text
stringlengths 277
230k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Bathing Completes the Shedding Process...naturally (2013)
Peter Elias, MD
Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center & Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
Bathing may be even more important to the shedding process, than previously considered, as it does not only cleanse our skin of dirt and other external debris, it completes the natural process of desquamation, sweeping away spent and finished epidermal cells.
What exactly is desquamation?
The epidermis is a self-renewing system. Old cells (or ‘squames’) are shed from the skin surface as new cells (‘keratinocytes’) are produced, in the underlying epidermis, and pushed outward into the stratum corneum (the outer most layer of the epidermis) to become ‘corneocytes’. This process is known as desquamation.
In the recent past, it was thought that the process of desquamation initiated the progressive breakdown (‘proteolysis’) of proteins forming structures, called ‘corneodesmosomes’. These protein forming structures link adjacent ‘corneocytes’ to one another. We know know this prior model does not fully account for desquamation, because the cells detach well above the sites where these junctions are degraded. In other words, proteolysis of corneodesmosomes may be necessary for desquamation, but it is not sufficient to complete the entire shedding process.
Instead, recent studies show that cells detach following hydration. Water swells the extracellular spaces and separates adjacent corneocytes. As the water evaporates from between corneocytes, it is replaced by air, which eventually allows individual cells to detach from the skin surface.
What does this mean for the ichthyosis community?
There’s no question – for those affected by ichthyosis, frequent bathing is now even more important, as it is not only the best way, but the most natural way to remove dry scales and skin – and, most importantly, more frequent bathing can ease the distress of ichthyosis, making day to day life much more comfortable.
Resource: Peter M. Elias, MD. http://eliasandwilliams.com/what-allows-skin-to-shed/.
For more information on the permeability barrier, the most critical, life-enabling function of skin, visit the FIRST page on the Inside Out of Skin at http://eliasandwilliams.com/welcome-first-skin-foundation/ a groundbreaking website developed by Peter M. Elias, MD, and Mary L. Williams, MD. | <urn:uuid:782ce281-d32e-4019-91fb-24f970330a1a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"url": "http://www.firstskinfoundation.org/bathing-completes-the-shedding-process-naturally-2013",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668334.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114081021-20191114105021-00338.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9061937928199768,
"token_count": 569,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The world's biggest battery was plugged in yesterday to provide emergency power to one of the United States' most isolated cities.
The rechargable battery, which at 2,000 square metres is bigger than a football pitch and weighs 1,300 tonnes, was manufactured by power components specialist ABB to provide electricity to Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city, in the event of a blackout.
Stored in a warehouse near the city, where temperatures plunge to -51 degrees Centigrade in winter, the battery will provide 40 megawatts of power - enough for around 12,000 people - for up to seven minutes.
This is enough time, according to ABB, to start up diesel generators to restore power, an important safeguard since at such low temperatures, water pipes can freeze entirely in two hours.
With no power lines between the state and the rest of America, Alaska is often described as an "electrical island" where tough environmental conditions and a sparse population make power cuts a way of life.
ABB's battery, the first of its scale in the world, was commissioned by Golden Valley Electrical Association (GVEA) in Fairbanks, because the city suffers total blackouts every two or three years, as well as frequent swings in power supply.
The earthquake-proof contraption contains 13,760 NiCad cells - bigger versions of those used in many portable electronic appliances including laptop computers and radios. Each cell measures 16in by 21in and weighs more than 12 stone.
ABB, a Swiss company listed in London, is one of the companies set to benefit from the US's decision to spend between $50 billion and $100 billion improving its power grid after the blackouts this month. This follows a difficult year in which asbestos claims, corporate governance scandals and financial and business difficulties almost tore apart the company.
Peter Smits, head of the company's power technologies division, said: "This battery will improve power reliability in an area where it is vital. We have entered it for the Guinness Book of Records."
A spokesman from Guinness World Records said: "Well this battery certainly looks like being the biggest in the world, but of course we will have to check all the evidence when it comes in." | <urn:uuid:3e9f41d8-fe93-4f43-9c3a-876d91cb3137> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3312118/Worlds-biggest-battery-switched-on-in-Alaska.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9585594534873962,
"token_count": 456,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
} |
While sadly most of us can't do much about the fact we go into work every day and sit at a desk for around eight hours, we had at least thought that our rigorous exercise regime was helping to undo some of the harm of our sedentary workplace.
A new study referenced in Medical News Today suggests that the risks of sitting for extended periods of time (like a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer) may not be offset by regular exercise.
While the study did find that people with the most sedentary lifestyles were the most likely to be diagnosed with these diseases, they also found that the poor health associations that come with sitting down for prolonged periods of time were also found in those who worked out. Yikes.
Lead author Dr Alter explained, 'Another way of saying it is just because one does their 30 to 60 minutes of exercise per day [it] doesn't ensure their health.'
But wait, don't panic just yet.
Dr Alter suggests combining exercise with decreasing sitting time by 2-3 hours in a 12-hour day and standing more. Try standing during ad breaks on TV, or working standing up at your desk for a couple of hours.
Another silver lining? The study only reports an association between sitting time and increased risk for disease, which doesn't mean that sitting directly causes disease. Phew. Still, we think it's time to invest in a standing desk, asap! | <urn:uuid:17c84b40-c842-477a-9b07-47aa52097f31> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://www.womenshealthmag.com/uk/health/female-health/a702388/why-you-need-to-stop-sitting-down/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358842.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129194957-20211129224957-00080.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9839022755622864,
"token_count": 294,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
As a public college of the liberal arts, St. Mary’s College of Maryland aims to educate its students to lead productive and satisfying lives as citizens. To accomplish this goal, the program of study is designed to provide a first-rate general education, to promote competence in at least one academic field, and to help each student develop skills of analysis and expression necessary for a life of value.
All students complete general college requirements, including two programs of study: Core Curriculum, and a major. The Core Curriculum program offers the student a broad understanding of several fields of knowledge. The major provides the opportunity to pursue one field in depth.
The Core Curriculum at St. Mary’s College of Maryland represents a commitment to providing students with a broad grounding in the liberal arts. The curriculum was designed to stimulate a spirit of inquiry about a range of intellectual issues and develop students’ ability to think creatively and critically, with reason and imagination. Because students must develop the intellectual and ethical resources to flourish in our complex world, the Core Curriculum engages students in different modes of knowledge and learning. Through the Core Curriculum, our students develop the abilities to speak and write with clarity and precision; construct sound arguments; apply theoretical concepts and integrate knowledge; and use information and technology resources effectively and ethically. Students develop these abilities across all disciplines, in activities ranging from creative production in the fine arts to the use of scientific methods in the sciences. Our vision of learning at St. Mary’s College includes, welcomes, and depends upon many voices and viewpoints. The Core Curriculum begins the process through which faculty and students participate in ongoing conversations about value, meaning, understanding, and action. A student’s intellectual growth will therefore entail a deepening moral awareness. The Core Curriculum lays the foundation that will enable St. Mary’s College students to develop a sense of social and civic responsibility and be prepared to participate ethically and intelligently as informed citizens of the communities in which they work and live.
The Core Curriculum will provide opportunities for students to:
- engage in and articulate the value of creative and intellectual exploration;
- use multiple modes of inquiry, resources, and knowledge from multiple disciplines to ask questions, identify issues, and solve complex problems, both within and across disciplinary boundaries;
- develop an openness to diversity in all its forms and demonstrate social responsibility and civic mindedness;
- learn about the “global community” and environmental stewardship; and
- hone the fundamental liberal arts skills of critical thinking, information literacy, written expression and oral expression across a variety of disciplinary boundaries.
The fundamental liberal arts skills (critical thinking, information literacy, written expression, and oral expression) are the cornerstones of a traditional liberal arts education and are essential to an integrative curriculum. All students in all majors employ them throughout their academic careers. Making sure that all students achieve proficiency in these four skills will lead to the excellence in education that our mission statement calls for. A liberal arts education is a comprehensive education designed to cultivate autonomous and well-rounded members of the world community by developing the fundamental skills enabling the full exercise and expression of one’s person. As such, these fundamental skills do not mark mere technique, but represent some of the core capacities shaping human intelligence.
Critical thinking describes the capacity to recognize and appreciate the context of a line of thought (for example, a rhetorical argument, a mathematical proof, or a musical composition); the capacity to evaluate its consistency, coherence, importance, and originality; and the capacity to create an independent line of thought. Information literacy describes the capacity to identify the need for information and to locate, analyze, evaluate, and effectively use all forms of information (for example, written, oral, visual, or quantitative. Written expression and oral expression describe the capacities to clearly articulate a coherent, creative, and compelling line of thought in writing and speech, with attention to the power of both language and images.
Although each skill maintains its identity as the definitions above signify, these skills inextricably inform one another. These skills will be introduced and practiced in the Core Curriculum, but as students matriculate beyond the Core Curriculum the outcomes for these skills will expand, multiply, and diverge. In other words, the idea of “all four skills in all four years” will form an integral part of the academic culture at St. Mary’s College of Maryland. Students will begin to understand this culture before they arrive on campus, become immersed in it during their time on campus, and further develop these skills after they leave the campus. Assessment of these skills will take place in a variety of ways in the Core, in the majors, and in the senior capstone experiences.
In compliance with St. Mary’s College’s position as Maryland’s public honors college, the St. Mary’s Project (SMP) is the capstone of study at the College. The project is an eight-credit, independent, sustained endeavor of research or creative expression that is supervised by a faculty mentor and presented in a public forum. Each project realizes several of the following goals of this honors college:
- The maintenance of high academic standards
- The creation of a sense of intellectual community in which the academic disciplines are appreciated as both unique and interrelated
- The development of each student’s ability to think critically and creatively in order to foster curiosity and promote inquiry
- The encouragement of each student’s ability to identify personal educational goals and to select the courses that will help to realize these goals
- An emphasis on learning not only in the classroom, but between faculty and students and between students and their peers
- Sponsorship of a project of quality as the culmination and means of assessing the whole of a student’s education
- High standards of intellectual and creative endeavor and a sense of responsibility and personal integrity that lead to meaningful performance in a world that is increasingly complex and interdependent
As Maryland’s public honors college, St. Mary’s is committed to the ideal of providing an excellent and challenging education to a diverse population. As an honors college, St. Mary’s seeks talented students who are serious about their education. As a public college, St. Mary’s recruits a student body that is diverse socio-economically, ethnically, and by age. The two characteristics of academic strength and social diversity define the mission of this college, and the St. Mary’s Project offers students and faculty the means to fulfill the College’s unique educational opportunities.
At St. Mary’s College, depth of knowledge is gained through intensive study in a major field. By assuming a major, the student goes beyond the introductory level in a chosen field, develops a coherent view of the subject, and attains competence in the use of skills appropriate to the discipline. This aspect of the curriculum allows students to experience the challenge and pleasure of pursuing a subject in depth. It also helps them refine their abilities of acquiring, analyzing, and synthesizing information, abilities needed to respond to the increasing complexity of the modern world.
By the end of the sophomore year, each student must declare a major by using the SMCM web Portal. In most cases there is no need for a student to designate a major until the end of the second year. However, if a student anticipates majoring in biology, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, natural science, or music, or plans to pursue the MAT, a faculty adviser in the field should be consulted early in the first year, preferably before the student enrolls in the first semester.
CHANGING A MAJOR AND/OR ADDING A MAJORExcept in the case of student-designed majors, students wishing to change their major must do so by the end of the schedule adjustment period of their last semester at the College prior to graduation. While there is no absolute deadline for declaring a second major, students who attempt to do so past the schedule adjustment period may not have the major recorded on their diploma, due to the administrative requirements of certification.
Recognizing that many students may want to take a concentration of courses under a specific discipline but not with the intention of majoring in the subject matter, St. Mary’s College allows students to pursue approved minors. Minors require students to take 18-24 credit-hours in prescribed course work.
Cross-disciplinary studies can increase intellectual community across disciplines, encourage cohesion in the choice of electives, and promote combinations of methods and materials that challenge the boundaries of knowledge. They involve at least three academic disciplines and require 18 to 24 credit-hours, at least eight (8) of which must be at the upper-division level. Cross-disciplinary studies include an integrative component such as a common course or requirement. At the discretion of the specific cross-disciplinary studies committee, students may complete the St. Mary's Project in the study area, provided they secure the approval of the department in which they are majoring. Completion of the course work in a cross-disciplinary study area is noted as a specific minor on a student's transcript. Currently, the College offers the following cross-disciplinary minors: African and African Diaspora Studies, Asian Studies, Democracy Studies, Environmental Studies, Museum Studies, Neurosciences, and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies.
Although students may drop a minor at any time, students wishing to add a minor must do so by the end of the schedule adjustment period of their last semester at the College prior to graduation. Students who attempt to add a minor past the schedule adjustment period may not be able to graduate with the minor due to the administrative requirements of certification.
The College awards the bachelor of arts degree upon successful completion of all requirements, including the Core Curriculum program and one or more of the designated majors. Students who complete the requirements for more than one major, as determined by the appropriate academic departments, will have that fact recorded on their permanent records.
A liberal arts education equips the student for employment in a wide variety of spheres. For example, many St. Mary’s graduates enjoy successful careers in business and government as well as the arts, education, and the sciences. Many students plan for graduate study in academic fields, or for training in such professions as law and medicine.
The Second Bachelor’s Degree Program is intended to fulfill the needs of college and university graduates who wish to achieve competency in a field of academic study different from the one in which they attained their first degree. Students seeking entrance into the program must have previously received a baccalaureate degree from St. Mary’s or from another accredited institution. To be considered for the program, there must be no extensive duplication among the major field requirements for the two degrees. Prospective students apply to the Office of Admissions for entrance into the program. The Office of the Registrar will assess the transferability of credits earned elsewhere.
Students pursuing a second bachelor’s degree are subject to all academic policies that normally pertain to St. Mary’s degree-seeking students. To earn a second bachelor’s degree, a student must complete a) requirements “1” and “4” of the general College requirements and b) a minimum of 32 credit-hours at St. Mary’s beyond those earned for the first degree.
Interested students are urged to make a pre-application appointment with the Office of Admissions to receive advice regarding admissions procedures and transfer credit policies.
Occasionally, a department may offer a course that is not listed in the catalog. Designated as experimental, such courses may be offered twice before being formally approved and incorporated into the curriculum or dropped from the College’s offerings. Such courses carry credit on the same basis as courses listed in the catalog. | <urn:uuid:bfbca98c-3901-49e5-b3f7-3b5131b19034> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.smcm.edu/catalog1213/curriculum/overview.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00082-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9416689872741699,
"token_count": 2437,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Information Central (c) Larry Larsen
Growth - Fingerling to Adult
The parents guard the young for extended periods of time, sometimes up to 10 weeks, and that assures a
continuing population for years. The parents chase off any would-be predators, but when they are guarding the fry, one may instantly intercept any lure in the
neighborhood with a terrifying rush. Although not feeding during this period, this defensive action makes the fish susceptible to some fishing pressure.
"It is not unusual to see two adult peacock bass and maybe 1,000 young swimming along with them in the
South Florida canals," notes biologist Paul Shafland. "Once the fingerlings are three inches in length or so,
they usually separate. One day I noticed two peacocks each about three to four pounds swimming with a cloud
of young. I cast a small jig into the cloud and caught one of the fingerlings. It was five inches long and still being guarded by its parents."
When the small fry reach an advance fingerling stage, they are on their own. They move into shallow
cover and fend for themselves. Biologists have described color pattern changes occurring at this time, from a
lateral stripe to the three vertical bars. Fry will move to insects and tiny freshwater shrimp, where available, for their food source.
The fry will remain in the shallow cover for about five to six months before moving into more open-water
habitat. Their diet will change to include more small, shallow-swimming minnows. The fingerlings form schools and become very aggressive while
foraging. The most mature, usually a male with pronounced hump, and most aggressive fingerling will generally be the leader of the school.
The butterfly peacock bass grow about an inch a month during the first year of life, so they are 12
inches long in just one year. Like many other cichlids, male peacock bass grow faster and larger than females. Biologists have reported that the
maximum growth of female butterfly peacocks is approximately half the size of the largest males.
Growth of butterfly and royal peacock bass continues to be rapid to sizes
of 2 to 3 pounds after which it may slow. The speckled peacock has reportedly a fairly uniform, continuous growth rate until it dies of old age. The average
size of most peacock bass is around 3 or 4 pounds, but in many South American waters, several between 6 and 10 pounds may be taken on a good day and in a
few select places, monsters over 15 pounds can be caught occasionally.
The most common and widespread peacock species, the butterfly peacock
(C. ocellaris) attains a smaller maximum size of 11 to 12 pounds, than does the speckled peacock (C. temensis) which is 27 to 32 pounds, depending on which
fishery biologist report you happen to be reading. In Venezuela, the weight of the butterfly peacock is greater in reservoirs, up to 12 pounds, than in their
natural river habitat, which is seldom larger than 9.5 pounds. | <urn:uuid:63bb0dce-76a9-4a5d-8735-22b85feff680> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "http://www.peacockbassassociation.com/html/growth_peacock_bass.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660996.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00177-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.962153434753418,
"token_count": 646,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Microcystis is a planktonic blue-green algae. It forms irregular colonies where the cells cluster in a gelatinous matrix. The colony will trap air to maintain buoyancy at the surface of the water. Microcystis reproduces by cell division and it can easily take over the whole surface of the water. Algae blooms that cover the entire water’s surface will prevent oxygen exchange between the water and the atmosphere which will deplete the water of oxygen.
Microcystis can grow in warm freshwater that is rich in nutrients. It can secrete toxins into the water that will be harmful to people and wildlife. It can also give water a bad taste and smell. Microcystis can be treated with Cutrine Ultra. | <urn:uuid:bda634d6-5be2-4e62-9d1c-e3ccb1e4e40e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://aquadocinc.blogspot.com/2011/04/microcystis.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9269108772277832,
"token_count": 154,
"score": 3.453125,
"int_score": 3
} |
"All the fish examined in the study showed elevated levels of radioactive caesium - the isotopes 134 and 137."
Jonathan Amos / BBC.com
Pacific Bluefin tuna caught off the coast of California have been found to have radioactive contamination from last year's Fukushima nuclear accident.
The fish would have picked up the pollution while swimming in Japanese waters, before then moving to the far side of the ocean.
Scientists stress that the fish are still perfectly safe to eat.
However, the case does illustrate how migratory species can carry pollution over vast distances, they say.
"It's a lesson to us in how interconnected eco-regions can be, even when they may be separated by thousands of miles," Nicholas Fisher, a professor of marine sciences at Stony Brook University, New York, told BBC News.
Fisher and colleagues report their study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
They examined the muscle tissues of 15 Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) taken from waters off San Diego in August 2011, just a few months after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.
These were animals whose parents would have spawned in Japanese waters and spent one to two years locally before heading to feeding grounds in the eastern Pacific. Read More | <urn:uuid:2e7c3bed-f78f-453d-bbf2-ec59789e91ef> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://iamamericaearthchanges.blogspot.com/2012/05/bluefin-tuna-record-fukushima.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588072.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216123525-20171216145525-00336.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389591217041016,
"token_count": 261,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
} |
a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering
a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension
having cleansing power
Any non-soap cleaning agent, especially a synthetic surfactant.
Having the power to clean.
a substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc
Origin: [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. dtergent.]
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions." These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxyl to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic. Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.
Any chemical or organic substance in various forms created, designed and used to clean.
There are a wide variety of detergent on the market and they come in various forms eg. capsule, liquid, powder etc.
The numerical value of detergent in Chaldean Numerology is: 1
The numerical value of detergent in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
It’s recommended to hand wash your bra in cold water with a gentle detergent or baby shampoo.
I like a hypoallergenic detergent, one that’s made for sensitive skin, free of dyes or perfumes.
It's mainly due to the development in the United States, where we see strong competition between detergent makers, and that consumers are buying cheaper detergents with a lower level of enzymes.
A lot of advertisers lined up to throw money at this stuff because they were caught up in the hysteria about the Web. But now they want to know how you make money selling a 1.59 bottle of dish detergent on the World Wide Web.
Images & Illustrations of detergent
Translations for detergent
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- препарат за почистванеBulgarian
- απορρυπαντικός, καθαριστικός, απορρυπαντικόGreek
- puhdistusaine, pesuaine, puhdistavaFinnish
- détersif, détergent, détergente, détersiveFrench
- reinigingsmiddel, wasmiddelDutch
- детергент, моющее средствоRussian
- deterjan, arıtıcıTurkish
Get even more translations for detergent »
Find a translation for the detergent definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:e71e9b7d-a80b-4f22-a16e-912bdc46b718> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "https://www.definitions.net/definition/detergent",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00239.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.801550567150116,
"token_count": 759,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Alice in Wonderland: Down the Rabbit Hole, Lewis Carroll Illustrated by Eric Puybaret
Alice in Wonderland is one of the most wondrous, truly original stories ever written—filled with magical and marvelous happenings. On its 150th anniversary in 2015, Lewis Carroll’s tale of a world gone topsy-turvy gets a unique picture-book retelling of the beginning of Alice’s journey, with elegantly simplified text that keeps all of the astonishing adventures and wide-eyed amazement of the original. What a wonderful Introduction for young children to many of the classic Carroll characters - Alice and The White Rabbit, the Blue Caterpillar, Bill the Lizard and more. Many of the most famous phrases are here— like "Curiouser and curiouser" and "Oh dear, oh dear, I shall be too late" to prepare youngsters for the time they’re ready to read the whole book in its original form. | <urn:uuid:bc77672b-a1db-4597-8440-2005c51c7755> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "http://lornebeachbooks.com.au/product/alice-in-wonderland-down-the-rabbit-hole-lewis-carroll-illustrated-by-eric-puybaret",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743353.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117102757-20181117124757-00382.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8793719410896301,
"token_count": 192,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
} |
The education system in Cambodia faces many barriers such as lack of funding, poverty, corruption and also the lack of understanding the value of education.
During the Khmer Rouge regime in the mid to late 1970's education in Cambodia suffered a severe setback. During this horrific time in recent history all schools were closed, and all educated people were to subject to unspeakable torture and even execution.
Now there are many non-government organizations and volunteer missions to help rebuild the system in Cambodia.
Someone I know has built a pre-school in Tek Yong Village in rural Cambodia. Entirely a sole operation and privately funded by herself she has built a small classroom and also provides the local children with all school supplies in terms of receiving a scholarship.
Her goal is to show the local children and their parents the value of education and how it can provide in the future by offering wider opportunities as the kids grow up.
Students hold hands in a class room activity.
A child stands in the corner of the classroom. Educational posters in Khmer are stuck on the walls around the room.
One of the tasks in hand was to measure each student's clothe size in order to purchase new uniforms for the next term.
Shopping for supplies in the Kampong Cham street markets.
The children and students of the village do not have many toys. Most of them are kept in the classroom and shared by the local kids.
The school has no running water, electricity or plumbing. A communal water pump is used.
Each student had their portrait taken as part of their enrollment.
A student reading a book in Khmer.
Each child has their turn to come forth individually to plead why they deserve a scholarship.
As part of their scholarship pack each student receives funding for a full school year, new uniform, school bag, stationery, and a bicycle to get to and from school.
Curious students peep into the classroom to see what is going on.
(left) Educational posters in Khemer. (right) New exercise book supplies for the new school term.
It's a rare opportunity for these kids to see a camera. Here are some of the locals posing.
English is part of the school curriculum. A large part of Cambodia's economy depends on tourism, so the ability to speak some English is a valued skill in the workforce.
A game of tug-o-war.
The local kids have a dance-off to some music.
Suitcases full of donated clothing, supplies, and toys were gifted to the students before we left. The handful of kids were let into the room at a time to choose from the donations. | <urn:uuid:17d8dca9-07f9-43f4-881f-88b0a2e36208> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "http://www.justinmaphoto.com.au/mitciv/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00274.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9797803163528442,
"token_count": 543,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Network data from the NetBlocks internet observatory provide evidence of the extent and impact of an internet shutdown affecting India’s north-east regions including Assam. As of Thursday 12 December, the disruptions have extended to cover many fixed-line networks manifesting in an information blackout in affected regions following a mobile data shutdown the previous day.
Tens of thousands of residents protesting the bill descended on the streets of Assam on Wednesday clashing with police and triggering widespread unrest. Authorities have responded by ordering internet operators to disconnect their subscribers while imposing a regional curfew.
Technical data corroborate reports that network operators have complied with orders by authorities to cut off telecommunications in Assam, leaving the state in the midst of a telecommunication blackout.
The ongoing internet shutdown presents a clear threat to independent media coverage, restricting rights to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly at a time when residents most need to be involved in shaping public policy.
Why are Indians concerned about the Citizenship Amendment Bill?
Critical voices from various segments of the political spectrum have united in their criticism of the CAB, leaving authorities without a clear plan of action. Concerns fall into three major categories:
- Assamese residents fear an influx of migrants, facilitated by the Citizenship Amendment Bill which allows outsiders to claim residency in the region. Reports indicate that this issue is behind the most violent clashes.
- Some consider the bill to be discriminatory and “anti-Muslim” due to provisions in the new law which favour migrants from other religions and ethnicities.
- Secular Indian nationalists have objected to the classification of people by race and religion, a distinction which they believe contradicts India’s constitution and harms national unity. The government contests claims that the bill is racially biased.
Authorities have issued a heavy-handed response, deploying thousands of troops, imposing a curfew and suspending internet services to limit dissent.
Why has India shut down internet access in Assam?
Although India does not implement nationwide internet shutdowns, the country has become increasingly emboldened with the scale and duration of regional blackouts it orders to push through legislative bills that lack popular support.
Internet access remains largely shut in Kashmir since the government revoked Article 370 in August terminating provisions for self-governance. Internet was cut for several days in Aligarh this November when courts issued a ruling to settle a 70-year ethnic land dispute in Ayodhya.
The latest incident is the third high-profile case in recent months where Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government and ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party have sought to push through bills despite limited public support, using mass-scale telecommunications blackouts to silence oppositional voices after failing to achieve consensus.
Internet shutdowns are used by leaders to preserve their public image while consolidating power domestically and suppressing voices of dissent. However rights advocates contend that mass-censorship measures represent a direct threat to human rights, democracy and public safety.
How was the internet shutdown implemented?
Mobile providers were the first to cut service on Wednesday, 11 December 2019 as corroborated by multiple local reports. Technical data indicate a drop on the 11th potentially consistent with those reports. The shutdown was fully in force by the evening of the 12th, with only a brief restoration on the 14th and on the 16th, up until a more significant restoration began on the 17th and normal levels were reached on the 19th.
Hence, many Assam residents were already offline on Thursday and unable to read tweets by Prime Minister Narendra Modi claiming his government was “constitutionally committed to safeguard the political, linguistic, cultural and land rights of the Assamese people.”
Confirmed: Evidence of internet shutdowns in #Assam and northeastern states as #India seeks to push through Citizenship Amendment Bill; mobile and fixed-line connections cut limiting media coverage and free expression; incident ongoing 📉 #CABProtests
— NetBlocks.org (@netblocks) December 14, 2019
There is no indication of a kill-switch or advanced technical mechanism in use to disable telecommunications, and timings confirm that individual operators have each been forced to switch off access to their subscribers through a manual process after being legally compelled to do so.
First Kashmir, now Assam. Where will internet etc be banned next in India ? pic.twitter.com/nIsHkVkyMr
— Markandey Katju (@mkatju) December 11, 2019
Drops in connectivity have been observed in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura at the time of writing, and appear be related to further shutdown orders, although these outages are not yet validated.
— The Hindu (@the_hindu) December 12, 2019
NetBlocks recommends against the use of network disruptions to limit the rights to free expression and free assembly.
NetBlocks diffscans, which map the IP address space of a country in real time, show internet connectivity levels and corresponding outages. Purposeful internet outages generally have a distinct network pattern used by NetBlocks to determine and attribute the root cause of an outage, a process known as attribution which follows detection and classification stages.
A summary of data visualizations used in this report:
- Network Connectivity by Provider: A subset of internet providers and networks serving the affected region are visualized in a stacked time-series histogram to identify the start and end times of an internet shutdown event. Scales on the y-axis are adjusted to match localized maxima while minima indicate periods when networks became unreachable. The x-axis represents Universal Coordinated time (GMT+0).
- Standard: Connectivity levels on the y-axis correspond directly to the observed number of reachable connections, as with National Connectivity charts.
- Normalized: Connectivity levels on the y-axis are normalized so that each network has equal representation at the initial time represented in the chart, offering a comparative view.
NetBlocks is a civil society group working at the intersection of digital rights, cyber-security and internet governance. Independent and non-partisan, NetBlocks strives for an open and inclusive digital future for all. | <urn:uuid:8ecd5c43-e45a-420b-8adf-5a43c807398b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29",
"url": "https://netblocks.org/reports/evidence-of-assam-internet-shutdown-as-india-pushes-citizenship-amendment-bill-9AkMJZyD",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657172545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716153247-20200716183247-00373.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301045536994934,
"token_count": 1261,
"score": 2.9375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Volstead Act
Ratified in October of 1919, the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, The Volstead Act, went in full effect on January 16th, 1920. Prohibition had come to America. And although police and Prohibition agents (‘Probies’) smashed and spilled millions of pints, quarts and gallons of liquor, the words and warnings of Tony Cermak and the ‘Wets’ rang cartoonishly true. Taverns were immediately replaced by ‘speakeasies’, liquor distributors were quickly replaced by ‘bootleggers’ and the revenues of the market that once went to business owners (as well as cities and states) now become the propriety of a seraglio of gangsters that ran roughshod through America. The ‘Roaring Twenties’ had started, as had the massive payroll of bribes going to cops, aldermen, and top legislators for ‘protection’ against the nation’s new law. | <urn:uuid:33db4848-00c1-4d5c-a4a3-11258facb0f9> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "http://pushcarttony.com/the-roaring-twenties-3/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00026.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.982832133769989,
"token_count": 211,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
} |
6. Vacuum Tubes. While vacuum tubes are not used to the extent that
they were in the past, you may still encounter electronic circuits
that use these devices. As with electronic components, vacuum tubes
come in a variety of configurations.
They may range from a simple
Each type of vacuum tube has a symbol to represent it in a circuit
Vacuum tubes are indicated by a circle representing the
envelope of the tube, with the elements of the device shown within.
Figure 1-24 illustrates a triode vacuum tube. As shown, the element
labeled 1 is the cathode heater.
Element 2 is the cathode.
(Sometimes a directly heated cathode will be represented by the
symbol of the cathode heater alone.) The element labeled 3 is the
plate or anode.
Element number 4 is the control grid.
elements may be added depending on the circuit function of the vacuum
Figure 1-25 shows several symbols for various designs of
current flow through the tube. This is done by heating the cathode,
directly or indirectly, and applying a bias voltage between the
cathode and the plate. The amount of current that flows through the
tube is controlled by adjusting the bias or through the use of a
variety of grids. Figure 1-26 shows the triode shown in figure 1-24
hooked up in a circuit to provide voltage amplification.
tubes are labeled with the letter "V. "
Triode Vacuum Tube. | <urn:uuid:6d71e8e3-0407-457f-8abf-4a6e8aabfaf0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://armyordnance.tpub.com/Od1725b/Od1725b0021.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805923.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120071401-20171120091401-00764.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.917069137096405,
"token_count": 317,
"score": 3.90625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Nine states report record low snowpacks. A report from the US Department of Agriculture states, “the largest snowpack deficits are in record territory for many basins,especially in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada where single – digit percent of normal conditions prevail. Very low snowpacks are reported in most of Washington, all of Oregon, Nevada, California, parts of Arizona, much of Idaho, parts of New Mexico, three basins in Wyoming, one basin in Montana, and most of Utah.” This region is undergoing the warmest winter temperatures since record keeping began in 1895.
“There has been near average precipitation in many areas, but it has mostly been rain. The snowpack normally serves as a natural reservoir, which feeds the rivers during spring snowmelt. The lack of snow will have an impact on streams and reservoirs in much of the west,” said Michael Strobel, Director of the National Water and Climate Center in Portland.
Much of California, Western Nevada and Southeast Oregon are already experiencing extreme drought conditions. This is especially critical in California, which is its fourth year of a drought.
Read more at ENN Affiliate the ECOreport.
2015©. Copyright Environmental News Network | <urn:uuid:183cfcec-e6cb-4e2f-bb71-d9d2edccfdfe> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "http://www.bigmamaearthacademy.org/2015/04/14/record-low-snowpacks-in-southwest-is-bad-news-for-water-supplies/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00276.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9484725594520569,
"token_count": 248,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Challenge is to Near or Optimally Solve a thoroughly scrambled Mini-Rubik's Cube(2x2x2).
Any Mini-Cube can be solved in 11 or fewer Face Moves. There are only 3,674,160 unique cube positions, with only 2344 requiring the fulll 11 moves. Cube moves do not count.
The Performance metric is cumulative Time to Solve 500 cubes (msec).
A standard Mini-Rubik's Cube is shown in 3-D and also unfolded to identify the specific Tile-face/Vector numbering.
The faces are White-Up / Red-Left / Blue-Front / Orange-Right / Yellow-Down / Green-Back (ULFRDB)
Moves are denoted as F for clockwise rotation of the Front face. F'(or FP) is CCW and F2 is F twice. The provided function r_new=rubick_rot_mini(mov,r) implements moves 1-18: UFDLBRU'F'D'L'B'R'U2F2D2L2B2R2.
rubik: row vector of size 24 (The cube started [L=0,U=1,F=2,D=3,B=4,R=5] and then receives forty face moves.
Output: move_vec (Numeric of moves to solve) move_vec:values 1:27 for UFDLBR U'F'D'L'B'R' U2F2D2L2B2R2 XYZX'Y'Z'X2Y2Z2
The function rubik_rot_mini(mov,r) is provided in the template. Other functions are provided to re-orient the cube in Cody Challenge 931, Rubik's Mini-Cube.
The Challenge Challenge 931 Rubik's Mini-Cube contains a 3D Mini-Cube Viewer for program development.
(Note: Mini-Cube can use the full cube moves and ignore edge effects)
Coming Soon: Matlab Tetris | <urn:uuid:d3fc28a9-78c2-4e1f-9cc1-508fefab92a0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://au.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/937",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00301.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7607722282409668,
"token_count": 438,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
NASA may abandon plans for moon base
London, April 30 : NASA's acting administrator, Chris Scolese, has told lawmakers that the agency will probably not build an outpost on the moon as originally planned.
According to a report in New Scientist, Scolese's comments also hinted that the agency is open to putting more emphasis on human missions to destinations like Mars or a near-Earth asteroid.
NASA has been working towards returning astronauts to the moon by 2020 and building a permanent base there.
But, some space analysts and advocacy groups like the Planetary Society have urged the agency to cancel plans for a permanent moon base, carry out shorter moon missions instead, and focus on getting astronauts to Mars.
Under Scolese's predecessor, Mike Griffin, the agency held firm to its moon base plans.
But, the comments by Scolese, who will lead NASA until President Barack Obama nominates the next administrator, suggest a shift in the agency's direction.
NASA's agenda was hinted at by Scolese when he spoke to the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Scolese was asked repeatedly whether NASA could still make it to the moon by 2020 under the proposed 2010 budget, but failed to give a clear yes or no, and his answers suggested the agency's plans were in flux.
"We were looking at an outpost on the moon, as the basis for that (2020) estimate and that one is being revisited," he said.
"It will probably be less than an outpost on the moon, but where it fits between sorties, single trips, to the moon to various parts and an outpost is really going to be dependent on the studies that we're going to be doing," he added.
"Recall (that) the Vision (for Space Exploration) was not just to go to the moon as it was in Apollo, it was to utilize space to go on to Mars and to go to other places," said Scolese.
Scolese's further comments hinted that the agency's plans might shift to include a greater emphasis on destinations beyond the moon.
According to him, "So what I would like to see from NASA over time is an architecture that will give us flexibility for taking humans beyond low-Earth orbit and allowing us to have options for what we can do at the moon as well as other destinations like Mars or an asteroid, so that there are options on what we do in 2020," he said. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:38ff51e3-3e96-433e-953b-29489bca2e00> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "https://www.topnews.in/nasa-may-abandon-plans-moon-base-2159379",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987803441.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022053647-20191022081147-00288.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.97489333152771,
"token_count": 515,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
IntroductionAnkle Sprains are a very common injury that can happen to anyone. Your ankles support your entire body weight and are vulnerable to instability. Walking on an uneven surface or wearing the wrong shoes can cause a sudden loss of balance that makes the ankle twist. If the ankle turns far enough, the ligaments that hold the bones together can overstretch or tear, resulting in a sprain. A major sprain or several minor sprains can lead to permanent ankle instability.
Strong tissues, called ligaments, connect your leg and foot bones together. One ligament, called the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL), is very susceptible to ankle sprains. The LCL is located on the outer side of our ankle. It contributes to balance and stability when you are standing or walking and moving. The LCL also protects the ankle joint from abnormal movements, such as extreme ranges of motion, twisting, and rolling.
The LCL is composed of three separate bands commonly referred to as separate ligaments. The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is the weakest and most commonly torn, followed by the Calcaneofibular Ligament. The Posterior Talofibular Ligament is the strongest and is rarely injured.
Ankle Sprains are categorized by the amount of injury to the ligaments. A Grade One sprain has minimal impairment. The ligament has sustained slight stretching and some damage to the fibers. A Grade Two sprain is characterized by partial tearing of the ligament. The ankle joint is lax or looser than normal. A Grade Three Spain describes a complete tear of the ligament. The ankle joint is completely unstable.
TreatmentThe majority of Ankle Sprains heal with non-surgical treatment methods. It is imperative that you seek evaluation and treatment for any ankle injury, as sometimes fractures are mistaken for sprains.
The treatment of an Ankle Sprain depends on its Grade. Grade One sprains are treated with the RICE method - Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. You should rest your ankle by not placing weight on it. You may use crutches to help you walk. Applying ice packs to your ankle can help keep the swelling down and reduce pain. You should apply ice immediately after spraining your ankle. Your doctor will provide you with a continued icing schedule. Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription pain medication. Compression bandages, such as elastic wraps, are helpful to immobilize and support the ankle. You should also elevate your ankle at a level above your heart for 48 hours to help reduce swelling.
Care for Grade Two sprains includes applying the RICE method of treatment and in most cases your doctor will prescribe an ankle air cast or soft splint for positioning and stability. As healing takes place, your doctor will gradually increase your activities. Your doctor may recommend that you wear an ankle brace for stability as your healing continues.
In addition to the primary care, your doctor may recommend a short leg cast or a cast-brace system for a Grade Three sprain. The cast is typically worn for two or three weeks and followed by rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is helpful to decrease pain and swelling and to increase movement, coordination, and strength. Your doctor may recommend customized inserts called orthotics for your shoe or special shoes to help you maintain proper ankle positioning.
The recovery time is shorter for ankle sprains that do not require surgery. Grade One sprains may heal in about six weeks. Grade Two and Three Sprains may take several months to heal. Grade Three Sprains usually involve a period of physical therapy to promote healing.
SurgeryAnkle Sprains rarely require surgery; however, it is an option when non-surgical treatments and rehabilitation fail. Your physician will evaluate each case of Ankle Sprain on an individual basis. Your physician will discuss surgical options and help you determine the most appropriate choice for you.
One type of surgery, termed Ligament Tightening, is performed to tighten the overstretched ligaments. This usually involves the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) and the Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL). The surgeon will make an opening over the ligaments and separate the ATFL and the CFL in half. The ends of these two ligaments are surgically attached to the Fibula. The surgeon will further reinforce the ligaments by also attaching the top edge of the Ankle Retinaculum. The Ankle Retinaculum is a large band of connective tissue located at the front of the ankle.
If the ligaments are severely damaged or not appropriate for a Ligament Tightening procedure, the surgeon may perform a Tendon Graft. For this procedure, the surgeon will use a portion of a nearby tendon for a tendon graft. The tendon from the Peroneus Brevis muscle in the foot is most commonly used. The tendon graft is surgically attached to the Fibula and the Talus, near the attachment sites of the original tendon.
In some cases of chronic pain, an Arthroscopic Surgery may be performed to remove bone fragments, scar tissue, and damaged cartilage. Arthroscopic surgery uses a small camera, called an arthroscope, to guide the surgery. Only small incisions need to be made and the joint does not have to be opened up fully. This can shorten the recovery time.
RecoveryDepending on the grade of the injury and what surgical or non-surgical methods are applied to repair the ankle, will determine the rate of recovery.
Grade 1 sprains should only experience slight limits to range of motion, and the recovery process is approximately six weeks.
Grade 2 sprains have moderate impairment and recovery may take a few months.
Grade 3 sprains have severe impairment and may take several months to fully recover. Even after a full recovery, some patients find that swelling still might occur. In most cases, rehabilitation will help restore strength, mobility and range of motion.
Recovery from surgery differs and depends on the extent of your injury and the type of surgery that was performed. Your physician will let you know what to expect. People usually wear a cast for up to 2 months following surgery. Your doctor will instruct you to carefully increase the amount of weight that you put on your foot. Rehabilitation following surgery is a slow process. People typically participate in physical therapy for two to three months. Physical therapy helps to strengthen the ankle muscles and increase movement. Success rates are high for both surgical procedures. The majority of individuals achieve an excellent recovery in about six months.
PreventionIndividuals that experience one ankle sprain are at an increased risk to experience another. It may be helpful to wear shoes that provide extra ankle support and stability. Shoes with low heels and flared heels may feel steadier. In some cases, doctors recommend a heel wedge or prescribe an orthosis, a plastic brace, to help position the foot inside of the shoe.
Copyright © - iHealthSpot Interactive - www.iHealthSpot.com
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com. | <urn:uuid:b022f4f5-8fe2-42c8-90b5-778898c1ed80> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://www.spacreekhealth.com/patient-education/ankle-sprain-621/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103810.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211080606-20231211110606-00308.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.937288761138916,
"token_count": 1673,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Today’s school meals — nearly 32 million served each day — are healthier than ever, now that federal guidelines require school meals pass muster with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
According to a press release, the USDA implemented the most drastic changes in more than 15 years to help better provide healthier foods for school children. The meals are featuring more fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains and lean protein sources.
Children in American schools will eat approximately 4,000 school meals from kindergarten through high school graduation — one-third of a student’s expected calorie consumption throughout these years.
Dietician and school nutrition expert Dayle Hayes is visiting hundreds of schools to showcase healthy meals from all over the country through her website www.schoolmealsthatrock.com .
Hayes encourages parents to get involved and efforts on the project through a variety of tips. She also suggests parents who make lunches for their children abide by the same standards the school does.
— GO GREEK: There is a USDA pilot program in four states (New York, Idaho, Tennessee and Arizona) that features authentic, all-natural Greek yogurt in school meals in a variety of ways. In addition to being offered in traditional yogurt cups, it is also used in recipes for sauces, dips and baked goods. Greek yogurt provides extra protein and calcium in meals, while also lowering the fat and sodium content. This option is also a huge plus for vegetarians. Parents can check out www.gogreekinschool.com to learn more about the program sponsored by Chobani.
— VEG OUT: Vegetables coming into schools are now offered in greater quantity, variety and color. Hayes said the additions add visual appeal and are a great way to get kids interested as well as earn them extra nutrients and introduce them to more vegetable options, like orange sweet potatoes (potassium boost) and red peppers (Vitamin C-loaded).
— GRAIN OF TRUTH: At least half of the grains in school meals will come from whole grain sources, according to Hayes. Whole grains can bread baked chicken (notice baked, not fried), and more school meals are including quinoa, couscous and whole grain bread.
— SCHOOL YOURSELF ON WHAT’S NEW: Is it time to go back to school? Hayes wants parents to try a school meal themselves, showing the importance to their children about what to eat and what the options are. Parents should also be asking their children what they eat at school each day, as well as provide some of the healthier options offered in school at home. Most schools have menus available for parents, now even offering updates on smartphones in addition to flyers, posters and online. This way, kids will be more accustomed to what’s available and ultimately lead to healthier eating habits for life and, according to Hayes, better classroom performance. | <urn:uuid:ed471da2-b42a-40b7-a653-c3a6e1d7ab9d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.johnsoncitypress.com/article/112250/hot-topics-what-parents-should-know-about-american-school-meals",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00256-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615143537521362,
"token_count": 582,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
} |
IEEE has a task force working on a new Ethernet standard that may lead to 75 percent power savings. The final spec is expected in March 2010.
Take Ethernet. You probably hadn't thought twice about that gray Ethernet cable on the floor, but an IEEE task force has been staring at it for well over a year, trying to make the darn thing more efficient.
The goals of the IEEE 802.3az task force are pretty straightforward: define a mechanism to reduce power consumption during periods of low link utilization and a protocol to coordinate transitions to or from a lower level of power consumption. It'll work only on new hardware, of course, but that hardware should be fully backward-compatible.
Parsing through some of the publicly available documents yields an awful lot of complex circuit diagrams ... and a bit of interesting information. According to a presentation by Hossein Sedarat of semiconductor manufacturer Aquantia, "channel staggering" in combination with a few other technologies may lead to a 75% power savings. That's in 10GBase-T, a wicked fast form of Ethernet. But it's not unreasonable to guess that ordinary 100MB Ethernet could see similar savings. | <urn:uuid:a9b62b96-0157-4b0a-801d-8e7a341dcbcb> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "https://www.dvhardware.net/article29682.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121665.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00031-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9414587616920471,
"token_count": 237,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Spinners break open the dense bales of cotton shipped from the cotton gin and fluff up the fiber, which then passes through a series of drums that card and comb the fibers so that they lay parallel to each other. Once combed, the fibers are 'drawn' into a long snake like fiber tube called 'roving'. From there, the fiber can be spun by hand or machine and drawn into a range of different thicknesses called 'counts'.
After spinning the yarn is shipped to the weaver or knitter to make fabric. It is generally at this stage where the fabric is dyed into different colors (piece dyed). Yarn can also be dyed before weaving or knitting into fabric. This enables stripes and patterns to be achieved. If you are wearing a plaid, checked, or striped shirt it was most likely yarn dyed.
Other means of coloring occur at the very beginning of product development, including dyeing the fiber before it is spun (stock dyed). This enables spinners to blend different colors of fiber together before spinning to create 'melange' or 'heather' effects. In contrast, garment dyeing, occurs at the very end of product development - finished garments that are a raw white color are immersed fully into the dye bath. Generally speaking garment dyeing uses the most water and is the cheapest means by which to color a product.
Fabrics go through a tremendous amount of finishing. Each brand is competing to attract the attention of the consumer, and so different fabric qualities are constantly developed to create a marketing edge. Whether it's a coating, a shrink-proofing application, a weathered appearance or a soft hand-feel, each finish requires energy, water and/or chemicals to produce. Asking your favorite brands about the energy, water and chemicals used in their garment production as well as the carbon footprint of their garment will help create more and more transparency about garment processing.
Once the fabric is finished it is shipped to the cut, make and trim (CMT) factory to be made into garments that are then bagged and shipped to a store near you.
This long process of converting a cotton fiber into finished garments is called the supply chain and is extremely complicated. Each stage - spinning, weaving, knitting, garment making - often occurs in a different mill, with the yarn, fabric, garments and trims shipped between each stage to the next producer in the chain. This complexity is further amplified by a global fashion industry, where each stage typically occurs in a different country! Imagine the many components that comprise a full garment (buttons, interfacing, fabric, yarn, dye stiff) being shipped across the globe at any one time. When this is extrapolated across the hundreds of styles a company produces in a season, and millions of units per style, it's easy to imagine how complicated and challenging managing a supply chain is for an individual brand. Most often, this logistical complexity requires a central person to co-ordinate (known as an agent) to ensure quality requirements and timely delivery of the product. Most brands therefore interact with their agent to buy a finished product, rather than with individual manufacturers in the supply chain.
This long complex and opaque supply chain structure is one of the largest hurdles that the Sustainable Cotton Project (SCP) faces in bringing Cleaner Cotton™ to market. Brands simply don't have the means or the time to track exactly where their cotton fiber comes from and what products it goes into. And without that transparency and accessibility, it's difficult to utilize a new kind of cotton fiber.
Clothing brands research and listen to their consumers closely because their businesses depend on selling more products. The consumer is 'king'. Letting your favorite brand know that you want more information on where the fiber in your clothes comes from, and asking for locally grown Cleaner Cotton™ will prompt them to spend more time on supply chain transparency, and will help us bring Cleaner Cotton™ fiber to market. | <urn:uuid:4a2b211e-2b90-4fb5-91d9-eb8bb5e3aa96> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "http://sustainablecotton.org/pages/show/mill",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543315.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00001-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.955079197883606,
"token_count": 801,
"score": 3.5,
"int_score": 4
} |
The adverse health effects produced by various forms of artificial lighting has been the subject in order to ascertain whether human beings are helping or harming their cognitive, emotional and physical well-being in indoor and outdoor environments.
Studies of light effects on children
As published and reviewed on the website e-How.com, the work of Dr. Warren Hathaway, a lighting researcher, studies how children perform under exposure to different types of lighting. In a review of Dr. Hathaway’s work by e-How contributor Greg Fish, the findings were remarkable in what they reveal about how lighting potentially affects each and every one of us.
In summary the findings were as follows:
- Children with regular exposure to moderate amounts of natural light are taller than those who spend most of their time under artificial lights.
- Children who spend most of their time under artificial light, even when more active, are prone to getting fat.
- Children with excessive exposure to artificial light may get more cavities.
If these findings are true, as we shall examine further, then artificial lighting itself is something of a danger to the health of many people.
Fluorescent and sodium vapor lighting
The degree of harm also varies with the type of artificial lighting to which people are exposed. Dr. Hathaway’s study showed that natural lighting improved learning ability in children, allowing them to learn more easily.
But children who worked under high-pressure sodium vapor lights fared far worse, scoring the lowest in academic achievement tests. Sodium vapor lights also are linked to higher absentee rates from school.
Fluorescent lighting is also apparently “no bargain” when it comes to effects on human health either. The list of negative health conditions linked to exposure to fluorescent lighting reads like a Who’s Who of modern disease. Aggression, ALS, ADD, autism, cancer, reduced concentration, dyslexia, eye irritation, eye strain, fatigue, headaches, hyperactivity, learning difficulties, lupus, reduced muscle strength, MS, nausea and xeroderm pigmentosum. And that’s just a partial list of problems stemming from too much exposure to fluorescent lighting.
The future is now with LED lighting
Artificial lighting alternatives are now being studied as possible replacements for so-called traditional forms of lighting including incandescent bulbs, fluorescent and sodium vapor lights.
One of the leading forms of light alternatives is LED bulbs. Research on the relative health benefits of LED bulbs is proceeding at a fast pace, because the markets and applications for these types of bulbs is growing at an exponential rate. On the negative side, there is some evidence that LED bulbs can have adverse effects on people with Electro-hypersensitivity, Lupus and other conditions.
Yet there is also direct evidence that LED bulbs have direct health benefit applications and possible indirect benefits in terms of controlling light spectrums where indoor and outdoor lighting play roles in aesthetics and imitation of natural light. LED bulbs seem to show particular promise in some of these areas.
LED Light Therapy
In a page titled The Cosmetic and Healing Benefits of LED Light Therapy, the website O2Planet.com states of LED light therapy: “One of the most acclaimed and documented treatments for aging, healing wounds, improving skin diseases such as eczema and treating brain tumors and compromised skin cells (such as in the mouths of cancer patients), LED light therapy is fast becoming a revolution in health care.”
It continues: “LED light therapy is a non-invasive procedure done with panels of red and/or infrared lights that deliver low-level pulses of light up to three times brighter than the sun to activate skin cells. It works like photosynthesis for the skin – it converts light energy already found in skin cells to promote healing and anti-aging effects.”
The clinical backing for such treatments comes from the FDA, which allows advertising for these types of treatments.
Broader spectrum lighting benefits
The broad-spectrum benefits of LED lighting include less flickering than fluorescent or incandescent bulbs, reducing eye strain and health risks such as headaches and even nausea generated by “traditional” lighting. LED bulbs also run silently, reducing noise emitted by light fixtures and bulbs, cutting down on the constant hum that can be distracting at home or in the workplace.
LED bulbs also run cooler and last longer, so their net environmental impact and carbon footprint tends to be much lower than fluorescent or incandescent bulbs, for example.
Tuning LED bulbs to particular light wavelengths holds great promise in applications such as outdoor lighting where municipalities are replacing hard white fluorescent bulbs and sodium vapor lights in streetlamps with LED bulbs that can mimic, with greater intensity of course, the light emitted from the moon.
Artificial lighting is a necessary and vital part of modern society, and the new technology of LED bulbs holds much promise to revolutionize the costs and health benefits of lighting in nearly every application of artificial lighting. LED lights are even being used to essentially invent new ways to use light because of their long-lasting bulb life and energy-sipping technology.
That makes for a bright and healthy future for LED bulbs, and the people who use them. | <urn:uuid:0c47f898-633e-4557-a211-c103ccced6d7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.gogreenledbulbs.com/blog/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702718570/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111158-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9482991695404053,
"token_count": 1056,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Hardcastle Classification System
Jacques Lisfranc (1790-1847) was a French surgeon in Napoleon's
army. He is best known today for describing the joint that bears his name.
What is Lisfranc's joint?
Lisfranc's joint is the joint where the
midfoot attaches to the metatarsal bones (the long bones in the ball of
the foot through which the toes attach to the foot). This is
also known as the tarso-metatarsal joint. See the X-ray to the right
to see Lisfranc's joint
What is a Lisfranc's dislocation?
A Lisfranc's dislocation is where one or several of the metatarsal bones
become misaligned with the bones of the midfoot (the cuneiforms and the cuboid
bones). Small chip fractures of the metatarsals are often associated with this
condition, but the biggest problem is the dislocation itself, which can be very
debilitating when left untreated.
Lisfranc's dislocations are
sometimes obvious, but they can be very difficult to diagnose at times,
with radiographic (X-ray) changes often very subtle and difficult to
discern. For this reason, it is very important that these
conditions be assessed by an individual who specializes in the foot.
In the example to the left, the films look reasonably normal, until you
notice the gap between the first and second metatarsal bones.
(This would be classified as a Hardcastle B2 injury, a classification
system described below.)
Who gets Lisfranc dislocations?
There are two main groups:
Those exposed to sudden trauma. The trauma
causing this injury may be severe, but modest "freak" injuries may
result in this condition more frequently than you might expect. The
mechanism is usually plantarflexion (the foot is pointed downwards) with a
sudden twisting of the foot.
Those with poor sensation in their feet.
The largest members in this category are diabetic
and alcoholic neuropathy.
Lack of sensation from these conditions may lead to a
Lisfranc dislocations and severe arthritis and deformity.
How are Lisfranc injuries classified?
Most podiatric physicians use a modified version of
Hardcastle Classification System:
Total incongruity (all the metatarsals are dislocated,
and together move as a unit in one direction).
Partial incongruity involving the medial metatarsals
(the metatarsals nearest the big toe are dislocated).
Partial incongruity involving the lateral metatarsals
(the metatarsals nearest the little toe are dislocated). The example
above is a B2 because the 1st metatarsal has not moved; the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and
5th metatarsals (the lateral metatarsals) have moved together away from the
Divergent incongruity involving some metatarsals (2 or
more metatarsals are dislocated in different directions.
Divergent incongruity involving all the metatarsals (all
the metatarsals are dislocated, moving in different directions.
How are Lisfranc injuries treated?
A non-weight-bearing cast may be attempted in some
cases, but in the majority of cases surgery is performed. Surgery usually
involves realigning the metatarsals and holding them in place with pins
(K-wires), Screws or External Fixation, then casting the patient in a
non-walking cast. (For more information about how to hold bones together,
please visit our web page on fixation
How do Lisfranc
Often quite well, but Lisfranc injuries often lead
to long-term, chronic arthritis in the affected foot. Additional surgery
to fuse the bones is sometimes necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment
increases the odds greatly of successful long-term treatment. | <urn:uuid:1b48e0ee-ef80-4b3f-8b54-1ed901827ee4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"url": "http://www.footdoc.ca/www.FootDoc.ca/Website%20Lis%20Franc's%20Injuries.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272823.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00200-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8995241522789001,
"token_count": 850,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The world of technology is amongst the most dynamic ecosystems as one technology rules at a point of time and the next moment it becomes obsolete. The world of apps is nothing different. Innumerable languages, frameworks, and tech stacks are available today for developing an app. Developers are constantly on the search to develop a single framework offering the best results.
The global app space is constantly evolving along with the technology ecosystem. DApps or Decentralized Applications are the latest breeds of apps that are not owned or controlled by a single authority. These cannot have downtime or be shut-off.
The Decentralized Apps
DApps are digital programs or applications that run and exist on a Blockchain or network of P2P computers in the place of a single computer. These are beyond the control and purview of a single authority.
DApps promote decentralization that makes them tamperproof and the records cannot be altered. These are based on a secure network of Blockchain. Thus, DApps are immutable from intrusions and hacks and promote a high-security level.
Chief Features of a Decentralized Application:
- Decentralized – No single controlling power
- Open Source –Accessibility of Code for everyone
- Incentive – Crypto tokens are used for rewarding network users/miners etc.
- Algorithm /Protocol – To produce tokens that incentivize participants of the network
- Blockchain –Cryptographically stored Data in a Blockchain
Classification of DApps
DApps are classified into 3 types. The classification is based on the manner of usage of Blockchain by the app:
DApps Type 1
These apps use their own Blockchain. Bitcoin is one such example.
DApps Type 2
These apps make use of Blockchain Type 1. They are required to offer tokens for rewarding the network participants. The majority of the apps based on smart contracts that use Ethereum are examples of this type.
DApps Type 3
These apps utilize protocol Type 2 for underwriting the tokens that they offer.
The real-world use cases of DApps
The first-ever DApp that was used globally was the Bitcoin and today they have infinite possibilities when it comes to real-life use cases. The three emerging segments that have promising use cases of DApps include:
- Money Transfer and Management
- Business Process Management
- Decentralized Autonomous Organization – DAO
The advantages of DApps
- Quicker and the payment is processed without the need for integrating payment gateway for accepting funds
- High level of security of data because of smart contracts governed by private keys
- Superior anonymity with no need for the users to follow the prolonged process of signup
- Trustworthy records of data as users can access the Blockchain publicly for verifying the transaction information
Enterprises and businesses require the expertise of Blockchain Developers who possesses the skill and agility for handling complex frameworks to successfully launch a DApps project. They require a reliable professional who has the experience of having successfully deployed DApps. Only then their projects can successfully implement DApps.
EMURGO has been active in the DApp development domain for quite some time now and offers specialized Blockchain expertise for innumerable and diverse industries.
EMURGO DApp Developer MasterClass – DDM
The DApp Developer MasterClass will be organized by EMURGO India on October 18th, 2020, from 5 to 8 pm, IST. This is an amazing opportunity for all those who are keen to learn developing Blockchain-based DApps.
Apart from being informed about the vital theoretical frameworks, the learners will be trained about the real-time applications of Blockchain.
A brief overview of the DDM
The immensely valuable session will discuss the significance of emerging Blockchain technologies. It will also focus on how these have become significant and their chief transformational features.
The participants will be able to understand in-depth regarding the Blockchain use cases. This will be through a few selective and highly relevant applications in both Enterprise and Public space. It will also include further insights into the underlying principles and the inherent technology. Some of these are Cryptography, Consensus Algorithms, Types of Blockchains, and the appropriate use case of diverse Blockchain solutions.
To conclude, one application each from an industrial use case and a Decentralized Application in Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric will be showcased subject to the time factor.
The DDM significance
The attendees will be able to appreciate the current standing of the technology, its applications, and the emerging Blockchain platforms along with future perspectives. They will also be equipped with an enhanced experiential perspective, comprehension of broad strokes of Blockchain development, and the need for developing a career in this highly prospective and lucrative technology.
The current Blockchain Developers are equipped with just smart contracts application. They are lacking in holistic perspectives of testing, business logic, architecture, and design. The result is inefficient apps and thus DDM with its 360-degree approach assumes even higher significance for them.
So, all Developers, Techies, and Tech enthusiasts must ensure to keep up the date with EMURGO DDM. | <urn:uuid:44077028-4c17-4750-a74a-f0cac26619fb> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://emurgo.in/do-you-want-to-build-a-decentralized-application-or-dapp/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127044624-20201127074624-00165.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.919228196144104,
"token_count": 1036,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
} |
12 November 2015
Wild birds will sacrifice access to food in order to stay close to their partner over the winter, according to a study by Oxford University researchers.
Scientists from the Department of Zoology found that mated pairs of great tits chose to prioritise their relationships over sustenance in a novel experiment that prevented couples from foraging in the same location.
This also meant birds ended up spending a significant amount of time with their partners’ flock-mates.
And, over time, the pairs may even have learned to cooperate to allow each other to scrounge from off-limits feeding stations.
The results, published in the journal Current Biology, demonstrate the importance of social relationships for wild birds – even when pursuing those relationships appears to be detrimental.
Josh Firth, who led the research, said: ‘The choice to stay close to their partner over accessing food demonstrates how an individual bird’s decisions in the short term, which might appear sub-optimal, can actually be shaped around gaining the long-term benefits of maintaining their key relationships. For instance, great tits require a partner to be able to reproduce and raise their chicks.
‘Therefore, even in wild animals, an individual’s behaviour can be governed by aiming to accommodate the needs of those they are socially attached to.’
The research, which was carried out at Oxford University’s Wytham Woods site to the west of Oxford, involved the use of automated feeding stations with the ability to decide which individual birds could and could not access the food inside. Birds were allowed access based on radio frequency identification tags that were linked to the feeding stations.
In the experiment, mated pairs of birds were unable to access the same feeding stations as each other, meaning the male could only access the feeding stations that the female could not, and vice versa.
The researchers found that the birds randomly selected not to be allowed access to the same feeding stations as their partner spent significantly more time at feeders they could not access than birds that were allowed to feed together.
Josh Firth added: ‘Because these birds choose to stay with their partners, they also end up associating with their partners’ flock-mates, even if they wouldn’t usually associate with these individuals. This shows how the company an individual bird keeps may depend on their partner’s preferences as well as their own.
‘Also, when birds were going to feeding stations they couldn’t access because their mate was there, they learned over time to “scrounge” from those feeders by taking advantage of the fact the feeders remained unlocked for two seconds after recognising a bird’s identification tag. Interestingly, a relatively large amount of this scrounging was enabled by the bird’s own partner unlocking the feeding station, suggesting it may be a cooperative strategy.’
The study, titled ‘Experimental Evidence that Social Relationships Determine Individual Foraging Behavior’, is published in the journal Current Biology, DOI number 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.075, embargoed until 1700 GMT (1200 EST) on Thursday 12 November 2015. The research was supported by the National Environment Research Council (NERC), the European Research Council (ERC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).
For further information, a copy of the full study, or to arrange an interview, please contact Stuart Gillespie in the University of Oxford press office at [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]> or on +44 (0)1865 283877.
Josh Firth can be contacted at [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>
Images and video available to download here:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/qzt0n7k8tnwctl1/AAAI1OAO7DAah3JZfdBsowa8a?dl=0 | <urn:uuid:8c5ef1fd-7aaa-4b60-bf5c-038881b70722> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "http://connectedoxford.com/wild-birds-choose-love-over-food/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127044624-20201127074624-00179.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9388377666473389,
"token_count": 865,
"score": 3.75,
"int_score": 4
} |
In late 1986 or early 1987, workers discovered irregularities in the construction of the building housing the emergency diesel generators at the Brunswick nuclear plant south of Wilmington, North Carolina. The building was designed to withstand an earthquake. Numerous bolts, including drilled-in anchor bolts and masonry wall through-bolts, were used to “lock” the iron framework and concrete columns together into a robust structure. The workers reported various problems with how the bolts were installed to hold the building together. The figure below illustrates bolts and supports similar to those used at Brunswick.
For some reason, the concerns went unresolved at the time. In April 1992, NRC inspectors reminded the plant’s owner about the matter. The ensuing investigation confirmed numerous disturbing facts. In some cases, bodies had been cut off bolts with the bolt heads then simply welded onto supports. This would be like cutting the head off a nail and gluing it to a piece of wood rather than using the entire nail to join two pieces of wood together. Many other improperly installed bolts were discovered.
On April 21, 1992, the plant’s owner shut down both units for what was expected to be a one week outage to fix a few problems. Both reactors remained closed more than a year while these problems, and several related ones, were corrected.
The improperly installed bolts and support may have allowed the emergency diesel generator building to collapse had there been an earthquake or a hurricane. The emergency diesel generators probably would have been broken by the building’s collapse. Since the normal power supply for the plant may also have been disabled by the earthquake or hurricane, the building’s collapse may have left the plant without any power except that from batteries. Plants like Brunswick are designed to survive on battery power for only a few hours. It would have taken considerably longer to repair crushed emergency diesel generators.
The NRC issued operating licenses for the two reactors at Brunswick in 1974 and 1976. How were such gross construction problems in a vital building overlooked for nearly two decades? Once identified in 1987, how were the problems ignored for five years?
The more important question to answer is “do any other construction and design errors remain undetected, and uncorrected, in U.S. nuclear power reactors?” For while the problems at Brunswick eluded detection for nearly two decades, at least they were found and fixed before some event exploited them and caused a nuclear disaster.
It’s never too late to correct a nuclear plant safety problem. Unfortunately, it’s also never too late for nuclear plant safety problems to factor into preventable disasters.
“Fission Stories” is a weekly feature by Dave Lochbaum. For more information on nuclear power safety, see the nuclear safety section of UCS’s website and our interactive map, the Nuclear Power Information Tracker.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world. | <urn:uuid:853469f7-72b7-48d5-baed-435869ac8f18> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"url": "http://allthingsnuclear.org/dlochbaum/fission-stories-47-bad-building-at-brunswick",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00077-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9681015610694885,
"token_count": 607,
"score": 3.734375,
"int_score": 4
} |
Jejoma G. Armachuelo and Fernando A. Bernardo
Mutation and other effects of Co60 gamma radiation and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) in winged bean were determined at the M1 generation. Seed germination was significantly reduced by irradiation at all levels used but only at 0.15% and above for EMS. Delayed seedling emergence, high lethality and pronounced morphological and probably physiological damage due to chromosomal aberrations resulted with the radiation treatments but not with EMS at the doses used. Chlorophyll mutations were observed as yellowish emergent seedlings resulting from EMS treatments and yellow variegations and leaf streaking associated with leaf deformations with irradiation. Violet flowers and seeds were also observed in both mutagen treatments but could not be ascertained as true mutations since the seeds used were not tested for purity. On the yield components, significant reduction in number of seeds per pod, and yields of pods, seeds and tubers were observed in the radiation treatments. Doses of 15 and 25 kr, however, resulted in a higher tuber yield compared with the control signifying a likely induction of favorable gene mutations. No significant effects were induced by EMS treatments on any yield parameter.
Keywords: Winged bean. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus. Mutation. Co60 gamma radiation. Ethyl methane sulfonate. Mutagens. Irradiation. Chlorophyll mutation. Gene mutation. Seed purity. Yield components.
Annals of Tropical Research 3 (4):(1981) | <urn:uuid:70bbe1a9-3962-4a1f-a626-ee9f33e924af> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://atr.vsu.edu.ph/effect-of-ethyl-methane-sulfonate-and-co60-gamma-irradiation-in-winged-bean/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511369.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004120203-20231004150203-00784.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9602643251419067,
"token_count": 330,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Falling Through the Crack (in the Bedrails)
- Spotlight Case
- Review the epidemiology of patient falls and associated injuries in the hospital setting.
- Describe the three-step fall prevention process.
- Identify fall prevention best practices for use in the hospital setting.
- Discuss a strategy for communicating the tailored fall prevention plan to all care team members, including patients and families.
A 65-year-old woman with cirrhosis presented to the hospital with septic shock and respiratory failure. She was placed on a mechanical ventilator and admitted to the intensive care unit. In order to administer medications, a nasogastric tube was also inserted. Although given medications for sedation, the patient was disoriented, and restraints were placed on her wrists to prevent her from pulling out key lines or tubes. She was found to have ascites on examination, and the team decided to perform paracentesis to rule out infection. The intern and resident on the team worked together to prepare the patient for the procedure. The bedrail on one side was lowered, and the wrist restraint on that side was removed to facilitate the procedure.
The procedure went smoothly without any complications. The intern and resident cleaned up the materials from the procedure and left the room. Moments later, multiple alarms went off in the patient's room. As nurses ran into the room, they found the patient confused and trying to get out of bed. She had pulled out the nasogastric tube and the endotracheal (breathing) tube, and her leg was stuck between the bedrail and the bed. She had a large laceration on her foot. Her oxygen saturation fell rapidly, and she required urgent re-intubation. Fortunately, she was safely placed back on the mechanical ventilator. The nasogastric tube was also replaced, and the laceration of her foot was sutured. She slowly improved with antibiotics and supportive care and was ultimately discharged to a nursing facility 10 days later.
In a review of the incident, it became evident that, after the procedure, the wrist restraint was not replaced and the bedrail had been left down. In addition, the team had not communicated with the bedside nurse about when they would be performing the procedure or when they had finished. The institution wondered what steps could be taken to prevent a similar incident in the future, as well as what were best practices for preventing inpatient falls.
Falls are a major public health problem globally, and hospitalization increases the risk for falls.(1,2) The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) defines patient falls as "an unplanned descent to the floor with or without injury to the patient."(3) Patient falls occur in approximately 2% of hospital stays, and in the United States up to 1 million hospitalized patients fall annually.(4) Fall rates range from 1.3 to 8.9 falls per 1000 patient days, and approximately 30% of falls result in injury.(5) Common fall-related injuries associated with morbidity and mortality include fractures, subdural hematomas, and excessive bleeding.(6) It is estimated that falls with related injuries add 6.3 days to the hospital stay and that the average cost for a fall-related injury is $14,000.(6,7) Fall-related injuries are categorized as: none, minor, moderate, major, and death (Table 1).(3)
Inpatient falls can be further classified as preventable or not.(8) Falls that are not preventable are caused by a new or previously unrecognized medical condition such as a myocardial infarction, syncope, or a seizure; these account for 8% of all falls in the hospital.(9) Preventable falls include accidental falls (14%) and anticipated physiological falls (78%).(9) Accidental falls include slips and trips caused by environmental factors such as food or liquid spills, environmental clutter, or improper footwear. Accidental falls can be prevented using universal fall precautions, which are actions taken by hospital staff to keep the environment safe for all patients. Anticipated physiological falls are caused by known physical factors and can be predicted using a validated fall risk screening tool such as the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) as shown in Table 2.(8) The MFS identifies individual fall risk factors, which can be used to implement personalized interventions to mitigate risk and to prevent falls.(10) Physiological risk factors for falls include gait instability, lower limb weakness, urinary incontinence or frequency, need for assisted toileting, previous fall history, agitation, confusion, or impaired judgment, and medication adverse effects.(5)
A previous WebM&M commentary discussed patient falls but did not report statistics about prevalence. Fall rates reported in the literature at that time were approximately 2.3 to 7 falls per 1000 patient days, with about 30% leading to injuries.(11) Although the fall and related injury rates have not changed much since 2003, new evidence-based practices for preventing falls have emerged.(12) Specifically, published literature suggests that optimal fall prevention in hospitals involves a three-step process (10,13): (i) conduct fall risk screening, (ii) develop a tailored fall prevention plan for individual patients, and (iii) implement the tailored plan along with universal fall precautions.(5) A breakdown in any one of these three steps can increase the risk for falls.
Unlike other adverse events in the acute care setting (e.g., line infections) that are prevented by implementing a standard checklist (14), the fall prevention plan needs to be tailored to individual patients based on their risk factors. For example, a patient with cognitive impairment requires different interventions than a patient at risk for falling due to a gait disturbance.(15) Because many factors place patients at risk for falling, a multifactorial approach to prevention has been recommended for over a decade.(16) However, prior to 2010, no published randomized controlled trials had demonstrated an effective hospital-based fall prevention protocol.(17)
Ensuring an accurate fall risk screening occurs early in the hospitalization is essential. In most hospitals, nurses conduct fall risk screening on admission and then repeatedly throughout the hospitalization. This assessment is operationalized in many hospitals by integration of the fall risk screening tool into the clinical documentation system. Consistent with the evidence, The Joint Commission requires that the results of the fall risk screening be used to develop a care plan to address patient-specific risk factors.(18)
Evidence suggests that one of the root causes of patient falls is poor communication of the fall prevention plan and failure of staff, patients, and families to follow the plan.(19) Therefore, strategies are needed to ensure that the tailored fall prevention plan is communicated to all care team members (including patients and families) and that it is consistently implemented. Patient and family engagement should be integrated into each step of the fall prevention process.(19,20) Ideally, patients and families should be engaged during risk screening to ensure they understand their unique risk factors. Then, patients and families should be involved in planning to ensure that everyone understands the rationale for each intervention and agrees to work with the health care team to implement the plan consistently. The Fall TIPS (Tailoring Intervention for Patient Safety) intervention is one example of a tool that links evidence-based interventions to each risk factor, communicates the fall prevention plan to care team members, and involves patients and families in the three-step fall prevention process (Figure).
The patient in this case was in an intensive care unit (ICU) at the time of the event. Patient falls in the ICU are less frequent than on acute care or intermediate care units, but they still occur.(21) The patient in this case was clearly at risk for falling due to the fact that she was disoriented and sedated.(5) Although this patient did not technically fall (she does not meet the NDNQI definition because she did not fall to the ground), she did experience a "near fall" with an associated injury. Had the patient been found on the floor, her foot laceration would have been classified as a moderate fall injury since it required suturing. This patient is a good illustration of the complexity of patients commonly cared for in hospital settings and particularly in intensive care. She has serious, complex, and multiple medical problems and requires both a fall prevention plan and an overall safety plan to protect her from injury. Like the fall prevention plan, the patient safety plan should be based on a thorough assessment of patient status, be tailored to patient-specific risk factors, and communicated to all team members.
In addition to a near fall that resulted in an actual injury, this patient also experienced self-extubation of her nasogastric and endotracheal tubes. Self-extubation of the endotracheal tube is an adverse event that occurs in 3%–14% of sedated patients and is associated with significantly high rates of mortality.(22) Self-extubation is most common in patients whose Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is greater than 9.(23) In this case, no information was included about the patient's GCS. There is also no information about the patient's fall risk screening or other assessment information needed to determine her level of sedation and whether she had delirium. It is unclear whether there was a fall prevention plan in place.
However, it is clear that a breakdown in team communication occurred. The resident and intern did not communicate with the nurses after the procedure, and they failed to replace the patient's wrist restraints and bedrails. Wrist restraints are commonly used to prevent patient interference with medical care such as self-extubation.(24) Bedrails may be considered a restraint and are usually not an appropriate fall prevention intervention. Bedrails may have been indicated in this case if the team determined that the patient's risk for injury from falling out of bed without bedrails was higher than her risk of injury from climbing over the bedrails.(25) However, bedrails will not prevent an active or agitated patient from falling out of bed and can increase the likelihood of injury if and when they do fall.(25) In this case, there was no communication of the overall safety and fall prevention plans, and the collaboration between the medical team and nursing staff was suboptimal.
To prevent falls, interventions must be tailored to patient-specific risk factors.(10) Table 3 includes a list of interventions that are both effective and feasible for preventing falls in hospitalized medical patients.(10) As in this case, hospitalized patients are often at risk for falls because of medication-related disorientation or sedation. Multiple interventions can be employed to address such disorientation and sedation, including frequent or continuous observation, medication review and adjustment, and bed (or chair) exit alarms. For this patient, continuous observation likely was appropriate. If present and involved, the patient's family members potentially could have assisted with observation and redirecting the patient as needed. Other strategies that have been used to manage disoriented patients include locating the patient in a room close to the nursing station and an emerging technology called "continuous virtual monitoring" (CVM).(26) CVM allows a single trained observer to monitor patients (who meet a pre-specified set of criteria) via video fed through cameras placed in the patient's room. The observer can notify nursing staff while redirecting the patient via two-way audio to prevent falls and other self-injury. Over time, CVM may reduce the cost of one-on-one observers for monitoring patients because multiple patients can be monitored by one CVM monitor technician.
Adequate staff training is essential to prevent falls. As a starting point, all hospital staff should receive fall prevention training as part of maintaining universal fall precautions. Clinical staff members also require education related to the three-step fall prevention process, the importance of engaging patients, and in communicating the fall prevention plan. In a previous qualitative study (15), we found that physicians and other clinicians did not know how to locate the results of the fall risk assessment or the fall prevention plan in the medical record. All clinicians should be educated about where to find this information and be encouraged to routinely communicate with nurses about a patient's fall risk status and to contribute to the fall prevention plan. Equally important is for nurses to be competent in fall risk assessment and to understand how to tailor the fall prevention plan to address patient-specific areas of risk. The effectiveness of a tailored fall prevention plan relies on an accurate risk assessment, so a mandatory refresher course on this process is encouraged. A tool such as Fall TIPS (Figure), available at the bedside and updated regularly, can also help facilitate the communication of the patient's fall risk status and prevention plan to the patient, family members, and any provider unfamiliar with the patient to ensure that they can safely care for them.
We learned from existing research that anticipated physiological falls can be prevented by following these three steps: properly screening for fall risks, developing a fall prevention plan, and implementing evidence-based interventions. The process should be supported by a tool that can engage the patients and families. All providers should also be involved and informed about the plan, because this may help prevent errors such as the one in this case.
- Falls and related injuries are a serious problem globally.
- Hospitalization increases the risk for falls.
- Use of a validated fall risk screening tool can help identify risks and guide development of an individualized or tailored fall prevention and education plan.
- Fall prevention is a three-step process: (i) screening for fall risk, (ii) identifying interventions tailored to patient-specific areas of risk, and (iii) applying the plan consistently along with universal fall precautions.
- Use of bedside tools to communicate the tailored fall prevention plan to all team members, including patients and families, can effectively prevent patient falls.
Patricia C. Dykes, PhD, RN
Sr. Nurse Scientist
Program Director, Center for Patient Safety Research and Practice and Center for Nursing Excellence
Brigham & Women's Hospital
Wai Yin Leung, MS
Research Assistant II
Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care
Brigham & Women's Hospital
Vincent Vacca, RN, MSN
Clinical Nurse Educator
Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit
Brigham & Women's Hospital
Faculty Disclosure: The authors have declared that neither they, nor any immediate member of their families, have a financial arrangement or other relationship with the manufacturers of any commercial products discussed in this continuing medical education activity. In addition, the commentary does not include information regarding investigational or off-label use of pharmaceutical products or medical devices.
1. Chen LH, Warner M, Fingerhut L, Makuc D. Injury episodes and circumstances: National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2007. Vital Health Stat 10. 2009;10:1-55. [go to PubMed]
2. Evans D, Hodgkinson B, Lambert L, Wood J. Falls risk factors in the hospital setting: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Pract. 2001;7:38-45. [go to PubMed]
3. National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). Press Ganey: South Bend, IN; 2010.
4. Staggs VS, Mion LC, Shorr RI. Assisted and unassisted falls: different events, different outcomes, different implications for quality of hospital care. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2014;40:358-364. [go to PubMed]
5. Oliver D, Daly F, Martin FC, McMurdo ME. Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital in-patients: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2004;33:122-130. [go to PubMed]
6. Wong CA, Recktenwald AJ, Jones ML, Waterman BM, Bollini ML, Dunagan WC. The cost of serious fall-related injuries at three Midwestern hospitals. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2011;37:81-87. [go to PubMed]
7. Data & Statistics (WISQARS): Cost of Injury Reports. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; September 2014. [Available at]
8. Morse JM. Preventing Patient Falls: Establishing a Fall Intervention Program, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2008. ISBN: 9780826103895.
9. Morse JM, Tylko SJ, Dixon HA. Characteristics of the fall-prone patient. Gerontologist. 1987;27:516-522. [go to PubMed]
10. Dykes PC, Carroll DL, Hurley A, et al. Fall prevention in acute care hospitals: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304:1912-1918. [go to PubMed]
11. Hitcho EB, Krauss MJ, Birge S, et al. Characteristics and circumstances of falls in a hospital setting: a prospective analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:732-739. [go to PubMed]
12. Hempel S, Newberry S, Wang Z, et al. Hospital fall prevention: a systematic review of implementation, components, adherence, and effectiveness. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:483-494. [go to PubMed]
13. Ganz DA, Huang C, Saliba D, et al. Preventing Falls in Hospitals: A Toolkit for Improving Quality of Care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; January 2013. AHRQ Publication No. 13-0015-EF. [Available at]
14. Berenholtz SM, Pronovost PJ, Lipsett PA, et al. Eliminating catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2014-2020. [go to PubMed]
15. Dykes PC, Carroll DL, Hurley AC, Benoit A, Middleton B. Why do patients in acute care hospitals fall? Can falls be prevented? J Nurs Adm. 2009;39:299-304. [go to PubMed]
16. Agostini J, Baker D, Bogardus S. Prevention of falls in hospitalized and institutionalized older people. In: Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM, eds. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2001. AHRQ Publication No. 01-E058.
17. Coussement J, De Paepe L, Schwendimann R, Denhaerynck K, Dejaeger E, Milisen K. Interventions for preventing falls in acute- and chronic-care hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:29-36. [go to PubMed]
18. Hospital: 2016 National Patient Safety Goals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission. [Available at]
19. Dykes PC, I-Ching EH, Soukup JR, Chang F, Lipsitz S. A case control study to improve accuracy of an electronic fall prevention toolkit. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2012;2012:170-179. [go to PubMed]
20. Carroll DL, Dykes PC, Hurley AC. Patients' perspectives of falling while in an acute care hospital and suggestions for prevention. Appl Nurs Res. 2010;23:238-241. [go to PubMed]
21. He J, Dunton N, Staggs V. Unit-level time trends in inpatient fall rates of US hospitals. Med Care. 2012;50:801-807. [go to PubMed]
22. Singh PM, Rewari V, Chandralekha, Arora MK, Trikha A. A retrospective analysis of determinants of self-extubation in a tertiary care intensive care unit. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2013;6:241-245. [go to PubMed]
23. Chevron V, M?nard JF, Richard JC, Girault C, Leroy J, Bonmarchand G. Unplanned extubation: risk factors of development and predictive criteria for reintubation. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1049-1053. [go to PubMed]
24. Falls in Nursing Homes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Available at]
25. Hospital Bed Safety Workgroup. Clinical guidance for the assessment and implementation of bed rails in hospitals, long term care facilities, and home care settings. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2003;26:244-262. [go to PubMed]
26. Mccurley J, Pittman J. A new approach to fall prevention in inpatient care: implementing remote audiovisual monitoring of at-risk patients. Patient Saf Qual Healthc. 2014;11:50-53. [Available at]
TablesTable 1. NDNQI Fall-related Injury Classification and Definitions.(3)
|None||No injuries, signs, or symptoms resulting from a fall|
|Minor||Application of a dressing, ice, cleaning of a wound, limb elevation, topical medication, bruise, or abrasion resulting from a fall|
|Moderate||Suturing, application of steri-strips/skin glue, splinting or muscle/joint strain resulting from a fall|
|Major||Surgery, casting, traction, required consultation for neurological (basilar skull fracture, small subdural hematoma) or internal injury (rib fracture, small liver laceration) or patients with coagulopathy who receive blood products as a result of the fall|
|Death||Patient death as a result of injuries sustained from the fall (not from physiologic events causing the fall)|
|Morse Fall Scale|
|Item||Select Areas of Risk||Score|
|1. History of Falling||□ No||0|
|2. Secondary Diagnosis||□ No||0|
|3. Ambulatory Aid|
|4. IV Therapy/HepLock||□ No||0|
|6. Mental Status|
|Fall Prevention Best Practices in Hospital Setting|
|Universal Fall Precautions (All patients)|
|Interventions to Reduce Anticipated Physiological Falls (Tailored to patient-specific areas of risk)|
|Medication adverse effects||
|Need for assisted toileting||
|Lower limb weakness|| | <urn:uuid:28428316-a52f-4ff9-8e3a-9d58c685d4df> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "https://psnet.ahrq.gov/webmm/case/374/Falling-Through-the-Crack-in-the-Bedrails",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00505.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9149418473243713,
"token_count": 4690,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
When it comes to mainstream depictions of female scientists, the 1990s was a watershed moment in TV and film, spearheaded by the iconic Dr. Dana Scully of The X-Files. While Dana Scully was not the only female scientist to take to the small screen (or the big screen) during that time, her legacy in popular culture remains unparalleled. Since her debut in 1993, she has been widely cited as an inspiration to many real-life women now working in STEM fields – a phenomenon formally known as “The Scully Effect.”
Since that time, portrayals of women in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) have radically expanded in mainstream TV and film. So, we at Latitude decided to take a closer look at some of the most iconic ones, to better understand what makes these characters compelling to audiences. | <urn:uuid:d1701190-d2f5-442a-bf46-d48ca4063361> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://latd.com/case-studies/elevating-images-of-women-in-science",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00092.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9805307984352112,
"token_count": 168,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Next Generation Science Standards developed by the National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Achieve, and two dozen states are set to be released this month. The standards will recommend that educators teach the evidence for man-made climate change starting in elementary school.
Twenty-six states helped write the standards and are expected to adopt them. Another 15 have indicated they may accept them as well. In total, this could bring climate change education into the classrooms of more than 40 states.
The nation's education publishers, such as Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and McGraw-Hill, are already trying to incorporate the recommendations into their texts, but not all agree on the changes.
James Taylor, a senior fellow at the conservative Heartland Institute, which is developing a school curriculum that promotes climate skepticism, said the standards' stance on climate change is based on "unscientific speculation and hype." But he also said the group has no plans to fight their adoption by the states.
Texas, one of the largest textbook buyers, is one of the few states planning not to adopt the standards. In the past, this might have caused publishers to ignore changes, but the introduction of e-textbooks has reduced the clout of larger states.
Some states have passed "academic freedom bills" bolstered by conservative groups that mandate teaching dissenting views on climate change, but so far the new standards have escaped widespread criticism.
Via Inside Climate | <urn:uuid:3b930dff-8786-44c8-8be4-d443f3b62870> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://www.outsideonline.com/1796171/26-states-adopt-new-science-curriculum",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389309.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525161346-20200525191346-00298.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9570638537406921,
"token_count": 301,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
} |
FEARS ARE BEING expressed over plans to grant a licence that would allow ship-to-ship oil transfers on the Moray Firth.
Campaigners say that allowing such a plan could spell disaster for such as the resident Dolphin population, adding that the application made by the Cromarty Firth Port Authority for a licence, if approved, would open up the potential for oil spills that could have a devastating effect on a wide range of sea life.
A similar application was made in 2007 for such transfers to be allowed on the Firth of Forth – these were ultimately rejected after a widespread campaign to protect bottle-nose dolphin and other sea life proved successful.
In February 2008 the Whale and Dolphin Conservation group (WDC) Senior Research Fellow, Erich Hoyt, said: “Ship to ship oil transfers present a serious and completely unacceptable level of risk to the areas wildlife and marine environment. I hope that this marks the beginning of a long line of decisions to protect our wonderful natural heritage.
“The Firth of Forth is an important area for Scotland’s small and vulnerable resident population of bottlenose dolphins. Although usually seen around the Inner Moray Firth, individual groups of six to fifty dolphins from the population are known to regularly range along the coast south of Aberdeen and are seen feeding in the Firth of Forth.”
The latest application would bring the same dangers much closer to home for the world-famous Moray Firth dolphin population, which brings thousands of tourists to communities all along the Moray Firth.
An application for the latest licence was issued by the Cromarty Firth Port Authority this month, which includes a study of the effect oil spills may have on the region. The study details how and where any spills would likely affect beaches.
Depending on wind conditions, the study highlights such areas would include Findhorn, Burghead Bay and Lossiemouth.
One environmental campaigner contacted insideMoray over Christmas and said: “If there were to be a major spill then this could have a devastating effect on the birds and other wildlife in the Firth – this is a clear case where the needs of the oil industry must not overcome the needs of a safe environment for our resident Dolphin population and the many visiting Whale species the Moray Firth has become famous for.”
A spokesman for the Moray Coast Tourism Group said: “We have recently been made aware of these plans and share the concerns of local environmentalists.
“Constant ship movements along the Moray Firth are a regular feature but there are, we believe, tight controls in place – nevertheless, we only have to take a walk along our local beaches to see the damage that can happen from spillages.
“This plan freely acknowledges the risk of spillage from ship-to-shop transfers on the Moray Firth, and appears to us to be a risk that is way beyond what would or should be deemed acceptable.”
Full details of the application being made by the Cromarty Firth Port Authority can be found online. | <urn:uuid:db3e828b-a0b0-4076-96f3-9cd4352aedc0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://insidemoray.com/2015/12/ship-to-ship-oil-transfer-plans-spark-real-fears-for-moray-coast/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203161435-20231203191435-00620.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9593188166618347,
"token_count": 626,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
By: Abigail Harper, MSU Center for Regional Food Systems - Farm to School Specialist
In 2015, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm to School (now Community Food Systems) team conducted the second nationwide Farm to School Census. The census survey, which evaluated similar topic areas as the previous 2013 census, primarily gathered data related to local food purchasing in the 2013-2014 school year. It also included questions about other farm to school activities, such as gardens, education, and promotional activities. From a total of 18,104 public school districts and private and charter schools across the country, 12,585 responded, of which about 42% reported participating in farm to school activities. That’s over 42,000 U.S. schools connecting with local food and agriculture!
Census results from self-reported data show that schools and districts spent an impressive $790 million on local food in the 2013-2014 school year. Serving locally produced foods in the cafeteria was the most common farm to school activity, but many schools reported participating in other activities as well, such as promotional events, taste tests, and field trips.
What do these results mean for Michigan? In 2014, the Michigan Department of Education measured local food purchasing across all schools and districts in Michigan through an optional two-part question on the Michigan Department of Education National School Lunch Program application, which all participating school food service directors are required to complete. Of school food service directors who responded, 54% indicated that they currently purchased local foods for their school food program, the majority through a full-service (broadline) distributor. In the 2015 Farm to School Census, however, only 68% of schools/districts responded to the survey.
While schools/districts with active farm to school programs are probably more likely to respond to the census, reporting at the national level may underestimate total activity. Regardless, even though the percentage reporting in 2015 (68%) was similar to the 2013 census (66%), reported local purchasing increased from 39% to 43%.
The rest of the findings are equally promising. According to the census results, over $19 million was invested in local food in Michigan through school food purchasing in the 2013-2014 school year, impacting over 700,000 students.
Local foods aren’t just being served at lunch, either. Schools are serving local foods in breakfast, dinner, and snacks. Many who participate are even purchasing local for the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program. Some schools reported spending over 20% of their school food budgets on local foods, helping the state move towards the Good Food Charter goal that Michigan institutions source 20% of their food products from Michigan growers, producers and processors by 2020.
Greater community support, increased participation, and lower meal program costs are just some of the benefits that farm to school programs can bring. With 18% of those surveyed reporting plans to start farm to school activities in the near future, and nearly half of schools and districts both in Michigan and nationwide reporting plans to increase local purchasing, these benefits will only continue to grow.
Did your school or district respond to the census? Vote for it in the One in a Melon contest by April 15! One winner per state will be chosen.
See the full results of the census, including ideas for enhancing your farm to school program, at http://farmtoschoolcensus.fns.usda.gov/ | <urn:uuid:e9a79677-cb6f-490c-b36e-63cbd148de5d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "https://www.cultivatemichigan.org/news/2016/04/27/results-are-farm-school-works",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00152.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9696342945098877,
"token_count": 695,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Dr. Larry Larsen
---- — Dear Doctor,
Recently we read that the moon causes some mental illnesses. The study said they had proof. We have often thought our children were more active during a full moon. Is there any book you could recommend?
There is no book I would, nor could recommend.
The moon has been implicated or connected to human behavior since ancient times. Keep in mind the heavens caught the imagination of the ancients with the notion that they somehow controlled or predicted human behavior.
This view is still held by many today.
The moon, in particular, has been blamed for more negative acting out. Such terms as “lunatic” and “lunacy” are based on the Latin word for moon, Luna.
The recent study you mention has captured some press. I have not read the original text. Based upon what I have read, the study joins hundreds of others making similar claims.
For example, one study done in Connecticut some decades ago researched inmates behavior in a state hospital. It asserted that incidents of violent behavior increased with the full moon. The study was later not replicated. The behavior was more likely connected to the pay day for the staff.
The present study is flawed by an excluded middle design. If thee results were positively correlated with different phases of the moon and that with very significant results, then I would give the results a second look. The other factor is an intervening variable such as brighter nights and wakefulness.
Your children are more likely responding to you, not the moon. Sorry about that!
To the moon! Research is full of holes | <urn:uuid:89d89fa9-a2f8-45b6-a00b-01d408b50cef> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.eagletribune.com/lifestyle/x389855660/Does-the-moon-make-kids-more-active/print",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776428349.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234028-00073-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.975640594959259,
"token_count": 332,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Police Officers and Teachers Uniting For Opioid Prevention Education
The L.E.A.D. (Law Enforcement Against Drugs) program is working to combat the opioid crisis in New Hampshire and across the country.
By Chief Robert Cormier, Tilton Police Department, NH
Communities all over the country are being ravaged by the opioid epidemic, and police departments, parents, and schools are all thinking about what we can do to help our young people impacted by this epidemic. While searching for a solution to begin to halt the harmful realities of this crisis I discovered the Law Enforcement Against Drugs (L.E.A.D.) program. In all of my years of experience, I have yet to see another program like this.
I have been a police officer for 36 years and have worked at departments of all sizes, including in major cities and smaller communities. I first learned about L.E.A.D. three years ago, when I was president of the New Hampshire Chiefs of Police Association. We knew that we were confronting a crisis like we have never seen before and no one knew what to do. That is when I decided to give the program a try.
We knew that we were confronting a crisis like we have never seen before and no one knew what to do.
Chief Robert Cormier, Tilton Police Department, New Hampshire
L.E.A.D. unites teachers and police officers in schools to teach an evidence-based drug prevention curriculum. Throughout the school year, they take about an hour each week to co-facilitate the material, which directly addresses drugs, bullying, and violence. And to date, L.E.A.D. is the only proven effective K-12 anti-drug/anti-violence curriculum available that is delivered by law enforcement officers and also deals with opioids like fentanyl and other types of drugs like meth. In addition to its outstanding curriculum, part of what makes this program unique is how it enables teachers to uncover challenges in children’s lives that they may not already be aware of. During facilitation, it is common for many kids to share that they have close family members struggling with addiction. In many cases, it is one or both of the child’s parents.
In one instance, a student who had never before raised his hand to speak, told the class that his single-parent father was addicted to drugs. L.E.A.D. has been successful in identifying children who are struggling that would otherwise not have received additional care. As long as certain community services are in place, children can be connected or referred to seek the help that they need, which will enable them to continue to grow and be successful. Here in Tilton, we have many such “wraparound” services, which are often funded by grants. These can include mental health resources for youth and for their families, parenting classes, a youth center and a family resource center, all of which can help to make sure that kids have more of the guidance, clothes, food, and general resources that they need.
Importantly, the L.E.A.D. curriculum also explores the nuts and bolts of addiction. In fact, the most crucial piece of information for students to walk away with is an understanding of the true dangers of addiction. If students can internalize how people get addicted and an addict’s thought process, they can “shield” themselves from many drugs.
After a year of implementing L.E.A.D., I surveyed kids on how they liked the program and, surprisingly for a group of middle schoolers, no one had anything bad to say. Most students loved it, as did my officers and the teachers they worked with. By pairing cops with individual teachers and classrooms, the program is scalable. When police officers get assigned a classroom, they typically spend an hour a week there. That way it can still be effective and not be a drain on police bandwidth.
Now, we are starting to see the L.E.A.D. program expand throughout the state. It is already growing more popular throughout the country and I would encourage any interested law enforcement leaders to seek more info if they want to become involved. For many of these young people, we know that if we do not put time and resources into prevention efforts right now, we risk encountering them as victims of drug addiction later on.
For one hour a week, I promise you, this return on investment is worth it.
You can learn more about L.E.A.D. at leadrugs.org.
Read More About | <urn:uuid:4ae2ae7e-5318-4892-803d-068d3b149b51> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16",
"url": "https://www.strongnation.org/articles/723-police-officers-and-teachers-uniting-for-opioid-prevention-education",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00129.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9754414558410645,
"token_count": 945,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The interactionist perspective theory is an explanation used by sociologists to explain how everyday interactions contribute to someone's identity. Vygotsky's Social Interactionist theory is based upon certain fundamental aspects, which are explained below. Housing, clothing, and transportation indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style. In other words, this theory focuses more on tiny groups of two or three people, talking to each other and interacting, and says that society is really just millions of these tiny groups occurring over time. This theory views society as a system of groups that are not equal, and therefore consistently generate conflict and change.
According to symbolic interactionism, the objective world has no reality for humans; only subjectively defined objects have meaning. These include a giving meaning and purpose to life, b reinforcing social unity and stability, c serving as an agent of social control of behavior, d promoting physical and psychological well-being, and e motivating people to work for positive social change. Religion matters: What sociology teaches us about religion in our world. A person who is tempted to engage in a deviant act can resist the temptation by imagining how others would react to his or her behavior. They are not without their problems, but these theories remain widely used and cited precisely because they have withstood a great deal of criticism. Not surprisingly, the bright students had learned more during the year than the less bright ones. Of course, there are also examples of places in society where men are disadvantaged.
Conflict Theory According to conflict theory, as a sociological perspective, the main question regarding divorce would be who it was benefiting. Contemporary feminist thought tends to dismiss essentializing generalizations about sex and gender e. Symbolically, you see your sister as having an unfair advantage in the world and hold this idea in your mind. In concert with a waitress who approaches us, asks if she can help us, and then takes our order, the meaning of the waitress is re-established through that interaction. It is capable of explaining how aspects of society can change as they are created and re-created by social interactions.
This lesson focuses on the importance of theory in the social sciences and the four main theoretical perspectives within sociology. Structural-Functional Theory Our first theory is called structural-functional theory. Qualitative data, on the other hand, is observed rather than measured. The latter tend to lose self-esteem and begin to think they have little academic ability and thus do worse in school because they were tracked down. The answer depends on what is considered acceptable behavior within that given household, or within the greater society in which the family lives. Many things in life are difficult to understand.
Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. The manifest function of attending a church or synagogue, for instance, is to worship as part of a religious community, but its latent function may be to help members learn to discern personal from institutional values. The conflict perspective, which originated primarily out of Karl Marx's writings on class struggles, presents society in a different light than do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. Qualitative data, on the other hand, is observed rather than measured. What symbols are important in the world of sports? Being one of the four most common perspectives in sociology, interactionism offers broad conceptulization of the fundamentals of society through its studies. As discussed, religion also promotes gender inequality by presenting negative stereotypes about women and by reinforcing traditional views about their subordination to men Klassen, 2009. How do construction workers differ from executives or custodians? But people who are religious, he said, tend to view their poverty in religious terms.
If you were a sociologist, which theory would you study? In most communities, people interact primarily with others who share the same social standing. . A meta-analystic perspective on sex equity in the classroom. In the 1950s, Robert Merton elaborated the functionalist perspective by proposing a distinction between manifest and latent functions. On the other hand, if a student moves to a new school where no one smokes marijuana, he is less likely to take up the habit.
Religion is an agent of social control and thus strengthens social order. The shirt is an easier example to see the symbolic interaction theory in practice as champagne intrinsically does not have that status; rather, it has been socialized to be for the rich. This lesson introduces the four major theoretical perspectives in sociology, including structural-functional, social conflict, feminism, and symbolic interactionism. Conflict theorists observe that stratification promotes inequality, such as between rich business owners and poor workers. Conflict theorists thus say that tracking perpetuates social inequality based on social class and race and ethnicity Ansalone, 2010.
Women earn less than men, even with the same education level and job demands. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29, 149—160. How does social stratification influence the daily interactions of individuals? Importance of Theory Theory is the connective tissue that bridges the connection between raw data and critical thought. American society attaches general meanings to these symbols, but individuals also maintain their own perceptions of what these and other symbols mean. So I'm content just to sit.
Tracking: Educational differentiation or defective strategy. Over time, the symbolic interactionist framework has changed and expanded, incorporating more of the macro-level in some cases. The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change. Well, for any given team to be successful, it needs to have a bunch of working parts, each functioning independently and cooperatively. This process helps us understand why tracking is bad for the students tracked down. Theories help us see overall themes across many specific types of behaviors or decisions in the social world. For example, if I had sat under the shade of trees all my life, and I was on a long walk today and spotted a big tree, I might want to sit under it.
Symbolic Interactionism and School Behavior Symbolic interactionist studies of education examine social interaction in the classroom, on the playground, and in other school venues. A tiger mascot might represent the symbolic ferocity of a team, or an alligator might represent Florida because there are alligators in that state. These two symbols, the private jet and her shirt, both communicate a luxurious lifestyle because one would need a certain amount of money to be on a private jet and champagne is considered a glamorous drink. And suddenly I jump up as something bites my back. Marxism and educational theory: Origins and issues. | <urn:uuid:44c884b8-2878-4a00-82b8-318b358345ac> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "http://fetranspordocs.com.br/explain-the-interactionist-perspective.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00198.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9574312567710876,
"token_count": 1331,
"score": 3.5625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Flu Season is Here It's Not Too Late to Get Vaccinated
Suggested Pull-quote: The flu vaccine is the best way to prevent the flu.
Each year, more than 10,000 people die from the flu. In bad years that number can approach 40,000. The flu vaccine is the best way to prevent the flu. And it is not too late to get vaccinated. In our area, we usually see the flu through winter and into early April. The 2012-2013 vaccine protects against three flu viruses that are predicted to be the most common during this year's season, which is predicted to be more severe than in recent years.
The flu is particularly dangerous for people over age 65, infants, and very young children, and anyone with a chronic disease or suppressed immune system. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that these people get a flu vaccine. The CDC also recommends the vaccine for:
·Pregnant women, as they are likely to develop a severe infection.
·Health care workers, to protect their patients and of course themselves.
·Anyone who lives or works with people at high risk of complications from the flu (including children less than six months as there is no vaccine for this age group).
Frankly, the vaccine helps to keep anyone from spending a miserable week in bed with the flu. We have safe effective vaccines for every age group, now. So, there's no reason for anyone who wants to be vaccinated not to get it.
There are several types of vaccine; the standard shot, a nasal spray, an intradermal shot, and a high dose shot. The standard injectable type takes a few weeks to be fully effective. However, just about anyone, except those with egg allergies can get it. The nasal spray is faster acting. It gives full immunity in only a few days. But it can only be used in for those from two years to 49 years, except pregnant women, who don't have certain existing illnesses. The intradermal vaccine can be used in adults 18 through 64 years of age. It is a shot that is injected into the skin instead of the muscle, and uses a much smaller needle than those used for regular flu shots. The high dose inactivated flu vaccine is available for people 65 years of age and older, who are at higher risk for complications from the flu. Check with your doctor to see if this vaccine is appropriate for you.
Every year, we hear someone say that the vaccine gave them the flu. It is not possible to get flu from the injectable vaccine, because it is an attenuated or killed virus. It is really just bad timing. Frequently people think they have the flu when they really have a common cold. However, it is also possible that the person was exposed to the flu before the vaccine made them immune.
Some people who receive the FluMist vaccine will experience a decreased appetite, muscle aches, a headache, chills, a sore throat, and fatigue and stomach pain. This reaction is due to the fact that the vaccine is made with inactivated live virus. This is also why it gives people immunity so quickly. Some people who receive the nasal flu vaccine will experience a stuffy or runny nose as a side effect.
So remember the vaccine does not give you the flu. It does protect you from a serious illness and complications such as pneumonia.
Wilma Salkin, RN, BSN, CIC and Donna Barron, RN, BA, IP, work in the infection prevention department at Southwestern Vermont Medical Center. To learn more about how SVMC and Dartmouth-Hitchcock are working together for a healthier community, visit www.svhealthcare.org. "Health Matters" is a weekly column meant to educate readers about their personal health, public matters and public policy as it affects health care
TALK TO US
If you'd like to leave a comment (or a tip or a question) about this story with the editors, please email us. We also welcome letters to the editor for publication; you can do that by filling out our letters form and submitting it to the newsroom. | <urn:uuid:e6e58f4d-5fd2-4667-a9c4-97d966aad01a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/flu-season-is-here-its-not-too-late-to-get-vaccinated,155536",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00561-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9685384631156921,
"token_count": 849,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Survivors is the first examination of how more than half of the Jews in Western Europe survived the Holocaust. The widely differing rates of Jewish mortality have long vexed historians, who have traditionally concentrated on explaining this problem through national studies or by using acomparative approach, concentrating on the role of perpetrators, victims, and circumstances. In contrast, Survivors emphasizes the factors that helped Jews to avoid deportation, either through escape or by going underground. Taken as a whole, it book provides the first comprehensive study of Jewishsurvival in Western Europe in all its forms. Firstly, the book focuses on the escape routes used by Jews fleeing from the Nazis, and the disparate networks that ran them, including the routes from France into Spain and Switzerland, but also the lesser know history of the escape of Norwegian Jewry and the famous rescue from Denmark in 1943. Fewof these networks were exclusively devoted to helping Jews - in fact, most of them helped all manner of people, including Allied aircrew, escaping Prisoners of War, and political opponents. Moreover, they were not exclusively the product of the Second World War - as Bob Moore shows, many hadlinkages with resistance in the First World War, and indeed to opposition to state power stretching back centuries. The second half of the book is devoted to three national case studies (France, Belgium, and the Netherlands) that focus on the interrelationship between Jewish self-help and the individuals and organizations that assisted in hiding them, including the Christian churches. These case studies serve tohighlight the very different circumstances and structures pertaining in these three countries and how this had a direct bearing on levels of survival. Separate chapters then deal with the case of child rescue and the motivations of those involved in this most contentious of issues. Finally, thespotlight is turned on cases where Jews were saved, either directly or indirectly, by the Nazis themselves - and on the vexed question of Jews who survived by collaborating with the arrest and deportation of their co-religionists. | <urn:uuid:640f6cd0-28d2-4e0e-9568-886c4c967ab5> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/survivors-jewish-self-help-and/9780199208234-item.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9683256149291992,
"token_count": 403,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
One might like to think that 'de-growth' is a non-issue – that somehow the human enterprise can continue to expand – but this is not a realistic proposition. De-growth will happen probably in the next few decades; the relevant question is ‘by what means?’
First, any analysis of this type should be based on available data, not mere assertion of preferences or beliefs. "Show me the numbers" is the first commandment of sustainability assessment.
Second, we should clarify what we are talking about and what we are not talking about. Here I am not talking about increases/decreases in income or GDP per se. Income growth or GDP/growth per capita is a money measure with no physical dimensions. Money is mere abstraction – in fact, most money today is mere 'number money' or electronic money that exists only in computers and whether the number is $1 or $1,000,000,000 makes no difference to the planet whatsoever. In theory, then, GDP growth could continue indefinitely – if it weren't linked to something real.
But it is linked to something real, the biophysical world. People buy real wealth (food, clothing, shelter, autos, electronic toys, etc.) with money wealth and there has never been a period when increases in money income were not accompanied by increases in real energy and material consumption. At higher income levels the relationship begins to level out because of greater ‘factor productivity’ (efficiency) and as more discretionary income goes to purchasing services (economists call this ‘decoupling’), but: a) decoupling is, so far, a marginal trend even in rich countries and; b) most of the world’s people have not nearly satisfied their material needs, let alone wants. Consequently, global material and energy throughput is generally increasing in both per capita and gross terms. Remember too that, from a biophysical perspective, all economic production is mostly consumption—a vastly larger quantity of available energy/matter is processed or consumed than is contained in the products produced (and the ratio is deteriorating because of diminishing returns)
And herein lies the problem. Energy and material production and consumption has material consequences for ecosystems that are vital for sustainability, i.e., survival. Consider just one fact: all food and fibre flows through the economy are produced by ecosystems and all the wastes of both our bio-metabolism and industrial metabolism must be assimilated and neutralized by ecosystems.
These are measurable processes with measurable consequences. Ecological footprint analysis shows that to produce the bio-resources consumed, and to assimilate just the carbon wastes of the average European requires about five hectares of ecosystems of global average productivity (5 gha). Typical North Americans use the ecological services of 7-8 gha/capita. Meanwhile, people in the most impoverished African countries get by on the life support of perhaps half a gha. (As I said, there is a clear positive relationship between income and the consumption of ‘nature’.) By the way, these are underestimates because we use the more optimistic data where there are conflicts between sources, not all material/waste flows are included and because we assume sustainable land and water use which it is not the case.
The problem is that there are only 12 to 13 billion hectares of land and water ecosystems productive enough to support economic activity on Earth. That’s about 1.7 gha per capita (at the present population of 7.2 billion). This means that Europeans are using three times and North Americans five times their ‘fair Earthshares’. Put another way, we’d need several more Earth-like planets to support just the present world population at European or North American material standards with current technologies. (Poor people don’t get nearly their fair Earthshare because they don’t have enough money to compete in the marketplace.)
Now, the average human ecological footprint is about 2.7 gha so even at today’s average levels of material consumption, the human enterprise is in overshoot by about 50%. This means humans are consuming faster than ecosystems can regenerate and producing waste faster than ecosystems can assimilate. (Climate change is driven, in part, by carbon dioxide emissions. CO2 is the largest waste by weight of industrial economies so, in this sense, climate change is a waste-management problem.) Economic growth and accompanying increases in energy and material consumption today are based, in part, on the depletion of so-called ‘natural capital’ and on filling waste sinks to over-flowing. The continuation and expansion of these trends will precipitate significant changes in, or even the collapse of biophysical systems, including the climate system. Dependent human economies and societies will not be far behind (this constitutes unplanned de-growth).
This is not fantasy. Eco-failure is already happening regionally and, without global agreements leading to major reductions in human energy and material demand (i.e., planned de-growth), will happen globally. Indeed, globalization and trade ensure that that the next collapse will be global—many densely populated high-income countries have long since overshot their domestic carrying capacities and would long ago have collapsed without access to the resources/sinks of less developed regions. Globalization blinds citizens of nations in overshoot to the perils of over-population and over-consumption, since it eliminates any direct ‘negative feedback’ from their having exceeded national limits. (Japan, for example, despite its recent economic stall, still uses 5-7 times its domestic biocapacity, so far with impunity.) Keep in mind that that, absent access to distant sources, the destructive over-exploitation of regional ecosystems contributed to the collapse of many previous civilizations on all continents from Sumer to the Maya.
Summary and bottom line:
Historic and contemporary evidence suggests that global de-growth (meaning significant reductions in aggregate and per capita energy and material consumption and in the human population) is inevitable. If it is imposed by nature, it could be painful and chaotic; but a planned contraction of the human enterprise (both population and per capita consumption) to a sustainable steady-state could be relatively smooth and orderly. The plan might require accelerated de-growth in high-income consumer countries to accommodate greater consumption in poor regions for the sake of greater material equality.
Which form of de-growth would you prefer?
Which is the more likely to occur?
PS: Eco-footprint analysis is based on real data from the most reliable sources available for ecosystems productivity and for national production, consumption, and material trade. Some people do not like the results of such analyses, particularly the documentation of over-shoot and the support this provides for the notion of biophysical limits to growth and the need for material de-growth. Fair enough, but those who reject the findings on these grounds have an obligation to provide an alternative explanation and solution. The questions are: How can the human enterprise, as a fully-contained, dependent growing sub-system of the finite non-growing ecosphere (tip o' the hat to Herman Daly), continue to expand indefinitely? Once in severe overshoot, is a sustainable recovery possible without significant material de-growth? | <urn:uuid:43270668-5466-4339-af95-d66118dd7404> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://econospeak.blogspot.com/2014/09/in-theory-gdp-growth-could-continue.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805761.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119191646-20171119211646-00461.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9360809922218323,
"token_count": 1482,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Traffic circles may become widespreadNovember 17th, 2005 in Other Sciences /
Modern roundabouts, or traffic circles, not only reduce crashes, but research shows they also can help alleviate traffic backups and resulting delays.
Researchers say roundabouts improve traffic flow and reduce injury crashes by as much as 75 percent, compared with intersections controlled by stop lights or signs.
Although tens of thousands of traffic circles have been built worldwide, only about 1,000 exist in the United States.
"Transportation engineers, like everybody else, generally go with what they're used to," said Richard Retting of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. "Doing this means missing the benefits of roundabouts."
Institute researchers compared such factors as traffic volume, the number of accidents, and traffic delays at traditional intersections, with those occurring at the more modern traffic circles.
A key finding is that vehicle delays would be reduced by up to 74 percent, saving 325,000 hours of motorists' time annually. The scientists estimated crashes could be reduced by 75 percent.
"If only 10 percent of the 250,000 intersections with signals in the United States were modified as roundabouts, the national safety and fuel saving benefits would be enormous," Retting said.
The research appears in the institute's journal, Status Report.
Copyright 2005 by United Press International
"Traffic circles may become widespread." November 17th, 2005. http://phys.org/news8247.html | <urn:uuid:c3a44d64-28ae-4d83-be99-fced6253274b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://phys.org/print8247.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770742.121/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00005-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.964667558670044,
"token_count": 296,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was therefore commonly referred to as “Silent Cal.” A possibly apocryphal story has it that Dorothy Parker, seated next to him at a dinner, said to him, “Mr. Coolidge, I’ve made a bet against a fellow who said it was impossible to get more than two words out of you.” His famous reply: “You lose.” It was also Parker who, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, “How can they tell?” — Wikipedia
A friend of mine, noted for his monosyllabic email replies, finally prompted me to look up Calvin Coolidge in Wikipedia. The famous anecdote above is also substantially repeated on the White House “Our Presidents” web page.
Coolidge was an outspoken advocate of Civil Rights (to the extent Coolidge, who could be an effective orator in public, could ever be said to be “outspoken.”) As Vice-President, Coolidge stepped in to complete the presidential term of Warren Harding, who had died in office, and Coolidge was elected President in his own right in 1924. He declined to run for a full second term of office in 1928, one year before the market crash of 1929. Of Coolidge’s successor Herbert Hoover, Wikipedia reports:
“Coolidge had been reluctant to choose Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that ‘for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad’.”
Coolidge was also responsible for the quote “After all, the chief business of the American people is business.” His hands-off attitude toward the “Roaring Twenties” US economy was very popular with the business community. Decades later, the Reagan Administration picked up Coolidge as kind of a poster child for laissez-faire economics. Coming, as Coolidge’s administration had done, on the eve of America’s Great Depression, many critics believed Coolidge policies contributed to the decade-long collapse of the United States economic model before World War II. The controversy rages to this day as the United States tries to figure out who and what was really responsible for the Crash of 2008 – our worst economic meltdown since the 1930’s.
943 total views, no views today | <urn:uuid:9fca8ec5-971c-4bbd-a6e7-59e653fccea3> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "http://summitlake.com/wp_1mynotes/?tag=people",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315544.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820133527-20190820155527-00541.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9810530543327332,
"token_count": 515,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Mexican tetra or blind cave fish (Astyanax mexicanus) is a freshwater fish of the family Characidae of the order Characiformes. The type species of its genus, it is native to the Nearctic ecozone, originating in the lower Rio Grande and the Neueces and Pecos Rivers in Texas, as well as the central and eastern parts of Mexico.
The eyed and eyeless forms of A. mexicanus, being members of the same species, are closely related and can interbreed making this species an excellent model organism for examining convergent and parallel evolution, regressive evolution in cave animals, and the genetic basis of regressive traits. This, combined with the ease of maintaining the species in captivity, has made it the most studied cavefish and likely also the most studied cave organism overall.
The blind cave fish (Astyanax mexicanus) genome sequence was produced by Washington University. The genome is 1Gb in length, consisting of 10,735 toplevel sequences, all of which are unplaced scaffolds (from 121,345 contigs). The N50 of the scaffolds is 1.5 Mb.
The genome assembly represented here corresponds to GenBank Assembly ID GCA_000372685.1
- Astyanax_mexicanus-2.0 (Ensembl release 95)
The gene set was built using a mixed approach. Due to the lack of species specific sequences and the availability of RNASeq data for blind cave fish from Washington University, the final gene set comprises models based on orthologous proteins from the vertebrate division of UniProtKB, longest translations of some stickleback and zebrafish gene models from Ensembl 72, as well as models from RNASeq data.
The RNASeq data only contained samples from the entire organism, not individual tissues. 13,097 gene models were made exclusively from RNASeq data. The data were also used to add UTR to gene models. The total gene set contains 23,042 protein-coding genes with a further 709 ncRNAs and 21 pseudogenes. You can find more information on how we build the gene models from RNASeq data here.
General information about this species can be found in Wikipedia.
|Assembly||AstMex102, INSDC Assembly GCA_000372685.1, Apr 2013|
|Golden Path Length||1,191,242,572|
|Annotation method||Full genebuild|
|Genebuild started||Apr 2013|
|Genebuild released||Dec 2013|
|Genebuild last updated/patched||Dec 2013|
|Genscan gene predictions||39,152| | <urn:uuid:18a98d4d-54cf-4291-adda-5133fb54751b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"url": "http://grch37.ensembl.org/Astyanax_mexicanus/Info/Annotation",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658988.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117143601-20190117165601-00040.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.896716296672821,
"token_count": 569,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
} |
by John Ball
03 Oct 2003
Understanding what motivates people in all walks of life is basic to all who aspire to management. One of the best known of all the writers on motivation is Herzberg.
He is noted for – among other things – his ideas on job enrichment, enlargement and rotation. However, his ideas on motivation in the hygiene-motivation theory are particularly useful to our understanding of what motivates people.
This is particularly relevant as the original research was undertaken not in the factory, but in the offices of engineers and accountants.
Content theories of motivation
Herzberg’s motivation theory is one of the content theories of motivation. These attempt to explain the factors that motivate individuals through identifying and satisfying their individual needs, desires and the aims pursued to satisfy these desires.
This theory of motivation is known as a two factor content theory. It is based upon the deceptively simple idea that motivation can be dichotomised into hygiene factors and motivation factors and is often referred to as a ‘two need system’.
These two separate ‘needs’ are the need to avoid unpleasantness and discomfort and, at the other end of the motivational scale, the need for personal development. A shortage of the factors that positively encourage employees (the motivating factors) will cause employees to focus on other, non-job related ‘hygiene’ factors.
The most important part of this theory of motivation is that the main motivating factors are not in the environment but in the intrinsic value and satisfaction gained from the job itself. It follows therefore that to motivate an individual, a job itself must be challenging, have scope for enrichment and be of interest to the jobholder. Motivators (sometimes called ‘satisfiers’) are those factors directly concerned with the satisfaction gained from a job, such as:
- the sense of achievement and the intrinsic value obtained from the job itself
- the level of recognition by both colleagues and management
- the level of responsibility
- opportunities for advancement and
- the status provided
Motivators lead to satisfaction because of the need for growth and a sense of self-achievement.
A lack of motivators leads to over-concentration on hygiene factors, which are those negative factors which can be seen and therefore form the basis of complaint and concern. Hygiene factors (often referred to as maintenance factors) lead to dissatisfaction with a job because of the need to avoid unpleasantness.
They are referred to as hygiene factors because they can be avoided or prevented by the use of ‘hygienic’ methods. The important fact to remember is that attention to these hygiene factors prevents dissatisfaction but does not necessarily provide positive motivation.
Hygiene factors are also often referred to as ‘dissatisfiers’. They are concerned with factors associated with the job itself but are not directly a part of it. Typically, this is salary, although other factors which will often act as dissatisfiers include:
- perceived differences with others
- job security
- working conditions
- the quality of management
- organisational policy
- interpersonal relations
Understanding Herzberg’s theory recognises the intrinsic satisfaction that can be obtained from the work itself. It draws attention to job design and makes managers aware that problems of motivation may not necessarily be directly associated with the work. Problems can often be external to the job.
Managers’ understanding that factors which demotivate can often be related to matters other than the work itself, can lead to improved motivation, greater job satisfaction and improved organisational performance by the entire workforce.
Understanding individual goals, coupled with wider skills and abilities, can lead to greater opportunities. Individuals are seen as valuable to organisations and can acquire new skills useful in the future.
Improving skills, opportunities and increasing employee knowledge will, in the longer term, increase the value of an organisation’s human assets. Most importantly, it can lead to greater staff commitment, understanding and loyalty.
Dr John Ball is former examiner for Paper 1.3 | <urn:uuid:812b998f-44b0-4063-a8ae-1618807e55e1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f1/technical-articles/herzbergs-motivation.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913039.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00233-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9606958627700806,
"token_count": 832,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Excited children ready to learn. Eyes wide, smiles on faces, obviously felt anticipation is filling the room. These children are eager for music-making today.
From the start I can see how much more involved the teachers and pupils are this term. Confidence is running high, songs have been sung in-between sessions. I am enjoying watching the eye contact between children and teachers during songs; a shared smile and enjoyment in making music together abundant today. I’m noticing the confidence and ease in singing and beating: heads are held up and voices are ringing out, ears are listening, ready to learn. Teachers are brimming with enthusiasm and children are responding to the attention and happiness they receive from workshop leaders and teachers alike.
Sessions have developed over the Soundplay project, to end with this term’s theme of ‘People Who Help Us’. We’re building on previous sessions, including more difficult phonic work, use of different languages, singing in two parts, using traffic signs, dressing up role play, visual props, phonics bags and being more creative during musical freeplay with letter-writing and craft activities to complement stories and music-making.
But what did I see and hear today that made the day so special?
A boy quietly sets out a music stand and with beater in hand starts conducting the freeplay session; his eyes closing, arms waving and face smiling. Three boys formed a guitar band: one boy using a makeshift bow and holding his guitar like a cello, they nod at each other when to start and stop, strum and stamp their feet to the pulse and howl in their own special way. Two children playing panpipes, keeping eye contact and watching each other for when to start and stop (and falling about laughing at the results) whilst in the background two girls play piano, one playing notes from high to low, one from low to high.
Children are clearly finding their voices today. Confident, happy singing from a boy whose voice suddenly burst out over the others in an explosion of uncontrolled musical delight. Sounding out phonics with precision and volume, words and syllables sung in time with the pulse. Trying out new languages together, singing confidently and understanding the meaning of the words sung. Solo singing from children who have never before sung solo during sessions. Children writing letters and sounding out their phonics musically whilst they write. Hearing snippets of songs sung by children during freeplay that they had heard for the very first time only minutes before. Children singing a round in two parts, excitement on their faces and sounding in their voices, noticing the shared thrill when harmonies ring out and rhythms cross, and watching their shared satisfaction of a job well done. Wonderful tapping and beating skills today, children instinctively knowing when to beat pulse, crotchets, quavers, stop and start. Hearing voices drifting away still singing songs from our sessions as children leave the classroom ready for home time.
Looking forward next week to learning how children have enjoyed sharing their songs with their families at home, hearing stories of singing together at school and experiencing the sessions’ visiting musician, the exciting and wonderful John Ball, tabla & santoor player and musician in residence at the University of Sheffield. I simply can’t wait!
Vanessa Johnson, Soundplay workshop leader | <urn:uuid:c720cb04-e1bd-4899-bf88-0b791200d95a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29",
"url": "https://musicintheround.wordpress.com/2015/01/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655892516.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707111607-20200707141607-00563.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.961791455745697,
"token_count": 681,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
By Karen Brunyee | Professional Development Leader, Primary STEM at STEM Learning | @TravellingKaren
Often, teachers and parents are looking for engaging, hands-on activities that will help to support learning of key skills and knowledge in STEM. There is a wealth of activities out there but where do you start to look when a simple internet search brings you back over 200,000 results?
The three resources below will help you to deliver exciting, curriculum-linked STEM activities that can be used both in the classroom and sent home for consolidation and engagement.
Starters for STEM
At the start of the national lockdown in March 2020, our primary team sat down to think about ways we could support teachers and parents with some engaging activities that were easy to explain, required few materials and could be completed mostly by pupils on their own at home. This was where ‘Starters for STEM’ was born – a valuable resource bank of engaging one-page STEM activities for parents and teachers to complete at home or as part of a STEM Club.
Starters for Science
The success of this resource collection led us to thinking about how we could use this idea to support teachers with more targeted curriculum support – something that could be used for ideas for topics or sent home to support home learning in science. From this, ‘Starters for Science’ was developed: year group and topic-linked, easy to resource and carry out at home. Like the ‘Starters for STEM’, the ‘Starters for Science’ are one-page downloads, plus they include learning from the national curriculum, key vocabulary and activities that will complement school-based work. These will be particularly useful in supporting any learning that may have been missed. They cover all the national curriculum science topics and could be used as school planning tools to ensure coverage of all the topics. We have made every effort to avoid overlapping or repetition of activities.
The ‘Starters for Science’ also include activities for the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) linked to common themes found in the reception classroom, and can be used as investigation activities within the setting, eg in the EYFS ‘Starters for Science’, there are activities for exploring what is attracted to a fridge magnet, discovering what floats in the bath and investigating which biscuits are the best for dunking.
In the Year 2 ‘Starters for Science’, there are ideas for pupils to create their own matching animal game, design a new sports kit for their favourite activity – thinking about the chosen materials – and grow a tomato after harvesting seeds from their lunch. Older pupils could grow salt crystals from kitchen resources, design a boat that will carry the most cargo across the bath and think about the food they could eat if they had the teeth of a hippo or a lion.
50+ STEM activities for any primary classroom
Our third curated resource collection, which has been pulled together by our STEM Clubs programme team, is ‘50+ STEM activities for any primary classroom’. Specially created activities that can all be easily carried out by any member of school staff, families, STEM Club leaders and STEM Ambassadors, and in any classroom or home setting, irrespective of STEM subject experience or knowledge.
These resources are helping to broaden the reach of STEM activities, supporting and enriching the curriculum and increasing enjoyment for everyone involved. The primary activities cover such things as: designing a moon rover, how to colonise the moon or even how to launch a rocket mouse. Try testing the theory of flight with paper aeroplanes and helicopters or considering how birds migrate – do size and weight make a difference?
There are so many ideas to explore, and they are all free to download with a STEM Learning account.
We really hope that you enjoy exploring these resources and find things that will engage the pupils you work with, consolidate the curriculum and help to increase the STEM capital of every family in your school community. | <urn:uuid:3f860732-dc50-4604-9362-5d5902b61534> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "https://www.stem.org.uk/magazine-primary/starters-stem",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487586239.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612162957-20210612192957-00157.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9622741937637329,
"token_count": 807,
"score": 3.921875,
"int_score": 4
} |
Measuring Height Accurately
If you are like most parents, you wonder if your child literally measures up to other children his age. When your child is developing normally, he falls within the height and weight measures your pediatrician established shortly after birth. Measuring height and weight of a child, both at home and in the doctor’s office, allows you and your doctor to detect when your child’s growth begins to speed up or lag. Some physical disorders can manifest in weight loss or gain, as well as abnormal growth spurts or lags in height.
Children don’t always like to be measured because this means they need to be taken away from an activity they are enjoying. Standing against a wall? Standing on a weight scale? Boring! Because of this mindset, your child may make it difficult for you to get an accurate measurement.
Have your child take his shoes and bulky clothing off. For a girl, remove braids, hair styles or hair ornaments that would give you an inaccurate height measurement. Direct your child to stand on an uncarpeted floor and against a wall. The wall should not have a baseboard or molding.
Tell your child to stand with his feet flat and together, with his heels against the wall. His legs should be straight with his arms at his sides; his shoulders should be level. Tell your child to look straight ahead and make sure his line of sight is parallel to the floor--he should not be gazing down at the floor or up at the ceiling. Place a book on your child’s head so it forms a right angle to the wall. Your eyes should be on the same level as the book.
Take a pencil and mark the spot where the bottom of the book touches the wall. This is your child’s height. Place a metal measuring tape and measure from the floor to the mark you made on the wall to get your child’s height. Record his height to within the nearest 1/8th inch--or 0.1 centimeter. | <urn:uuid:27da6589-dcee-41b2-979d-d2596f14d6d6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "http://www.brighthubeducation.com/parenting-preschoolers/123491-how-to-measure-your-toddlers-height-and-weight/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543782.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00462-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9678149223327637,
"token_count": 421,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Bass, walleye ‘invasive’ fish? Potential recommendation would reclassify some sport fish, eliminate catch limits
SEATTLE — A potential recommendation by the state’s orca task force would reclassify popular sport fish like bass and walleye as ‘invasive’ in certain waterways, eliminating catch limits and impacting sport fishermen.
Q13 News has obtained documents containing potential recommendations that could come out of Governor Jay Inslee’s task force to save southern resident orcas. The official draft report does not come out until Sept. 24, but these documents give us insight into what actions the expert working groups prioritized.
The documents contain dozens of recommendations, ranging from limiting the number of whale watching boats on the water to more tightly monitoring certain pollutants.
Prey Potential Recommendation 27 relates to limiting “walleye, bass and catfish” and other sport fish as invasive. More than 24 million salmon smolts are reportedly eaten each year by non-native sport fish, in places such as Lake Washington and the Columbia River.
The recommendation reads:
Prey Potential Recommendation 27: Request that the Governor support reclassifying non-native predatory fish including but not limited to walleye, bass, and catfish from sport fish to invasive species to allow and encourage removal of these predatory fish in the waters containing salmon or other ESA-listed species. Walleye in the Columbia River are reported to consume more than two juvenile salmon daily while bass are reported to consume more than one juvenile salmon per day. There are likely millions of these non-native predatory fish in Washington waters, including Lake Washington and other water bodies, containing salmon. Twenty-four million salmon smolts are consumed by these non-native species between McNary Dam and Priest Rapids dam. It is currently illegal to “water” sport fish in many rivers/lakes the harvest of these non-native predators is regulated by catch limits.
Current statewide regulations for freshwater game fish put a limit on daily possessions as two fish, with certain exceptions. The daily statewide limit of bass is five, and eight for walleye. It is illegal to keep more than the daily catch limit.
Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife officials said reclassifying fish as invasive would get rid of catch limits, and encourage anglers to dispose of every fish they catch. It could also mean active programs to remove the fish from certain waterways.
Changing species like bass from sport fish to an invasive species could have an economic impact, according to a study released from the University of Washington in 2011.
“The juxtaposition between smallmouth bass, the popular sportfish, and smallmouth bass, the potentially harmful non-native species, creates an unfortunate and intense conflict,” the study reported.
Smallmouth bass were first introduced to Washington as a sport fish in 1925. They are among the most widespread non-native species of fish in the Pacific Northwest.
An official told Q13 News that some warm water fishermen have fought to keep these fish as sport fish, in order to maintain protections.
It was not immediately known how the fish would be impacted in waterways that don’t contain salmon fry. | <urn:uuid:fa6298ef-6319-42fe-ab87-60072e197646> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "https://q13fox.com/2018/09/17/bass-walleye-invasive-fish-potential-recommendation-would-reclassify-some-sport-fish-eliminate-catch-limits/?utm_source=related_1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578548241.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422075601-20190422101601-00305.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9527283310890198,
"token_count": 660,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
(CBS) Skin cancer strikes more than one million Americans each year. Avoiding the sun is one way to reduce skin cancer risk, but a new study points to another way.
Women who drank three cups of coffee per day were 20 percent less likely to have basal cell carcinoma, the study found.
"Given the nearly 1 million new cases of BCC diagnosed each year in the United States, daily dietary factors with even small protective effects may have great public health impact," Dr. Fengju Song, a postdoctoral researcher at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, said in a written statement. "Our study indicates that coffee consumption may be an important option to help prevent BCC."
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a slow-growing form of skin cancer that accounts for 75 percent of all skin cancers, according to the American Cancer Society. BCC is especially common among people with light-colored skin, blue or green eyes, or blonde or red hair.
Researchers analyzed skin cancer rates among 73,000 people between 1984-2008 and found 23,000 basal cell carcinoma cases. The researchers then looked at data on how much coffee each person consumed.
Coffee-drinking women weren't the only ones who saw a big risk reduction, the study showed. Men who drank three or more cups were 9 percent less likely to have BCC, compared with people who drank less than one cup of Joe per month.
The more coffee the participants drank, the lower the cancer risk. Drinking the most coffee compared to other study participants was tied to an 18 percent basal cell carcinoma risk reduction for women and a 13 percent reduction for men. The findings were presented at a cancer prevention conference in Boston
The study did not find coffee's protective benefit in two thousand participants with another type of skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma.
Before you camp out in front of your company's coffeemaker, experts warn there are better ways to prevent skin cancer.
"It is a pretty small effect compared to known things, like getting a cancer detected and cut out early, avoiding sunburns, etc," Dr. Paul Nghiem, associate professor at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, told WebMD
The National Institutes of Health has more on basal cell carcinoma. | <urn:uuid:c3722a42-692e-4b5d-962c-01dc89719a3f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coffee-helps-prevent-skin-cancer-what-study-shows/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887660.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118230513-20180119010513-00280.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536083340644836,
"token_count": 470,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Fossil finger points to early humans entering Saudi Arabia
NEW YORK - AP
Researchers say it shows hunter-gatherers had reached that area by 85,000 years ago. Previously discovered human fossils show an earlier human presence in Israel and possibly China.
Scientists believe early people left Africa more than once after evolving there at least 300,000 years ago.
The bone, from an adult and most likely a middle finger, was found in 2016 about 340 miles (550 kilometers) southeast of the Sinai Peninsula. Michael Petraglia of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, says the ancient people probably left Africa through the peninsula.
He and others report the discovery on April 9 in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution. | <urn:uuid:07556b0f-18b4-4050-82de-de474d00a572> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/fossil-finger-points-to-early-humans-entering-saudi-arabia-130053",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588246.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028003812-20211028033812-00270.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9238163828849792,
"token_count": 155,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
cloth, 336 pp., $29.95
Naturalist Matt Turner examines the natural and cultural history of native Texas plants in a fascinating narrative that gives meaning to the botanical bounty of the state. The author looks at their archeological and historical significance; their culinary, material, and medicinal usage; and their cultural connections with people. Of the approximately 6,000 species that can be found in the state, he focuses on 65 entries, covering more than 80 native plant species that he considers “major players in the state’s flora.” Organized in three general categories (trees, shrubs, and other plants), each entry includes a discussion of botanical and common names, a description of its form and character, and its native habitat and distribution. A color photograph of a significant characteristic accompanies each profile. Warnock then traces the importance of the species to people and wildlife, often citing little known facts both novice and experienced naturalists will find intriguing.
— Marilyn K. Alaimo, garden writer and volunteer, Chicago Botanic Garden | <urn:uuid:f09a3377-8755-486e-b2b0-0fccb25e7439> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"url": "http://www.chicagobotanic.org/book/remarkable_plants_texas_uncommon_accounts_our_common_natives",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988310.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00245-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9485310912132263,
"token_count": 214,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
} |
It was the Great Depression. Nine young black men were hoboing, riding a freight train to Memphis, Tennessee in search of work, but their ride was cut short. At Scottsboro, Alabama the police hauled them off the train: the young men, ages 13 to 21, were accused of raping two white women who were on the train. For black men in the 1930s in the Deep South, such a charge could be fatal. Like so many others who had died by trial or lynching, the Scottsboro Boys (as they came to be called) were falsely accused, a fact that meant almost nothing. In March, 1931 eight of them were sentenced to death, while the fate of the ninth, 13-year-old Roy Wright, hovered dangerously close to life in prison before ending in a mistrial.
The case of the Scottsboro Boys (Charlie Weems, Willie Robeson, Olen Montgomery, Ozzie Powell, Eugene Williams, Roy and Andy Wright, Clarence Norris, and Heywood Paterson) became a worldwide cause célèbre, a symbol of American injustice. Although they were not put to death, altogether the Scottsboro Boys spent more than 100 years in jail for a crime they did not commit. While the case is a largely forgotten landmark in American civil rights history, for many, blacks and whites, the Scottsboro Boys and memories of those times in the South remain vivid and indelible.
As far as Scottsboro's impact on the law is concerned, there were two major U.S. Supreme Court rulings in this case: one upheld a defendant's right to effective counsel under due process; the other prohibited the exclusion of jurors based on race. These two decisions were effectively the first substantive legal efforts undermining the climate of fear and intimidation that reigned over African-Americans in the South --what historian James Goodman simply calls "southern injustice": "To know that [type of] injustice as black people knew it, it was necessary to know it in the parts of the body that produce nausea, chills sweat, and tears, to have it knock the wind out of you and triple the beat of your heart..." In his compelling 1994 work Stories of Scottsboro, Goodman goes on to write:
Knowledge of southern injustice came in part from fear of it; and fear came from the knowledge that the color of your skin made you a suspect--a suspect that looked just like the prime suspect--every time the police were looking for a black man. It came from knowledge that if arrested, you were likely to be subject to the third degree; if indicted, you were likely to be unrepresented; if convicted, sentenced to a longer term in prison or on the chain gang than a white man convicted of the same crime. The fear came from the near inescapability of the danger, the sense that no matter how careful and deliberate your every expression, word and deed, no matter how unblemished your past, how fine or widely recognized your reputation, no matter how prosperous you were or how well placed, no matter how unshakable your alibi, you were not immune from false accusation, mistaken identity, wrongful conviction, and punishment.
This audio documentary takes a look at that injustice through the voices of some of the people who were involved in the Scottsboro case, including defendant Clarence Norris, as well as those who have studied the case. The program was produced and narrated by Andy Lanset. It was originally broadcast by WNYC and the NPR Horizons series in 1992.
Special thanks to Donna Limerick, CBS Archives, Gary Daughters, Leonard Lopate, David Rapkin, and the late David Nolan, with engineering by Manoli Wetherell and Neal Rauch at NPR in New York.
The nine Scottsboro defendants with National Guardsmen outside of the Scottsboro jail, March 26, 1931, the day after they were arrested. From left to right: Clarence Norris, Olen Montgomery, Andy Wright, Willie Roberson, Olin Powell, Eugene Williams, Charlie Weems, Roy Wright and Haywood Patterson. (© Bettmann/CORBIS/Corbis Images)
Goodman, James, Stories of Scottsboro, Vintage Books, 1995, pg. 248.
An Original Radio Newsreel Report on the Scottsboro Case in 1932
In the early 1930s many radio stations broadcast syndicated radio newsreel programs like The March of Time and The News in Review. Because the programs largely pre-date the widespread availability of truly portable recording equipment, these early 'news' shows were typically reenactments or dramatizations of the week's leading news stories, and were often a bit sloppy when it came to the facts and journalistic standards. In this rare November 20, 1932 episode of The News Parade broadcast over WMCA in New York, the Scottsboro case is brought up through the first of its two U.S. Supreme Court decisions, concluding with the dramatization of a Communist Party demonstration on the steps of the Capitol in support of a fair retrial for the Scottsboro defendants. | <urn:uuid:773dba3b-b4d0-4dae-a64a-93994d098577> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"url": "http://www.wnyc.org/story/250323-scottsboro-civil-rights-milestone/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.969269335269928,
"token_count": 1049,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
} |
This is one of the following three articles about the t distribution in Excel
As with all distributions, the t-Distribution has a PDF (Probability Density Function) and a CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function).
The t-Distribution’s PDF (Probability Density Function) equals the probability that sample point X taken from a normally distributed population is a certain distance from the sample mean for the given sample size.
More specifically, the t-Distribution’s PDF calculates the probability that the standardized distance between sample point X and the sample mean is equal to the t Value of t for sample of size n when n = df + 1 = v + 1.
t equals the t Value, which is the number of standard errors that a sampled point X is from the sample mean.
The t-Distribution’s PDF is expressed as f(t,v).
f(t,v) = the probability that a sample point is a distance of t standard errors from the sample mean if the sample size n = v + 1 and the population is normally-distributed. It is given by the following formula:
In Excel 2010 and beyond, the t-Distribution’s PDF can be calculated directly be the following Excel formula:
f(t,v) = T.DIST(t, v, FALSE)
Prior to Excel 2010, Excel had no formula that correctly calculated the PDF of the t-Distribution. The t-Distribution’s PDF had to be calculated directly from the actual formula. The formula is somewhat onerous by itself but is much more manageable if broken down into its component parts as follows:
The full formula for the t-Distribution’s PDF is the following:
This is made much more manageable if broken down into the following parts:
Γ(X) is the gamma distribution function and has to be calculated in Excel is a somewhat indirect fashion as follows:
Γ(X) = EXP(GAMMALN(X))
t equals the number of standard errors that sample point X is from the sample mean.
t-Distribution PDF Example With
The following is a random sample of 20 data points drawn from a population. The population standard deviation is not known. The population’s distribution is not known. It will not be assumed to be normally distributed.
This exercise will calculate the probability that a single sample point from this sample has the value of X = 48.
If the population or the sample can be shown to be normally distributed, the t-Distribution can be used to this probability, which would be the t-Distribution’s PDF at sample X = 48. The t-Distribution would be used because the sample size is small (n < 30) and the population’s standard deviation is not known.
The t-Distribution should only be used if the sample or the population is normally distributed. The distribution of the population is not known so the sample’s distribution needs to be evaluated for normality. A histogram of the sample data indicates a reasonable resemblance to normality. The t-Distribution can therefore be used to analyze the sample.
This histogram was created in Excel inputting the following information into Excel’s Histogram dialogue box:
The next step is to run Excel Descriptive Statistics on the sample data. The output of this Excel data analysis tools is as follows:
The t-Distribution is a family of distribution curves that are all symmetrical about a mean of zero. Each unique t-Distribution curve is completely described and differentiated from all other t-Distribution curves by only a single parameter: its degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom equal sample size minus one as follows:
n = 20
df = v = n – 1 = 19
Note also that the t-Distribution’s PDF formula calculates a point’s PDF at the t Value of the sample point, not at the sample point’s actual value, X. The inputs to the t-Distribution’s PDF formula are the degrees of freedom and the point’s t Value, t.
The t Value of a point is the distance that the point is from the sample mean expressed as the number of standard errors. The length of one standard error is calculated from the sample as follows:
SE = Standard Error = Standard Deviation / SQRT(n)
SE = 7.434 / SQRT(20) = 1.662
Note that SE is also automatically calculated in the Excel Descriptive Statistics.
The t Value of point X = 48 can now be calculated since the sample mean (x_bar) and SE are known. This is done as follows:
X = 48
t = (48 – 50) / 1.662
t = -1.20337
The two inputs required to calculate the t-Distribution’s PDF are the point’s t Value (t = -1.20337) and the degrees of freedom (df = v = 19) from the sample.
Excel 2010 provides the following formula that enables the calculation of the t-Distribution’s PDF in one quick step. That calculation is as follows:
T.DIST(t, df, FALSE) =
T.DIST(-1.20337, 19, FALSE) = 0.18888
This results states that there is an 18.888 percent chance the one of the data observations from the sample group of 20 samples taken from a normally distributed population will have a t Value of -1.20337, i.e., will be 1.20337 standard errors to the left of the sample mean.
Given that the sample mean is 50, the length of one standard error = 1.662, and the d point is 1.20337 standard errors to the left of the mean, the point being evaluated is equal to the following:
X = x_bar + t Value*SE
X = 50 + (-1.20337)*(1.662) = 48
The t-Distribution’s PDF formula calculated that the probability that a single point of the 20 sampled points has a value of X = 48 (or equivalently has a t Value of t = -1.20337) is 18.888 percent.
Prior to Excel 2010, there was no Excel formula that calculated the correct PDF value for the t-Distribution. This calculation has to be performed manually in any version of Excel prior to 2010. This is done as follows (it’s really not as bad as it looks):
a = 1 / SQRT(19 * 3.14159)
a = 0.12943
b = EXP(GAMMALN((19+1)/2)) = 362,880
c = EXP(GAMMALN(19/2)) = 119,292
d = 1 + (-1.20337)2/19 = 1.0762
e = -( (19+1) / 2) = -10
f(t=-1.20337,v=19) = f(-1.20337,19) = 0.12943 * (362,880/119,292) * 1.0762-10
f(t=-1.20337,v=19) = 0.18888
This is the same result that is arrived at in the following single calculation from Excel 2010:
T.DIST(t, df, FALSE) =
T.DIST(-1.20337, 19, FALSE) = 0.18888
An Excel-generated graphical representation of this example is shown in the following diagram. The t Value of t = -1.20337 represents the point that is 1.20337 standard errors from the t-Distribution’s mean of zero.
Note that the t Value of t = -1.20337 has a PDF value equal to f(t=-1.2037,v=19) = 0.18888 on the Y axis. This indicates that there is an 18.888 percent probability that one of the 20 samples has a t Value of 1.20337. This is shown in the following Excel-generated graph:
Excel Master Series Blog Directory
You Will Become an Excel Statistical Master! | <urn:uuid:6ac5aa37-6b71-462f-9326-fe7267ebc02f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "http://blog.excelmasterseries.com/2014/06/t-distributions-pdf-in-excel-2010-and.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512161.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018235424-20181019020924-00232.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9039381146430969,
"token_count": 1742,
"score": 4.3125,
"int_score": 4
} |
We hear a lot about the potential for using distributed solar power to send excess electricity back to the grid. But now the German power and gas company E.On says it has come up with a way for customers who produce heat using solar thermal systems to send heat itself back to the utility. What’s more, the customers still own the heat fed into E.On’s public Hanse Wärme heating grid in Hamburg. For example, if heat is fed into the grid during the summer, a customer can redeem that heat during the winter months, while a public storage unit handles the complexities of storing heat properly.
Heat storage can be somewhat esoteric – it’s not just hot air in a storage unit. Basically, salt hydrates such as magnesium sulfate are exposed to solar heat, which dehydrates them. The materials are kept insulated inside 20 cm of stainless steel. When exposed to water or water vapor, the materials release the stored heat that the solar energy imparted to them. This means customers can feed in solar heat, have the amount recorded, and then withdraw it when needed. It’s essentially a heat bank. (E.On Energy Research Center at Aachen University and the University of Technology in the Netherlands explain the process in more detail.)
The storage system itself is not a new idea; it came into being in Germany about 15 years ago. But now, hooked up to a larger grid, the system can store heat from not only households and businesses in Hamburg, but from other areas as well. The grid provides about 400,000 megawatt-hours of heat to customers each year, enough to heat 50,000 homes.
“The combination of point-of-use production and central storage will be an essential element of tomorrow’s energy supply,” said E.ON’s Dr. Dierk Paskert. The company’s project is the first of its kind to operate on such a large scale: the storage system in Hamburg’s Bramfeld district can store 4,000 cubic meters of heat. The project, which costs 7 million euros to implement, is being funded by Germany’s Federal Ministry of the Environment. | <urn:uuid:3e96c474-98c8-47ee-8c9b-70295fe0379e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://earthtechling.com/2011/07/solar-heat-sent-back-to-german-grid/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769867.110/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00048-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9279270172119141,
"token_count": 455,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The class of 2015 graduated with an average of $35,000 in student loan debt, the most in history. And yet, executives and hiring managers continue to complain about their inability to fill skilled positions in their companies. This is the skills gap, and we’ve been talking about it for more than a decade. So why aren’t universities addressing this problem? Because they can’t.
The skills gap really exists in two dimensions; the gap in actual skills obtained by students relative to the job they want, and the gap in a person’s perceived skills relative to their actual skills.
The real skills gap
Gaps in obtained skills are a very real thing. Career Builder reported in 2014 that 81 percent of hiring managers said it was at least “Somewhat Difficult” to fill open positions due to lack of skills, and 61 percent said they had hired a person who was not fully qualified for the role. While some of the most critical skills gaps persist throughout career stages, many are manifest in entry level positions, where new college grads most often look for work.
Despite their educational investments, students report finding a job to be a big challenge. Nearly half of all graduating students say college did not prepare them for the working world, and 83 percent don’t have a job lined up when they graduate. Additionally, other research reports 62 percent of students say the job search is “frustrating” or “very frustrating.” It’s an even bigger challenge for women and minorities.
The skills perception gap
The less-often discussed part of the skills problem is one of perception. After college, students come away with a perception they have the right skills, but employers don’t agree. A recent survey by the AACU revealed that in many instances, students are more than twice as likely as employers to report being well prepared in key areas such as critical thinking, oral and written communication skills and being creative. Another study reported the majority of workers recognize a skills gap (61 percent), but a whopping 95 percent did not think it applied to them — a classic example of the Lake Wobegon effect, where all the children are above average.
Universities as skill developers
It’s easy to blame universities for these problems. After all, students are paying record amounts in tuition for the chance at a good-paying job. The result is an eyebrow-raising $1.3 trillion in national student loan debt (and growing at $2,700 per second).
We’re asking an old, comfortable dog to do new tricks. It will not happen.
But how focused are universities at developing skills, really? Just look at the mission statements of the top 25 business schools for 2016. They all talk about gaining and sharing knowledge and making the world better, but only one — Carnegie Mellon University — even mentioned the word skills in their mission statement (a few mention skills in other contexts). If the top business schools in America don’t consider it part of their mission to teach their students skills, how can we expect them to prepare students for the workforce?
Colleges and universities in the U.S. were established to provide rich experiences and knowledge to their students to help them contribute to society and improve their social standing. But in the 1930s, with millions out of work, the perceived role of the university shifted away from cultural perspective to developing specific trades. Over time, going to college began to represent improved career prospects. That perception persists today. A survey from 2015 found the top three reasons people chose to go to college were:
- improved employment opportunities
- make more money
- get a good job
But universities have no incentive to change; the reward system for professors incentivizes research over students’ career success, and the hundreds of years of institutional tradition will likely inhibit any chance of change. By expecting higher education to take on closing the skills gap, we’re asking an old, comfortable dog to do new tricks. It will not happen.
Degrees still matter
Many point to the promising trend away from college degrees as required hurdles for employment. Deloitte, Google, Penguin Random House, Cisco, T-Mobile and others have recently removed that requirement for employment.
But despite the perception that people without college degrees can still get high-paying jobs, particularly in technology, real hiring data tells a more somber story. Burning Glass Technologies, a labor market data firm, reports in a recent WSJ piece that 92 percent of tech-sector job postings still list a bachelor’s degree as required.
Why is this? Simply put, hiring managers don’t have a better way to gauge people’s skills and expertise. If someone graduated from a good university in a relevant field with a good GPA and references, that’s deemed close enough to measure at least baseline ability and intellect, to say nothing of a true measurement of skills and expertise. | <urn:uuid:b614fbf0-b50f-45e5-806d-1c6b2bdf2a69> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/08/universities-cant-solve-our-skills-gap-problem-because-they-caused-it/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00631.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9585853219032288,
"token_count": 1023,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Centre for Outdoor Activity and Leisure research (COAL)
COAL is located within the Department of Applied Psychology and works collaboratively with other Cardiff Met Schools and external stakeholders. The purpose of COAL is to evaluate and understand the role that the outdoors, volunteering and purposeful leisure may play in enhancing health and well-being. Within this remit we are interested in how people connect with nature, the role animals might play, the therapeutic potential of green spaces, green exercise and other green interventions (such as care farms, animal assisted programmes and green exercise).
Below are selected examples of funded projects which illustrate the type of research areas COAL engages with.
Pedal Power - Evaluation of 'Changing Gear' Lottery funded project
This research explored the experience of engaging in
‘green exercise’ via a short course, aimed at introducing individuals to the
benefits of cycling. The target audience were those who would not usually
cycle or exercise, and specifically focused on the following groups: women from
black minority backgrounds; those with mental health issues people, with
long-term health conditions and older people. Many of the barriers to
cycling such as cost, access to bicycles and a lack experience, are addressed
by the project in the hope of encouraging participants to make a longer-term
commitment to improving their health and wellbeing. The evaluation
consisted of interviews with participants about their experiences of the
intervention and the benefits and challenges of being involved. Click here for a summary of the
Gofal - Evaluation of GreenAge older persons befriending and well-being service
This evaluation was a service for older people which incorporated expertise in mental health and horticulture to produce an
innovative way of delivering befriending services. Volunteers typically visited individuals in their homes and helped them with gardening-related tasks. The project also took place in residential care home settings. It provided opportunities for participants and volunteers alike to be involved in horticultural activities together, and aimed to improve well-being and reduce social isolation amongst older people in Cardiff. We conducted research which captured the experiences of both volunteers working on the project and the beneficiaries of the service. Measures were also used to ascertain the benefits of volunteering in this context. Click here for a poster summary or download our Evaluation Summary.
Waterloo Foundation - The functions of benefits of volunteering in a Care Farm setting
This project comes under the auspices of 'Green Care', specifically within a Care Farm setting (Care Farming is defined by Care Farming UK as the "therapeutics use of farming practices". They provide health, social or educational care services for individuals from one or a range of vulnerable groups). This research took place in three different care farms and sought to measure the functions of volunteering in this setting, the differences in motivations for volunteers who chose to work inside or outside this setting, university students' perceptions of working on an organic farming project with vulnerable adults and how individuals talked about their experiences of being volunteers on care farms. Click here for a printable flyer that explains the benefits of Care Farms.
National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (NISCHR) - Growing a Healthy Population in Wales (GHOP)
This research considered the role that an outdoor activity can play in healthy ageing through a three month mixed methods evaluation study. Older allotment gardeners and community gardeners completed psychological and physiological health measures. Improvements in participants' body mass index, hand-grip strength, perceived stress levels and self-esteem were found when compared with a wait-list control.
Participants also kept diaries which informed follow-up interviews exploring experiences of being a newcomer to allotment gardening. Findings indicated that even during the first couple of years of having an allotment, this leisure pursuit can have significant benefits. For example, participants discussed the importance of regular social interaction at the site, and the sense of achievement and satisfaction that arises from their activity. For more information, click to see our summary report and poster.
Beacons for Wales funded public engagement project - Our place in the future: What 'works' in a care farm environment with excluded young people?
In this project, we working collaboratively with a Care Farm to raise public awareness of the work done. Young people who had been excluded from mainstream education used flip cameras to capture their accounts of the alternative curriculum they were following on the farm. The project also culminated in the first All Wales Cre Farm Conference, which brought together academics and practitioners to discuss the challenges and outcomes of providing robust evidence for this sector.
Multi-disciplinary evaluation of exercise programmes
Our group has a track record in evaluating the cardiovascular benefits accruing from different exercise programmes using a range of biochemical tests and physical measures of cardiovascular health. Our research has shown that green exercise in previously sedentary individuals improved biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, vascular haemodynamics, arterial stiffness and mental health. Evaluation of different community-based exercise programmes (including Wales National Exercise Referral Scheme-delivered and Valleys Regional Park-facilitated outdoor exercise programmes) demonstrated numerous beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular health. We have also shown that circulating levels of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) are linked to vascular ageing, high levels of stress, depressed mood and a pre-disposition to symptoms of upper respiratory tract illness in endurance athletes (collaborative research with Sport Wales, tracking squads of elite endurance athletes over 4 month training periods).
COAL is led by
Dr Debbie Clayton (left) and
Dr Jenny Mercer (right), Principal Lecturers, Department of Applied Psychology.
We work collaboratively with other members of staff both internally and externally depending on the requirements of each project. This allows us to draw on a range of expertise in relation to research methods and topic-specific knowledge.
Dr Nicola Bowes, Department of Applied Psychology,
Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences
Dr Clare Glennan, Department of Applied Psychology, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences
Dr Karianne Backx, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences
Dr Michael G Hughes, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences
Dr Katie Thirlaway, Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences
Dr Jemma Hawkins, Cardiff University
Professor Paul Milbourne, Cardiff University
Lorraine Brown, Care Farming UK
Dr Kate Hamilton, Actif Woods Wales
Robert Sage, Public Health Wales
Dr David Llewellyn, University of South Wales
Jeannie Wyatt-Williams, Wales National Exercise Referral Scheme
Brian Davies, Sport Wales
Glenn Little, Age Cymru
Whiteman-Sandland J., Hawkins J.,
Clayton D. The role of social capital and community belongingness for exercise adherence: An exploratory study of the CrossFit gym model.
J Health Psychol. 2016 Aug 23 [Epub ahead of print].
Mercer J., Gibson K.,
Clayton D. The therapeutic potential of a prison-based animal programme in the UK. Journal of Forensic Practice. 2015; 17: 43-54.
Hawkins JL., Smith A., Backx K.,
Clayton DA. Exercise intensities of gardening tasks within older adult gardeners in Wales. 2015 Apr; 23 (20): 161-8.
Mercer J., Thirlaway K.,
Clayton DA. 'Doing' gardening and 'being' at the allotment site: Exploring the benefits of allotment gardening for stress reduction and healthy ageing. Ecopsychology. 2013; 5: 110-125.
Webb R., Thompson JES., Ruffino JS., Davies NA., Watkeys L., Hooper S., Jones PM, Walters G.,
Clayton D., Thomas AW., Morris K., Llewellyn DH., Ward M., Wyatt-Williams J.,
McDonnell BJ. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk-lowering health benefits accruing from laboratory-based, community-based and exercise-referral exercise programmes.
BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. 2016 Mar; 2 (1). | <urn:uuid:99881bd5-094f-4059-b4fc-ae03c068e68d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "http://www.cardiffmet.ac.uk/health/research/cha/Pages/COAL.aspx",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027323246.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825084751-20190825110751-00274.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9047530293464661,
"token_count": 1652,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Ambiguous institutions: traditional governance and local democracy in rural India
‘Customary village councils’ (CVCs) are widespread in rural India but are generally believed to be disappearing institutions of a pre-democratic, hierarchical socio-political order. This paper questions this assumption by exploring the current role of that village councils play in Karnataka state. It concludes that CVCs continue to play an active governance role in rural India and have adapted over time to India’s democratic political institutions.
The paper argues that CVCs not only continue to resolve local disputes and exercise limited judicial authority, but they are actively taking on new roles, including:
- developmental and electoral roles
- becoming more pluralist and democratic
- providing a wide range of services that are positively valued by villagers, especially by women
- interacting closely and synergistically with the formal, elected local councils (Grama Panchayats)
The study also found that the closer the relationship between CVs and elected Grama Panchayats (GPs), the more active village councils are.
The paper concludes by suggesting that one the major reason why CVCs continue to enjoy significant authority is because they operate in a relatively democratic and pluralist environment in which the formal state provides many services quite effectively. For this reason, it argues, CVCs have no monopoly and must continue to earn the authority which they exercise. | <urn:uuid:acebe109-b8a2-49d0-9fce-dfb8600212cb> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/33864.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703298047/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112138-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9640235900878906,
"token_count": 286,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
} |
name Narwoit comes from the family having resided in or near "the north wood," as in the northernmost wood within a particular jurisdiction; or in one of the several places named Norwood or Northwood found throughout England
Early Origins of the Narwoit family
The surname Narwoit was first found in Oxfordshire
where the name was derived from the words "north" + "wood." CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
Some of the family were found in the parish of Sittingbourne in Kent
where: "It is an incident worthy of notice in the ancient history of this town, that Henry V. was entertained at the Red Lion here, by John Northwood, a gentleman resident in the vicinity, at the expense of nine shillings and ninepence." CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
Early History of the Narwoit family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Narwoit research.Another 81 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1590 and 1675 are included under the topic Early Narwoit History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Narwoit Spelling Variations
Narwoit has been spelled many different ways. Before English spelling became standardized over the last few hundred
years, spelling variations
in names were a common occurrence. As the English language changed in the Middle Ages, absorbing pieces of Latin and French, as well as other languages, the spelling of people's names also changed considerably, even over a single lifetime. Spelling variants included: Norwood, Northwood, Norwold, Narwold and others.
Early Notables of the Narwoit family (pre 1700)
Another 28 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Narwoit Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Narwoit family to the New World and Oceana
In an attempt to escape the chaos experienced in England
, many English families boarded overcrowded and diseased ships sailing for the shores of North America and other British colonies. Those families hardy enough, and lucky enough, to make the passage intact were rewarded with land and a social environment less prone to religious and political persecution. Many of these families became important contributors to the young colonies in which they settled. Early immigration and passenger lists have documented some of the first Narwoits to arrive on North American shores: Francis Norwood, who arrived in Boston in 1630; Richard Norwood settled in Virginia in 1643; Mary Norwood settled in Montserrat in 1685; Richard Norwood settled in Georgia in 1733..
The Narwoit Motto
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Sub cruce vinces
Motto Translation: Under the cross, we shall conquer.
Narwoit Family Crest Products
- ^ Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
- ^ Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. | <urn:uuid:11739976-c9d1-46f6-b253-8fb9f5479396> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "https://www.houseofnames.com/narwoit-family-crest",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744561.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118180446-20181118202446-00461.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9215941429138184,
"token_count": 808,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Using conventional technologies, researchers supported by the National Cancer Institute (Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc. (SAIC)) have developed a new method for identifying proteins found in trace quantities in the blood.* The method offers hope for detecting tiny amounts of these blood-borne molecules that signal the presence of certain diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases, behavioral disorders, developmental defects, and neurodegenerative diseases. These molecules might be useful biomarkers to aid in earlier detection and treatment of ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and is the government's principal agency for cancer research.
Working at the Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies at NCI-Frederick, Md., the researchers crafted a multi-step procedure for separating blood proteins derived from serum, which is the clear, yellowish liquid that separates out from blood after clotting and does not contain any cells. Together, all of these proteins are known as the serum proteome. Prior efforts to identify low-abundance proteins were not as successful mainly because separation steps to reduce amounts of large, high-abundance proteins caused a simultaneous loss of the smaller, low-abundance proteins. Separation and fractionation are needed to produce samples that can be analyzed by mass spectrometry, a high-throughput technique for identifying individual proteins.
To address this problem, the researchers performed a series of fractionations on a tiny volume of serum about 0.04 teaspoons. The steps included several different methods of separation, called isoelectric focusing and chromatography, that are based on the size, electric charge, and other chemical properties that differ between proteins. These samples were then injected onto a mass spectrometer to acquire the raw sequence data that was subsequently linked to a human proteomic database to identify the observed molecules.
"Our investigation resulted in the identification of 1,444 proteins in serum," said Thomas Conrads, Ph.D., associate director of the Mass Spectrometry Center at NCI-Frederick. A wide range of proteins from different cellular compartments was identified. Another research group using different methods previously had identified 490 serum proteins. "The proteins identified by earlier research overlapped only slightly with those characterized by our group," said Conrads. "This emphasizes the wide scope and complexity of the human serum proteome, which has been estimated to contain more than 10,000 proteins."
Previous studies by other scientists had found evidence of blood-borne molecules related to disease states. This new method offers refinement, which may lead to identification of more sensitive disease markers. "This study shows the extent of the number of proteins that can be characterized within serum using conventional technologies commonly available within proteomic laboratories around the world. The next step will be to apply what has been learned and developed in this study to identify disease-specific biomarkers with greater positive predictive value than those presently being used for diagnostic purposes," added Conrads.
The researchers created a publicly available database of the newly identified human blood proteins. Located online at http://bpp.nci.nih.gov, the database will serve as a resource for other investigators studying blood proteins.
For more information about cancer, please go to http://cancer.gov.
*The official report of the new method appears in the June 2004 issue of Clinical Proteomics (Volume 1, Issue 2; Humana Press).
Message posted by: Rashmi Nemade
Bookmark and Share this page (what is this?)
Social bookmarking allows users to save and categorise a personal collection of bookmarks and share them with others. This is different to using your own browser bookmarks which are available using the menus within your web browser.
Use the links below to share this article on the social bookmarking site of your choice.
Read more about social bookmarking at Wikipedia - Social Bookmarking
Variants Associated with Pediatric Allergic Disorder
Mutations in PHF6 Found in T-Cell Leukemia
Genetic Risk Variant for Urinary Bladder Cancer
Antibody Has Therapeutic Effect on Mice with ALS
Regulating P53 Activity in Cancer Cells
Anti-RNA Therapy Counters Breast Cancer Spread
Mitochondrial DNA Diversity
The Power of RNA Sequencing
‘Pro-Ageing' Therapy for Cancer?
Niche Genetics Influence Leukaemia
Molecular Biology: Clinical Promise for RNA Interference
Chemoprevention Cocktail for Colon Cancer
more news ... | <urn:uuid:1e48d2bd-db23-4534-a232-2571d89d4f22> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "https://hum-molgen.org/NewsGen/06-2004/000009.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822221214-20170823001214-00402.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9306797385215759,
"token_count": 930,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Covering about 2/3 the surface of earth, oceans are largely responsible for making earth a livable environment to humans as they regulate climate long-term and provide the world with most of its oxygen. Today ocean temperatures are rising at the same time CO2 pollution is transforming the chemistry of the ocean making the water more acidic. The most rapid change is taking place in the Arctic’s cold-water regions, leaving its marine environment, such as that of the Bering and Chukchi Sea, in double jeopardy. Oceans are resilient, however, and studying the interplay between earth, ocean and climate, we will explore our role in protecting life in the oceans—and ourselves.
Module Question: What happens if oceans change?
Guiding question of “general knowledge” section:
Guiding question of “Native knowledge” section:
Guiding question of the case study section:
Chat topic: Climate Chaos.
Collaboration: Climate Zone posting to the Nature Map | <urn:uuid:a61e9dc1-584d-43ef-bdfa-0880a6fd7ae4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"url": "http://2011.polarhusky.com/support/get-curriculum/module-04/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00480.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9135852456092834,
"token_count": 205,
"score": 3.890625,
"int_score": 4
} |
31 March 2015
New research has shown that a mutation is responsible for susceptibility to severe influenza (flu) virus infections.
Host genetics – human genetic variants that influence susceptibility to infection by pathogens and severity of disease once infected – have long been an area of study. Generally, they do not make a significant difference to the individual, especially not in comparison with alterations in the genome of the pathogens. The flu virus strain that caused the 1918 pandemic, which killed 50 million people world-wide, has been identified as having key mutations that gave it unusual capacity to invade the lungs and cause severe and potentially fatal in otherwise healthy adults, as well as the very old and very young.
However, investigation of a case of severe flu in a young child found that she had mutations in both copies of her IRF7 gene; IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7) is a protein involved in the regulation of immune responses to viral infections, notably the production of type I and type III interferons. The patient’s mutations prevented the production of functional IRF7, and hence blocked this important element of her immune response to the influenza infection.
Using lung cells created from the girl’s skin cells, the researchers observed the effects of influenza virus infection and reported that twice as many of these cells were infected at the normal control cells. They therefore propose that IRF7-dependent stimulation of interferon production is a crucial part of effective immune protection against influenza virus infection in humans.
This observation may have therapeutic utility – it is suggested that interferon therapy may be useful in children with severe flu infections. More broadly, it is important for what it reveals about such infections. Senior author Professor Jean-Laurent Casanova of Rockefeller University in New York City told Science: “Severe flu is not only a viral illness, it’s also a genetic illness”.
Of course, the genetics of pathogens, and of human responses to pathogens, are complex, and cases are rarely as clear-cut as this one, or indeed that of rare individuals with the delta32 mutation in the T-cell receptor CCR5 gene who are almost (but not quite) immune to infection by HIV. Whilst interferon responses are important against many viral infections, the patient who suffered severe flu has reportedly not succumbed similarly to other viral infections, suggesting that IRF7 may play a unique and crucial role in influenza infections. | <urn:uuid:8bd2f03a-51cb-4603-8bcf-5cdcd7bb9184> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "http://www.phgfoundation.org/news/severe-flu-viral-or-genetic-disease",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00539.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9559755921363831,
"token_count": 496,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
} |
- a sailing vessel square-rigged on all of three or more masts, having jibs, staysails, and a spanker on the aftermost mast.
- Now Rare. a bark having more than three masts.Compare shipentine.
verb (used with object), shipped, ship·ping.
verb (used without object), shipped, ship·ping.
- to be sent or transported by ship, rail, truck, plane, etc.: Both packages shipped this morning.
- to permit of being transported by any of these means:Fresh raspberries do not ship well.
- to leave, especially for another country or assignment: He said goodbye to his family and shipped out for the West Indies.
- to send away, especially to another country or assignment.
- Informal. to quit, resign, or be fired from a job: Shape up or ship out!
QUIZ YOURSELF ON "WAS" VS. "WERE"!
Idioms for ship
- to escape from a ship, especially one in foreign waters or a foreign port, as to avoid further service as a sailor or to request political asylum.
- to withdraw support or membership from a group, organization, cause, etc.; defect or desert: Some of the more liberal members have jumped ship.
Origin of ship1
OTHER WORDS FROM shipship·less, adjectiveship·less·ly, adverbmis·ship, verb, mis·shipped, mis·ship·ping.pre·ship, verb (used with object), pre·shipped, pre·ship·ping.
Definition for ship (2 of 3)
verb (used with or without object), shipped, ship·ping.
Origin of ship2
Definition for ship (3 of 3)
Origin of -ship
Example sentences from the Web for ship
After the captain made the call to abandon ship, 150 people were able to escape on lifeboats lowered by electronic arms.‘We’re Going to Die’: Survivors Recount Greek Ferry Fire Horror|Barbie Latza Nadeau|December 29, 2014|DAILY BEAST
Nerd Cruise By Adam Rogers, Wired What 800 Nerds on a Cruise Ship Taught Me About Life, the Universe, and Snorkeling.
There was one bathroom on the ship, and there were no showers or beds.Inside the Smuggling Networks Flooding Europe with Refugees|Barbie Latza Nadeau|December 15, 2014|DAILY BEAST
Two years into an Arctic expedition, they were forced to abandon ship a thousand miles north of Siberia.
The estimated ship date of the gadget is December 2014—perfect timing to say sayonara to smoking forever.
A wise man hateth not the commandments and justices, and he shall not be dashed in pieces as a ship in a storm.The Bible, Douay-Rheims Version|Various
The president sat in a chair which came over with the pilgrims in their ship, the Mayflower.
It was more like the boarding of a ship than any land fight I had ever seen or imagined.
My orders ought to have been taken before a single unwounded Officer or man was ferried back aboard ship.
Fancy that enormous shell dropping suddenly out of the blue on to a ship's deck swarming with troops!
British Dictionary definitions for ship (1 of 2)
verb ships, shipping or shipped
Derived forms of shipshippable, adjective
Word Origin for ship
British Dictionary definitions for ship (2 of 2)
suffix forming nouns
Word Origin for -ship
Idioms and Phrases with ship
In addition to the idioms beginning with ship
- ship of state
- ship out
- ships that pass in the night
- desert a sinking ship
- enough to sink a ship
- shape up (or ship out)
- tight ship
- when one's ship comes in | <urn:uuid:0db4f45e-f944-47fd-9229-de8722ef4bfa> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/-ship",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991224.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516140441-20210516170441-00035.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9354976415634155,
"token_count": 828,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
As with any community on Prince Edward Island, Augustine Cove has a rich history. The following information has been retrieved from the Centennial History Project, written by the Augustine Cove Women’s Institute.
Augustine Cove is situated on the Northumberland Strait on the south side of Prince Edward Island. Its shoreline of approximately six miles stretches from Cape Traverse on the west, to Tryon on the east.
The distance inland from the shoreline to the northern boundary is about three miles. The district is named after Major-General Augustin Prevost whom, it is thought, visited here around 1760.
There are three coves on the shoreline of this area, and according to Meachem’s Atlas of 1880, one was named Prevost or Provost Cove, and another Augustine Cove. The third cove was Cumberland, but research has shown that since the visit of Augustin Prevost, the district has since been known as Augustine Cove.
There were settlements by the French at Cape Traverse and Tryon, but it is believed that Augustine Cove was not settled until after 1760. The island was surveyed between 1764-66. Lot 28, which contains Augustine Cove, was awarded to Captain Samuel Holland. Some clearing was taking place in the area at that time, but the first authentic information on settlers was from the early 1800’s. By 1804 six families were known to have settled in Augustine Cove. | <urn:uuid:fd553f89-1e69-4df6-90e1-f9bc3e333751> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "http://www.sswa.ca/augustine-cove-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649961.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324073738-20180324093738-00554.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9852239489555359,
"token_count": 295,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Pumpkin -- technically a fruit since it grows from a flower -- originally hails from the Americas, where indigenous peoples boiled and baked it in many forms before it found its way across the Atlantic and into a pie crust. Baking pumpkin is a phenomenon that came full circle when European settlers brought their pie-making practices with them to the American colonies and borrowed from the natives' traditions of cooking squash to adapt pie recipes to the local flora.
The pumpkin pie, today a humble holiday staple, wasn't always or immediately the pièce de resistance of a Thanksgiving meal. The pie's origins follow the history of transatlantic trade, and baking it wasn't something that caught on right away. Pumpkin pie was a difficult dish to prepare prior to the 20th century, and its taste was not preferred to other fruit pies that offered more vivid colors and flavors. In fact, pumpkin pie's eventual rise to popularity had less to do with the merits of its flavor and more to do with its political symbolism. In the 19th century, it came to represent abolition, rising from an obscure New England country dish to become a celebrated dessert lauded in poetry and propaganda.
Today the fraught origins of the pumpkin pie have congealed into a subtly-spiced dish that many anticipate now with a seasonal nostalgia. But there's a lot more to the history of this autumnal dessert that has contributed to giving pumpkin pie a place at the Thanksgiving table.
Pumpkin Pie Has Renaissance Origins
The tradition of pie-making in northern Europe dates back to the Middle Ages, taking inspiration from the pastry-making practices of ancient Mediterranean civilizations. The pie we understand today as a pastry-encased filling was constructed as a means of convenient food preservation and transportation -- the crust could be eaten along with its contents, but was largely intended to be a receptacle for what lay within. Until the 1500s, pies were predominantly savory. It was at the end of this century that fruit pies made an appearance.
Options for pie fillings expanded in the 16th century when Europe was introduced to many new crops through the Columbian Exchange. This phenomenon refers to the sharing of cultures, philosophies, and agricultural practices between the "new world" and the old during the Age of Exploration. Corn, tomatoes, peanuts, and pumpkins were among the new foods brought from the Americas that were gradually incorporated into European cuisine. While Europeans were wary of cooking with many of these unfamiliar foodstuffs, they were quick to invite the pumpkin into their culinary sphere. Pumpkins resembled the gourds and squashes that grew naturally in Europe, and besides being just as easy to cultivate, also had a better flavor. Pumpkin became a natural addition to European dishes, and eventually found its way into sweet and savory pies. England specifically adopted the pumpkin into its tradition of pie-making, but these Renaissance-era pumpkin pies were typically double-crusted, and filled with alternating layers of sliced pumpkin and apples.
The First Pumpkin Pie Was French
While pumpkin found great success in diverse recipes across Renaissance England, the first recorded recipe of a pastry filled with pumpkin in a sweet flavor profile is from 17th-century France. The recipe comes from renowned French Chef François Pierre La Varenne, who is credited with modernizing French gastronomy, bridging the heavy spices that defined Medieval French cooking into an emphasis on simpler, regional flavors.
First published in 1651, Varenne's cookbook, Le Vrai Cuisinier Français (The True French Cook) is considered one of the founding texts of modern French cooking. It redefined the methodology of teaching French cuisine by transcending oral instruction to offer a written and accessible guide that could be consulted by anyone who could read it. Among the book's recipes is a recipe that resembles today's classic pumpkin pie. Called a tourte de citrouille (pumpkin tourte), the dessert was presented as an open-faced tart, with a rolled-out pastry filled with a mixture of pumpkin, milk, sugar, and butter, as well as a sprinkling of almonds, if desired.
Varenne's culinary guide emphasized the local cuisine. His inclusion of pumpkin amongst these recipes highlights that pumpkins, at the time, were ubiquitous enough throughout France to be integral to a definitive book of 17th-century French cooking, turning a pumpkin pie prototype into a more or less a traditional dish in the milieu of evolving French cuisine.
It Wasn't Initially A Thanksgiving Hit
Though pumpkins were certainly known to both the Plymouth pilgrims and the Wampanoag who joined together to celebrate the first Thanksgiving in 1621, pumpkin pie was not a dish on the menu. It is likely that pumpkin was served during this feast in some form (it was a prevalent part of native agriculture), but the pilgrims did not have the technology to prepare pumpkin pie properly -- the Plymouth colony lacked an oven for baking.
Once these pilgrims achieved baseline subsistence and could indulge in more elaborate cuisine, first-hand accounts suggest that even after they could bake pumpkin pie, settlers would not have preferred it anyway. As settlements in New England took root, the colonists who had likely consumed more than their fair share of pumpkins (due to their dependence on the local flora) developed a hankering for fruits from their homeland. Edward Johnson, a ship captain from Massachusetts, wrote in his 1654 book Wonder-Working Providence that a few decades after the first Thanksgiving, the members of thriving settlements wanted "apples, pears, and quince tarts instead of their former Pumpkin Pies."
Thanksgiving itself was a tradition that didn't catch on quickly amongst the American colonies. It didn't become a regular holiday until the 1700s, and then only in New England. A century later, resources such as 76, A Cook Book from 1876 would go on to refer to pumpkin pie as "New England Pumpkin Pie," reflecting a continued regional association with the dessert.
Early Recipes Prepared Pumpkins In Many Forms
Pumpkin pie in its early days was initially a fairly nebulous concept -- the title referred to any number of sweet or savory combinations that used pumpkin as the predominant ingredient. In Europe, many early recipes kept the trend of cooking pumpkin with apples, from filling a pie crust with a mixture of the two to simply stuffing a whole pumpkin with apples and cooking it that way. Anna Wooley's 1670 English cookbook Gentlewoman's Companion highlights this phenomenon of pumpkin and apple pie. Her recipe for "Pumpion-Pye" is distinctly filled with slices of fried pumpkin, and is seasoned with rosemary and thyme.
In the American colonies, ginger, nutmeg, and allspice were the more accessible seasonings to accompany a pumpkin pie. Many early New England pumpkin pies were glorified cooked pumpkins with no crust to speak of -- it was not uncommon to fill a pumpkin with sweetened milk and roast it straight over a fire. It wasn't until 1796 that a mainstream American recipe appeared in the recognizable form of an open-faced pie with a custard-like pumpkin filling. This recipe is in Amelia Simmons' American Cookery, the first cookbook written by an American to be published in America. While Simmons includes a recipe for a Winter Squash Pudding mixed with apples distinguished as "a good receipt for Pompkins", she also includes two separate recipes for pompkin pudding, which combine stewed pumpkin with eggs, sugar, cream, and spices to be baked inside a crust.
In The 1800s, Pumpkin Pies Were A Political Symbol
In Britain, pumpkin pie began to lose popularity in the 18th century, but in the Americas, this was the time when pumpkin pie would soon be on the rise. Since Thanksgiving's development into a regional tradition in New England, pumpkin pie had become a seasonal delicacy, though it was by no means mainstream. The humble dessert was popularized in the following century when it became a signifier of the political upheaval of the 1800s as a symbol of the abolition movement.
Pumpkins might seem like an unassuming emblem of anti-slavery, but there was a deep-rooted reasoning as to why they represented the abolitionist cause. Because pumpkins were a crop that grew easily and required very little labor for cultivation and harvest, pumpkin farming operated as the antithesis of the plantation economies of the South where cash crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco were being mass-produced through exploitative slave labor.
Beyond boycotting plantation crops, supporting industries that had no slave labor in the economic equation was an even more overt means of supporting the anti-slavery movement. New England abolitionists popularized the pumpkin pie as edible propaganda, and this new favored dessert was specifically highlighted in anti-slavery literature of the period. Abolitionist writers Sarah Josepha Hale and Lydia Maria Child include odes to pumpkin pie in their respective works of fiction and poetry. The latter's famous poem "Over the River and Through the Wood", ends with the line, "Hurrah for the pumpkin-pie!"
Post Civil War, Pumpkin Was A Divisive Dessert
As the question of slavery brought America's North and South into the Civil War, the pumpkin pie and all it represented remained at the heart of this national conflict. When, in the midst of the war, President Abraham Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a national holiday in 1863, the decree sparked more division between regions, rather than the unity the holiday was supposed to represent. New England unionists embraced Thanksgiving with a newfound fervor, and the newly symbolic pumpkin pie took center stage as the traditional dessert for this holiday.
Confederates in the South, however, were reluctant to celebrate something in the middle of the war that had such deep ties to New England tradition. Regarding this new national holiday as a means of imposing northern values, many southern households refused to acknowledge, let alone celebrate Thanksgiving.
It wasn't until after the Civil War, during the period of Reconstruction, that Thanksgiving truly took root as a nationally celebrated national holiday. While southern states began to celebrate Thanksgiving, they remained firm in their resolve to boycott pumpkin pie. Even though pumpkins grew well and plentifully in the South, they were still vessels of anti-slavery symbolism and served as a reminder of who had lost. Many Southerners opted for sweet potato pie instead, perhaps neglecting to recognize that this dish has African roots. It was only in the 20th century that southern Thanksgiving tables finally began to include pumpkin pie as a dessert for the holiday feast.
Canned Pumpkin Made The Pie More Popular
One main reason behind the nationalization of pumpkin pie in the 20th century was the invention of canned, pre-cooked pumpkin, which the canning company Libby's introduced in 1929. This revolutionized pumpkin pie, first and foremost because it streamlined the baking process. While pumpkins may have been easy to grow, they were not easy to prepare. Prior to Libby's canned pumpkin, the methodology required to prepare a pumpkin for pie was time-consuming and labor-intensive. First, a pumpkin had to be skinned and gutted, then cooked for 6-8 hours before it was in any way ready to become pie filling.
Today, Libby's sells 90 million pies' worth of canned pumpkin every year, and the brand has changed the American perception of pumpkin pie through the recipe included on the back of its canned pumpkin. Introduced as early as 1934, Libby's pumpkin pie has since become so ubiquitous it has standardized our expectation for what a pumpkin pie is supposed to taste like. Made today from Dickinson pumpkins that hail from Illinois, the pumpkin in Libby's canned pumpkin has been selected for its superior texture and flavor. While recent recipe trends have revealed plenty of ingredients to upgrade pumpkin pie, the beauty of Libby's simplicity is that anyone can make it. Calling for easily accessible ingredients and a store-bought crust, Libby's pumpkin pie recipe is an easy-bake tradition in itself. But here's another easy pumpkin pie recipe, just in case you're tempted to try something new.
Read the original article on Daily Meal. | <urn:uuid:855d4d20-8a5b-49e6-b362-194416f986e6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/tumultuous-history-pumpkin-pie-192508104.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00223.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9712370038032532,
"token_count": 2475,
"score": 3.796875,
"int_score": 4
} |
A new grant to North Carolina State University and several partners, including the N.C. Solar Center, could make installing rooftop solar energy systems much less expensive and time consuming.
Researchers will use the five-year, $9 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to design solar energy systems and installation and connection procedures that require little or no customization by homeowners and installers. The systems would set up quickly and connect to the power grid easily, while still meeting building and electrical codes.
“The high cost and hassle associated with installing home solar energy systems is a major barrier to their widespread adoption,” says Dr. Alex Huang, the lead researcher on the grant, Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and director of the FREEDM Systems Center at NC State. “By developing standardized and easy-to-use technologies, we can significantly reduce the cost of these systems for homeowners, who would be able to install the systems themselves.”
Today, much of what homeowners spend on solar energy systems goes toward supplier overhead, inspections, permitting, installation and other so-called “soft” costs. DOE estimates these costs at $2.50 per watt, a significant amount of money for systems that typically generate several thousand watts of power.
But by creating systems that “plug and play” – universal designs akin to USB interfaces in computers – the researchers believe they can drive these costs under $1 per watt. That means a homeowner installing a 5,000-watt solar energy system could save more than $7,500 in soft costs.
Researchers will use the grant to develop standardized panel mounting systems, communication technologies, electrical wiring designs, automated permitting systems, and other cost-cutting technologies. The group will work with codes and standards organizations, electric utilities, building and electrical inspectors, and consumers to tackle the real-world challenges faced by solar energy system installers and the local authorities that set installation rules.
Leading the project will be the FREEDM Systems Center, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center headquartered at NC State that is developing smart grid technologies.
The N.C. Solar Center at NC State, also a key player in the grant, will bring its 20-year experience in PV installer training, policy analysis, code harmonization, and market studies to help lead the effort to reduce the soft costs of the residential PV market. N.C. Solar Center staff will conduct field testing at the NCSU Solar House for the first generation plug and play systems and PV-ready circuits. Once systems are deemed ready, staff will coordinate testing more broadly with energy consumers, as Center staff understand the residential PV market well and recognize the many stakeholder groups that are involved. In addition, through existing work and partnerships, the N.C. Solar Center will provide valuable coordination in the development of automated permitting and inspection systems.
Others involved include the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, the University of Toledo, Isofoton, ABB and Quanta Technology.
The grant is part of DOE’s SunShot Initiative, which seeks to make solar energy cost-competitive with other sources of energy by 2020. | <urn:uuid:b5630ed3-d386-4a1a-8657-0401b4ac8928> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/nc-state-awarded-9-million-to-make-installing-home-solar-energy-systems-easier-less-expensive/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00233.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9329785108566284,
"token_count": 649,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
} |
PED-233-20, Thry/Prac Wgt Training (SP14)
INSTRUCTOR: Melissa Falen
The course will introduce the student to the basic principles and practices of weight training. Students will also be introduced to basic nutritional and diet guidelines.
CELL PHONE AND LAPTOP USE IS NOT PERMITTED DURING CLASS!!!!!
1. Students will learn and demonstrate the basic skills and knowledge required to safely exercise using standard weight training machines.
2. Students will learn and demonstrate the basic skills and knowledge required to safely exercise using standard free weights.
3. Students will use apply the principles of weight training in developing an appropriate weight training program based on personal goals.
4. Students will demonstrate the ability to assess their daily diets.
5. Students will develop an appreciation for the benefits of weight training and healthy eating habits.
Lecture, demonstration, instructional video, and supervised training will be the prevalent methods of teaching.
REQUIREMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS:
-Students will prepare and demonstrate both a strength and endurance weight training program.
-Students will complete a nutritional assignment analyzing their daily diets.
-Students will complete a final assignment designing an individualized goal-centered training program which addresses appropriate components of fitness and incorporating the basic principle of training. Weekly quizzes and a final exam will be given. Other assignments will include assigned readings and preparing information to reference in class discussion.
Absences will be reflected in grading due to the participatory nature of this course.
A minimum grade average of 60% is needed to pass the course.
Participation & Weekly Assignments - 33.33%
Nutrition and Weight Training Program Assignments - 33.33%
Quizzes/Tests - 33.33%
Participation & Weekly Assignments: 100 points
Nutrition Assignment: 50 points
Weight Training Program Assignment: 50 points
Quizzes/Tests: 100 points
270- 300 = A; 264- 269 = B+; 240- 263 = B; 234- 239 = C+; 210- 233 = C; 180 -209 = D; 0 – 179 = F
REQUIRED TEXT(S) OR MATERIALS:
The student is expected to read all handouts distributed in class. It is required that the student have access to a copy of “Weight Training for Life” by James Hesson, which is available in the bookstore.
READINGS AND/OR ASSIGNMENTS TO BE DONE PRIOR TO THE FIRST CLASS: | <urn:uuid:9c98fc9a-a62c-44cb-a689-fe310ace724d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"url": "http://www.ndm.edu/admissions/college-of-adult-undergraduate/course-outlines/ped-233-20/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8777171969413757,
"token_count": 528,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Posters are a special type of presentation and cannot reflect the amount of information presented in an oral or written paper. The information should be centered on a key message or theme; the amount of text should be kept to a minimum, be easily understood by the standing audience with distractions from noise and movement from other people, and highlighted with simplified and properly labelled charts, graphics, diagrams and pictures.
Poster size: 35 inches (90 cm) in width and 47 inches (120 cm) in height (portrait orientation)
Poster sections and contents (readable from about 2 meters distance):
Title – most prominent block of text with the largest size; concise, to the point, and quickly orient the audience about the paper
Authors and affiliate – usually placed below the title; font size maybe similar to text
Introduction (or Background/Rationale) – briefly presents the importance/ motivation, hypothesis, and objectives of the research
Materials and Methods (or Methodology or Key Methods) – briefly presents the procedures, preferably more of diagrams/charts and less in words
Results – presents the key findings/points to substantiate the objectives; analysis or interpretations of facts presented; could be with subheadings to guide transition
Conclusion – summary and significance of findings; may also present areas for further study
References (or Literature Cited) – keep to minimum; maybe smaller in font size than that of text
Poster presenters (or at least one of the authors per poster) should be present by the poster for discussions with attendees during the scheduled session time. | <urn:uuid:11d9ac0c-a8f8-4a3c-9549-004a37b45928> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://ios2018.kr/en_US/guidelines/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588251.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216143011-20171216165011-00118.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9028828144073486,
"token_count": 319,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
West Nile and other arboviruses viruses cause thousands of people to get sick each summer. This podcast discusses ways to reduce your chances of becoming infected, including use of insect repellant. Created: 6/27/2013 by MMWR.
Date Released: 6/27/2013. Series Name: A Minute of Health with CDC.
A MINUTE OF HEALTH WITH CDC
Beware: It’s Mosquito Season
West Nile Virus and Other Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2012
Recorded: June 25, 2013; posted: June 27, 2013
[Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
West Nile and other arboviruses are transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick. These viruses cause thousands of people to get sick each summer. In 2012, there was a substantial increase in the number of West Nile cases reported in the U.S. The number and severity of outbreaks depend on the weather, the number of animals and mosquitoes that spread the virus, and human behavior.
Reduce your chances of becoming infected by using insect repellant. In addition, secure windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out and empty standing water from outdoor containers where mosquitoes can breed.
Thank you for joining us on A Minute of Health with CDC.
[Announcer] For the most accurate health information, visit www.cdc.gov or call 1-800-CDC-INFO. | <urn:uuid:759372f3-b131-48d1-ac8f-af1fadeb00c1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8629022",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900551.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00030-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9258317351341248,
"token_count": 308,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Emma Woodhouse, Harriet Smith and Jane Fairfax are highly different characters from Jane Austen’s novel Emma, first published in 1815. In the opening of the text Emma is described almost idyllically as ‘handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition’, the asyndetic listing depicts a lexical field of an immaculate, luxurious lifestyle. It is completely antithetical to Jane Fairfax’s introduction, ‘Jane Fairfax was an orphan, the only child of Mrs Bates’s youngest daughter.’ From this tonally bleak and almost Dickensian sentence the reader is told that she is an outcast, ‘orphan’, she is isolated, ‘only child’, and even within her family tree she’s low on the list for inheritance. The context of these two characters is highly important to how they behave in the novel because Emma, who has no need for a husband due to her wealth, is more a romantic, whereas Jane Fairfax, who if she doesn’t get married will become a governess, is more of a realist.
This difference is shown when Emma attempts to obtain information from Jane Fairfax about the enigmatic Frank Churchill, ‘not a syllable of real information could Emma procure as to what he truly was.’ This cryptic and hyperbolic lexis reveals that Jane Fairfax is keeping her cards close to her chest as she tells Emma the formal trivia while concealing her opinion of Mr Churchill. This is because she knows Emma is a potential rival for Frank Churchill’s affections. But unlike Emma – who expects Jane Fairfax to entertain her curiosity, as to her courting is an optional preoccupation – Miss Fairfax needs to take ‘caution’ as to what she reveals because she needs to marry into wealth.
It is this fundamental difference between these two characters which results in this outcome, ‘Emma could never forgive her.’ The importance of this emotional climax in the chapter is emphasised by its repetition in the opening of the next chapter. This is the closest Emma gets to hatred of another person in the novel and one could interpret that she feels as much of a desire to marry Churchill as Jane Fairfax. However, this anger more plausibly results from Jane limiting Emma’s ability to manipulate relationships; hiding from her her inside knowledge about a character who has been shrouded in mystery. Emma is a nosey character, and loves – craves even, to know everything about everybody and so Jane Fairfax’s clear unwillingness to impart such information to her is seen as an unforgiveable crime by her.
Harriet, due to her background – which is similar in its levels of misfortune to Jane Fairfax’s – is a natural realist, as seen when she receives a proposal from Mr Martin, ‘You mean to return a favourable answer, I collect.’ The euphemism Emma employs reveals Harriet’s timid desire to accept Mr Martin as her suitor. This illustrates a pragmatic instinct in Harriet, as although she is not intelligent, she believes that Mr Martin is deserving of her hand. Although he is a farmer, she is even lower in the social hierarchy as she is probably illegitimate. It is only Emma’s irrational sense of romanticism that encourages a false sense of superiority in Harriet, since she wants Harriet to marry the more elegant and wealthy Mr Elton.
Image: WyrdLight.com [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:8a577fe1-bbf7-4ea4-8808-447864901d35> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "https://www.kingsnews.org/articles/women-romance-and-realism-in-jane-austens-emma-part-1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202711.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323020538-20190323042538-00557.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.965566873550415,
"token_count": 776,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Over the past decade, China’s cities have grown at an unprecedented rate. More than half of Chinese people now live in cities, and urban GDP per capita has risen almost 10% every year on average (World Bank, 2016).
Over the last two decades, Shanghai alone has experienced high economic and population growth with average yearly growth of 7.2% over the last five years, and as part of this expansion of economy and people, a boom in Shanghai’s consumption and building activity has taken place.
As in other Chinese cities, with rapid increases in economic development and consumer spending, the resulting higher levels of consumption have led to per capita, and gross, increases in the amount and varieties of waste entering the system.
With production of large amounts of cardboard, plastic, Styrofoam, wood, and metals, the city is struggling to process its waste efficiently, economically, and safely. In particular, consumption, population growth, and construction have produced tons of waste and strained government resources.
This is where “informal” collectors help. They specialize in recycling and reuse – selling waste to recycling plants, factories, and reprocessing centers, and diverting from landfill in the process. Despite their potential, however, they rarely work with the formal sector. In fact, informal actors face increasing pressure to close private facilities as the system formalizes and environmental regulations tighten.
This report looks at Shanghai as a model for future challenges that will be faced in China’s in second- and third-tier cities, and we outline current trends, key stakeholders, challenges, and opportunities in waste management, focusing mostly on the informal sector and its within the wider waste management ecosystem.
To download the report, please click the link below, and to stay up to date with our work, be sure to follow our blog where we have regular updates and insights on the challenges that waste presents and the solutions that are being brought by the market.Download Report | <urn:uuid:a7e0a136-0ef6-4e09-890d-522cf495429b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "https://www.coresponsibility.com/report/informal-waste/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00110.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9523562788963318,
"token_count": 401,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a nasty enough condition when it strikes an adult. When it hits in childhood it’s far crueler. Not only are kids unequipped to understand what’s happening to them, they are also being denied what should be the best — or at least most worry-free — years of their lives.
That’s one of the reasons that attentive parents move to treat the condition fast, and that often means drug therapy, which seems like the most direct — and certainly least expensive — way to get the job done. According to a recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, however, those parents are leaving a big component of effective treatment on the table — a component that could double the odds of their kids recovering.
OCD is an anxiety disorder — unlike, say, narcissism, which is a personality disorder — and that’s a very good thing. Anxiety disorders are extremely amenable to cognitive-behavioral therapy, particularly a kind known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). For OCD sufferers who fear contamination, for example, ERP might involve touching a feared object like a doorknob or a trash can and then resisting the urge to wash their hands for a fixed period of time. Over the course of weeks, that period of abstinence will grow longer and the category of newly touchable objects will grow bigger. In as little as three months, the condition may be in check.
The problem is, behavioral therapy is expensive and insurance companies may cover it only partially or not at all. What’s more, it’s time-consuming. Better just to pop any one of a number of types of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — most of which are available in cheap, fully covered generics.
In order to determine how effective that pills-only strategy is, a group of researchers headed by psychologist Martin Franklin of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine recruited a sample group of 124 OCD patients aged 7 to 17 years and divided them into three subgroups. A third of them would begin a medication-only protocol; a third would get medication plus instructions in behavioral strategies; and a third would get medication plus in-person therapy sessions to teach and rehearse the behavioral tactics.
At the end of a 12-week period, the kids’ OCD symptoms were evaluated using what’s known as the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The Yale-Brown scale scores kids on a range of OCD metrics, including how much anxiety they’re experiencing, the kinds of rituals they’re performing and how much time those rituals take. The benchmark Franklin and his colleagues were looking for was a 30% reduction in OCD symptoms — a level of relief that may not be full recovery, but can be a life-altering improvement and make kids receptive to more treatment still.
In the medication-only group, just 30% of the kids exhibited the 30% improvement; for medication plus behavioral instructions it was a tick better — 34%. The kids who received both meds and therapy sessions more than doubled that, with 68.6% getting 30% better.
The good news for children with OCD is not so much that the results are so robust. ERP has long been known to be an extremely powerful tool, and for many therapists, it’s the main tool, with drugs used merely as an adjunct and only when needed. The true significance is that Franklin’s study is clinical proof of that accepted wisdom — a powerful, peer-reviewed cudgel that will make it harder for insurance companies to deny kids the treatment. The faster that suffering children get the care they need, the more years of genuine childhood they’ll have. | <urn:uuid:a7c6e1f8-8795-4d56-bac9-72927c942770> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/26/a-better-way-to-treat-obsessive-compulsive-kids/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00109.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563424587249756,
"token_count": 782,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Even if probability isn’t your strong suit, you can likely understand how in a basic coin flipping situation, it’s theoretically just as likely for you to turn up heads/heads as heads/tails. Except that that’s not actually true.
In the video above, Numberphile mathematician Dr. James Grime takes us through the cause behind the counterintuitive occurrence. Using 50 coins, he demonstrates how a random series of flips pretty closely matches the expected waiting time of heads/heads (six flips) and the expected waiting time of heads/tails (four flips). The reason heads/tails comes up more frequently has to do with uncounted consecutive values—we promise it makes sense—though at the end of the video, the team does concede that in their first go-around, the results played out in exactly the opposite way.
For a full understanding of the phenomenon, check out Grime’s lesson, and then get to work on perfecting your coin flip hustle.
Banner image: iStock
Know of something you think we should cover? Email us at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:8e655d98-54c0-4e46-83ac-ab24fa5dbeda> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/83827/strange-coin-flipping-fact-might-make-your-head-spin",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202232251-20230203022251-00697.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9341945648193359,
"token_count": 245,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
} |
On April 24, 1861, the USS Cumberland captured a ship in Hampton Roads. This ship went on to gain more fame for its part in the Battle of Hampton Roads less than a year later.
Of interest, during the Mexican War, two officers serving aboard the ship were Raphael Semmes and John Winslow, who would engage each other in the CSS Alabama and USS Kearsarge off Cherbourg, France in 1864.
The Cumberland was a 175-foot-long, 50 gun sailing frigate when launched in 1842. It served several tours of duty in the Mediterranean. In 1852-1854, it was completely razed into a sloop of war, mounting fewer, but heavier guns. | <urn:uuid:b0d2ff79-0bc2-41ad-a6d3-b6fc227e48e9> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://runningtheblockade.blogspot.com/2016/04/uss-cumberland.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109893.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822031111-20170822051111-00049.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9708910584449768,
"token_count": 146,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Digital History enhances history teaching and research through primary sources, an online textbook, extensive reference resources, and interactive materials.
Joseph Brant or Thayendanegea, Mohawk chief, led four of the "Six Nations" against the American rebels. Detail of lithograph by Thomas McKenney (produced between 1836 .
I've been wanting to pull together images of Native Americans from all my old books and magazines for a long time, and I've finally done it.
Revised January native american armor history 3, 2012 * Denotes Southwest Books of the Year selection. 100 Years of Native American Painting. Exhibition catalog, March 5 - April 16, 1978.
In this taut and generously illustrated overview, Taylor (Buckskin and Buffalo: The Artistry of the Plains Indians) zeroes in on North American Indian arms and armor .
Native American! I talk throughout this web site the importance of remaining open to new information and the importance of getting our history straight.
At the beginning of the fifteenth century, many native peoples populate North America. They speak countless languages and follow diverse patterns that are adapted to .
Dutch Americans, Ecuadoran Americans, Egyptian Americans, English Americans, Eritrean Americans, Estonian Americans, Ethiopian Americans, Filipino Americans, Finnish .
Welcome to Composite Factory, Inc A Native American Manufacturing Company Specializing In Ceramic Composites (CMC), Carbon and Glass Fiber Polymer Composites .
NativeNet is dedicated to sharing Native American and Indigenous Peoples History.
David E. Jones offers the first systematic comparative study of the defensive armor and fortifications of aboriginal Native Americans.
Armor and Weapons native american armor history of the Spanish Conquistadors Steel Weapons and Armor Even the Odds in the Conquest. By Christopher Minster, About.com Guide
Information about traditional and contemporary Native American clothing, with links to clothes sold by American Indian artists from various tribes.
Native American Exploration and Conquest by Hernando de Soto for Teens.
Explore HISTORY shows, watch videos and full episodes, play games and access articles on historical topics at History.com.
Kickapoo Native American Tools & Weapons. Throughout history, Eastern Woodland Indians gathered resources located within their environment for fashioning
bad car credit loan
Norco havoc 2010 review
olympic games closing ceremony review
car concrete staining fuel
ti whatever you like album | <urn:uuid:d41ce2ed-fcf0-4061-8b6e-2e3577da04b6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://doggfabgingdeg.page.tl/native-american-armor-history.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573258.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918065330-20190918091330-00251.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8924421668052673,
"token_count": 492,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Power Trip: Bullying in School
Your students will hear from real teens who experienced bullying firsthand as well as from students who have been the aggressors. Special attention is focused on understanding the different kinds of bullying and the differences between how girls and boys bully. Cheryl Dellasega, author of "Surviving Ophelia," describes relational aggression which is typical of how girls bully. Viewers also experience a workshop led by Dr. Michael R. Carpenter, a bullying prevention trainer, who coaches young teens on how to modify behaviors to achieve peaceful outcomes. Other topics explored include the difference between bullying and teasing, when you should tell an adult about being bullied, what bystanders can do to prevent bullying and how bullied kids can "stand up, step up and speak out" to stop bullying. | <urn:uuid:dfb4dca4-4247-4e27-a29c-5453c038a1b3> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"url": "http://wptschedule.org/episodes/7162/Becoming-Successful-in-Middle-School/Power-Trip-Bullying-in-School/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463485.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00231-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9595277309417725,
"token_count": 158,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
Working in Agile mode became a golden standard throughout the past few decades for many leading companies in several different sectors of the market.
In fact, several branches and methodologies of Agile exist for every working environment.
In this article you will learn the basic concepts of Agile in Software Development context. Moreover, we will introduce you to the most commonly used Agile methodologies in today’s Information Technology Business.
First, there was a linear approach. The working process was divided in several predefined steps, executed one after another.
Linear Process Model
Work is following this plan through distinct and complete project phases. Each phase needs to be completed before moving to the next.
The classic example is Waterfall Development Model.
While it seems to be well organized, this workflow lacks of flexibility.
- You cannot deliver a project until it is completely done.
- In case of any error or change, you must restart all from beginning.
To overcome those problems, the software developers invented iterative and incremental approach back in 1957, enhanced with adaptive software development in 1970-s.
Iterative Process Model
You use actual data gathered as project work is performed, introducing or changing elements as you go, usually performing work in cycles to create the end result.
In Agile development mode, each increment of project is divided in Requirement, Design, Development, Testing, and Delivery.
Thus, you complete one piece at a time and deliver each piece.
The focus in Agile development is to deliver the highest priority items first, which are more important to your clients.
For example, in first iteration, you might build minimum features required for you product, such as Account Logon functionality.
Once that feature is successfully tested, you proceed with additional options such as Forgot Password functionality. With each iteration, you are adding incrementally different features and robustness to your product.
Another characteristic of Agile Project Management, is that you identify issues early in development process, thanks to the testing after each iteration.
Additionally, at each iteration you are also getting the stakeholders feedback, which you incorporate into next iteration. This makes handling changes a lot easier.
Manifesto for Agile Software Development
During the software developers meeting in 2001 a golden rule for Agile Software
Development was published. It contains four main concepts and twelve principles.
4 Main Concepts
- Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
- Working software over comprehensive documentation
- Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
- Responding to change over following a plan
- Satisfy the customer
- Welcome change
- Deliver software frequently
- Work together
- Motivate individuals
- Use face-to-face communication
- Working software equals progress
- Constant pace
- Technical excellence
Agile Project Management Model
- To envision what the product is going to be.
What value you should deliver to your customer.
What is the vision for overall project or product.
- How to implement different features or functionalities that will fulfill the vision created in the Envisioning phase.
- Perform iterations: Code Development, Software Development, Testing, and Feedback.
- As you learn, you adapt and change the plan (priorities, ways to work, strategies)
- To close the specific iteration or a whole project.
Various Agile Methodologies
For each project’s type it exists a specific methodology to manage it more efficiently. Let us view some of them briefly.
XP (Extreme Programming)
This Software Engineering Centric Model focuses on ongoing rapid software delivery through quick short releases, with one-week iteration. Each iteration results a production ready code.
Lean Principles and Tools
They do not prescribe specific development method but instead provide streamlining for development process.
The guidelines are driven by 7 principles:
- Eliminate waste
- Build quality in
- Create knowledge
- Deliver commitment
- Deliver fast
- Respect People
- Optimize the whole
It derives from Lean Principles and Tools.
Its principles include Visualizing Workflow, Limiting work in progress, focusing on the workflow and continuous improvement.
Named after the crystals of different hardness, they represent development methods created to suit different types of projects depending on their size, complexity and criticality.
Feature Driven Development
Driven from a client-valued functionality in feature perspective, its main purpose is to deliver tangible, working software repeatedly in a timely manner.
Dynamic Systems Development Method
It is based on the philosophy “that any project must be aligned to clearly defined strategic goals and focus upon early delivery of real benefits to the business.”
DSDM is vendor-independent, covers the entire life-cycle of a project and provides best practice guidance for on-time, in-budget delivery of projects, with proven scalability to address projects of all sizes and for any business sector.
Model Driven Development
MDD leverages graphical models and pre-built application components so that users can visually construct complex applications.
Disciplined Agile Delivery
DAD is a people-first, learning-oriented hybrid agile approach. It has a risk-value delivery lifecycle, it is goal-driven, enterprise aware, and scalable.
It promotes a goal-based, rather than a prescriptive strategy, that enables teams to choose their way of working.
Test Driven Development
TDD is a process that relies on the repetition of a very short development cycle:
to write an (initially failing) automated test case that defines a desired improvement or new function to produce the minimum amount of code to pass that test to refactor the new code to acceptable standards.
Behavior Driven Development
BDD offers precise guidance on organizing the conversation between developers, testers and domain experts.
The most commonly used model in IT businesses.
It utilizes the iterative incremental approach, which allows predictability and better risk management. Consists of iterations named Sprints that are typically from 1 to 4 weeks in length.
Before each sprint, the team agrees on what work items they will complete within the coarse of the sprint.
At the end of the sprint the goal is to have some kind of increment being inspected and adapted, gaining feedback from stakeholders.
Scrum includes 4 events that provide opportunities to inspect and adapt:
- Sprint Planning: opportunity to reorder the requirements backlog.
- Daily Scrum: 15 minutes daily stand-up meeting where each member is informs the
team on what has been done, what is going to be done, and what are the roadblocks or problems experienced.
- Sprint Review: happens at the end of a scrum and allows to demonstrate the work to stakeholders and product owner.
- Sprint Retrospective: team meeting at the end of a project to discuss what went well, what did not go well, and what actions to take to improve as a team. | <urn:uuid:c8ea3baf-de12-4fe6-ac9e-2b1728ae014f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://univertis.com/articles/introduction-to-agile-software-development/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00793.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.913833737373352,
"token_count": 1448,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
Angiotensin II was initially described as a hormone of peripheral origin, the active end product of the Renin-Angiotensin System. The subsequent discovery that Angiotensin II was locally formed and selectively regulated in most organs indicated that tissue Angiotensin II systems might play additional important roles. After initial controversy, the presence of an Angiotensin II system in the brain is now universally accepted. Brain Angiotensin II is probably involved in the regulation of many brain functions. Angiotensin II AT1 receptors are localized not only in areas related to the regulation of autonomic and endocrine control, but also in many other areas of the brain involved in emotional, sensory and motor functions. Angiotensin II AT2 receptors are more abundant in brain areas related to sensory and motor control. The roles of brain Angiotensin II appear to be multiple and complex. In addition to a regulatory role in the control of the autonomic and hormone systems, the peptide participates in brain development, sensory processes, cognition and in the regulation of cerebrovascular flow. Recent developments indicate that blockade of the brain Angiotensin II AT1 receptors not only contributes to a significant blood pressure decrease in hypertension, but that simultaneous antagonism of peripheral and brain AT1 receptors reduces the sympathoadrenal and hormonal responses to stress and prevents stress-induced gastric injury. A novel role emerges for the use of peripheral and centrally acting AT1 receptor antagonists as therapeutically advantageous for the treatment of stress-related disorders. | <urn:uuid:649c0f56-d69f-4403-979d-fa98faaf33a1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/36604",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00262.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9079135060310364,
"token_count": 315,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
} |
The wisdom teeth are the last of the permanent molars to emerge from the gums. This can occur as early as age 17 or as late as 21. Though some teens and young adults experience a completely normal tooth eruption with ideally aligned molars that pose no health threat, this is not the case for everyone.
According to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS), wisdom teeth must meet specific criteria to avoid a required extraction. These guidelines include:
- Completely erupted and non-impacted
- Completely functional
- Free of decay
- Capable of being properly cleaned
If one or more of your child’s wisdom teeth do not meet these conditions, we recommend scheduling an appointment with Dr. Roberta Garceau; an extraction may be necessary.
Impacted wisdom teeth
One of the most common reasons for extracting a wisdom tooth is due to impaction. An impacted wisdom tooth is one that has not erupted and will not fully erupt from the gums. Usually this occurs because there is not enough room for the tooth to emerge. Impaction can be painful and can also lead to infection if left untreated. According to the AAOMS, roughly 90 percent of the teen and adult population has at least one impacted tooth. Extracting an impacted wisdom tooth early can help prevent future complications, such as periodontal disease, infections, and damage to neighboring teeth.
Extracting fully erupted wisdom teeth
Even if your child’s wisdom teeth are fully erupted, Dr. Roberta Garceau and our team at Roberta Garceau, DMD may recommend removing them as a preventive measure. Fully-erupted third molars often interfere with a healthy bite. This can lead to problems with tooth and jaw alignment and may also contribute to the development of headaches. Your child’s wisdom teeth may also be more prone to tooth decay and gum disease, because their location in the back of the mouth makes them more difficult to reach for brushing and flossing.
To learn more about wisdom teeth, or to schedule an appointment with Dr. Roberta Garceau, please give us a call at our convenient Windsor, CT office! | <urn:uuid:3f47a873-9dd6-4076-b89b-e33b6a1707a6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "https://www.greatnewsmile.com/blog/2014/11/why-should-i-have-my-child%25e2%2580%2599s-wisdom-teeth-removed",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314904.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819180710-20190819202710-00495.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9488207697868347,
"token_count": 451,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Plagues of mice had stripped bare more than 120,000 hectares of German farmlands, reported authorities. Farmers suspect that the succession of arid summers, among other factors, had enabled field mice to reproduce at a rate that had not been seen since the 1970s.
Farmers said that the mice had been tunneling under the fields for months and eating the roots of crops, thus leading to significant crop loss and, in turn, income loss. In fact, authorities report that as much as a quarter of crops and arable land are affected in the central state of Thuringia.
Some farmers argue that although atmospheric changes are to blame for the boom in the numbers of field mice, the reduction in the use of rodenticides also helped them flourish. But a number of animal groups disagree, citing instead the effect of fox hunting on the populations of foxes, field mice’s natural predators.
Torrential rainfalls, thunderstorms and flash flooding seen in parts of Europe could not be further removed from the situation that Germany has been facing recently.
Lack of rain and high temperatures have German farmers approaching their third summer of drought, and authorities are concerned that this could cause further economic loss.
In fact, since mid-March of 2020, some regions had received less than 10 liters of rainfall per square meter of land compared to the usual 50 liters of rainfall per square meter, said agricultural minister Julia Klockner.
Similar trends had been apparent in the summers of 2018 and 2019. Experts speculate that the sparse precipitation enabled field mice to reproduce at a rate that farmers had not seen for decades.
German farmers in the affected regions also reported noticing an increase in the populations of voles in their fields. These are smaller, stockier rodents similar to field mice that are common across farmlands in Europe.
Despite the huge damage that both the drought and the field mice had done to crops, more is to be expected, said Klockner. For this reason, she called for an immediate reappraisal of rodenticide regulations.
The German Farmers’ Association (DBV) lauded Klockner’s initiative, stating that farmers must be given the means to protect their harvest.
The group cited strict regulations on rodenticides as the biggest hurdle keeping farmers from controlling field mice population.
However, not all groups were on board with Klockner’s decision. Magnus Wessel of the Association for the Protection of the Environment and Nature said that poison was not a solution. (Related: RAT POISON USE has resulted in new “super rodent” rats that are immune to chemical poisons.)
The side effects of easing regulations on rodenticides would be enormous, he said, as farmers also risk killing off the endangered common hamster. Birds could also ingest rodenticide-laced seeds and die as a result.
Outside of rodenticide use, farmers are also considering leaving their fields unsown for an entire winter to starve the field mice, but this isn’t a viable option for most.
Some farmers, on the other hand, are considering plowing the ground to get rid of the burrows. But given the drought, plowing could further harm the soil and make it less suitable for arable farming in the future.
Instead of increasing rodenticide use, animal groups are calling for a ban on fox hunting instead. Foxes are natural predators to field mice and other small rodents in agricultural fields. In fact, each one can consume between 3,000 to 5,000 field mice every year. Therefore, in eating the mice, foxes control their numbers.
However, sport hunting is threatening fox populations in the wild. Recent reports estimate that sport hunters kill 400,000 foxes in Germany every year. Stricter regulations or a total ban on this practice could allow fox numbers to grow again and match those of the field mice.
In addition, Wessel suggested that overhauling Germany’s agricultural management could also help curb field mice populations. This overhaul would include developing a more diverse agricultural landscape featuring hedges and smaller fields that could encourage birds and foxes to visit and scour the fields for mice.
Learn more about the effects of drought on the environment at Environ.news. | <urn:uuid:5d97e1bc-06a3-442a-8c0b-c223c522908c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://newstarget.com/2020-08-14-german-farmers-despair-field-mice-decimate-crops.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00274.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9597269296646118,
"token_count": 876,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
} |
A skin (cutaneous) biopsy removes cells from the surface of your body. A skin biopsy is used most often to diagnose skin conditions, including cancers, such as melanoma. What type of skin biopsy you undergo will depend on the type of cancer suspected and the extent of the suspicious cells. Skin biopsy procedures include:
- Shave biopsy. During a shave biopsy, the doctor uses a tool similar to a razor to scrape the surface of your skin.
- Punch biopsy. During a punch biopsy, the doctor uses a circular tool to remove a small section of your skin's deeper layers.
- Incisional biopsy. During an incisional biopsy, the doctor uses a scalpel to remove a small area of skin. Whether you receive stitches to close the biopsy site depends on the amount of skin removed.
- Excisional biopsy. During an excisional biopsy, the doctor removes an entire lump or an entire area of abnormal skin. You'll likely receive stitches to close the biopsy site.
You receive a local anesthetic to numb the biopsy site before the procedure.
If the cells in question can't be accessed with other biopsy procedures or if other biopsy results have been inconclusive, your doctor may recommend a surgical biopsy.
During a surgical biopsy, a surgeon makes an incision in your skin to access the suspicious area of cells. Examples of surgical biopsy procedures include surgery to remove a breast lump for a possible breast cancer diagnosis and surgery to remove a lymph node for a possible lymphoma diagnosis.
Surgical biopsy procedures can be used to remove part of an abnormal area of cells (incisional biopsy). Or surgical biopsy may be used to remove an entire area of abnormal cells (excisional biopsy).
You may receive local anesthetics to numb the area of the biopsy. Some surgical biopsy procedures require general anesthetics to make you unconscious during the procedure. You may also be required to stay in the hospital for observation after the procedure.
Biopsy analysis and results
After your doctor obtains a tissue sample, it's sent to a laboratory for analysis. The sample may be chemically treated or frozen and sliced into very thin sections. The sections are placed on glass slides, stained to enhance contrast and studied under a microscope.
The results help your doctor determine whether the cells are cancerous. If the cells are cancerous, the biopsy results can tell your doctor where the cancer originated — the type of cancer.
A biopsy also helps your doctor determine how aggressive your cancer is — the cancer's grade. The grade is sometimes expressed as a number on a scale of 1 to 4 and is determined by how cancer cells look under the microscope. Grade 1, or low-grade, cancers are generally the least aggressive and grade 4, or high-grade, cancers are generally the most aggressive. This information may help guide treatment options. Other special tests on the cancer cells also can help to guide treatment choices.
In certain cases, such as during surgery, a pathologist examines the sample of cells immediately and results are available to your surgeon within minutes. But in most cases, the results of your biopsy are available in a few days. Some samples may need more time to be analyzed. Ask your doctor how long to expect to wait for your biopsy results.
Feb. 28, 2014
See more In-depth
- Biopsy — What to expect. Cancer.Net. http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/cancernet-feature-articles/cancer-screening-and-prevention/biopsy-what-expect. Accessed Oct. 25, 2013.
- What you need to know about melanoma and other skin cancers. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk. Accessed Oct. 25, 2013.
- Pathology reports. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/pathology-reports. Accessed Oct. 25, 2013.
- Tumor grade: Questions and answers. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/tumor-grade. Accessed Oct. 25, 2013. | <urn:uuid:ef1fefbb-4841-420d-9ef1-d76d9e307888> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"url": "http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/biopsy/art-20043922?pg=2",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829661.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00361-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9107223153114319,
"token_count": 902,
"score": 3.40625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Two months ahead of major elections, and four years after the passage of the Help America Vote Act — which was designed in part to eliminate, nationally, the kind incompetence and outright criminality that marred the 2000 election — the machinery of US democracy still leaves much to be desired. As Sasha Abramsky notes in the current issue of Mother Jones, the chances that your vote will count, the ease with which you can cast your ballot, even your odds of getting on a voter roll, greatly vary according to where you live.
As it turns out, except for a rudimentary federal framework (which determines the voting age, channels money to states and counties, and enforces protections for minorities and the disabled), U.S. elections are shaped by a dizzying mélange of inconsistently enforced laws, conflicting court rulings, local traditions, various technology choices, and partisan trickery.
Among the more striking regional discrepancies:
- In some places voters fill in paper ballots; in others they vote with ancient machines; in still others they use state-of-the-art touch-screen technology
- Some states encourage voter registration, others make it a hassle
- Some states allow prisoners to cast a ballot, others don’t allow even ex-felons tovote
The piece offers a partial–but sadly emblematic– list of “American democracy’s more glaring weak spots.”
Read it here…and weep. | <urn:uuid:0eba6c09-c362-4007-8c1f-3e378b37a25b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/08/block-vote-eleven-americas-worst-places-cast-ballot/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320077.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623170148-20170623190148-00631.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9305399656295776,
"token_count": 294,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
A massive cold front settled over the American Southwest in the early days of February 2011. The mercury in Albuquerque hit seven below zero; snow birds in Tucson shivered in sub 20-degree temps; and Nogales, on the border with Mexico, reached a frigid 11 degrees. While such temperatures may seem balmy to northerners, they wreaked havoc in places where playing a few rounds of golf in January is the norm. In a zoo in Chihuahua, Mexico, the cold killed 65 animals. In Phoenix, water pipes froze and burst, flooding homes. And all across the region, the cold drove the energy infrastructure haywire.
On the evening of Feb. 1, a pressure sensing line at the coal-fired Navajo Generating Station near Page, Ariz., froze, ultimately taking out a unit of the power plant, along with 330 megawatts of generation. Over the next 12 hours, the efforts to replace that lost generation were fraught with problems, some cold-related, others not, creating a cascading failure that took out power to 65,000 homes and businesses served by the Salt River Project utility. Meanwhile, over in New Mexico and Texas, the cold hit the natural gas fields and pipelines, resulting in a substantial dip in production during a time when the cold was driving natural gas demand up to unprecedented levels. That, in turn, diminished fuel supply to natural gas-fired power plants which, along with other cold-related issues, caused rolling blackouts. Over the course of three days, 4.4 million people were without power across three states, and gas for heating was in short supply.
It’s another reminder of how extreme weather -- be it heat, cold, wind, snow, hurricanes, lightning or wildfires -- can mess not just with the electrical grid, but with almost all aspects of our nation’s energy infrastructure, and that climate change, by enhancing the extremity, will only raise the havoc level. In fact, it already has. That’s according to a new Department of Energy report about the impact climate change will have on the energy sector, from solar plants to the gas fields. The report also comes with that charts some of the impacts that have already occurred (though it doesn’t include the 2011 deep freeze), including:
• During the summer of 2010, weak precipitation levels brought down river volumes in the Northwest, leaving dams unable to generate necessary amounts of hydropower. It cost the Bonneville Power Administration $164 million;
• Much the same happened down on Lake Mead that fall, reducing Hoover Dam’s generation by 23 percent;
• Over in Illinois, in 2006, the Quad Cities nuke plant had to dial down power production because the water from the Mississippi was too warm to cool the reactors;
• And in Arizona, plans for the Hualapai Valley Solar plant had to be dramatically altered to use an effluent- or air-cooled rather than groundwater-cooled system because of water shortage concerns.
• Drought has made it difficult or costly to acquire the millions of gallons of water needed for hydraulic fracturing oil and gas wells.
Wildfires have taken down major transmission lines leading to blackouts. Millions of air conditioners running at full blast to make extreme heat habitable Transmission lines sag under heat and load, get tangled in trees, and wipe out power to millions. Many coal, gas and nuclear power plants can’t operate efficiently without cool water for cooling -- tepid stuff just won’t do. And so on.
As the world warms -- and 2012 is now on record as one of the warmest years in history -- energy, which we use in ever-increasing amounts, will get more and more difficult to extract, generate and deliver. I guess that’s fitting, considering the hefty contribution energy extraction, production and consumption has made to climate change.
None of this is super surprising, but what’s notable is how the Department of Energy has dived right in, explicitly tying a lot of our energy and grid failures to extreme weather, and implicitly attributing that weather to climate change. Also worth paying attention to are the tools the DOE is offering to help track those impacts, particularly this real-time storm vs. energy infrastructure tracker. It also allows you to go back and watch past storms clobber transmission lines, power plants and the like.
Of course, these tools don’t necessarily do anything to fix the problem. But there’s something vaguely reassuring, I suppose, in being able to watch our world collapse around us.
Jonathan Thompson is a senior editor at High Country News. | <urn:uuid:00400668-9558-480a-a238-516d9fa8e277> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://www.hcn.org/blogs/goat/climate-change-is-already-impacting-the-energy-sector",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189466.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00320-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446312785148621,
"token_count": 953,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Potassium is important for your muscles, nerves and cardiovascular system. A majority of the potassium in your body (about 98 percent of it) can be found in your cells, where it allows your nerves and muscles communicate, transports nutrients, helps your kidneys function and regulates levels of sodium.
Luckily, the nutrient can be found in lots of delicious foods (melon, avocados, bananas and white beans), but even if you get the recommended 4,700 mg per day, you still might have a potassium deficiency, or what’s known by doctors as “hypokalemia.” How is that possible you might ask? That’s because the more sodium you consume, the more potassium your body excretes. Deficiency is much more common in people who lose potassium through sweating or through their secretions, such as those who abuse laxatives and diuretics or have a GI disorder, diabetes or diarrhea.
Signs of a potassium deficiency can be difficult to discern because they’re common symptoms of other diseases as well, but that doesn’t mean the shortage isn’t extremely important. “Potassium deficiency is actually deadly,” says Ginger Hultin, spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. “People who have an outright deficiency could quickly face dangerous cardiovascular troubles.”
To be extra cautious, if you’re experiencing these signs and cannot determine their root cause, visit a medical professional to have your potassium levels tested.
Weakness and fatigue
If you’ve been getting enough sleep and still feel exhausted and sluggish throughout the day, you might want to reassess if you’re consuming enough potassium. Weakness and fatigue are often the first signs of potassium deficiency. Potassium helps regulate strong muscle contractions and how the body uses nutrients, so without the mineral, you might feel weak.
Muscle cramps and spasms
Muscle cramps are sudden contractions of the muscles that can occur when potassium levels are low. Because potassium helps start and stop muscle contractions, inadequate levels of the mineral can cause uncontrolled and prolonged contractions known colloquially as cramps.
Potassium helps relay signals from the brain to muscles located in the digestive system. Because of this, potassium deficiencies can cause constipation, bloating and abdominal cramping.
Low levels of potassium may cause the unpleasant sensation of heart palpitations. The symptom may also be an indication of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, which is also linked to potassium deficiencies and can be a sign of a more serious heart condition.
Muscle aches and stiffness
When levels of potassium are severely low, blood vessels can contract and restrict blood flow (and therefore oxygen) to your muscles, causing rupture in the cells. The result is a condition called rhabdomyolysis, a rapid breakdown of muscle, which is accompanied by symptoms like muscle stiffness and aches.
Tingling and numbness
Potassium helps keep your nerves healthy, and without it, you may experience the sensation known as “pins and needles.” This feeling is often perceived in the hands, arms, legs, and feet.
Potassium helps the lungs expand and contract, so a deficiency of the mineral may result in shortness of breath. Even worse, a severe deficiency may stop the lungs from working altogether, which would be deadly.
High blood pressure
Without enough potassium, which helps to relax blood vessels, they can become constricted, and cause blood pressure to soar.
Faintness and dizziness
A large drop in potassium levels can slow your heartbeat enough to make you feel like you’re going to faint.
The best way to get 4,700 milligrams of potassium per day is to eat lots of fruits and vegetables. But according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only 1 in 10 adults eat the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables. Although bananas might be best known, there are plenty of foods that have high levels of potassium, like leafy greens, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, eggplant, avocado, pumpkins, potatoes, carrots, raisins, carrots, beans, dairy products like milk and yogurt, meat, poultry, fish and nuts. In some cases, supplements might be prescribed when a change in diet is not enough.
This article is for informative purposes only. Please reach out to a medical professional if you have any symptoms. | <urn:uuid:8cfd152c-a9a6-43af-b5b1-3c0cc5c782c8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.womenworking.com/body-signs-when-theres-not-enough-potassium/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00786.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9216647744178772,
"token_count": 1061,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
} |
You've probably heard of jewelry made from diamonds and pearls, or maybe even human ashes. But now, you can purchase a ring made from China's smog.
Dutch artist Daan Roosegaarde and his team have unveiled what they say is the world's largest outdoor smog tower. It's in Beijing, China. The nearly 23-foot-tall building creates rings and cuff links from pollution.
The tower sucks in dirty air, captures smog particles and compresses those particles into smog-free cubes that can be made into jewelry.
The project started in the Netherlands last year. It was crowdfunded on Kickstarter and raised over $126,000.
The tower also holds on to the pollutants and blows out air that Roosegaarde says is about 75 percent cleaner than the air around it. It can clean 30,000 cubic meters of air in an hour, which Roosegaarde has said is about "a small neighborhood a day."
So why is this thing in China? The country emits the most carbon of any country in the world. The country's air pollution is responsible for an estimated 1.6 million deaths per year.
Despite those levels of air pollution, the Smog Free Project won't stay in Beijing forever. It's set to visit other cities in China and then go on a global tour. | <urn:uuid:85b54b74-794a-4788-bf6f-bbab12476a72> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "https://www.newsy.com/videos/smog-tower-that-makes-jewelry-unveiled-in-beijing/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00066.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9666056036949158,
"token_count": 272,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
} |
May 20, 2014, 3:41 PM
A statement issued by the Ministry of Agriculture Tuesday said the disease has the potential to cause the deaths of upwards of 200, 000 heads of cattle in The Gambia based on the 2011 Agricultural census estimated cattle population of 390,000 heads.
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia is an infectious, highly contagious and one of the most important transboundary diseases of cattle. This disease is considered as the biggest threat to cattle production in sub-Saharan Africa on which so many people are dependent for their livelihood.
Noting that the CBPP will continue to spread throughout The Gambia and beyond unless control measures are taken, the Ministry of Agriculture said the monetary value of this loses is equivalent to nearly 2 billion dalasis.
According to the Ministry’s statement, the projection is that the impact on the national economy will be dramatic with a decline in production, scarcity of products, rising market prices and financial losses to the public and government.
It stated that in response to this emerging crisis, the Gambia government is mobilizing all available emergency funds for immediate action to contain and control the outbreak.
It called on the international community, development partners, NGOs and other stakeholders to assist in effectively addressing the situation to prevent it from spreading to other parts of the country and beyond.
“The Government is also taking immediate actions to enhance the capacity of veterinary services to put in place adequate measures for effective, sustainable and progressive control and eradication of the disease,” it added.
The Ministry also noted that as an immediate measure to prevent the rapid spread of the disease to other parts of the country, transhumance of cattle between the regions of the country is temporarily suspended until the completion of the first phase of the countrywide mass vaccination campaign, which is envisaged to start by 1st December 2012 and end 31st January 2013.
The resurgence of CBPP in The Gambia, the Ministry added, poses a serious threat to the entire national cattle herd, which could have disastrous consequences on food and nutrition security and peoples’ livelihood, and could have a significant negative impact on the national economy. | <urn:uuid:b2ee5b94-2517-48de-953b-b61da01e144e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/govt-declares-national-animal-health-emergency",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057584.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924231621-20210925021621-00425.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578126072883606,
"token_count": 440,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
} |
This book considers the synchronic and diachronic syntax of finite clauses in Medieval French from a generative point of view. Two salient and closely related features of Old French, the verb-second constraint and the limited distribution of null subjects, are followed through the Middle French period where they evolve in largely independent ways. The author argues, after consideration of several areas of controversy, that V2 in (late) Old French is triggered by topicalization in root clauses. Such questions as the position of postverbal subjects from the grammar of French are also addressed. The work further compares the syntax of Medieval French to that of Modern French and the Germanic languages and provides extensive documentation from Old and Middle French texts. | <urn:uuid:747d288a-a345-4e54-8572-cd1b8c90a6e5> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "https://linguistlist.org/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=2142",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860115672.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161515-00129-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9454922676086426,
"token_count": 142,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Recently, a team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has developed an extraordinary system which has the ability to turn your desk into a touchscreen or into an Augmented reality workspace. It may sound quite odd, but, it is true.
Turn Your Desk Into An Augmented Reality Workspace
A team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University has developed a system with the ability to turn a table into a touchscreen. The project is called Desktopography and consists of a small overhead projector, depth sensors, and a computer to reproduce the images on a physical surface and allow users to interact with that in real-time. Yes, it sounds quite odd right. But, let me clarify that I am not really joking about this project, as it is true.
As you can see in the following video, its operation is most intuitive, since it can interact with the same gestures that are used in a conventional touch panel. You have the possibility to select and drag the elements to reorder, adjust the size of the windows, zoom in or associate them with physical objects to move with them, among other options.
According to Robert Xiao, one of the team members and a graduate student who leads the project, Desktopography aims to provide a mixed virtual physical interaction on a desktop or other surface. For this, the platform takes the interaction of the screens of our devices to merge them with our environment, so that they could become the part of the reality.
However, if we talk about the operation of this system, then don’t worry about that, as after watching the many of you might be thinking that the operation of this system would be quite complicated, let me clarify that it is very simple.
As it consists of an overhead projector and a camera with depth sensors that are placed at a certain distance from the surface of the table. The first device is responsible for reproducing the images on the desktop, while the camera is recording the objects and movements of the user’s hands. The user can have multiple open interfaces, organizing the spaces however they want.
At the moment, Desktopography is only a prototype that will be presented at the Symposium on Engineering of interactive computer systems in Lisbon, and its developers have not yet considered its commercialization.
So, what do you think about this extraordinary and amazing system? Simply share your views and thoughts in the comment section below. | <urn:uuid:a65c8720-8030-44fb-85cb-f0456918590f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://techviral.net/turn-desk-augmented-reality-workspace/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187354.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918061627-20200918091627-00100.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9585837125778198,
"token_count": 480,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Yoga may possess a number of health benefits for one's mental state as well as their physical appearance, according to one instructor.
Ana Franklin, who is a yoga instructor in Kansas, recently explained to the Kansas State Collegian about how yoga can "cleanse and purify the body and mind."
"The whole idea of yoga is that we do need to do something every day — in the way that we brush our teeth every day — we need to do something for our minds every day as well," Franklin said.
While it may be easy to assume that Franklin is merely touting the industry that pays her bills, scientific studies back up her statements.
This past August a study appeared online in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine stating the practice of yoga was instrumental in decreasing participants' feelings of depression and anxiety.
In fact, the results from the study were so positive that lead author Chris Streeter, M.D., from the Boston University School of Medicine, suggested yoga could be used as a possible treatment for those suffering from "certain mental disorders." | <urn:uuid:60118b5c-5ae1-4e73-8a7d-35fb87cf0757> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"url": "http://personalliberty.com/yoga-instructor-highlights-benefit-of-ancient-practice-800286240/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120394037.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124172634-00048-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607928991317749,
"token_count": 218,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
} |
This story appears in the December 20, 2016 issue of Forbes. Subscribe
"IMMIGRATION restrictionist = racist." "Restrictionist nation = racist nation." These are the basic equations animating the opponents of President-elect Donald Trump's call to restrict illegal immigration.
But I write this after the Liberation. The liberation, that is, of the country from preelection assumptions, logic and linkages. Immigration is a case in point. Immigration restrictions slow economies, but they don't necessarily prove or portend bigotry or racism. Indeed, it's possible for an American government to restrict immigration and foster national comity at the same time. That's what Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge demonstrated in the 1920s.
The story of that era's immigration policy commences with World War I. President Woodrow Wilson and American voters worried that revolutionaries from abroad would import revolution to our shores. U.S. troops returned home from Europe informed and angry. When a general strike paralyzed Seattle, Mayor Ole Hanson feared that what was happening in Petrograd might be happening on Seattle's waterfront. The rumbling from the war of independence in Ireland was so powerful its reverberations could be felt in the cobblestones of Boston.
Today similar concerns surface. ISIS worries voters, as do al Qaeda and any other extremist groups that might inspire revolution or violence. When it comes to our porous border with Mexico, the erosion of the rule of law also troubles American citizens. Heavy, curricular multiculturalism leaves too little space for the teaching and absorption of common law and U.S. history.
Back in the day the U.S. responded by shutting out the world. The Wilson Administration's Justice Department took the most flagrant action, instituting the Palmer Raids. Rounding up several thousand anarchists and communists--confirmed or suspected--the department actually deported 249 of them to Russia on the U.S.S. Buford. With enormous support from lawmakers three Presidents signed immigration restrictions into law. President Calvin Coolidge signed the Johnson-Reed Act, which (to his regret) included the infamous Asian Exclusion and halted Japanese immigration.
Wilson was too rough. So were some of the features of those laws. But the Harding and Coolidge administrations went out of their way to let immigrants who were here know they were welcome--officially. As Coolidge said in 1925: "Whether one traces his Americanism back three centuries to the Mayflower, or three years to steerage, is not half so important as whether his Americanism of today is real and genuine. No matter by what various crafts we came here, we are all now in the same boat." To signal respect Coolidge also declared the Statue of Liberty a national moment.
What Harding and Coolidge sought was respect for the rule of law. They wanted a breathing space for all the immigrants to assimilate, time for them to learn English and what people in those days called "Americanism." By Americanism they meant a familiarity with common law, U.S. civics and adequate workplace English.
BILINGUAL ED'S WALL
The economic theories behind restriction did not play out. In the 1920s wages didn't rise as much as restrictionists had hoped they would. Restriction didn't prevent the Great Depression. When, many decades later, Asians were again allowed to immigrate, they proved their social and economic worth through their contributions many times over.
There is little evidence that restrictive laws caused a wave of xenophobia or racism. During the second half of the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan weakened and lynchings of blacks trended down. Newcomers did assimilate.
As for today, building a wall at the border with Mexico makes less economic sense than President-elect Trump has suggested. But there may be some benefit to a pause in immigration or to policy reform. For example, no one opposes a person's right to speak his or her native language at home or in church. But defunding the official publicly funded bilingualism of the courts and schools would accelerate Hispanics' move into the professional class. Workers are more flexible and integrate better when there is no language barrier, as a recent National Bureau of Economic Research paper by Ethan G. Lewis of Dartmouth demonstrates. Official bilingualism erects its own wall, a cultural wall.
To lump support for immigration restriction with "hate" every time it's mentioned is to fail to recognize the respect most Americans have for newcomers. The gift of Trump--whatever comes next--is to offer the people of this country time to reevaluate our assumptions, without the pressure of an intimidating monolith of political correctness. We'll take it. | <urn:uuid:e2a558e6-ee32-4cf0-9d1c-6c3e8ebc2d4a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/currentevents/2016/11/30/frank-immigration-talk/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401585213.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928041630-20200928071630-00516.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9649261236190796,
"token_count": 949,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Introduction of Hydraulic DTH Drill:
The DTH drilling rig is the impact and crushing of the rock by the percussion device and the bit at the bottom of the subsurface. Therefore, it is called the DTH drilling rig. It is widely used in metal mines, hydropower, transportation, building materials, harbour and national defense projects. DTH Drill in hard above (F = 8) in rock drilling. The price of pneumatic crawler drill is relatively cheap, especially for small and medium open pit mines.
Working principle of hydraulic dth drill rig:
The working principle of the down hole drill is similar to other drilling machines, such as impact, rotation, ballast and propulsion drilling process, and belongs to the impact rotary drilling. The difference is that the impactor of the DTH drilling rig is mounted on the front of the drill rod, diving into the bottom of the hole and advancing with the extension of the drill hole.
Characteristics of crawler drilling machine:
(1) the impact energy loss does not increase with the lengthening of the rod, and the deep hole of the large hole diameter can be drilled.
(2) the noise of the working face is greatly reduced.
(3)The drilling speed is fast, the degree of mechanization is high, and the time of auxiliary operation is few, and the operation rate of the drilling rig is improved.
(4) maneuverable and flexible;
The quality of drilling holes is high.
It can drill in hard or hard rock (F = 8).
Safety operation rules for hydraulic crawler drill machine:
1., the operator must know the structure and working performance of the machine through technical training. He is familiar with the safety operation rules and maintenance rules of the DTH Drill, and can be operated alone if he passes the exam.
2. operating personnel should wear uniforms, wearing a helmet, women should be inserted into the cap.
3. the equipment should be withdrawn to the safe distance and cover the protection, and the comprehensive inspection should be carried out after the shooting.
4. when the wind and ice are over six or more, the sliding frame is not allowed. If you really need it, you must fasten your seat belt. It is strictly forbidden to ride on the rotary mechanism or slide frame.
5. if a long time is stopped, the impactor should be put out of the hole so as to avoid the hole collapse and blocking drilling tool.
6. when the mouth is working, it is forbidden to send wind to the impactor. When the drill is disassembled, the rotary and lifting mechanism should be closed in order to prevent the injury.
7. the cleaning, oil injection and repair work of the transmission part must be carried out in the state of shutdown.
8. should often check whether the pipe joint is fixed to prevent disjointed people. Maintenance of air supply system must be carried out in the wind stopped.
9. in the sliding frame, it is not allowed to stay and pass under the sliding frame.
10. the cable should not be soaked in water or put on the metal, the vehicle passes over the cable, and the wood board is isolated and protected to prevent the cable damage from leakage. Insulated gloves should be worn for placing or moving cables.
11. drilling operations, stop surface should be flat, when in the sloping ground when working on the track plate below the application of wedge block. Horizontal operation on the slope is prohibited.
12. night work, should be adequate lighting; if the lighting failure, should stop immediately, and cut off the work power, to be repaired and continue to work. | <urn:uuid:2ce5f2f5-258c-42ba-8734-e0a3a8bcc590> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "http://m.ztmineequipment.com/dth-drill/wholesalehydraulic-dth-drill-rig.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516194.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023132213-20181023153713-00354.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9328116178512573,
"token_count": 761,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
UVU Math 2020 Course Resources
UVU Math 2020 Objectives
Mathematics for Elementary Teachers I Course Objectives
- Convert measurements within a system of measurement and from one system of measurement
- Find the perimeter and area of plane figures.
- Identify basic geometric figures and solids and their properties.
- Solve triangle problems involving the concepts of congruence and similarity.
- Do elementary geometric constructions using a variety of tools. Solve applied right
triangle problems using the Pythagorean Theorem. Graph a linear equation in the Cartesian
- Solve applied problems involving probability, permutations and combinations, and mathematical
expectation. Summarize data in frequency distributions and stem-and-leaf plots. Find
measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, and mode. Find measures of
dispersion such as the range and standard deviation.
- Identify symmetries of plane figures. Draw and analyze tessellations based on various
- Find the surface area and volume of solids.
- Perform basic isometries of the plane.
The second semester of the mathematics course for elementary teachers; includes topics
on probability, statistics, geometry and measurement.
Sample 2020 Syllabus (PDF format, word format)
Sample 2020 Homework Set (PDF format, word format)
Course Coordinator for Faculty Resources
Contact Dr. Vivienne Faurot, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:cc56ca23-3ab6-4e8c-a604-39a39ea62acb> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://www.uvu.edu/math/2020_course_resources.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00383-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8017370700836182,
"token_count": 303,
"score": 3.8125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Larger scientific teams have become much more common over the last 50 years. And these larger teams outperform smaller ones, producing research that is more highly cited by other scholars. That was the key finding of a 2007 paper by the Kellogg School’s Brian Uzzi, a professor of management and organizations, and Benjamin Jones, a professor of strategy.
Now the researchers are looking not just at the size of a team but its composition, too. In new research, Uzzi and Jones found that the gender mix on teams matters. Mixed-gender teams produce more novel and impactful scientific research than teams made up of only men or only women, according to the paper, which was coauthored by Yang Yang of the University of Notre Dame, Yuan Tian
of New York University, and Teresa Woodruff of Michigan State University.
In fact, “the more gender-balanced the team is, the better the team does,” Uzzi says. Simply put, “men and women are both part of the recipe for success in science. We’re better together.”
Gender-Diverse Teams Perform Better
Uzzi, Jones, and their colleagues analyzed 6.6 million biomedical science papers published from 2000 to 2019, using an algorithm to infer authors’ genders from their names. (This method, while imperfect and unable to capture complexity in gender expression or identity, was extremely efficient, and produced figures consistent with official data about the gender makeup of medical-school faculty.)
Next, the researchers calculated the impact and novelty of each paper at the time of its publication. Impact was measured by the number of citations the paper received; a paper was considered highly cited if it was in the top five percent of citations in a given year.
The researchers measured novelty by examining the citations each paper contained. “If I see in the reference section of a paper that they cite Leonardo da Vinci and Einstein—and Einstein and Leonardo da Vinci have been cited together in a lot of other papers—we’d consider that a conventional mixture,” Uzzi explains. “But if Einstein is paired for the first time with Maya Angelou in the references of a scientific paper, that would be a novel combination,” and one that suggests new knowledge is being advanced. The researchers used this citation information to compute a novelty “score” for each paper in the data set.
Mixed-gender teams significantly outperformed same-gender teams on both novelty and impact, the researchers found.
A mixed-gender team of six or more researchers was 9.1 percent more likely to produce a novel paper and 14.6 more likely to produce a highly cited paper than a same-gender team of the same size. What’s more, the novelty and impact benefits were strongest when teams were gender-balanced—that is, a team of three men and three women was more likely to produce novel and highly cited research than one with four men and two women.
They then tested whether these findings would persist even when accounting for a variety of factors unrelated to gender that could influence the outcome of a team’s scientific research.
For example, the researchers considered the possibility that teams with men and women might have more areas of expertise represented, which could explain why those teams’ research appeared more novel. There was some truth to that story, they found: mixed-gender teams “do tend to have more diversity of expertise,” Uzzi says. “But you still get a separate bump in novelty just from having a mixed-gender team.”
The benefits of mixed-gender teams also remained when they looked at the size of the authors’ professional networks and the geographic diversity of the team, as well as the areas of research represented, such as cardiology or neurology.
In addition, the researchers conducted a preliminary investigation of team gender makeup in other areas of science. They looked at over 20 million more papers in the 18 disciplines in science besides medicine and found that the same pattern extended to papers published in all scientific fields—not just medicine—over the last 20 years.
Gender Diversity Is Better for Creativity
While the research didn’t directly address the question of why mixed-gender teams outperform same-gender teams, Uzzi has a general hypothesis. “We think that gender affects the process by which scientists generate ideas and then select the best ideas to follow,” he says. In other words, perhaps the exchange of ideas is more lively, creative, and constructive in a gender-diverse group.
Whatever the exact reason for the benefit, Uzzi says he’s trying to use it to the fullest in his own research. In his lab, for example, he’s careful to make sure research teams are gender diverse. “I do feel like it leads to better outcomes,” he says, “and I think it helps to make the process more generative and fun.”
Mixed-Gender Teams Are More Common—But Still Underrepresented
Yet, not everyone is doing this. The researchers found that while the percentage of mixed-gender teams is growing—between 2000 and 2019, the percentage of four-person teams that were mixed-gender grew from 60 to 70 percent—there are still fewer than would be expected if teams were assembled without regard for gender.
To quantify this, the researchers developed a theoretical model that created teams randomly, while holding constant factors such as the medical subfield represented, the team’s geographic diversity, and authors’ number of citations. This model revealed that mixed-gender teams are underrepresented by as much as 17 percent.
“The benefits of gender diversity are kind of hidden,” Uzzi says, “and because they’re hidden, they’ve been underutilized. People are not taking advantage of this potential approach to doing better science.” | <urn:uuid:661deaec-eb1b-4db8-a67c-ba6cc2685d55> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://ceonewshubb.com/gender-balanced-teams-do-better-work/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00756.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9671108722686768,
"token_count": 1217,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
} |
In the deep forest of stars that lies at the center of galaxies, a voracious monster lives: a black hole millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun. These cosmic beasts are more ambush predators than hunters, though: they only feed on hapless stars and other objects that get too close. Otherwise, they are content to sit quietly if they can’t get any prey for long times.
Sometimes a quiet black hole will wake up in a dramatic way, when a star, gas cloud, or even a rogue planet comes within gravitational reach. When that happens, forces similar to those that raise tides on Earth shred the unlucky object, eating some of its mass, and spewing the rest back into space. The stuff that doesn’t fall in can emit a lot of light, turning the black hole—perhaps briefly—into a tiger burning bright in the forest of the night.
Now, astronomers F. K. Liu, Shuo Li, and S. Komossa identified a pair of black holes in the act of cooperatively dismantling a defenseless star. Such pairs of black holes are rare, and a star drifting close enough to get shredded is rarer. Not least, this feeding frenzy could provide insight into the way the biggest black holes in the Universe form.
The size of the central black hole is correlated to the size of its galaxy. (More properly, it’s related to the mass of the central region of the galaxy, but that’s a detail.) Big galaxies tend to have huge black holes, just as a larger forest can support larger predators. One extremely massive black hole we know is nearly 7 billion times the mass of the Sun, and the galaxy hosting it—a huge blob of stars known as M87—is one of the biggest we’ve observed. (For comparison, the Milky Way’s black hole is about 4 million times the Sun’s mass.)
Did supermassive black holes like the one in M87 get that way by eating stars? (Lower-mass black holes, such as Cygnus X-1, are the remnants of very massive stars; those are a story for another day.) The answer is no: despite the stereotype, black holes don’t suck everything in around them. Just like anything else, their gravity is strongest close by, and diminishes approximately with the square of the distance. That means twice as far from the black hole, the gravitational force is roughly four times as weak. The Sun doesn’t feel a significant gravitational pull from the Milky Way’s black hole, which is more than 25,000 light-years away. Most any galaxy’s stars are far out of reach.
This is the first time astronomers have identified a pair of black holes in a quiet galaxy, but even more excitingly, they are only separated by a distance about the width of the Solar System.
So could M87’s black hole have been born that way, like Lady Gaga sang? Supermassive black holes have been around for as long as their galaxies: those are the quasars used by BOSS to measure the acceleration of the Universe, as I described in my earlier column. However, early galaxies and their black holes were smaller than their modern cousins, so being born large is only part of the story.
We can learn the rest by studying their host galaxies. Like many others, our Milky Way contains traces of smaller, weaker galaxies it has devoured, and it currently is in the process of stripping material away from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. And that’s how it seems to work: two smaller galaxies merge, or a big galaxy munches a smaller one. The same principle appears to hold for supermassive black holes too.
Unlike a forest sustaining a small population of predators, most galaxies have only one supermassive black hole. If there is more than one, they tend to merge into a single larger black hole, a trick animals can’t do. (Territorial predators sometimes kill each other, of course, but the result of two lions fighting isn’t a single lion twice as large—though it’s a funny mental image.)
So there we have it: as smaller galaxies merge, so do their black holes. But how can we see that in action? Most galaxies in the nearby Universe, like the Milky Way, have “quiet” black holes: they aren’t actively feeding, so they aren’t bright like quasars. However, astronomers have spotted a few luminous black hole pairs, mostly in chaotic galaxies in the early stages of a merger.
That brings us back to the observation of a pair of black holes in the process of dismembering a star in a distant galaxy. This is the first time astronomers have identified a pair of black holes in a quiet galaxy, but even more excitingly, they are only separated by a distance about the width of the Solar System—much closer together than any other black hole pair we’ve ever seen. The researchers estimate it’s only about 2 million years (a mere cosmic moment!) before they merge entirely.
A pair of black holes in a single quiet galaxy isn’t enough. If we want to understand how the biggest black holes came to be, we need to see pairs at all stages: from separate galaxies, to the point where they are locked in orbit, to the final moments before they become a single black hole.
Like animal predators, these monsters may be rare, but they have their own beauty. | <urn:uuid:7a4aaa16-df6c-4578-ad8b-ffa00e3c47bc> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"url": "http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/27/black-hole-pair-caught-in-feeding-frenzy.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464088.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00163-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.93779057264328,
"token_count": 1146,
"score": 3.71875,
"int_score": 4
} |
An exploration of the relationships between the distributions of birds breeding in Europe and the climate, and how future climatic change may alter each species' potential breeding distribution. It presents the results for 431 species. It also includes brief accounts for a further 48 native and 16 introduced species.
Author Nikki Moustaki certainly cannot resist the splendid lovebird, and her valentine to this irresistible avian wonder is the subject of this Complete Care Made Easy pet guide. This colorful guide offers vital information to both new and experienced bird keepers about this hookbilled parrot, covering all aspects of selecting, caring for, and maintaining well-behaved happy pet birds.
The pet bird population continues to rise and wild game birds fanciers love bird. The Wild Game Birds Manual is packed with expert advice on raising, feeding, care, diseases and breeding game birds.
This is an essential primer for the newcomer to wild game birds and a classic to add to any birds lover's collection. Whether you are just starting out or already have a few years of experience, this manual puts a wealth of information at your fingertips.
The prediction of producing desirable traits in offspring such as increased growth rate or superior meat, milk and wool production is a vital economic tool to the animal scientist. Summarizing the latest developments in genomics relating to animal breeding values and design of breeding programs, this new edition includes models of survival analysis, social interaction and sire and dam models, as well as advancements in the use of SNPs in the computation of genomic breeding values.
The Cornhusker State is an undulating plain that slopes gradually from northwest to southwest with semiarid high plains and over 2,000 lakes and is the permanent or migratory home of 455 species of birds including the state bird the Western meadowlark. This beautifully illustrated guide highlights over 140 familiar and unique species and includes an ecoregion map featuring prominent bird-viewing areas. Laminated for durability, this lightweight, pocket-sized folding guide is an excellent source of portable information and ideal for field use by visitors and residents alike. Made in the USA.
Breeders Choice Articles
Breeders Choice Books | <urn:uuid:bfaf905d-09af-459e-a9e7-23e74e835db3> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"url": "http://breederschoiceseeds.com.au/topic/Breeding+Birds",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210243.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815161419-20180815181419-00635.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8827036023139954,
"token_count": 443,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Comparative state of population.
|Average of baptisms.
||5 9/ 10
Great increase of buildings
Few parishes in the kingdom have increased in population to so
great a degree as that of Chelsea, within the last two centuries. In
the first year of Edward VI. it appears by the Chantry Roll (fn. 156) , that
there were only seventy-five communicants in Chelsea, which was a
less number than was found in any other parish in Middlesex. The
average of baptisms, about that period, is comparatively small; in the
year 1568, it is expressly said in the register, that there was not one.
The increase appears to have been gradual during the first hundred
years here recorded, which may be thus accounted for: Queen Elizabeth published a proclamation, to forbid the building of any new
houses within three miles of the metropolis. James I. soon after he
came to the throne, published another edict to the same effect. In
1656, an act passed, extending the prohibition to ten miles. Chelsea
began to increase rapidly about the latter end of the last,. or the beginning of the present century. Dr. King, in his MS. account of
Chelsea, written about the year 1717, says, that the parish then contained 350 houses, and that they had been much increased of late.
Bowack, who wrote in 1705, computes their number at 300, being,
according to his account, nine times as many as they were in the
year 1664. Within the last ten or twelve years, about 600 new
houses have been built (fn. 157) , most of which lie within a district called
Hans-town. The principal street takes its name from the Sloane family, and is about six furlongs in length; it contains 160 houses,
the buildings, for the most part, occupying only the west side; behind this street, is a spacious and handsome square, as yet unfinished.
The present number of houses in the parish is about 1350, of which
about 1240 are inhabited, the remainder being, for the most part,
unfinished. On account of the great increase of population, a market-place was built at Chelsea, about three years ago, for the convenience of the inhabitants.
The burials at Chelsea appear to have uniformly exceeded the baptisms in a considerable degree, which is principally to be attributed
to the number of nursed children and strangers there buried. Since
the foundation of the royal hospital, 247 children have been baptized
in the chapel there, which, on an average, is not three in a year.
These are inserted in a register belonging to the hospital; where also
are recorded the burials, which bear a much greater proportion, having been about fifty in each year.
The number of burials at Chelsea in 1603, was thirteen; in 1625,
thirty-six; in 1665, seventy-eight; being at neither period quite double
the average number. It appears that this village, and its opposite neighbour Battersea, suffered much less from that dreadful calamity the
plague, than Putney and Mortlake, though situated, like Chelsea, by
the water-side, and at a greater distance from London.
Extracts from the Register.
"Mr. Thomas Mansell, Esquier, sone and heire to Sr Edward
Mansell, and Mrs. Mary Mordant, daughter to the right honourable the Lord Mordant, were married July 30, 1582."
"Ursula sil. Dni Roberti Stapleton Militis, bapt. 10 die Julii
"Johannes Stanhope Armiger, et Margaritta Mackwilliams, alias
Cheecke, traxerunt matrimonium 6 die Maii, An° Dni 1589, et
regni Elizabeth. 31." This John was gentleman of the privy
chamber to Queen Elizabeth, and was created a baron by James I. in
1606; his wife's father was one of the Queen's gentlemen pensioners. Sir John Stanhope was at this time lessee of the manor;
his daughter Elizabeth, who married Sir Lionel Talmach, ancestor to
the Earl of Dysart, was baptized at Chelsea, August 14, 1593; and his
son Charles, the second Lord Stanhope, at whose death the title became
extinct in 1677, was baptized April 27, 1595. The Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Harrington, and Earl Stanhope, are descended from
an elder brother of John Lord Stanhope, above-mentioned.
"Johes Treavor, Esq. & Margaret Trevanion, traxerunt matrimonium 24 die Maii 1592." Parents of Sir John Trevor, Secretary of State to Charles II. and ancestors of the present Lord Hampden.
"Maria fil. Ric[ard]i Fletcher, Bristol Epi[scopus], bapt. 15 Oct. 1592."
"Eliz. ux[or] Rici Fletcher, Bristol Epi[scopus], sepult. in cancello subter
mensâ (Dec.) 1592." Richard Fletcher, afterwards Bishop of
London, had a house at Chelsea, where he was honoured with a visit
from Queen Elizabeth, which was supposed to be a proof that she
was reconciled to him, after the offence which he had given her by
marrying a young wife. Sir John Harrington informs us (fn. 158) , that
the bishop made "a stayre and a dore in a bay window" for her
Majesty's reception upon this occasion.
"Gregorie Fynes Lorde Dacres of the sowth, diede the 25th day
of Septemb. beinge Weddensdaie, whose funeralls were kepte the
5th of Novemb. here at Chelsey, 1594." The title became extinct
in him. His ancestor, Sir Richard Fynes, was the first Lord Dacre
of that family, anno 1459, having married the heiress of William
Lord Dacre of Gillesland.
"The Lady Anne, wife to the right honorable Lorde Dacres aforenamed, was buried the 15th of May, whose funeralls were solemnized at Chelsey, the 19th of June followinge, 1595."
"A servant of Mr. Anthony Bacon, was buried May 26, 1595."
Anthony Bacon was elder brother of the Lord Chancellor, and the
confidential friend of the Earl of Essex. Rowland White, writing
to Sir Robert Sydney, Dec. 21, 1597 (fn. 159) , says, "Yesterday, in the afternoon, the Earl of Essex gave over his white staff as lord steward,
and this day is gone to Chelsey, where he purposes, as I hear, to be
sick." Dr. Birch published memoirs of Queen Elizabeth's reign,
in two volumes quarto, collected from Mr. Bacon's letters and
Family of Howard Earl of Nottingham.
"Do[mi]nus Will[el]mus Howarde & Agneta St. John, filia et hæres
Dni St. John de Bletsoe, traxerunt matrimonium 7° die Februarii
1596–7." William Howard was eldest son of Charles Earl of Nottingham, the lord admiral, and died during his father's lifetime,
leaving issue one daughter, Elizabeth, married to the first Earl of Peterborough. His wife's name was Anne; Agnes is a misnomer.
"Anna filia D[omi]ni de Effingham and Annæ uxor. baptiz. 12 Octobris 1605." Daughter of the above William Howard, then styled
Lord of Effingham. She is not mentioned in Collins's Peerage.
"The Lord of Effinghame" was buried at Chelsea in 1615. Elizabeth, his sole daughter and heir, then Countess Dowager of Peterborough, was buried at Chelsea Nov. 18, 1671.
"William, the sonne of Charles Lord Admiral, was bapt. Dec. 5,
1617." He was buried at Chelsea two days afterwards; and Thomas, another son, who died young, was buried Feb. 5, 1616–7.
"Margaret, the daughter of the Earl of Nottingham, was baptized
Dec. 22, 1618." Of these children there is no mention in the Peerage. His son James was buried at Chelsea, June 5, 1610. The
Earl of Nottingham resided many years in the manor-house, the
lease of which was granted successively to his wives, Catherine and
Margaret. At this place he frequently was honoured with visits
from Queen Elizabeth (fn. 160) . Both his wives were buried at Chelsea,
as appears by the following entries: "Catharyne the Countess of
Nottingham, died the 25 day of February, at Aronedell-howse,
London, and buried at Chelsey the 28 day of the same, whose funeralls were honorably kepte at Chelsea the 21st day of March
1603: and Elizabeth, our blessed Quene, died at Richmount the
24 day of the same moneth aftr, in the morninge; after whome,
the same day, before 8 of the clock, that most happie and christian Kynge, James the 6th of Scotland, was in good righte by our
nobles and states proclaymed James the firste of Englande, to the
admirable peace and comforte of the realme, whose raigne and
posteritie God contynew in peace, with God's truth, longe and
longe among us." Catherine Countess of Nottingham was daughter of Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon.
"The Ritte Honble Margaret Countess of Nottinghame died on
the 4th day of August, in Commun Garden, Lundon, and buried
heare at Chelsey the 19th day of the same munth, 1639." She
was daughter of James Stewart, Earl of Murray; and after the Earl
of Nottingham's death, married William Viscount Monson of the
kingdom of Ireland, who was degraded from his honours in 1661,
for having been accessary to the murder of King Charles I. (fn. 161)
Steward, his son by the Countess of Nottingham, was baptized at
Chelsea, March 31, 1628; and buried April 8, the same year.
"Charles, a boy, by estimacon, 10 or 12 yers olde, brought by
Sir Walter Rawlie from Guiana, baptized 13° Februarii 1597–8."
"Maria filia Johis Townsend Milis, baptizat 6 Dec. from Brompton, 1604."
"Jhon Stewarte, Lorde of Orkeney, marriede the La. Elizabeth
Southwell, widow, 26° die Octobris 1604."
"Sir Robert Dynely married Olive Stapleton, 25 die Junii
"Thomas Forrest, a godly preacher, was buried 7° die Feb.
Family of Fiennes Earl of Lincoln.
"Mr. Rob. Fynes, therl of Lyncoln's sonne, was buryed 22
March 1608–9." Second son of Henry Earl of Lincoln by his
"Margaret, daughter to the Earl of Lincolne, baptized Aug. 9,
1628." Daughter of Theophilus Earl of Lincoln, by his first
wife ; she married Hugh Boscawen, Esq. of the county of Cornwall.
"George Fines, son of the Earl of Lincoln, buried Sep. 21, 1629."
Son of the said Theophilus Earl of Lincoln, by his first wife.
"La. Eliz. the La. & Countis of Kyldare's daughter, was buried
Feb. 14, 1609-10." Henry Earl of Kildare married Frances, the
Earl of Nottingham's daughter, by whom he had a daughter, who
died in her infancy.
Family of Aston, Lord Aston.
"Frances, the daughter of Sir Walter Aston, Knt. baptized Ap1 16,
"Harbertus filius D[omi]ni Walteri Aston, bap. erat. 16 Januarie
1613–4." Children of the first Lord Aston, of Forfar in Scotland,
who was sent as ambassador to Spain, with the Earl of Bristol, to
treat of the marriage between Prince Charles and the Infanta (fn. 162) .
"Katherin Countesse of Huntingdon, was buried Aug. 14, 1620."
Daughter of John Duke of Northumberland, and relict of Henry
Earl of Huntingdon, who died in 1595.
Earl of Middlesex.
"James, the son of Lienell Lord Cranfield, was baptized Dec. 27,
1621." Lord Cranfield was afterwards created Earl of Middlesex,
and was Lord High Treasurer to James I. He resided at Chelsea
"Sir Robert Lane, Knt. & Mrs. Dudley Gorges, were married
Aug. 12, 1619." Dame Dudley Lane was buried Aug. 24,
Family of Gorges.
"Sir Arthur Gorge, buried Oct. 10, 1625." He married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Earl of Lincoln, by whom he had several
children, some of whom were baptized at Chelsea, viz. William,
May 30, 1599; and Tymoleon, Oct. 1, 1600. The name was frequently spelt Gorge in ancient records. Sir Arthur Gorges resided
at Chelsea, and built a new house there, before he became possessed
of that which was Sir Thomas More's. Rowland White, writing to
Sir Robert Sydney, Nov. 15, 1599, says, "As the Queen passed by
the faire new building, Sir Arthur Gorge presented her with a faire
jewell (fn. 163) ." Sarah, daughter of Sir Arthur Gorges jun. was baptized here Jan. 23, 1626–7. Timothy Gorge was buried April 15,
1629; "Mr. Hendry Gorges," May 13, 1641; the Rt Honorable
Lady Elizabeth Gorges, July 29, 1643.
"Sir Arthur Gorge was buried Aug. 22, 1661." He was a great
sufferer for his loyalty during the civil war.
"Arthur Gorges, Esq. was buried Ap1 8, 1668." Bowack erroneously calls this man the translator of Lucan (fn. 164) . Gorges's translation
was published in the year 1614, and by its title (fn. 165) , appears to have been
posthumous; if so, it must have been written by the father of the
first Sir Arthur Gorges here mentioned. There are some other publications which bear the name of Arthur Gorges (fn. 166) ; but I know not
to which of the family they are to be attributed.
"Henry, son of the Lord Gray, baptized June 22, 1626."
Family of Danvers.
"Magdalen Davers, wiffe of Sir John Davers, buried the 8 of
June 1627." Sir John Danvers was brother to Henry Earl of
Danby. Lady Danvers (by her first husband, Sir Richard Herbert)
was mother of the famous Lord Herbert of Cherbury; her funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Donne (fn. 167) . There are several entries
of baptisms of the Danvers family; viz. Elizabeth, daughter of Sir
John Danvers, and the Lady Elizabeth, his wife, May 1, 1629 ;
Mary, Sept. 29, 1631; Charles, Feb. 14, 1632–3; Henry, Dec. 5,
1633; John, son of Sir John Danvers, Aug. 10, 1650. Mary and
Charles died in their infancy. Sir John Danvers, Knt. had freehold
lands in Chelsea, valued at 60£. per annum, in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth (fn. 168) . The old mansion called Danvers-house was pulled down
about the year 1696, when Danvers-street was built on the site.
The present Sir John Danvers has a leasehold house at Chelsea, by
the water-side, now in the tenure of the Rev. Mr. Butler, and some
time ago occupied by Dominiceti, an Italian physician, who established medicinal baths there for the cure of all disorders, and fitted
up apartments for the reception of such patients as chose to lodge in
his house (fn. 169) .
Family of Stanley.
"James Standley, the son of Sir Robert Standley, was baptized
the last day of September 1631."
"The Right Worshipful Sir Robert Stanley was buried the 23d
day of January 1632." He was second son of William Earl of
Derby, and brother of James, the brave and loyal Earl who was beheaded in 1651. Sir Robert was made Knight of the Bath at the
coronation of James I. His son Ferdinando, and his daughter Mary,
who died in their infancy, were buried at Chelsea; the former in
1632, the latter in 1629. His widow married Theophilus Earl of
Lincoln. There are several other entries relating to the Stanley family, viz. Charles, son of James Stanley, Esq. buried July 20, 1657 ;
Robert, his son, April 1, 1658 ; Elizabeth, his daughter, April 10,
1658. Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Stanley, buried Dec. 14,
1658 ; Clinton, son of Charles, baptized April 19, 1659. Brilliana,
wife of James Stanley (fn. 170) , buried Dec. 1, 1660. Lady Stanley (first
wife, I imagine, of Sir Charles) buried Nov. 2, 1661. "Sr Charles
" Stanley, buried Oct. 17, 1676." He was created Knight of the Bath
at the coronation of Charles II. " The Right Honble Lady Stanley,
buried Oct. 8, 1681." " William Stanley, Esq. buried April 21,
1691." He was son of Sir Charles Stanley ; by his death, this
branch of the Stanley family became extinct in the male line. Stanley-house, at Chelsea, came to Sir Robert Stanley by his marriage
with the daughter of Sir Arthur Gorges (fn. 171) . It was rebuilt about the
beginning of the present century, and being left in an unfinished
state, was for several years unoccupied: in 1724, it belonged to
Henry Arundell, Esq. Sir Charles Wager, the admiral, died there
in 1743. After passing through various hands, it became the property of Miss Southwell, now the Lady of Sir James Eyre, Lord
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas ; and was by her, in the
year 1777, sold to the Countess of Strathmore. Stanley-house was'
purchased some years ago of the Countess and her husband, (Andrew
Robinson Bowes, Esq.) by Mr. Lochée, who kept the military academy at Little Chelsea. It now belongs to his widow, and is in the
occupation of Richard Warren, M. D.
Sir Charles Wager.
Wilmot Earl of Rochester.
"The Rt worshipful Henry Wilmot, eldest son, and heir apparent
of ye Right hon. Charles Wilmot, Viscount of Athlone in Ireland,
and Frances Morton, the daughter of the Right worshipful Sr
George Morton, of Clenson in the county of Dorset, were married
by licence Aug. 21, 1633." Henry Viscount Wilmot, of Athlone,
was created Earl of Rochester in England in 1652, and was father
of the celebrated Earl of Rochester.
"The ritte worshipful Lady Wanlore was buried the last of April
1636." The wife, perhaps, of Peter Vanlore, created a baronet in
Family of Lawrance.
"Sr John Lawrence, Knt buried Nov. 14, 1638."
"Sir Thomas Lawrence, Bart. buried Ap. 25, 1714."
"Anne Lady Lawrence, buried Nov. 2, 1723." Sir John Lawrence was created a baronet in 1628: the title is now extinct. There
are several other entries relating to this family, who were settled at
Chelsea for many years.
"The Lady Elizabeth Winkfield, buried Jan. last, from Westminster, 1638–9."
Sir Theodore Mayerne.
"A servant of Sr Theodore Mihearne, was buried Ap. 13, 1639."
Sir Theodore Mayerne was physician to Charles I. and of great eminence in his profession ; he resided many years at Chelsea, in a house
which he is said to have built (fn. 172) , and which afterwards became the
property of the Earl of Lindsey (fn. 173) . Sir Theodore Mayerne, who had
the title also of Baron of Aulbone in France, died at this house in
the year 1655, aged 82, and was buried at St. Martin's in the
Fields (fn. 174) .
Family of Cheyne, Lord Newhaven.
"Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Cheyne, Esq. baptized May 18,
1656." This was about a year before Mr. Cheyne purchased the
manor-house, of which it is probable he was at this time a tenant.
Mr. Cheyne was created Lord Viscount Newhaven of the kingdom
of Scotland in 1681; the title became extinct in 1728.
"Wm. Cheney, the son of Charles Cheney, Esq. baptized July
" Wm. Cheney, Esq. only son of Charles Cheney, Esq. lord of
this manor, and Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, grand-daughter to the
Lady Morgan, and both of this parish, were married the 16th of
Dec, 1675, by the Rt Rev. Father in God George Bishop of Winton." William Cheyne was the second Lord Newhaven: his
wife Elizabeth was buried Aug. 10, 1667.
" The Honourable Lady Jane Cheney, eldest daughter to William
Duke of Newcastle, wife to Charles Cheney, Esq. lord of this
manor, was buried Nov. 1, 1669 (fn. 175) ." Catherine, her daughter,
was buried March 25, 1670.
" The Right honorable Charles Lord Viscount Cheyne, lord of
the manor of Chelsea, buried July 13, 1698 (fn. 176) ."
" Richard, second son of Sir Henry Herbert, Knt. baptized Feb.
" The Right Honble Armonde de Coumonde Lord Marquest de
Montpolion, & Mrs. Adriana di Miherne, were married July 21,
" Charles, son of Sir Thomas Leddell, baptized Nov. 3, 1660."
Family of Robarts. John first Earl of Radnor.
" Mary, daughter of the Rt Hon. John Lord Robarts, Lord Privie
Seal, was baptized June 18, 1661." John, the second Lord Robarts of Truro, at the commencement of the civil war, had the
command of a regiment under the Earl of Essex, and was thought
to have deserved so well of the Parliament, that a committee was
appointed in 1645, to consider of a recompence for his good services; and when, during a treaty for peace, it was proposed that
certain of their friends should have honours conferred on them, an
earldom was required for Lord Robarts. All hopes of peace having
vanished, and the party to which he had attached himself pursuing
measures which he disapproved, his Lordship withdrew himself from
acting with them, and led a retired life till the restoration of
Charles II. in which he heartily concurred (fn. 177) . On the 4th of September 1660, he gave a noble entertainment to his Majesty, at his
house at Chelsea (fn. 178) . The next year he was made Lord Privy Seal,
and was afterwards Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord President of the
Privy Council, and created Earl of Radnor. He died in 1684, and
was buried at Lanhedrock, near Bodmin in Cornwall (fn. 179) . His daughter Mary, whose birth is here recorded, died in 1670; she is not
mentioned in Collins's Peerage. His son Warwick, baptized April
27, 1667, died in his infancy. His daughter Essex was baptized
April 7, 1669 (fn. 180) . John Robarts, his son by his first wife, was buried
at Chelsea in 1663. Lord Radnor's house was situated at the west
end of Paradise-row (fn. 181) .
Letitia Countess of Radnor.
"Letitia Countesse Dowager of Radnor senior, buried July 15,
1714." She was daughter of Sir John Smith of Kent, and second wife of John Earl of Radnor above-mentioned. Collins calls
her Isabel. As her eldest daughter appears to have been named Letitia
Isabella, it is probable that she bore both these names herself.
Sarah Countess of Radnor.
"The Rt honble Lady Catherine Roberts, buried Sept. 22, 1700."
"Rt Honble Sarah Countess Dowager of Radnor, buried Sept. 20,
1720." She was daughter of John Bodville, of the county of
Carnarvon, and wife of Robert Viscount Bodmyn, who died in
1681, his father being then living. In the year 1685, a patent of
precedence was granted to Lady Bodmyn and her daughters, (of
whom Catherine above-mentioned was one,) by which they enjoyed the same place, titles, &c. as if Lord Bodmyn had been Earl
of Radnor (fn. 182) .
"Honble Francis Roberts, Esq. buried Feb. 7, 1717–8." He was
eldest son to John Earl of Radnor by his second wife; sat in several
parliaments during the reigns of Charles II. James II. King William,
Queen Anne, and George I.; was a man of general learning, and a
Vice-President of the Royal Society (fn. 183) .
"Honble Russel Roberts, Esq. buried Feb. 1, 1718–9." Son of
Robert Viscount Bodmyn, and father of Henry Earl of Radnor.
" Lady Olympia Roberts, buried Feb. 24, 1732–3." Daughter to
John, the first Earl of Radnor, by his second wife. " Honble John
" Roberts, Esq. buried Sept. 22, 1746." Grandson of Francis Roberts above-mentioned, and nephew of John, the last Earl of Radnor
of that family, who died in 1758.
"Robert Clinton, son of Sir Francis Clinton, Knt. was buried Nov.
Family of Courtney.
"William Courtney, Esq. eldest son of Sir William Courtney,
Knt. and Bart, of Poudram Castle in the county of Devon, buried
July 27, 1670." Francis, his son, was buried May 12, 1699;
Mary, his daughter, Sept. 2, 1705; James, his son, Feb. 16, and
another, William, March 23, 1707. Mary, wife of Peter Courtney,
Gent. was buried May 30, 1700. Mrs. Mary Courtney, Jan. 21,
Earl of Lindsey.
"The Lady Elizabeth Bartie, daughter to the Right Hon. Robert
" Earl of Lindsey, Lord Great Chamberlain of England, baptized
" this year, being 1671, and the 23d of the month of June."
Daughter of the Earl of Lindsey by his third wife ; she died unmarried. The Earl was proprietor of a large mansion adjoining to the
Duke of Beaufort's premises; it is now divided into several tenements, which are called Lindsey-Row.
"Dr. Baldwin Hamey, buried May 18, 1676." Dr. Hamey published a Treatise on the Quinsy, and other tracts (fn. 184) . He was a great
benefactor to the College of Physicians, and wrote some memoirs of
medical men, which he left behind him in manuscript (fn. 185) .
Family of Medows.
"Francis, son of Sr Philip Meadows, baptized Aug. 29, 1678."
"Charles, son of Sir Philip Meadows, Dec. 20, 1679."He died
in his infancy, and was buried at Chelsea. Sir Philip Medows (fn. 186)
was grandfather to Charles Pierrepont, Esq. and to Major General
Sir William Medows.
"The Right Hon. Sr James Smith, buried Nov. 18, 1681."
"Anthony, son of the Rt Hon. Bannaster Maynard, baptized Feb.
" 27, 1681–2." Third son of Banaster, afterwards Lord Maynard;
he died in his infancy.
"The Honble Sr Dudley North and Dame Anne Gunning were
married Ap. 12, 1683." Sir Dudley North was third son of Dudley Lord North. Anne Gunning was daughter of Sir Robert Cann,
Bart. and relict of Sir Robert Gunning.
Family of Allstone.
"Sir Joseph Allstone, Knt. buried May 31, 1688." He was a
baronet also, having been so created by Charles II. in 1682. There
are several entries of the Allstone family in the register: the title is
Family of Cope.
"Gallen, son of Sir John Cope, Bart. baptized June 19, 1690."
"John, son of Capt. Gallen Cope, and Jane his wife, baptized
Feb. 8, 1719–20." Sir John Cope lived at Little Chelsea.
"Robert, son of Robert Woodcock, baptized Oct. 9, 1690."
Robert Woodcock, the father, a native of Upton-upon-Severn, was
buried at Chelsea in 1710. His son, who was by profession a painter,
excelled in sea pieces; he was a proficient also in music, and published some compositions in several parts (fn. 187) . He died of the gout at
the age of thirty-eight, and was buried at Chelsea, April 15, 1728.
"The Lady Katherine Persival, buried Feb. 5, 1690–1."
"Anne, daughter of the Right Revd Father in God Doctor John
Sharp, Archbishop of York, baptized Nov. 25, 1691." She married Dr. Deering, Dean of Rippon. The Archbishop was a worthy
and learned prelate, and distinguished himself by his zealous opposition to the popish doctrines in the reign of James II.
"Thomas Shadwell, Esq. poet laureat, buried Nov. 24, 1692."
Shadwell, though not very eminent as a poet, possessed considerable
merit as a dramatic writer. His plays, which are thought to abound
with fine strokes of humour, and to exhibit much originality of character, were in great esteem towards the beginning of the present
century, especially the Duke of Guise, the Lancashire Witches, and
the Squire of Alsatia, which were frequently acted. The latter was
occasionally revived in Woodward's time, who excelled in the principal character. It was Shadwell's misfortune to engage in an unequal contest with a formidable opponent, who has held him up to
ridicule in one of the severest satires that was ever penned (fn. 188) . An
edition of his works was published in 1720, in four volumes 8vo.
to which was prefixed an account of his life. Mrs. Anne Shadwell, his widow, (who had been an actress in the reign of Charles II.)
was living at Chelsea in 1696.
"Margaret, daughter of Sr John Shadwell, Knt. buried Sept. 30,
1715." Sir John Shadwell, son of the laureat, was a physician;
he appears to have resided at Chelsea, in a house which had been
quitted by the celebrated Dr. Arbuthnot the year before (fn. 189) .
Family of Pearce.
Between 1695 and 1719, are several entries relating to the family of Sir George Pearse, or Pearce, Bart. I find no baronet of
this name among the creations of that order in either of the three
kingdoms. Henry Piers, of the county of Westmeath, was created
a baronet in the year 1660.
"George Bradbury, Esq. Baron of the Exchequer, buried Feb.
17, 1695–6." He was cursitor baron, to which place he was appointed July 9, 1689.
"James Elphinston, son of the Lord Elphinston, buried July 18,
"Dorothy, daughter of the Honble Robert Tracy, Esq. baptized
Oct. 26, 1697."
"Mrs. Anne Tracy was buried Feb. 23, 1697–8."
"The Rt Honble Lady Frances Holford, buried April 16, 1698."
"Sr James Holford, buried Nov. 17, 1713."
Family of Bishop Atterbury.
"Francis, son of Francis Atterbury, buried Aug. 20, 1701."
"Francis, son of Francis Atterbury, D. D. and Catherine his
wife, baptized June 26, 1703." He died in 1705, and was buried at Chelsea.
Swift at Chelsea.
"Osborne, son of Francis Atterbury, D. D. and Dean of Carlisle,
and Catherine his wife, baptized April 23, 1705." The celebrated
Dr. Atterbury resided at Chelsea several years (fn. 190) . It was there that
he commenced an intimacy with Swift, who, in the year 1711, ac
cidentally took lodgings opposite his house. They were at that time
wholly unknown to each other, and Swift by no means prejudiced
in favour of his neighbour; "I lodge (says he, in his journal to
Stella) just over against Dr. Atterbury; and perhaps I shall not
like the place better for that." An acquaintance, nevertheless,
commenced, and soon improved to an intimacy (fn. 191) . It may be collecˆed
from circumstances, that Atterbury's house was in Church-lane (fn. 192) .
"Lady Dickswell, buried by her son, Sr Basil Dickswell, Baronet,
Sept. 14, 1702."
Dr. Edward Chamberlayne.
"Edward Chamberlayne, L.L. D. buried May 27, 1703." Dr.
Chamberlayne was of an ancient family, settled at Oddington in
Gloucestershire ; he was born in the year 1616, and made the tour
of Europe during the civil war. When the Earl of Carlisle was
sent with the order of the Garter to Charles IX. King of Sweden,
Chamberlayne attended him in the character of secretary (fn. 193) . As an
author, his most noted work was, the Present State of Great Britain,
which went through thirty-eight editions. He published also, a Dialogue on the Dutch War; a History of the Civil Wars in the Reign
of Henry III. compared with that of the last Century ; a book called
England's Wants ; and several translations (fn. 194) .
"John Chamberlayne, Esq. buried Nov. 6, 1723." Son of Dr.
Chamberlayne—a man of general science, and an eminent linguist,
as appears by an edition of the Lord's Prayer, translated into the
language of almost all nations, published by him at Amsterdam,
with Dissertations upon the Origin of Languages. He augmented
and improved his father's book of the Present State of Great Britain,
to the latter editions of which his name is prefixed.
Family of Windsor.
"The Lord Windsor, Viscount Blackwater in the kingdom of
Ireland, and Charlotte Lady Dowager Jeffreyes, were married
Aug. 28, 1703." Thomas, eldest son of Thomas Earl of Plymouth, by his second wife Ursula, was created Baron Montjoy in
England, and Viscount Windsor of Blankcastle in Ireland. He married Charlotte, daughter of Philip Earl of Pembroke, and relict of
the famous Judge Jeffreys.
"Thomas Philip, son of the Rt Honble Thomas Lord Viscount
Windsor, and Lady Charlotte his wife, was baptized Feb. 7,
1705–6." He died in his infancy. Ursula, their daughter, was
baptized Dec. 2, 1704; she married John Wadman, Esq. of Imber
in Wiltshire. Herbert their son, afterwards the second and last Lord
Windsor, and father of the present Countess of Bute, was baptized
at Chelsea May 1, 1707. Charlotte, their daughter, was baptized
April 19, 1709. Lord Windsor resided in Lindsey-house, with his
mother the Countess Dowager of Plymouth (fn. 195) .
"Lady Hester, wife of Sr Francis Windham, buried Ap1 24, 1708."
"Elizabeth Viscountess Purbeck, buried Aug. 22, 1709."
"Elizabeth Lady Atkyns, buried Aug. 22, 1711."
"Villars Bathurst, Gent. buried Sept. 9, 1711." Villiers Bathurst
was son of George Bathurst, Esq. and great uncle of the present Earl
Bathurst. He was of Trinity College, Oxford, and enjoyed the post
of Judge Advocate of the navy in the reigns of King Charles II.
William III. and Queen Anne (fn. 196) .
Marriages of the Beaufort family.
"The Honble Algernon Grevile, and the Honble Mary Somerset,
grand-daughter to her Grace the Duchess Dowager of Beaufort,
were married by Mr. Atkinson, Dec. 24, 1711." Algernon Grevile was second son of Fulke Lord Brooke; Mary Somerset, daughter of Lord Arthur, fifth son of Henry Duke of Beaufort.
"The most noble Charles Duke of Grafton, and the Right Honble
the Lady Henrietta Somerset, were married April 10, 1713."
"Olivia Lady Vavasor, buried Nov. 26, 1714."
"Charlotte, daughter of Francis Lord Conway, and Charlotte his
Lady, baptized Aug. 9, 1717." She died in her infancy.
Marquis of Hertford.
"Francis, son of Francis Lord Conway, Baron of Ragley, and
Charlotte Lady Conway his wife, born July 5, 1718, and baptized
Aug. 2, following." The present Marquis of Hertford. The
Conway family at that time resided at Lindsey-house.
"The Rt Honble Lady Margaret Spencer, buried Aug. 24, 1721."
An infant daughter of Charles Earl of Sunderland, by his third
Family of Forbes.
"Francis, son of the Right Honble William Lord Forbes, and the
Lady Dorothy his wife, born Dec. 19, baptized Jan. 13, 1721–2."
Anne their daughter, baptized June 10, 1724, died a few days
afterwards. Mary, baptized Nov. 3, 1725, was buried Nov. 9, 1734.
Francis above-mentioned, then Lord Forbes, was buried Aug. 8,
"Lady Philadelphia Lockhart, buried July 6, 1722."
Mr. John Lowthorp.
"Rev. Mr. John Lowthorp, Clerk, buried Sept. 5, 1724." Mr.
Lowthorp published an Abridgement of the Philosophical Transactions, to which he himself was a contributor by a paper on the
Refraction of the Air.
"Elizabeth Lady Sloane, buried Oct. 1, 1724."
Sir Hans Sloane.
"Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. buried Jan. 18, 1753." This eminent
physician, whose collection laid the foundation of that national ornament the British Museum, was the son of Alexander Sloane, Esq.
of the kingdom of Ireland, but of Scottish extraction. He was
many years president of the Royal Society, and created a baronet in
1716. After an active life, dedicated to the duties of his prosession,
and the encouragement of science, in the year 1742, he retired to
Chelsea, whither he removed his library and collection of natural curiosities. "He did not, however, pass into that kind of solitude
which excludes men from society; he received at Chelsea, as he
had done at London, the visits of people of distinction, of all
learned foreigners, of the royal family, who sometimes did him
that honour (fn. 195) ; and what was still more to his praise, he never refused admittance or advice to rich or poor who came to consult
him concerning their health (fn. 196) ." Sir Hans Sloane, during his residence at Chelsea, was so infirm as to be wholly confined to his
house, except occasionally taking the air in his garden in a wheeled
chair. Edwards, the naturalist, used to visit him every Saturday,
and inform him what was passing among his old acquaintance in the
literary world (fn. 197) . Sir Hans died at Chelsea, after an illness of only
three days, Jan. 11, 1753, and was interred in the church-yard of
that place on the 18th, his funeral being attended with such a concourse of people, of all ranks and conditions, as had seldom been seen
on the like occasion : the sermon was preached by Zachary Pearce,
then Bishop of Bangor (fn. 198) . On the 27th of the same month, a meeting
of the trustees, whom Sir Hans Sloane had appointed by his will to
superintend his valuable collection, was held at the manor-house (fn. 199) ;
in which, by a codicil of the will, it was directed to be preserved,
the advowson of the church being appropriated also for its support.
This disposition was afterwards altered; and when the collection was
purchased by parliament, Montague-house, as is well known, was
allotted for its reception. The only survivor of the original trus
tees nominated by Sir Hans Sloane's will is the present Earl of
"Sir James Abercromry, buried Nov. 17, 1724."
"Mrs. Isabella Willis, wife of the Rt Revd Richard Lord Bishop
of Winchester, was buried in the north vault in the chancel, Nov.
"Sir John Kennedy, Bart. buried Mar. 26, 1729."
"Dr. Jean Gasper Scheuchzer, from Sir Hans Sloane's, buried
"April 24, 1729." Dr. Scheuchzer was Sir Hans Sloane's librarian,
and foreign secretary to the Royal Society. He translated Kaempser's
History of Japan into English; and wrote a paper on the method of
measuring the heights of mountains, which is published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dr. Scheuchzer was son of the learned John
James Scheuchzer, M. D. Professor of Mathematics at Zurich.
"Mrs. Mary Astell, buried May 14, 1731." Mrs. Astell was born
at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, about the year 1668; being herself a very
learned woman, she formed a design of founding a college for the
education of females; but was dissuaded from her purpose by Bishop
Burnet. She published an Essay in Defence of the Fair-sex, written
in 1690, which has gone through several editions; and was author
also of "Reflections on Marriage;" "An impartial Inquiry into
the Cause of Rebellion;" and a pamphlet entitled "The Christian
Religion as professed by a Daughter of the Church of England."
Lord Stanhope, speaking of the last-mentioned publication, in a letter to Bishop Atterbury, says, "I must now quarrel with you, Mr.
"Dean of Carlisle, because I am informed this day, that you have
put out in print a mighty ingenious pamphlet; but that you have
been pleased to father it upon one Mrs. Astell, a female friend and
witty companion of your wife's (fn. 200) ." Bishop Atterbury, in a letter
to Dr. Smallridge, speaks in very high terms of Mrs. Astell's abilities, but blames the bluntness of her expressions : "Had she as
much good breeding as good sense, (says he,) she would be perfect (fn. 201) ." Mrs. Astell resided at Chelsea the greater part of her
life (fn. 202) .
"Dame Frances Norclifse, buried Dec. 16, 1731."
"Hugh Shorthose, lecturer, buried Feb. 9, 1734–5." In the year
1738, a volume of sermons, written by Mr. Shorthose, was published for the benefit of his daughter; with a short biographical preface, containing nothing remarkable. Mr. Shorthose was born at
Amesbury in Wiltshire, and was a successful candidate for the lectureship against Dr. Langford, Chaplain to Chelsea College.
"The Hon. & Rev. Edward Townshend of Pulham, Norfolk,
and Mary Price of St. Margaret, Westminster, were married May
4, 1747." Edward Townshend was fourth son of Charles Viscount
Townshend by his second wife; his lady was daughter of Brigadier
"Augustus Henry, son of the Honble Augustus Hervey, baptized
by the Honble & Revd Henry Aston, Nov. 2, 1747." The discovery and production of this entry might have spared many interrogatories at the Duchess of Kingston's trial (fn. 202) .
"Honble Matthew Aylmer, Esq. buried Sept. 8, 1748."
"Thomas Barnardiston, serjeant at law, buried Oct. 20, 1752."
He published three volumes of reports.
"The Honble Mrs. Mary Crawford, buried March 2, 1753."
"The Honble George Dawney, buried Aug. 8, 1765."
John Martyn, M. D.
"John Martyn, M. D. buried Feb. 5, 1768." Dr. Martyn was
born in London in the year 1699. He discovered an early attach
ment to literary pursuits, to which he dedicated the greater part of
his life. Natural History was his favourite study, particularly botany, in which he read several courses of lectures both in London
and Cambridge. He was chosen professor of botany by that university in the year 1734. About the year 1729, he came to reside
at Chelsea, where he practised physic for the space of twenty years.
In 1752, he removed to a farm in the parish of Streatham, where he
spent most of the remainder of his life in rural retirement. He returned to Chelsea the year before his death, which happened Jan. 29,
1768. Dr. Martyn published several botanical works; and a wellknown edition, with a translation, of the Bucolicks and Georgics of
Virgil. He translated some medical treatises; was engaged in a periodical publication called the Grub-street Journal, in which he wrote
the papers signed B.; assisted in the three first volumes of the General Dictionary; and abridged some of the Philosophical Transactions, to which he was himself a valuable contributor. In the year
1739, he communicated to the Royal Society an account of an
aurora borealis seen at Chelsea, March 18, being the first time that
phænomenon had been described. He communicated also, an account of another seen at the same place, Feb. 16, 1750; and of an
aurora australis seen there Jan. 23, the same year. Dr. Martyn left
behind him various MSS. in Natural History, Biography, Chronology, and the Practice of Physic; collections for a History of the
Royal Society; for an English Grammar and Dictionary, &c. &c.
A more full account of his MSS. and publications may be seen
in a biographical preface, drawn up by the Rev. Thomas Martyn,
the present professor of botany at Cambridge, and prefixed to
"Dissertations on the Æneids of Virgil," a posthumous work of
his father's, which was published in 1770.
"The Honble Mrs. Frances Rooke, buried Oct. 22, 1770."
"Dame Elizabeth Manningham, buried July 11, 1771."
"Philip Miller, buried Dec. 22, 1771." The well-known author
of the Gardener's Dictionary, which has gone through several editions, and been translated into various languages. Mr. Miller was
gardener to the Company of Apothecaries at Chelsea, during a period
of nearly fifty years, and acquired great reputation, not only for his
successful culture of plants, but for his intimate knowledge of their
structure and characters (fn. 204) . Linnæus paid him the compliment of
saying, that his dictionary was not a work for gardeners only, but
for botanists. Mr. Miller communicated some papers to the Royal
Society, and published also the Gardener's Calendar, a Catalogue of
the Plants at Chelsea, and two volumes in folio of figures of plants
adapted to his dictionary. He died Dec. 18, 1771, in the 80th year
of his age, having resigned his office at Chelsea a short time before
"Henry Mossop, buried Jan. 1, 1775." Henry Mossop was the
son of a clergyman of small fortune in Ireland, who gave him,
nevertheless, the advantage of a liberal education at the University
of Dublin. Having been disappointed in his expectations from an
uncle, who had encouraged him to leave Ireland with the hopes of
becoming his heir, he turned his thoughts to the stage, and offered
his services to Garrick and Rich, without success. He then returned
to Dublin, where he got an engagement, and made his first appearance in the character of Zanga, in the month of November 1749.
He was very favourably received by the public, and warmly supported by his fellow-collegians; but was hardly established as an
actor, when a difference with the manager induced him to quit
Dublin. In the season of 1751, he procured an engagement at
Drury-Lane, where he made his first appearance in the month of
September that year. From this time (with the interval of one
year) he continued at Drury-Lane till 1759, when he was unfortunately tempted to return to Dublin in the capacity of manager, a
situation for which he was not qualified, and which proved fatal both
to his health and fortune. About two years before his death, a commission of bankruptcy was issued against him. His health at the
same time rapidly declining, he was advised to go to the South of
France, whence he returned without having received any benefit,
and died Dec. 27, 1774, aged 45 years (fn. 205) . As an actor, he excelled
chiefly in parts of declamation; and was most admired in the characters of Zanga, Wolsey, Barbarossa, and Richard III. Churchill,
in his Rosciad, has treated him with more severity than justice.
"Dame Elizabeth Hare, buried June 13, 1776."
"William Kendricke, L.L. D. buried June 13, 1779." Dr. Kenrick was a man of considerable abilities, and author of several dramatic and poetical works; his plays were in general unsuccessful (fn. 206) :
The Lady of the Manor, his last production, was the most fortunate. Dr. Kenrick was editor of the London Review; and in the
year 1774, read public lectures upon Shakespear's plays. He appears
also to have been deeply engaged in mechanical pursuits. On the
19th of May, previous to his death, he waited on the Attorney General with a petition, for a patent for the exclusive benefit of the discovery of a mechanical principle of self-motion (fn. 207) .
Sir John Fielding.
"Sr John Fielding, Knt. and Justice of the Peace, buried Sept. 13,
1780." Sir John Fielding, so well known for his activity as a
magistrate while he presided over the Police-office in Bow-street,
succeeded his half-brother, the celebrated Henry Fielding, in that department, in the year 1754. He published a book, entitled "The
"True Mentor," being a collection of aphorisms; a Treatise on the
Penal Laws, and a few other Tracts.
"Robert Jeffries, Esq. Rear Admiral of the White, buried Nov.
J. B. Cipriani.
"John Baptist Cipriani, buried Dec. 21, 1785." This celebrated
artist was a native of Florence, where he first settled as an historical
painter, and acquired considerable reputation. In the year 1754,
he came over to England, having been invited by Lord Tilney,
who employed him in painting several subjects from history.
Among his earliest patrons was the Duke of Richmond, who having
formed a design of establishing an academy in his own house, appointed Cipriani the master. He was afterwards mostly employed
by the printsellers in making drawings, which were much admired
for their taste and correctness, particularly in the delineation of the
human figure: they are well known by Bartolozzi's beautiful engravings. The combined merits of these two artists, have given a more
than temporary value to numerous tickets of admission to places
of public entertainment. The cielings at the Queen's house, at
Lansdown, and at Melbourn (now York) house, were painted by
Cipriani after the manner of the antique. He did not, however,
wholly give up that branch of his profession which he first pursued,
having finished three large historical paintings for the late Earl of
Orford a short time before his death.
"The Rev. Philip Withers, D. D. buried July 29, 1790." Philip
Withers was son of a blue-dyer at Westbury in Wiltshire. After
having been an apprentice to a country shopkeeper, at the age of 20
years he became a pupil to Mr. Milner, who kept a school at Hull in
Yorkshire. In the year 1777, he was admitted a member of Trinitycollege, Cambridge, where he resided about a year and an half, and
then removed to Queen's-college, where Mr. Milner's brother was
tutor, and where he is said to have made a considerable proficiency
in the Greek language, of which he was not a little vain. During his
residence at Cambridge, the Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Coleman, received
a gold snuff-box, from an unknown hand, to be offered as a prize for
the best Greek exercise. Upon this being made public, Withers declared himself a candidate; and it was much suspected that the snuffbox came from himself; for his tutor, upon comparing the letter with
others received from him, had no doubt of their having been written by the same person. About this time (1778) appeared proposals
for a splendid edition of the Table of Cebes, with plates and notes,
to be published by some gentlemen of the University of Cambridge,
for the benefit of the sons of the clergy. Withers, who was one of
the editors, or perhaps the sole editor, as he never discovered his coadjutors, waited upon Archbishop Cornwallis with the proposals, and
requested his patronage. The Archbishop received him civilly; but
deferred giving him any answer till he had made some inquiries about
his unknown visitor. Withers, nevertheless, published new proposals, with the Archbishop's name annexed as patron of the undertaking. Some letters passed between the editor and Mr. Bacon,
treasurer of the charity, in which the former complains of the work
having been injured by the report of his having used the Archbishop's name without being properly authorized; and says, that it
had been already attended with much expence and infinite labour:
the publication never took place. After leaving Cambridge, Withers
opened an academy in St. Mary Axe. In 1781, he was lecturer of
St. Clement's, Eastcheap. In 1783, he resided at Paddington, and
was preacher or reader at Bentinck Chapel: during that year he published an address to Dr. Dennis, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, in reply to a letter signed Vindex, in the St. James's Chronicle, which
he supposed to have been directed against him. In this address, he
endeavours to vindicate himself from the charge of ignorance and
methodism, and challenges any person of the University of Oxford
to a trial of skill in the Greek language. In 1787, he commenced
his career as a libel-writer, by an anonymous pamphlet under the
signature of Cassandra. In 1789, he advertised a book called Aristarchus, or a methodical arrangement of improprieties which occur
in writing and conversation; and a caution to gentlemen using
Sheridan's Dictionary. The same year, being then resident in
Sloane-square, Chelsea, he signalized himself by writing some
pamphlets upon popular topics, containing many scurrilous and libellous paragraphs, which exposed him to a prosecution in the
court of King's Bench, where he was convicted of the libel
with which he was charged. When brought up to receive judgment, he behaved in so indiscreet a manner as tended to heighten
his punishment, which was a fine of 50l. and imprisonment in
Newgate for twelve months. He died in that prison not long before the expiration of his confinement, in consequence of a fever
which he caught by over-heating himself in playing at fives. Dr.
Withers, at the time of his death, was not quite forty years of age.
The foregoing account is principally taken from some MSS. collections of the late Dr. Michael Lort.
No instances of longevity occur in the parish register. Mary
Bird is said to have died at Chelsea, Aug. 25, 1771, aged 100 (fn. 207) ;
Mr. Benjamin Price, June 30, 1776, aged 104 (fn. 207) ; and Mr. Johnson, Oct. 6, 1782, aged 103 (fn. 207) . Of these, Mary Bird only was buried
at Chelsea; her age is not mentioned in the register.
Inventory of goods belonging to the church anno 1552.
In the year 1552, an inventory was taken, by commissioners appointed by the King, of the plate and ornaments belonging to all the
churches in the kingdom; the returns of the jury relating to several
counties, of which Middlesex is one, are in the Augmentation-office.
The jury at Chelsey returned a very long lift, consisting of "cha
lices, pattens, crosses of copper gylte, aulter clothes, candelstycks,
of latten, corporas cases of red velvet and tynsell, a lyttel maser,
qweshions of tynsel and of sylk, vestments of black velvet, and
of sattin, with velvet crosses, velvet copes, sylke curteyns, & canopies, a hearse clothe of tynsel, sylke & velvet, another of red
sylk and gold, a censor of latten, a holy water stocke, a payre of
orgayns, two hand bells, and a sackaringe bell." In Lady More's
chapel, among other articles, were "an aulter clothe of Brydges satten, with a border to the same, and two corteynes of sylk belonging to the same." At the end of the list are enumerated some articles stolen when the church was broken, among which are "a hearse
clothe of blewe vellett, with a cross of redd vellett, and branched
with golde, and one coope of caddas."
Extracts from the Church-wardens' Books..
|"1594. Recd more of the women that they gott in hockinge
|"1597. To the Lo. Almoners officers for not ringinge at the Q. remove from Kensington to Richmont
|"1606. Of the good wyves their hockyng money
|"Of the women that went a hocking 13 April1607
|"1611. Recd of Robert Munden that the men dyd gett by hocking
|"1632. Given the ringers at his Majesties coming to the Duchesses house (fn. 208)
|"1665. To the ringers when his Majesty dind at the Spanish Embassador's
|"1670. Spent at the perambulation dinner
|"1670. Given to the boys that were whipt
|"Paid for poynts for the boys
|"1688. Paid for a prayer-book for the Prince of Wales
|"Paid for a boke for the Prince's coming
Edward Page, who died in the year 1597, left by will 10l. per
annum to the poor of this parish, to be distributed at the discretion of the rector and church-wardens. Thomas Younge, yeoman
of the guards, who died in 1604, gave twenty shillings per annum
to the poor. These benefactions, recorded in the parish register,
Lady Stoner, in 1645, gave twenty shillings per annum to be distributed in bread (fn. 209) ; Edward Cheyne, (anno 1662,) six shillings per
annum; Christopher Plukenett, (anno 1684,) twenty shillings per
annum; and Mr. John Franklin, the interest of 100l. 3 per cent.
consol. for the like purpose; Thomas Leveret, in 1647, gave 20l.
to the parish (fn. 210) ; Henry Ashton, in 1657, gave forty shillings, to be
lent in sums of five shillings each, to eight poor tradesmen for the
space of two years, and then called in and lent to others; Mrs. Judith Cale, (1717,) left the interest of 100l. to six poor widows; this
benefaction was recovered by a suit in the court of Chancery in the
year 1736, with 80l. interest, to which the parish adding 20l. made
up the sum 200l.; Richard Guildford, in the year 1679, left the
sum of 10l. per annum to the parish of Chelsea, 81. of which was
to be distributed yearly on the 5th of December, (being the anniversary of his marriage with his last wife,) between sixteen poor people
(if so many should be found); the remainder was appropriated to
pay for a sermon, and to distribute fees among the clerk, ringers,
&c. This benefaction is a rent-charge upon some houses in
Lady Dacre's alms-houses.
Anne Lady Dacre, by her will, dated 1594, gave directions for
the founding an hospital in Tothill-fields, to be called Emanuelhospital, pursuant to a plan which she and her Lord intended to have
completed during their lifetime. This hospital is allotted for the reception of a certain number of old persons, who receive 16l. per
annum each, and a chaldron of coals; and a like number of children,
who are maintained and educated till the age of fourteen, and have
10l. each as an apprentice fee when they leave the hospital. A man,
woman, boy, and girl, of the parish of Chelsea, receive the benefit
of this charity, upon condition that the church-wardens keep the
tomb of Lord and Lady Dacre in good repair. But the election of all the pensioners is vested in the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London.
In the year 1706, a vestry and school-room, (adjoining the churchyard,) with lodgings for the master, were built at the charge of Wm.
Petyt, Esq. Keeper of the Records in the Tower. John Chamberlayne,
Esq. pursuant to the intentions and promise of his father, who died intestate, gave 5l. per ann. to the master, and 5l. per ann. to apprentice
one of the children. The school has been supported from time to time
by voluntary contributions; at first it was appropriated only to the
educating of boys. Dr. Ellesmere, a former rector, instituted another
for girls, and bequeathed towards its support the profits of a posthumous volume of sermons, which produced the sum of 115l. 18s. 4d.
Various benefactions have from time to time been given to both (fn. 212) ;
and the present joint stock amounts to 700l. Forty boys and thirty
girls are now clothed and educated, which the parish is enabled to do
with the interest of their stock, aided by voluntary contributions, and
the collections at three annual sermons.
In the year 1721, a patent having been obtained for a manufacture of raw silk at Chelsea, the Duke of Wharton's park (fn. 211) was taken
for that purpose, and planted with mulberry-trees; it attracted a considerable share of the public attention, as we are informed by the
newspapers of that day (fn. 212) . The premises belonging to the raw-silk
company are rated at 200l. in the parish books. This undertaking,
like many others of that period, proved unsuccessful.
Manufacture of painted silk, &c. for furniture of rooms.
Artisicial stone, earthen wear and Silteringstones.
Some years ago, a manufacture of porcelain, which acquired great
celebrity, was established at an old mansion by the water-side. Upon
the same premises is now a manufacture of stained paper, stamped
after a peculiar manner; the invention of Messrs. Eckhardts, who first
established it in partnership with Mr. Woodmason, in the year 1786.
It is now the property of Messrs. Bowers and Co. who employ about
a hundred hands. In the year 1791, Mr. A. G. Eckhardt, F. R. S.
and his brother Mr. Frederick Eckhardt, natives of Holland, well
known in this country for their many ingenious inventions (fn. 213) , established at Whitelands House in this parish, (lately an eminent boarding-school for young ladies,) a new and beautiful manufacture of
painted silk, varnished linen, cloth, paper, &c. for the hangings
and furniture of rooms; the paper, silk, leather, &c. is for the most
part stamped; some of the pieces are very highly finished by hand.
The linen is painted entirely by hand, and is done by girls from eight
or nine to fourteen or fifteen years of age; about forty of these have
constant employ, and work in a room, which is kept in a proper
state of ventilation by an air-pump, to prevent any deleterious effects
from the paint. Above a hundred persons in the whole are employed upon the premises. Near the King's Road is Triquet's manufacture of artificial stone, and that of fire-proof earthen stoves, kitchen
ware, &c. &c. carried on by Johanna Hempel, widow, who is
also patentee of the artificial siltering-stones for cleansing foul water.
The manufacture of Chelsea bunns should not be omitted, having
been so long noted, and carried on upon the same spot for more than
100 years. The Bunn-house is situated in the parish of St. George,
Hanover-square, which extends over a considerable part of the
King James's College:
Account of its foundation.
Towards the beginning of the last century, Dr. Sutcliffe, Dean of
Exeter, set on foot a project for establishing a college of Polemical
Divines, to be employed in opposing the doctrines of Papists and
Sectaries (fn. 214) . At first the undertaking seemed attended with good
omens; Prince Henry was a zealous friend to it; the King consented
to be deemed the founder, called the college after his own name (fn. 215) ,
endowed it with the reversion of certain lands at Chelsea, which were
fixed upon for its site, laid the first stone of the building, gave timber out of Windsor Forest, issued his royal letters to encourage his
subjects throughout the kingdom to contribute towards the completion of the structure; and as a permanent endowment, procured
an act of parliament to enable the college to raise an annual rent by
supplying the city of London with water from the river Lee (fn. 216) .
It appears by the charter of incorporation, dated May 8, 1610 (fn. 217) ,
that the college consisted of a provost and twenty fellows, eighteen
of whom were required to be in holy orders, the other two, who
might be either laymen or divines, were to be employed in writing
the annals of their times. Sutcliffe himself was the first provost;
Camden and Haywood the first historians. When a vacancy happened in any department, the successor was to be nominated and re
commended by the Vice-chancellor and heads of colleges in the
two universities, and approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
the Chancellor of each university, and the Bishop of London. The
charter granted the college the power of using a common seal; various privileges and immunities, and licence to possess lands in mortmain to the value of 3000 l. per annum.
Dr. Sutcliffe's benefactions.
With these good omens Dr. Sutcliffe began to erect the college at
his own expence, and built one side of the first quadrangle; " which
long range alone (fays Fuller) made not of free stone, though of
free timber, cost, O the dearness of college and church work ! full
"three thousand pounds (fn. 218) ." Such was the progress of the work
at Dr. Sutcliffe's death, who by his will, dated Nov. I, 1628, bequeathed to the college the greater part of his estates, consisting of
lands in Devonshire, the benefit of an extent on Sir Lewis Stukeley's
estates valued at more than 3000l. a share in the great Neptune (a
ship at Whitby in Yorkshire); a tenement at Stoke Rivers, and other
premises; all his books and goods in the college, and a part of his
library at Exeter; but all these bequests were subject to this proviso,
"if the work of the college should not be hindered."
Various obstacles to the success of the institution.
The total failure of pecuniary resources soon proved a very effectual hindrance to any farther progress in this undertaking. The national attention had been so much engaged by the extensive repairs
of St. Paul's cathedral, that the college saw little hopes of success
from the circulation of the King's letters for the purpose of promoting a public contribution; and at the time of his death no collections
had been made under their sanction (fn. 219) . The success of Sir Hugh
Middelton's project for supplying London with water, which took
place the very year after the act of parliament in favour of the col
lege, and the total inability of its members to avail themselves of
the privileges they enjoyed, for want of money to carry on such an
undertaking, destroyed all hopes of advantage from that source. Of
all Dr. Sutcliffe's benefactions, the college never possessed more than
a house and premises, worth about 34 l. per annum, the greater part
of which was expended in repairs (fn. 220) .
After Sutcliffe's death, Dr. Featly, a celebrated polemical divine,
who was recommended by the Dean as his successor, became Provost; but so little was the original intention of the institution regarded, even at this early period, that one Richard Dean, a young
merchant, was made one of the fellows (fn. 221) . Such was the state of
the foundation, when the court of Chancery, in the year 1631,
decreed that Dr. Sutcliffe's estates should revert to the right heirs,
upon their paying to the college the sum of 340l. (fn. 222) Under these difficulties, which were afterwards increased by a dispute with Lord
Monson (who married the Earl of Nottingham's widow) about the
lease of the land on which the college stood, no farther progress, as
it may be supposed, was ever made in the building. That part
which was already completed, consisted of a library and a few rooms,
occupied by the provost and two fellows.
Sir Francis Kynaston applies for the use of the college.
Various purposes to which the college was applied.
Even this fragment of a college they were not permitted to enjoy
in peace. Sir Francis Kynaston, in the year 1636, (being Regent
of the new academy called the Museum Minervæ (fn. 223) ,) petitioned the
King that he might be allowed Chelsea-college as a place of retirement during the plague, where the noblemen and gentlemen who
were his pupils, might continue with safety their discipline in arts
and arms (fn. 224) . The King so far listened to this application, that he
signified his royal pleasure that Sir Francis's request should be com
plied with; but Dr. Featly, in a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, represented so strongly the hardship of being turned out of his
own college, that his Majesty withdrew his consent; and Sir Francis
Kynaston, with Dr. May, one of the professors, removed the academy to Little Chelsea. About the same time the King received an
application to appropriate the college to a more unworthy purpose,
and to make it a pest-house for the city of Westminster (fn. 225) . The
Provost seems nevertheless to have been permitted to enjoy the use
of it without further interruption; and in the year 1645, being
then a prisoner to the parliament in Petre-house, he was suffered to
retire to Chelsea-college for his health, and died there in the month
of April that year (fn. 226) . The property of a college founded for the
purpose of opposing sectaries, had little chance of being respected
when those sectaries were in power: it was seized by the parliament, and appropriated to various purposes. After having been
used for some time as a prison (fn. 227) , it became, to quote the words of
an author of that day, "a cage of unclean birds; a prostibulum for
whores; a stable for horses; and not only a place petitioned for
to make leather guns in, but desired also for a palæstra to manage
great horses, and to practice horsemanship (fn. 228) ."
Description of Chelsea-college.
In the survey of Chelsea college, taken by order of the parliament in
1652, it is described as "a brick building, 130 feet in length from
east to west, and 33 in breadth; consisting of a kitchen, two
butteries, two larders, a hall, and two large parlours below stairs;
on the second story, four fair chambers, two withdrawing-rooms,
and four closets; the same on the third story; and on the fourth,
a very large gallery, having at each end a little room with turrets,
covered with slate." The building, with its appurtenances, was
valued at 30l. per annum; the whole of the premises, which occupied 28 acres, at 69l. 10s. Before the college, on the south side,
stood a row of elms (fn. 229) .
Chelsea-college granted to the Royal Society.
Foundation of the Royal Hospital upon its site.
After the restoration, John Darley, a Cornish man, published a
pamphlet, entitled "The Glory of Chelsey-college revived;" in
which, after reciting its origin and design, with the causes of its
failure, he endeavoured to persuade the King (to whom he addressed
his work) to take measures for completing the college according to the
original intention of the founder, and settling on it a fixed and competent revenue. To this pamphlet is prefixed a print of the college, with
a double quadrangle, as it was intended to have been built. Darley's
exhortation met with little attention; and the college being virtually
annihilated (fn. 230) , the property reverted to the crown, and the building
was once more made a prison, and appropriated for the reception of
Dutch seamen (fn. 231) . In 1669, the King granted the site of Chelseacollege, with its appurtenances, to the Royal Society, then lately
incorporated, who having for several years endeavoured to make an
advantageous lease (without success) of the premises, sold them
again in the month of January 1682, for the sum of 1300l. to Sir
Stephen Fox, for the King's use (fn. 232) . His Majesty at that time wanted
a convenient spot for the purpose of erecting an hospital for the reception of maimed and superannuated soldiers; and in the month of
March the same year, he went to Chelsea (fn. 233) , attended by many
of the nobility, to lay the first stone of a better-fated fabric, which
promises to be a monument of national honour to far distant ages.
Sir Christopher Wren was the architect of the new structure, which
was not completed till the year 1690, the whole charge of
it has been computed at 150,0001. Sir Stephen Fox, who is
said to have been the first projector of this noble design (fn. 234) , contributed very largely towards the building (fn. 235) . Archbishop Sancroft
gave 1000l. (fn. 236) , and it is probable that other opulent persons followed
Description of the Royal Hospital.
The Royal Hospital at Chelsea stands a small distance from the riverside; it is built of brick, except the coins, cornices, pediments, and
columns, which are of freestone. The principal building consists of
a large quadrangle, open on the south side; in the centre stands a
bronze statue of the founder, Charles II. in a Roman habit, the gift
of Mr. Tobias Rustat (fn. 237) . The east and west sides, each 365 feet in
length (fn. 238) , are principally occupied by wards for the pensioners; at
the extremity of the former is the governor's house, in which there
is a very handsome state-room, surrounded with portraits of Charles I.
and II.; William III. and his Queen; George II.; their present Majesties, &c. In the centre of each of these wings, and in that of
the north front, are pediments of freestone, supported by columns
of the Doric order. In the centre of the south front is a portico
supported by similar columns, and on each side a piazza, on the frieze
of which is the following inscription: "In subsidium et levamen emeritorum senio, belloque fractorum, condidit
Carolus Secundus, auxit Jacobus Secundus, perfecere
Gulielmus et Maria Rex et Regina, 1690." The internal centre of this building is occupied by a large vestibule, terminating in a dome; on one side is the chapel, and on the other the hall.
The former was consecrated by Bishop Compton in the year 1691.
It is about 110 feet in length, paved with black and white marble,
and wainscotted with Dutch oak. The altar-piece, which represents
the ascension of our Saviour, was painted by Sebastian Ricci (fn. 239) . A
rich service of gilt plate, consisting of a pair of massy candlesticks,
several large chalices and slaggons, and a perforated spoon, was given
by James II.; the organ was the gift of Major Ingram. The hall,
where the pensioners dine, is situated on the opposite side of the
vestibule, and is of the same dimensions as the chapel. At the upper
end is a large picture of Charles II. on horseback, the gift of the
Earl of Ranelagh; it was designed by Verrio, and finished by Henry
Cooke (fn. 240) . The whole length of the principal building, as it extends
from east to west, is 790 feet; a wing having been added at each
end of the north side of the great quadrangle, which forms part of
a smaller court. These courts are occupied by various offices, and
the infirmaries; the latter are kept remarkably neat, and supplied
with hot, cold, and vapour baths. To the north of the college is
an inclosure of about thirteen acres, planted with avenues of limes
and horse-chesnuts; and towards the south, extensive gardens. The
whole of the premises consists of about fifty acres.
Account of its establishment.
The establishment of the Royal Hospital or College at Chelsea, consists of a governor, lieutenant-governor, major, two chaplains, an
organist, a physician, surgeon, apothecary, secretary, steward, treasurer, controller, clerk of the works, and various subordinate officers (fn. 241) . The number of ordinary pensioners is 336; these men must
have been twenty years in his Majesty's service; but such as have
been maimed or disabled, may be admitted at any period. The
number of those who can enjoy the advantages of this establishment, being so small in proportion to that of the brave veterans who
stand in need of them, the present governor, very much to his credit, has made a rule, that except under very particular circumstances, no
person shall be admitted into the house under sixty years of age;
by this means the benefit of the charity is appropriated with much
greater certainty to those who are its most proper objects. The pensioners who live in the house (commonly called the in-pensioners)
are provided with clothes (an uniform of red lined with blue);
lodging and diet; besides which they have an allowance of eightpence a week. The college being considered as a military establishment, the pensioners are obliged to mount guard, and to perform
other garrison duty. They are divided into eight companies, each
of which has its proper complement of officers, serjeants, corporals,
and drummers. The officers, who have the nominal rank of captain, lieutenant, and ensign, are chosen from the most meritorious
old serjeants in the army, and have an allowance of three shillings
and sixpence per week; the serjeants have two shillings; the corporals and drummers ten-pence. Two serjeants, four corporals, and
fifty-two of the most able privates, are appointed by the King's signmanual, to act as a patrol upon the road from Chelsea to Pimlico,
for which duty they have an additional allowance. The patrol
consists of half the number here mentioned, the duty being taken
alternately. There is likewife in the college a small corps, called the
light horsemen, thirty-four in number, who are allowed two shillings
per week, and are chosen indiscriminately out of any of the regiments of cavalry. The various servants of the college, among whom
are twenty-six nurses, make the whole number of its inhabitants about
five hundred and fifty. There are also belonging to the establishment,
four hundred serjeants, who are out-pensioners, and receive a shilling
a day; these are called King's letter-men, and are appointed, half
by the Governor, and half by the Secretary at War. The number
of private out-pensioners is unlimited; their allowance is five-pence
per day, and they are always paid half a year's pension in advance.
Their number has been much increased since the passing of the militia act; they are now upwards of twenty-one thousand, and are
dispersed all over the three kingdoms, at their various occupations,
being liable to be called upon to perform garrison duty as invalid companies in time of war. The expences of this noble institution (excepting about 70001. which arises from poundage of the household
troops (fn. 242) , and is applied towards the payment of the out-pensioners)
are defrayed by an annual sum voted by parliament. The yearly
expence of the house establishment, including the salaries of the
officers, repairs, and other incidental charges, varies from 25,0001.
to 28,0001. The internal affairs of the hospital are regulated by
commissioners appointed by the crown, and consisting of the go
vernor, lieutenant-governor, and some of the principal officers of
state, who hold a board, as occasion requires, for the paying of outpensions, and other business.
Benefactions to the Royal Hospital.
School for pensioners' children.
The Earl of Ranelagh, in the year 1695, vested the sum of
3250l. (fn. 243) in trustees for the use of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea, to
be disposed of as he should afterwards appoint. By a deed poll,
dated 1707, he directed that the interest should be laid out in purchasing great-coats for the pensioners once in three years. This
mode of distribution was confirmed by a decree in Chancery. In
the year 1706, John Delafontaine, Esq. bequeathed the sum of
2000l. for the use of the hospital, subject to the direction of the
governor and treasurer. Some time afterwards, 8001. having in the
meanwhile accrued for interest, the whole was laid out by order of
the court of Chancery in the purchase of Bank annuities. Out of
this benefaction the sum of 60l. 10s. is distributed among the pensioners annually on the 29th of May. In 1729, Lady Catherine
Jones, (daughter of the Earl of Ranelagh,) Lady Elizabeth Hastings, Lady Anne Coventry, and other benevolent persons, founded
a school at Chelsea for the education of poor girls, whose fathers
were, or had been, pensioners in the college. The funds of this
school, arising from an endowment of 14l. per annum paid out
of the estates of Lady Elizabeth Hastings, and the interest of
1262l. 158. 3 per cent. consol. Bank annuities, are vested in three
trustees, who are enabled to clothe and educate twenty girls.
Singular instance of longevity.
On the east side of the college, and adjoining to the road which
leads to London, is a large cemetery for the interment of the pen
sioners and other persons belonging to the establishment. Near the
entrance, on the right hand, is the tomb of Simon Box, (the first person there buried,) who died in 1692, having served under King
Charles I. Charles II. James II. and William and Mary. Near
the same spot is that of William Hiseland, with the following inscription: "Here rests William Hiseland, a veteran, if ever soldier
was, who merited well a pension, if long service be a merit, having served upwards of the days of man; ancient, but not superannuated; engaged in a series of wars, civil as well as foreign, yet
maimed or worn out by neither. His complexion was fresh and
florid; his health hail and hearty; his memory exact and ready.
In stature he exceeded the military size; in strength he surpassed
the prime of youth; and what rendered his age still more patriarchal, when above an hundred years old, he took unto him a
wife. Read, fellow-soldiers, and reflect that there is a spiritual
warfare as well as a warfare temporal. Born the Ist of August
1620; died the 17th of February 1732, aged 112 (fn. 243) ."
There are the tombs also of Colonel Theophilus Cesill, who died
in 1695; Captain John Ramsey, (1696); Sir Thomas Ogle, Knt.
governor, (1702); Anne Acton, housekeeper, (1705); William
Poulton, Gent. who served four kings loyally, (1705); Capt. Walter Compton, (1705); John Noades, surgeon, (1707); Mary, wife
of Augustus Frazer, chaplain, (1710); Anne Baker, of the ancient
family of the Maynwarings of Chester, (1711); Isaac Garnier,
(1712); Sir Theodore Colladon (fn. 244) , physician, (1712); Daniel Crawford, Esq. lieutenant-governor, (1723); Emanuel Langford, S.T.P.
chaplain, (1724); Colonel Thomas Chudleigh, lieutenant-governor,
(1726); Major James Orfeur, (1729); Capt. John Bunting, (1732);
Alexander Inglis, surgeon, (1736); Peter Warburton, captain in
the college, aged 94, (1739); Sir Thomas Renton (fn. 244) , physician to
George I. (1740); Kingsmill Eyre, Esq. who died in 1743, (no date
on the tomb); Richard Betsworth, Esq. major, (1745); Capt. Thomas Stuart, adjutant, (1750); William Cheselden, surgeon, (1752);
Capt. John Miller, (1752); Capt. Everard Churcher, (1753); Hon.
Colonel Richard Harward, (1758); John Cossley, Esq. lieutenantgovernor, (1773); Col. John Campbell, lieutenant-governor, (1773);
John Ranby, Esq. serjeant-surgeon to his Majesty, and surgeon to
the hospital, (1773); Nathaniel Smith, Esq. (1773); Colonel Arthur
Owen, governor of Pendennis Castle, (1774); Mrs. Sophia Pittonnet, (1774); William Sparke, Esq. major, (1775); Nathaniel Philips,
Esq. major of brigade to the Earl of Lincoln, (1784); Catherine,
daughter of John Mackay, Esq. of Inverness, and wife of Lieutenant-Colonel Dawson, (1785); Mr. Alexander Macdonald, (1787);
Alexander Reid, surgeon's mate for the space of forty-eight years,
(1789); Mr. Samuel Campion, (1791); and Lewis Grant, Esq. adjutant, (1791).
Register of births, burials, &c.
In the vestry belonging to the chapel, is kept a register of the
baptisms, marriages, and burials, which have taken place within the
precincts of the royal hospital since its establishment.
||Average of burials. | <urn:uuid:adce3293-3ad6-40ec-8b3d-2993f7f57bf6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45407",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00351-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621710777282715,
"token_count": 20041,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Forget going out to view your neighborhood’s Christmas lights this year: You can do it the 21st-century way, bathed in the pallid glow of a monitor. That’s because NASA has just released a wonderful bunch of satellite images of American cities, gleaming like nebulae with all their candy-colored LEDs, sparkling icicle nets, and illuminated, blow-up Santa Clauses.
Note that NASA’s tech isn’t so advanced it can tell a radiant tree-topper from a porch lamp, but it has measured a seasonal light increase around big cities—a 20 to 50 percent brightness jump during December, compared to other times of the year. The explosion of effulgence is clear in the images above and below, depicting areas where holiday lighting intensified in green (and where it’s remained constant or dimmed in yellow and red, respectively).
Read more from John Metcalfe on City Lab here. | <urn:uuid:f564ded6-e345-46c7-802e-d1b781a6342e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49",
"url": "https://hillcountryalliance.org/americas-holiday-lights-can-be-seen-from-space/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00631.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9311671257019043,
"token_count": 200,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Bubbles are a popular way of describing unsustainable high prices. Stocks and bonds are at bubble levels just the way housing values were before they collapsed in the last decade.
Bond prices are as high as they can get, since interest rates are about as low as they can get. As interest rates started going down in 2008 bond prices went up.
And as interest rates stay down, the best and safest corporate use of free cash flow is to shrink the overall amount of shares, rather then making anything resembling a risky investment. So more cash and less shares in the hands of the institutions that own 80% of all U.S. stock has meant ever rising stock prices.
Up until the past four years, stock and bond prices traded in some sort of relationship to the underlying economy, to corporate earnings growth, stuff like that. All that matters now is that central banks keep buying back bonds from banks and that the banks use the newly printed money they get from the government to keep buying enough new government bonds to keep the game going.
How else can the U.S. government keep funding a $100 billion monthly deficit? Banks currently have $1.3 trillion on deposit with the Fed. Where did the banks get that $1.3 trillion? The Fed printed that money and used it to buy bank loans and bonds.
What did the banks do with that money? They gave $1.3 trillion back to the Fed. What is the Fed doing now with that cash? The Fed is now TWISTing $40 billion monthly into 10 year- mortgages. It is also printing another $40 billion per month to buy treasuries back from the banks—at a nice profit to the banks. The banks now have $40 billion more each month to fund the U.S. deficit. And all this at virtually zero interest rates!
Before 2007 the government created an artificial housing and economic bubble by encouraging home buying through a combination of 0% down payments and allowing below-market interest rate mortgages. Now to boost the markets, the Fed is giving banks newly printed money and the banks have used the money to buy newly issued government bonds. Is there a difference between the two in terms of ultimate negative effects on the economy. There is no difference as far as I can see.
The 0% down and below-market mortgage interest rates temporarily sent home prices to the moon. Home equity net of mortgages peaked in 2005 at more than $13 trillion. But then home equity values literally dropped in half by 2009. Even today, five years after the bubble burst, the value of all homes net of mortgages is $7.4 trillion, still down more than 40% from the 2005 high.
On the other hand, the bubble still hasn’t burst on stock prices, although they are trading at greater-fool prices. But the stock bubble also eventually will burst. And maybe sooner rather than later. Just as few wanted to acknowledge how housing prices were being artificially inflated by the government, today the optimists, against all logic, are hoping greater fools will keep pumping more and more money into stocks. That’s despite the fact that earnings and cash flow stopped growing sequentially since June of last year.
How does the circle jerk end? How does the bubble burst? There are two ways I can think of.
One, stock prices get so expensive that even at zero interest rates corporate America stops shrinking the float and begins selling shares big time. The second will be when the smart money abandons the dollar, causing the dollar to plummet versus gold.
I can’t say for sure, but fourth quarter results, which will start to be reported next week, could be the beginning of the end. Remember, front running 2013 higher taxes boosted fourth quarter wages and salaries, bonuses and capital gains by at least $100 billion. That has to have boosted fourth quarter results higher than expectations.
However, the real problem comes with future guidance. Over the next few weeks, business activity has to slow both sequentially and year-over-year as higher individual after-tax incomes plunge due to the taxes and current income that were recognized last year to avoid this year’s higher taxes. Therefore, probably by February I would expect to see the start of a real surge in both insider and corporate selling.
Charles Biderman is president and CEO of TrimTabs Investment Research and portfolio manager of TrimTabs Float Shrink ETF. | <urn:uuid:374e4f55-fe60-4db8-8c72-6cff1ad93e82> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://www.forbes.com/sites/investor/2013/01/08/fed-levitating-bond-prices-same-way-zero-percent-down-levitated-home-prices/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558065752.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150105-00035-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9713699817657471,
"token_count": 910,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
} |
What does postmodern mean in literature?
Postmodern literature is a form of literature that is characterized by the use of metafiction, unreliable narration, self-reflexivity, intertextuality, and which often thematizes both historical and political issues.
What is the definition of postmodernism?
Postmodernism, also spelled post-modernism, in Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power.
What are the characteristics of postmodern literature?
Postmodern literature is a form of literature which is marked, both stylistically and ideologically, by a reliance on such literary conventions as fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, often unrealistic and downright impossible plots, games, parody, paranoia, dark humor and authorial self-reference.
What are some examples of postmodernism?
For example, Pulp Fiction is a Postmodern film for the way it tells the story out of the ordinary, upending our expectations of film structure. Naturally, Postmodern cinema is more complex than having a non-linear story, and we’ll get into that in a moment.
How is postmodernism used today?
Postmodernist approaches have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including political science, organization theory, cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature …
What is the goal of postmodernism?
As a philosophy, postmodernism rejects concepts of rationality, objectivity, and universal truth. Instead, it emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives.
What is the central message of postmodernism?
what is the central message of postmodernism? Robert Merton called for a style of sociology that avoids extremes: focuses on institutions, not tiny groups, not whole societies.
How does postmodernism contribute to society?
Postmodernism is an approach that attempts to define how society has progressed to an era beyond modernity. Therefore, society will be more likely to experience a ‘pick and mix’ culture when deciding a religion as individuals will choose a religion that best suits their lifestyle and choices.
What caused postmodernism?
While modernism was based on idealism and reason, postmodernism was born of scepticism and a suspicion of reason. It challenged the notion that there are universal certainties or truths. While the modernists championed clarity and simplicity; postmodernism embraced complex and often contradictory layers of meaning.
What is postmodernism in terms of religion?
Postmodern religion is any type of religion that is influenced by postmodernism and postmodern philosophies. A postmodern interpretation of religion emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic, subjective, and resides within the individual.
What are the elements of postmodernism?
Postmodern novels celebrate and revel in the chaos of an incoherent world. Elements of postmodernism: Irony, absurdity, playfulness & black humour : treating serious subjects as a joke, sometimes with emotionally distant authors.
What is the difference between modernism and postmodernism?
Modernism relates to a sequence of cultural movements that happened in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the late 20th-century and focused on philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism which marked a departure from modernism.
What is a postmodern poem?
Despite its frequent recourse to a renewed formalism, postmodern poetry rejects the notion of an autonomous poem, self, or culture; while truth or identity can not be anchored, the poem offers through its very inception the possibility of transformation.
What is the opposite of postmodernism?
There are no categorical antonyms for postmodernism. The noun postmodernism is defined as: Any style in art, architecture, literature, philosophy, etc., that reacts against an earlier modernist movement.
What is the difference between poststructuralism and postmodernism?
In postmodernism, the concept of self is abandoned. In poststructuralism, the critical self becomes more integrated with the world by accepting inherent contradictions in society — that is, by resisting ideology and only one mode of identity.
What is post structuralism in simple terms?
Post-structuralism is the literary and philosophical work that both builds upon and rejects ideas within structuralism, the intellectual project that preceded it. Accordingly, post-structuralism discards the idea of interpreting media (or the world) within pre-established, socially-constructed structures.
Is Nietzsche a postmodernist?
Nietzsche is also a precursor for postmodernism in his genealogical analyses of fundamental concepts, especially what he takes to be the core concept of Western metaphysics, the “I”. On Nietzsche’s account, the concept of the “I” arises out of a moral imperative to be responsible for our actions.
What is difference between structuralism and post structuralism?
Structuralism is a theoretical approach that identifies patterns in social arrangements, mostly notably language. While poststructuralism builds on the insights of structuralism, it holds all meaning to be fluid rather than universal and predictable.
What is theory of structuralism?
In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is a general theory of culture and methodology that implies that elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system.
What is the main concept of structuralism?
Structuralism, in linguistics, any one of several schools of 20th-century linguistics committed to the structuralist principle that a language is a self-contained relational structure, the elements of which derive their existence and their value from their distribution and oppositions in texts or discourse. | <urn:uuid:ffa3bb18-f4dc-4d59-b560-d7606a8cff79> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05",
"url": "https://somme2016.org/blog/what-does-postmodern-mean-in-literature/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305317.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127223432-20220128013432-00059.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9112873077392578,
"token_count": 1236,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
By Peter McLaren
The Unique ceremony of burying the axe in the War Post, at the Outdoor
School of Dan Beard, National Commissioner, Boy Scouts of America. Mr.
Beard (the figure to the right of the boy throwing) says, "All the axes in
the War Post are Plumb Axes."
Axe Throwing is
A number of times in my work with scouts, I have demonstrated how to
throw the axe at a target. Scouts have taken to the game avidly, and soon there
would be a spirited competition under way.
The knack is easily acquired, and the
game has a certain thrill which appeals to every boy.
The rules are simple:
First a throwing board is made if contests are to be held indoors.
be constructed of yellow pine or some similar wood three inches thick. It should
be at least six feet high and twenty inches wide. This may be constructed of two boards, six feet long and ten or twelve inches wide,
fastened with three cross-pieces at the back.
Fasten the throwing board securely
to a wall. Then paint a bull's-eye target, circular in shape, and twelve inches
Mark a point four feet from the floor as the center of your target.
Make the first circle three inches in diameter with your mark as the center
point of this circle.
Your next circle should be seven and one-half inches in
diameter, using the same point as center, and your third circle, twelve inches
This gives three scoring rings, and they should be numbered as
follows; Bull's eye--5; middle ring--3; outer ring--1. The score is determined by
the ring in which the top of the axe blade imbeds.
Safety line.-- Mark on the
floor, a safety line eight feet wide (four feet on each side from center of the
target), extending it back for a distance of twenty feet.
This is the throwing
alley, or safety zone, and no one must be permitted within it except the boy
throwing. Use ropes as safety lines and permit no boys behind the
target, or close to the boy throwing.
Distance of Throw.-- The minimum distance
for a throw is nine feet. Mark a line at a point this distance from the target
over which contestants must not step.
The knack in throwing is to discover your
correct distance--a point from which the Scout Axe will turn so that the blade
will stick in the target.
To locate your proper distance try a few practice
throws starting at the twelve-foot point, and moving forward or backward until
the axe makes the proper turn and strikes the
target, blade first. Then you can practice for accuracy.
When a contest is held,
the first boy should step into position with his scout axe held at his side by
the end of the handle. He should take a firm stance with the feet spread apart
and the weight of the body resting on the right foot. The aim is taken, not by
sighting along the axe, but by fixing the eyes on the target, and raising the
axe until the edge is on a level with the eyes. In this position the edge, and
handle of axe should form a vertical line with the forearm and elbow. The axe is
then brought back over the shoulder without turning the edge to one side or the
other, and thrown
from this position with a natural forward sweep of the arm, swinging the body
forward as the axe is thrown. See Figure 63.
Always keep the axe blade in a direct line with the target
and throw the axe with a free forward swing.
Each boy is entitled to three
throws in succession but no axe must be thrown while another is sticking in the
No attempt should be made to spin the axe in the air. The weight of the
head will cause it to revolve as it speeds towards the target.
same sort of a throwing board, as described for indoor use, may be used outdoors
by fastening it to a post or fence. Or a portable target may be used as shown in
Always observe the safety precautions whether in doors or out in the
woods. Never fasten a target to a growing tree.
Advanced Throwing.--As boys
become proficient in throwing the axe, they should practice throwing from a
greater distance. Throwing teams may be organized, each member of the team
throwing at a particular spot in the target, so that a design, or pattern, is
formed by the axes after all have thrown.
The Boy Scout and His Axe | <urn:uuid:aa0e67d3-c111-4c8e-b2d3-678db8334603> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://www.inquiry.net/OUTDOOR/skills/axe/axe_throwing.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189490.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00298-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9207689762115479,
"token_count": 962,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Can you remember the first time your teacher asked you to write down what you wanted to be when you grew up?
You probably wrote whatever you thought was cool: professional hockey player, astronaut, or bull rider. It was a great exercise and your first foray into the world of goal setting. You had no concept of the type of goals, what they mean or why you wanted to accomplish them – except for bull riding, that one explains itself – but you had performed a vital step in achieving them, you spoke about the goal and you wrote it down. This article is going to expand on your Kindergarten exercise.
Types of Goals
We think about goals in two distinct category, and believe that it is important to set these two different styles of goals up with different strategies and thought processes.
The first kind is a long-term, broader overarching theme. This is the ‘where do you want to be in 10 years’ type of question, in this category we punt specifics and go big. It may seem cliche but failing in attempting to achieve big is much better than winning small. Open yourself up to your desires, and it don’t feel handcuffed if you cannot yet imagine the end result.
If you want to someday own a multi-million dollar bakehouse write it down, who cares if you feel uncomfortable even thinking about it at the present time, the scarier the overarching goal is the better.
The second category of goals is very different, these are our short term goals, they are localized and are accomplishable inside 18 months. With this category we get specific. You want to be reaching for something you have not yet done but also have it be within the realm on possibility for the immediate future. Think about these goals as a treasure map, there is a definitive end, that I can see, I just need to follow this horribly confusing and winding trail to get there. If you have heard the SMART acronym before this is where I implement those aspects. Specific – Measurable – Attainable – Relevant – Time Based
How To Set Goals
Write Them Down When we mentioned the Kindergarten class exercise written in crayon on multicoloured paper did you laugh? Possibly, after all it seemed so silly writing down goals at 6 years old, how could you have possibly known what interests you would have. But, what your six year old self did right that many of us don’t as adults is write down the goal, on a piece of real paper, with a real pencil (crayon). Your six year old self had to make the goal! Until it went down on paper it wasn’t real, it was an idea and as wonderful as ideas are they mean diddly-squat unless we begin to execute.
If you’ve written down your goal you have already accomplished step one, congratulations! It is now real, now it’s time to share. When you are setting your goals, particularly with the Local Goals we discussed earlier, you must create accountability and not just a google calendar alert -although that can help. You need a partner, a coach, or a community to help hold you to the goal, especially on the days you feel like staying home and packing it in. So talk about your goal, get everyone involved. If you want to lose 10 lbs tell your friends, preferably the supportive kind who will pass on the dessert menu for you after the next dinner out. If you don’t want to involve anyone close to you that’s what coaches are for, so go out and find one in the necessary field and invest in them.
Add a Consequence
This last piece of advice is one that is often overlooked and unfortunately the most important. Shout out to Tim Ferris for highlighting this lesson and how we often overlook it with our own personal life. In our careers, we understand that we have work to do and not doing so will result in the loss of a job or some other negative consequence. This keeps us focused on the tasks even when we don’t feel like doing them. When we set personal goals we need to add a consequence, something you really don’t want to happen. It could be a fine or an activity that you really dislike and it is helpful to have someone else control the consequence.
By: Sylvie Tetrault | <urn:uuid:89a7802b-edd6-4e75-b28c-a4c220dbe28a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://biosteel.com/blogs/news/goal-setting-how-to-set-and-reach-your-goals",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00052.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9669814705848694,
"token_count": 947,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Web accessibility heavily relies on developers and designers. They are responsible for building code and specific design patterns to make a website accessible for people with disabilities.
Another way to enhance a site's accessibility is through content. Creating accessible content is paramount when it comes to making a website accessible to screen reader users or visitors that use assistive technologies.
Content editors can give a piece of writing accessibility by:
- writing relevant, concise, descriptive text links
- creating easily scannable headings
- adding alternative texts to every non-text element of the content
- writing meaningful copy
Regardless of the scope of your website, as a content editor, your mission is to create and optimize every piece of writing on your site with accessibility in mind. This also means putting yourself into the shoes of your audience and thinking from their perspective. You should ask yourself: What do I need in order to have full access to this website? Which features and website tools can help visitors interact with this website more conveniently?
If you use empathy to answer these questions, you'll get closer to understanding your audience. Only then will you be on the right path to building accessible content on your website.
How do you define accessible content?
Web content accessibility doesn't just include people with disabilities. It also refers to content that can be easily understood and interacted with by smartphone users, older people, persons with low literacy, or those who have low English skills.
According to the WCAG 2.0 standards, web content is considered accessible if it's:
- Perceivable. Website users should easily perceive any piece of content that is presented on the site.
- Operable. When structured, a site's content should focus on operability.
- Understandable. Accessible content is comprehensive, concise, and includes meaningful structural elements.
- Robust. A piece of content is considered robust when it can be easily scanned and interpreted by assistive technologies.
How to create accessible content
1. Use specific link texts.
And try to avoid link text like "Click here" as they're not suitable in terms of accessibility. Meaningful link texts convey and clearly describe what the URL is about, making it easier for people who use screen readers to interact with the content.
When using link texts, try to:
- Avoid raw URLs
- Include specific keywords
- Be short and concise
- Make sure the link text fits naturally into the content
- Mention the type and size of files in case of downloadable links
2. Write clear and simple content.
Using concise language for your website's content benefits multiple groups of visitors, such as:
- Users with cognitive disabilities
- Non-native English speakers
- Screen reader users
- Busy people who want to quickly go through your copy
Depending on the professional level of your content's target audience, you should either avoid or explain technical terms and acronyms. Also, focus on using an active voice that clearly states your ideas and avoid long sentences and idioms.
3. Provide transcripts and captions.
While captions appear on the screen as written text, transcripts are the textual version of the video or audio content provided in a separate document.
Transcripts and captions make websites more accessible for users who:
- Have hearing issues
- Have low English skills
- Can't listen to the content due to environmental reasons
Transcripts and captions can be provided for all video and audio content, or they can be done by request. Either way, they are great ways to improve a website's accessibility.
4. Add relevant, appropriately formatted headlines.
People with disabilities that use assistive software need scannable content that allows them to quickly find relevant information instead of wasting time going through the entire chunk of text. Structuring and styling your content in a scannable manner can also enhance your SEO efforts and improves your SERP visibility.
Design your headings with accessibility in mind, and ensure that you use them as structural elements of the content and define its hierarchy. The accessible text needs to provide readers the ability to quickly navigate between the most important sections, and headings are the tool for allowing this.
5. Use ALT text for images.
Whether you have complex images or just decorative images on your site, make them accessible by providing precise and concise ALT descriptions. Screen readers can't interpret non-text content elements, so images without ALT text are useless for screen reader users.
Like headlines, alternate descriptions highly improve your SEO rankings and visibility.
Make sure you use ALT text wisely by:
- Keeping your description short (under 125 characters)
- Avoiding images with text like graphs or diagrams
6. Write clear, to-the-point website instructions.
Web accessibility is all about easier interactions with digital platforms. People want web experiences that require as few resources as possible on their part. And for online visitors with disabilities, this is more than a demand; it is a necessity.
Therefore, web instructions, error messages, or data formats must be easy to understand, so they can be considered accessible. Part of creating accessible web content includes paying attention to how you write basic text like website instructions.
Web accessibility is here to stay.
Implementing web accessibility into the core of your digital platform is a must. As web accessibility laws are getting more restrictive, brands start to think of making their websites accessible to support the future of their businesses.
In an increasingly populated digital landscape, the mindset has to evolve in order to meet the complex needs of a variety of internet users. Companies that don't keep up with these trends will fall behind, and those who take web accessibility seriously will be on the winning side.
As we've seen, accessible content creation is not rocket science and will improve your website in multiple ways. Making your content accessible should be a priority and an essential part of your editorial workflow.
A few practices to remember for optimizing your content are:
- Always use ALT text for images
- Provide captions and transcripts for audio and video content
- Properly structure and format headings
If you need help to make your website more accessible, check out Optasy's Drupal Website Accessibility services. We'll offer our best support for helping you adopt an accessibility-first mindset to your website.
Photo credit: Nick Morrison on Unsplash.
We do Web development
Go to our Web development page! | <urn:uuid:28cc9a69-4a02-4ff8-895d-039190e019da> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://www.optasy.com/blog/how-create-accessible-content-more-easily",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00036.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8988452553749084,
"token_count": 1317,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Some of the most prominent natural healing techniques from Eastern Medicine over the course of history have involved the use of turmeric. While it is a prominent ingredient in Indian food, it has also been effective in decreasing inflammation, improving digestion, reducing cancer cells, and improving memory.
There has been extensive research conducted on curcumin, which is the active ingredient in turmeric. This pleiotropic molecule (producing or having multiple effects from a single gene) first exhibited antibacterial activity in a 1949 study. After that study, numerous studies began finding that this polyphenol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties.
It is important to note that ingesting turmeric is perfectly safe, unless you are allergic to it. The non-toxic nature of turmeric makes it excellent for improving the immune system without damaging other organs or systems in the body. Regular antibiotics can induce constipation, often times killing beneficial bacteria in the body. This is why more and more people are beginning to look at turmeric as an all-natural antibiotic.
Dr. William Lavalley, an acclaimed natural specialist, documented that curcumin can influence tumor cells. Upon entering the body, it destroys the growth cells and leaves regular cells intact, which is not the case for chemotherapy.
You will find the recipe for an all-natural antibiotic below. It is integral that you do not swallow this immediately. Let the mixture melt in your mouth and slowly swallow it.
- 1 tablespoon of turmeric powder
- 3½ cups raw honey
- Mix the ingredients in a glass jar until they are well combined.
- If you are sick, take half a spoonful of this mixture every hour. Take the same dose the following day, but only consume it once every two hours. | <urn:uuid:ab477e9f-ee77-4b54-974a-8f947a195ff6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://www.dherbs.com/articles/this-may-be-the-best-all-natural-antibiotic/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00444.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9223262667655945,
"token_count": 371,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
What Is Computational Thinking?
Senior Project Manager Carolyn Sykora outlines ISTE’s
work on an NSF grant to define computational thinking
and create resources that facilitate its teaching
What is computational thinking, and what skills would a student exhibit as a computational thinker? In April, a group of educators and
researchers met to explore these questions.
Academics have vigorously debated these questions since
2006, when Jeannette Wing of Carnegie Mellon University
wrote and published Computational Thinking, which outlines her viewpoint that “ubiquitous computing is to today
as computational thinking is to tomorrow. Ubiquitous
computing was yesterday’s dream that became today’s
reality; computational thinking is tomorrow’s reality.”
ISTE and the Computer Science Teachers Association
(CSTA) took up the challenge to define computational
thinking as something that can be understood, valued,
and implemented by K– 12 teachers. The project, funded
by the National Science Foundation, will include the development of prototype resources that teachers can use to
implement computational thinking in their classrooms.
The group that met in April agreed on many things:
•;Students need computational thinking skills to be
competitive in today’s global knowledge economy.
•;The foundational skills of computational thinking
can be introduced in elementary school, and students
can progressively build higher-order skills throughout
•;Educators can and should teach computational thinking
within computer science courses and beyond, across all
So what does computational thinking look like? In some
cases, teachers are already facilitating computational thinking with their students but don’t recognize it as such. For
example, in the younger grades, a teacher might focus
students on sequencing, collecting, and analyzing data or
developmentally appropriate algorithmic thinking. In the
48 Learning & Leading with Technology | August 2010
upper grades, students may explore open-ended, inquiry-based problems that require a tolerance for ambiguity or
confidence in dealing with complexity.
For many, recognizing how to apply computational thinking in math or science is a much smaller leap than applying
it to language arts, the social sciences, or humanities. In
language arts, for example, applying computational thinking
can include performing a linguistic analysis of sentences.
Identifying patterns for different sentence types can be
components of data collection and analysis. Using similes
and metaphors can exemplify abstraction, and using a spell
checker can illustrate automation.
As ISTE and CSTA work with K– 16 educators and
education leaders as well as specialists at district and state
levels to refine the definition of computational thinking, we
will be identifying target audiences, messages, and prototype resources. The April meeting kicked off the discussion
and was followed by a session at ISTE 2010 to get feedback
on an operational definition and brainstorm resources that
would help teachers implement this kind of learning across
a variety of curriculum areas. A practitioners workshop,
slated for November, will bring together a group of teachers, curriculum developers, and staff developers to write
prototype resources for implementation in K– 12.
Principal investigators Leslie Conery from ISTE and
Chris Stephenson from CSTA are collaborating on a joint
project for the NSF called “Leveraging Thought Leadership
for Computational Thinking in the K– 12 Curriculum.”
NSF recognized their expertise and leadership in bringing
together educators from K– 12 with computer scientists
to explore and build consensus around this concept.
ISTE and CSTA recognize the exciting potential this
project has to meet our respective missions and help bring
about the systemic change to develop tomorrow’s students
into strong computational thinkers. | <urn:uuid:fb558625-8f90-4daf-80e4-7ce565311464> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "http://www.learningandleading-digital.com/learning_leading/201008?pg=50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00109-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9153843522071838,
"token_count": 773,
"score": 3.40625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.