.”Griffin is “thrilled to have the opportunity to bring what I have learned to my district’s board. Local control doesn’t exist without locally involved people.”Wottawa is an outspoken parent in the Sachem School District. She joins two other LI Opt Out-endorsed board of education members who were elected last year to serve on the nine-member board.“I’m hoping the three of us can work together to enforce change in the district,” Wottawa told the Press. “I would like to see Sachem take a more holistic approach in educating our children. I would like to see us move towards educating the whole child in Sachem. Most importantly, I would like to propel a unity in the Sachem community. Without the support of the majority of the community, positive change is nearly impossible.”Though she’s in the minority on the school board, Wottawa is upbeat.“Once we have more vocal public education supporters on our local school boards across the state,” she said, “I think we will see more positive changes.”The special April 19 election of Assemb. Todd Kaminsky (D-Long Beach) to the State Senate to replace disgraced former GOP Senate majority leader Dean Skelos is seen as a key step in a populist-driven shift in the state’s education agenda, according to Diane Ravitch, a research professor of education at New York University and a former assistant Secretary of Education in Washington, D.C. under President George H.W. Bush. During the Clinton administration she was appointed to the National Assessment Governing Board, which oversees the federal testing program.“Kaminsky’s victory is a victory for the leaders of the Long Island opt-out movement, who strongly supported his candidacy and the legislation he proposed as a member of the Assembly,” wrote Ravitch on her popular blog. “Kaminsky wants to decouple test scores from teacher evaluation, which would reduce the absurd pressure to raise test scores and the time lost by the arts and other subjects. Parents want their children to have a well-rounded education, not a test-prep curriculum.”Kaminsky drew wide support from New York public school advocates after he sponsored three bills in the Assembly in February that would repeal several components of Cuomo’s Education Transformation Act. The bill would decouple teacher evaluations from test results, create an alternative pathway for graduation for students who do not wish to take or are unable to pass Regents examinations and repeal a provision that allows the state to place struggling or failing schools into receivership. Kaminsky’s recent election—although he’ll have to run again in November—allowed him to introduce his Assembly bills in the State Senate, where they have been referred to the education committee, which has until the middle of June, when the current legislative session ends, to determine their fate.Kaminsky’s win at the polls came after public education advocates were buoyed by the Board of Regents’ 15-0 election of Rosa as Chancellor to replace Meryl Tisch, who was seen as a proponent of the high stakes testing.Putting the emphasis back on teaching and learning may seem like a broad idea for education reform, yet Rosa cites her long history that includes her role as superintendent of a New York City community school as a key to her goals moving forward. It is that particular background that motivates her to embrace the vision of Michael Hynes, superintendent of Patchogue-Medford schools.In direct opposition to Common Core, Hynes, has spearheaded a five-year “Whole Child” program, which he said can “save education” and be the “answer to Albany.” He presented it to the board of education on May 16.Rosa said she agrees with the approach.“I think it’s fabulous,” she told the Press. “Looking at the whole child, you’re looking at all of the needs of the child. I just compliment him and support him.”She also supported Cuomo’s recent emphasis on community schools.“I think many community schools have served as models that show that services are needed, that certain children come to school with certain needs and particularly children who come from disadvantaged homes where they cannot afford so many services,” Rosa said, adding that Hynes understands what’s needed. “I think that he realizes that we have to serve the whole child, not just the academic part. I think that’s extremely important. You have to have healthy children—children who enjoy being in school in terms of attendance. It’s just important for kids to have exposure to the arts and have other ways to develop their talents.”The genesis of Hynes’ plan came from his opinion that the U.S. Department of Education and the New York State Department of Education have “for far too long been about two things: 1. test scores. 2. higher test scores,” he told the Press in an email. “Public education has been forced to move away from educating the ‘whole child’ due to the Regents Reform Agenda, NCLB [No Child Left Behind], and this crazy notion that our 15 year olds must score higher than other 15 year olds around the world or America is doomed. The funny thing is nobody talks about the test the 15 year old takes…yet many place great importance on the results.”Hynes’ focus on the whole child comes as a result of his background in psychology and as a former elementary teacher in Bellport. He bases it on the simple concept that kids can have fun and learn in school simultaneously.“They can play and utilize highly developed divergent thinking skills at the same time,” Hynes said. “We need to teach our children how to socially and emotionally excel. On the flip side, we also need to teach them how to recalibrate when they are having difficulty with something.“This is where more play in schools comes into play (no pun intended), more recess, yoga, mindfulness, meditation, etc…” he continued. “I believe by focusing on social, emotional and academics for our children…we will be able to harvest the talents they never knew existed.”This idea is in stark opposition to the EngageNY curriculum that the State Department of Education has been pushing to coincide with the Common Core standards. New York’s curriculum is taught from firmly established modules that give teachers little room to waver from. Because the high-stakes tests are based upon this strict curriculum—and because teacher evaluation had been directly tied to the test results—the idea of learning through play had been replaced with a high-pressure classroom atmosphere that Hynes said benefits neither the educator nor the student.On a cold rainy Tuesday in early May, kindergarten children at Medford Elementary joyfully showed off their Spanish skills in a counting song to Rosa’s obvious delight. The dual language program facilitates fluency in Spanish at a young age.“My goal is make sure our children have the resources and the opportunities to have access to quality education,” she said. “By that, I mean we need the resources, which means the money, obviously. Opportunities, like in this dual language program, these kids get an opportunity to learn two languages. And access is making sure that children who sometimes don’t have the finances get to places where those opportunities are.”Rosa surveyed the room filled with enthusiastic five- and six-year-olds and said, “We have to fight for these children within the public schools.”
GREG SCHMITZ/Herald photoSome football players wait years for their chance to come in and make a difference. For some, the process is gradual, but for others, like Badgers freshman wide receiver Kyle Jefferson, it can be both abrupt and surprising. “For me, I have to look at it like I’m the next man in,” the 6’5″ Ohio native said. Being “the next man in” in his situation, however, is a little different than a normal drill or substitution.When senior wide out Paul Hubbard, one of the last year’s most important gameday performers, went down in the second half of the UNLV game Saturday, Jefferson was tapped to come in and fill the hole left by the starter.Hubbard tied for the team lead last season in touchdown receptions (5) and finished second in catches (38) and yards per catch (16.5). His exceptional play in the Capital One Bowl versus Arkansas was one of the biggest reasons the Badgers came home from Orlando with a win.Sensing the difficulty of the situation the freshman has been placed in, Hubbard has made sure that Jefferson knows that he and the rest of the offense are behind him.”[Hubbard] told me that I need to just stay focused, take things one at a time, breathe some deep breaths, and when you get your opportunity in the game, just run fast, and if you can make a play, make the play,” Jefferson said.Hubbard’s reassurances were echoed in the huddle as well. “When [Jefferson] came in, everybody looked at him and said, ‘Alright, we’re going to help you out; you can do this,'” senior receiver Luke Swan said. “Kyle has worked really hard so far this year. He’s got good ball skills and can run real well, so I think he has a really good possibility to come in and have a lot of success for us.”As if he didn’t have enough support behind him here at Wisconsin, Jefferson has also been in contact with former Ohio State Buckeye standout Ted Ginn Jr. since he arrived on campus. Jefferson and Ginn, now a member of the Miami Dolphins, played together at Glenville High School in Cleveland, Ohio. “(Ginn) was like a big brother to me,” Jefferson said. “Playing with him and seeing where he is now and knowing that I came from where he did has helped me out a lot as a player.”Although Jefferson hasn’t talked to Ginn since his ascension to the top of the Badger depth chart, the receiver plans on calling him soon, if only just for “ten minutes of advice” from the longtime friend, who has often told him that the most important thing a player can do is to “go out and perform to your best ability, no matter what.”Lucky for UW coach DelVaughn Alexander and the Badgers, Jefferson has been blessed with plenty of physical abilities that will allow him to do just that. “Kyle got here even before I did this summer doing workouts. When he came back for the start of camp, he was very focused and confident about the things that he could bring to the table as a receiver,” Alexander said.With his tremendous height and sprinter speed, Jefferson needs only game experience to transform himself into the downfield threat he has the potential to be. In terms of his arrival to the top of the wide receiver pecking order, it couldn’t have come at a better time on the schedule. With major conference foes such as Ohio State and Michigan looming in the last three weeks of the season, the offense will not only have time to work with and further develop the wide receiver, but also wait for the return of Hubbard, who has been pegged to miss anywhere from six to eight weeks of the season.Giving Jefferson his chance to develop certainly is the silver lining in the whole Hubbard situation in the eyes of Alexander. “For right now, Kyle needs to approach Citadel on this weekend like it is a Michigan or an Ohio State. … We want his best game to come Saturday,” Alexander said.”But if his best game doesn’t come on then, whether it be because of less production or too many mistakes, we want to have the same person that he always is — the person that, week in and week out, is going to grow more as a player every day he goes out on the field.”If all goes well on Saturday, who knows? Maybe Ten Ginn Jr. will be the one calling Jefferson for ten minutes of advice next week. | <urn:uuid:b1540d5e-39c4-4d9b-b81c-dac819a2d791> | {
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Skip to comments.Rock shelter painting by American Indian likely circa 1000-1600[Tennessee]
Posted on 01/18/2009 5:51:10 PM PST by BGHater
Finding an Aladdin's cave
Cory Holliday almost didn't see the stick figure painted on the sandstone. His first impression was that it was a clever fake.
A cave specialist for the Tennessee chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Holliday was searching for caves on a 4,200-acre tract in a remote part of Fentress County on the Cumberland Plateau. It was winter, and he heard water. Thinking there might be a cave nearby, he hiked down to the base of a bluff, where he discovered a rocky alcove bisected by a 10-foot waterfall.
On the roof of a nearby south-facing rock shelter was a foot-long painting of a dancing stick figure. The left leg appeared misshapen, and the right hand resembled a claw.
Sprouting from the head were swirly lines. To Holliday, they looked like antennae.
The Nature Conservancy had purchased the large, forested block near the East Fork of the Obey River for $4.7 million in 2006, primarily because it is rich in caves and near two winter hibernating colonies of Indiana bats, a federally listed endangered species that remains in serious decline.
The rock shelter painting came as a complete surprise.
"I knew that Native American rock art had been found in the area, but I didn't realize this was so significant," Holliday said. "My first impression was that someone had drawn it with charcoal."
In fact, the artist most likely lived during the Mississippian Period between A.D. 1000 and 1600 and used a paint based on a prehistoric recipe whose main ingredient was pulverized clay.
(Excerpt) Read more at knoxnews.com ...
Looks like Native Americans in 1000 AD had the same symbol to indicate that this cave was a restroom for Males only
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· The Archaeology Channel · Excerpt, or Link only? · cgk's list of ping lists ·
I thought it was the electric company warning about overhead cables.
Damn Indians defacing the pristine cave walls and atmosphere again. (ahem) Ancient ‘tagging’?
Maybe it’s a prophesy that we are to have ‘the first bl-ack (cue McKinney) president in US history’. /s
Looks like he’s winding up for a pitch.
Chief Tyrol ping!
Wow, really neat find.
If it weren’t for Columbus discovering and the eventual colonization of the States, the Indians would STILL be working on the wheel... | <urn:uuid:e5b065d8-4ac5-46d5-9043-797538063745> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Dr. Eugene Heimler developed the Heimler Method of Human Social Functioning (Human Social Functioning, HSF, sometimes referred to as The Heimler Method).
He worked the approach out of his work in the United Kingdom within the National Health Service in the late 1950s and early 1960s (drawing on his earlier life experience in WWII concentration camps). He formulated a precise and powerful structure for counselling along with a sensitive questionnaire, The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF). | <urn:uuid:b0368cf6-0084-4682-8da0-07fa6131d137> | {
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LOS ANGELES, March 6, 2004 — The Mars rovers moved toward new rocks to drill on Saturday, a day after the Spirit rover found geological evidence that the dusty Red Planet had a wet past.
The Opportunity rover prepared for another drilling job as Spirit — positioned halfway around the planet — rolled slowly toward the rim of a crater called “Bonneville.”
The six-wheeled Spirit moved 94 feet (28 meters) northeast toward the crater after snapping the final photographs that scientists will use to assemble a full-circle, full-color panorama of the region dubbed “Middle Ground.”
Meanwhile, Opportunity used its tool-laden robotic arm to inspect a rock called “Wave Ripple” and took 50 microscopic images. It then drove to a new target at the south end of the outcropping that it has been examining for weeks. Its wheels slipped in the soil and it had to move along a slight slope, but the job was accomplished.
Opportunity planned to use its rock abrasion tool to grind away on a feature called “Flat Rock” over the weekend.
NASA’s $820 million rover mission was designed to seek geological clues on whether ancient Mars had enough water to have supported life, and both rovers have now found evidence of past water activity on the planet.
NASA announced Friday that the Spirit rover’s instruments found signs that water may have altered a volcanic rock in a region called Gusev Crater. The crater is halfway around the planet from where Opportunity earlier uncovered evidence that its landing site was once drenched.
The amount of water suggested by the data is far less than what Opportunity found at its site.
An earlier version of this report misstated the cost of the Mars missions.
© 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:ddbc2a1a-b129-4062-8b2a-42144a799c17> | {
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What do you do if you’re a young student at a university and the Nazis suddenly invade your country? Do you stick to your studies and hope to avoid the draft? Or do you grab a rifle and head to the front, doing whatever it takes to stop the advance? What about if you were a young woman? Does that change your answer a little bit? Well, if you were Lyudmila Pavlichenko, it definitely didn’t. Pavlichenko was studying history in Kiev when Germany launched their invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. And though she probably didn’t know it, she was about to become the deadliest female sniper in history.
Pavlichenko was one of the first volunteers in Odessa, where she told the recruiting office she wanted to join the infantry. The Soviet military was unusual during WWII in that it did let large numbers of women fight on the front lines. Part of that was the communist idea of equality between the sexes. But a much larger part of it was probably sheer desperation as the Germans rolled back the Soviet Army. But in the early days of the war, the army still didn’t really want women to fight on the front lines. That’s why the recruiter suggested Pavlichenko might want to consider becoming a nurse.
However, Pavlichenko wanted to fight. But when she told the recruiter that, he laughed in her face, asking her if she even knew anything about rifles. As it turns out, she did. Pavlichenko had been a long time member of a Soviet organization that taught young people marksmanship skills. And Pavlichenko immediately presented the recruiter with a certificate showing that she was an exceptional shot. But because she looked like a model and not a soldier, the recruiter was still skeptical. Finally, the military reluctantly agreed to give her an audition to prove her skills.
Pavlichenko was taken to the front and handed a rifle. There, the observer pointed out two Romanian soldiers who were working with the Germans on the other side of the front lines. The observer then told Pavlichenko to kill them, probably thinking that she wouldn’t be willing or able to. So, imagine his surprise when Pavlichenko picked the two off in a few seconds. Obviously, a woman who just killed two people at long range isn’t the type of person you want to say no to. And Pavlichenko began training as a sniper.
The Soviets soon found that women could make good snipers. They tended to have the qualities that a sniper needs, like patience and attention to detail. Pavlichenko was one of about 2,000 women who served as snipers during the war. And their job was to stalk the battlefield looking for German officers and eliminate them with deadly efficiency. It was a job they did so well that the Nazis lived in constant terror of Soviet sniper teams. And as the German army moved into Ukraine, they quickly learned that there was no one on the battlefield they should fear more than Lyudmila Pavlichenko. | <urn:uuid:5866cb8f-12c4-48c0-9f6e-34c2b4eb6e65> | {
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A difference quotient is said to be an expression that represents the difference between two function values, which is divided by the difference between two points. Usually, it is used to calculate the slope of a secant line between two points on the graph for the function. Just for the review, a function is called a line or a curve that has only one y value for every x value. The difference quotient is called a measurement of the average rate of change of the function with respect to an interval. There are times when the calculations become difficult because of the complex figures. For ease, you can use an online difference quotient calculator that calculates the difference quotient for the given function within no time.
The difference quotient is known as a measure of the average rate of change of function f(x) with respect to “x” at an interval. While the given function is said to be the difference that describes the slope of the line passing through the points of the curve. Click this post to more about bill of sale for your business which will be helpful in your business. The calculations for the difference quotient can be done by using the formula, but instead of using the formula, you can consider the difference of quotient solver through which you can easily determine the slope of a curved line in between two different points.
Difference Quotient Formula:
The difference quotient formula is used to determine the difference quotient and the formula looks like this:
f x+h-f (x)h
You can use the online Difference Quotient Calculator that displays the difference quotient for the given function along with the step-by-step procedure. For calculating it manually you need to follow the below steps
- Insert x + h into the function f and evaluate to find f (x + h).
- Now, you have f (x + h) so, find f (x + h) by inserting the values of f (x + h) & f(x)
- Put the result form the step 2 for the numerator and simplify the calculations.
When the limit is taken into account, then the limit h approaches zero gives the derivative of the function f. However, the calculation is still difficult for people who are not good at doing calculations. Simply, they can try the Difference Quotient Calculator to find the derivative of quotients, which is the difference quotient between two points of the curve.
Using of Difference Quotient with Fractions:
You will need to calculate the difference quotient in the same way as you do for any other kind of non-fraction function. The thing that makes the calculations complicated is that when you end up with the little fractions inside of the “big fraction”. The trick to getting rid of those little fractions is to multiply the numerator & denominator of the big fraction by the common denominator of the little fractions. In this way, you will get the fractions to cancel out in a simple and quick step.
Then you can easily multiply & simplify the numerator, and then cancel out “h” from the numerator & denominator. This process will work every time whenever you find the difference quotient for a fraction. Determining the difference quotient can be confusing when your function is a fraction, but using the above-mentioned method is an easy way to handle it. You can also use the difference quotient calculator to find the difference quotient of a given function within a fraction of seconds.
By reading this post, we came to know what exactly the difference quotient is and how to solve the difference quotient with fractions. The standard formula for the difference quotient is also taken into account. If you still face issues at the time of calculating, then you can consider the “find the difference quotient calculator” that shows the stepwise calculations for the function.
For more articles visit this website. | <urn:uuid:ec1ba5fb-06da-4d6d-a5e9-291c8464da3d> | {
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The term petechia is derived from the Italian word petecchia, derived from the Latin word impetigo1. A petechia is basically a pinpoint "mini bruise"; a red-purple spot seen on the skin or mucous membrane caused by blood vessel leakage2. In other words, a small hemorrhage under the skin or mucous mebrane tissue. The term petechiae is the plural form of this word, and means several small dots. Larger areas of discoloration (larger amount of blood) are called purpura (up to 1 centimeter in diameter) and a large affected area is called an ecchymosis.
Petechia (and related purpura, ecchymosis) do not blanch (lose color) like an allergic rash will when light pressure is applied.
Petechiae are most often seen with bleeding disorders, but blunt trama injury is also a possible cause for the appearance of petechiae. Bleeding disorder refers to any disease where blood lacks normal clotting ability and "leaks" or hemorrhages into surrounding tissue. Possible causes of bleeding disorders (and resulting petechiae) include, but are not limited to: immune-mediated disorders, drugs, toxins, and medical treatments, such as radiation.
If your pet shows any signs of petechia without known trauma, it is advised that you contact your veterinarian as soon as possible to investigate the potentially serious causes for this sign to appear. | <urn:uuid:311e9b8c-5ddb-4d06-8a07-75d6dffd58b2> | {
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According to the World Health Organization, tobacco kills nearly 6 million people per year. This includes more than 600, 000 nonsmokers who will die from exposure to tobacco smoke. Unchecked, the tobacco epidemic will kill more than eight million a year by 2030. Tobacco use causes and contributes to cancer, heart disease, asthma and other illnesses – it is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of deaths in the world.
The O’Neill Institute is a leader in the effort to reduce global tobacco use. Our work is comprised of three main strategies. First, the O’Neill Institute researches the use of litigation as an approach for reducing tobacco use; litigation is an important tool in forcing industry to comply with domestic and international law as well as encouraging governments to adopt stronger tobacco control laws. Second, in partnership with domestic and international organizations, the O’Neill Institute supports the drafting of shadow reports to accompany States’ Periodic Reports to human rights monitoring bodies. Third, the O’Neill Institute works with advocates in low-and middle-income countries to target rights-based and constitutional arguments to their specific cultural, economic, and political environments.
The views reflected in this blog are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent those of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law or Georgetown University. This blog is solely informational in nature, and not intended as a substitute for competent legal advice from a licensed and retained attorney in your state or country. | <urn:uuid:77316e14-369b-49d5-9661-41f8130b3542> | {
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- The keto diet is known to be an effective tool for weight loss, but in recent years some–including some doctors–have claimed the diet has cancer-reversing qualities.
- Although the theory might someday be proven correct, far more research is needed before scientists know whether the diet can be used as a safe and effective treatment for cancer.
- A 2018 study did show one promising use for the keto diet in treating cancer, though it was purely used a supplemental tool in conjunction with a conventional approach.
Like any trendy diet worth its balanced portion of salt, the keto diet is said to hold transformative powers. Proponents say it can help people lose weight, improve mood and experience fewer epileptic seizures. For the most part, the science seems to back these claims up — though, to be sure, it’s not completely understood how exactly the keto diet affects mood (particularly depression), despite anecdotal evidence the diet might lead to clearer thinking and fewer symptoms of depression.
The boldest claim about the keto diet, however, is that entering a state of ketosis — which occurs when the body begins burning fat instead of glucose for fuel — can slow or even reverse cancer. It’s an idea that stems from a century-old theory about the primary cause of cancer.
Cancer and metabolism
In the 1920s, a German biochemist named Otto Warburg observed that most cancers get their fuel differently than normal cells, a phenomenon dubbed the “Warburg effect”. The difference, in simple terms, is that cancer cells consume a lot more glucose than healthy cells. So, because cancer relies heavily on glucose, the idea is that putting your body in a state of ketosis — which lowers blood sugar levels — might effectively “starve” cancer cells because there’s less glucose to consume.
This ‘cancer thrives on sugar’ theory can be summed up like this, as Dietarytherapies.com outlined:
- Over half of the calories in standard diets come from carbohydrates.
- Carbohydrate digestion produces spikes in blood glucose which in turn causes a spike in insulin.
- Insulin’s job is to move glucose from the blood into cells.
- Cancer cells typically have many more insulin receptors than normal cells.
- Limiting carbs restricts the movement of glucose into cancer cells.
- When glucose is in short supply, the body will increase its use of fats as fuel.
- The liver converts some of this fat to energy molecules called ketones.
- Most normal cells (including brain tissue) readily adapt to using ketones.
- Tumor cells suffer because they are not as fuel flexible as normal cells.
A ‘blueprint for the destruction of cancer’?
One of the most vocal proponents of the keto-diet-as-cancer-treatment theory has been Dr. Thomas Seyfried, a cancer researcher and professor at Boston College. Several years ago, Seyfried said that the keto diet actually beats chemotherapy for some types of cancer, a claim founded in his rather controversial belief that cancer is primarily a mitochondrial metabolic disease. In a recent paper, Seyfried outlined a cancer-treatment approach that he thinks could be the “blueprint for the destruction of cancer,” as he toldU.S. News & World Report:
“It’s called ketogenic metabolic therapy,” and he says in this context, “the ketogenic diet shouldn’t be considered a diet like green salads or other such stuff. It’s essentially medicine, and the process primarily tries to remove one of the driving fuels for the disease, which is glucose, and transition the whole body over to ketones, which the tumor cells can’t use as a fuel.”
“It’s a cocktail of drugs and procedures and foods and they all work synergistically to gradually eliminate the tumor while maintaining the health and vitality of our normal organs. The whole goal of this metabolic therapy, which involves the ketogenic diet, is to gradually degrade and eliminate tumor cells without toxicity so the patient emerges from the therapy healthier than when they started.”
Some have argued that Seyfried has “put the cart in front of the horse” in his past claims, and it should be noted that some prior studies which ostensibly show the keto diet’s cancer-reversing properties fail to demonstrate conclusively that it was ketosis, and not another factor, that helped beat cancer.
Ultimately, more research on the keto diet and cancer is required before doctors can responsibly recommend it as a standalone treatment.
“Most of the work in this field is still pre-clinical, meaning it’s been conducted in animal models,” Angela Poff, a research associate in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology at the University of South Florida, told U.S. News & World Report. “It’s been done in various cancer types, but most of the work has been done in brain cancer specifically. But there’s very little clinical data all around. There’s some case reports and very small preliminary clinical studies in small groups of patients, usually very late-stage patients with various types of cancers. So in the clinical realm, which is the most important in telling us whether this is going to be useful, we have a long way to go.”
Another use for the keto diet in cancer treatment
In July 2018, a study published in the journal Nature described how researchers used the keto diet to help a cancer-treating drug become more effective.
Recently, scientists have been experimenting with a new class of cancer drugs that target a cell signaling pathway called phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Studies have found mutations in this kinase as cancer develops, so the aim of the new drugs is to block the pathway with the hopes of stopping tumor growth.
But researchers found that taking these drugs seems to cause spikes in blood sugar, which reactives the pathway and effectively kills the purpose of the drugs. In the 2018 study, researchers decided to use the keto diet as a way to control glucose levels in the body.
“The ketogenic diet turned out to be the perfect approach,” study author Benjamin D. Hopkins, a postdoctoral associate at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City, NY, Hopkins, told Medical News Today. “It reduced glycogen stores, so the mice couldn’t release glucose in response to PI3K inhibition.”
“This suggests that if you can block spikes in glucose and the subsequent insulin feedback, you can make the drugs much more effective at controlling cancer growth.”
The study authors noted that the promising results don’t suggest that the keto diet on its own has any cancer-reversing effects. What’s more, they noted that a group of mice in the study that was placed on the keto diet but didn’t receive any cancer drugs actually developed cancer at faster rates than the other mice. | <urn:uuid:c395f693-a042-4714-835b-02160fd419aa> | {
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Prototyping is a crucial part of any software development project. It’s often discussed in meetings, and especially in the software development industry, and rightly so. But what many people don’t understand is that a lot of this discussion is really, really irrelevant. And not just because it’s irrelevant, but because it’s pointless. ดูหนัง
Let’s say I’m working on a software project that’s being developed in a factory, and that the bulk of the system needs to be manufactured first. Generally, this would be where a prototype will be made, to test the cantilevers and Car perceiveos of the manufacturing process.
This is similar to how prototypes of computers are created, to get the eventual manufacturing software to match the approximate idea of the hardware, etc. But here’s the thing: Manufacturing software only comes out once a concept is approved. When you start using a computer program to make decisions about the system, you accept the notion that it won’t work yet. But why? Because you don’t know how much your system is actually going to work like? What you expected to do when you started training was to run down all possible problems and errorst Spaces before they are built into the product? But that never works because of the project hyperlinks. หีเด็ก You can’t identify them ahead of time, so problems catch up eventually without you – or the customer – having done anything about them. So what sorts of a disaster could happen when you analyse the problems for the first time? The possibility actually exists that something you thought was impossible will happen… The first step to accept reality is to accept the possibility that things can be a little bit harder than you thought.
The next step is to understand these harder things can still be solved easily. It’s just that you have to understand the broader picture. Back to the manufacturing software. The concept manufacturing software programs do contain some ” flaws ” but they contain powerful lessons. They teach us that sometimes what appears to be impossible can be made technically possible. It’s just that… Technological evolution simply makes it easier to do things that were previously done in a more efficient manner. It can be just a little more complicated and messy – but the concepts are still the same. That’s kind of like observation in that regard: we can see just how difficult something is, but if you stop and think about it logically and practically, it doesn’t seem that difficult. หีแฉะ
In fact, that’s what this article is about, really. Taking the time to analyse why something appears difficult only makes sense. Unfortunately, there is a tendency in many software development groups to want to skip over this important first step. They may skip it entirely, ignoring the possibility that a “backup” site could be setup and used to host the production code. This is similar to a crashed elevator pulling people out, and sets off the entire machine together with the train.
But, think of the production code as something moving pretty much fully automated. Should the company owner say, “Okay, we’ll set up the site and it’ll develop the software”, then you have no choice but to accept the risk as the business owner. Should he say, “Oh no, we’re not doing that. My dear, I’m afraid I’m going to have to walk away early”, then you have that much less choice. But,Visual Basic.Netis a sophisticated technology, and it has many, many advantages. It can do a lot. But, with those powerful tools, comes the responsibility of getting real world production into an automated environment. When you buy a car, you don’t drive it, you drive it. วัยรุ่นไทย As for software, you program it into the car. Then it goes away. But the car is driven. See that point? Anyhow, I’m sure you’ll agree that programming software into a factory floor in the production phase is an inappropriate use of technology. But, I’m not disagreeing with the idea of it being a factory floor. It may make sense to build the shops where they are built, or set up for assembly. But programming software into that factory floor… It is just common sense that software localization and internationalization is… A factory floor job.
Java isn’t advanced enough
It is true that Java has come a long way into killer technology. It is true that it is a new exciting technology, worthy of the attention of the next generation of developers. But it is just that IT companies have invested effectively in using Java, and so it is not surprising that so many IT companies are demanding for Java developers, knowing that Java is the future of app development. เด็กไทยใจแตก | <urn:uuid:5c524149-ab0c-4dc4-ac18-e951ad20b214> | {
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London: Centre of the Slave Trade
Here we look at London's part in the British slave trade and the impact left in our historic environment.
Guildhall, Gresham Street
The Guildhall, Gresham Street, London EC2V 7HH epitomises the involvement of London in the transatlantic slave trade. This was the meeting place between 1660 and 1690 of 15 Lord Mayors of London, 25 sheriffs and 38 aldermen of the City of London, all of whom were shareholders in the Royal Africa Company. These connections to the slave trade increased during the 18th century.
A statue to William Beckford Senior (from 1709 to 1770) stands at the east end of the south wall in Guildhall. Described as the "uncrowned king of Jamaica", Beckford amassed a considerable fortune from over 20,000 acres of plantations on the island. He was twice Lord Mayor of London, as well as MP for the City of London. Beckford is the only Lord Mayor to have a statue in Guildhall.
In 1783 the Zong Case was heard at Guildhall.
West India Quay
Robert Milligan (about 1746 to 1809), the son of a plantation owning family in the Caribbean, was chairman of the West India Dock Company. A commemorative statue to him stands on the West India Quay, Canary Wharf, London E14 4AL.
Milligan, and other West India planters and merchants, built the dock for the safe importation of sugar, rum and coffee from Caribbean plantations. The dock opened in 1802 and was described as "the largest feat of civil engineering since the building of the pyramids". The Museum of London Docklands is behind the Milligan statue and occupies one of only two remaining warehouses built by the West India Dock Company. The museum has a permanent exhibition; London, Sugar and Slavery to memorialise the former occupation of the quay and its impact on both a physical and human scale.
The other surviving warehouse at West India Quay is the earliest remaining multi-storey warehouse in the Port of London.
Danson House, Bexleyheath
Danson House, Danson Park, Bexleyheath, Kent DA6 8HJ was designed by leading architect Sir Robert Taylor (from 1714 to 1788). It was constructed from around 1764 to 1767 for Sir John Boyd (from 1718 to 1800), a sugar merchant and Vice-Chairman of the British East India Company.
Originally called Danson Hill, this Palladian villa stood in over 600 acres of pleasure grounds and agricultural estate. Danson House is open to the public. Two hundred acres of the original estate remain to form Danson Park, the largest public park in the London Borough of Bexley.
Manor House Library, Lee
Manor House Library, 34 Old Road, Lee, London SE13 5SY was home to several generations of London merchants involved in slave trading.
In 1676 John Thomson (also known as Thompson) (from 1648 to 1710) inherited the Manor House from his father, Maurice.
Maurice Thomson (from 1604 to 1676) founded the family fortune by transporting slaves to his plantation in St. Kitts. He also had interests in the East India Company and the Royal Africa Company. John married into the Annesley family, who also had Caribbean business interests.
By 1749 William Coleman (from 1678 to 1771) lived at the Manor House. He was an agent to the Pinney family, who were at that time the wealthiest plantation owners in St. Kitts and Nevis.
His nephew, Thomas Lucas (from about 1720 to 1784) inherited both this house and holdings in the Caribbean. After Lucas' death, his widow Eliza carried those business interests into her marriage to the financier and plantation owner John Julius Angerstein.
In 1796 Angerstein sold the Manor House to Sir Francis Baring, founder of Baring's Bank. The Barings had considerable financial interests in slavery.
In 1901 Sir Francis Thornhill Baring sold the property to London County Council who in the following year opened the grounds to the public. The site remains in use as a library and public space. | <urn:uuid:ad339c8d-b91e-4198-9f36-498aad45bae7> | {
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Professional Paper 1802-O
- Bradley S. Van Gosen , Philip L. Verplanck , Robert R. Seal II , Keith R. Long , and Joseph Gambogi
- Edited by:
- Klaus J. Schulz , John H. DeYoung, Jr. , Robert R. Seal II , and Dwight C. Bradley
- Document: Report (4.50 MB pdf)
- Larger Work: This publication is Chapter O of Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply
- Download citation as: RIS | Dublin Core
The rare-earth elements (REEs) are 15 elements that range in atomic number from 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium); they are commonly referred to as the “lanthanides.” Yttrium (atomic number 39) is also commonly regarded as an REE because it shares chemical and physical similarities and has affinities with the lanthanides. Although REEs are not rare in terms of average crustal abundance, the concentrated deposits of REEs are limited in number.
Because of their unusual physical and chemical properties, the REEs have diverse defense, energy, industrial, and military technology applications. The glass industry is the leading consumer of REE raw materials, which are used for glass polishing and as additives that provide color and special optical properties to the glass. Lanthanum-based catalysts are used in petroleum refining, and cerium-based catalysts are used in automotive catalytic converters. The use of REEs in magnets is a rapidly increasing application. Neodymium-iron-boron magnets, which are the strongest known type of magnets, are used when space and weight are restrictions. Nickel-metal hydride batteries use anodes made of a lanthanum-based alloys.
China, which has led the world production of REEs for decades, accounted for more than 90 percent of global production and supply, on average, during the past decade. Citing a need to retain its limited REE resources to meet domestic requirements as well as concerns about the environmental effects of mining, China began placing restrictions on the supply of REEs in 2010 through the imposition of quotas, licenses, and taxes. As a result, the global rare-earth industry has increased its stockpiling of REEs; explored for deposits outside of China; and promoted new efforts to conserve, recycle, and substitute for REEs. New mine production began at Mount Weld in Western Australia, and numerous other exploration and development projects noted in this chapter are ongoing throughout the world.
The REE-bearing minerals are diverse and often complex in composition. At least 245 individual REE-bearing minerals are recognized; they are mainly carbonates, fluorocarbonates, and hydroxylcarbonates (n = 42); oxides (n = 59); silicates (n = 85); and phosphates (n = 26).
Many of the world’s significant REE deposits occur in carbonatites, which are carbonate igneous rocks. The REEs also have a strong genetic association with alkaline magmatism. The systematic geologic and chemical processes that explain these observations are not well understood. Economic or potentially economic REE deposits have been found in (a) carbonatites, (b) peralkaline igneous systems, (c) magmatic magnetite-hematite bodies, (d) iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, (e) xenotime-monazite accumulations in mafic gneiss, (f) ion-absorption clay deposits, and (g) monazite-xenotime-bearing placer deposits. Carbonatites have been the world’s main source for the light REEs since the 1960s. Ion-adsorption clay deposits in southern China are the world’s primary source of the heavy REEs. Monazite-bearing placer deposits were important sources of REEs before the mid-1960s and may be again in the future. In recent years, REEs have been produced from large carbonatite bodies mined at the Mountain Pass deposit in California and, in China, at the Bayan Obo deposit in Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, the Maoniuping deposit in Sichuan Province, the Daluxiang deposit in Sichuan Province, and the Weishan deposit in Anhui Province. Alkaline igneous complexes have recently been targeted for exploration because of their enrichments in the heavy REEs.
Information relevant to the environmental aspects of REE mining is limited. Little is known about the aquatic toxicity of REEs. The United States lacks drinking water standards for REEs. The concentrations of REEs in environmental media are influenced by their low abundances in crustal rocks and their limited solubility in most groundwaters and surface waters. The scarcity of sulfide minerals, including pyrite, minimizes or eliminates concerns about acid-mine drainage for carbonatite-hosted deposits and alkaline-intrusion-related REE deposits. For now, insights into environmental responses of REE mine wastes must rely on predictive models.
Van Gosen, B.S., Verplanck, P.L., Seal, R.R., II, Long, K.R., and Gambogi, Joseph, 2017, Rare-earth elements, chap. O of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. O1–O31, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1802O.
ISSN: 2330-7102 (online)
ISSN: 1044-9612 (print)
Table of Contents
- Resources and Production
- Exploration for New Deposits
- Environmental Considerations
- Problems and Future Research
- References Cited
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Publication Subtype:
- USGS Numbered Series
- Rare-earth elements
- Series title:
- Professional Paper
- Series number:
- Year Published:
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Publisher location:
- Reston, VA
- Contributing office(s):
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
- viii, 31 p.
- Larger Work Type:
- Larger Work Subtype:
- USGS Numbered Series
- Larger Work Title:
- Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply
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On the last night of August, in 1886, the people of Mecklenburg were shaken up, and many of them alarmed at the convulsions of nature. Some few persons who had a clear conscience and a good digestion, slept on as peacefully as an infant. The first came about 10 o’clock, probably one-third of the people in Mecklenburg were asleep, and many of those who had done a hard day’s work, did not awake. But on the farms the negroes were badly frightened; they called their nearest neighbors to come to their relief; some prayed aloud with great earnestness; others thought some enemy was trying to pull down their house, and they were defending their premises with rifles, pistols, shot guns, or anything they could get hold of.
Cries of distress and fear could be heard on all sides, that were truly distressing. A large family who lived in a large house, some of the members had retired, and the father had partaken too freely of his cups to be reasoned with, when the family all got safely out of the house, begged the father to get up and come out of the house, that judgment day had come. Immediately the firm answer came back, “Go back to your beds you fools you, don’t you know judgment day is not coming in the night?” How many people will leave home when great fear comes upon them; they are hunting sympathy, or protection. In a negro church near Huntersville, the house was crowded when the first shock was felt, but the preacher partially quieted the alarm, saying, “If that is some mischievous persons doing that, they will be afraid to do it again; but if it’s the Lord, look out.” Just at the instant the house was shaken more violently than before, when the negroes poured out the doors and windows, and over the heads of those who did not move fast enough—it was a panic.
A religious awakening was started among both whites and blacks; but, like all revivals that spring from fear, it soon passed away.
August 31, 1886, was the date of the great earthquake of the century. Its centre was near Charleston, S. C. Probably its centre was in the Atlantic ocean near Charleston. The damage to buildings and railroads was very great. The ground in many places near the coast was sunken several feet and in other places was raised, making it appear in waves. It cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to repair the damages to buildings and railroads. In the up-country but comparatively little damage was done to buildings, except that brick buildings were cracked and rendered unsafe. A perfect pandemonium of fear and alarm ran riot over the country. The people were not educated in the behavior of earthquakes, and not one out of fifty persons knew what it was. Of course fright and fear filled the hearts of most persons who had no knowledge of such phenomena. In every direction in the country you could hear cries of dirtress—one person called to another to come to them. The lamps setting about in the houses were shaken so violently that they were taken from the mantle or table and put on the floor.
Many persons who paid no attention to religion were persuaded through fear that they needed assistance from a higher power. Loud prayers and strong crying was heard in many places, and many joined the Church.
A friend of mine coming home from Church in the upper part of this county, said when he heard the rumbling noise that accompanied the earthquake, he immediately got off the track of the railroad, thinking it was the train coming. Others saw electric balls of fire flashing along the track. I had two little boys, 15 years old, sleeping out in my office, who ran into my dwelling house after the first shock, and I asked them “what the dog was barking at so furiously.” They said, “Somebody’s horses and wagon went by the office like a whirlwind.” This noise was from southeast to northwest; such appeared to be the course of the cesmic disturbance.
These shocks were continued for several days, at intervals of a few moments to several hours. This is a fair statement of what took place in one hundred miles of Charlotte. But the nearer you approch to Charleston, or the centre of the disturbance, the greater was the destruction of property, many houses were rendered unsafe, and some were shaken down.
The History Of Mecklenburg County From 1740 to 1900 by J. B. ALEXANDER, M.D. in our American County Histories collection. | <urn:uuid:8281fc95-989a-400c-b36c-5bbf1e77d1d0> | {
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Blockchain: the key to protecting IP in the live business?
Blockchain first came to prominence as the technology behind online currencies such as bitcoin. However, as more businesses become aware of its uses and possibilities, it is gaining traction everywhere. But what are blockchain’s potential implications for the live music industry?
Blockchain is often described as a “distributed ledger” system, but what exactly does that mean? In a blockchain, transactions (blocks) are verified across a network of users before being stored with a time and date stamp that cannot be altered. Each user in the network stores their own copy of each block to maintain integrity and transparency of the data. Later, related blocks are likewise verified across the network and then linked to the previous block, creating a chain. The system is secure because a would-be hacker would need to access each user’s system separately to make any change – this would mean attempting to access hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of computers.
Blockchain is a useful tool in situations where maintaining the integrity of information is a key priority and where transparency is also high on the agenda. Although it started its life in online currencies, blockchain is now spreading its reach to other industries, including fashion, where it is being used in the fight against counterfeits, and in real estate, where recently, for the first time in the UK, a commercial property transaction took place completely online using blockchain.
In the music industry, the UK, French and American collection societies (PRS For Music, Sacem and Ascap, respectively) are already working together on a blockchain in relation to International Standard Recording Codes (for recorded music and music videos) and International Standard Codes (for musical works). The aim of this blockchain is to improve the management of links between the two standards and in turn reduce errors and costs. Licensing transactions should also speed up as a result.
Blockchain is a useful tool in situations where maintaining the integrity of information is a key priority and transparency is high on the agenda
However, there are other ways in which blockchain can assist the music industry. For example, a songwriter can use their original song as the first transaction in a blockchain to prove that they are the author. The blockchain can then be used to show the chain of ownership of the song, including any assignments or licensing arrangements, allowing the public to see clearly where a song has come from. This will also act as a deterrent to potential infringers whose use of the song would be recorded in the blockchain too.
For live music, blockchain has the potential to change things for the better too. With the majority of tickets now initially being sold online, blockchain can be used to track the movements of tickets and prove to the end purchaser that the ticket is valid. It can also help to control the ticket tout culture that can surround the secondary market. Some have already caught on to this fact, including services such as Lava, GUTS Tickets and Aventus. Lava, still in the start-up phase, uses the blockchain platform ethereum as its base and is a primary and secondary market ticket sales platform which keeps tickets at their face value.
Online streaming of live performances can also benefit from the use of blockchain, with only the official stream being connected to the blockchain. The use of the blockchain would mean that the live stream itself and any future use of a related recording of the live performance would be transparent, with royalties passing to the artists accordingly.
So, blockchain is coming and seems likely to become a part of our everyday lives, from our money to our clothes to the music we listen to. And while the average music fan may not see or fully understand what is going on behind the scenes, it is important that those working in the music industry are aware of its capabilities, its possibilities and are fully prepared for its arrival.
Joanna Morris is an assistant solicitor at Stevens & Bolton. She has more than seven years’ litigation experience and has since 2013 been part of the firm’s intellectual property team. | <urn:uuid:9d3d6135-2c3d-49f6-b112-8754f6cc3ed5> | {
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Brain is most complex part of human body and its processes are still more complex. Modern scientists and psychologists are experimenting on it for so many centuries but are not able to conclude its functioning. Ancient Hindu Rishis elaborated its functioning and intricacies which are discussed in this article.
Brain commands, controls and coordinates the activities of the body. It is the “Decision making Centre”. According to modern science, Hardware of Brain include 86 billion of neurons (i.e. electrically excitable cells) and non-neuronal cells (i.e. glial cells which maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide structural & metabolic support to neurons). Anatomically, the brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and Diencephalon. Various parts of brain govern intelligence, creativity, emotion, regulation of body functions, sensory & motor functions decision making. Symbolically, cognition, thought, intelligence, etc. represent software of brain.
Modern Science has stuck up mostly on hardware of the brain and its functions. In contrast, ancient scientists of Hinduism deeply probed on the process of Antahkarna (the internal instrument).
As per Kapil’s Samkhya Darshan, Intellect & Intelligence (Buddhi or Mahat, the place of decision-making), Ego (the self-consciousness or Ahamkara or pride or asmita) and Mind (Manas, the place of thought) form the group called the Antahkarana. The first evolution of prakriti or material is buddhi (intellect & intelligence or Mahat). Mahat in turn produces ahamkara, the ego i.e.”I” or “mine”. From ego, manas is produced.
Katho Upanishad has compared the human body and Chariot i.e. Chariot as human body, master of chariot as soul (jivatma), charioteer as buddhi, reins as mind & horses as senses.
According to Patanjali muni, Chitta is the the seat of soul's entanglement with Prakriti or nature. Chitta is identified as intellect, ego, mind and five sense organs. Karmic account accumulated in present & past lives, is root cause of pleasures and miseries which are evident in current birth or future. It reminds us, the Snake and Ladder game. If the counter lands at the bottom of a ladder, you can move up to the top of the ladder. If the counter lands on the head of a snake, you must slide down to the bottom of the snake. The lesson of this Indian ancient game is that it represents a life journey complicated by virtues (ladders) and vices (snakes). One who keeps trying and does not enter into negative cycle may be successful in the end. The person is provided ample opportunity to erase the each impression which create impulses in form of desires. These impulses can be amended at thought-level, decision-making level and ego-level. It is discussed in detail latter.
Bhagwan Krishna laid importance of resolve (Sankalp) in Bhagwat Gita.
The various aspects of brain are discussed hereunder:
Anatomy of Brain:
As per modern science, brain has mainly four parts as under:
Generation of thoughts is one of the major processes of mind. Experts estimate that the mind thinks between 60,000 – 80,000 thoughts a day. These thoughts are either positive or negative. As per modern science, the thoughts are mostly negative and triggered by external stimuli.
There is an old saying, “Watch your thoughts; for they become words. Watch your words; for they become actions. Watch your actions; for they become habits. Watch your habits; for they become character. Watch your character for it will become your destiny. ”
Negative thoughts prevent from focusing on the subject, drain the energy of the body and prevent from enjoying pleasant moments. Recurrent negative thoughts take the person into negative cycle which has far-reaching consequences. It creates depression and anxiety.
As per Hinduism, thought materializes and becomes an action. Good thoughts lead to virtuous actions. The negative thoughts can be controlled by the following means:
As per Samkhya Darshan of Kapil muni, child is born with certain tendencies caused by actions done in past life which may not be necessarily inherited. Generally, physical configurations are inherited. These tendencies are of three types (sattva being goodness, compassion, illumination, and positivity; rajas being activity, chaos, passion, and impulsivity, potentially good or bad; and tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destruction, lethargy, negativity) which create constant impulses in mind to trigger actions which may be negative or positive.
Intellect & intelligence
In modern psychology and neuroscience, a distinction is made between intellect and intelligence. Intellect is the ability to identify and analyse, memorize, and categorize, the physical characteristics and implications of whatever thing or event is perceived by the senses. Intelligence determines the course of action to be taken.
In Samkhya philosophy, Mind is receptive and discriminating faculty which receives and individualise the impressions made by the outward objects on the senses. These are submitted to ego and by which an attribute of personality is given, thereafter it passes through intellect. Intellect present is it in distinct form. The Jivatma (soul), as an audience, beholds these presentations, as objects are seen in the mirror. In presence of Jivatma, the three dimensional energies or gunas (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) of nature or Prakriti (including intellect, mind and ego) come alive. Awareness about oneself permits a person to know what they need to work on. Hence, self-awareness provides an opportunity to ameliorate the decisions taken in rush of temper or due to impulse created by negative thoughts.
As per Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ego is that portion of the human personality which is experienced as the “self” or “I”. According to Freud's personality theory, 1923, the psyche is structured into three parts, the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
According to Samkhya Darshan, Ahmkara comes into being as proximity of two realms – consciousness or jivatma and unconsciousness or prakriti. Ego or Ahmkara provides basis for subject –object relationship. Ahmkara stands for the bifurcation of consciousness or true self and empirical “I” which is the root cause of ignorance and miseries. Sant Kabir has explained the above in his doha as under:
जब मैं था तब हरि नहीं अब हरि है मैं नाहीं ।
प्रेम गली अति सांकरी जामें दो न समाहीं ॥
अर्थ: जब तक मन में अहंकार था तब तक ईश्वर का साक्षात्कार न हुआ. जब अहम समाप्त हुआ तभी प्रभु मिले. जब ईश्वर का साक्षात्कार हुआ – तब अहम स्वत: नष्ट हो गया. ईश्वर की सत्ता का बोध तभी हुआ जब अहंकार गया. प्रेम में द्वैत भाव नहीं हो सकता – प्रेम की संकरी – पतली गली में एक ही समा सकता है – अहम् या परम ! परम की प्राप्ति के लिए अहम् का विसर्जन आवश्यक है.
Sankalp (Resolve, संकल्प) & Success
In Sanskrit language, Sankalp means determination, oath, resolve etc. Bhagwan Shree Krishna has laid importance of determination verse 24 of chapter 6. (संकल्पप्रभवान्कामांस्त्यक्त्वा सर्वानशेषतः। मनसैवेन्द्रियग्रामं विनियम्य समन्ततः॥)
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra prescribes as under:
Swami Vivekananda emphasized as under:
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Read and Play is an application aimed at learning to read through verbal reasoning.The application is being used in Montessori schools.The application is suitable for children learning to read in English and adults who are learning English. This application has been tested with children who are in the process of learning to read. Those children have acquainted themselves very quickly with the application. The application contains a variety of exercises. For those familiar with the learning methodology of Maria Montessori, the exercises follow this methodology. The player chooses the correct sentences (multiple choices are possible). Once completed, it can check if the right choices were made. A green border appears if the sentences were correctly selected or correctly not selected. A red border appears otherwise. The player can repeat the exercise as many times as desired.
What's new in version 3.0
Update for iOS 8Makes use of the extended interface of the iPhone 6 PlusApp is now "made for kids"
ReleaseFebruary 3, 2015
Date AddedFebruary 3, 2015
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
(in the bodies of arthropods and some other segmented animals) a morphologically distinct region, typically comprising several adjoining segments, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen of insects.
- ‘As defined by Collins, Dinocarids are bilaterally symmetrical arthropods with a body divided into two principal tagmata, recalling the prosoma and opisthosoma of chelicerates, and a non-mineralised cuticle.’
- ‘The chelicerate body plan is characterized by two tagmata, the prosoma, including head structures, and the opisthosoma.’
- ‘All hexapods have a body divided into three basic tagmata - head, thorax, and abdomen - and three pairs of thoracic legs.’
- ‘Ventral appendages suggest a different pattern of tagmosis, especially if tagmata are defined as zones of functional specialization, as is commonly the case when considering arthropod appendages.’
- ‘The distinct adult thorax and pygidia evident in some trilobites probably do deserve recognition as separate tagmata, but this may not be the case among all trilobites.’
Early 20th century: from Greek, literally ‘something arranged’, from tassein ‘set in order’.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:d2374022-afaa-4e2f-92f3-82e8c8554699> | {
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Fiberglass is a manmade product, in use since the 1930s for filtration and insulation. In modern times, shower stalls, bathtubs, kayaks, boat hulls and many other objects contain fiberglass. When you saw, trim, or handle fiberglass, small fibers work their way into the skin of your hands and arms, creating an irritating itch.
Disrobe carefully, taking care not to drag your shirt over your arms or hands. Pressure on the skin can drive the fiberglass splinters deeper into your skin, making removal much more difficult.
Enter your shower and turn on the hot water and a small amount of cold water. Stand away from the water stream for several minutes. The goal is to work up steam in the enclosed space without getting your hands or arms wet. The steam opens your pores and increases the chances of the splinters falling out.
Adjust the water to a comfortable temperature and step back into the stream. Allow the water to run off of your arms and hands. If any of the splinters were loosened as a result of the steam, this step will rinse them away.
Add natural soap to a non-coarse loofah and gently brush the skin on your hands and arms. Do not apply pressure, as doing so will drive any remaining splinters deeper. Rinse your hands and arms with water to remove the soap.
Turn off the water and dry your hands and arms by lightly pressing the towel against the skin. Do not drag the towel.
Put on a loose-fitting, sleeveless shirt. If you are still experiencing irritation, move on to the next section.
Baking Soda Paste
Add 1/2 cup of baking soda to a bowl.
Add a small amount of water. Mix the baking soda and water into a paste with your fingers. If the paste is too dry and powdery, add more water. If the paste is too soupy, add more baking soda.
Dress any itchy areas on your hands or arms with the paste.
Allow the paste to dry for 25 to 30 minutes. Try not to move your hands or twist your wrist while the paste dries. The powder will harden around the exposed sections of the fiberglass splinters.
Rinse the dried baking soda off of your skin. Any fiberglass splinters that became attached to the paste will pull out and rinse away. | <urn:uuid:be4a7126-0a90-49fb-a9f0-ec366159000b> | {
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And if accomplishing that means moving a day of lessons outside, then so be it.
Swihart, health and physical education teacher at the Middle School at Parkside, came up with the idea of an Outdoor Education Day, but several fellow teachers quickly jumped on board.
What transpired for about 135 sixth-graders was a day at Vandercook Lake County Park on Tuesday that included studying water samples from the lake, hunting for shells and fossils, learning about the sun’s ultraviolet rays, hearing a bit of local history and lore and having fun biking, kayaking and more.
“What I really hope is that this will help school not be so departmentalized for kids,” Swihart said. “Learning is a lifelong, all-day, everyday thing we do no matter where we are. It’s not just about preparing for a test. It’s about building their curiosity so they want to know more.”
Some of the lessons started weeks ago in the classroom. One of them involved studying the park at the turn of the 20th century when it was known as Hague Park and housed an amusement park that drew thousands.
“Most of the kids were just shocked that Jackson would ever have had something that awesome,” said English teacher Vicky Gorsuch.
Part of that lesson, included students using technology and their iPads to build a roller coaster that could operate in the park today much like its Jack Rabbit coaster did in days of old.
“It was fun to study where the amusement park was,” said 12-year-old Adonna Montgomery. “It’s just fun to learn about what’s all outdoors.”
Science teacher Dawn Wagner gave students sieves of various sizes that they used to filter water, sand, silt and gravel.
“We’re talking about water temperature and living things and pollution,” Wagner said. “The kids love it. Who doesn’t love playing in the water?”
All the data collected went back to school with the students where it will continue to be studied in days to come.
In all, students visited eight stations throughout the day. It was the first time this team of teachers had tried anything like this, but they said it won’t be the last.
“We’re having fun,” said 12-year-old Zoe Kapuja. “You have to remember that. It’s the most important part.” | <urn:uuid:a60e1595-1b89-4223-a625-aeedb7368c53> | {
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Hunting the lost Beagle
By Jeremy Grange
A muddy river bank in the flat, watery landscape of southern Essex may seem an unlikely place to find one of the most important ships in scientific history.
But a combination of painstaking detective work and archaeology have convinced maritime historian Dr Robert Prescott that the banks of the River Roach near the village of Paglesham are the last resting place of HMS Beagle.
The historic ship will be forever associated with Charles Darwin who served as its naturalist on her second great voyage between 1831 and 1836.
This journey sowed in Darwin's mind the seed of the ideas that would eventually become his theory of natural selection and revolutionise the way we look at the world and ourselves. | <urn:uuid:f3b67a34-d6d8-4c7a-89a0-aa9cd4d8d3bf> | {
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This post may contain affiliate links.
If you buy something from one of the linked sites you won’t pay anything more, but I might make a commission.
[The following post is sponsored by Playworld Systems.]
I really loved writing about the benefits of free play last month. Playworld Systems makes the kind of playground equipment that helps free play thrive, letting kids take risks and figuring things out for themselves. When they pointed me in the direction of this NPR piece on how free play actually changes kids’ brains, I jumped at the chance to write about it.
Play Actually Changes The Brain
A Canadian neuroscientist explained in the NPR piece that “the experience of play changes the connections of the neurons at the front end of your brain…and without play experience, those neurons aren’t changed.”
The neurons he’s talking about are in the part of the brain that regulates emotions, makes plans, and solves problems – pretty important stuff for navigating life. But what’s really interesting is how this affects academic performance.
In one study, students were measured for both social skills and academic performance in third grade, and then again in eighth grade. What researchers found was that social skills in third grade were a better predictor of later academic performance than past academic performance was!
And this makes sense, considering that academic performance tends to be higher in places where there is more recess in school, not less.
Play has long been known to have beneficial effects on children, and the key seems to be free play – play that has no external rules, only rules made up by the participants. Figuring these things out is how kids’ brains develop. Playing on sports teams doesn’t have the same effect.
From a researcher in Washington State: “The function of play is to build pro-social brains…that know how to interact with others in positive ways.” And the Canadian neuroscientist chimes in that it doesn’t matter if it’s roughhousing or peaceful play, it all has the same effect on the brain.
Meanwhile, In The United States…
There are so many obstacles to this kind of learning in the United States. Kids have less free play time now because of irrational parental fears, school days packed with test prep and structure, and other factors.
Let’s take my daughter’s public school as an example. Having spent a little time in my kids’ classrooms (as little as I could manage) I know that letting 30 kids loose in a small room doesn’t really work. They need to be outside. I once asked the principal why the kids hadn’t gone outside for recess one day, and she said it was too cold, and that there were a lot of students who don’t come to school dressed warmly enough to play outside.
Growing up in Buffalo, going to a school with kids from a very wide range of economic backgrounds, this just sounded wrong to me. We weren’t talking about a frigid day where quick frostbite was a factor, it was just a run-of-the-mill cold winter day. A mitten and hat collection could be taken up, I suggested. But then the conversation veered into the uncomfortable territory of charity and pride and socio-economic status and race and well, I dropped it. The bottom line was, all kids would remain inside because some didn’t have warm enough clothes and it would be too difficult and uncomfortable to address that problem.
Contrast this with “Forest Kindergardens” which started in Switzerland, and are popping up in the U.S. In these classrooms, the children aren’t actually in classrooms. They spend all day outdoors, in all weather, playing. They can do this because, according to this article, the Swiss don’t have any academic expectations from kindergarteners above writing their name and using scissors. And since the Swiss are ahead of us in Reading, Science, and Math, maybe we should pay attention.
The Problems With Recess
According to Boston University Psychologist Peter Gray, school may not be the ideal place to tackle this anyway, at least not based on how we do recess now. When I was in a Montessori elementary school back in the 70s and 80s, many different ages would go outside together for long periods of time, and there were no restrictions about classes or grades staying together; older kids played with younger kids.
But Gray points out that that just doesn’t happen much any more.
The ideal play situation is in the neighborhood, where age-mixed children learn from one another in an environment that Gray calls “nurturing.” Recess, however, is mostly in same-age groups, which can foster cliques, competition, and bullying. And then there’s the time issue: when students don’t get much of a break, they don’t have time to settle disputes before they head back to class. “They’ve cut recess in Boston to 15 minutes for elementary students,” Gray said. “What was happening is the kids would get outside, and they didn’t have time to settle any problems. They were still focused on the conflict, and it was a big deal to calm them down.”
With so many kids only getting 15 or 20 minutes of recess, they may not have time to reap the benefits.
What You Can Do
I’ll say it until I’m blue in the face: Let them play.
I love my kids’ schools, and my kids are both thriving. But they get a lot of freedom outside of school. It is a long uphill slog to change the recess culture in American schools, so I think the solution really does lie at home.
Stand back (or even better, stay home, if your kids are in 4th-5th grade and should be at the playground without you), and let them play. They don’t need you on the playground with them. They don’t need you resolving conflicts for them. They don’t need you making rules and working things out for them. When you do these things you are quite literally keeping their brains from developing.
Thanks again to Playworld Systems for being supportive of kids’ brains through play! | <urn:uuid:7da1ea33-d007-42ad-bb4b-c1555a1bc08f> | {
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SPRINGFIELD, Illinois – Governor Pat Quinn has proclaimed the month of August as Breastfeeding Promotion Month in the state of Illinois. Breastfeeding Promotion Month is designed to increase public awareness of breastfeeding as the normal and expected way to feed all babies in Illinois.
“The benefits of breastfeeding are numerous, well known and research based. Mother s and babies alike benefit from breastfeeding. Babies who are breastfed are protected against many maladies, including respiratory and ear infections, asthma, allergies, childhood cancer and obesity. Also, mothers who breastfeed have a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers,” said Illinois Department of Human Services (IDHS) Secretary Michelle R.B. Saddler. “That’s why it’s so important that we encourage and support breastfeeding and continue to remove the stigma that is sometimes associated with it.”
Illinois’ Breastfeeding Promotion Month coincides with the 20th anniversary of World Breastfeeding Week, which is celebrated in more than 170 countries August 1-7, 2011. This year’s theme “Talk to Me! Breastfeeding- a 3D Experience!” focuses on the importance of communication in protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding as the normal way to feed babies. Creating and expanding communication about breastfeeding through social media outlets is leading to wider outreach and support in the community. Surfing the web for accurate breastfeeding information or sharing knowledge and experiences is just a click away.
IDHS promotes breastfeeding through the WIC program and The Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program, which utilizes women who have breastfed their own babies and want to help other women successfully breastfeed. Breastfeeding Peer Counselors receive regular training so they are able to provide quality support and assist breastfeeding women. Many peer counselors use text messaging and social media outlets such as Facebook to answer questions from breastfeeding moms and to provide continuing support.
The department supports the Illinois State Breastfeeding Task Force along with 10 regional task forces as they promote awareness and education. IDHS also recently launched the Illinois Breastfeeding Blueprint, an initiative that brings together stakeholders from across the state to help expand and set priorities, develop benchmarks for success and implement a five-year timeline for promoting and supporting breastfeeding awareness activities and efforts throughout the state of Illinois.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Immunization Survey, 70 percent of mothers in Illinois start out breastfeeding. The newly established Healthy People 2020 goals aim to increase breastfeeding initiation to 81.9 percent; increase breastfeeding at six months to 60.6 percent and exclusive breastfeeding at three months to a target of 46.2 percent. The Healthy People 2020 goals also focus on increasing the number of employers who have worksite lactation support programs and strive to increase the number of babies born at hospitals that provide recommended care for breastfeeding moms and their babies.
Local events and activities have been planned to promote breastfeeding knowledge and awareness during World Breastfeeding Week and Illinois Breastfeeding Promotion Month. For more information, please visit www.dhs.state.il.us or www.illinoisbreastfeeding.org. | <urn:uuid:34ec00aa-6d8f-4b23-a2ef-79af099c8a47> | {
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There are an estimated 1 million cases of shingles every year in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Shingles is a painful, blistering rash that develops on one side of the face or body. The blisters typically scab over in seven to 10 days and clear up within two to four weeks.
About one in every three people will get it, and about half of the cases occur in patients 60 years or older. (And your risk of developing shingles gets higher as you age.)
Those at higher risk of getting shingles include those with medical conditions that keep their immune systems from working properly, such as certain cancers like leukemia and... | <urn:uuid:bab49948-0373-4bec-8afb-8ed4f3b40396> | {
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What can be done to adapt
Priorities for early action on adaptation include taking measures that provide immediate benefits today and in a range of future possible climates. For example, installing water saving devices could cut water use by households by 20 %, saving households with a water meter money on their bill.
It is also important to ensure decisions with long-lasting consequences do not create obstacles for future adaptation. As an example, siting new buildings and infrastructure in low flood risk areas where possible, will have a long term benefit.More details about adaptation priorities for the UK are available in the ASC 2010 Progress report. The ASC has also reviewed progress in adaptation in Scotland and Wales.
Action by organisations in the public and private sector, as well as individuals, will be essential for ensuring the UK is preparing for the effects of a changing climate.
- Local authorities have an important role to play, using planning and other policy levers to ensure that buildings and local infrastructure are resilient to increased risk of flooding, water stress and overheating. As well as providing green spaces for keeping cities cool and absorbing heavy rain, they should locate new buildings away from flood risk areas as much as possible and ensure an effective emergency response after an extreme weather event. Those responsible for parks or forests can also help protect and restore natural habitats.
- Businesses should consider climate change when making long-lasting decisions about the location and design of their buildings, and the effect on supply chains or services. Making their business resilient to extreme weather today will reduce operating costs in the future. Those responsible for the provision of important infrastructure services, such as power, water and roads, should ensure that current and planned investments are resilient to climate change. And trade bodies can help by encouraging good practice amongst their sectors.
- Households can take actions that will benefit them today and in the future, whatever the weather. For instance, they can use permeable paving for front and back gardens to reduce surface water run-off. See Environment Agency website for more on preparing your property for flooding
- The Government has a critical role in removing barriers to action and encouraging adaptation. For more details, please visit the UK adaptation policy page. | <urn:uuid:71bcaa99-7dd9-4d54-939e-cb38aead5e49> | {
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This song was written by Blind Alfred Reed of Floyd, Virginia. During his musical career he played dances, church meetings, recorded and taught music to children. Although he mostly played fiddle he also was proficient on guitar, banjo and mandolin. His composition “Wreck of the Virginian” got the attention of record executive Ralf Peer and he was invited to the famous “Bristol Sessions” in 1927 along with Jimmie Rogers and The Carter Family.
He wrote most of his songs from newspaper articles. He recorded “How Can a Poor Man Stand Such Times and Live” in 1929. He stopped playing in public in the late 1930’s and died in 1956 at age 76.
The following appeared in James Green’s book “The Devil Is Here in These Hills”:
Alfred Reed, a blind musician, had lived his entire life in West Virginia’s smokeless coalfields, where he worked as a lay Baptist preacher and as a fiddler who performed at county fairs and church socials. Wherever he went in 1929, Reed heard stories of how people suffered in the coal towns. Even the mine workers who still had jobs complained because they were paying higher prices at company stores with shrunken wages. Out of this experience, “Blind Alfred” recorded his hit tune “How Can A Poor Man Stand Such Times and Live?” A few days after the stock market crashed. | <urn:uuid:450e9489-a5e1-479b-8dca-254832440200> | {
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POETIC FORM: SOMONKA
The somonka is a Japanese form. In fact, it’s basically two tankas written as two love letters to each other (one tanka per love letter). This form usually demands two authors, but it is possible to have a poet take on two personas.
A refresher on the tanka: If a haiku is usually (mistakenly) thought of as a 3-line, 5-7-5 syllable poem, then the tanka would be a 5-line, 5-7-5-7-7 syllable poem. However, as with haiku, it’s better to think of a tanka as a 5-line poem with 3 short lines (lines 2, 4, 5) and 2 very short lines (lines 1 and 3).
While imagery is still important in tanka, the form is a little more conversational than haiku at times. It also allows for the use of poetic devices such as metaphor and personification (2 big haiku no-no’s). Like haiku, tanka is a Japanese poetic form.
(For more on the tanka, see: http://www.writersdigest.com/editor-blogs/poetic-asides/poetic-forms/tanka-bigger-and-more-relaxed-than-a-haiku for more on the somonka: http://www.writersdigest.com/whats-new/somonka-poetic-forms) | <urn:uuid:4ba388ad-45e1-4a51-a547-cbd6b0e514f2> | {
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Foundation for CDC’s Transportation Recommendations
In 2007, representatives from CDC created a Transportation Policy Group to develop a more comprehensive approach to identifying and addressing issues related to transportation and health. Their efforts have extended to include work with the U.S. Department of Transportation, as well as non-federal partners such as the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the Healthy Eating, Active Living Convergence Partnership (Convergence Partnership).
In November 2008, CDC, APHA and the Convergence Partnership, in coordination with other government and non-government organizations, hosted “Linking Transportation Policy and Public Health”, a meeting of representatives from agencies with an interest in transportation or health issues. The purpose of the meeting was to begin the process of helping these professionals learn more about the intersection of their two fields.
Work by CDC’s Transportation Policy Group and the individual programs within CDC, coupled with input received during and after the “Linking Transportation Policy and Public Health” sessions and discussions with other federal agencies, forms the basis of these recommendations.
These recommendations, published in 2010, are intended as a framework for policymakers to consider in order to strengthen transportation policies and programs by including public health and safety.
- Page last reviewed: April 28, 2010
- Page last updated: May 7, 2010
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|The single coloured thread will be different material and can be slightly thicker. This can make an uneven roll profile, with a ‘high point’, which causes problems in the baler where the roll is free turning in a box. The ‘high point’ of the net roll creates greater friction as the roll is turning, that will cause the net to break.|
|The different properties of the single coloured threads will cause differences in the net when being wound onto the roll. This can be an un-even roll edge profile, that can damage the edge of the net when the roll is turning in the baler.|
|It is possible that the different material of the coloured thread will not knit together correctly with the slit tapes of the rest of the net. This can create problems when feeding or cutting of the net.|
|The ‘normal’ slit film tapes of the net are completely uniform, with the same properties, as the tapes are all cut from the same ‘mother roll’ – unlike the single coloured thread which comes from a different source.|
|The coloured thread material can be of a different profile, making it less uniform in the net construction.|
What you want to believe …!
Netwrap has been with us for almost 25 years now. Many manufacturers have not developed their product, so it is very similar now to when first introduced in the mid 1980s. Initially, netwrap was all white, actually ‘natural’ in colour, with no colouring to the raw material at all.
Some manufacturers then introduced a single coloured thread on the sides of the netwrap, as a simple form of identification of their product; one manufacturer went so far as to register this single colour thread as a trademark. In any case, this single thread was nothing more than an identification mark.
Single coloured threads are no stronger than any other part of the netwrap and are only there for roll identification.
|In later years, the idea of a different coloured thread on either side was introduced, as a simple form of left/right identification, useful when loading the roll into the baler.|
NOT STRONGER, just different
|It is sometimes believed that the single coloured thread is a strengthening ‘rib’ on the net, made of stronger material. This is NOT TRUE.The strength of a net comes from the total of all of the threads across the width of the net and the edge thread does not have a greater strength than any of the other threads that make up the net.|
The normal way to make netwrap is for the material to all come from one ’mother roll’ of film, which is slit into tapes and knitted together in the loom. If a single coloured thread is added, this comes from another source and is introduced to the loom next to the film.
|The single coloured thread must be introduced into the net from a different source, most often from a single bobbin of material.|
The coloured thread at the side of some makes of netwrap is often a slightly different material to the rest of the tapes. This means that when the net is being manufactured, the single coloured thread does not follow the same route through the production process as the remainder of the white tapes. This can have an effect on the quality of manufacturing, with the different material causing trouble from different tension of the thread compared with the others during the knitting process, which can then create un-even winding on the edges of the netwrap.
|As the single thread of different colour is of different specific material it will have different properties. This means that, when under load (tensioned during the wrapping operation in the baler) it is likely that the strength and elongation will vary considerably from the remaining film tapes from which the remainder of the net is made. This can result in a possible change in performance and weakening of the net where the single coloured thread is located.|
|Netwrap made with different striped netwrap pattern is not affected in this way.This two or sometimes three coloured ‘zebra’ patterned netwrap is made from individual coloured ‘mother’ rolls of film, of exactly the same material with all the same properties. The different films are then slit into narrow tapes, which are arranged into the striped pattern in the knitting loom. The entire net maintains its uniform, high strength across the full width as there is no introduction of different material to give the colour.|
PROBLEMS with single colour thread
The single coloured thread may have very different properties to the rest of the net, with a variance in material, thickness, elongation and strength. These differences can affect how the net reacts when under tension during roll winding, making the roll profile un-even.
|The way the thread stretches when under tension in the baler might increase the risk of the net ‘necking-in’ and narrowing.|
|The different material and properties of the single coloured thread can affect the construction of the net, with the material not knitting into the rest of the net uniformly. This can cause problems in the baler when feeding and cutting.|
|The different material of the coloured thread can be thicker, creating an un-even profile on the roll. This can create problems in the baler, causing the net to break.|
|Often, when the net is cut at the end of the wrapping cycle in the baler, the single coloured thread will react differently to the rest of the net, creating the risk of the thread wrapping on feeding rollers.| | <urn:uuid:425b2c34-8f6c-4fd1-a7bb-c760ce9c8f8f> | {
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Being exposed to second-hand smoke can not only increase a person's risk of developing several forms of cancer, but it can also cause them to gain weight, scientists say.
While a number of studies have already exposed a variety of health risks of being exposed to cigarette smoke, a new investigation carried out by a team working at Brigham Young University in the US has found that people who live with smokers might struggle to stay slim.
Indeed, their research found that smokers tend to become insolent resistant, making it more likely that they will put on weight, with this problem also afflicting anyone who inhales smoke on a regular or even semi-regular basis.
More specifically, the scientists found evidence to suggest that cigarette smoke triggers a lipid called ceramide to alter the mitochondria found in the cells of the lungs. This disrupts the normal cell function, impairing the standard response to insulin and causing a person to put on weight.
Publishing the findings in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, lead researcher Professor Benjamin Bikman explained: 'The lungs provide a vast interface with our environment and this research shows that a response to involuntary smoking includes altering systemic sensitivity to insulin.'
Once a person becomes resistant to insulin, their body needs more of it, and the creation of this means that more fat is created and stored around the body, he added.
On a more positive note, the team also found evidence to suggest that inhibiting ceramide in the body can actually reverse the effects cigarette smoke has on metabolism, indicating it might be possible to produce a simple but effective means of protecting non-smokers from some of the harmful effects of passive smoking.
Meanwhile, a separate team of scientists working at Northwestern University have warned that smokers tend to be three times more likely than non-smokers to develop chronic back pain.
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Brain differences may be tied to obesity, kids' study says.
12 Dec 2019 3:21 PM
Children of domestic abuse victims likely to have lower IQ.
27 Nov 2019 9:40 AM
Mild Zika infection in foetuses may lead to brain abnormalities in healthy young animals: Study.
17 Nov 2019 2:06 PM
Studies reveal that screen-based media associated with structural differences in brains of young children.
12 Nov 2019 9:51 AM
Risk of autism spectrum disorder linked to decrease in placental steroid.
22 Oct 2019 9:36 AM
Exercise is good for aging brain: Study.
28 Aug 2019 10:27 AM
Pomegranate juice develops infant brain: Study.
27 Aug 2019 12:00 PM
Study reveals how diet affects children's brain.
09 Jun 2019 3:30 PM
Studies reveal that fathers play an important role in brain development.
03 Jun 2019 3:13 PM
Breastfeeding important for brain growth of premature babies.
28 Apr 2019 5:03 PM
Relationship with new parents can reduce anxiety levels in adopted children: Study.
04 Apr 2019 4:56 PM
Group of molecules called semaphorins have been found to play a critical role.
18 Jan 2019 2:12 PM
Marijuana has been linked with negative consequences such as impairments in concentration and decision-making.
25 Sep 2018 10:07 AM
Brain measurements taken from MRI scans showed there are major sex differences in the structure of the brain.
24 Sep 2018 11:59 AM
Experts say helping mothers to provide breast milk in weeks after giving birth could improve long-term outcomes for children born pre-term.
22 Sep 2018 5:10 PM
Research, in recent years, has pointed toward a link between the condition, the immune system and the developing foetal brain.
26 Jun 2018 10:37 AM
The study found that 11.25 percent of children reportedly diagnosed with ASD have a food allergy.
09 Jun 2018 6:38 PM
Medical review went on to add items such as cosmetics, furniture and plastics could be linked to brain development disorders in children.
24 Mar 2018 1:16 PM
Discovery supports claims that the condition has a physical basis.
19 Mar 2018 4:26 PM
Researchers studied brain development in 189 adolescents.
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The foremost scholar of African-American Unitarian Universalist history presents this long-awaited analysis of the denomination’s civil rights activism in Selma, Alabama, in 1965. Selma represented a turning point for Unitarian Universalists. In answering Martin Luther King Jr.’s call to action, they shifted from passing earnest resolutions about racial justice to putting their lives on the line for the cause.
Morrison-Reed traces the long history of race relations among the Unitarians and the Universalists leading up to 1965, exploring events and practices of the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century. He reveals the disparity between their espoused values on race and their values in practice. And yet, in 1965 their activism in Selma—involving hundreds of ministers and the violent deaths of Rev. James Reeb and Viola Liuzzo—at last put them in authentic relationship with their proclaimed beliefs.
With rigorous scholarship and unflinching frankness, The Selma Awakening provides a new way of understanding Unitarian Universalist engagement with race and offers an indispensable new resource for anyone interested in UU history.
Available at the UUA Bookstore: | <urn:uuid:1339b544-8b23-4091-8bbe-2ae367c07b57> | {
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What is Educational Therapy (ET)?
A child who is struggling and falling behind in learning new skills is not a happy child. Children who have learning disorders, or attention problems that make learning unusually difficult often struggle for several years before parents and teachers figure out that something is standing in their way of learning. These identified learning challenges are ideally mitigated through ET.
ET involves understanding an individual child’s learning challenges, and the patterns and behaviours he/she has developed to work around, or mask, his/her deficits. It offers children with learning disabilities and other learning challenges a wide range of intensive, individualized interventions designed to remediate learning problems. It demystifies learning problems and stimulates children’s awareness of their strengths so they can use those strengths to their best advantage to overcome or compensate for areas of weakness. It also creates and implements a treatment plan that utilizes information from a variety of sources including the child’s social, emotional, psychoeducational, and neuropsychological contexts.
What does ET involve?
ET is not making children learn through the 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic), rather it involves a holistic approach to learning various attributes that are not independent; but each one influences the other. An educational therapist collaboratively sets goals and develops an intervention plan that addresses not only academic difficulties, but also psycho-educational and socio-emotional aspects of life-long learning.
A tutor and or remedial educator frequently focuses on improving grades and commonly uses traditional teaching methods to reach academic goals. Tutors often work with clients alongside parents and teachers in addressing academic needs according to their expertise.
ET differs from tuitions and other remedial interventions in that (1) it considers the impact of school, family, and community on the client’s learning, (2) it fosters communication with all significant members involved with the client, and (3) attends to psycho-educational and socio-emotional goals as well as academic goals. It focusses on the process and is not product oriented.
- ET begins with Planning for instruction – the therapists (1) identify the knowledge and skills they want their client to acquire; (2) determine an appropriate sequence in which to foster such knowledge and skills; and (3) develop activities that will promote maximal learning and keep client continually motivated and on task.
- Once the plan for each client has been set, the introduction of materials as an aid in learning begins. There are numerous ways to help clients acquire new knowledge and skills. The commonly used strategies at DIRECT are as follows –
- Discovery learning – the information is presented in the final form, where clients interact with their physical or social environment and derive information for themselves.
- Mastery learning – to minimize the likelihood that the client has not acquired the maximum knowledge and skill in a particular area, the client is helped to master the content.
- Expository instruction – information is exposed to clients in essentially the form of lectures, explanations, textbooks, and audio/visual instructions.
- Direct instruction – it incorporates elements of both mastery learning and expository instruction, which uses a variety of techniques, designed to keep the client continually and actively engaged in learning.
- Computer-based instruction – is the use of computer as an aid in delivering knowledge and content of information for acquisition of new knowledge and skills.
- Promoting elaboration of materials – it’s not enough for clients to simply learn the information and skills presented in the discovered environment. Clients are far more likely to remember material over the long run if they elaborate on it; that is, if they embellish on the material using things they already know through task generalization.
- Taking diversity in account – instructional decisions individualized and differentiated not just on age but also current levels of development. The background knowledge that our clients bring to the topic at hand will also make a difference. The extent to which our clients are self-regulated learners will also be considered. Instruction is always constructivist in nature and built on existing/prior knowledge.
How does it help?
The process by which people construct their own personal understandings of the world is called individual constructivism, whereas, people’s collective efforts to impose meaning on the world around them is social constructivism. It is believed that individuals construct knowledge from their experiences, rather than simply absorb it in the form presented to them. They then organize what they have learnt in a variety of ways. A concept provides a way of mentally grouping or categorizing objects or events.
At DIRECT, we enable clients to construct accurate interpretations of the world around them by (1) providing opportunities for them to experiment with the physical world, (2) emphasizing conceptual understanding, (3) promoting interaction, and (4) using authentic activities.
Promoting conceptual change is a key aspect of ET. Conceptual change is enabled by (1) determining what misconceptions clients have before instruction, (2) show clients that their current understandings are inadequate, (3) motivate them to develop a more accurate understanding of the topic in question, and (4) monitor their work, as well as their questions and comments during therapeutic session(s), for any persistent misconception.
Lastly, the diverse experiences and knowledge help promote multiple constructions of the same situation, by encouraging them to look at events from the perspective of different groups. At the same time, we are on the lookout for counterproductive constructions that some clients may derive from their experiences.
Who does it help?
Despite some disadvantages of assigning categories and labels to children with special needs, several factors contribute to their continuing use. Children with disabilities are entitled to the most typical and standard educational environment that can reasonably meet their specific needs. They should also be provided with sufficient supplementary aids and support services to make success in that environment possible. At DIRECT, utmost care is provided in making sure that such aids are easily accessible for our clients. The specific areas for which ET is being provided at DIRECT, are as follows –
- Children with specific cognitive or academic difficulties – children with learning disabilities often have average or above average overall scores on intelligence tests but experience difficulty with one or more specific cognitive processing skills. Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) either have trouble focusing and maintaining their attention or act in a hyperactive, impulsive fashion. Children with speech and communication disorders have abnormalities in speech or language comprehension that significantly interfere with classroom performance.
- Children with social or behavioural problems – children with emotional or behavioural disorders exhibit either externalizing behaviours (e.g., aggression, defiance) or internalizing behavious (e.g., depression, withdrawal from all social interactions) that significantly interfere with their learning and performance. Children with autism have marked impairments in social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviours, and narrowly focused interests. They may also perform more successfully in a structured environment in which desired behaviours are clearly identified and consequences for desired and undesired behaviours are consistently administered.
- Children with physical and sensory challenges – included in this general category are children with physical and health impairments (conditions that result in reduced energy, alertness, or muscle control), visual impairments, hearing loss, and severe and multiple disabilities. Although our strategies will depend to a great extent on the children’s specific challenges, strategies beneficial to most children in this category include maximizing use of technological innovations that can facilitate communication and learning, and providing assistance only when children really need it.
- Children with general delays in cognitive and social functioning – many children who fall into this category have been identified as having mental retardation, a condition characterized by low general intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviour. Strategies for working effectively with such clients including pacing instructions more slowly than usual, explaining tasks concretely and in very specific terms, and encouraging independent and self-reliant behaviours.
- Children with advanced cognitive development – children identified as gifted often require ET services to meet their full potential. Strategies for promoting the achievement of students with gifts and talents include teaching complex cognitive skills within the context of various academic areas, and providing opportunities for independent study.
How do we achieve this at DIRECT?
All educational therapists at DIRECT are graduates with minimum one year post graduate training in ET. All therapists undergo intensive observational and practical training for a minimum of 250 hours before beginning practice. ET sessions are conducted with a focus on –
- Learning and cognitive processes
- Knowledge construction
- Learning in content areas
- Generalization of learning
- Higher-level thinking skills
- Behavioural impediments in learning, and
- Motivating clients to learn. | <urn:uuid:65d6ceb0-83ab-4289-808b-a62bb9459758> | {
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Rural Broadband Internet Access Supply and Demand
Internet use has grown rapidly over the last 15 years and so has its integration into the rural economy. Connecting to the Internet via high-speed technology such as DSL lines, cable, satellite, and wireless networks increases bandwidth and makes the Internet much more useful to businesses, households, and governments. Rural households are almost as likely as urban households to use the Internet. Broadband Internet access in rural areas has been less prevalent than in much more densely populated areas of the country. Evidence suggests that the difference may lie in the higher cost or less availability of broadband Internet access in rural areas. The paucity of national geographically-specific data, however, presents a challenge in trying to analyze questions of broadband take-up. Data from the June Agricultural Surveys, however, address this. The other difficulty has been obtaining local price in demand analysis. We use ARMS and industry data to develop local broadband service price indices. We use descriptive statistics and binomial logit models in our analysis. The data shows sharp differences in conversion rates across the country, and when also considering the changes over time giving some credence to the common hypothesis that people do choose to use broadband if given the option. Farms were unlikely to make the direct jump from no Internet use to Internet use with broadband access; farms that already had Internet access were more likely to convert to broadband Internet access. Some of the farms that did not convert already had broadband Internet access by 2005, roughly 24 percent of all farms using the Internet in 2005. The preponderance of DSL service for farms indicates both the mostly rural location of most farms as well as Internet users finding satellite a less desirable option. While broadband Internet access availability is necessary for take-up of broadband Internet access, there are other factors that are also limiting broadband Internet use such as price of access, age of user, household income, and educational attainment.
|Date of creation:||2009|
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: 555 East Wells Street, Suite 1100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202|
Phone: (414) 918-3190
Fax: (414) 276-3349
Web page: http://www.aaea.org
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Bill Barton, 2003. "The Internet's Impact on Agricultural Input Distribution Channels," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 25(1), pages 14-21.
- Gloy, Brent A. & Akridge, Jay T., 2000. "Computer And Internet Adoption On Large U.S. Farms," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA), vol. 3(03).
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ags:aaea09:49361. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (AgEcon Search)
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. | <urn:uuid:097fefd0-2d52-47f9-9c6e-ae5d6424a13d> | {
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Researchers have, for the first time, fully 3D printed an image sensing array on a hemisphere, which is a first-of-its-kind prototype for a “bionic eye”, that could someday help blind people see or sighted people see better.
Using their custom-built 3D printer, they started with a base ink of silver particles. The dispensed ink stayed in place and dried uniformly instead of running down the curved surface.
The researchers then used semiconducting polymer materials to print photodiodes, which convert light into electricity. The entire process takes about an hour. | <urn:uuid:1881a680-9b69-420d-b383-fc50da9ad933> | {
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A new project in New York City is letting residents buy and sell renewable energy to each other, bypassing the central authority and the associated costs. Could this be the future of distributed energy? If so, what are the impediments?
Who will maintain the wires or distribution between buildings? That should be the job of the utility distribution company and can be competitively bid by cities or counties. It can also be managed by the municipal utility as is currently done in many cities already. But, for pricing to be truly transparent, they should not own any generation. Energy supply should be on the open market and priced competitively with full effects priced into the product. For example, many states have outlawed smoking in public places. Power generation should not be exempted. Any waste or emission should be the responsibility of the generator. In other words, no smoking allowed…
When will renewable energy be as reliable as we have come to expect from fossil fuels? In some cases it already is, even at the granular rooftop level. In very sunny climates, solar is very consistent. With automatic load management and limited storage, it’s sufficient enough to be off grid altogether. Perhaps a better question is, “Does solar really need to be as reliable as fossil fuel power plants?” As more and more devices become unplugged, like project FreeCharge is doing, communities are realizing that the in many ways, distributed solar power is more reliable and resilient than central station fossil-fueled power plants. Just ask the residents of New Jersey after Superstorm Sandy.
Read more about peer-to-peer energy transactions. | <urn:uuid:ce6fd190-2937-4788-b812-ef481c1091ca> | {
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The big anthrax scare seems like a distant memory now, the tragic deaths of the five victims in Washington, D.C., New York and Florida overshadowed by a momentous decade of geo-political tumult and war stemming from the earlier 9-11 attacks. The researchers at Canada’s Defence Research and Development have apparently not forgotten, though, and just revealed a simple change to the anti-anthrax protocol that they suggest could save lives – if such a bizarrely fiendish act were ever repeated.
In the wake of the incidents where office workers opened letters containing anthrax spores, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control developed guidelines on what to do when confronted with suspicious, powder-containing mail. Other than running for your life, that is. Actually, it does involve all the workers in the vicinity of the letter leaving the building, in an orderly way. As described in a study just published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, the Defence R&D scientists set up a mock anthrax emergency to test the system. They used an abandoned office building, Bacillus atrophaeus spores – a harmless stand-in for anthrax – and various detection techniques to track what happened to the spores once set loose.
Then they modified the protocol, having the letter opener sit at his or her station for five minutes after telling everyone else to get out. The tests showed that the five-minute hesitation by the ground-zero victim totally eliminated the risk of cross contamination of the person’s colleagues. And, luckily for the worker who has to calmly resist the innate urge to immediately take flight, it had no effect on that person’s level of exposure. The study also showed that closing office doors and quickly deactivating the heating, ventillation and air conditioning system significantly curbed the amount of spore that seeped out of the office where the letter was opened. | <urn:uuid:0da03c82-90da-4f74-8f85-d084457964bb> | {
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Learning with Biology Quiz Questions and Answers 367 PDF Download
Learn learning with biology quiz online, Cambridge IGCSE biology test 367 for online learning, distance learning courses. Free learning with biology MCQs questions and answers to learn biology quiz with answers. Practice tests for educational assessment on learning with biology test with answers, cell: structure and function, vitamins d, learning with biology practice test for online human biology courses distance learning.
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MCQ: Papain found in papaya becomes denatured above
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Cell: Structure and Function Quiz
MCQ: Relatively denser protoplasm is called as
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New Questions and Ideas – NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Chapter 7 – Free PDF Download
For pupils, primary education is critical in laying the groundwork for higher education. The CBSE curriculum is designed to broaden students’ understanding and make it easier for them to clear their foundation. Students can assess their progress through examinations in addition to mastering the subjects. NCERT Solutions Class 6 History Chapter 7 is provided by INFINITY LEARN and is of the greatest importance to students. NCERT Solutions Class 6 History Chapter 7 is answered by subject experts and is of utmost relevance to students. Students can also get solutions to other disciplines without difficulty. Class 6 History NCERT Solutions Chapter 7: New Questions and Ideas from the Past is available as a free PDF download. Science, Maths, English, and Hindi would become easier to study if you have access to NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Science, Maths, and other topical solutions. You can also get NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Maths to help you revise the entire syllabus and improve your exam scores.
I. Answer the following:
1. Describe the ways in which the Buddha tried to spread his message to the people.
A. Buddha tried to spread his message to the people in the following ways:
i. Buddha taught in the language of the people, Prakrit, so that everyone could understand his message.
ii. He spent his life travelling on foot, going from place to place, teaching people, till he passed away at Kusinara.
iii. He also encouraged people to think for themselves, rather to simply accept what he said.
2. Write whether true or false:
(a) The Buddha encouraged animal sacrifices.
(b) Sarnath is important because it was the place where the Buddha taught for the first time.
(c) The Buddha taught that karma has no effect on our lives.
(d) The Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
(e) Upanishadic thinkers believed that the atman and brahman were ultimately one.
(a) False: Buddha professed kindness for animals. He discouraged the practice of sacrificing animals.
(b) True: Sarnath is where Buddha taught for the first time after enlightenment. He attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
(c) False: Karma means action or the work we do. Buddha believed that Karma affects our current and next lives.
(d) True: Buddha did meditation for several days under a Peepal (Banyan) tree in Bodh Gaya, where he attained enlightenment.
(e) True: Atman means individual soul, whereas Brahman means universal soul. Those who follow the Upanishads believed that Atman and Brahman were the same.
3. What were the questions that Upanishad thinkers wanted to answer?
A. The questions which Upanishad thinkers wanted to answer:
i. They wanted to know about life after death.
ii. They wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed.
iii. Is there something permanent in the Universe, which lasts even after death? They described this as ‘atman’ or individual soul.
iv. They believed that ultimately both the Atman and the Brahman were one.
4. What were the main teachings of the Mahavira?
A. The main teaching of Mahavira are:
i. He taught a simple doctrine, men and women who wished to know the truth must leave their homes.
ii. They must strictly follow the rules of ahimsa, which means not hurting or killing living beings.
iii. Lead a simple life.
5. Why do you think Anagha’s mother wanted her to know the story of the Buddha?
A. Anagha’s mother wanted her to know about the story of Buddha because she was going on a school trip to Varanasi. Varanasi and Sarnath, are closely related to the life of Buddha. It would have enriched her knowledge about one of the greatest teachers and preachers of ancient times.
6. Do you think it would have been easy for slaves to join the sangha? Give reasons for your answer.
A. Those who wanted to join the sangha had to take permission from their parents or their masters. The masters would not give permission easily, because slaves worked very hard and did not get wages. So it was difficult for the slaves to join the sangha.
7. Make a list of at least five ideas and questions mentioned in this lesson. Choose three from the list and discuss why you think they are important even today.
A. The Ideas and questions mentioned in the chapter are the following:
i. Is there a life after death?
ii. What was Buddha trying to teach Kisagotami?
iii. How did the beggar convince sages to share food with them?
iv. One should follow the principle of ahimsa.
v. One should renounce worldly pleasure in search of the truth.
8. Find out more about men and women who renounce the world today. Where do they live, what kinds of clothes do they wear, what do they eat? Why do they renounce the world?
A. Mother Teresa is one of them, she was poor and lived in a cottage in Gujarat, they wear simple Saree of white colour and eat seant and simple food. They renounced the world by helping children.
NCERT Solutions For Social Science History Chapter 7
NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 7 NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 7 NCERT Downloading INFINITY LEARN NCERT Solutions for Class 6 History Chapter 7 will assist you in finding answers to all of the questions that have been curated by subject experts. The answers are provided from the perspective of an exam, which benefits students by allowing them to practice writing responses. Simply memorizing the answers will not help students in the long run; they must understand the fundamental concepts of Class 6 History. Class 6 History Chapter 7 PDF not only contains the content but also ensures that pupils have a good understanding of the chapter when revising.
Chapter 7 of History for Class 6 – New Questions and Ideas
Students learn about how kings in the Mahajan padas obtained more authority in Class 6 History Chapter 7 – New Questions and Ideas. They’ll also learn how Buddha and Mahavira acquired enlightenment and disseminated their teachings during this time period. New cities were being built, and rural life was transforming.
Buddha’s life story: Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha’s founder, was born roughly 2500 years ago. The Buddha was a Kshatriya who came from a little gana. He got enlightenment after days of meditation at Bodh Gaya. He spent the remainder of his life teaching people and traveling on foot.
- The last Tirthankara of Jains was Vardhamana Mahavira.
- He attained enlightenment after 12 years of a hard and lonely life.
- Followers of Mahavira were asked to lead a simple life.
- Jainism was mainly followed by traders.
- Association of people who left their homes.
- Vinaya Pitaka was a book where all rules were written down.
- They were also known as Bhikkus and Bhikkhunis.
- The sangha includes brahmins, Kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, and slaves.
- Vardhamana Mahavira was the Jains’ last Tirthankara.
- After a difficult and lonely life of 12 years, he gained enlightenment.
- Mahavira’s followers were instructed to live a modest existence.
- Traders were the principal adherents of Jainism.
- The Sangha is a Buddhist order.
- A group of persons who have left their houses.
- The Vinaya Pitaka was a book that contained all of the regulations.
- Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis were other names for them.
- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, and slaves are all members of the sangha.
- This was the permanent shelter in which monasteries or viharas were built.
- Wood was used to construct the first viharas.
- They lived in caverns in western India.
- Buddhism flourished over the Indian subcontinent and beyond over the millennia.
Why is INFINITY LEARN the most popular among students?
History is frequently regarded as a dry topic. Understanding the fundamentals and learning through the use of good flow chart principles makes the subject much easier to grasp. Students should not rely solely on memorizing answers provided by topic experts. This is where INFINITY LEARN comes in to help pupils grasp the subject on their own. The following are some of the main reasons why students prefer INFINITY LEARN:
- Experts in the field create the subject notes.
- All of Chapter 7 Class 6 History’s major subjects are covered.
- The notes are useful for getting a quick overview during revision.
- Subject specialists explain topics in layman’s terms to make them understandable.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Why should you use NCERT Solutions for History Chapter 7 in Class 6?
- What are the new ideas and questions that Class 6 is teaching us?
- Is the information in the INFINITY LEARN NCERT Solutions for Chapter 7 of Class 6 History accurate for board exam preparation?
- Can the INFINITY LEARN NCERT Solutions for Chapter 7 of Class 6 History help students to fetch good marks in the board exam?
- According to Chapter 7 of Class 6 History, what were the Buddha’s principle teachings?
- What were the factors that contributed to Jainism’s lack of popularity in Chapter 7 of Class 6 History?
- Based on Chapter 7 of Class 6 History, briefly describe Buddha’s life.
1. Why should you use NCERT Solutions for History Chapter 7 in Class 6?
NCERT Solutions at INFINITY LEARN to build a firm foundation so that students can understand the concept of Chapter 7 – New Questions and Ideas Class 6 History rather than merely memorize the answers. INFINITY LEARN provides extensive answers to NCERT questions that are offered by subject experts to ensure that students receive correct and up-to-date solutions. INFINITY LEARN also provides a detailed explanation of the chapter’s important themes. NCERT Solutions assist students in independently completing homework and preparing for exams. Students can also expect a lot of questions to be answered by topic specialists to assist them to understand the material.
2. What are the new ideas and questions that Class 6 is teaching us?
Chapter 7 of CBSE Class 6 History teaches us about the Buddha and the teachings he espoused throughout his life. Students will learn how he worked for a lifetime and only rested in monasteries during the monsoon. In a free PDF version, INFINITY LEARN delivers extensive chapter notes as well as chapter solutions. These resources are created by subject experts, ensuring that no key topics are overlooked. It gives a high-level overview of the chapter, which is useful while reviewing the material for the exam. It presents the notes in a clear and concise manner, making them simple to comprehend.
3. Is the information in the INFINITY LEARN NCERT Solutions for Chapter 7 of Class 6 History accurate for board exam preparation?
INFINITY LEARN provides students with precise solutions framed by specialists in accordance with CBSE criteria. All of the lessons are designed in an engaging manner to help students acquire the fundamentals quickly. The solutions to Chapter 7 of Class 6 History are written in a detailed, easy-to-understand manner, making it easier for pupils to understand. Students can view solutions for free on INFINITY LEARN official website, and they can also download them in PDF format. These strategies will assist pupils in achieving good exam scores.
4. Can the INFINITY LEARN NCERT Solutions for Chapter 7 of Class 6 History help students to fetch good marks in the board exam?
Yes. The NCERT Solutions of Chapter 7 of Class 6 History offered by the INFINITY LEARN help the students to score high marks in their exams. All the chapters and exercises have been framed by the subject experts to help the students with their practice and preparation for exams. All the solutions are written and reviewed by experts who have vast experience in the respective subject. The solutions are framed in such a way to help the students to learn new concepts effectively. So the main aim of INFINITY LEARN in providing these solutions is to empower students with knowledge. The solutions are also available on the INFINITY LEARN Mobile app.
5. According to Chapter 7 of Class 6 History, what were the Buddha’s principle teachings?
Because of our wants, unfulfilled desires, and dissatisfaction, life is full of pain and sadness, according to Buddha’s fundamental teachings. This continuous yearning, according to Buddha, can be eradicated by practicing moderation in all things. He instilled in people the values of kindness, love, and respect for all living things, including animals. He believed that our acts, or ‘Karma,’ will affect us in this and subsequent lives, whether good or evil. Instead of blindly embracing Buddha’s teachings, he urged people to think for themselves.
6. What were the factors that contributed to Jainism’s lack of popularity in Chapter 7 of Class 6 History?
Because most men and women found it impossible to strictly observe the basic principles or norms as envisioned by the Jainism founders and preachers, Jainism became less popular. Thousands of Jain preachers, on the other hand, had left their families to learn and teach the new religion. Many more individuals remained behind, aided by those who became monks and nuns who provided food. Traders were the biggest supporters of Jainism. Farmers, in particular, found it difficult to observe the restrictions because they needed to destroy insects to safeguard their crops.
7. Based on Chapter 7 of Class 6 History, briefly describe Buddha’s life.
Buddha’s original name was Siddhartha Gautama, and he was a Kshatriya from a little ‘gana’. Budhha fled the safety of his home at a young age in search of education. For several years, he traveled the world, meeting and conversing with various modern philosophers. In Bihar, Buddha pondered for several days under a peepal tree in a spot called Bodh Gaya. After achieving enlightenment via meditation, he was given the moniker “the Buddha,” which means “wise one.” He also traveled to Samath and educated them about ‘tanha,’ ‘Karma,’ and other topics. He traveled and preached for the remainder of his life, till he died. | <urn:uuid:ae12dd23-bec8-4956-afaf-34d02925146b> | {
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Marion Vieweg (2016)
The Paris Agreement is a milestone in international climate diplomacy. The global community agreed to “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”, and to a new architecture with mitigation commitments from all Parties. At the same time, coal expansion seems to continue unabated, and some of the countries putting forward their climate commitments under the UNFCCC are planning and constructing new coal-fired power generation capacity at large scale (Global Coal Plant Tracker, 2016). This paper looks at how these coal plans and related national energy strategies link to the submitted INDCs, and analyses the implications for achieving stated commitments. | <urn:uuid:131c025e-d1c9-49ab-a79f-cd812781d79d> | {
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Semiconductors Blog Posts
How to Model the Interface Trapping Effects of a MOSCAP
Looking to analyze interface trapping effects in a MOSCAP? Learn how to use a feature in the Semiconductor Module that enables you to add charging and carrier capture/release effects to a model.
Simulating the Tunneling Current Across a Graded Heterojunction
Interested in semiconductor design? Get an intro to the theory behind quantum tunneling as well as a demonstration of simulating the tunneling current across a graded heterojunction.
Self-Consistent Schrödinger-Poisson Results for a Nanowire Benchmark
This benchmark model of a GaAs nanowire validates the Schrödinger-Poisson Equation multiphysics interface, which is useful for modeling systems with quantum-confined charge carriers.
Evaluating a Schottky Diode with a Semiconductor Benchmark Model
We present a model of a Schottky diode with benchmarked results, validating the use of simulation to analyze the performance of semiconductor devices.
Studying the Program and Erase Cycle of an EEPROM Device
Using the Semiconductor Module, you can study the program and erase cycles of an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) device.
Optimizing ISFET Designs with Multiphysics Simulation
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) measure pH levels for soil analysis, the production of dairy products, and more. Multiphysics simulation can help us optimize these devices.
Modeling a MOS Capacitor with the Semiconductor Module
MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) contain 3 main parts: a semiconductor body or substrate, an insulator film, and a metal electrode (or gate). You can use the Semiconductor Module to model MOSCAP designs.
Learning Quantum Mechanics Concepts with Double-Barrier Structures
Quantum mechanics is a notoriously difficult subject to learn — and teach. Modeling a double-barrier structure is an effective way to teach quantum mechanics concepts to physics students.
- COMSOL Now
- Today in Science | <urn:uuid:d73227b9-3938-4eed-b769-bc60e3e09b28> | {
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History Of Mesoamerica & The Ancient Maya - 07/13/15 10:58 AM
The Maya did not evolve in isolation. They made up one of the cultures of mesoamerica. Their neighbours were people like the Zapoteca, Huaxteca, Tolteca, Tlaxcalans, Mexica (Aztecs) – these peoples were all contemporary with the ancient Maya.
The Teotihuacanos were one of the first civilisations. The Olmec civilisation who lived in the Gulf Coast of Mexico had organised civilisation which began about 1500BC to about 600BC, then they were absorbed as a culture into the larger culture that Mesoamericans will pursue after 600BC.
It is wise to state the chronology of Mesoamerica here:
10,000BC – 7000BC The Paleo-Indian Period
7,000BC – 2,000BC Archaic Period
2,000BC – 300AD Pre-classic (Formative Period)
300AD – 900AD Classic Period
900AD – 1,500AD Post Classic Period
1,500AD – Present Historical Period
The Maya, lived within this vast land which is mesoamerican in simple, quiet village life in places like El Baul for example.
Between 900 and 300 BC, there is great trade going on within groups in the mesoamerican area. Scholars have deciphered that between 300BC and 300AD is when the Maya civilisation develops most of their sophistication – at least about the birth of Christ.
Certainly, all the information we know today about these great people was not originally shared by scholars. In fact, we think it is important to make a note of the history of the research of the ancient Maya. We add this below:
Spanish Travellers: (1520-1759)
Spanish Explorers: (1760-1840)
Major Scholars: (1920-1970)
Problem Oriented Period: (1970-Present)
Later in the writing, we will come back to the table above and go into detail for the dates applied. What we certainly want to share, because like us, the earliest people wanted to know the origins of these people who were claiming that their ancestors were the ones to build the buildings these explorers were consistently finding in one of the most unforgiven jungles in the world. We will now add a list of ideas that people were suggesting to have been the origin of the ancient Maya civilisation:
- Lost Tribes of Israel
- Aliens (Yes, from outer space – diffusionists/hyperdiffusionist theories)
- Native (In situ, Local)
Dr. Paul Kirchoff.
The term mesoamerica was first coined by anthropologist Paul Kirchoff. In 1943 anthropologists attempted to differentiate culture areas – cultures that shared characteristics that were found in the middle part of the America’s. These characteristics were monumental architecture and other important developments such as:
Knowledge of Astronomy
Reliance on corn, bean, squash
THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH
The Spanish Travellers:
This is the period that will eventually lead to the conquest of the Maya. As we have probably heard or read somewhere in history, Christopher Columbus made 4 voyages to the America’s. On his 4th voyage he came to the Bay of Honduras (The area toward the southern end of Belize where it meets with Guatemala and Honduras). he claimed he met some people (Maya) on some dugout canoes – large enough for 25 men and cargo.
By 1520, several events began to happen with the earliest travellers and the ancient Maya:
- Shipwrecked Spanish swept to coast of Northern Belize and Southern Mexico
- The Maya started to sacrifice them except 2 of them
- The two who were Guerrero and Aguilar who were adopted by the Maya
- Guerrero marries the daughter of Nachan Kan, who was the ruler of Chactemal (Santa Rita ancient Maya City today)
- At the same time deeper in the heart of Mexico, one Valdivia convinces Hernan Cortez to mount an expedition – they subsequently march into the ancient city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico city)
Elsewhere in Mexico, a Spanish priest Fray Antonio Bienvenida became one of the first to visit Tihoo, which is todays Merida in the Yucatan. Fray Bienvenida, absolutely impressed with what he witnessed. He wrote to Spain – “…there are fine buildings here built before the birth of Christ”, certainly, he was wrong because the buildings the ancient Maya had built there were built after the birth of Christ.
Another Bishop arrives in 1549. The world will soon never forget him. Bishop Diego de Landa becomes the new bishop of the diocese of Merida. In 1562 he decides to have an event which in history was called ‘Auto Da Fe’ in Mani a city in Merida. This is when he destroyed the ancient Maya idols and all their books.
Bishop Diego De Landa
Of the tragic misdeeds this particular bishop organised and oversaw, one thing he decided to do which, even though wrong, helped us understand the Maya writing was, attempting to work on the Maya alphabet. He also wrote a book he called, Las Relaciones De Las Cosas De Yucatan between 1562-1563. This book was not found until 1863.
THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH
The Spanish Explorers
King Charles lll, Picture Credit: thedreaemstress.com
Towards the end of the colonial period, Charles lll became king of Spain. His interest was getting to know more about native cultures in Central America and Mexico. Certainly the Spanish were bringing back to his motherland great wealth in the natural resources they were taking from the indigenous of America. He commissioned one Ordonez to fins out some more of the cultures. Ordonez visited Palenque. He was in such disbelief of the wonders of its architecture that he made certain he told the king that it was the Romans who had to have built that city! King Charles was amazed at that news. To reconfirm that, he sent another person, Antonio Del Rio to Palenque but unfortunately for Del Rio, he was hijacked by the British and his commentary never reached King Charles lll.
The next thing we know is that Jean Frederick Waldeck publishes this Del Rio report in England. How interesting isn’t it?
The Major Scholars
Soon after Spain’s colonies started to get their independence, John Lloyd Stephens, an American from Boston, Massachusetts travelled to the Middle East where he met a gentleman by the name of Frederick Catherwood, an artist. They both travelled to Belize City then to Honduras where they visited Copan. Stephens fell so much in love with that ancient City that he bought it for USD$50.00!!! Not long after Stephens publishes his first volume of Incidence Of Travels In Central America.
Frederick Catherwood. Picture Credit: www.famousbirthdays.com
John Lloyd Stephens. Picture Credit: www.antarticaedu.com
John Lloyd Stevens spends some time in Chiapas and in the Yucatan. It is important to note that John Lloyd Stevens is the first non-cleric to suggest that the ancient Maya glyphs and carvings were the actual writing by the people that lived there.
Charles Etienne De Bourbourg. Photo Credit: www.doyenne-ldo.fr
Charles Etienne Brassieur De Bourbourg came to America and in Merida he discovered Fray Diego De Landa’s Relaciones. Apart from this great informative work he also discovered the Madrid Codex and the Rabinal Achi – the first piece of Maya drama.
The Madrid Codex. Photo Credit: www.lib.uci.edu
Fray Francisco Ximenez discovered the Popol Vuh (The Sacred book of the Quiche Maya) around 1800.
Some of the great scholars who have invested heavily on our learning of the ancient Maya are people like: Alfred Maudslay, Theobert Mahler, Edward Thompson, Desiree de Charnay, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Pollock, Berlin,
Alfred Maudslay in a palace room where he lived in Tikal, Guatemala. Photo Credit: history.com
The Institutional Period
The institutional period refers to the first time when universities become interested in the Maya area. For example, the University of Pennsylvania, Tulane university, The Peabody Museum. These universities and museums produced some of the first courses on the Maya. Teachers such as Alfred Kinner, Alfredo Caso, Cobarubias and J. Eric S. Thompson – who wrote more books than any one of his colleagues at the time. In addition, Gordon Wiley was another prolific writer on the Maya, he worked in the Cayo District, Belize at the Melhado site and Lubaantun, to name two sites.
THE ORGINS OF THE PEOPLE OF MESOAMERICA
Where in the world did these early Americans come from? This was the huge question Europeans attempted to answer. Certainly, it is human nature to want to know some answers to some questions like: Why are we here? What are we here for? Where are we going after this life? This is the kind of curiosity which drives all people to organise, culturally, their responses.
There are these two great land masses which have disappeared from the centre of the Pacific Ocean and the centre of the Atlantic Ocean. The people who inhabited these land masses were known as the Mu people from the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantean’s from Atlantis on the Atlantic Ocean. These two places have never been found.
Other people have suggested that the Phoenecians were the ones who brought civilisation to the America’s, however, there is no proof of this culture on the American continent.
There are other people, scholars included, who suggest that the Africans brought culture to the America’s. One of the most significant proof they have organised for the argument are the “elephants” found on friezes (art) on the walls of buildings, for example the ones at Chichen Itza, Yucatan Mexico. While this is intriguing, archaeologists have learned that the art pieces claimed to be elephants by some people are truly Chaac masks – the >Maya Rain god.
Another interesting origin of the Maya was Egypt. This argument has been organised via the pyramidical shapes of the ancient Maya temples and the pyramids of the Egyptian kings. Impressively, there is a major difference that has been discovered between Maya pyramids and Egyptian pyramids. The Maya kings used their pyramids during their life times and eventually, they were buried in the floors. The Egyptian pyramids were built for one purpose only – to bury their kings.
There are people who suggest that it was Jesus, the Christ who introduced civilisations to the Americans.
Eric von Daniken suggested that aliens came from outer space and interacted with humans. He believed that aliens were the creators of the beautiful architectural designs the ancient Maya had on their buildings. None more so convincing than the cover of King Pacal’s sarcophagus from the ancient city of Palenque in Chiapas Mexico.
The truth is, Native Americans developed their own culture. Whether you argue that the culture spread via diffusion (started at one place and from their spread to other places) or different places created their own cultural traits independent of other places, there is seemingly just not enough evidence of the origins of these mesoamericans to have evolved from the suggested origins mentioned earlier in this essay.
WHY DID THE MAYA DEVELOP CIVILISATION?
Theories As To Why The Maya Developed High Civilisation
What is most incredible about the ancient Maya is the fact that they did not evolve in isolation as a civilisation. There were other cultures next to them and around them. None developed such high civilisation as the Maya. This certainly was an incredible accomplishment.
There are 2 interesting ideas that we do not agree with in as far as what points to why the Maya developed such high culture. The first is the Hyper Diffusionist Theory. This theory suggests that an external culture came into America and help develop the Maya, such as the Phoenicians and/or the Egyptians. The second is Local Diffusion. This suggests that there was a mother culture in America (Cultura Madre), such as the Olmec, Zapotec or Teotihuacan cultures, from which the ancient Maya developed.
We believe that the ancient Maya developed their culture based on a combination of diverse factors or several things made them develop their culture the way they did.
The great scholar and Mayanist Dr. Robert Sharer suggests three important factors as to why this culture stood out in the American mainland. They are listed below:
- Ecological adaptations – mesoamerica is such an ecologically diverse area of the world that there was enough resources to fire up a fantastic economy. For example, salt and cotton in the Yucatan; granite on the Maya Mountains and Jade in the Motagua River Valley of Guatemala.
- There was unity of the elite subculture: The Maya elite shared requirements – they encouraged interaction and trade and they adopted all innovations learned through trade.
- With the rise of the population, first simplistic management arose then more sophisticated government became the way of life.
With all this organisation, amazingly, the ancient Maya achieved a few amazing scientific achievements such as: mathematics, astronomy, writing, monumental architecture, long distance trade, art, non-monumental architecture, a complex social and political system and an incredible religion and world-view system.
What was certain was that the Maya shared temporal and spatial diversity. They spoke many different languages and as mentioned before, the elite were unified.
They also shared a network where much interaction occurred. They were certainly not isolated and they were always at a juncture with other mesoamerican regions.
Later in the history, certainly from the 500’s AD there is evidence of conflicts between big and small cities. But for sure, by 800AD it would seem that the entire Maya area of mesoamerica was either at war or at least planning to go to war. The competition for resources and economic control certainly was one of the major ‘dominoes’ that toppled the entire civilisation. | <urn:uuid:c99845e5-803d-466b-9c82-e99199955a43> | {
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This is work in progress and constructive feedback via e-mail ([email protected]) is most appreciated.
- What is a Temporal Database?
- Degrees of Temporalness
- Creating Temporal Tables
- Querying Temporal Tables
- Temporal Foreign Keys
- User’s Thinking Temporally
What is a Temporal Database?
You can read the official Wikipedia definition but for our purposes it’s a database where you can query for historical data using SQL.
For example, say you have someone named Chronos who lives in New York but on April 15, 2012 moves to Hong Kong. If you don’t have an historical tracking then you will only be able to see that Chronos lives in Hong Kong. You don’t know where he lived before Hong Kong or when he moved to Hong Kong.
There are two main ways to track the changes. The first is to add some auditing. For our discussion auditing is tracking of database changes but not in a SQL friendly way. Some examples include audit logs, audit tables, etc. Using our Chronos example you couldn’t write a query to determine that Chronos moved but you could manually look at the audit data. You could also use non-manually tools to read the audit information but the important point is the audit data is not SQL friendly.
The second way is to track the change is in a SQL friendly way and make out database a temporal database. There are various ways to implement this but the main idea is that you can determine where Chronos lived using SQL.
Most of us have worked with database tables that track some historical information. You add a EffectiveDate column or something similar. Usually it’s just limited to a table to two. The important part is that you can access the historical database using a SQL query. This is what makes a database a temporal database, at least according to me.
Degree of Temporalness
A database can either be non-temporal, partial temporal, or fully temporal. You can measure the temporalness by the percentage of tables that store temporal data.
Non-Temporal (0% Temporalness): Database has no temporal capabilities.
Partially Temporal (1% – 99% Temporalness): The database has some tables store temporal data but not all.
Fully Temporal (100% Temporalness): All the tables in the database store temporal data.
Type of Table Temporalness
We don’t measure how temporal a table is by percentage. Instead a table is defined by what type of historical data you can retrieve. There are two types of historical data:
Effective Historical Temporalness
With Effective Historical Temporalness you can determine when a piece of data is effective but not when it was entered into the database. This is most common type of historical tracking and is what most people think of when they think Temporal Database.
For example, Chronos moved on April 15th but might not have told anyone till April 20th. If you queried the database before April 15th you would see that Chronos lived in Edmonton and see no reference to Hong Kong. If you queried the database between April 15th to the 19th you would see the same thing, Chronos only lives in Edmonton and no reference to Hong Kong. If you queried the database on April 20th onward you would see that Chronos lived in Edmonton till April 15th then moved to Hong Kong.
Entered Historical Temporalness
With Entered Historical Temporalness you can determine when the data was entered into the table but period the data is effective might not be accurate. This type of historical tracking is not used as often as Effective Historical Temporalness.
Using the example above for Effective Historical Data the fact that Chronos moved on April 15th is never updated. Querying the database after April 20th says that Chronos lived in Edmonton till April 20th.
Sometimes this type of temporalness tracking is used in place of auditing.
Combing Table Temporalness
You can implement both types to Table Temporalness in one table. In this case you can query both when a piece of data is effective and also when it was entered into the database.
Using the example of Chronos moving again if you query before April 19th you only see he lived in Edmonton and nothing about Hong Kong. It would be nice if databases could know things before they are entered but that hasn’t happened yet. However, if you query the database on April 20th or later you can see both that Chronos moved on April 15th but the change was not recorded till April 20th.
Table Temporalness with Auditing
A common requirement is to be able to query for Effective Historical data but not for Entered Historical data. In this cause auditing is used in the place of Entered Historical temporalness.
For example, users need to frequently know when someone moved but it’s rare they need to know when the data used entered into the database. It’s not worth the added database overhead and/or complexity to track Entered Table Temporalness. The few times users need to check when a piece of data is entered they will have to do it by reviewing the audit log.
Even if you do use for Effective and Entered Table Temporalness you should still have auditing. The audit log can be used to validate the Effective and/or Entered Historical data in the tables. Auditing can also be used if data is manipulated at a low level outside the temporal algorithms.
In a non-temporal database a record dose not change over time. For example say you have a Contacts table with a name field.
A record in that table does not change over time. Record 100 either has the name Chronos of some other name. If you think of this record from a temporal point of view it’s a record starts at the beginning of time and goes to infinity. If we where to represent this record using a timeline it would look like:
Now lets make the table effective-temporal. The technical details of how we do this in the database is not important right now. For now lets just focus on the timeline. Say Chronos changes his name to Kronos on January 1, 2017 then our timeline would look like:
We are going to assume gods aren’t born and don’t die so the timeline still goes from start of time to infinity. However, the timeline now consists of two segment. The first segment goes from the start of time to Dec 31, 2016. The second segment goes from Jan 1, 2017 to infinity.
Notice that the ID does not change. It’s still 100 in both segments. Chronos changed his name to Kronos but he is still the same person, er god.
One more example. In this case lets track where John Doe works as he goes through high school. Lets start in grade 10 with his first job as a burger flipper. He works in the weekend as he attends school. The workplace timeline looks like:
In the summer John continues to work at Bob’s Burgers but also gets a second job as a life guard at the water park Water Wizz.
Now John Doe has two timelines one for Bob’s Burgers and one for Water Wizz. When summer ends John leaves Wizz World but keeps his burger flipping job in Grade 11 so now his employment timelines look like:
Notice that the timeline for Wizz World has ended but Bob’s Burgers continues. In the summer between grade 11 and 12 John is again hired by Wizz World because he such a good worker. Now his employment timelines look like:
One of the challenges when creating a temporal database is deciding when to create new timelines and when to create new segments. In this case we decided to use the existing Wizz World timeline and add a segment to it. If the employer stays the same keep the timeline, if the employer is different create a new timeline.
Also notice that the Wizz World timeline has a gap in the segments, which is just fine. What you can’t have is a timeline with overlapping segments. It’s the one rule you can’t break so don’t forget it!
Timeline segments cannot overlap!
That’s it. That is the one rule you can’t break. Breaking this rule leads to all sorts of problems when you try to actually implement timelines in a database. Aside from creating problems at the database level it also creates theoretical headaches. For example, if you have the following in your customer table:
What is Chronos’s name on December 20th? Is it Chronos or Kronos? That said it is possible for people to have two names at the same time. We have nicknames, aliases, and the like. If you need to create a database that supports multiple names, say a police database, you can have an Aliases table that hangs off the Offenders table. For example:
Chronos has an offender record with the name but also has two timelines in the Alias table with his over names. Notice that alias table has two timelines, not one segment with overlapping segments.
How you design your temporal database will depend on your business logic but you must remember that there is one rule you can’t break:
Sorry, wrong timeline. I meant:
Timeline segments cannot overlap!
Developing Time-Oriented Database Applications in SQL
Richard T. Snodgrass | <urn:uuid:5252eb2c-b874-4877-b9ce-a3f2cda8fbae> | {
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Spirit Guides in Shamanism: Crow and Goose
Meditation And Spirituality 8/14/10
By: Yona Williams
With most birds possessing the ability to fly in the air, this trait as well as other attributes is seen as being a powerful asset as a spirit guide. In this article, you will learn some of the associations that two feathered creatures are viewed as sharing with humans: the crow and goose.
The crow is seen as the guardian of the place before existence and is thought to possess the ability to move in space and time. Crows have also been used as a way to honor ancestors. There is no coincidence that crows are associated with death and have been dubbed as signs of bad omens. However, these creatures are viewed differently in cultures that follow shamanism.
In shamanism, the animal spirit of the crow is seen as a carrier for souls traveling from darkness into light. They represent working without fear of darkness and offer guidance while working in shadows. The creature is also seen as a shapeshifter that is additionally linked to all things related to ethics and ethical behavior. Some see the creature as a reminder to not be so quick to judge people and to recognize your own opinions and behaviors.
Since the crow is equipped with a keen sense of sight, many cultures view the bird as a keeper of the Sacred Law. They also represent change and are believed to have the ability to see the past, present and future all at once. If you've seen the movie, The Crow, then you already know that the bird also represents a messenger – one that is connected to magic and creation.
The influence and spirituality of geese has a long history. For example, the bird was sacred to the Roman temples of Juno. In Greek mythology, they were linked to the North Wind. The Native Americans viewed the creature as the totem for the Winter Solstice. With this, the bird serves as a symbol for the sacred circle, communication, dedication, and collaboration.
The traveling patterns of the animal (members take turns leading the flock) are also seen as a representation of knowing when to lead and when to follow. They are still able to achieve balance and harmony within this natural system of working together. Unlike other interpretations of leadership, the act is seen as a shared opportunity that is not exclusive or a hardship.
Canadian geese migrate in such a way that they are looked upon as a sign of the passages of the Great Circle of the Year. They possess a behavior that is respected in many cultures, as they never leave behind a sick or wounded bird of their flock. Many people often overlook just how compassionate and caring they are of one another.
Other associations of the goose include fertility, fidelity, happiness, assisting others during times of illness, understanding the power of community, and the movement of a soul path. | <urn:uuid:9f4afaf0-1c2f-43a7-9bf8-da6d3e6d31c0> | {
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Goals and targets
When learning a language it can be useful to have some goals and targets to aim for. Many learners have long-term goals, such as wanting to be fluent in the language their learning eventually. This is a good thing to aim for, but that ‘eventually’ may never arrive.
It might be more helpful to set yourself short-term goals and targets, such as being able to talk about a particular subject, or learning a particular grammatical rule or set of rules. You could try breaking each big goal into smaller tasks which are relatively easy to achieve. These could be things you aim for every day, every week or every month. You could aim to learn perhaps 5-10 new words about a particular topic each day and to focus on it for a week or a month, depending on how deep you want to go into it. You could also try talking and/or writing about what you’re learning to practise using the new words.
By focussing on particular topics you will learn words in context, which is much more effective then trying to learn long lists of random words, and maybe you’ll learn new things about the topics themselves as well.
You could also set yourself the goal or doing particular tasks using only the language you’re learning. This might involve ordering a meal, finding particular information from written or spoken sources, joining in a conversation, or even giving a talk or presentation about what you’re learning. | <urn:uuid:46aa2ac9-64f6-4ac1-9bf2-825c07f960fb> | {
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Food waste is a big problem worldwide. Roughly one-third of our food is wasted. And closer to home, the average American household throws away one-quarter of the food they buy. But it’s not just individuals that are wasting food. Hospitals, supermarkets, restaurants and others end up throwing away huge amounts of food every single day.
Massachusetts is going to war against such waste with the strictest policies nationwide going into effect this October. The ban will only affect those who are throwing away at least one ton of organic material per week. It requires them to either donate or repurpose useable food, and then to ship the rest of the food waste to an anaerobic digestion facility, where the food waste can be recycled into energy, compost and animal feed.
This ban will include 1,700 business in the area, including supermarkets, hospitals, hotels, universities, nursing homes, food services and others.
There are three advantages to this trend:
Those in need will be feed
It’s a depressing thought to think of the vast amount of food being sent to landfills that could feed those struggling to put food on the table. These regulations will force institutions to get creative about repurposing much of their food waste into donations. It's sad that regulations had to force this to happen, but it's a good outcome.
Landfills will receive less
When such huge amounts of food waste are sent to landfills, the waste does not properly break down and decompose, ruining the natural cycle of food waste being turned into compost, which in turn gives life to new growth. Instead, landfills fill up, become more costly and create greenhouse gases. Diverting food waste away from landfills will take a little pressure off of overfilled landfills.
Food waste will be turned into something valuable
The food that can’t be repurposed or donated will be made into compost, used to create clean energy, or used to feed animals. These uses mimic the cycle of the old farmstead — instead of the modern habit of piling our leftovers in rotting landfills. It’s a common-sense decision.
The question I have is this: Will other states follow suit?
Related on MNN: | <urn:uuid:ba5a2e8b-23a3-48be-a7b3-a389f0617148> | {
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~~ Martin Luther King, Jr.
American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement
Image below, screen capture of Google doodle to celebrate MLK Jr. Day's 30th. Happy MLK Jr. Day America! There are so many activities and volunteers throughout the U.S.A. are embracing the spirit by giving their time to all sorts of activities. Google is also celebrating Martin Luther King Day with an artistic Google Doodle. Also, happy belated birthday to First Lady, Michelle Obama who turned 52 Saturday, January 17th.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism.
There are many things to do to celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. day. Below are some interesting things to read and also helpful resources to celebrate MLK day in NYC and the Tristate area:
♦ How to celebrate MLK , Family Education
♦ The Dos and Donts of Celebrating MLK Day, tolerance.org
♦ Martin Luther King Jr. "I have a dream" speech http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm
♦ Martin Luther King Day with NYC Kids: Celebrations & Volunteer Opportunities for Families http://mommypoppins.com/newyorkcitykids/things-to-do-on-martin-luther-king-jr-day-with-kids-in-new-york-city
♦ Martin Luther King Day events: How to mark MLK’s legacy - Make the most of your time off. Mark the civil-rights leader's achievements at performances, programming and Martin Luther King Day celebrations in New York. http://www.timeout.com/newyork/martin-luther-king-day
♦ Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service - A Day On, Not a Day Off, NationalService.gov http://www.nationalservice.gov/special-initiatives/days-service/martin-luther-king-jr-day-service
♦ 19 Kid-Friendly Martin Luther King Day Celebrations http://www.newyorkfamily.com/nyc-mlk-day-things-to-do-kids-children-family-celebrations-activities/
♦ Martin Luther King Jr. Day Events - Here are nine ways to honor Dr. King's legacy this holiday weekend. http://nymag.com/nightlife/barbuzz/78862/
♦ Martin Luther King Day of Service, http://www.volunteer-center.org/mlk
♦ Martin Luther King, Jr. in New York , About.com http://manhattan.about.com/od/famousnewyorkers/a/mlknewyork.htm
♦ Martin Luther King Day events: How to mark MLK’s legacy Time Out New York http://www.timeout.com/newyork/things-to-do/martin-luther-king-day-events-how-to-mark-mlks-legacy
Please visit this blog frequently and share this with your social media. Thanks.
All photos courtesy of Wikimedia and screen shots taken from video and websites. All other photos will be credited as required. | <urn:uuid:ab06c8cd-8c70-479a-8810-c5a9d0b019bb> | {
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Winter is a great time of year to cook ‘winter warmers’ such as soups, casseroles and stews, or even large amounts of rice and pasta. But if we don’t handle them properly then they can be a food safety risk. Read below for tips to prepare, store and reheat properly to minimise food safety risks.
Cooking in bulk is cost effective, saves time and reduces food waste. However, we need to be extra careful handling these large amounts of food because, if they are left to cool slowly, bacteria can grow and produce dangerous toxins that won’t be destroyed by further cooking.
Click here to read the full article published by the Food Safety Information Council.
To keep update to date and learn more tips about minimising food safety risks enrol into CFT Food Safety training | <urn:uuid:8ca3be27-ef94-4232-8cf4-1903a873aab3> | {
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Momentum for teaching finance in schools has stalled recently, according to a new report from the Council for Economic Education. The Council's president has some ideas on how to change that.
Recently in Standards Category
February 08, 2018
December 21, 2017
Twenty-six states scored in the C through F range in a new report on financial literacy in high schools.
October 26, 2017
New Mexico now plans to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards in their entirety.
September 29, 2017
The state's new financial literacy standards take effect this school year.
June 29, 2017
Teachers in three states are teaching their states' new English and math expectations, but they're also holding onto some topics that aren't emphasized in the standards, a study finds.
May 25, 2017
In a new report, Education Week looks at the many changes going on in the assessment world, including when states that have adopted the Next Generation Science Standards will begin tests aligned to the new benchmarks (map included).
May 10, 2017
More than half of 4th graders spend less than three hours a week on science, according to a report from Change the Equation.
May 03, 2017
New York state is considering adopting a new set of K-12 reading and math standards that differ somewhat from the Common Core State Standards, which have had rocky reception in the state since they went into place in 2010.
April 28, 2017
New parent guides, created by the group that led the development of the Next Generation Science Standards, aim to get the word out about how and why science instruction is changing.
April 19, 2017
Struggling readers in particular have made steep gains on basic reading skills, according to a 12-year study. | <urn:uuid:e7720718-982e-4674-8aca-bbd7fd8c30b1> | {
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Did you know that a heifer (female) calf that is twin to a bull is almost certainly infertile? Apparently bovines are the only animals that this happens with – goats and sheep can have multiple births and all will be fertile.
The reason is that the testosterone in the womb from the male renders the female calf infertile. That’s partly why twin heifer calves are such a bonus in a dairy herd as not only are both fertile but dairy heifer calves are worth more than bulls. We had one twin heifer a couple of years ago that was seen bulling (on heat) and subsequently went in calf and is still in the herd. This may have happened as her reproductive system developed when the levels of testosterone were low.
We have 3 probable ‘freemartin’ yearling heifers this year. Brian had noticed one showing signs of being on heat so when the AI technician was inseminating other heifers, he got him to check her the other day. He could feel one ovary (through the rectum) but she doesn’t have a cervix or vagina. So she has some reproductive organs but not all of them – the presence of the ovary caused her to display some signs of being on heat but there’s no way to get her pregnant. What happens to these infertile calves? Freemartin heifers are fattened at 2 years of age and sent to the factory.
Do twins stay close throughout their lives?
We have had sets of twin heifers that seem to recognise their relationship all through life. One set of twins were separated as yearlings for a while into 2 different batches and yet, when reunited, continued to always graze close by each other and come into the milking parlour in the same row. I’ve noticed twin calves lying close to each other in the pens too. It just shows blood is thicker than water | <urn:uuid:4f6c774e-f40c-4fed-8f70-e7b12790b98a> | {
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Instruction for Concept Map.
I am providing the blank format which has chart everything, you need work on that.
Teaching Assessment and Patient/Client Education (In hospital) and Transfer (discharge). Format is bullet points or number them. No paragraphs.
1. Discuss/Teach a procedure while in the hospital or provide education about a consult
2. Discuss/Teach- a medication while in the hospital (choose one) the action of the medication and the side effects- when to notify/emergency
3. Teach- while in the hospital A health promotion or disease prevention.
Anticipated transfer/Discharge/Interprofessional Consults (going home): In bullet points or number them. No paragraphs.
1. Follow-up with whom? And about what?
2. Discharge Medication-Name the medication, present the action and side effects of the drug. Also, include the dosage, and route.
3. Need to see referral/consultation, and rationales- with whom? And about what?
Nursing Diagnosis: (2 Highest Priority). Please don’t use acute pain diagnosis, DEFICIENT Knowledge, anxiety or fatigue.
1. 2 Actual nursing diagnosis-written correctly:
Example: The Problem- related to -as evidence by- Include the citation.
Diagnosis must R/T medical diagnosis or condition, AEB pertinent S/S, diagnostics and supporting data. (According to NANDA)
2. at Risk for-what is the Potential Complication. -Priority.
1. Written correctly- Example: Problem-related to. For risk no need as evidence by.
Potential Health Deviations (A Risk diagnosis).
1. Use the Carpenito textbook. Write them correctly.
2. Do not use National Safety goals- Potentials for examples: falls, skin breakdown, infection etc. Look-up National Safety Goals
3. Nursing Outcome/Goal and Evaluation:
1. Outcomes/Goals- Opposite/Reversal of the Problem.
2. They are SMART goal which means they are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timed. For example, patient pain is reduced 4 out of 10 after 1 hour.
1. Each Interventions must be evaluated- what the results?
4. Planning/Goals & Evaluation:
1. Refer to the rubric and provide one goal for each nursing diagnosis.
2. Evaluation- Evaluate each intervention, then assess if goal is met.
No paragraphs. Did you meet your goals?
5. Nursing Interventions:
1. Provide the rationales. Please follow the format and sequence- Assess- vital signs and system assessment (focused assessment), Monitor- choose one of them: a lab value, or a diagnostic procedure, or intake/output; Administer- a medication including route, dosage per MD orders; Collaborate- with whom? And about what? 5. Teach-Back-what?
2. Implementation/Interventions: Be specific and clear. Do not provide the same information.
I ADD MY SAMPLE OF CONCEPT MAP, PLEASE FOLLOW THAT.
9. Diagnostic test and Diagnostic procedures: – Please present abnormal findings for pertinent current diagnostic tests and diagnostic procedures need to be assessed. Provide the Rationales- what would be done about them.
10. General Organization:
1. Concept Maps are APA including coversheet. Each category must include the citations. Citations must be scholarly which does not mean WebMD. Must include the minimum of three references. Add title page and reference page. | <urn:uuid:ce77c54f-f5b0-4c29-a1bf-e862e670de39> | {
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Grafting is a procedure that unites two different plants into a single plant. There are two reasons for grafting: emergency grafting to save the life of the plant and elective grafting to change the appearance of the plant.
To Graft: Start with Clean tools &
botanically compatible plants.
Emergency grafting is done to save a plant with a rotted root system or lower stem. It might also be necessary for rooting collected plants which do not root successfully out of their native habitat. Grafting is valuable as a means of propagating a valuable plant that does not produce offsets and takes many years to mature, bloom, and set seed.
Cut scion off. Make sure it's smaller
than the understock.
Elective or cosmetic grafting is used to change the form of the plant or to speed up propagation of stem cuttings.
Carefully cut the top of the understock off;
protect fingers with padding.
The process itself consists of uniting a scion (stem cutting) and an understock (the root system) of two different plants. The understock gives vigor and strength to the weak or slow-rooting scion. The two plants must be botanically compatible, (from the same botanical family) even though they are often of different species within a family. You cannot graft a cactus to a crassula but you can graft one kind of cactus to another kind of cactus. Plants should be grafted dur- ing their period of growth and never when the understock is dormant.
Attach scion, cut side down, to understock.
Maker sure the union meets evenly.
The success of the graft depends on three factors: absolute cleanliness, a close fit between the growth layers of scion and understock, and main- taining the close union of the two pieces until they have grown together. It's essential to have the scion and understock closely matched in size in order to have as much of the cut sur- face of both in contact and to work as quickly as possible to prevent both callusing and exposure to disease. Have everything you need assembled and sterilized before you make any cuts. Use sharp tools that will make a clean, straight cut.
Hold scion in place with a rubber band
around pot and plant, but not too tightly.
There are four different types of graft cuts. Which you use is deter- mined by the size and shape of the plants you're grafting.
The understock and the scion "donor"
stand behind the new grafted plant.
The flat cut is used for thick, globular scions and is the easiest to do. It is important for the understock to be large enough to support the scion both at the time of grafting and as both plants mature. As a general rule, the stock should be a minimum of ten times the weight of the scion. The scion can be smaller in diameter than the understock but never larger. Rubber bands are the easiest way to hold flat grafts. Pass the band over the scion and under the pot on two sides.
Another technique is to insert a strong, pointed spine on both sides of the understock. Then pass the rubber band over the scion and attach it to the spines on either side of the under- stock. Toothpicks can also be used but spines have the advantage of dis- appearing without leaving a mark, while toothpicks leave a scar. Be sure that the bands are not too tight or the scion will be injured.
Because they are flexible, rubber bands can expand with the growth of the scion though they typically rot away after growth begins.
The cleft cut is used to give a draping variety an upright growth habit. Specialist nurseryman Rogers Weld of Fernwood Gardens in South- ern California uses a hybrid opuntia, 'Mrs. Burbank,' as the understock for a schlumbergera scion.
The side cut is used for upright, cylindrical plants, and is almost as easy as the flat graft.
The stab graft is used to unite a schlumbergera to an opuntia pad by making a cut at the areole of the opuntia and inserting the schlum- bergera. It is the least common type of graft.
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Stop Over-Snacking Your Kids
I see them everywhere. Toddlers running on the playground with sticky granola bars in their hands. Preschoolers riding their Razors with one hand in a bag of Goldfish crackers. Children whose smallest peep results in a parent reaching for a loaded Snack-Trap.
They are The Over-snacked.
Over-snacking, or consuming food outside of normal meal times regardless of energy need, can lead to multiple problems - and I am not just referring to obesity. Yes, too many snacks can lead to weight gain. And for some families, this weight gain is a catalyst to change a family’s eating habits. But, obesity is not the only consequence of too many snacks.
Some over-snackers are underweight. These kids lose their appetite for healthy whole-food choices at meal times because their calorie needs have already been met for the day through snack foods. After awhile, their consumption of typically high-fat, high-carb, sugary snack foods replaces a normal, balanced diet of nutritive foods. By the end of the day, they don’t eat enough quality calories for appropriate growth.
Meanwhile, the over-snacked begin to crave high-sugar, high-fat items in order to feel “full.” Proteins, fiber, and dairy have a tendency to fall to the wayside in a child’s diet. The formative, foundational years to develop a balanced palate are lost to excessive crackers, fruit, and granola bars. Or, even worse, fall to pouches of glorified baby food.
Over-snackers can also become manipulative. An over-snacked child’s behavior will change depending on if, when, and what snack food is offered. The slippery slope of positively reinforcing whining and interruption begins as parents scramble to “just keep him quiet” with food. Or, snacks begin to be associated with praise. For example, “You did such a great job, let’s go get a treat.” After awhile, too many snacks for the wrong reasons.
The result? Picky-eaters and meal-refusers.
In my opinion, snacking has become more cultural norm and popular expectation rather than nutritional need. For long-term health, our children need to learn how to eat for nutritive gain - learning to eat when hungry is a life-skill. Over-snacked kids lose the ability to listen to their body’s cues of hunger and fullness.
So, if a child is eating the required amount of calories for normal growth and development in 3 squares a day, is all this snacking really necessary? How do we know if our children are getting too many snacks? And, what can we do to discourage over-snacking?
- Offer water first. Small kids can confuse the feeling of thirst for hunger. In addition, kids are generally under-hydrated. Water should be a first go-to. And, if your child seems satisfied after a quick drink, skip the snack.
- Out of sight, out of mind. Keeping food in your bag, purse, glove box, and pockets is part of the over-snacking recipe. With the exception of long excursions, food should be kept in the kitchen cupboard. In this way, snacking becomes more inconvenient. And, hopefully, more infrequent.
- Don’t force a snacking schedule, but don’t snack on demand. Be mindful of a snacking balance. Have snacks at the ready, but don’t offer them until your child demonstrates hunger. If your child demonstrates hunger cues, and it is an appropriate time in the day, then enjoy the snack.
- Sit to snack. A child who is hungry will sit (OK, slow down?) to eat. They will stop playing, go to the table, and eat a snack. If your child is not willing to stop play, they are likely not really hungry. Save the snack for later, or skip it. An exception to the sit to snack rule? The carseat! Try to eliminate 4-wheeled eating.
- Keep a snack, a snack. Despite what Taco Bell would like us to believe, a snack should not be a 4th meal. Leave some calorie craving for actual meal times. In general, snacks should be 100-200 calories.
- Snacks are nutrition, not a discipline tool. I fully understand that food will keep a toddler/pre-schooler quiet and entertained. Save those here-is-a-snack-I’m-trying-to-do-something moments to the minimum. Help your children learn self-entertainment and quiet play, independent of food.
Hopefully these tips will help your family find the right snacking balance, and not fall into the trap of over-snacking. For the long-term health of our children and families, learning how to successfully eat meals and snacks is a lesson we all should prioritize.
*The tips and suggestions in this post reflect general trends I have observed in our KC community. If your child has health or medical conditions where frequent eating is necessary, clearly these do not apply. Please ask your health care provider about your family’s eating habits if you are concerned, or if you have more questions. | <urn:uuid:6203c706-bf1c-45b2-a572-57f81b331b2c> | {
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HRNW REPORT: The relationship between drug control policy and human development is complex and multifaceted; both share a common objective to reduce drug-related harms. Yet policies aimed at prohibiting and punishing the cultivation, sale and use of certain drugs have played a disproportionate role in shaping the international approach to drug control and country responses, irrespective of countries’ development goals. Drug control policies have been justified by the real and potential harms associated with illicit drug use and markets, such as threats to safety and security, public health, crime, decreased productivity, unemployment and poverty.
However, evidence shows that in many countries, drug control policies and related enforcement activities focused on reducing supply and demand have had little effect in eradicating production or problematic drug use. Various UN organizations have also described the harmful collateral consequences of these efforts: creating a criminal black market; fuelling corruption, violence and instability; undermining public health and safety; generating large-scale human rights abuses, including abusive and inhumane punishments; and discrimination and marginalization of people who use drugs, indigenous peoples, women and youth. Evidence shows that in many parts of the world, law enforcement responses to drug-related crime have created or exacerbated poverty, impeded sustainable development and public health and undermined human rights of the most marginalized people.
FOR COMPLETE STORY: on.undp.org/dux | <urn:uuid:dcc23929-e5cf-433f-9100-ee8f44eca95e> | {
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This crossword clue is for the definition: Vetoes.
it’s A 6 letters crossword puzzle definition.
Next time, when searching for online help with your puzzle, try using the search term “Vetoes crossword” or “Vetoes crossword clue”. The possible answerss for Vetoes are listed below.
Did you find what you needed?
We hope you did!.
Possible Answers: NIXES.
Last seen on: LA Times Crossword 19 Jun 2018, Tuesday
Random information on the term “Vetoes”:
The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of unwritten norms and customs, which together with various written laws, guided the manner by which the Roman Republic was governed. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman kingdom, evolved over the almost five hundred years of the Republic, and was transformed into the constitution of the Roman Empire.
The Roman republican constitution can be divided into three main branches:
A complex set of checks and balances developed between these three branches. For example, the assemblies theoretically held all power, but were called and governed by the magistrates, who, controlling discussion, exercised dominating influence over them. Similarly, to check the power of the magistrates, each magistrate could veto one of their colleagues and the plebeians elected tribunes who could intercede and veto the actions of a magistrate.
The Republic’s constitution slowly evolved over time. Starting from a period of patrician domination, the Conflict of the Orders eventually granted plebeian citizens equal political rights, while also creating the tribunate to check patrician power and empowering the Plebeian Council, an assembly composed of the plebeians of Rome, with full legislative authority. | <urn:uuid:26cb27da-9053-4173-a2a7-2a84e8d1b91f> | {
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Wealth quintiles derived from household asset indices are routinely used for measuring socioeconomic inequalities in the health of women and children in low and middle-income countries. We explore whether the use of wealth deciles rather than quintiles may be advantageous.
We selected 46 countries with available national surveys carried out between 2003 and 2013 and with a sample size of at least 3000 children. The outcomes were prevalence of under-five stunting and delivery by a skilled birth attendant (SBA). Differences and ratios between extreme groups for deciles (D1 and D10) and quintiles (Q1 and Q5) were calculated, as well as two summary measures: the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX).
In virtually all countries, stunting prevalence was highest among the poor, and there were larger differences between D1 and D10 than between Q1 and Q5. SBA coverage showed pro-rich patterns in all countries; in four countries the gap was greater than 80 pct points. With one exception, differences between extreme deciles were larger than between quintiles. Similar patterns emerged when using ratios instead of differences. The two summary measures provide very similar results for quintiles and deciles. Patterns of top or bottom inequality varied with national coverage levels.
Researchers and policymakers should consider breakdowns by wealth deciles, when sample sizes allow. Use of deciles may contribute to advocacy efforts, monitoring inequalities over time, and targeting health interventions. Summary indices of inequalities were unaffected by the use of quintiles or deciles in their calculation.
Citation: Wong KLM, Restrepo-Méndez MC, Barros AJD, Victora CG (2017) Socioeconomic inequalities in skilled birth attendance and child stunting in selected low and middle income countries: Wealth quintiles or deciles? PLoS ONE 12(5): e0174823. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174823
Editor: Marly Augusto Cardoso, Universidade de Sao Paulo, BRAZIL
Received: December 6, 2016; Accepted: March 15, 2017; Published: May 3, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Wong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The data underlying this study are third party data that are public and freely available at http://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm. To locate specific data sets, users can scroll down to the country and year of each survey and download the data. The authors do not have special access privileges to these data and confirm they may be retrieved in the manner described.
Funding: This work was supported by Wellcome Trust [Grant Number: 101815/Z/13/Z]; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Brazilian Public Health Association (ABRASCO). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The measurement of socioeconomic inequalities in health has received growing attention in recent years, and will likely be even more prominent during the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) era from 2015 to 2030. The third SDG (“ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”) has an intrinsic equity component, and the tenth goal (“reduce inequality within and among countries”), albeit focused on economic inequality, also highlights the importance of reducing disparities (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org). SDG 17 calls for disaggregated analyses of targets according to socioeconomic status and other equity stratifiers.
The availability of survey data in the fields of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) has made it possible to systematically document socioeconomic inequalities across countries and over time. Based on principal component analysis of household variables including ownership of assets and housing characteristics, families can be classified into equal sized groups, usually quintiles, each including approximately 20% of all families.
However, there is no specific reason why one should use quintiles rather than say tertiles, quartiles or deciles. Finer breakdowns (e.g. deciles) are as easy to analyze and may help identify subgroups that are at higher risk of poor health or malnutrition, or that present markedly lower intervention coverage than the rest of the population. Because recent national RMNCH surveys tend to have larger sample sizes than in the past, there is good justification for trying out alternative approaches to the use of quintiles.
Our analyses are focused on two indicators that are consistently and strongly associated with socioeconomic position, namely coverage of delivery by a skilled birth attendant (SBA), and prevalence of stunting in children aged under five years. SBA coverage tends to be directly linked to socioeconomic position, thus showing a pro-rich distribution. In contrast, stunting prevalence is usually higher among the poor.
Our analyses have two objectives. First, we compare results obtained through stratification by wealth quintiles and deciles, and assess the degree to which socioeconomic differences may be underestimated by reliance on quintiles. Second, we assess the extent to which stratification by deciles may contribute to a better understanding of patterns of inequality, such as “top inequality” (when the wealthiest group is considerably different from the rest of the population) and “bottom inequality” (when the poorest group stands out from all others).
Analyses are complemented by supporting information in which we estimate the precision for selected RMNCH indicators stratified either by wealth quintiles or deciles, for a range of survey sample sizes.
The data used in the present cross-sectional analyses are drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), which provide national probability samples of households from low and middle-income countries (www.dhsprogram.com). For each country, we downloaded the most recent publicly available survey (as of October 2014) carried out between 2003 and 2013. The other two eligibility criteria were that (i) the country was classified by the World Bank as a LMIC during survey period and (ii) the sample size included at least 3000 children aged 0–5 years. On average, these samples would include 300 children per decile, a number that was deemed sufficient for the proposed analyses (standard errors of 3 pct points or less for any given level of prevalence).
The institution that commissioned, funded, or carried out the surveys was responsible for ethical approval, as well as ensuring complete confidentiality of survey respondents. For each country, we downloaded the most recent publicly available survey (as of October 2014) carried out between 2003 and 2013 with a sample size of at least 3,000 children.
Data were obtained through standardized interviews with women aged 15–49 years. The DHS wealth index scores are derived from the ownership of country-specific sets of household assets and dwelling characteristics generated by principal component analysis. Each household is then assigned a continuous asset score and samples can then be divided into categories according to these values.
We stratified the sample of each survey down first in five (quintiles) and then in ten (deciles) categories, each containing approximately 20% and 10%, respectively, of the households in the sample. We referred to the first quintile (Q1) as the poorest and the fifth (Q5) as the wealthiest quintile. Similarly, the first decile (D1) was described as poorest and the tenth (D10) as the wealthiest. By definition, D1 and D2 were contained in Q1, and D9 and D10 in Q5.
We began by assessing within-quintile wealth disparities, particularly in Q1 and Q5, by plotting the smoothed average values of the continuous standardized asset index, by centile. These average values were calculated from the mean asset indices per centile across countries. LOWESS smoothing was used.
Two dependent variables were analyzed–stunting prevalence and SBA coverage. Children aged below five were classified as stunted if their height-for-age Z-score was more than two standard deviations below the median value of the World Health Organization Growth Standards (www.who.int/childgrowth). The second outcome was delivery by a skilled birth attendant, such as doctor, nurse, or midwife to assist with a woman's most recent delivery in the five years before the survey. Alternatives to using a skilled birth attendant included being assisted by a traditional birth attendant, untrained health worker, relative, neighbor, or friend (or unassisted deliveries). There was some variability among countries in what types of health professionals were considered as skilled, in the context of each national health system; our results are consistent with the definitions used in each national DHS report. Both for stunting prevalence and SBA coverage, results were stratified by quintiles and deciles of wealth index.
All analyses took into account sampling weights and clustering. The following measures of inequality were calculated:
- extreme group differences for deciles (D1 minus D10) and quintiles (Q1 minus Q5);
- extreme group ratios for deciles (D1 over D10) and quintiles (Q1 over Q5);
- difference between the two poorest (D1 minus D2) and the two richest deciles (D9 minus D10);
- slope indices of inequality (SII) using deciles and quintiles;[7–10] SII are expressed in percent points and represent the difference in the outcome between the two extremes of the wealth scale, obtained by regressing the outcome on the midpoints of the cumulative frequency distribution of the wealth groups–for example, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 for wealth quintiles, when the five quintiles have exactly the same number of children;
- concentration indices (CIX) using deciles and quintiles; [7–10] the CIX is similar to a Gini index, with individual children being ranked according to socioeconomic position on the x axis, and cumulative SBA coverage (or stunting prevalence) on the y axis.
The two extreme group difference measures are further compared using the Wald test (using the “test” command in Stata after running the two models) The difference measures and the SII reflect absolute inequalities, while the ratio measures and CIX signal relative inequalities.[7–10] Graphical displays include equiplots (http://www.equidade.org/equiplot.php) in which each horizontal line shows the results by quintile or decile for a given country.
For characterizing patterns of inequality, (top, bottom and linear ), we examined the relationship between national prevalence/coverage and the difference between the outcome measures in D1 and D2 to signal bottom inequality, that is, marked variability at the bottom of the wealth scale. Likewise, the difference between D9 and D10 by national level was used to describe top inequality, or inequality at the wealthier end of the socioeconomic spectrum. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between national coverage and the two patterns of inequality and their corresponding two-tailed P levels.
Data analyses were performed using Stata SE version 13 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA), taking the sample design into account.
Data were available for 46 surveys for both stunting and SBA. The surveys included in this analysis, with corresponding country name, survey year, UN region and sample size are listed in S1 Table. Because the wealth index score is evaluated at the household level, and because fertility varies with socioeconomic positon, the percentage of children in each decile varies. In the countries studied, the poorest decile included on average 11.7% of the sample, and the richest decile 6.9%.
For each country, we present the prevalence of stunting and SBA coverage at national level. We also present these estimates for each wealth quintile and decile. Detailed results by quintile and decile are shown in S2 Table and S3 Table, respectively.
Table 1 shows that across all available surveys, the average prevalence of stunting was 33% (95%CI: 30–37) with a range from 8% to 58% (Table 1). Low prevalence countries included Colombia, Dominican Republic and Jordan (<15%) and high prevalence countries were Burundi, Madagascar and Timor-Leste, where one in two children aged under five, on average, was stunted.
In Fig 1, we plotted the smoothed average values of the continuous standardized asset index, for the 46 countries by wealth percentile. Within Q5, we can see that the slope of the lines is much steeper than in the other quintiles, for several countries. This implies that there is much more wealth variability within Q5 than in other quintiles. For a few countries, there is also substantial variability in wealth within Q1. Such variability within a given quintile suggests further stratification, e.g. in deciles, may be worthwhile.
Fig 2 presents equiplots (www.equidade.org/equiplot.php) of stunting prevalence by wealth deciles for all 46 countries. Below each solid line showing the results by decile, national prevalence is shown as a diamond, and prevalence in the poorest (Q1) and richest (Q5) quintiles as hollow circles. Countries are arranged in order of increasing national prevalence. For each country, the widths of the solid line and dashed line represent absolute wealth inequality among wealth deciles and wealth quintiles, respectively. All countries but Kyrgyzstan show higher prevalence among the poor than among the rich. In Egypt and the Maldives, the distance between the extreme deciles is less than 10 percent points; on the other extreme, differences greater than 40 percent points are observed in Honduras, Bolivia, Cameroon, Nigeria, Nepal and India.
Upon visual inspection, distances in stunting prevalence between D1 and D10 tend to be larger than those between Q1 and Q5; the parts of the deciles lines that hang over the quintiles line represent the additional, hidden wealth inequality between D1 and D10 not detected when wealth quintiles were used. This is confirmed by the summary inequality statistics shown in Table 2: only two countries (Senegal and Zimbabwe) have smaller differences between the extreme deciles compared to differences between the extreme quintiles. In Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia and Nepal the decile gap is more than 10 pct points greater than the quintile gap. In 37 of the 46 countries, there is statistical evidence that the extreme-decile differences are wider than the corresponding extreme-quintile differences (p-value < 0.05). On the other hand, in countries such as Pakistan, Sierra Leone and Tajikistan, no statistical evidence of such a difference is found. The same patterns are apparent when comparing the D1/D10 and Q1/Q5 ratios. A particularly high D1/D10 ratio, equal to 106, is observed in Jordan where stunting prevalence in D10 was only 0.1% (Table 2 and S2 Table).
In 32 of 46 countries, differences in stunting prevalence at the poor end of the socioeconomic scale (D1-D2) tended to be smaller than differences at the wealthy end (D9-D10). The opposite was observed in the remaining 14. In Burundi, for example, the prevalence of 42% in Q5 hides an important difference between D9 and D10, where prevalences are equal to 51% and 30%, respectively (S2 Table).
Finally, the two summary measures that take the whole socioeconomic distribution into account–the SII and CIX–provide very similar results both for quintiles and deciles, although CIX tends to be very slightly larger when deciles are used.
Turning now to SBA coverage, the average value was 63% (95%CI: 56–70) in all 46 surveys (Table 1). Country-specific national coverage ranged from below 30% in Timor-Leste, Niger, Bangladesh and Chad to almost universal coverage in the Dominican Republic, Jordan and Kyrgyzstan (S3 Table).
In contrast with stunting, SBA coverage shows pro-rich patterns in all countries (Fig 3, Table 3 and S3 Table). Except for Kyrgyzstan, Jordan and the Dominican Republic where SBA coverage is virtually universal, all other countries show differences of 10 percent points or greater between the extreme quintiles. The differences between the extreme deciles are even greater, reaching more than 80 percent points in Cameroon, Haiti, Nepal and Nigeria. Except for Kyrgyzstan where national coverage is 99.1%, all other countries appear to have wider gaps between D1 and D10 than between Q1 and Q5. In 28 countries, there is statistical evidence that the two measures are different (p-value of comparison <0.05). The extreme example is Ethiopia, where these gaps are, respectively, 74 and 44 percent points; this discrepancy is largely because the coverage of 46% in Q5 is an average of the widely different coverages of 27% in D9 and 76% in D10. Similar patterns are observed when comparing the D1/D10 ratios, which tend to be more extreme in all countries than the Q1/Q5 ratios, except again for Kyrgyzstan (Table 3).
In contrast with stunting, coverage differences at the top of the wealth scale predominated in low-coverage countries, whereas in high-coverage countries the largest differences were at the bottom of the scale (Fig 3).
Figs 4 and 5 show the associations between national levels and the degrees of bottom inequality (indicated by differences between D1 and D2 levels) and top inequality (differences between D9 and D10 levels). For stunting (Fig 4), low prevalence countries tend to show bottom inequality, and high prevalence countries show top inequality. In other words, when national prevalence is low, the very poor tend to stand out from the rest with much higher prevalence. Conversely, when national prevalence is high, the very wealthy stand out because of their lower prevalence. The Spearman correlation coefficient between national coverage and bottom inequality was equal to -0.35 (p = 0.02) whereas that with top inequality was 0.69 (p<0.001).
The situation for the patterns of SBA coverage are in opposite direction (Fig 5). When national coverage is low, the rich tend to be way above every other group; and when prevalence increases, the rich tend to lag behind. The Spearman correlation coefficient between national coverage and bottom inequality was equal to -0.38 (p = 0.01) whereas that with top inequality was 0.79 (p<0.001).
We used data from 46 national surveys to assess how using wealth deciles instead of quintiles might affect the interpretation of the magnitudes in inequalities in maternal and child health in low and middle-income countries. We selected two indicators, stunting prevalence among children under the age of five years, and coverage with skilled birth attendants because of their well-established associations with wealth.[2, 4] In virtually all countries, wealth was inversely associated with stunting prevalence, and directly associated with SBA coverage. For both indicators, the associations with wealth deciles tended to be monotonic, that is, prevalence declined and coverage increased for each subsequent decile.
As seen in Fig 1, evidence of higher wealth heterogeneity was observed mostly within the two extreme quintiles, and thus we focused the analyses on these quintiles. We found some advantages to using deciles when sample sizes allow. As might have been predicted from the stepwise association with wealth, comparison of outcomes in the poorest and richest deciles usually resulted in larger differences and ratios than similar comparisons of the extreme quintiles. In some countries, there were important within-quintile differences; for example, in one quarter of the countries studied the difference in SBA coverage was greater than 10 percent points between the poorest and second poorest deciles. Analyses using deciles may be instrumental for advocacy and benchmarking purposes, e.g., reporting inequalities in terms of distance from the best-performing subgroup of the population, as well as for targeting.
Summary indices of inequalities that take into account the whole wealth distribution of the sample rather than only the extreme groups–such as the slope and concentration indices–were not affected by the use of quintiles or deciles in their calculation. This finding is reassuring for scientific audiences who are the main users of such indices, but may be less relevant for policy makers to tend to rely on the more palpable statistics resulting from extreme group comparisons.
Last, deciles were useful for revealing "top" and "bottom" inequalities.[5, 11] When national stunting prevalence was low, bottom inequalities predominated—that is, there tended to be marked gaps between the two poorest deciles. When national prevalence was high, top inequalities tended to prevail, with larger gaps between the wealthiest deciles. Patterns for SBA coverage were in the opposite direction: top inequalities when national coverage was low, yet the rich managed to achieve relatively high coverage levels; and bottom inequalities when national coverage was high but the very poor were yet to be reached. Use of deciles made these patterns more evident than had the analyses been limited to quintiles.
Other than top and bottom inequalities, the use of deciles allows to document patterns of inequality such as universal coverage and a linear pattern. The first refers to a situation in which all subgroups report near 100% coverage. The use of quintiles may show a coverage of say 95% in the poorest group, whereas the use of deciles may reveal that the poorest 10% are the ones responsible for lower coverage in the poorest quintile. In contrast, if coverage is indeed universal, it is obviously irrelevant whether quintiles or deciles are used. The linear pattern (also known as incremental or queueing pattern (10)) describes a steady gradient, moving from the poorest to the richest in approximately equal-sized distances between the groups. When such a pattern is present, using deciles when sample sizes are sufficient may reveal greater disparities than when using quintiles.
Our analyses have limitations. Information on the wealth index, under-five stunting and SBA coverage were not available for all countries. According to the World Bank Income Classification in 2010, our analyses covered 70% (28/40) of low income, 27% (15/56) of lower-middle and 11% (5/45) of upper-middle income counties. We selected the year cut-off of 2010 as this is the median (and mean) survey year of our all included countries. Global results should be interpreted with this limitation in mind. Nevertheless, with 46 different countries this is the largest set of analyses on this topic so far. The use of asset indices to assess socioeconomic position is affected by the choice of assets and poor comparability between urban and rural areas,[12, 13], but such indices are easy to compute and compare well to more complex indicators of wealth.[3, 14, 15] The usefulness such indices is confirmed by our present results showing their strong and usually monotonic, associations with nutrition and coverage. Another limitation is that due to higher fertility among the poor, the actual numbers of children tend to be somewhat larger in the poorer deciles and quintiles than in the rest of the sample.
Finally, use of deciles is limited by the available survey sample size. S1 Supporting Information includes a spreadsheet with sample size calculations for precision according to quintiles and deciles, for different sample sizes.
Our results suggest that, while wealth quintiles are useful for documenting health inequalities, researchers and policymakers should also consider finer breakdowns, such as deciles, when sample sizes are sufficient for such levels of disaggregation. Use of deciles may contribute to advocacy and benchmarking efforts, monitoring inequalities over time, and targeting health interventions.
S1 Table. List of countries, surveys and sample sizes included in the analyses.
S2 Table. Prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age, by wealth quintiles and deciles.
S3 Table. Coverage with skilled birth attendants, by wealth quintiles and deciles.
- Conceptualization: KLMW CGV.
- Data curation: KLMW MCRM AJDB.
- Formal analysis: KLMW AJDB CGV.
- Funding acquisition: CGV AJDB.
- Methodology: KLMW AJDB CGV.
- Project administration: MCRM AJDB CGV.
- Software: KLMW MCRM AJDB.
- Supervision: AJDB CGV.
- Validation: AJDB CGV.
- Visualization: KLMW AJDB CGV.
- Writing – original draft: KLMW MCRM AJDB CGV.
- Writing – review & editing: KLMW MCRM AJDB CGV.
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