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Childcare facilities may overlook childrens’ cognitive spoken language and social-emotional skills development with the other early-skills children must learn, according to a recent piece in Canada’s ‘The Castlegar Source’ newspaper.
When children learn and practice early social skills like turn-taking, sharing and interaction, with hand-eye coordination and early physical development, their exposure to rich, spoken language may ‘stall’ as their attention goes elsewhere.
Knowing that children with hearing issues need constant spoken language-learning potential, especially outside the home – what can we do? One solution is to emphasise linguistic skills at the age of two to five, with childrens’ ability to learn cognitive language and social-emotional skills peaking at this time.
Check this chart with the four communication options for children. With hearing-devices and directed verbal interactions from under one year of age, most deaf childrens’ verbal skills will be similar to their hearing peers. Again, teaching approach will vary, based on a child’s communication option.
Teachers at a quality creche or preschool will interact with the children in rich, verbal and varied conversations that require creative thinking and responses. Ideally, the children will acquire a larger spoken vocabulary by kindergarten, which in turn strengthens their reading and expressive skills before school starts.
Stories and songs linked to pictures and activities are one approach, as are objects and props to trigger the childrens’ curiosity. Play-acting is the ideal way to step into a new character and stretch a child’s imagination – which is fuelled in the first place by reading story-books and story-telling together.
- Home-Preschool Supports: A Mum’s Positive Story
- Question: Can A Deaf Child Participate At Creche?
- Visual Learning In The Preschool & Primary Years (PDF file)
- Bilingual, Spoken Language At Home And School
- Creche/Preschool Environments
- Classroom Technology ‘Has The Children Talking’
- Deaf Children ‘Can Learn Their Family Language’
- After A Cochlear Implant – The Real Work Begins
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Boötes (Boo, herdsman) is a constellation in the northern sky, located between 0° and +60° declination, and 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere. The name comes from the Greek Βοώτης, Boōtēs, meaning herdsman or plowman (literally, ox-driver; from boos, related to the Latin bovis, “cow”). The "ö" in the name is a diaeresis, not an umlaut, meaning that each 'o' is to be pronounced separately. One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, Boötes is now one of the 88 modern constellations. It contains the fourth brightest star in the night sky, the orange-hued Arcturus.
In ancient Babylon the stars of Boötes were known as SHU.PA. They were apparently depicted as the god Enlil, who was the leader of the Babylonian pantheon and special patron of farmers.
The name Boötes was first used by Homer in his Odyssey as a celestial reference point for navigation, described as "late-setting" or "slow to set", translated as the "Plowman". Exactly whom Boötes is supposed to represent in Greek mythology is not clear. According to one version, he was a son of Demeter, Philomenus, twin brother of Plutus, a ploughman who drove the oxen in the constellation Ursa Major. This is corroborated by the constellation's name, which itself means "ox-driver" or "herdsman." The ancient Greeks saw the asterism now called the "Big Dipper" or "Plough" as a cart with oxen. This influenced the name's etymology, derived from the Greek for "noisy" or "ox-driver". Another myth associated with Boötes tells that he invented the plow and was memorialized for his ingenuity as a constellation.
Another myth associated with Boötes by Hyginus is that of Icarius, who was schooled as a grape farmer and winemaker by Dionysus. Icarius made wine so strong that those who drank it appeared poisoned, which caused shepherds to avenge their supposedly poisoned friends by killing Icarius. Maera, Icarius's dog, brought his daughter Erigone to her father's body, whereupon both she and the dog committed suicide. Zeus then chose to honor all three by placing them in the sky as constellations: Icarius as Boötes, Erigone as Virgo, and Maera as Canis Major or Canis Minor.
Following another reading, the constellation is identified with Arcas and also referred to as Arcas and Arcturus, son of Zeus and Callisto. Arcas was brought up by his maternal grandfather Lycaon, to whom one day Zeus went and had a meal. To verify that the guest was really the king of the gods, Lycaon killed his grandson and prepared a meal made from his flesh. Zeus noticed and became very angry, transforming Lycaon into a wolf and gave back life to his son. In the meantime Callisto had been transformed into a she-bear, by Zeus's wife, Hera, who was angry at Zeus's infidelity. This is corroborated by the Greek name for Boötes, Arctophylax, which means "Bear Watcher". Callisto in form of a bear was almost killed by her son who was out hunting. Zeus rescued her, taking her into the sky where she became Ursa Major, "the Great Bear". The name Arcturus (the constellation's brightest star) comes from the Greek word meaning "guardian of the bear". Sometimes Arcturus is depicted as leading the hunting dogs of nearby Canes Venatici and driving the bears of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
Several former constellations were formed from stars now included in Boötes. Quadrans Muralis, the Quadrant, was a constellation created near Beta Boötis from faint stars. It was invented in 1795 by Jérôme Lalande, an astronomer who used a quadrant to perform detailed astronometric measurements. Lalande worked with Nicole-Reine Lepaute and others to predict the 1758 return of Halley's Comet. Quadrans Muralis was formed from the stars of eastern Boötes, western Hercules, and Draco. It was originally called Le Mural by Jean Fortin in his 1795 Atlas Céleste; it was not given the name Quadrans Muralis until Johann Bode's 1801 Uranographia. The constellation was quite faint, with its brightest stars reaching the 5th magnitude. Mons Maenalus, representing the Maenalus mountains, was created by Johannes Hevelius in 1687 at the foot of the constellation's figure. The mountain was named for the son of Lycaon, Maenalus. The mountain, one of Diana's hunting grounds, was also holy to Pan.
Canes Venatici | Coma Berenices | Corona Borealis | Draco | Hercules | Serpens Caput | Virgo | Ursa Major
Lists of stars by constellation
WallHapp Catalogue (WH)
LISTS OF STARS IN Boötes
WallHapp Catalogue (WH)
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You might be surprised to find out where sex-selective abortion in China and other Asian countries began. A new book on sex-selection abortions, a practice The Economist magazine memorably labeled “gendercide,” examines the astonishing worldwide dimensions of this problem. What’s more, the book, written by a feminist author, demonstrates how a generation of Western population activists helped to create the sex-selection tragedy by advocating unlimited abortion and the targeting of female fetuses in the womb. Fueled by new and often beneficial technologies like ultrasound, the ability to identify sex before birth has become a death sentence for more than 160 million baby girls around the world, killed simply for being female.
In her new book, Unnatural Selection, Mara Hvistendahl examines the consequences of sex-selective abortion practices. Often linked to cultural preferences for sons due to their prospective earning power, sex selection abortion, Hvistendahl notes, is first practiced by wealthier families with the money to access technology and doctors. In China, the natural gender ratio of 105 boys for every 100 girls has shifted to 121 to 100. In some places, it’s as high as 150 to 100 – climbing higher as women have a second or third child and experience more pressure to bear a son.
In a recent panel discussion at the American Enterprise Institute, Hvistendahl said that in the country of Georgia, the average woman has had four abortions in an effort to birth a boy instead of a girl.
While the problem is more acute elsewhere, Hvistendahl blames Western countries for promoting policies that put girls at risk. “We tend to think of this problem as something that happens in other countries…but high abortion rates are something [the U.S.] bears responsibility for,” Hvistendahl said. Organizations like Planned Parenthood and The Ford Foundation were early proponents of abortion internationally, and even sex selection procedures, when the population control panic heated up 50 years ago.
In a review of Unnatural Selection yesterday in The Wall Street Journal, Jonathan V. Last writes:
In 1976, for instance, the medical director of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, Malcolm Potts, wrote that, when it came to developing nations, abortion was even better than birth control: ‘Early abortion is safe, effective, cheap and potentially the easiest method to administer.’
The following year another Planned Parenthood official celebrated China’s coercive methods of family planning, noting that ‘persuasion and motivation [are] very effective in a society in which social sanctions can be applied against those who fail to cooperate in the construction of the socialist state.’ As early as 1969, the Population Council’s Sheldon Segal was publicly proclaiming the benefits of sex-selective abortion as a means of combating the ‘population bomb’ in the East.
Sex-selection abortion practices do occur in the United States among the same ethnic subgroups where the sex ratios are most imbalanced overseas. Demographer Nicholas Eberstadt sees the larger trends producing these imbalances as a combination of inexpensive prenatal sex identification technology, “more or less unconditional abortion,” and the “global march to . . . sub-replacement-level fertility” that heightens the effects of son preference.
Early this year Arizona adopted a legislative ban on sex selection abortion, similar to a measure that passed in Oklahoma in 2004. These measures have not been legally challenged to date, even though they create an exception to the abortion-on-request regime erected by Roe v. Wade and subsequent cases. Hvistendahl would like to see an end to sex-selection abortion, but would proceed by barring doctors from giving parents information about the sex of their developing child. Last comments:
[I]f ‘choice’ is the moral imperative guiding abortion, then there is no way to take a stand against ‘gendercide.’ Aborting a baby because she is a girl is no different from aborting a baby because she has Down syndrome or because the mother’s ‘mental health’ requires it. Choice is choice.
As Rep. Paul Ryan (R-WI) noted in an essay for The Heritage Foundation booklet Indivisible, the decision in Roe v. Wade confirmed that the “already born were empowered to deny, at will, the rights of persons still in the womb.” That power continues to operate across the world with a brutal and disproportionate impact on baby girls.
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Pediatric cancer is a worldwide problem. Every two minutes a family and their child is told of a cancer diagnosis. The facts and information available illustrate the heartbreaking nature of childhood cancer and just how many children are called to the table to fight it on a personal level. This information challenges everyone to become involved with PCRF’s mission to improve the care, quality of life, and survival rate of children with malignant disease. Share this infographic with others who can help us provide hope for a future free of pediatric cancer and its effects.
*PCRF uses cancer.gov as our primary source of information
Childhood cancer research is vastly and consistently underfunded.
Brain and other central nervous system tumors are the second most prevalent cancers in children.
Childhood cancer is not just one disease. It is made up of 12 major types and over 100 subtypes.
Leukemia Brain and spinal cord tumors | Neuroblastoma | Wilms tumor | Lymphoma (including both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin) | Rhabdomyosarcoma | Retinoblastoma | Bone cancer (including osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma)
Our childhood cancer warriors and their families know first hand about the impact cancer and cancer treatment can have on a life. They experienced it every day and were on the front lines in a fight for their lives. They are the survivors who are here to tell their stories and inspire others to help, giving hope to those who are still out there battling pediatric cancer. It is young heroes like these who will so greatly benefit from groundbreaking childhood cancer research.
We’d like to introduce you to the researchers who are the backbone of what we do at the Pediatric Cancer Research Foundation. We’ve been funding cancer research since 1982. Though survival rates have dramatically risen since that time, there is still more work to be done. Childhood cancer research is consistently underfunded, making your gift critical to help fund the advanced work of these special researchers.
Your gift gives hope, and every dollar matters. That’s because the majority of funding for childhood cancer research comes from philanthropists and members of the community like you. PCRF’s Platinum Guidestar rating means your contribution is working hard to advance research and fund grants, changing the landscape of pediatric cancer forever. From fundraising and donating to hosting events and purchasing PCRF gear, there are many ways to help.
Some people say that children make up 10% of our cancer population, but they are 100% of our future! ~ Dr. Alex Huang, Case Western
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111 K Street NE
Washington, DC 20002
- Toll Free 1.888.564.6273
- Local 202.783.3870
The spread of progressive ideology has plagued this great nation from the time Theodore Roosevelt had introduced progressivism in its rawest form to the United States. Progressive derives from the root word; progress, meaning to drive forward and ever-changing. To apply the word in political context it means to, fundamentally change the norm and past policies. As a general rule a Roosevelt progressive and a current progressive are unchanged. They strive to achieve the same goal and that is to transform and revolutionize the constitution, creating a living breathing entity. The constitution has been deemed "outdated" and non-relevant by progressive standards. They fight for strong government, entitlement programs and lack economic and social choice, which deviates from the true definition of freedom. Throughout history progressivism has failed, creating two of the most unmistakable failures of all time, the Great Depression and the Depression of the 1920’s.
Prior to the Great Depression the United States had seen an era that can be matched by no other time period in our history. The Roaring Twenties had not been christened the name "Roaring" for no particular reason. It was a time of economic and social prosperity. At this time President Calvin Coolidge had taken office following arguably one of the worst economies in the history of the United States. Prior to the Harding and Coolidge 20’s, Woodrow Wilson set the stage for many of the problems that overwhelmed the country. The abysmal policies succeeding World War I had crippled Germany; the Treaty of Versailles, and can be directly tied to the animosity of Hitler to spark another World War. Wilson’s policies had not only stifled the German economy but also the U.S. was procuring unprecedented debt that would subsequently lead to the first and sometimes forgotten depression. Unemployment had reached its highest margin to date starting at 11.8%; Wilson’s remedy entailed higher taxes and greater spending. Sound familiar? His failures while in office represented the essence of the progressive movement; the League of Nations, the "Progressive" income tax, universal healthcare, prohibition and The Federal Reserve. Freedom was not in the nature of President Wilson. "Government is not a machine, but a living thing. It falls, not under the theory of the universe, but under the theory of organic life. It is accountable to Darwin" – Woodrow Wilson
In contrast to Wilson, Coolidge had done just the opposite. Once Warren Harding had passed away, Calvin Coolidge took over a weak United States. His actions were on route to change U.S. history for the long run if proceeding Presidents had followed his path. A common misconception made by Republican candidates is that if we cut taxes and spend, the economy will prosper or vis-à-vis. This is simply not true, to create economic prosperity there must be action taken on both; cut spending and cut taxes. Coolidge had accomplished both and created an immediate boom within the economy. His strong opposition to progressivism characterized his successful presidency, by obtaining economic stability. To demonstrate the radical change post 1920, government spending had decreased over 50%, taxes had dropped from a staggering 77% to a minute 25%, and lastly unemployment had dropped to its lowest rate in peacetime history to 1.8%. Which led to what has been previously stated, the Roaring Twenties. This time period gave way to technological advances that revolutionized America such as in home telephones, cars, radios and the airplane.
Unfortunately Coolidge and his policies would be short lived after the death of his son, Herbert Hoover, who had been despised by Coolidge and labeled as unfit for office, took his place. Like Wilson and Roosevelt before him, Hoover took the progressive route and went in a fundamentally different direction, creating the second and more legendary depression.
With the economic crash of 2008 and the seemingly endless spiral into economic destabilization, one would think the American people would learn from history and past mistakes. Progressivism has no place in the U.S.; it breeds undoubted failure that is only realized once the damage has been amassed. We must band together and educate the unaware of the falsehoods that liberals and progressives feed through mass media outlets into the minds of the impressionable citizens. Give them true hope and change through economic freedom and limited government.
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For my A- Z series on Empowering the Connected Educator B is for Blogging. When Tim Burners Lee created the first web site 21 years ago today, it was done with the purpose of sharing information. It was a helping role to aid physicians in communicating and answering questions. From it’s inception, and even before the social web, the creators intent was to also teach others how they could create their own webpages. Once launched, a whole new world began to grow – The World wide Web.
Here we are just 21 years later. We have come of age. We publish online easily and with intent. Blogging or ‘webblog’ is defined as an online journal. It is easy. It is fun. It can make a positive difference to both those who create blogs and those who read them.
You have heard that blogging is a new and effective way for learning to take place. You think that student blogging holds promise. You hear about teacher blogging but have also heard about it in a very negative light. How can leaders empower those around them to take advantage of blogging to enhance learning?
Be sure to address blogging in policy. Teachers and students need to have a clear understanding of the guidelines that are in place. Where needed, teachers will need to obtain permissions for students to blog.
View Sample Student Projects
- Quad Blogging via Langwiches Blog
- Student Blogging Challenge
- Live Blogging with an Author – A Whole New Mind/Drive – Colorado High School (K. FIsch, A. Smith)
Try the Top Blogging Tools
- Edublogs – Blogging Platform geared towards educators, students
- Kidblogs – Safe, easy to use platform for students
- Blogger – Google’s blog platform, flexible and simple to use
- WordPress – Standard and versatile platform
- Google Reader Reading Blogs
- Feedly – Read Blogs Browser Add on to Mozilla, Chrome
- Mobile Blog Reading from Tablet , iPad (Pulse, Google Reader, Mobile RSS)
- Blogs to Follow – List from Ed-Tech 50
In a recent webinar on 21st Century leadership, Scott Floyd, Technology Curriculum Specialist explains their process and it’s success.
‘We allow teachers and students to have as many blogs as they like. Learning blogs, personal learning blogs, hobby blogs and more. What is good is that we started with personal use and moved to professional use. Teachers could see how they could use them for personal use and then were able to integrate those technologies into professional use. Once teachers became comfortable it was easier for them to implement them with students.’
How are you blogging as a teacher or school administrator? What student projects can you share?
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Teaching English in Spain
The situation is not exactly the same in the whole country, and there can be slight variations. Here, in asturias, in the north of Spain, it is more or less as follows:
English in Pola de Laviana, Asturias, Spain
1.What stage of teaching/learning English is itat my school we teach studentsfrom 12 to 18 years old, that is 7th- 12th graders.
English starts being taught at kindergarten
2.Possible exams at this stage : the only official exams out of secondaryschool are taken in the Official Language Schools, or they can also take the Cambridge exams or similarbut in a private basis.
3.How many hours per week do students have
3 or 4 according to the course they are taking : 7th, 8th and 9th grade havegot 4 hours per week
4.How big are the groups it depends on the schools, maximum 30 students perclass, but they are usually fewer
5.Are students divided on the basis of their skills? No, they are not
In what way? they are usually grouped according to the optional subjects theychoose every year
6.Which skill is most often practice/which one is the most important and why?nowadays, the oral activities are becoming more and more important, but thefour skills are usually taught and trained in class: reading, writing,listening and speaking
7.What are the teaching methods? they vary according to region and teacher, buta communicative method is the most generally adopted
8.Which course books do teachers use? in our schools we are working with twowell-known publishers : Oxford University Press and Burlington Books
9.What other materials do teachers use? a little bit of everything, computersand Internet becoming more important every day
10.Are there any other ways of learning English at school? in my school we havea bilingual programme, ony for some students; they have some other subjectstaught in English (CLIL)
11.Are language schools very popular? yes, they are, but very often studentsattend some private language school not because they are really interested inlanguages but to do homework! Official Language Schools are becoming morepopular every year
12.Are private tutorials very popular?yes, they are, but very often studentsattend some private language school not because they are really interested inlanguages but to do homework!
13.What is the students attitude towards learning English? in my area they arenot very keen on learning English, although most students like it in class theydon't make the effort to really learn it.
14.What is the usual English teachers' educations? Are there any rules thatregulate that matter? secondary school terachers have a University Degree inEnglish
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A person searching for a ripe tomato at the grocery store is more likely to notice apples, strawberries and other red fruits as well, according to a new study that measured changes in blood flow in the brain. The researchers also discovered that more neurons are called into action to help the eyes find a particular object than has previously been documented.
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers observed systematic changes in brain activity when participants focused on observing a certain object in motion, no matter where it appeared in their visual field.
"This increased activity in the brain is what helps you find objects you are looking for, even when you don't know exactly where the objects are," said UC Irvine cognitive scientist John Serences.
The study, co-authored by Serences and University of Washington associate professor Geoffrey Boynton, is published in the July 18 online edition of the journal Neuron.
In their study, researchers presented participants with a computer display of objects moving in different directions. Participants were asked to pay attention to objects moving only in a particular direction (for example, the object moving to the left). Using noninvasive fMRI to indirectly measure neural activity, researchers demonstrate that patterns of brain activity change when people pay attention to objects moving in different directions.
In addition, paying attention to one direction of motion makes the brain more responsive to other objects moving in that direction, no matter where the other objects appear in their visual field -- a phenomenon that has not previously been documented.
This research may enhance scientists' understanding of problems such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, while also explaining how healthy people's brains create awareness of their surroundings.
"By gaining a more thorough understanding of how a healthy human brain functions, we will be better equipped in the future to recognize, diagnose and treat abnormalities within the brain," Serences says.
This study was funded by the National Eye Institute, a division of the National Institutes of Health.
Cite This Page:
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points - Details)
Through five years’ worth of interviews and data-gathering at Riverview, John Diamond and Amanda Lewis have created a rich and disturbing portrait of the achievement gap that persists more than fifty years after the formal dismantling of segregation. As students progress from elementary school to middle school to high school, their level of academic achievement increasingly tracks along racial lines, with white and Asian students maintaining higher GPAs and standardized testing scores, taking more advanced classes, and attaining better college admission results than their black and Latino counterparts. Most research to date has focused on the role of poverty, family stability, and other external influences in explaining poor performance at school, especially in urban contexts. Diamond and Lewis instead situate their research in a suburban school, and look at what factors within the school itself could be causing the disparity. Most crucially, they challenge many common explanations of the ‘racial achievement gap,’ exploring what race actually means in this situation, and why it matters.
An in-depth study with far-reaching consequences, Despite the Best Intentions revolutionizes our understanding of both the knotty problem of academic disparities and the larger question of the color line in American society.
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The desire for mechanical devices as translators of different languages is already old. Already existed well before the invention of the computer, in the 17TH century the idea of the creation of a universal language based on logical principles and iconic symbols that would communicate to all mankind. This aspect was to use a mechanical dictionary based on universal numerical codes. When it was invented the first computer on the year 1940 the automatic translator was one of the first objectives. World War II gave a great push in the creation of computational methods to decrypt key messages, while these methods were quite rudimentary. The first effective attempt in this sense goes back to 1946 with the ENIAC computer. Specialists pioneers include Warren Weaver who opened this discipline to the scientific world and proposed a possible future methodology to address it, such as cryptographic techniques, the use of theorems of Shannon, the use of statistics, as well as something very interesting: the logic inherent in the human language as a tool of universal application. We see here that this last matches quite old universalist aspirations of the 17TH century highlight the logical aspect of the language.
There have been other attempts not based on logic but universalistic language as the creation of esperanto (esperanto makes a combination of English and Spanish). However, in the scientific sphere (or at least if we reduce it to the automatic translator) we see that the attempt has gone mostly directed at the logical solution, as on the other hand, it was to be expected taking into account the epistemological principles in that science has been based until not long ago. This methodology is more suitable to grasp much of reality, but would have to ask yourself is the human language likely to be tackled successfully with logic? The philosophy of language would tell us that there are many theories to deal with it and that it far exceeds the logic. Language It is an emergency of human consciousness and this consists of a logical and rational part but also of an analog part. The analog part sees the world in essences and establishes relationships that have nothing to do with logic. The integration of these two parts gives human beings a unitary vision of reality. On the other hand, the emotions and feelings also make up a part of the language and provide a special richness.
Pretend partition them into logical parameters seems somewhat less than impossible. As criticism of all this we can say that an automatic translation methodology does not attempt to do a philosophy of language, it is only a plot of union between science and language. It is true, but I think understanding the meaning of human language not being to go in a unidirectional logical sense, as it seems that he has tilted in its origins, but it is going to include other parameters in the line we just explain. Therefore, at present varied translator online-techniques used a corpus language which integrates all kinds of methodologies with results of high quality original author and source of the article
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PHP is an extremely popular, Open Source scripting language, most commonly used on webservers to produce dynamic pages. The name "PHP" is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor" and was initially created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. As of today, the current version of PHP is version 5, with version 6 in the making.
As mentioned, PHP is mostly used on websites, which is what this tutorial will focus on. You may wish to set up your own test server, which is very easy to do, using the next couple of chapters to help you out. If you already have a server up and running, or at least access to a server running PHP 5, you can jump to one of the next sections, where we will start writing some PHP. You may go through all the chapters of this tutorial step by step, or you may jump between chapters to learn specific things - it's really up to you.
A basic knowledge of HTML and CSS is recommended when you're learning PHP. If you're completely new to HTML, you might wish to take a look at this excellent HTML5 tutorial as well as this fine CSS3 tutorial before proceeding.
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Spatial modes of light constitute valuable resources for various quantum technologies ranging from quantum communication and quantum imaging to remote sensing. In any case, their vulnerabilities to phase distortions, prompted by random media, impose significant limitations on the realistic implementation of various quantum‐photonic technologies.
Unfortunately, this problem is exacerbated at the single‐photon level. Over the last two decades, scientists have solved this problem through conventional schemes that utilize optical nonlinearities, quantum correlations, and adaptive optics.
In a new study, scientists from Louisiana State University have introduced a smart quantum technology for single photons’ spatial mode correction. They used self-learning and self-evolving features of artificial neural networks to correct the distorted spatial profile of single photons.
Ph.D. candidate Narayan Bhusal said, “In this paper, we use artificial neurons to correct distorted spatial modes of light at the single-photon level. Our method is remarkably effective and time-efficient compared to conventional techniques. This is an exciting development for the future of free-space quantum technologies.”
“The technique boosts the channel capacity of optical communication protocols that rely on structured photons.”
Assistant Professor Omar S. Magaña-Loaiza of LSU said, “One important goal of the Quantum Photonics Group at LSU is to develop robust quantum technologies that work under realistic conditions. This smart quantum technology demonstrates the possibility of encoding multiple bits of information in a single photon in realistic communication protocols affected by atmospheric turbulence. Our technique has enormous implications for optical communication and quantum cryptography. We are now exploring paths to implement our machine learning scheme in the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) to make it smart, secure, and quantum.”
Dr. Sara Gamble, program manager at the Army Research Office, an element of DEVCOM ARL, said, “We are still in the fairly early stages of understanding the potential for machine learning techniques to play a role in quantum information science. The team’s result is an exciting step forward in developing this understanding, and it has the potential to ultimately enhance the Army’s sensing and communication capabilities on the battlefield.”
- Narayan Bhusal et al., Spatial Mode Correction of Single Photons Using Machine Learning, Advanced Quantum Technologies (2021). DOI: 10.1002/qute.202000103
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If you’ve ever fantasized about bursting forth from a scallop shell, Birth of Venus style, a new 3-D printed architecture project from American and German graduate students might be able to fulfill that dream.
It’s a microhome, technically, the mollusk-like, four-ton contraption that stretches 11 feet tall and seven feet wide. In theory, the size of the shell would allow for lifestyles desired by young, mobile urbanites, the kind who trade New York for Hong Kong for Sao Paulo somewhat regularly. Nine German engineering students and six University of California-Los Angeles master of architecture students had just 10 weeks to build it, following the guidance of UCLA professor Peter Ebner, who directs the interdisciplinary 3M futureLAB study-abroad experience in Germany every year.
Ebner says the idea for a 3-D printed microhome that could fit inside a shipping container first came to him in 2007, when he was invited to give a talk about the future of architecture for 3M futureLAB alumni. "We’ve changed the whole way we draw architecture; everything’s changed from hand-drawing to 3-D drawings. And if you draw everything 3-D, then it’s time to change the whole construction process," Ebner says. "Everybody told us when we started, ‘You will never do it.’"
The students managed to do it anyway, printing curved walls in an iron mold typically used for automobile manufacturing. The walls, which were packed full of air cells to cut down on construction materials, function like bones, Ebner says. Inside them fit a kitchen, a table, a folding toilet, a bed, and a skylight ("Oculus") over the sleeping area to let in air and light. Because the interior is so tiny (just larger than 50 square feet), the walls are packed with built-in LED lamps. The final product also features a sophisticated rainwater collection system that doubles as a space heater; the water heater fits between the kitchen and bathroom, and runs "capillaries" of hot water through the walls.
But even though one of those bone-like walls can be used as a projector screen, living inside a scallop shell seems like it could also be pretty triggering for anyone with claustrophobia issues. Even the most extreme microhome enthusiasts usually stick to spaces around 200 square feet. Plus, zoning laws haven't been too historically friendly to small-living experiments. But Ebner doesn’t seem too concerned with that.
"People are moving more and more to cities, becoming younger, becoming single in the city," Ebner says. "Changing societies change ways of behaving."
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... contains important information and a detailed explanation about surface area and volume castle ... which is also related with , warden ave ps measurement unit 2 surface area,, 1 area surface area and volume - buffalo state college, volume and surface area - arizona state university | a top.
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Intro: Surface Area and Volume Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Find the surface area of the space ...
728 Chapter 12 Surface Area and Volume Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A PRISM A is a polyhedron with two congruent faces, called ...
... Surface Area, and Volume Grade 6 . and decomposing into triangles. Surface area is new . mathematical problems involving surface area of three .
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... Develop the formula for surface area of a triangular prism. . Practise finding surface area of triangular prism by completing the worksheet . surface if 1 .
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A Russian scientist has offered an unprecedented glimpse into the life and ultimate extinction of one of Ice Age Eurasia's most prevalent animals, the woolly rhinoceros.
Gennady Boeskorov concludes that not only did it reproduce slowly, but the squat, 1-2 ton animal had an increasingly tough time slogging through the heavy snow that blanketed northern Asia and Europe 30,000 to 40,000 years ago.
The woolly rhino disappeared in the latter stages of the last glacial age. By then, climate change made a slurry of grassy landscapes from Russia's Far East to Europe's Atlantic coast, where the rhinos roamed alongside other herbivores like woolly mammoths, reindeer, and horses, as well as predators like wolves, cave lions, and hyenas.
Their bulk helped them withstand the Ice Age's extreme temperatures. But that size came at an ultimately fatal cost as temperatures rose, according to Boeskorov
As this ice and snow melted, the landscape of the time would also have become increasingly pitted with hollows and boggy banks, forming natural traps that woolly rhinos might have found impassable.
In addition, the natural traps presented certain danger for such a short-legged and heavy creature.
Presumably, this rhinoceros slumped, bogged down and drowned in such a trap.
Boeskorov, of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Yakutsk, based his conclusions on one of four near-fully preserved carcasses of Coelodonta antiquitatis, whose scientific name means "ancient cavity tooth."
The specimen in question is a female that was unearthed near the mouth of a Siberian gold mine in 2007. It sports a similarly thick hide and heavy fur to the better-known woolly mammoth and, like the other specimens, suggests the animal was about 1.5 meters in height, like today's Javan rhinoceros.
Boeskorov's study first appeared earlier this year in "Zoologichesky Zhurnal
An English-language abstract
that appeared in "Biology Bulletin" this month says:
The results of anatomical and morphological studies of new corpse remains of the fossil woolly rhinoceros found in 2007 in the lower reaches of the Kolyma River are described. These new data provide additional details of the specific features of the structures and sizes of individual body parts of the fossil rhinoceros and allow for several inferences on the specific adaptations of this species to the cold climate of the Ice Age.
The notion that they reproduced slowly stems in part from the fact that their udders had two nipples, suggesting they generally gave birth to just a single calf.
Woolly rhinos are among the creatures
depicted in Ice Age drawings like those found in France's Chauvet Cave.
Scientists first encountered them when a pair of horns was found in 19th-century Russia (and mistaken for giant bird claws
Siberia is a major source of well-preserved remains, particularly as the long-frozen tundra surrenders carcasses
as it thaws as a result of climate change.
-- Andy Heil
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Beware the hot summer month of February.
A few tips for these hot summer days. Keep your Maples under shade to avoid burning of leaves by heat and wind. Immersing pots in water on a regular basis helps keep plants in good condition. When watering on hot windy days, mist all foliage and surrounding area of trees to create a humid condition. Don’t forget water pots thoroughly. I have even had Junipers that have suffered from burning of the foliage tips in the unusually hot weather we have experienced, one in particular was close to a brick wall and I suspect it suffered more because of the reflected heat off the wall.
There is still time to defoliate or repot figs, whilst larger leaves can be removed from most trees on a continual basis. Pinch out growth tips on such trees as Japanese Maples to promote back budding and thus ramification, any burnt leaves can be removed and it is also an opportunity to partially defoliate to allow new leaves to develop, but don’t leave it too late in Summer and be sure to protect your tree afterwards.
Black Pine branches which have matured since forming in the Spring may be cut back by half to encourage more compact budding. Do not cut back where there are no needles.
Stand Wisteria in dishes of water as this will promote flower development and root growth.
Keep up your established fertilising programme all through the summer, but do not fertilise in extremely hot weather. Remember, with extra watering fertilisers will leach through the soil at a faster rate than usual.
Hold caterpillars at bay with suitable recommended sprays and be careful of your Azaleas which can be damaged by Lace Bugs
Paint jins and shari with lime sulphur, but avoid touching living parts of the tree, soil or the pot.
Be careful with any wiring on your trees as it can cut in very quickly in a strong growth period as we have just experienced.
Pruning to shape can continue through Summer but remember to leave Winter and Spring flowering plants such as Crab Apples and Azaleas to grow as pruning will remove the flowering wood of the tree.
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Author’s Note: This article is the first of a two-part series concerning the field of international arbitration. In this article, we will be introducing the field of arbitration to the reader in relation to other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), as well as the ways in which arbitration is to be distinguished from litigation within a national court system. We will also look at the constitution of the various actors in arbitration proceedings, before moving on to the perceived advantages of arbitration.
Those of us unfamiliar with the law may assume that our national courts are the sole adjudicators of disputes. While the image of a barrister bearing silk and arguing in front of a panel of judges readily comes to mind, the reality is that dispute resolution does not solely take place in the courtroom, which is strictly referred to as litigation.
In the modern day, arbitration is a method of dispute resolution, a part of the family of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). These are methods for resolving disputes without recourse to the courts. The two most common forms of ADR are mediation and arbitration. To better understand the role which arbitration plays in the wider context of dispute resolution, let us first discuss the nature of mediation.
What is Mediation?
While the first call of action (especially for private individuals) should often be to engage in simple negotiations between parties, disputes may occasionally require the presence of a mediator if parties are unable to come to a compromise or have otherwise irreconcilable differences, and yet prefer not to settle the dispute in a state court or tribunal. Both private individuals and companies can consider mediation as a precursor to arbitration. In mediation, an appointed and neutral mediator listens to the parties’ views and attempts to propose a solution which is amenable to all. To achieve this, the mediator considers the key priorities of both parties as well as the relative merits of the case. While it is no requirement for a mediator to be legally trained, state licenced mediators often possess a legal background. As a result, they frequently provide their opinion on the likely outcome (provided parties wish to have an opinion on this matter) should the matter proceed to arbitration or litigation. The ability to assess the merits of each party’s case is also essential in constructing a solution which is most likely to be accepted by both parties.
It is important to note that the views and proposals of a mediator are not binding. Should parties wish to covert the outcome of mediation into a binding decision, they should articulate the terms of the settlement into a written contract, or have a court recognise the mediation settlement as having the binding nature of a court judgment.
What is Arbitration?
In contrast to mediation, the outcome of arbitration proceedings are fully binding in the same way a decision of a court is. Furthermore, the existence of a valid agreement to arbitrate generally means that national courts should refuse to hear disputes falling within the scope of that agreement. Hence, the result of an arbitration proceeding (commonly referred to as an “arbitral award”) is not only binding on parties, but also final, in that parties have a limited right of appeal.
There are a few significant elements of arbitration which set it apart from litigation and other forms of dispute resolution. For one, arbitration is a consensual process, which means both parties have to agree to enter arbitration proceedings, either as a result of failed mediation or (more commonly) due to the inclusion of an arbitration clause within the contract between the two parties. The inclusion of arbitration clauses in contracts specify arbitration as the preferred mode of dispute resolution, as well as set out important details of the arbitration, such as the seat (location) of the arbitration, the number of arbitrators, how the arbitrators are to be appointed, and the procedural rules which the arbitration will take place under. In contrast to this, parties commencing formal litigation proceedings may bring an action against the other irrespective of consent; the location of the court generally is determined by the relevance of the dispute to the jurisdiction; and the selection of judges in litigation is a matter within the exclusive remit of the judiciary.
The ability of parties to define the procedural rules under which they wish the arbitration to be conducted is of particular interest, most notably with regard to the admissibility of evidence. In formal litigation, parties are governed by strict rules of evidence; these are applied in all civil cases within a given jurisdiction. These strict requirements may not always be amenable to the complex and often multi-jurisdictional nature of arbitration proceedings.
Therefore, in most cases, parties who consider arbitration to be in their interest (as opposed to traditional litigation) include arbitration clauses within their contracts. It may also be the case that parties articulate a tiered-dispute resolution system within the contract; mandating that parties proceed through less formal methods of dispute resolution (such as mediation) before beginning arbitration.
As discussed earlier, the rules for a given set of arbitration proceedings are highly amendable to the wishes of the parties; unlike ordinary litigation, rules of civil procedure are not necessarily applied. Because parties are able to choose the seat of arbitration, arbitration is highly suitable for multi-jurisdictional disputes where contracting parties typically desire that the dispute be held in their local courts for their advantage. Home parties are likely to be more familiar with the legislative framework and enforcement of the laws of that jurisdiction; international arbitration is therefore a compromise.
Furthermore, arbitration proceedings are private. In contrast to ordinary litigation in court, parties can also agree that the hearing and evidence, as well as other material created and disclosed in the proceedings be kept confidential. Therefore, arbitration is often the designated default dispute resolution process in disputes between governments and private entities, as well as for commercial entities who may be wary of the reputational damage of a drawn-out lawsuit in the public eye.
The parties to an arbitration also have considerable discretion in choosing their adjudicator(s). As mentioned earlier, parties have a choice as to the seat of their arbitration. Famous arbitration centres can be found around the globe, including the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNITRAL). Countries perceived to be politically neutral are also popular seats for arbitration; the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) amongst the more popular seats for multi-jurisdictional disputes. Each of these centres possesses a list of accredited arbitrators. These individuals are often ranked amongst the most experienced practitioners of the law in their respective fields, which lends weight to their judgment.
In summary, arbitration is an alternative to traditional litigation where parties are seeking privacy as well as discretion in choosing the circumstances in which their dispute shall be adjudicated. This is most often relevant to state entities and private firms in multi-jurisdictional disputes. However, the terms a) commercial arbitration; b) international arbitration; and c) international commercial arbitration must be distinguished from arbitration more generally. Arbitration is not, strictly speaking, the exclusive ambit of these fields. However, it is these fields which have captured most public interest in recent years, especially given the secrecy of adjudication involving state actors.
In our next article, we will discuss some of the controversy surrounding international arbitration and discuss the potential challenges for the field.
Ashurst LLP. (2021, May 14). Introduction to international arbitration. Map. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/legal-updates/introduction-to-international-arbitration/
Bantekas, I. (2015). An introduction to international arbitration. Cambridge University Press.
Schultz, T., & Grant, T. D. (2021). Arbitration: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
Schultz, T., Ortino, F., & Mitchenson, J. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration.
Oxford University Press.
United Nations . UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985).
Stephenson Harwood LLP. (n.d.). An introduction to international arbitration: a guide from Stephenson Harwood LLP. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.shlegal.com
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National Nest Box Week
Posted 06 Feb 2018
NNBW takes place each year from 14 - 21st February, and after more than 19 years it is now an established part of the ornithological calendar. NNBW aims to encourage everyone to put up bird boxes in their local area in order to promote and enhance biodiversity and conservation of our breeding birds and wildlife.
Whether you’re a family with space for a bird box in your garden, a teacher, a member of a local wildlife group, or you
belong to a birding club and could organise a work party, National Nest Box Week gives you the chance to contribute to the conservation
effort in the UK whilst giving you the pleasure of observing any breeding birds that you attract to your garden
Over 20 different bird species regularly use nest boxes: from Blue Tits, which use the ‘standard’ small-hole type of nest box, to birds like the Barn Owl that use a much larger nest box with a much larger entrance hole.
Two of our closest bird neighbours, the House Sparrow and the Starling, have shown dramatic declines in recent years and by putting up a nest box we can help provide the space they need to build a nest, and present an opportunity to collect valuable data. For House Sparrows a nest box with a 32mm entrance hole is what is needed, and for Starlings a slightly larger box with a 45mm entrance hole is ideal. What ever your nest box requirements here at Gardenature we have garden bird boxes to suit all requirements, or better still
No garden is too small for a bird box, in the case of the House Sparrow and the Starling all you need is a little space high up on the wall of the house. For those lucky enough to have more space why not put up two or more bird boxes. Even if your nest box isn’t used to raise a family it might still be used as a safe, warm and dry space for birds to roost overnight.
- Not too close to another nest box - nest boxes of the same type should not be sited too close together as this may promote aggressive behaviour between neighbours.
- Shelter your box from the weather - the front of the nest box should be angled vertically or slightly downwards to prevent rain from entering the nest box. Make sure it is sheltered from prevailing wind, rain and strong sunlight. Ideally place your bird box facing in a north, north easterly direction with a clear flight path.
- Height from the ground should be upto 3 metres - small-hole boxes are best placed 1 - 3m above ground on tree trunks, but avoid sites where foliage obscures the entrance hole. If there are no trees in your garden, the next best option is to place your box on the side of a shed or wall.
- Open-fronted nest boxes should be hidden from view - attach your box to a wall or fence that has shrubs and creepers growing against it
- Make sure cats cannot get into the box - ensure that it is not easily accessible to predators (cats and squirrels).
- Consider a metal plate around hole to deter squirrels - this preventive measure that can be used
to deter squirrels from gaining access
- Keep nest boxes away from bird feeders - as high levels of activity of visiting birds could disturb nesting pairs.
- Use galvanized or stainless steel screws or nails that will not rust. If fixing boxes to trees, galvanised wire can be used to tie the box to the trunk or hang it from a branch. Make sure to regularly inspect these fittings to ensure the box remains securely attached.
- Traditionally, nest boxes for small birds are put up in the spring - pairs begin to prospect in the latter half of February, so a box put up at the end of the winter stands a good chance of attracting nesting birds. However, it is never too early or late to put up a nest box, as some birds will use them to roost in during the winter months.
Siting a Bird Nesting Box most common things NOT to do..
- Don't site your box where it will be in full sunlight, this can cause the contents to overheat.
- Don't use a box with a perch. These can allow access to predators such as squirrels.
- Don't place the box close to a bird feeder. Visiting birds could disturb the nesting pair.
- Don’t choose a box which is incorporated in a bird table, this is just a cosmetic design
- Don’t choose a box made from materials like metal or ceramics as the interior can become too hot or too cold for chicks to survive
by Simon Byland
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A Case Study in Knowledge-Based Machine Translation
By Kenneth Goodman, Sergei Nirenburg
Publisher: Elsevier / Morgan Kaufmann
Final Release Date: September 1991
Machine translation of natural languages is one of the most complex and comprehensive applications of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence. This is especially true of knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) systems, which require many knowledge resources and processing modules to carry out the necessary levels of analysis, representation and generation of meaning and form. The number of real-world problems, tasks, and solutions involved in developing any realistic-size knowledge-based machine translation system is enormous. It is thus difficult for researchers in the field to learn what a system "really does".
This book fills that need with a detailed case study of a KBMT system implemented at the Center for Machine Translation at Carnegie Mellon University. The research consists in part of the creation of a system for translation between English and Japanese. The corpora used in the project were manuals for installing and maintaining IBM personal computers (sponsorship by IBM, through its Tokyo Research Laboratory) Individual chapters describe the interlingua texts used in knowledge-based machine translation, the grammar formalism embodied in the system, the grammars and lexicons and their roles in the translation process, the process of source language analysis, an augmentation module that interactively and automatically resolves ambiguities remaining after source language analysis, and the generator, which produces target language sentences. Detailed appendices illustrate the process from analysis through generation.
This book is intended for developers, researchers and advanced students in natural language processing and computational linguistics, including all those who have an interest in machine translation and machine-aided translation.
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第一节，听下面五段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置，听完每项对话后，你都有10秒的时间回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 现在你有5秒钟的时间阅读第一小题的有关内容。 1. What does the man promise to do? A. Send the woman a card. B. Write to the woman. C. Take her on a holiday. 2. What do we know about the show? A. It was terrible. B. It was not different from other shows. C. It was a festival show. 3. What does the woman want to do? A. Go boating. B. Compete in a race. C. Watch a race. 4. Where does the conversation take place? A. At the man’s house. B. At the woman’s house. C. At the restaurant. 5. What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. Christmas. B. The Spring Festival. C. Festivals in the West and China. 第二节: 听下面五段对话或独白，每段对话和独白后有几个小题。从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话和独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟。听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的做答时间。每段对话和独白读两遍。 听下面一段对话，回答第6和第8三个小题。现在你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。 6. When will the film festival start? A. Tonight. B. Tomorrow morning. C. Tomorrow night. 7. Why is the woman anxious to see that film? A. She loves the actress in the film. B. The music is great. C. She wants to learn French. 8. What is the man’s attitude towards film stars? A. Curious. B. Indifferent. C. Enthusiastic. 听下面一段对话，回答第9至11三个小题。现在你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。 9. Where will the woman spend Christmas? A. At her friend’s house. B. At her parents’ house. C. At her own house. 10. What will she do for the two children? A. She’ll buy them a Christmas tree. B. She’ll get a box of chocolates for them to share. 11. How old might the younger child be? A. 8. B. 7. C. 5. 听下面一段对话，回答第12至第14三个小题。现在你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。 12. Who generally takes part in the parades in the woman’s country? A. Children. B. Soldiers. C. Workers. 13. What is unusual about the man’s country? A. They don’t have a National Day. B. They seldom celebrate their National Day. C. They have two National Days each year. 14. Where will the man probably go? 听下面一段对话，回答第15至第17三个小题。现在你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。 15. What do we know about the Water Splashing Festival? A. It is the New Year celebration of the Dai people. B. It is the harvest festival of the Dai people. C. It is the adult ceremony of the Dai people. 16. How long does it last? A. One day. B. Tow or three days. C. Three or four days. 17. What is NOT among the activities of the festival? A. Launching Kongming Lanterns. B. Racing dragon dancing. C. Drinking and dancing. 听下面一段独白，回答第18至第20三个小题。现在你有20秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。 18. What was Samuel Parnell’s job? A. A doctor. B. A carpenter. C. A Lawyer. 19. How many years had the eight-hour day existed by 1890? A. 40 years. B. 50 years. C. 100 years. 20. When was the day first celebrated as a public holiday? A. In 1890. B. In 1899. C. In 1900.
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Mountain flying brings up visions of very high peaks, mostly in the west of Canada or the United States. Mountain flying techniques should also be used when flying around any area where there are large hills or valleys anywhere in North America.
Weather is the biggest hazard while flying in hilly or mountainous areas. Studying the weather is therefore of vital importance when planning to fly in these areas. Flying techniques are important, but if our weather knowledge is inadequate, good technique may just get us into more trouble.
Too many of us rely just on TAFS and METARs for our weather information. TAFs and METARs only give us information about the five nm radius of the airports where we are interested in flying into or out of.
Before flying over mountainous terrain or in valleys on bad weather days, special care must be taken to get a good weather briefing, which includes an Area Forecast. Graphic Area Forecasts read from a computer, or full briefings by a Flight Information (FIC) Specialist, are the only ways pilots can find out what might occur on the route of flight and find out what to be prepared for.
Possible frontal systems, thunderstorms, low ceilings and showers along or near the route of flight are items to watch for in a briefing. When flying valleys, approaching frontal systems and thunderstorms may not be seen until they are very close, leaving little time to turn around.
Low ceilings may initially leave room below for safe flight, but often drop gradually, without us noticing, reducing the manoeuvring room available. Ceilings and visibility’s can drop suddenly when it starts to rain or snow. A sudden shower in a valley can cut off all exits. Ceilings can drop 2,000 feet and visibilities can drop two miles or meteorological conditions) instantly.
The CARs tell us it is legal to fly in uncontrolled airspace with 500 feet vertical distance from cloud and with one mile visibility above 1,000 feet and with two miles visibility below 1,000 feet. As we can see, being legal when flying under low ceilings with the possibility of showers around, is not necessarily safe.
Winds cause multiple problems in the mountains. They tend to follow valleys, but they can’t bend as quickly, causing turbulence. As valleys narrow, the wind speed increases (Bernoulli’s Principle) causing turbulence. Winds that do cross valleys cause downdrafts on the upwind side of the valley, updrafts on the downwind side of the valley and often turbulence in the centre of the valley.
Again, it is normal practice to fly on the right side of a valley. If there are strong winds however, fly on the side of the valley where the winds are going up the mountains and watch carefully for opposite direction traffic.
Winds of 25 kts or greater in the mountains can cause strong downdrafts, updrafts and turbulence from the bottoms of the valleys to more than 2,000 feet above the tops of the ridges.
The downdrafts may exceed the climb capability of even medium size aircraft.
It is therefore recommendedthat ridges be crossed with at least 2,000 feet clearance in strong wind conditions. It is also recommended that when climbing over a ridge in windy conditions, the ridge be approached at a 45-degree angle or less so that a turn away from the ridge may be quickly made if a downdraft is encountered.
Winds of 50 kts or greater can produce mountain waves, although mountain waves have been known to develop with wind speeds of as low as 25 kts. Aircraft caught in mountain waves will climb and descend with the rising and descending air. The mountain wave activity may reach to very high altitudes, and may extend as far as 100 nm downwind of a mountain range. Mountain waves may or may not be turbulent.
The downdraft side of the mountain wave may reach speeds of 5,000 feet per minute. The increase in wind speed in a mountain wave downdraft will result in a significant pressure drop causing the altimeter to over read by as much as 3,000 feet. An aircraft may therefore descend a considerable distance (3,000 feet) before either the altimeter or the vertical speed indicator indicates the descent.
It may be possible to climb out of a mild mountain wave. Most often, it is not. Fly the aircraft attitude and pay attention to the airspeed to avoid a stall and to avoid over speeding the aircraft.
Telltale signs of mountain wave activity are lenticular, rotor and cap clouds.
We normally fly on the right side of the valley to avoid other aircraft that may be in the same area. This doesn’t always allow us to see around the next bend in the valley. If a right turn is coming up, we should move to the left side of the valley as far as is comfortable and peer around the corner before making the turn to avoid running into an unseen cloud bank.
Care must also be taken when operating from runways in the mountains, as wind shears, turbulence, updrafts, or downdrafts may be present near the runways and the surrounding mountains may obscure rapidly approaching frontal systems and thunderstorms.
Flying is more fun than studying the weather. A good weather watch however, will help you avoid those “I wish I was on the ground” moments and make flying more fun.
Dale Nielsen is an ex-Armed Forces pilot and aerial photography pilot. He lives in Abbotsford, B.C., and currently flies medevacs from Victoria in a Lear 25. Nielsen is also the author of seven flight training manuals published by Canuck West Holdings.
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Inventor Released is the second wall-mounted kinetic sculpture designed by David. He created it immediately following B.W. Cornwallis in the spring of 1976 (Link to post about B.W.) He recognized the inefficiencies in B. W. and was trying to improve upon them.
This sculpture, like its predecessor, is an escapement mechanism. Escapements have been used for centuries in clock making and can be used to measure regulated increments of time. David has always modified escapements, not worrying about their time keeping characteristics but instead working to maximize motion. It has allowed for a creative freedom that has always impacted his work. Compare the very visual motion in Inventor Release to the amount of motion you see in a clock.
In Inventor Released, David added an arm connected to the rotating wheel with a string. This allowed for some degree of adjustment by varying the string length. This is a great sculpture to study because it is one of the simplest and most revealing of David's designs. Basically, the weight is attached but can't descend because it is being held in place by the wooden ratchet. The pendulum wheel spins in one direction shortening the string and lifting the arm which causes the ratchet to release allowing the weight to drop just one notch before re- engaging.
The power from the release is transferred back through the arm giving it a needed push.
It now has enough energy to cause the main wheel to wind in the opposite direction, again shortening the string and again releasing the ratchet to repeat the process.
David's early pieces were all powered by descending weights. This is also similar to many early clocks. Inventor Released had the one descending weight and the higher you mounted the piece, the longer it would run. The limited factor was always that you needed to be able to reach the sculpture to wind it up again!
In the early years the inevitable question was, "Is it perpetual motion?" Clearly not. It requires the viewer to keep winding it up.
As you listen to the video you will hear the very loud and rhythmic click. David knew that a loud noise is the result of an inefficient mechanism. (It was also truly annoying to live with!). It was an effort to try and reduce the noise that kept David designing. A trend in David's work has always been that new designs evolved as he tried to solve things he didn't like about previous ones. Much inspiration came from his own work.
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Written by Eileen Browne
Suitable for: 5-7 years (Key stage 1)
Available braille grades: Grade 1, Grade 2
This is a vibrant and brightly coloured picture book, set in Africa, about a girl’s eventful journey with a basket of fruit.
Listen to an audio clip
It's a picture of a pineapple. It's quite lumpy and if you feel to the top of the pineapple you will find the long spiky leaves on top of it. Pineapples are a lot bigger than shown in the picture, have you ever felt a real pineapple? Move your fingers across to the left and find the next small feely picture. It is Handa's basket. It is a round, straw basket, but in the picture we can only see the front half of it, so it is shaped a bit like a banana! You can also feel the inside of the basket just above the banana shape. Can you feel how rough it is, this is because the basket is made of straw. Now move across and feel the next picture. Who do you think this is? It's Handa herself!
- A picture book with braille pages and raised tactile images.
- Audio descriptions with music and sound effects in your chosen format of either CD or USB.
- An ‘Articles for the Blind’ returns label for the free and convenient return of the box.
Touch to see image list
Grass, a Cricket, Handa & Basket & Pineapple
Ostrich & Basket of fruit
Goat, Palm Tree & Hut
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Governance Issues of the Nile Basin
A Technical Assessment: Looking back and discussing the future
When: August 19, 2020 | 10:30AM – 12:00PM EDT * | Agenda
The complex and varied uses of water are exemplified within the Nile River Basin, a transboundary water source with a long history of tension, conflict, but also cooperation. The Nile river drainage basin covers eleven riparian nations in northeastern Africa. Past treaties (1929 & 1959) will be discussed, as well as the 1999 Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), an intergovernmental partnership of ten of the eleven governments in the Nile Basin (Eritrea is an observer), and the Nile Basin Discourse, a network of civil society organizations supported by international development actors including the World Bank.
These organizations have made significant strides in promoting cooperation within the region. However, tensions have flared, notably between Egypt and Ethiopia over the construction and filling of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a hydroelectric power dam on the Blue Nile. This dam is meant to serve as a power source for a significant portion of Ethiopia’s population.
Amidst these growing tensions, what are some of the best practices for developing collaborative and inclusive initiatives for water cooperation and peace building? Are there any win-win scenarios? While the situation gets significant attention in the political circles, this webinar will gather water professionals from several disciplines to discuss technical issues and suggest pathways for solutions.
Speaker Lange Schermerhorn’s Suggested Pre-Reading Material:
9 Interesting Facts about the Nile River – Russell McLendon
Encyclopedia Britanica’s Study and Exploration of the Nile – Charles Gordon Smith
* Limit of 100 participants ; with Panel Q+A
Moderator – Professional Hydrogeologist at UHL & Associates, Inc.
Mr. Uhl has a seasoned, field-based background that is invaluable for detailed analysis of groundwater systems as a basis for sustainability/recharge evaluations and optimal groundwater systems management. Mr. Uhl has taught graduate level courses in Hydrogeology at the University of Maryland, the University of Akola in India, and at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey. He has given many presentations at seminars, international conferences, universities, and for corporate forums.
Ambassador Lange Schermerhorn
Former Ambassador to Djibouti
Ms. Schermerhorn’s 35-year Foreign Service career included assignments in the Department of State, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Iran, the United Kingdom, Belgium (twice), and lastly as Ambassador to the Republic of Djibouti (1998-2000) during which the year-long Arta reconciliation conference for Somalia sponsored by the Government of Djibouti took place.
Since retiring in 2001, Ms. Schermerhorn has continued her interest in Africa, serving as the Political Advisor to the commanding general of the US Central Command’s Djibouti-based Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) in 2003-04 and participating in various training assignments for the military. She has served on temporary assignments in American embassies in Eritrea, Kenya, and The Gambia and has consulted in Egypt, Somaliland, Djibouti, and Afghanistan. She has served as an election observer in Kenya, Nigeria, and Somaliland.
Dr. Peter McCornick
Executive Director of the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute (DWFI)
Peter is the executive director of the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute (DWFI) at the University of Nebraska, where he leads the institute in delivering on its vision of a water and food secure world, building its partnerships and collaborations in Nebraska, nationally in the US, and other key food producing regions in the world. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Biosystems Engineering and a courtesy professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the Robert B. Daugherty Chair of Water for Food.
Dr. Seifu Kebede
Professor of Hydrogeology at University of KwaZulu, South Africa
Professor Seifu Kebede Gurmessa obtained his BSc degree in Geology (1994) and MSc degree in Hydrogeology (1999) from Addis Ababa University. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Avignon, France in 2005 in Isotope (tracer) hydrogeology. Between 1994 and 1999, he was a lecturer at the School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University For about one year (2005-2006), after completion of his PhD work, he served the International Atomic Energy Agency as Junior Professional Officer. On return to Addis Ababa University in 2007, he was appointed as Assistant Professor of Hydrogeology and later in 2013, an Associate Professor of Hydrogeology. He joined the School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center of Water Resources Research, University of KwaZulu Natal in September 2019.
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Rescue Tripod "Footprint" Defined.
This may seem simple, but can you define it if a student or fellow team member asked you? The footprint of a rescue tripod is exactly what it implies.
Begin with something familiar: your footprint.
The footprints you make in the sand are created by the compression of the sand by your body weight which is being transferred through your legs and down to your feet. Therefore the footprint represents an area of compression. The same definition applies to all artificial high directionals such as rescue tripods, bi-pods, and mono-pods. The footprint of these devices is defined by the surface area which supports the legs of the high directional.
But it's not just the area where the tripod's feet contact the supporting surface. The footprint of a high-directional is also the area between these points of contact. As long as the weight being supported by the rescue tripod is directly above the footprint (and stays there), the system will remain stable. If the resultant of the various forces (or vectors) points outside the footprint, the system will fall over. This is why we back-tie tripods if we anticipate a side pull of some sort. So the footprint of a tripod is a triangle. The bigger the triangle, the more lateral stability we can expect.
How about an “A” frame (bi-pod)? Now the area of support (or footprint) between the two legs is a single line that runs between them. Keeping the weight pointing down directly to this line is impossible unless we stabilize or back-tie the bi-pod to restrict its movement. The need to restrict movement is even greater with a mono-pod or 'gin pole,' since now the footprint is reduced to a single point. Proper use of high directionals requires assessing and managing the forces that we expect to point down to the footprint.
The ability to rig back-ties and accurately estimate the resultant of all the expected forces is vital for the safe and effective advance use of tripods, bi-pods, and mono-pods.
This article was written by D2000 Safety’s Rescue Services Manager, Pat Rhodes, who along with D2000 Safety’s Lead Rescue Instructor Greg Arbizo will be teaching an Open-Enrollment Industrial Rescue Train the Trainer Class November 4-7, 2014 in Tempe, Az. You can find out more about this class by visiting our web site here: Industrial Rescue Train the Trainer.
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Sometimes you need to time a quick one minute, or a quick three minutes, of cooking time. (Stir-fry recipes in particular are fond of directions like that.) And sometimes you don’t have a kitchen timer handy, or maybe you’ve got two or three one-minute steps right after the other with no time to set a timer in between.
At times like these, it helps to know that a dramatic recitation of Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky” all the way through — no rushing or mumbling — takes about one minute.
(Medieval recipes would give similar timing directions. “A Paternoster while” is the length of time it takes to say the Lord’s Prayer in Latin once through — about thirty seconds if you don’t rush it. “Two Aves and a Paternoster” is about a minute.)
When you’re messing about in the kitchen, knowing a handy estimator like that one is as useful as knowing — in a writing context — that a page of 12-point Courier in standard manuscript format equals roughly 250 words and will take about a minute to read aloud.
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The beauty of handwoven fabrics lies in the philosophy of art,
aesthetics, and backbreaking work of the crafter.
One of the oldest and most popular techniques in the history of clothing and textile is weaving. Weaving is a two-way process— warp and weft, the two main components that transform a thread into the fabric. Predominantly, the elements of warp and weft may alter, resulting in a fabric that shows more warp and less weft, and vice versa, but most of the times they are similar in size and diameter creating a perfectly balanced plain.
Classification of Handwoven Fabrics
With the advent of technology, Weavers, crafters, and historians have introduced certain systems to describe several forms of interlacement plain. However, Double-cloth, satins, and Twill are the most common and popular forms of weaves.
Satin is a weave with a glossy, lustrous surface and matte back. It formed by using filaments of Nylon, Polyester, and silk. The Satin fabric feels amazingly soothing to touch and is a comfortable choice of clothing.
Double cloth or Double cotton is a weave which has two layers of threads woven one above the other. Double-cotton fabrics are attention-grabbing and look cool, sober and appealing to the eyes.
Twill is the most ancient and trendiest form of the weaving technique used to produce diagonal lines called “wales” which are repeated regularly.
Handwoven Fabrics in Everyday Routine
Handwoven fabrics have it own charm and charisma. The rich colors, beautiful aesthetics and the traditions and culture that a handwoven fabric depict is to die for.
People love to use handwoven fabrics in their everyday routine. Handwoven scarfs are of considerable importance nowadays and look ethereal.
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New study confirms coral reefs are adapting to warmer waters
London, 16 February – In a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences scientists have discovered that some corals in the eastern Pacific are adapting to a warmer world by hosting more heat-tolerant algae.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that a 2 degrees C of warming would kill off 99 percent of global corals. However, the new study “shows that there are some unusual reefs that may be able to survive for several decades as a result of their ability to shuffle symbionts,” Andrew Baker, a marine biologist at the University of Miami and coauthor of the research, said in a statement.
“While we don’t think that most reefs will be able to survive in this way, it does suggest that vestiges of our current reefs may persist for longer than we previously thought, although potentially with many fewer species,” Baker said.
A new report recently published by the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), using official data from all over the world, found that there is no statistically significant reduction in global coral reefs since reliable records began two decades ago. In fact, for the Great Barrier Reef, the world’s biggest reef system, a record breaking high coral cover has been recorded.
Dr Peter Ridd, one of the world’s most eminent coral researchers, said
“Scientists are being suspiciously pessimistic about the future of the worlds reefs, even when they find wonderful news such as this latest study from the Eastern Pacific. Why are they constantly peddling such doom?”
Peter Ridd: Coral in a Warming World: Causes for Optimism (pdf)
Dr Peter Ridd
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Dish garden care.
Hydration: Check the soil of your dish garden daily. If the soil is dry below the surface, the garden should be lightly watered. Keep in mind that plants generally require less frequent watering during the winter months. Plants that are in pots which are porous or have drainage holes require more frequent watering than plants that are in pots without adequate drainage. Do not overwater. This can lead to root rot which will destroy the plant. Again, feel the soil regularly. Most plants like the soil to be evenly moist, but not soggy. Blooming plants generally require more water than foliage plants. It's also a good idea to rotate your plants ¼ turn when watering to assure even growth. Grouping plants can help them to retain moisture when you are away for a few days. Plants that thrive in high moisture conditions can benefit from regular misting, a humidifier or occasional placement near the shower.
Plant Placement: Most plants require at least medium to bright light. Avoid drafty locations. Keep the plants away from doors and open windows during the cooler months. Keep plants away from air conditioning and heat ducts.
Fertilizer/Food: Plants require some, but very little fertilizer and any choice in plant food will keep your plants healthy. Generally you should cut back on fertilizer/food during the plants' dormant period, which is usually during the winter months.
Pests: Keep an eye out for infestations. Many pests are very tiny, so look for damaged leaves, fine white webs, spotting or anything out of the ordinary. Pesticides are available at most garden centers. A quick solution is to wash the leaves with warm, soapy water and rinse.
Caring for your terrarium is easy. Place your terrarium within 10 feet of a window. Be careful of placing directly in south facing windows. Never expose your terrarium to direct sunlight. Check every couple of weeks to see if your terrarium needs water. Feel the soil to see if it is dry and add water if it is. If your terrarium is closed, take off the top at least once a month to air it out. If you see lots of condensation or have added too much water, leave the top off until it has had a chance to dry out. Pull off any leaves that show signs of yellowing or damage and prune plants if they grow too large. Don’t fertilize your terrarium because you don’t want to encourage growth.
Fairy Garden care.
Fairy gardens do best planted in a typical potting mix that can be found at any garden center. If you decide to make your own, use 50% potting soil with 50% perlite. Fill your container about one inch from the top. A light application of a time release fertilizer is recommended. Keep your fairy garden well watered. Adjust watering according to climate and location of your garden. Make sure to bring your gardens indoors if there is a possibility of frost or during extreme heat. Trim plants when necessary. You can pinch or snip off larger foliage. Don't forget to remove any spent blooms.
Carnivorous plant care.
Planting: Venus fly traps like very humid and swamp-like conditions, so it can be difficult to find a place to grow them at home. Good choices include a terrarium or aquarium. They also like acidic soil, so it's best to use a mixture that includes sand and sphagnum moss. Make sure to place your Venus fly trap in an area that is bright, but the plant will likely do best if it is kept out of direct sunlight.
Hydration: Venus Flytraps should be monitored, especially during hot and dry weather, to ensure that their growing medium does not dry out completely. The growing medium ideally should be just moist, not soggy or waterlogged. Therefore the tray method is best used while the plants are in direct sunlight in hot weather, or when one goes on vacation, to ensure that the medium does not dry completely. The "tray method" is simply a method wherein you place pots in a tray that has standing water in it. However, because the plants are sensitive to chemicals, be sure to water them only with distilled water or rain water. If you are going to use tap water, allow it to sit in an open container for a day or two. In the winter months, Venus fly traps go dormant for about three months. When this happens, the plant should be stored in an area where the temperature is between 45 degrees and 50 degrees F.
Feeding: Venus fly traps only need to eat two or three times a month, and unnecessarily tripping the plant's food trap
- either with food or your finger or a stick - can cause the plant to die because it drains its energy and makes its trigger hairs less sensitive. Common insects to feed Venus fly traps include flies or crickets. Insects can be alive or dead, but make sure not to give the plants insects that were killed by pesticides or other chemicals. Never feed your carnivorous plant raw meat.
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The paper traces the development and the role of syntactic reduction in Edmund Husserl’s (1856–1938) early writings on mathematics and logic, especially on arithmetic. The notion has its origin in Hermann Hankel’s (1839–1873) principle of permanence that Husserl set out to clarify. In Husserl’s early texts the emphasis of the reductions was meant to guarantee the consistency of the extended algorithm. Around the turn of the century Husserl uses the same idea in his conception of definiteness of what he calls “mathematical manifolds.” The paper argues that the notion anticipates the notion of reduction in term rewrite theory in computer science. The role of the reduction for Husserl is, however, primarily epistemological: its purpose is to impart clarity to (at least parts of) formal mathematics.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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The word communication comes from the word “common” which means exchange, send along, transmit and talk. Communication itself is the process of sharing information1. As a human being and social creatures, we need to communicate with others. By communicating, we share our ideas, what’s in our mind, and the other information that we have. It is a need for us to communicate with the others so communication cannot be avoided in our daily life. Communication can only occur if there is a sender and receiver. There are many ways of communicating. In this project I would like to explain the Shannon-Weaver model.
The Shannon-Weaver model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. In 1948 Claude Shannon who worked at the Bell Telephone Company in America made a communication model. He was concerned about the transmission of speech across a telephone line. In 1949 Warren Weaver was published a book about an introduction to the model. The Shannon-Weaver model then applied as:
Message signal signal message
1Terry Mohan and Helen McGregor, Communicating! Theory and Practice. Printed by McPherson Printing Group, Melbourne. 5
The Shannon-Weaver model consisted of six elements:
1) Information source
Information source is someone who makes decision to communicate.
The source usually has purpose to inform, to persuade or to entertain.
Message means the idea that we want to share to the receiver.
Messages may be written, spoken, non verbal, graphic, visual.
Transmitter is a medium that’s used channel to transfer the messages into signal. Transmitter sometimes called as encoder.
Channel is a medium for messages to travel over for example air.
Decoder is a medium to transfer the signal into messages.
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At Leamington we consider reading to be essential to all learning and school life. We place a huge importance on not only teaching our children to read but also the joys of reading for pleasure.
So why should we read?
The following list gives a brief insight to why books are important to children but there are many more benefits for children developing a love of reading:
- Books and stories fill a child’s mind with knowledge
- Sitting down with a book provides children with a time for quiet and calmness in their busy lives
- Stories provoke curiosity and discussion
- Listening to stories assists in the development of literacy skills and language development
- Reading provides parents with more opportunities to bond with their children
- Books provide thoughts, inspiration and reflection
- Exposure to books can help the understanding of print concept (i.e. left to right, top to bottom)
- Stories can stimulate imagination and play
- Picture books help to develop an appreciation for art and writing
- Reading a variety of books exposes children to a wide variety of language features and vocabulary
We live in an age where we can sit for hours binging on TV box sets or surfing social media pages. Despite these distractions reading still remains a popular pastime. We know reading is good for helping us improve our literacy and offers great entertainment but what other benefits can it offer?
- Personalities: Intriguing characters often hook us into a story but reading helps us to develop our own ideas and personalities as we compare our own reactions and beliefs to those in the story. Characters guide us through wonderful new worlds giving us the chance to evaluate ourselves along the way. In children’s stories you can be exposed to brand new emotions and situations. Take Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland for example Alice introduces us to the strange world of Wonderland. To younger readers, her wild journey through Wonderland where very little makes sense can feel as baffling and mysterious as the real world. Characters are rude and difficult to understand and even Alice can be stubborn and impolite. However by being exposed to these behaviours, children can discover and develop their own personalities.
- Health: Reading does more than help us to learn about our own personalities, it’s good for our health too. Studies show that our emotional intelligence can increase as we understand a range of perspectives and motivations. Some evidence shows that mental stimulation is one of the factors that can delay the onset of dementia and reading is one of the activities that can help keep the brain active. When we read we create mental recreations of the activities, sights and sounds of scenes in the story, mixing these with our own experiences and memories. Research also suggests that reading for just 30mins a week increases health and wellbeing. Reading for pleasure can improve our confidence and self –esteem, providing the foundation we need to pursue our goals and make life decisions. It can even help our sleep and reduce feelings of loneliness.
- Knowledge: Reading is a great way of taking you to a new world. We could read historic accounts of the Berlin Wall or the transcontinental railroad but they wouldn’t captivate us in the way as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or Pride and Prejudice does. We can watch these stories unfold on the screen through film and TV adaptations but when we read them, we actively engage with the subject, characters and surroundings. So even if our first though for picking up a book is to escape everyday life or to relax we are actually broadening our knowledge, even if we don’t realise that’s what is happening.
- Memory: Reading can be great for your memory as it works different parts of the brain than watching a film or listening to music does, including those areas dealing with vision, language and associative learning. People who read more have more complex brains, in other words reading keeps the memory sharp. As well as helping your memory in general it can help prevent Alzheimer’s. Studies show a link between exercising you’re your brain in a mentally challenging way like reading and a slower decline a slower decline in memory. Therefore the more you read and stimulate your brain, the more you can protect your memory.
- Stress: According to researches reading for just 6 mins can reduce stress levels by up to 68%. The study found people that read after having their stress levels elevated became more relaxed than those that tried other stress relievers like walking or listening to music. It doesn’t matter what book you pick up, by losing yourself in a thoroughly engrossing book you can escape the worries and stresses of the everyday world and spend a while exploring the realm of the authors imagination.
- Attention: With so many modern distractions, i.e. computer games, television, internet, social media etc. it isn’t a surprise people have shorter attention spans than we used to. Reading can help with that especially where children are concerned. The structure of a story (a beginning, a middle and an end) helps children’s brains process things in sequence and link cause to effect, which ultimately helps them think more clearly and hold their attention longer.
- Reading In School
- Training for Parents
- Reading For Pleasure
- How To Read With Your Child
- Love to Read?
- My Child Doesn’t Like To Read
- The Storybarn
- READ Liverpool
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The big education news out of Washington yesterday was that 10 states have been awarded waivers of key accountability provisions in the No Child Left Behind Act. This action by the U.S. Department of Education holds some potentially important implications for teaching and learning, as it essentially opens the door for states to rethink their priorities and approaches in evaluating schools (and districts). And accountability systems create a lot of pressure to influence what gets taughtand howin the classroom.
In fact, seven of the 10 states that won a first-round waiver from the department proposed to include tests in subjects beyond reading and mathematics as part of their reconfigured accountability systems. I did a quick analysis of this in a previous blog post. The most popular was to include science assessments, but social studies and writing also were included in some cases. Those plans raise the question of whether the waivers might reverse the narrowing of the curriculum many educators and experts believe has been an outgrowth of the No Child Left Behind Act.
In addition, as a condition for getting waivers, states had to make a number of commitments, including to adopt college-and career-ready standards (for most states, this means the Common Core State Standards) and aligned assessments (for most, joining one of the two state consortia working on common exams). Many states had to revise their initial waiver proposals to win approval by spelling out in more detail how they would ensure the standards are carried out, from supporting teachers to specifically indicating how they would help English-language learners and students with disabilities.
The 10 states to win waivers are Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. (Waivers for Florida, Georgia, and Oklahoma were conditional, meaning they still must make improvements to their plans.) New Mexico was turned down, but federal officials said they are confident the state could still secure one with improvements to its application.
For the big picture on the waivers, check out this detailed EdWeek story.
A lot of the revised state waiver plans pay more attention to providing professional development to teachers in the common standards, as well as addressing how English-language learners and students with disabilities will reach the new standards. For a helpful analysis, check out Lesli Maxwell's post over at Learning the Language.
In describing the waiver process, the Education Department made clear that states must do more than simply adopt high standards. The waiver applications would be judged in part on states' plans to provide professional development and high-quality instructional materials for the new standards, among other things.
In a recent EdWeek story, my co-blogger Catherine Gewertz detailed what the 11 first-round applicants for NCLB waivers were planning to do. As she noted, many proposed large-scale efforts to train their educators in the new academic standards, create or oversee development of new instructional resources, and redesign their testing systems.
You can read for yourself what states are planning, as well as how those plans have been revised at this waiver page from the Education Department. For a quick and easy sense of what states agreed to change to win a waiver, click on the "Improvements to XX's Request" (fill in the blank with a particular state). The changes appear mainly to involve elaborating on what states have done and plan to do to help with implementing the common standards.
Here's a quick sampling from four states:
Colorado: The state described in more detail its plans to ensure that students with disabilities and English-language learners have access to rigorous content aligned with college-and career-ready standards, including how it will work with teachers to help them.
Georgia: Described in more detail the professional-development activities it has provided for principals on the implementation of the common standards.
Indiana: Demonstrated the outreach it has already conducted and that it will conduct with the common standards. For example, it described a Learning Connection portal, which provides access to resources and a place to discuss topics in weekly online forums. The state also described steps it's taking to ensure that English-learners and students with disabilities will be able to achieve college-and career-ready standards and "fully participate in aligned assessments."
New Jersey: Provided additional information on professional-development sessions that will occur over the coming year to help teachers transition to the common standards, including sessions focused on English-learners and students with disabilities. New Jersey also elaborated on its plans to collaborate with institutions of higher education to review the rigor of current end-of-course high school assessments.
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The story of the pioneers crossing the plains has a special role in Mormon life and culture. This episode discusses this history, focusing on Winter Quarters and Brigham Young’s role. The class explores the questions of what we can learn from the pioneers, and how we can honor their authentic experiences as well as our own. Specific points of discussion include:
- The situation in Nauvoo that led to the Exodus of February 1846.
- Winter Quarters, Mormonism’s “second sacred grove,” or American’s “other Valley Forge.” Not originally part of Brigham Young’s plan, but due to bad weather.
- October 1846, Winter Quarters begins and was built up quickly. Within two months, 5000 Latter-day Saints were there for the winter.
- The Mormon Battalion (government requested 500 men to March to California in the Mexican War) made it necessary for the Saints to continue at Winter Quarters.
- Winter Quarters divided into 22 wards, called bishops, and placed two to three hundred people in each ward.
- Temple ordinances at Winter Quarters. Willard Richards’s octagon house used as a center place.
- The deaths at Winter Quarters due to disease, which numbered over a thousand.
- “This is the Place,” and the early activities in Salt Lake City. Dedicating the Temple site, and Ensign Peak as a place for temple ordinances.
- Brigham Young’s return to Winter Quarters.
- Reorganization of the First Presidency at Kanesville, Iowa, in December 1947.
One Time Donation:
Cami and Alyssa join Devery for the discussion.
You can access the Assigned Reading here.
- A Post on Lessons 34 and 35 on ByCommonConsent
- Carol Lynn Pearson’s “Pioneers” poem
- Richard E. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri
- Bennett, We’ll Find the Place
- Will Bagley, ed., The Pioneer Camp of the Saints: The Mormon Trail Journals of Thomas Bullock, 1846-47
- John Turner, Brigham Young, Pioneer Prophet
- Leonard Arrington, Brigham Young, American Moses
- Levina Anderson’s Dialogue article on Mary Fielding Smith
Many thanks to Devin Roth for the beautiful bumper music. Check out his arrangement of hymns and other work at DevinRothMusic!
Thanks to Nathan Jones for editing the discussion and James Estrada of Oak Street Audio for finishing up the episode around his Comic-Con schedule, and especially to Devery Anderson for taking charge of this episode.
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A couple months ago I went to MoMA and saw this wonderful exhibition of Jackson Pollock’s work tracking his artistic development from the 1930s, when he made loosely figurative images , to the early 1950s, when he pioneered the radical abstractions for which he is best known by pouring and dripping paint onto canvas or paper. It was a wonderful exhibition and I loved seeing the evolution but also getting an insight of how he took certain things further and further and how some of his early elements morphed into something more abstract or vanished in the end.
Jackson Pollock, Untitled (Sheet of Studies), c. 1939-42, Black colored pencil on paper
Jackson Pollock, Mask, 1941, oil on canvas
Jackson Pollock, Untitled (Animals and Figures, 1942, Gouache and ink on paper
Drawing was an independent medium for Pollock – so his sheets were never studies for paintings. Yet you can see similarities to his paintings – like in the one below – The She Wolf . Vibrantly colored lines that are laid on top. Fusing two different layers was a strategy Pollock would continue to develop over the next several years.
Jackson Pollock, The She-Wolf, 1943, oil, casein and gouache on canvas
He began covering the canvas with a layer of multicolored splatters, washes and drips and then superimposed the black outline of the wolf, whose head faces left. Finally he added thick white lines to highlight her shape and dense areas of gray-blue at the edges to bring further relief.
Jackson Pollock, Stenographic Figure, ca 1942, oil on linen
Screen prints 1943-1944 – Pollock experimented with screen printing in this time and worked briefly at a commercial silkscreen workshop in 1943. These screen prints above predate his first abstract “drip” paintings at least 2 years. Apparently Pollock and his wife artist Lee Krasner used those screen prints as greeting cards!
Painting, ca. 1944, Gouache on plywood
Full Fathom Five, 1947, oil on canvas with nails, tacks, buttons, key, coins, cigarettes, matches, etc.
This is one of Pollock’s first “drip” paintings. While its top layers consist of poured lines of black and shiny silver house paint, a large part of the paint’s crust was applied by brush and palette knife.
The nails, tacks, buttons etc. are all encrusted in the paint and add to the texture.
Untitled, c. 1944-45, engraving and drypoint
Gothic, 1944, oil on canvas
Pollock told a critic that this composition was based on Pablo Picasso’s 1907 masterpiece, Le Demoiselles d’Avignon. Just a whisper of this inspiration piece, yet …if you know it you can see it …and still it is something totally new and Pollock!
Number 1A, 1948, oil and enamel paint on canvas
I love how you can see his fingers on the left – the hand of the artist- it makes you look for these things in all of his drip paintings.
One: Number 31, 1950, Oil and enamel paint on canvas
Untitled, c. 1950, ink on paper
this makes me want to fling some ink :)
White Light, 1954, Oil, enamel and aluminum paint on canvas
This is one of Pollock’s last paintings and the only one he completed in 1954- he squeezed paint directly from a tube on the canvas – also used a brush to create subtle marbling effects by manipulating wet paint in certain areas.
It was so inspiring and wonderful – the texture and the vibrancy of the colors – and of course – do not forget the scale.
I hope you enjoyed this little stroll – until the next one.
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When people read a science news story online, chances are they'll find a string of comments below, and the comments aren't always civil. But these comments actually influence people's perception of the science, a new study suggests.
The Internet provides a forum for discussing issues in a way that traditional media did not. "You used to use media by yourself. Now, it's almost like reading the newspaper in middle of a busy street with people yelling in your ear what you should and shouldn’t believe," study co-author Dietram Scheufele, a communication scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, told LiveScience.
Uncivil commenters (knowninformally as "trolls") dominate online discussions with comments such as: "Wonder how much taxpayer cash went into this 'deep' study?" and "This article is 100 percent propaganda crapola." Such digital rants and diatribes are a staple of today's media environment.
Scheufele and colleagues studied how online incivility affects readers' perceptions of a scientific issue — specifically, nanotechnology. They found that impolite comments on a blog post about the science skewed people's views of the technology's risks and benefits. The findings, presented Thursday (Feb. 14) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Computer Mediated Communication.
The researchers conducted an online survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,183 Americans. The participants read a neutral blog post from a Canadian newspaper that described risks and benefits of a particular use of nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary field of science dealing with things at the nanometer (one-billionth of a meter) scale. The researchers chose nanotechnology because it’s a topic on which most people haven't formed political opinions.
Participants saw different versions of the story — the blog post itself was the same, but each version contained either civil or uncivil comments. For example, an uncivil comment might be, "If you don't see the benefits of using nanotechnology in these products, you're an idiot." Civil comments made the same argument using polite language. After reading the blog post, the participants were asked to fill out a survey about the blog and comments, their views of the risks and benefits and other information.
The results showed that rude blog comments appear to make readers polarized about the risks of an issue — namely, nanotechnology — depending on how religious the reader is, as well as the individual's prior support for the issue.
Just as politicians bickering on television may push people to extreme positions, rude or disparaging blog comments can divide readers, according to the study's authors. The effect of online comments may be "especially troublesome" for science communicators, they write, particularly for contentious issues such as evolution or climate change.
"The whole idea of audiences debating science online is a good thing," Scheufele said. But he added, "We're looking at a town hall meeting without any established rules."
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Funter Bay is on the west coast of the Mansfield Peninsula on Admiralty Island, about 32 miles (52 km) southeast of Gustavus and 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Juneau, Alaska. The bay was named in 1883 by William Healey Dall, of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, for Captain Robert Funter, an English explorer who mapped parts of the Pacific Northwest in 1788.
Funter Bay was the site of a World War II internment camp for Aleuts that were relocated 1500 miles (2419 km) from their homes in the Pribilof Islands. Evacuees from the island of St. Paul were housed in an abandoned cannery on the north shore of the bay, and evacuees from the neighboring island of St. George were housed at an old mine site on the southeast shore of the bay. The injustices they suffered were the subject of the U.S. Congress’ Aleut Restitution Act of 1988.
A large salmon cannery was built at Funter Bay in 1902 and operated until 1931. A lack of maintenance eventually led to the collapse of most of the large structures. Local residents salvaged some of the wood for cabins and by the 1990s most of the remaining cannery structures were razed. Read more here and here. Explore more of Funter Bay here:
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What is happiness and how can we get more of it? For many years scientists have been trying to define the joy and well-being of happiness, how people come to experience it and how to help them get a bit more of it in their lives.
What we do know from research is that happiness is infectious. We’re all more likely to be happier if we have a happy friend nearby.
And we know that money does matter. We need enough of it to live well — that makes us happier than not having money. But after a point, more money doesn’t make a lot of difference.
Research in the journal Psychological Science shows that money spent on doing, rather than by buying things, works. Apparently an experience, such as a holiday or going skydiving, brings more happiness than a good shopping spree.
There have been many attempts to judge the happiness levels of countries and some have even suggested that this is a better measure of a nation’s progress than looking at an economy through the lens of GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
Australia generally does well in the rankings. The World Happiness Report 2015 puts Australia in 10th place out of 158 countries.
The world happiness rankings are based on a range of metrics including life expectancy, social support, freedom to make choices and generosity of the general population. There are many others trying to measure well-being including the UN’s Human Development Index, the Happy Planet Index, the Legatum Prosperity Index and the Gallup/Healthways Well-Being Index.
Now researchers have, using data from a major study, determined that happiness depends on whether things are better or worse than expected.
Robb Rutledge and colleagues, of the Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, designed a study looking at the relationship between rewards and happiness.
“Based on the data, we developed a mathematical equation to predict how self-reported happiness depends on past events,” says Rutledge, writing about it for the OECD. “We found that happiness depends not on how well things are going, but whether things are going better or worse than expected.”
For those who like mathematics, here’s the formula the researchers came up with for happiness:
The formula explained in brief:
“Happiness depends on safe choices (certain rewards, CR), expectations associated with risky choices (expected value, EV), and whether the outcomes of risky choices were better or worse than expected. This final variable is called a reward prediction error (RPE), the difference between the experienced outcome and the expectation.”
To get a detailed explanation go HERE.
This all means, according to Rutledge, that your happiness should increase in anticipation as soon as you make a plan to meet a friend.
“If you manage to get a last-minute reservation at a popular new restaurant, your happiness might increase even more,” he says.
“If the meal is good, but not quite as good as expected, your happiness should actually decrease.”
The study shows how important expectations are but this doesn’t mean low expectations (and being pleasantly surprised when events exceed your expectations) are a key to happiness.
“We often don’t know the outcome of major life decisions for a long time, whether taking a new job or getting married, but our results suggest that positive expectations about those decisions will increase happiness,” he says.
The equation has been used to predict the happiness of more than 18,000 people round the world playing a game on a smartphone app called
The free app asks: “What makes me happy?” Players then choose between safe and risky options to win as many points as they can.
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In February 21,1613 a great event occurred in Russian history. A representative assembly of All Classes of the Land (Vsesoslovny Zemsky Sobor) elected Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov to reign Russia. The Sobor, followed by Moscow as well as by other Russian towns, swore allegiance to Tsar Mikhail for "...the Tsar was elected by God Himself, and the whole Land of Russia was rejoining and exulting".
Under the Stolbovsky Peace Treaty (concluded with Sweden in 1617), Russia relinquished her possessions on the Baltic Sea coast. During the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich, coast-dwellers' navigations in the Arctic Ocean became more intensive; a number of geographical discoveries were made by Dezhnev, Poyarkov, Khabarov, etc. At the same time, coastal trade was restricted and foreign merchants' ships were admitted up to Arkhangelsk only.
Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov (1596-1645). Ruled from 1613 to 1645.
In 1633 the Duke of Shlezvits-Golshtinsky Friedrikh III applied to the Tsar for a permission to build ten ships for a trade in silks with Persia. Permission was granted, though with the condition "...to hide no ship-building know-hows from Russian shipwrights".
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BEIJING, Sept. 4 (Xinhua) -- China will increase the portion of renewable resources to 15 percent in its total energy consumption in 2020 in a bid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pursue sustained economic growth, according to a national plan published on Tuesday.
China's renewable energy usage will total 600 million tons of coal equivalent in 2020, compared with 166 million tons in 2005 which accounted for 7.5 percent of the country's total energy consumption.
The plan would cost China two trillion yuan (266.7 billion U.S. dollars) during the 2006-2020 period, said Chen Deming, vice minister in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).
As coal currently feeds most of China's energy needs and causes serious pollution, the plan highlights the development of hydropower, wind power, biomass and solar energy.
By 2020, the country's installed hydropower capacity is expected to reach 300 million kilowatts, wind power capacity 30 million kw, biomass power 30 million kw and solar power 1.8 million kw.
According to the plan published by NDRC, China will also provide electricity to remote, off-grid regions and alleviate fuel shortages in rural areas by using renewable energy.
By 2020, about 300 million rural people will use biogas as their main fuel, when China will use 10 million tons bio-ethanol and two million tons of bio-diesel to replace 10 million tons of oil annually.
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However, Hilbert's very interesting exploration was more for the benefit of logicians and the foundations of eulcidean geometry. It is not usable for teaching new-comers, or for assisting or describing how people now doing/ using geometry practice geometric reasoning.
To paraphrase my advisor (Gian-Carlo Rota) 'this axiomatic presentation of geometry is to the practice of geometry as medicine is to food'. The axioms point out some areas of concern that should be raised to our attention under certain circumstances, but do not serve the teaching and learning of geometry most of the time.
In my practice of discrete applied geometry, and in my teaching / research on mathematics education, Felix Klein has been a substantially larger influence with his Erlanger Program. It is no accident that one of the two most prestigious prizes in Mathematics Education is named after Klein. The other is named after Hans Freudenthal, who has also written about geometry. There is a nice article by Freudenthal, in JSTOR: Geometry between the devil and the deep sea. I note that to Freudenthal, 'the devil' was the axiomatic approach to geometry! He preferred to be in the deep sea.
Walter Whiteley York University
On 10-Feb-08, at 8:44 PM, Kirby Urner wrote:
"David Hilbert was one of the outstanding mathematicians of the modern era. He proposed 21 geometry axioms--the greatest influence in geometry since Euclid (325 BC)."
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Social media is a strangely compelling hunt for novelty. But why are we so addicted to find and and sharing surprising content? It turns out, we share or we die.
The thrill of discovery is fueled by dopamine, a neurotransmitter that activates when we're pleasantly surprised but not when we're merely satisfied. Evolutionary biologists have theorised that this is why we're driven to find new things. “Dopamine isn’t interested in what’s expected; it’s interested in what’s surprising so it can help you learn about your environment,” says Robb Rutledge, a researcher at University College London. “Your happiness depends on whether things are getting better or worse, and knowing that can help you make better decisions in the future.”
If one of our ancestors encountered a surprise - for example, picking a harmless-looking berry that makes them ill – they’d find out what happened, shift their perspective about which berries are safe to eat, and then share the experience with others so they don’t make the same mistake. Thus ensuring the happy, healthy survival of their family line. That’s assuming they survived that pesky berry.
This also applies to things that surprise us socially. Nothing spreads faster than a juicy piece of gossip about someone in our community. It is possible that gossip regulates behavior and establishes morality in close-knit communities more effectively even than laws do.
In the digital context, this plays out in the same way. Every day, media does its utmost to share surprising news with us. Most news incidents are anomalies, and this is often what makes them news-worthy. The more surprising they are, the faster they spread. The offshoot is that we learn something new about the world we live in, because like our ancestors before us, when something surprises us, it usually teaches us something, too.
Surprise tends to heighten emotions, which as any good teachers know, are crucial for embedding learning. A happy surprise makes us happier, a surprising joke is funnier, an unexpected sadness is sadder.
In their book Surprise: Embrace the Unpredictable and Engineer the Unexpected (2015), Tania Luna and Leeann Renninger describe the ‘surprise sequence’ that they observed through numerous studies in the field of social psychology. Put simply, these steps are 1) Freeze, 2) Find, 3) Shift, and 4) Share. This simple four step framework can give us powerful insight into what kind of content spreads on social media, and how we can use that insight to ensure our ideas get more share-time. But let's have a look at how it works in the real world.
Imagine you arrive home late one evening after work, turn on the lights, and as you do, ten of your good friends jump out from behind assorted bits of furniture and yell, ‘Surprise!’ Your first reaction will likely be of the frozen and shocked variety, this is the Freeze phase - you stop whatever else you were doing. Next you’ll likely attempt to find out what exactly is going on. ‘When did you guys plan this? How did you get in?!’. Then you’ll shift, perhaps into a more relaxed mood, or perhaps you’ll decide to stop leaving your spare key under the pot outside your door. Lastly, you’ll probably share the experience with others - Facebook, Instagram, and of course in person. The bigger the surprise the more you’ll want to share it. Did a friend spoil you with a surprise visit? Worth a mention to someone. Did a friend spoil you with holiday? Worth a good few more.
As humans are always looking for the shift in perspective and practice that will make us safer or happier. It’s in our DNA to do so. And if we find that golden nugget of surprise, we’ll usually share it - with the amount of sharing we do probably proportionate to the level of emotion attached to the surprise and the shift experience.
So, ask yourself, ‘What can I do differently with this in mind?’ If you want your content to spread, remember that the basis of a good story may well be rooted in the surprise sequence:
1. Surprise! Capture attention with a surprising headline, image, topic, timing, or personality.
2. Find. Engage curiosity, draw people in beyond the headline - are you credible, is the topic relevant, who else shared it, is there an appropriate curiosity gap.
3. Shift. Make sense of the surprise. You don’t want your content dismissed as clickbait, so give substance to your content and make it understandable. If people are confused or disappointed they won't get to the all important next step... If your content is genuinely surprising and emotive, people will have a state change, a perspective shift, an aha moment, a lesson... they'll "twig"! This is what you want. You’re changing minds and making lives better!
4. Share. Make your content and surprise easy for people to share right away - a timely nudge could work wonders. Is your call to action clear? Do you ask for the share? Is there a button I can press to make sharing easier?
If you believe in your ideas, it's your job to make them non-boring! Bring them to life by engineering a bit of surprise in how you present them. And next time you hesitate before sharing a piece of news, just remember that the survival of our species may just depend on it.
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People of color in the United States have dramatically more years stripped from their lives due to police violence than white people, according to a new study.
“This is the first study that quantifies years of life lost due to police violence in the US by age and by race,” said Anthony Bui, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles. “We found that deaths from law enforcement are a major public health concern.”
The researchers drew on data from The Counted, a 2015-2016 award-winning Guardian investigation into police killings, which concluded that Native Americans, black Americans and Hispanic Americans, in that order, were disproportionately the victims of fatal police violence.
The new research added a fresh aspect to those findings by looking at the public health metric of “years of life lost” (YLL), which essentially subtracts the age individuals had attained when they died from their life expectancy, in order to find out how many years were “lost” by their premature death.
The UCLA, Harvard and UC Berkeley researchers calculated that people of color comprised 38.5% of the population, but 51.5% of the years of life lost.
“Media reports and other studies have already shown that these deaths from police violence disproportionately affect people of color,” Bui said. “Our results confirm this, but then we also show that these deaths are occurring largely among young people whose life expectancies were long.”
According to the study, published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, there were 57,375 and 54,754 years of life lost in total due to police violence in the US in 2015 and 2016, respectively.
For context, those figures are roughly the same as years lost to meningitis and childbirth-related deaths each year. The figures for police killings are higher than those due to both cyclist road injuries and unintentional firearm injuries, according to national data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Essentially the disproportionate number of years lost boils down to the average age of victims. According to the research, police violence was greatest among younger age groups across racial and ethnic groups, but the share of YLLs “was higher among even younger ages in people of color compared with whites”.
The report concluded: “Police violence disproportionately impacts young people, and the young people affected are disproportionately people of color. Framing police violence as an important cause of deaths among young adults provides another valuable lens to motivate prevention efforts.”
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Landmark treaty opens doors for the visually impaired
In a move widely heralded as a triumph for multilateralism, WIPO's member states recently concluded a landmark agreement that will boost access to literature, entertainment and learning for blind, visually impaired and print disabled people around the world.
After five years of intense negotiations, on June 27, 2013, WIPO's 186 member states adopted the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled at a Diplomatic Conference hosted by the Kingdom of Morocco. Why was this historic treaty needed and how will it help improve access to published works by blind, visually impaired and print disabled people around the world?
International copyright: a balancing act
Since the first international copyright treaty, the Berne Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, was concluded in 1886, international copyright law has recognized the need to balance the rights of authors of creative works and special provisions (known as "limitations and exceptions ") that are in the public interest. The Berne Convention and subsequent copyright treaties include these special provisions that allow for some uses of copyrighted material without authorization from the rightholder. The definition of the "special cases " to which these provisions apply is left to national governments, the only caveat being that the reproduction of the works produced under them "does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. "
In practice the copyright limitations and exceptions contained in national laws vary widely. A study undertaken by WIPO in 2006 indicated that just 57 countries had special provisions for visually impaired persons in their copyright laws. Because copyright law is territorial, where such special provisions exist in national law they do not cover the import or export of works converted into accessible formats (such as Braille, large print and digitized audio versions of works), even between countries with similar rules. Organizations seeking to produce works in accessible formats have to negotiate with rightholders to exchange special formats across borders or pay to produce their own materials.
This complex situation explains why, according to the World Blind Union (WBU), of the millions of books published each year around the world less than 5 percent are available in formats accessible to visually impaired persons. It explains why, for example, the Libraries of the National Organization of Spanish Blind People (ONCE) which has more than 100,000 titles and its counterpart in Argentina with over 50,000 works cannot share their titles with Latin America's other 19 Spanish-speaking countries.
Recognizing the need to address this problem, in 2004, WIPO's member states began exploring whether copyright limitations and exceptions in general should be harmonized internationally. The adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities added impetus to these discussions with respect to visually impaired persons and led to calls for a formal treaty to address the situation in respect of the global community of visually impaired persons. These discussions culminated, in June 2013, in the adoption of the landmark Marrakesh Treaty.
What the treaty does
The Marrakesh Treaty seeks to alleviate the book famine which excludes millions of visually impaired persons from access to the bulk of the world's published works. It requires countries that agree to be bound by its provisions (so-called contracting parties) to adopt provisions in their national law that permit the reproduction, distribution and making available of published works in accessible formats through limitations and exceptions to the rights of copyright holders.
It also provides for the exchange of these accessible format works across borders by organizations that serve the blind, visually impaired or print disabled. It is the first international treaty to harmonize these types of special provisions internationally, making it easier for organizations to share works in accessible formats with their foreign counterparts and eliminating duplication, improving efficiency and reducing costs of production in the process. Instead of multiple countries producing accessible copies of the same work, each country will be able to produce a different work in an accessible format which can then be shared with other countries.
"It's a wonderful achievement for the international community," said WIPO Director General Francis Gurry, noting the "diversity of interests " surrounding the issue and applauding the negotiators for their ability to reach consensus in creating a "simple, workable and effective " framework that respects the international architecture of the copyright system. "The treaty has achieved a very fair balance between the various interests that converge on the subject. It is a treaty that will make a difference; it will have a concrete and positive impact and it will contribute to reducing the book famine from which the visually impaired persons have suffered for too long. "
"It's a miracle! " said the President of the WIPO Diplomatic Conference, His Excellency Mr. Mustapha El Khalfi, Morocco's Minister of Communications. "What has happened here in Marrakesh represents hope for the blind community and the international community. We are giving a human face to globalization. "
When will it take effect?
The treaty will enter into force when 20 WIPO member states agree to be bound by its provisions through a process of ratification or accession. Now that the treaty is a reality, the work begins to ensure it is widely adopted by member states so that the benefits that will flow from it are enjoyed by those for whom it is intended. Shortly after the treaty's adoption, recording legend Stevie Wonder who has been closely following the negotiations, congratulated international negotiators on their success in concluding the treaty but urged governments to ratify it. "I am respectfully and urgently asking all governments and states to prioritize ratification of this treaty so that it will become law of the land in your respective countries and states," he told delegates at the closing ceremony of the WIPO Diplomatic Conference.
WIPO's Stakeholders' Platform for Visually Impaired Persons
In addition to the legal measures to improve access by visually impaired persons to published works enshrined in the Marrakesh Treaty, a number of complementary practical initiatives to improve the availability of published works in relevant formats have been under development.
In 2008, the SCCR decided to establish a Stakeholders' Platform at WIPO. Its aims are first, to improve the availability of works in large print, Braille and other formats in a timely manner and second, to minimize the unnecessary and costly production of multiple copies of the same work by organizations serving visually impaired persons in different countries by facilitating the international exchange of such works.
An initiative known as TIGAR, the Trusted Intermediaries Global Accessible Resources project was launched in 2010. The TIGAR pilot brings together various institutions serving the visually impaired community to facilitate access to works in relevant formats such as audio, large print and Braille. "TIGAR is a public-private partnership designed to facilitate movement of works in accessible formats to visually impaired persons around the world," said WIPO Director General Francis Gurry. "It complements the enabling framework established in the recently adopted Marrakesh Treaty by creating an operational system to ease the book famine that the global visually impaired community has faced for too long. TIGAR is a powerful vehicle for ensuring better access to published works by visually impaired persons and promises to open new doors to literature and learning ".
The project involves the creation of a database containing the titles of works in accessible formats that participating organizations around the world can search to acquire such works, as well as developing the systems required for cross-border transfer of such works in various formats. The database now contains some 200,000 searchable titles with details of available formats and the participating organizations from which they may be obtained. Some participating intermediaries are already integrating these titles into their collections and making them available to the community they serve. To date, 21 trusted intermediaries and 45 rightholders have signed up to TIGAR.
The Enabling Technologies Framework
A second initiative, known as the Enabling Technologies Framework (ETF) launched in June 2010 is jointly run by two international standards bodies, the DAISY Consortium and EDItEUR. The DAISY Consortium focuses on the development and promotion of standards and technologies for the visually impaired community. EDItEUR develops, promotes and implements accessible publishing processes and meta data standards across the publishing industry. The project seeks to promote the development and use of standard technological processes and systems for the mainstream production of accessible publications.
A third focus of the Stakeholders' Platform is to build capacity and strengthen links with Trusted Intermediaries and the publishing industry in developing and least developed countries. Capacity-building activities are already underway in Namibia and Bangladesh and others are planned for Sri Lanka and the United Republic of Tanzania later in the year.
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Can a President Be Too Strong?
- Grades: 3–5, 6–8
Can a president be too strong? "Of course not," most people would answer. "It's always better to be strong than weak."
Perhaps. But can a president be so powerful that he or she threatens the nation's freedom? Should a president be allowed to violate the rights of the American people? Or to ignore the rights of other nations?
In recent years, many people think that the president has become too strong. They say that the president has taken so much power from the other branches of government that this threatens our democratic system.
Are there rules to tell a president how far he or she can go? The U.S. Constitution is supposed to prevent the president from using power in the wrong way. Article II states all the things that a president may do and some of the things that he or she may not do.
The Growing Power of the President
The Constitution was written over 200 years ago. The people who wrote it did not know about nuclear weapons or rockets to the moon or computers or television. They didn't know that the U.S. would some day be the richest, most powerful nation on Earth, with the power to destroy other nations in minutes. They didn't know that our economy would become so complicated and so big that it would require constant attention to keep it running smoothly.
Therefore, the rules that they wrote in the Constitution say little about a modern president's real power. George Washington would be shocked to know the following facts:
- The president today has the power to command the instant destruction of entire cities. The U.S. has thousands of missiles with nuclear warheads. Only the president can give the signal to launch them. How much military power did president Washington command in 1789? A few cannons and 718 soldiers.
- The president's power is felt all over the world. The president travels by jet from one nation to another. Foreign leaders often come to the White House. If Washington had tried to visit Europe or Asia, he would have been on a ship at sea for months at a time.
- The American people expect the president to deal with a huge number of problems. If there is economic trouble, they expect the president to cure it. Modern presidents don't just try to administer the laws passed by Congress. Nor do they merely "recommend measures" to Congress as required by the Constitution (Article II, Section 3). Through staff members, they often bring pressure on Congress to pass favored bills, including some actually written in the Executive Department. In Washington's day, many people thought the president's powers were only those directly mentioned in Article II of the Constitution.
Does the Constitution Allow a "Strong" President?
How much power should the president have? How much does the Constitution set limits to the president's actions? These are very old questions.
Throughout American history, there have been many kinds of presidents. But a number of them have tended to fall into two very different groups in their attitudes toward presidential power.
The first believed that the powers of the president were few and limited. presidents of this type thought they could, or should, do no more than follow the exact words of the Constitution and carry out the laws of Congress. You might call them "weak executive" presidents.
That doesn't mean that they were weak people. It means only that they believed their actions were strictly limited by the Constitution. Modern examples of such presidents were Warren Harding (1921–23), Calvin Coolidge (1923–29), Herbert Hoover (1929–33), and Dwight Eisenhower (1953–61).
Some others have been "strong executive" presidents. They believed the Constitution gave them enough power to be strong leaders. In their view, a president could act in ways not specifically mentioned by the Constitution.
Almost all our most famous presidents since Abraham Lincoln have believed in a strong Presidency. Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09), Woodrow Wilson (1913–21), and Franklin Roosevelt (1933–45) all acted in bold new ways. Their critics were sometimes shocked by their actions and complained that the Constitution was ignored. But the "strong executive" defended himself.
The question of how strong a president should be may be more important now than ever before. After all, the president has gained enormous power in recent years. Some scholars who once favored a strong president now believe that the trend has gone too far. They believe that we should go back to the days when the president and congress were more or less equal in power.
What do you think? Below are arguments on either side of the question. Decide which argument is strongest.
The Case Against a Strong President
We often treat our presidents as if they were royalty. presidents live in a big mansion. They have servants and assistants whose only job is to make sure the president has everything he or she wants.
They don't get much personal contact with the American people because the Secret Service fears they may be attacked. As one critic says: "No one speaks to him unless spoken to first. No one ever tells him to go soak his head when his demands become unreasonable."
The president has taken more and more power at the expense of Congress. The people who wrote the Constitution believed in checking and balancing power between Congress and the president. But today, the president is more powerful than Congress.
One example of what has happened is in the power to declare war. The Constitution clearly gives that power to Congress only. Yet recent presidents have been able to fight wars without a formal declaration of war by Congress.
Take, for example, Vietnam. Though the president never asked Congress for a declaration of war against anyone in Southeast Asia, Congress allowed the president to conduct a war there.
Congress passed a resolution allowing the president "to take all necessary measures to ... prevent aggression [in Vietnam]." Then, over the course of the years, it consistently gave the president the money that he said he needed to do so. It may be said that by doing this Congress willingly gave up its exclusive power to declare war.
So run the arguments of those who are against the idea of a strong president.
The Case for a Strong President
The growth of the president's power is necessary. presidents should be strong and powerful.
The U.S. today needs a strong president. Who else can give the nation leadership? Who else can make the quick decisions that are needed in a national emergency?
In the old days, an army could move only as fast as its horses and sailing ships. There was plenty of time for Congress to debate issues of war and peace. But not today. Only the president can act fast enough in an emergency.
Furthermore, only the president can give real leadership on the many national problems. Congress cannot lead as well as the president simply because there is only one president, but there are 435 Representatives and 100 Senators. Members of Congress seldom agree on what to do.
Unlike members of Congress, the president is elected by all the voters. The president does not represent just one part but the whole of the country. And if the people think that the president has taken too much power, they can always elect someone else every four years.
So run the arguments of those who believe in the need for a strong president.
Adapted from The Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court, Scholastic Inc., 1989.
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When two or more cultures meet, differences and misconceptions abound. Most people find crosscultural friendships hard to continue, and instead group with people from their own culture. How can you improve your crosscultural relational competency?
Related: discover useful tools from Crossing Cultures with Jesus
Understand what makes culture, culture
Birthe-Munck Fairwood describes culture as “an internal code which all people have in the back of their minds. It tells them what is right and wrong, normal and abnormal…” Once we understand the mindset of another culture, we can better relate to others.
Some have used the “iceberg example” to describe different layers of culture. The tip of the iceberg, the visual part, includes things like customs, traditions, clothing, and food. The part of the iceberg underwater are values and norms like beauty, success, or propriety. The bedrock of culture is the worldview – the meaning of life, what defines reality – that forms the center of every culture. Everyone’s iceberg is different and mostly hidden, which is why it can be so hard to cross cultures.
We have the opportunity to freely interact with other cultures because, as Christians, we have an identity that is not tied to our culture, but to our intrinsic value as people created in God’s image. We can move across cultural barriers because we are not limited to one worldview. However, we do still need to be aware of how our cultural background shapes our responses and reactions. It is important to examine our own cultures to see where God is reflected in them as well as where they have fallen short.
Acknowledge cultural differences
Some common value differences include indirect/direct communication, individual/collectivist(group) identity, and time/event oriented. Read more in-depth looks at cultural differences here:
Empathize with others
Internationals in the United States are people with dignity, position, and high understanding-within their own cultures. We need to remember that when they travel here, they are giving up friends, family, places they know, and the stability of things they have. Starting over with no connections will lead to culture shock for nearly every international.
The Cultural Transition/Approaching Differences diagrams look at the cycle of culture shock and ways to enter in to new situations. You can help your crosscultural friends through their transitions by walking through these diagrams with them and by helping them engage in healthy ways. Watch a video on culture shock here as well.
Build friendship through conversation
Read more about specific conversation partner programs and resources here. Use these practical tips for getting to know someone from another cultural background and deepening your understanding.
- Be genuine in wanting to meet with and to know them. Simply ask if they’d be interested in talking to you to get to know American culture/practice their English/talk about religion. Be willing to hear about their culture/language/religion in return.
- Relax! Have fun!
- Ask them how their name is pronounced and spelled. Show them how to do the same with yours.
- Ask them about their background – how long have they lived in the US? Where are they from? Why did they come here? Are they from a city or rural area? What is their family like? How many languages do they know? What is religion like in their country?
- Ask about their interests – what foods do they like? Do they play or watch sports? What are their thoughts (likes and dislikes) about the US? Do they like watching TV? What do they like about holidays here or in their home countries?
- Ask them about their culture and home – how are birthdays celebrated? What are family roles like? What kinds of customs and traditions do they have? What’s their food like? What kinds of art is in their tradition?
- Use a normal rate and volume of speaking, or it might feel like you’re “talking down” to them.
- Be respectful of their customs and beliefs.
- Build a friendship – eat together, hang out, go shopping/on a walk through the city/hiking together
- Help them out with transportation
- Invite them to social events (as a group, not in couples)
- Invite them over for dinner (food is usually a big deal!)
- Provide them with a sense of family life.
Things to keep in mind
- Politics and religion aren’t often taboo subjects like they are in the US. Be informed about current events and historical situations that may be impactful to them.
- Be ready to answer questions about American culture for them.
- Be aware of slang or idioms you use, and be ready to explain them.
- Build a friendship with them – which means taking time to be with them. Try to step out of the “American rush” and spend a few hours in conversation.
- Be SPECIAL – Sensitive, Patient, Enthusiastic,Creative, Informed, Adaptable, Loving
- Understand they are the top students from their country and it may be frustrating to not understand a new language. Be aware of feelings of embarrassment, inadequacy, frustration, etc. Encourage and reassure them. Often there will be non-verbal clues to these, so keep an eye out!
- Don’t be afraid to repeat things often.
Sharing your faith
Once you’ve gotten to know them better, they might be more comfortable with you asking them deeper and more personal questions. Remember that we are called to share Christ – they need to feel that we truly love them and are their friend. You don’t want them to feel you just got to know them to shove a Bible at them and run off.
- Be honest about yourself. Make no secret that you are a Christian.
- Ask about their cross cultural experience – what do they miss about home? What (good or bad) experiences have they had since being in the US? What has been hard to get used to? How are they changing or resolving conflicts because of the different cultures? How do they feel about that?
- Don’t be afraid to bring up Christianity in response to questions or concerns – remember that Christ can handle their homesickness/troubles/studies/fears/etc.
- Remember that they’re not so different from you – they experience the same feelings and difficulties. Draw parallels between their experiences and yours.
Remember that Jesus is the ultimate culture crosser. Read more about how to cross cultures like Jesus does in Crossing Cultures with Jesus.
This resource compiled from different articles on Conversation Partners, Cross Cultural Relationships (by Birthe-Munck Fairwood), and the book Figuring Foreigners Out (by Craig Storti)
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Development of Tri-Vortex Technology
In 1988, Brian David Andersen was exposed to a popular water treatment that was purported to structure water and provide better hydration to the body. He also became involved with the Chi Lamp but found that the proprietary mineral plate regularly required replacement. Andersen set out to find a way to structure water so it would provide optimum hydration that did not involve the ongoing purchase of additives and a method of pain relief that did not require periodic replacement of parts.
Over the next few years, Andersen experimented with high voltage and mixtures of iron oxides. He developed a unit that did improve the taste and smell of liquids and provided pain relief. This unit however was cumbersome. Suspecting that it was frequencies rather than the high voltage that actually brought about the change, Andersen redirected his research.
The new compact unit used batteries to power a small crystal oscillator to pulse a single frequency through iron oxides. Multy-Tranz II worked well and the company that produced a popular, but foul tasting, seaweed liquid dietary supplement purchased the rights to the unit. Promises by the company to fund further research by Andersen were not forthcoming, so again he set out to duplicate the effects but in a radically different way.
The Spiral Periodic Table
Working in the San Diego lab of Cleve Backster in 1992, Andersen discovered a chemistry book published in 1901 for doctors, nurses and dentists. The table of the chemical elements was placed on an Archimedean Spiral with 20 radial lines. A chemical element was placed at each intersection where the spiral line intersected the radial lines. The 1901 spiral table was incomplete because numerous chemical elements had not been discovered at the turn of the 20th century.
The Archimedean Spiral seemed to be a more logical and natural way to depict the elements than the standard rectangular table with its peculiar separation of sets of elements below and disconnected from the main table. However, the spiral chemical element table was in need of completion. So Andersen set to figuratively and literally working outside the box to complete the spiral chemical element table.
His study led to the work of Annie Besant and Charles Leadbeater. In their book “Occult Chemistry” written in 1908, they predicted 96 chemical elements –many of which were later found by traditional science. They did however, name 4 elements not yet documented by traditional science. These were X, Y, Z, and another noble gas, Kalon (Ka). Andersen incorporated these additional 4 elements into the spiral chart renaming X, Y, and Z as Leadbeaterin (Lb), Besanton (Bt), and Andersenum (Ad).
A critical geometrical application was added to assist in placing the chemical elements in the proper positions. Architects of the Parthenon in ancient Greece used a universal division of the circle to place buildings, statues and monuments at strategic locations. A circle in the form of an astrological chart divided into 12 parts with radial lines every 30 degrees was placed around the spiral chemical element chart. The astrological elements of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water as well as the qualities of Fixed, Mutable, and Cardinal provided crucial information for placing the chemical elements on the intersection points and for which intersection points could not contain elements as currently understood.
The Great Pyramid Has The Power of Purpose
While he was studying the spiral table of elements, Andersen was exposed to the research of Bill Schul and Ed Pettit. For two centuries, Great Pyramid investigators knew that the walls of the structure are slightly indented. Why? The ancient Greek definition of the word Pyramid is Fire in the Middle: Fire (Pyr), in (a), middle (mid). How is the “fire” created in the middle? Focus is the “how”.
Schul and Pettit placed a front-sided mirror on a wall of a pyramid with the exact proportional measurements of the Great Pyramid but with no indentation to the wall. A laser beam was aimed at the slanted mirror mounted on the pyramid wall. The light beam reflected to another wall and a second mirror was placed at the point where light beam lit the second wall. Additional mirrors were placed at light points on the pyramid walls. The light beam in the pyramid with no indentations drifted off into open space with no particular purpose or power. Mirrors were then placed in a pyramid with the approximate proportional indentation as the Great Pyramid. The laser light beam reflected directly into areas in the Great Pyramid known as the King’s Chamber and the Queen’s Chamber. Their experiments proved that the novel geometry of the Great Pyramid focuses light particles.
Were the ancient Egyptians conducting subtle energy research or projects in the so-called King’s and Queen’s Chambers? The Great Pyramid focuses light particles that have the power of purpose. However, nature does not flash laser beams, so what kind of light particles are being precisely reflected in the Great Pyramid?
After 25 years of theory, physicists are now conducting experiments to prove that light particles existing and moving above 186,000 miles per second (speed of light) are in a very compact and dense state. These high velocity light particles or waves have been named Tachyons. Does a pyramid with precise indented walls not only focus Tachyons but also temporarily reduce the speed or re-phase the Tachyons to move below 186,000 per second?
Important Discoveries and Breakthroughs
While in the state of contemplation about tachyons, Andersen discovered how to precisely indent the lines of a four-sided pyramid with a very basic mathematical formula. Schul and Pettit had to indent their pyramid walls by estimation only. The basic mathematical formula was also applied to precisely indenting the lines of three, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve sided figures.
Andersen then discovered that the geometric values of a four-sided pyramid including the indentation could be calculated and expressed in equal values by harmonic frequencies. The indentation of any equally sized geometric figure is expressed by what is known as the phase of a harmonic frequency. A harmonic frequency is calculated as a waveform. The phase is where one starts the frequency on the wave. The height of a geometric figure is expressed as amplitude in a harmonic frequency.
CAD and sound editing software were then used to create geometric figures and electromagnetic signals. The resultant energy fields were used to treat various liquids. Water, wine, grape juice and coffee were all repeatedly tested. All liquids exposed to the treatment field tasted better and became silkier and smoother to the palate. Like the Great Pyramid, the harmonic frequencies with specific phases and amplitudes created from any geometric figure with indented sides, as well as the indented figures themselves, have The Power of Purpose.
The first Tri-Vortex Treatment Chamber was constructed and the first Tri-Vortex product was created – the Tri-Vortex Plate. The plate was a credit card sized sheet of stainless steel that was placed in the treatment field for a minimum of 24 hours. Through the process of sympathetic resonance, the plate could then change the taste and quality of a liquid in under a minute. Further testing revealed that placing the plate on areas of pain or soreness also provided relief. In recent years, the plate has morphed into the Tri-Vortex Disc.
The Power and Purpose of Nine
Back to the spiral periodic table of elements: If geometric figures can be expressed as harmonic frequencies, is it possible for the chemical elements to be expressed as harmonic frequencies? Andersen saw the possibility of harmonic frequencies in the spiral table.
What are the specific harmonic frequencies of each chemical element? From the beginning, divisions and multiples of the number 18 have been a key aspect in Andersen’s subtle energy research. The single digits of the multiples of 18 total to a nine: 18 (1+8=9), 36 (3+6=9), 54 (5+4=9), 72 (7+2=9), etc. It was Nicola Tesla who stated: “If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6, and 9, then you would have a key to the Universe.” After much logical analysis, research and experimentation, the value of 18 frequencies was assigned to the chemical of Hydrogen and every chemical element after Hydrogen has a multiple of 18 (36, 54, 72) that repeats by quadrants. Each chemical element on the same radial line of the spiral table of elements as Hydrogen has 18 specific frequencies that are different from Hydrogen with precise phases and amplitudes.
Planet Earth resonates at approximately 7.83 Hertz (Schumann Resonance). What is the resonate frequency of the chemical elements? Radio and communication signals cannot be created between 2,000 and 5,000 Hertz because of static interference also called white or background noise. Andersen concluded the harmonic frequency field of the chemical elements is between 2,000 and 5,000 Hertz. One set of frequencies spiraling upward at approximately 2,000 hertz and second set of frequencies spiraling downward at approximately 5,000 Hertz create a holographic harmonic frequency helix. Does our existence vibrate in a geometric and harmonic spiral/helix code in the range of white or background noise?
Electrical Chemical Elements
A group of chemical elements is vulnerable to transiting into the Electrical State when stressed. These chemical elements are not a multiple of 18 but a division of 18. According to the spiral chart, a chemical element exists before Hydrogen and has nine harmonic frequencies with specific phases and amplitudes.
Andersen named this chemical element Clevebacksterum, chemical element symbol Cb. Most of Andersen’s research and discoveries were made in the laboratory of Cleve Backster. Backster provided the critical research for the book “The Secret Life of Plants” and is the author of “Primary Perception: Biocommunication with Plants, Living Foods, and Human Cells”.
Cb is located on the same radial lines, as Phosphorous and Nitrogen. Phosphorous only exists in this dimension when compounded with another chemical element. When isolated in a pure form and released into the atmosphere, Phosphorous makes a hissing sound and disappears. Nitrogen is virtually never found in nature as a single molecule because of its reactivity. Nitrogen gas that makes up 78% of our atmosphere is actually N2. Cb, like its common radial line neighbor Phosphorous, can only exist in this dimension when compounded with another chemical element. Probably 99 percent of the Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous molecules of the Galaxy have Cb attached.
A device called a Hydrogen Fuel Cell generates electricity and produces pure water as a by-product. Andersen postulates that the stress in the fuel cell separates the Cb from the Hydrogen and the Cb goes into the Electrical State as the Hydrogen mixes with the Oxygen to make water. When temperatures and pressures stress Nitrogen in the atmosphere, the Cb separates and goes into the Electrical State, also called lightning. Is Cb the ignition element for the massive explosive force of our Sun?
South African Connection
The next phase of development of Tri-Vortex Technology was to program the frequencies of the chemical elements so they could be incorporated into the treatment chamber field. This was a very laborious and time intensive process.
In 2003 Anton Ungerer of South Africa contacted Andersen. Ungerer had purchased some plates from a distributor and was quite impressed. He invited Andersen to South Africa to do a series of lectures and workshops. Andersen and Ungerer discussed the difficulty of the manual programming of the chemical elements. This led to a partnership that created one-of-kind software program that is the current foundation for Tri-Vortex Technology and to the construction of a second treatment chamber located in Cape Town, South Africa. Ungerer has gone on to develop numerous products for alternative healthcare and has done extensive testing in agriculture and animal husbandry using Tri-Vortex Technology.
Tri-Vibes and More
Once the programming software had been developed, the frequencies of the chemical elements were added to those of geometric shapes to create the field in the Tri-Vortex Treatment Chamber. Andersen then focused on additional ways to use the treatment field. An old injury to his knee was acting up, so Andersen began to experiment on himself. Joint injuries were being treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) injections with good results but at that time the available oral HA was too large of a molecule to be absorbed through the digestive tract. He taped a HA capsule to the knee overnight. As expected, nothing happened. He then taped a HA capsule that had been treated for 24 hours in the Tri-Vortex Chamber to his knee and also wore a small bag of treated HA over his chest. To his amazement, in less than an hour his knee pain had virtually resolved. A treated capsule of HA was kept on the knee for 20 days. That particular area of pain has never recurred.
This experience led to the development of the first generation of Tri-Vibes and the development of the theory of Light Particle Assimilation.
Ongoing experimentation and development has led to a solid core of products. Tri-Vortex Technology is an organic, ever-evolving subtle energy modality. Andersen will never stop doing research and development.
The “River Of Life”
The Tachyon State that exists beyond human senses and instrumentation functions similar to a river of rapidly flowing water. When a spiral plastic tube is placed in a river of flowing water, the liquid in the tube is temporarily moving at a slower rate and velocity as the river of water. The water in the tube is in the river of water but not of the river of water. Light particles flowing in geometric figures with indented lines or in inaudible electromagnetic frequencies with specific phases and amplitudes are in the Tachyon “River” but not of the Tachyon “River”.
Our existence is created by harmonic frequencies or inaudible electromagnetic signals temporarily re-phasing or slowing down holographic light particles from the Tachyon State. After flowing through the harmonic field, the light particles then return to the Tachyon state. Our reality is in a constant state of “temporary”. The light particle/wave (tachyon) is in a constant state of temporary by being re-phased in velocity from above the speed of light to below the speed of light. When moving in the below the speed of light velocity, the light particle/wave is compressed in the “particle state” while gathering data and information. After the light particle/wave exits the harmonic field of the molecule, the light particle accelerates to above the speed of light and spreads out into a waveform thus sharing all information gathered while in the compact particle state.
The imparted information becomes One or shared with all the other light particles/waves while they are in the waveform state or river above the speed of light and the shared information is carried with the light particles/waves when re-phased to below the speed of light. This entire cycle probably occurs in less than a billionth of a second.
As the Harmonic Frequency Field Theory gains in awareness or controversy, persons of all ages, sexes, religions, incomes and races will have the opportunity to pause and consider the implication that our reality is constantly temporary. Will the focus of the power and purpose of an individual or nation be more accepting and loving as our species embraces that all substances are made of temporary yet holographic light particles? Love and light are the basic power and purpose for all life forms in any dimension.
“Pyramid Power–A New Reality”, Bill Schul and Ed Pettit, 1986, Stillpoint Pub
“The Nature of Substance: Spirit and Matter”, Rudolf Hauschka 1983,
Rudolf Steiner Press
“Occult Chemistry”, Annie Besant and Charles W. Leadbeater, 1919, Theosophical Publishing House
“Extra Sensory Perception of Quarks”, Stephen M. Phillips Ph.D., 1980 Theosophical Publishing House
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How to Cheer Up a Moody Teenager
While most kids love riding a roller coaster, your teen may not enjoy the ups and downs of moodiness. The yo-yo effects of suddenly feeling irritable or sad for no reason, then feeling happy minutes later, is common, assures KidsHealth.org, and can make teens feel like they are losing their grip. While teen moods may seem mysterious, the reasons for them are not. Teenage mood swings occur for a variety of valid reasons. When parents recognize the changes and pursue healthy ways to cheer their teens through the journey, everyone benefits.
Let Them Know It's Normal
Explaining the reasons for intense moods and empathizing with your teenager can help him know that his emotions are valid and a normal transition from childhood to adulthood. KidsHealth advises that dealing with constant change and pressure, as well as struggling with identity and self-image, is part of the reason teens feel overwhelmed, lonely and frustrated. The biological effects of puberty and changes in hormones are important factors that can cause emotional changes and leave teenagers feeling out of control, ironically at a time when they want to be independent and make their own decisions.
Learning ways to relax and cope with the stress can be a helpful step in cheering your teen. Practicing a simple deep-breathing technique by breathing slowly in from the abdomen through the nose and exhaling through the mouth will help lower tension and anxiety by raising oxygen levels in the body, according to HELPGUIDE.org.
Get Them to Open Up
Sharing your own experiences and emotions will help open the door to communication when moods flare, as well as help him know that he is not alone. And while parents often wish they could fix everything, a teenager often needs to open up to other people they trust. Talking with friends, teachers, counselors and doctors can be beneficial and help your teen learn that to keep emotions inside can make things worse, but getting negative emotions out in healthy ways will help him feel better. Sharing with professionals can help differentiate between normal moods and depression, which can share the same characteristics, including intense moods, hopelessness and apathy. But depression lasts for weeks, months or longer.
Crying Can Help
Help your teen learn ways to express their moods in positive ways, even if there is crying involved. In an article published in “Psychology Today,” author and Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at UCLA, Judith Orloff, writes that emotional tears have health benefits, and that after crying, breathing and heart rates usually decrease, rendering the body to a calmer biological and emotional state 4. Crying can also cleanse the body of stress hormones and toxins.
Most parents know that a little tender loving care goes a long way toward making you feel better. Teach your teen to practice well-being and TLC by modeling healthy life choices, including sleep, nutrition and exercise. Explain to your teen that providing his body with healthy foods, being physically active and getting enough sleep releases hormones that will make him feel more emotionally stable and improve his mood.
- Thinkstock Images/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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An acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. It is a real time remote sensing technique for the determination of @A00176@ and trace gas concentrations in air by measurement of scattered @L03459@ radiation.
Source: PAC, 1990, 62, 2167. (Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)) on page 2199 [Terms] [Paper]
Cite as: IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.
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Microbiologist Kathy Lavoie wriggled forward in the narrow sluice,
inching along on her stomach like a larva, squirming through the close, low, water-crawl deep inside a cave beneath Bloomington,
Indiana, following the light tossed from the carbide lamp strapped to a battered hard hat. A canvas backpack trailed behind,
like shed skin, tied to her ankle by a short strap. The cramped passage prevented her from raising herself on her elbows.
Head low, arms extended in front, shoulders, back and belly scraping the crude limestone gut, she advanced slowly, like a
soldier under live fire. A stream of cool, chin-deep water funneled steadily toward her, soaking her t-shirt and cargo shorts,
splattering her face. Then the unimaginable happened.
Fascinated by underground biological issues ranging from pollution to evolution,
that day Kathy Lavoie and caving partner Dave Wilbur were investigating some seldom visited formation rooms and grubby passages
in the remote recesses of Shaft Cave, once a popular training site for learning how to ‘bounce the entrance pit’
- caving vernacular for the ‘drop-in’ technique needed to enter pit-type caves, caves that can’t be walked
or crawled into. Pits like this one must be entered by rappelling, ‘bouncing’ down a rope into the waiting darkness.
The spindling stone scabbard Kathy Lavoie twisted through that morning tapered
to a such a tightness her shoulders became wedged, forming a dam. Suddenly she couldn’t move. It was as though a rock
fist had seized her with a petrifying grip. Now, the spring water, prevented from trickling past, began to pool quickly in
the bowl of her outstretched arms. Struggling to lift her chin to keep her nose above the rapidly collecting water, her head
hit the coffin-close ceiling, knocking the carbide lamp from her helmet. The lamp, the only light in her instantly contracted
world, fell into the forming pool and went out, leaving her in utter, horrible darkness - death darkness - a human cork pinched
tightly against the cold bedrock, with water gurgling now against her face. She gasped for air, spitting water away from her
lips. This is it, this is how cavers die, she thought, stuck in a hole in unqualified darkness, alone, trapped and terrified.
In darkness this complete even sound suffocates.
Caving, some people will tell you, is a form of recreation. In fact, if you
enter "speleology" into the Yahoo internet search engine, what comes back first is a listing under the heading "Leisure and
Recreation". Speleology is neither. Whoever assigned that categorization has never been in a cave.
When speleologists enter a cave, leisure and recreation are among the comforts
abandoned at the surface. Underground, once the light and all that's familiar is left behind and a caving team descends into
the dark, alien chambers, senses go on Yellow Alert. Caving can kill you. Even the names of some caves inspire hesitation
- Tumbling Rock, Gator Hole, Dark Well, Alien Abduction, Gaping Ghyll, Bleeding Ghyll, Bloody Elbow, Amnesia, Cyclops, Sorcerers,
Hurricane Cave, Icy Fate, Hang 'Em High, Better Forgotten, Spasm Chasm, Wilkson Hollow Horror Hole, Lost Creek Siphon, Blunder
Hole, Snowhole, Hellhole, Thunder Hole, Twenty Pound Tick, and Prison Den Cave.
The gales at the entrance to Wind Cave in Hot Springs, South Dakota, "the
hole in the Black Hills that blows air", howl their peril warnings in excess of 75 mph. Some days, depending on atmospheric
pressure, the hole sucks with equal force.
Still, no matter how treacherous, there are those who are drawn to caves with
the same compulsion as bats, most of them amateur naturalists lured underground into the aphotic recesses of Nature’s
closet. A few descend into the menacing, midnight caverns in the interest of knowledge, to find out what’s down there,
professionals pushing through into spaces no one has ever been before, adding new meters to the map, cataloging new creatures,
searching for what biological, chemical, and geological clues to the past or future there may be exposed on the surface of
the earth’s virgin epithelium. Hidden in the deep, like sand lost in carpet fibers, are hints suggesting how and when
caves formed, where they lead, what lives in them, and how.
Science in caves is different than lab science or classroom science, or even
most other field science. Cave science is dirt science, one of the few places research is done from the inside. Physics may
be performed at a chalkboard through the distinct, sanitary twirl of mathematics, but cave science, the visceral science,
is achieved by actually entering the black cavities of the earth, immersing oneself in its profound silence and rasping along
the inside through follicle, crypt and cove, often on hands and knees, crouching, crowded by its strange, wonderful mosaic,
breathing its mold and musk. The scientist, the intruder, of course, is as alien as light or sound in this netherworld.
Kathy Lavoie, dean of Arts & Science at State University of New York,
Plattsburgh when she isn’t clambering through caves, didn’t die in that leaking stone sleeve squeezing down on
her beneath Indiana that morning. There is more grit in a caver that what collects in their mouths. She restrained the voices
of dread stirring in her head, realizing with each deliberate breath if she succumbed to peremptory panic she was doomed to
an appalling death. Instead of yielding to claustrophobic terror, futilely fighting the colossal weight closing in on her,
Kathy Lavoie remained calm, collected her strength and somehow jerked loose from the rock’s bite and retreated, wiggling
slowly backward, pulling the pool of water with her. This is the component in the character of cavers that separates them
from everyone else, the audacious strain of self-reliance that permits them to go places on their stomachs most people aren’t
comfortable visiting in their thoughts. Lavoie escaped from her sodden warren, stood up straight, shook loose the gravel and
mortal funk, drew in a deep, dry breath, retrieved a backup light from her canvas pack and continued her work that day, in
another direction. She admits, however, that "It was a pretty frightening
There is something frightening about any cave. Peril comes packaged as bad
air (low oxygen or high levels of methane, ammonia, or carbon dioxide), foul water, snakes, tight crawls, or deep pits. Rare
diseases lurk in the darkness, like leishmaniasis (a chronic and sometimes fatal disease caused by the bacterium Leishmania
donovani transmitted by sandflies), histoplasmosis (a fungal disease rarely significant in those with a normal immune function,
but in the immunocompromised individual it carries a 90 percent fatality rate), ebola (an epidemic viral illness for which
there is no treatment and death can occur within 10 days), plague (an acute malignant contagious fever), St. Louis encephalitis
(a viral infection of the brain marked in severe cases by a rapid onset, headache, high fever, disorientation, coma, tremors,
convulsions, paralysis, or death), clostridium (also called tetanus or lockjaw, caused by bacteria found in soil), rabies
(a viral infection spread by warm-blooded animals, including bats found in caves) and radon radiation (which comes from the
natural radioactive decay of radium and uranium found in the soil which some scientists believe is the second leading cause
of lung cancer).
Cavers fall, get lost or disoriented, can be pummeled by rock falls, trapped
by flash flooding or stranded in pits without equipment. Mineralogist Frederick Luiszer, research associate in the Geological
Services Department of the University of Colorado, who has spent 17 years slithering into and out of nature’s grand
grottos, fears one thing above all others: injuring himself and then dying slowly from hypothermia, trapped amongst the 40
degree Fahrenheit rock.
Danger is compounded when confronted by the reckless. Lacking common sense,
the foolish often find themselves stranded in pits without the proper gear. In Shaft Cave near Bloomington that morning, when
Kathy Lavoie returned to the main pit with partner Dave Wilbur, they discovered three ignorant amateurs huddled on the basement
floor, 100 feet beneath the entrance skylight. Shaft Cave, aside from being a training cave where novices develop rappelling
skills, is also the scene of frequent rescues. Local dilettantes seem tempted by its proximity, drawn like children to the
gape of a forbidden cistern, unaware that exploring caves not only requires special nerves, it also requires special equipment.
The minimum outfit necessary to forage under the Earth’s porch includes hard hats, helmet lights with triple backups,
knee pads and boots that enjoy abuse, ropes and climbing gear of a quality you can trust your life to, packs containing trail
bars, fruit, juice, water, and first aid. Clothing tends to primary colors, to aid rescue. Gas masks are frequently necessary,
as are wet suits, to protect the caver from the icy, blackwater alcoves that must be negotiated. In the UK, where cave temperatures
are frequently less than 50 degrees F, thermal suits are necessary.
Apparently, the three dabblers had seen Lavoie’s rope dangling into
the darkness from the surface aperture, then decided to follow it, like ants down a wire, to see where it went. All three
then slid down the rope to the bottom, only to find they couldn’t get back up. "I remain amazed to this day," Kathy
Lavoie says, rolling her eyes. "We could have climbed out and taken our rope with us, but we did the right thing and spent
the next two hours teaching them basic rope work and getting them up the rope."
Some cavers are far less fortunate. In the United States, during a three-year
period between 1994 and 1996, 209 cavers were reported injured, lost or trapped underground; 25 of them (including 22 cave
Like peril itself, no two caves are alike. Some caves are walk-ins, others
crawl-ins. Some are near-vertical drops, requiring rope skill that exceeds U.S. Army Ranger training. It takes two days and
37 rope drops, for instance, to descend nearly 3,280 feet to the floor of Mexico's Sistema Cheve, one of the deepest caves
in the world.
If they’re not deep they can be long. Two caves in South Dakota are
among the longest in the country; Wind Cave has 84 miles of passages in its system, Jewel Cave 120 miles. Kentucky’s
famous Mammoth Cave, easily the longest cave in the world, has been surveyed out to 350 miles. Some are deep and long. New
Mexico’s Lechuguilla Cave sprouts underground for over 100 miles. There’s a lava tube in Hawaii that’s 3,600
feet deep and 38 miles long.
It is this blend of solicitous grandeur and insular danger that cavers find
Expert speleologist Peter Hollings, professor of geology at the University
of Saskatchewan, describes the entry into the oubliette bowels of Mexico's 3,000 feet deep Sistema Purificacìon cave:
"Entering the cave, it takes 30 minutes to reach a grotto called Dressing
Room, where wetsuits are donned, since navigating the cave involves a number of swims. From the Dressing Room you climb up
the 45 Chute to the Crack of Doom, followed by a short climb to Mudball Crawl, an extremely slick, 30 foot belly crawl that
you must slither through rolling your pack ahead of you. Mudball Crawl opens into Rio Verde, where you descend a series of
flowstone climbs into the Canal, a 98 foot wade/crawl through water-filled passages. Leaving Rio Verde via a short crawl through
Scallop Speedway, brings you to the World Beyond - over a mile of walking passage, which contains areas that have to be crossed
by swimming, the first of which is over 100 yards long."
Louise Hose, the world's leading female caver, once spent eight days in this
cave, around the clock, neither recreating nor relaxing. Instead, the professor of geology at Westminister College, Fulton,
Missouri, and fellow of the prestigious National Speleological Society (NSS), was threading her way through dark, sometimes
close, unmapped underground passages, assisting in the original exploration and mapping of the cave for her masters thesis.
Caving is something that snags you quickly or not at all. "I began caving
as a freshman and was immediately hooked," she says. "In a short time I was attracted to the science beyond just pure exploration
and started taking geology courses to improve my contributions."
Since first being seduced by the strange, detached rooms below, Louise Hose
has explored hundreds of caves. With the instincts of a field geologist and the skills of an explorer, she’s a member
of the elite Explorers Club, a 93 year old organization of men and women who have contributed to field research, scientific
exploration, and educational dissemination of that knowledge. The Explorers Club numbers among it past presidents and directors
Sir Edmund Hillary, Gilbert M. Grosvenor, Thor Heyerdahl and Richard E. Leakey.
Hose can frequently be found in holes others avoid - ‘technical’
caves, ones difficult to explore, or caves in remote, hard-to-reach places. Her research contributions have filtered through
subterranean science like the caverns to which she is drawn. In fact, a recent expedition to the lower confines has produced
such a startling discovery it may one day lead to finding life on Mars. Sometimes the rewards equal the peril.
In January, 1999, a team of 22 caving scientists followed Louise Hose and
expedition co-leader Jim Pisarowicz into La Cueva de Villa Luz - the Cave of the Lighted House - in Tabasco, Mexico, a subterranean
world well known among the native Chol peoples but unknown in the worldwide caving community.
Concealed in the sable darkness of La Cueva de Villa Luz, which lies submerged
less than 30 miles east of the active El Chicon volcano and 40 miles south of Villahermosa, the state capital of Tabasco,
the expedition collected samples of microbes so bizarre for centuries no one realized they were alive. If life is ever discovered
on Mars, or elsewhere, we may have these cavers to thank, for the life forms they encountered would seem much more suited
for survival in the toxic environments of other worlds. These aberrant, underground creatures thrive in a totally lightless
world, living on sulfur, a substance lethal to life as we understand it.
Thirteen years earlier Pisarowicz, a psychologist by training who many years
ago traded his analyst’s couch for a Wind Cave National Park ranger hat, learned of the cave from local residents. In
February, 1986, he and caving companion Warren Netherton followed a curious milky white surface stream underground and entered
La Cueva de Villa Luz. It was later learned the stream was white with elemental sulfur.
The cave, generally unknown to the outside world, has been used in indigenous
religious ceremonies since prehistoric times. The local Chol people approach the cave each spring for what anthropologists
suspect is a festival meant to inspire a signal growing season. According to myth, the Chol believe their spiritual deities
inhabit the underworld and enter the cave to consort with them. The results have been providential; the Chol, descendants
of the Mayans, have inhabited the area for thousands of years.
Scientists from earlier generations had visited the cave, although the cave’s
real significance eluded them. Biologists from the National Geographic Society, the U.S. National Museum, and the Smithsonian
Institution explored the cave in the 1940s and 1950s, making simple but relatively accurate maps of the cave’s main
passages, taking note of the unusually abundant cave fish. Another systematic investigation of the cave was done in 1962 by
biologists Gordon and Rosen, whose work focused on the larger organisms in the cave - fish, insects, spiders, and the four
species of free-tail vampire bats from the family Phyllostomid who clung to its Cimmerian walls. The wonders of the gummy
masses stuck to the gypsum and sulfur walls remained undiscovered.
It would take another 25 years for the cave’s true significance to emerge
from the absolute darkness.
In 37 years of grubbing underground, Pisarowicz, winner of the National Speleology
Society’s Lew Bicking Award for career achievement and one of the most experienced cavers in the country, thought he
had seen just about everything. But he had never seen anything like this. As soon as he walked into the cave, it hit him.
First, there was the almost suffocating smell of rotten eggs given off by
poisonous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, something rarely found in caves. Much of the cave is a stream passage, milky-white with
sulfur. Many passages in the cave have very high levels of H2S, ranging to over 127 parts per million (ppm). Most passages
are above 10 ppm. The OSHA threshold for toxicity is only 10 ppm, above which no exposure is allowed, with or without respirator,
since H2S may also be absorbed through the skin. Respirator filters are only rated for immediate exit/escape from such conditions.
The air in the cave is so toxic Pisarowicz had to sample it continually to make sure it is safe to remain. Then Pisarowicz
noticed the grotesque curds hanging like soggy string from the ceiling.
They looked something like stalactites, the icicle–shaped formations
common in caves, but Pisarowicz knew instantly they couldn’t possibly be stalactites. Stalactites don’t move.
As he edged closer for a better look, he was startled to see the mucus-like mass react, waving back and forth to the heat
of his carbide lamp. Not only that, the ’snot’ seemed to be dripping some kind of acidic fluid. Pisarowicz and
Netherton exchanged puzzled looks, shaking their heads in disbelief. Later, they named the stringy gobs descriptively,
if indelicately, "snottites". Since it was an exploration and not a scientific expedition they weren’t equipped to collect
samples. It would be seven years before Pisarowicz returned.
"It was essentially battery acid," Pisarowicz says.
In 1994, Jim Pisarowicz returned to the La Cueva de Villa Luz, this time to
collect samples of the snottites, which he sent to a colleague at the U.S. Geological Survey. Much to everyone’s surprise,
the samples revealed the presence of a form of sulfur that has been processed by a biological organism. Apparently, the gobs
of spit were alive. Plus, the fluid seeping from the mess turned out to be concentrated sulfuric acid - essentially battery
acid - so strong that it had dissolved the explorers’ shirts on their first visit.
But the question was, how could anything live in a vacuum of nutrients, in
a bath of battery acid?
This time they also catalogued the striking abundance of invertebrate life
in the cave. The cave was clearly one of a kind, sui generis. The copious life in the upstream portions of the cave
that lacks light for photosynthesis and has little or no guano to supply nutrients suggested a large and complex ecosystem
that receives most of its energy from the oxidation of sulfur. There were many questions, foremost among them: how could anything
live in complete darkness, in a cave that sometimes contains deadly levels of hydrogen sulfide gas?
Four years later, Pisarowicz enlisted the help of an old caving buddy, Louise
Hose. They had explored many caves together in the past. This time he took her to La Cueva de Villa Luz, to assess the scientific
importance of his find. Louise Hose scratched her head, too, when she climbed into the cave for the first time. Not only was
she dumbfounded by the snottites, but how could there be such an abundance of fish in the toxic sulfur stream flowing through
the cave that the battery acid was dripping into.
"There were more fish in this cave than I have ever seen in a natural environment,"
she says. She estimates if she could have dipped a gallon bucket into the water, she would have caught 15 to 20 of the blind,
inch–long, pink fish.
"It’s rare to find fish in a cave," she says, "and this sort of concentration
is unheard of." The tiny fish live their entire lives in the darkness of the cave, deprived of the sunlight that gives life
to normal, surface fish. Hose wondered how they survived in the sulphuric water and what they ate.
Intrigued, Hose clipped small samples from some of the snottites and delivered
them later to another well-known cave explorer, Norman Pace, a microbiologist at the University of California at Berkeley.
Pace found the glabrous goo was actually complex webs containing colonies of microorganisms. The ugly, gooey masses are in
fact microbial veils, alive with microbial life found nowhere else in the world. Incredibly, the veils thrive in complete
darkness, and produce sulfuric acid with a pH of 1.0, which is at least as strong as battery acid - a degree of acidity rare,
if not unique, in nature.
"Visually, at 400 magnification, the snot-snottites appear to be colonies
of different bacteria," Louise Hose says. "There are multi-cell organisms (mites and worms) associated with them, perhaps
grazing on the bacteria." Several billion sulfur-eating microbes can exist in 1 cubic centimeter of snottite. According to
Pace, each snottite contains hundreds and maybe thousands of different kinds of microbes representing a richness and diversity
of life that rivals that of a coral reef.
"It appears there is a large number of species living in these colonies,"
she says. Although much still needs to be learned, Hose believes it is apparent what is happening in the Cave of the Lighted
House. Sulfur, which is toxic to most living creatures, is the giver of life to the snottites. The microorganisms eat it,
and in the process produce oxygen and waste products that drip into the stream, providing a rich food resource for the fish
living there in such great abundance.
Hence the connection to Mars, or the Jupiter moon Io, both sulfuric worlds.
Jim Pisarowicz and Louise Hose believe their discoveries could offer powerful implications in the search for life elsewhere,
especially on Mars.
"Mars has high sulfur, and while the surface of Mars is very inhospitable
to life. And we know that Mars has caves," Hose says. The abundant life in the cave in Mexico, she says, suggests that "if
there are warm springs entering the caves on Mars there almost certainly would be life there too."
Some scientists believe water may be trapped beneath the surface of Mars.
If so, it’s possible Mars isn’t as lifeless as it appears. If we ever find life there, it could look like the
dripping curtains sagging from the roof of La Cueva de Villa Luz.
A full-fledged scientific expedition was called for.
So, in January, 1999, Louise Hose and Jim Pisarowicz, carrying the Explorers
Club flag, collected their team of five geologists and surveyors, three microbiologists, two hydrologists, a mineralogist,
air quality specialist, three photographers, six support cavers and a pilot, and, using grants from NSS and Westminister College,
returned once more to La Cueva de Villa Luz.
Studies of the strange organisms dripping the highly concentrated sulphuric
acid began immediately, involving microbial biologists Diana Northup, Penny Boston (one of the founders of an organization
called Case for Mars), both from the University of New Mexico, and Kathy Lavoie. Louise Hose knew of Kathy Lavoie’s
caving talent. The fraternity of caving scientists is small.
Ecology in La Cueva de Villa Luz turned out to be far more complicated than
Here’s what Louise Hose wrote in her report:
"Identifications of many species are still pending. We were initially attracted
by the prospects of investigating a sulfur-based ecosystem, but the actual situation is much more complicated. The pH of the
environment was generally more acidic than typically found in a limestone cave. Exceptionally low pHs were associated with
"snottites" or microbial veils (pH 0.3-0.7), and in one area we identified a deposit of bat guano mixed with gypsum paste
which had a pH of 0.0. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were present in very high numbers (105-106 +) in all sediments. Coliform
bacteria survived in the main stream passage, but were not detected in springs entering the cave. Microbial involvement is
evident in the formation of white filaments in the cave stream and in microbial veils suspended from gypsum, possibly in association
with webs of spiders or fungus gnats. There are also significant organic inputs through numerous skylights and from bat guano
and other animals. Previous studies identified four types of phyllostomid bats in the caves. We also observed free-tail bats,
probably Tadarida brasiliensis, as well as numerous vampire bats. Bats roosted in good air sections of passages, but flew
freely though bad air passages. The most abundant organisms are the midges, Tendipes fulvipilus, which are the main prey for
the molly, Poecilia sphaenops, which consumes both the aquatic larvae and adults. The fish are in turn preyed upon by a diving
hemipterin (not identified). Both fish and midges are present in very high densities of hundreds to thousands of individuals
in relatively small areas. The fish range from a cave-adapted form with reduced eyes and no pigmentation to a dark surface
stream form with apparent intergradation between these two extremes. There was a very high density of predatory invertebrates
throughout the cave, particularly spiders, fungus gnat larvae, and amblypygids. We found little evidence for terrestrial troglobites,
with the possible exception of a spider and nematodes found in highly acidic vermiculations. We noted a surprising general
lack of beetles, cave crickets and collembola. Studies to characterize the species collected are on-going, including molecular
phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences from microbial communities in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. At the end
of the expedition new passages were discovered in the cave. The new areas are typical limestone cave passages with good air;
future studies of the types, distributions and abundance of animals in this part of the cave compared with the sulfur passages
will be extremely interesting."
Louise Hose has investigated a number of other intriguing caves and participated
in other significant expeditions.
The world's deepest cave exploration to date occurred at a depth of 5,255
feet in Reseau Jean-Bernard in France. At 4,547 feet, the eighth deepest is Sistema Cheve, in northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico.
Louise Hose has been to the bottom of Sistema Cheve, over 5 miles from daylight, near a water-filled tube in mylonitic marble
referred to as the Terminal Sump. The air stops there, but the cave goes on, underwater. A non-toxic red fluorescein dye (C20H12O5)
placed in the stream flowing into the main entrance to Sistema Cheve exits eight days and 8,284 feet lower, 11 miles north
at a karst spring on the southern side of the Rio Grande in Cañon Santo Domingo. One exploratory scuba dive by Arizona cave
diver John Schweyen into the Sump failed to penetrate to an air-filled passage.
Understanding this hydrologic system is important because it demonstrates
the vulnerability of high-relief karst terrains to widespread groundwater contamination.
Louise Hose was there in 1994 under a National Geographic grant, to make a
study of the geologic setting of Sistema Cheve, both the explored and unexplored portions. The descent to the floor is one
of the most difficult in existence. Reaching the cave camp near the bottom is a two-day backpack with a full load of supplies
- this is the fissure that takes 37 separate rope drops to reach the bottom, nearly 3,280 feet below the entrance, further
than the combined height of the Sears Tower and World Trade Center.
It's no easier going up. It takes another two days to ascend the ropes, and
everything they pack in they back out, including human waste. Professional cavers practice strict carry-out policies; cavers
understand the frailty of underground resources. "Like wilderness everywhere, we are loving our caves to death," Louise Hose
Fred Luiszer - who became a speleologist because he kept asking questions
no one could answer, quit a perfectly good job, returned to school, and earned a doctoral degree in geology - betrays the
overt impatience serious cavers have with the inconsiderate, the weekender, the amateur, the arrogant vandals who tarnish
the pristine underground with leavings of urine, feces and Snickers wrappers. True cavers take nothing but pictures and leave
nothing but footprints. "The biggest fear that most cavers have nowadays is that stories like this will encourage thrill-seeking
yahoos to go caving."
Some concessions are made when working difficult systems like Sistema Cheve.
Non-perishable items (stoves, sleeping bags, pots, etc) are cached deep in the hidden hollows of the cave for camp use and
At the bottom of the 37 ropes the cavity becomes a horizontal traverse, though
there is "no smooth walking" along the 4.3 mile shaft sloping off to the north toward Terminal Sump. "I assisted the exploration
and surveying of the lowermost cave, but I also took solo forays to map the geology. That trip totaled seven days underground,"
Louise Hose says.
Orientation can be as illusive as light in a slit hundreds of feet beneath
the surface. Cavers sometimes become confounded, forgetting the way out. On one of her solo forays Louise Hose got lost, in
a penstock 4,265 feet below the entrance and over four miles from the ropes. Exploring virgin ground amplifies the chances
of getting lost since traffic trails are not yet distinct. For cavers working new territory, the only footprints are their
own. Tracing them backward works sometimes, but more often than not boots leave no mark on stone. In restricted visibility
amongst capricious terrain, one erratic wall and its flickering, grotesque shadow look pretty much like the next. It can be
unsettling to suddenly wonder if you remember the way out. The ambient chill in an unfriendly cave always seems a little cooler
"I was lost for about three hours near the bottom of Sistema Cheve while doing
solo mapping," she recalls. "I wasn't exactly lost since I knew I was on the 'trail', I just couldn't figure out which little
hole lead to the way out." That grit again. It takes three hours to play a football game or fly from Dallas to Los Angeles,
and during that entire time Louise Hose trusted her light and her nerve not to fail and moused from one passage to the next,
concentrating on the business of escape, not the prospects of collapsing in a dying light, hoping her screams could be heard.
It wasn’t even her scariest moment.
Louise Hose says her most frightening incident occurred in 1986, dangling
with a colleague halfway down a 700 foot rope. "We were both on the same rope, measuring the depth of a virgin pit in Pueblo,
Mexico," she says, "when a suitcase-sized rock became dislodged above, falling directly toward me. I flattened myself against
the pit wall and waited, hoping it wouldn't hit me or cut the rope. It swept past about a meter away, close enough to make
wind. The really scary part was climbing the rope afterwards, trusting it hadn't been damaged."
Of all the risks in caving, one uncontrollable variable worries Louise Hose
the most. Floods. "I was trapped once inside Sistema Purificacìon by flooding for about a day," she said. "It was the rainy
season. There was no real peril. I knew the cave well from my masters thesis work there. We were in a safe place and just
had to wait it out." There was no way out. There was nothing to do. So they sat on a dry ledge and told jokes and nibbled
power bars and took turns with the light and none of them wondered out loud who would be the first, or the last, to die if
the water didn’t stop coming up on them.
Wise cavers don't go in these holes alone. Professional cavers are connected
by more than rope. Hose's main concern while trapped in a pit by rising water wasn't that the party would perish, but that
an unwarranted search effort might have been launched. "Fortunately, we were in Mexico and no one would know we were missing
for several days, so we didn't have to worry about someone activating an unnecessary and unwarranted rescue."
Canadian caver Justus Hayes explains the uncommon mettle it takes to survive
when the world suddenly contracts and you find yourself jammed so tight into a stone tube you can’t move:
"Panic is the caver's worst enemy. When you're worming your way along on your
stomach through a tunnel so narrow you have to keep your pack and your arms out in front of you and there's not enough room
around your rib cage for a deep breath and you're suddenly aware of the immense weight of tons of rock suspended above you
and at that very moment your light dies and you realize you're jammed in there tighter than a cork in a bottle, the very last
thing you want to do is panic.
"When you manage to wiggle free and inch your way to the other end, pull yourself
through the impossibly tight exit and crawl gasping out onto the floor of a cavern you've never seen before, it's like being
reborn, given a second chance, spit out of a rock womb. Then you fish around in your dirt-caked pack for some juice and maybe
a granola bar and when you slam that warm juice and chow into that crumbly, smashed bar it's the best goddamn food you've
The taste quickly curdles on the palette of the timid, the craven majority
who incubate phobias from the safety of the couch. The chill comes when the realization sets in: if that tight burrow was
the only way in, then it’s also the only way out.
Every caver has a chilling story to relate, sometimes around the campfire,
sometimes while briefing later expeditions, always when the breathing is easier. Fred Luiszer was once at the breakthrough
of a new section of a cave known legitimately as Fixin' To Die Cave, located in northwest Colorado, on the White River Plateau.
Fixin’ To Die Cave is at the top of a bonebreaking cliff climb at the end of a treacherous 15 mile winding shelf road.
From the entrance to the breakthrough it is hundreds of feet of tight, dangerous passages. Those who venture there are about
as isolated as one can be and still have a foot on dry land.
First introduced to caving by friends trying to distract him from the divorce
blues, that day Fred Luiszer wormed into a compartment called the Z-bend, a slightly downhill limestone gullet about 6 feet
long, 18 inches high and 10 inches wide that looks like a Z in plan view. "When I got almost all the way through I noticed
that it didn't look any better ahead. I asked the caver in front of me if it got any better. The several second delay in his
luke warm response told me to retreat, which I soon found was impossible." Luiszer was trapped.
Time freezes in moments like this, seizing the soul with a ghastly grip. Instinct
takes command. Every cell seems to swell with adrenalin. "For several seconds, which seemed like hours, all I could think
of were the 400 feet of solid rock suspended over me and the rescuers trying to get to me before I died from being wedged
against 40 degree rock." He didn’t struggle, attempting to lift Colorado with his knees and elbows. Instead he waited,
knowing there was help not far behind. The grit again.
"Luckily, the caver behind me grabbed my feet and was able to pull me out."
A year later Fred Luiszer returned and finished surveying the Z-bend. I learned
then that if I had kept going I would have had no problem."
In spite of the risks or perhaps because of them, Louise Hose and others like
her feel the compulsion to explore. "It's hard to imagine a satisfying life that didn't include original exploration," she
says. "My greatest satisfaction and joy have come from literally 'going where no one has gone before'. I think there are some
people absolutely driven to explore our natural environment. I'm one of them."
It's never easy science. Louise Hose was once accosted by three drunken locals
demanding to know her intent in a too-quiet village in Oaxaca. "They let us go, but we learned the next day that 14 people
had been murdered in this town during the previous year. Others were missing and thought to be hidden in local caves. We left
a promising area for another generation. Then, there was that rattlesnake blocking the only exit from a cave in Arizona..."
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Although scientists were skeptical at first, in recent years it has become accepted that the demise of dinosaurs was caused by a meteor impact in the Gulf of Mexico 65 million years ago. Now new research shows that the dinosaurs may have actually been killed off by a series of volcanic eruptions in India. The evidence of this are the gigantic Deccan Traps lava beds there.
Researcher Gerta Keller says, “It’s the first time we can directly link the main phase of the Deccan Traps to the mass extinction.” Why do they think this? Proof comes in the form of microscopic marine fossils that are known to have evolved immediately after the mysterious mass extinction event, which have been found in the lava beds.
Art credit: gimp-savvy.com
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Photo by Ian Ross Pettigrew / Getty / The Atlantic.
When one person asks another a question, it takes an average of 200 milliseconds for them to respond. This is so fast that we can’t even hear the pause. In fact, it’s faster than our brains actually work. It takes the brain about half a second to retrieve the words to say something, which means that in conversation, one person is gearing up to speak before the other is even finished. By listening to the tone, grammar, and content of another’s speech, we can predict when they’ll be done.
This precise clockwork dance that happens when people speak to each other is what N.J. Enfield, a professor of linguistics at the University of Sydney, calls the “conversation machine.” In his book How We Talk, he examines how conversational minutiae—filler words like “um” and “mm-hmm,” and pauses that are longer than 200 milliseconds—grease the wheels of this machine. In fact, he argues, these little “traffic signals” to some degree define human communication. What all human languages have in common, and what sets our communication apart from animals, is our ability to use language to coordinate how we use language.
I hopped into the conversation machine with Enfield for a very meta chat about the big impacts of tiny words and pauses on human interaction. An edited and condensed transcript of our interview is below.
Julie Beck: Can you explain what the “conversation machine” is and why it’s unique among animals?
N.J. Enfield: When we’re having a conversation, because of the entirely cooperative nature of language, we form a single unit. Certain social cognitions that humans have—the capacity to read other people’s intentions and the capacity to enter into true joint action—allow us to connect up to each other in interaction and ride along in this machine.
Obviously, animals communicate in a range of interesting and complex ways. But where I draw the line is the moral accountability that humans have in interaction. If one person doesn’t do the appropriate thing, for example not answering a question when it’s being asked, we can be held to account for that. We don’t see that in animals. [In humans], one individual can say: “Why did you say that?” Or “Please repeat that.” You don’t see animals calling others out for their failures, asking why did they say that, or could they repeat that. [What’s unique in humans] is the capacity for language to refer back to itself.
Beck: It seems like conversation is always operating on two levels. One is we’re talking about whatever it is we’re talking about, and at the same time, on this more meta level, we’re monitoring the conversation itself and steering it in the direction we want it to go.
Enfield: Exactly. In the book, I mention a psychologist by the name of Herb Clark, at Stanford. He’s made the point for years that language is a tool for coordinating joint action. Let’s say you and I are moving house. All day we’re going to be using language to coordinate our activity. When we lift up a table, we’ll say, like, “One, two, three, lift.” We’re using language to coordinate our physical activity. Herb Clark points this out, and then he says language is used in exactly that way to coordinate the very activity of using language. We might be talking about a subject like what are we going to do on the weekend or whatever, but at the same time we’re using all these traffic signals to coordinate the activity of talking itself. We’re sending little signals like, “Wait, I’m not ready to finish my turn yet,” “What was that? I didn’t catch what you said,” “Yes, I’m still paying attention to you.” Language regulates itself.
Beck: One of the ways we do that is how quickly people respond to each other, right? You write that people usually respond to each other in a conversation within 200 milliseconds. What if you take longer to respond? What signal does that send?
Enfield: It could mean a few things. The fact that this is average, 200 milliseconds, suggests people are aiming for that. So if you are late, it suggests you were not able to hit that target because of some trouble in finding the words you wanted. Or maybe you didn’t hear what was said, or maybe you were distracted in some way. That delay is caused directly by some kind of processing problem. And if you ask people difficult questions, their answers will tend to be delayed
One of the big traffic signals that manages that is these hesitation markers like “um” and “uh,” because they can be used as early as you like. Of course, they don’t have any content, they don’t tell you anything about what I’m about to say, but they do say, “Wait please, because I know time’s ticking and I don’t want to leave silence but I’m not ready to produce what I want to say.”
There’s another important reason for delay, and that is because you are trying to buffer what we call a “dis-preferred response.” A clear example would be: I say “How about we go and grab coffee later?” and you’re not free. If you’re free and you say, “Yeah, sure, sounds good,” that response will tend to come out very fast. But if you say “Ah, actually no, I’m not really free this afternoon, sorry,” that kind of response is definitely going to come out later. It may have nothing to do with a processing problem as such, but it’s putting a buffer there because you’re aware saying “No” is not the thing the questioner was going for. We tend to deliver those dis-preferred responses a bit later. If you say “no” very quickly, that often comes across as blunt or abrupt or rude.
The way we play with those little delays, others are very sensitive to what that means. A full second is about the limit of our tolerance for silence. Then we will either assume the other person’s not going to respond at all, and we just keep speaking, or we might pursue a response.
Beck: Maybe I shouldn’t tell you this, but one of the things that they tell you to do if you’re doing an interview is to just wait. If they’re not responding, just sit there quietly, because people get uncomfortable and then they just keep talking.
Enfield: Exactly. The interesting thing about it is you as an interviewer have to suppress quite a strong tendency to jump into that space. It’s a skill you’ve got to learn to do. I think people naturally don’t feel comfortable with that silence. Once you’ve got that one second going by, somebody’s got to do something. Unless it’s a situation where you’re with your loved ones in your house or you’re on a long car drive or something like that. Obviously, we can lapse into silence and that’s not a problem, but if we’re in the middle of a to-and-fro conversation, we’re generally not going to let that happen.
Beck: So I’m going to transcribe this Q&A later, and I’m going to edit all of those filler words like “um” and “uh” and “well” out of this interview, as I always do. But you write that these words are actually extremely important to conversation. What am I going to lose by cutting all of that out of this transcript?
Enfield: I think it’s the right thing to do, to edit it out when you write things down. You’re not going to lose anything too significant, and the reason is you’ve changed the context completely in which people are going to consume those words. At the moment, the words I’m producing are being interpreted by you in real time. Things never come out perfectly, and we have to edit on the fly. That’s what these words do. What they’re doing is telling you, “No, that word is not what I meant, I’ve doubled back and I’m now going to replace that word with this word.” Or, “Wait a second, I’m about to get the word I’m looking for.” But as soon as you transcribe those, people are not consuming the words at the same time and place as I’ve created them. Those “ums” and “uhs” just become superfluous.
Beck: So you don’t need the words that you use to edit yourself anymore because I’m literally editing you?
Enfield: Exactly. The thing about my book is that as a reader, you don’t know how many times I’ve rephrased a sentence. But you can’t hide that from someone in interaction because you’ve got the time pressure of turn taking. What we’re doing, it’s messy, there’s no getting around that. And that is completely hidden from view when you write something down and publish it because no one’s going to get access to all the drafts. But conversation is all draft.
Beck: Another thing you mentioned that I thought was super interesting was the way people use “um” as a way to claim more conversational space for themselves. Can you talk about that?
Enfield: In any form of interaction, we don’t have access to each other’s minds. It’s the classic problem of human life in a way. Things like “ums” and “uhs” signal there’s some delay in processing. But as a speaker, what I can do is exploit those kinds of signals. I can use them dishonestly. I can use something like “um” to give the overt signal that I’m having some sort of trouble with processing, but in reality, all I’m doing is trying to claim more ground and get you to keep waiting for me to finish.
All words can be used to lie. Whether they’re nouns and verbs, or whether they’re traffic signals, we can exploit them in dishonest ways. If you want to game the system, and all you want to do is hold the floor, then words like “um” can be exploited in that way. Obviously, there are limits to it. People are sensitive to these things, and after a while if you’re trying to dominate the floor, people will either wise up and grab it back or they will just get sick of you.
Beck: Another thing I do in interviews all the time, that I’m doing right now and I’m also going to cut out of the transcript, is I say “mm-hmm” a lot while the person is talking. It makes sense; it’s me just signaling that I’m still listening. But how important is that to our experience of conversation? If I wasn’t “mm-hmm”-ing, would that make a difference to how our conversation goes?
Enfield: Yeah, it would make a big difference. When you’re saying “Mm-hmm, uh-huh,” you’re really playing an important role in the smooth operation of this conversation machine. In the book, I talk about a study done by Janet Bavelas in Canada, with her colleagues. They brought people into the lab, they asked them to get into pairs, and they’d just randomly nominate one of them and say, “Think of a near-miss scenario you had and tell that to the other person.” The listener will look at them, they’ll nod, say “Uh-huh, mm-hmm,” and when the person gets to the punchline, they’ll say things like “Wow.”
Then they had a special condition where they tried to distract the listener. They said, “You have to press this button underneath the desk every time the person who’s telling their near-miss scenario uses a word that begins with the letter T.” It completely distracted the listeners from actually following along the content of the story. They produced many fewer of those “uh-huhs” and “mm-hmms.” It also meant the timing of them was kind of out of whack, and they didn’t really recognize when the speaker had reached the climax of the story—the moment when they’re supposed to say “Oh, wow.” They showed that when you distract the listener, then the storyteller tends to circle back and repeat themselves. They essentially become a less proficient and less fluent storyteller. It was a powerful demonstration of precisely the importance of those types of feedback markers for the performance of the person who is telling the story itself.
Beck: You talk a lot in the book about the “moral architecture” of conversation. Explain what that means in the context of these little traffic signals. What does using words like “um” have to do with morality?
Enfield: Morality’s a strong word. When you use that word, people think, “Oh you’re talking about is it okay to have sex with animals” or whatever. Thinking about grand moral questions. I’m talking about a much simpler code. In general, morals tell us how we should live. In the moral architecture of language, they tell us how we should talk. What the moral code does is it licenses us to hold other people accountable to that code. Like, “Hey I asked you a question,” that would be an example. I might not be saying it explicitly but I’m implying, “That’s bad. You shouldn’t be silent when I’m asking you a question, you should respond.”
When it comes to little words, I produce “um” and “uh” as a signal to you that I know I should be speaking right now. The right thing to do is to be speaking fluently, moving the conversation forward. The whole motivation for my producing those little traffic signals is to make clear that, despite current appearances, I am aware of and I’m following the basic stipulations of what it takes to produce an appropriate conversation. It’s that whole moral architecture that human beings have, it’s the root of so much of our cultural life and our social life: the defining of what’s appropriate, what’s inappropriate, and policing those things and judging others on the basis of those things. And in these extremely subtle ways it’s right there in every conversation that we have.
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Zoology is a branch of biology related to the animal kingdom. Like biology, it attracts people who want to study and learn more about the natural world, but with a focus on animals, both living and extinct. Someone who wants to study animals in their natural environment, breed, manage, or care for them would be drawn to the field. Also, students looking to conduct research, are mathematically and scientifically inclined, want to travel or be out in the field, and are curious would also be well-suited for zoology.
Through studying zoology, students will learn about animals and how they live in their environment, including how they interact with other members of their species, other animals, and their natural surroundings. Students generally will start off with basic concepts about nature and biology and gradually move on to more advanced ones. They will also learn about various animal groups, such as reptiles, mammals, and fish, and may even specialize and study one specific species. Through laboratory work, they will learn research methods, such as the scientific method, and laboratory tools. They may also develop their analytical and problem-solving skills.
Classes and Assignments of a Zoology Major
Zoology has a strong biology base, so students can expect to take courses in the natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and anatomy and physiology, as well as mathematics, statistics, and computer technology. Core zoology classes will cover animal science, veterinary science, animal behavior, animal husbandry, and ecology. In advanced zoology study, students may focus on a specific area, such as fisheries and aquaculture, environmental toxicology, or wildlife ecology and management. They may also further specialize in a specific group, such as mammals, reptiles, fish, or birds, or a single species.
Zoology classes have intensive lectures and laboratory sessions. Student can expect to spend significant hours in the lab conducting research, and even dissecting dead animals. Programs tend to be very hands-on, and there are limited opportunities to earn a zoology degree online completely for those interested in distance learning. Undergraduate research, internships, and work at facilities such as zoos are also highly stressed during your education to gain real-world experience, build up your resume, and make contacts.
Degree Levels for a Zoology Major
- Associate. Online associate zoology degrees would primarily serve as a preparatory program for continued study at the bachelor’s level. An associate degree on its own is not how to become a zoologist and wildlife biologist, as it doesn’t provident a sufficient background in animal science and biology.
- Bachelor’s. Zoologists typically need online bachelors zoology degrees to go into the field. Graduate level degrees like online masters zoology degrees, however, are generally preferred, if not required for certain research or teaching positions, so a bachelor’s degree would prepare students for continued study at the master’s or doctorate level in areas such as animal anatomy, ecology, evolution, genetics, or physiology, where they can further develop the zoology skills needed for research or education. Others may go into related professional programs, such as medical or veterinary medicine, or find work with conservation agencies.
- Master’s. As mentioned earlier, graduate-level degrees, such as a master’s degree, is generally required for advanced research and teaching positions. Some students may have studied biology as an undergraduate and now learning the specific skills needed to be zoologist, or they want to specialize in a specific field, such as wildlife ecology or population biology. Upon graduating, students may go into government service, research, or teaching.
- Doctoral. Students interested in teaching at the university level or conducting original research would pursue a Ph.D. in zoology. At this level, you can also further specialize in a specific area, such as wildlife ecology and management, genetics, environmental toxicology, or fisheries and aquaculture, or a specific species.
A Future as a Zoology Major
Zoologists manage animals both in captivity and in the wild. They may find employment with zoos, naturally, as well as aquariums and marine parks, state or federal governmental agencies, laboratories, educational institutions, museums, or environmental conservation groups. Advanced research or professorial teaching positions are generally jobs for a zoologist with a PhD. Other zoologist may go into careers not directly related to working with animals, such as teaching biology to high school students, leading field trips in a park, or regulating environmental laws. Those who do work closely with animals may do so as zookeepers, managing zoo populations; wildlife rehabilitators, tending to sick animals; or researchers, where could do anything from breed and raise animals to study them in their natural surroundings.
Employment of zoologists is expected to grow due to continued demand, though there will be limited opportunities due to the small size of the field. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of zoologists is expected to grow 13% through 2018, which is faster than the average for all occupations. The industries with the highest level s of employment of zoologists, as well as wildlife biologists, are the state government, federal government, scientific consulting services, and scientific research services. Salary will vary by education level, location, field, and employer, though the mean annual salary for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $61,660, according to the BLS.
Students with a degree in Zoology are considered well prepared for
becoming Zoologists and wildlife biologists.
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It's a bit of a strange thing to think about, but the Earth is going to die someday. Given enough years, nothing is permanent, and this beautiful rock we're riding around the universe is no exception.
And so we come to one of the biggest existential questions we can face: When do we leave Earth?
We are talking about huge timescales here—centuries, millennia, perhaps more—but it's not crackpottery. Smart minds have been discussing our need to expand for as long as we've looked at space as a legitimate frontier.
As Russian physicist and rocketry pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who died in 1935, once said, "Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot remain in the cradle forever."
Science fiction author Larry Niven perhaps put it best, as quoted by none other than Arthur C. Clarke in a 2001 Space Illustrated interview: "The dinosaurs became extinct because they didn't have a space program. And if we become extinct because we don't have a space program, it'll serve us right!"
A test mule of Moon Express's planned lunar lander. Image: Moon Express
The thing is, it's easy to talk about our need to expand beyond this planet—we've all seen Elon Musk, who hopes to eventually start a Mars settlement, drop the wonderful "Fuck Earth!" line—and it's another thing yet to actually, you know, fly a spaceship to another world and set up shop.
Space isn't cheap, and thus really spreading forth into the cosmos means figuring out how to pay for it. Here comes the good news: We're in the middle of a groundswell of space industry, led by major contractors and startups alike, which is aimed not only at space tourism or assisting NASA but at building entire economies that are based off Earth.
I first heard that Niven quote earlier this year, as paraphrased by Moon Express CEO Bob Richards. Richards's startup has about as ambitious an aim as you can expect: The company plans on mining the Moon for resources. It doesn't stop there: Moon Express also hopes to process lunar water deposits into rocket fuel for further exploration.
It sounds like the stuff of sci-fi, but Moon Express is far from alone in the space resources game. And one of the startup’s neighbors at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, has an idea of what to do with all that Moon stuff: A startup called Made in Space hopes to open up a new world of extraterrestrial roboticized manufacturing.
Made in Space has already sent a zero-gravity 3D printer to the International Space Station, which they hope will revolutionize the space-borne supply chain. Instead of bringing spares for every single thing to the ISS—which is costly, but you can't exactly drive to the widget store when you're orbiting the Earth—Made in Space hopes that its 3D printers will provide more flexible backups for simple parts.
Essentially, by sending a printer and printing material to the ISS, Made in Space will be able to send objects to the ISS by emailing design files, which is far faster and cheaper than the current option of launching an entire rocket.
Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot remain in the cradle forever
It's an impressive vision on its own, as cutting out Earth-to-orbit shipping is a major step towards cutting costs for space travel. But if you put their visions together, Moon Express and Made in Space shed light on the steps we need to take to actually build Moon factories and Mars bases. Moon Express hopes to be able to process resources on site (on whatever planet that might be), while Made in Space hopes to develop and ship entire automated manufacturing facilities to foreign worlds. Oh, and they'll ideally self-replicate, too.
The two companies remain independent in their goals, other startups might find more success, and yes, we're still a couple decades out for the grand concept here. But the two are illustrative of just how the future may play out: Companies mining the Moon for resources will deliver those goods to off-world manufacturers to build the basic infrastructure for incoming space colonists. It's indicative of just how compelling the space startup world is right now, and the even crazier thing is that, for as out there as the vision is, there's no shortage of entrepreneurs and investors who believe that it can all actually happen.
It's very early days yet, and it's impossible to predict how the next decade or two is going to shake out. As this week's Antares rocket explosion showed, space is really hard, and it's also extremely visible—one big Moon disaster would rock the whole industry. And yet for all the hurdles ahead, the dream of humans becoming a multi-planet species has never seemed closer.
Watch more space videos on Motherboard:
- Mars on Earth
- Space Shuttle Parking Lot
- Inside NASA's Last Undersea Mission to Save Earth from an Asteroid, with Neil deGrasse Tyson
- Spaced Out: Season One
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I have been thinking a lot about the importance of having celebrations inside and outside of Kindergarten. Celebration is easy, fun, seamless and looks and sounds differently from day to day. As an educator of young children a large role I play with my students is to model “how to” capture what we are exploring, but also the importance of dancing and singing out what we discover. Through our “shouting out” we are celebrating what we are discovering. When we share, we make connections and have an opportunity to share our story. Stories are so important and everyone has many. In Kindergarten we use a variety of technological tools to tell our stories.
What an amazing week we had in Kindergarten. My students are really amazing thinkers! We explored a new App on the iPad, used AirServer to share our understandings, posted on our kidblogs, tweeted connections and collaborated together around finding ways to enhance our understanding of how we know a triangle is a triangle. We also explored Tellagami!
Exploring Tellagami was really fun. I am always looking for ways that my students can create and design what they are learning in ways that allows them to share and tell their story. A Personal Tellagmai I was so amazed and excited to watch and listen to what my students created. I was surprised at how easily they navigated their way around the iPad and how easy it was for all of my students to come up with an idea about what they wanted to create. Their ideas were related to ideas we are exploring in Kindergarten as well as personal experiences they have had outside of Kindergarten.
Celebration is vital and very important when it comes to learning and developing relationships with your students. Technology really helps capture and enrich the learning experiences that my students are having. Through their excitement we celebrate and give compliments about what we are creating.
Our leader of the day uses AirServer to connect and remotely access their ideas so that everyone else can see and give their ideas about what they notice. My students use AirServer daily to share what they are learning!
During the month of November we are exploring 2 and 3 dimensional attributes. Geoboard is a great App because it gives students the opportunity to explore the different attributes as well as opportunities to justify their thinking. Through their own understanding of specific features, my students begin to create and make connections with what they are exploring. Some of the conversation went like this:”Look, it is a triangle because it has 3 pointy things and straight sides”, I shaded in all my triangles, triangles can be different sizes, I am going to see how many I can make, I made triangles inside other shapes, I made a tower!” The conversation is exciting, positive and reflective. My students are all sharing their voice, making connections and justifications about their discoveries as well as sharing how they know their idea to be true. This is an authentic example of how celebration can look and sound. I think sometimes that my best celebrations with my students are those that I have not planned!
After we created triangles my students took screen shots of their designs. Many asked “Mrs. D. Can we put this on our kidblog?” Yes, of course! We will work on this next week. I am amazed at how my students understand that what they create and discover has a special place where it can be shared. My students really like kidblog because other people leave compliments about their posts. This is a one of the reasons why I use kidblog.
Looking forward to next week. I am thinking of ways that we can enhance our learning and share what we are learning about the forest and about what opportunities I can create for my students to share. Technology gives me and my students endless opportunities to share our stories. Through our own stories we become connected and we begin to take risks in regards to learning.
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The red ring is inside the blue ring in this picture. Can you rearrange the rings in different ways? Perhaps you can overlap them or put one outside another?
This problem is intended to get children to look really hard at something they will see many times in the next few months.
Investigate these hexagons drawn from different sized equilateral triangles.
Are all the possible combinations of two shapes included in this set of 27 cards? How do you know?
Arrange the shapes in a line so that you change either colour or shape in the next piece along. Can you find several ways to start with a blue triangle and end with a red circle?
These pictures were made by starting with a square, finding the half-way point on each side and joining those points up. You could investigate your own starting shape.
Can you sketch triangles that fit in the cells in this grid? Which ones are impossible? How do you know?
An activity making various patterns with 2 x 1 rectangular tiles.
Cut four triangles from a square as shown in the picture. How many different shapes can you make by fitting the four triangles back together?
This challenge invites you to create your own picture using just straight lines. Can you identify shapes with the same number of sides and decorate them in the same way?
What do you think is the same about these two Logic Blocks? What others do you think go with them in the set?
This interactivity allows you to sort logic blocks by dragging their images.
Look at the mathematics that is all around us - this circular window is a wonderful example.
Shapes are added to other shapes. Can you see what is happening? What is the rule?
These rectangles have been torn. How many squares did each one have inside it before it was ripped?
Look at some of the patterns in the Olympic Opening ceremonies and see what shapes you can spot.
Here is a selection of different shapes. Can you work out which ones are triangles, and why?
How many trapeziums, of various sizes, are hidden in this picture?
What shaped overlaps can you make with two circles which are the same size? What shapes are 'left over'? What shapes can you make when the circles are different sizes?
Are these statements relating to calculation and properties of shapes always true, sometimes true or never true?
Can you spot circles, spirals and other types of curves in these photos?
Can you make a rectangle with just 2 dominoes? What about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7...?
Use the isometric grid paper to find the different polygons.
Find out what a "fault-free" rectangle is and try to make some of your own.
Can you help the children in Mrs Trimmer's class make different shapes out of a loop of string?
If these balls are put on a line with each ball touching the one in front and the one behind, which arrangement makes the shortest line of balls?
What shape is made when you fold using this crease pattern? Can you make a ring design?
What shape is the overlap when you slide one of these shapes half way across another? Can you picture it in your head? Use the interactivity to check your visualisation.
How can these shapes be cut in half to make two shapes the same shape and size? Can you find more than one way to do it?
Use the interactivity to make this Islamic star and cross design. Can you produce a tessellation of regular octagons with two different types of triangle?
Arrange any number of counters from these 18 on the grid to make a rectangle. What numbers of counters make rectangles? How many different rectangles can you make with each number of counters?
This activity challenges you to make collections of shapes. Can you give your collection a name?
Explore patterns based on a rhombus. How can you enlarge the pattern - or explode it?
The challenge is to produce elegant solutions. Elegance here implies simplicity. The focus is on rhombi, in particular those formed by jointing two equilateral triangles along an edge.
What mathematical words can be used to describe this floor covering? How many different shapes can you see inside this photograph?
Choose the size of your pegboard and the shapes you can make. Can you work out the strategies needed to block your opponent?
Read about David Hilbert who proved that any polygon could be cut up into a certain number of pieces that could be put back together to form any other polygon of equal area.
The computer has made a rectangle and will tell you the number of spots it uses in total. Can you find out where the rectangle is?
Have you ever noticed the patterns in car wheel trims? These questions will make you look at car wheels in a different way!
Learn how to draw circles using Logo. Wait a minute! Are they really circles? If not what are they?
Can you each work out what shape you have part of on your card? What will the rest of it look like?
'What Shape?' activity for adult and child. Can you ask good questions so you can work out which shape your partner has chosen?
Read all about the number pi and the mathematicians who have tried to find out its value as accurately as possible.
The image in this problem is part of a piece of equipment found in the playground of a school. How would you describe it to someone over the phone?
This article describes investigations that offer opportunities for children to think differently, and pose their own questions, about shapes.
This task develops spatial reasoning skills. By framing and asking questions a member of the team has to find out what mathematical object they have chosen.
This article for pupils gives some examples of how circles have featured in people's lives for centuries.
A cheap and simple toy with lots of mathematics. Can you interpret the images that are produced? Can you predict the pattern that will be produced using different wheels?
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Rare minerals, as the name suggests, have a scant presence on planet Earth. However, scientists have discovered that these minerals, which include edoylerite, abelsonite and cobaltomenite, are what make the Earth such a unique place to be.
According to Jonathan Amos’ report for the BBC, these scant minerals may occur in remote caves with no sunshine reach, grow from volcanic eruptions and disappear when the first rains fall or at times be secreted by microbes under pressure.
“It’s these rare minerals that tell us a lot about how planet Earth is different from the Moon, Mars, Mercury, where the same common minerals occur,” Carnegie Institution’s Dr. Robert Hazen, who is also a co-author of the study, told the BBC. “But it is these rare minerals that make planet Earth special.”
2,500 mineral species are considered rare
In terms of determining which minerals are the rarest on the planet, the researchers took into account up to 2,500 minerals. This collection was based on the abundance as well as the location of the minerals on the planet.
The Earth’s supply, usually, is made of up of the most abundant minerals, among them mica, cobalt, feldspar and quartz. The list comprises of about 100 minerals, but according to researchers, the planet has 5,000 different minerals. The figure included in the study was arrived at based on the rare traits of the minerals.
The characteristics considered here include the ability to form under extreme circumstances, ability to disappear or dissolve quickly, place of occurrence and finally, the composition of the mineral. As far as the latter case, the mineral with the rarest elements is considered the rarest.
One mineral that perfectly meets these conditions, which the researchers behind it could only get a few milligrams, is fingerite. It occurs in El Salvador when correct proportions of copper and vanadium come together. However, it dissolves right after the first rainstorm. The fingerite mineral forms from gases coming from the active Izalco Volcano.
According to scientists, the rare occurrence of these minerals doesn’t mean they don’t have a role to play in their ecosystems. In fact, the discovery that they play some role is what prompted them into exploring more about the rare species.
Even though they seem so insignificant, Dr. Hazen still believes that “they are the key to the diversity of planet Earth’s near-surface environs.”
The discovery only opens doors for more research to be done regarding these rare occurrences. Of the 2,500 species included, none of them appears in more than five locations. As a result, the research team recommends that these minerals ought to be hunted down because they hold fundamental information regarding the construction of planet Earth.
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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that drowsy driving results in 1,550 deaths, 40,000 injuries and more than 56,000 crashes each year in the US. In 2009, 97 percent of adult Utah motorists admitted that driving while severely drowsy is a major threat, yet 44 percent say they have fallen asleep or nodded off for even a moment while driving, according to a Utah Department of Public Safety poll. In fact, of those who had fallen asleep while driving within the last six months of the poll, 59 percent were on a multi-lane interstate with a posted speed limit of 55 miles an hour or more and 41 percent had been driving less than an hour. Not surprisingly, 71 percent of those who had fallen asleep behind the wheel had slept fewer than eight hours the night before.
In 2012, Utah crash statistics show that drowsy driving caused 14 fatalities, 44 serious injuries and 1,020 crashes. However, since there is no test to determine sleepiness as there is for intoxication and reporting is inconsistent, these figures may be the tip of the iceberg.
Did You Know: Drowsy driving is just as dangerous as drunk driving.
To avoid becoming a hazard on the road, understand the risks and warning signs of driving drowsy (provided by the National Sleep Foundation):
Are You at Risk? Before You Drive, Check to See if You Are:
- Sleep-deprived or fatigued (six hours of sleep or less triples your risk)
- Driving longer than 100 miles or two hours without proper rest breaks
- Driving alone — having a companion can help you stay alert
- Driving on a long, rural or dark road
- Driving through the night, mid-afternoon or when you would normally be asleep
- Taking sedating medications (e.g., antidepressants, cold tablets, antihistamines)
- Working more than 60 hours a week (increases your risk by 40 percent)
- Suffering from insomnia or poor quality sleep
- Drinking even small amounts of alcohol
Warning Signs Include:
- Difficulty focusing, frequent blinking or heavy eyelids
- Daydreaming or wandering thoughts
- Trouble remembering the last few miles driven
- Yawning repeatedly or rubbing your eyes
- Trouble keeping your head up
- Drifting from your lane, tailgating or hitting a shoulder rumble strip
- Feeling restless and irritable
When Feeling Drowsy, Drivers Should First Pull Over, Then:
- Switch drivers.
- Take a 10- to 20-minute nap.
- Get out of the car and stretch or jog for a few minutes.
- Eat a snack.
- Find a safe place to sleep for the night.
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The same week that a slew of new scientific reports confirmed just how much humans are changing the climate, and in turn, the rest of the planet, Environmental Protection Agency Chief Scott Pruitt‘s plans for a “Red Team, Blue Team” debate of this very same science were put on hold.
The military-style exercise that would falsely pit the overwhelming majority of climate scientists against a handful of non-experts is an eight-year-old talking point of the notorious climate-denying think tank the Heartland Institute (which is likely not surprised by this development). Meanwhile, last week in New Orleans, several groups of prominent climate scientists shared their latest findings at the world’s largest gathering of Earth and planetary scientists. The roughly 25,000 attendees of the American Geophysical Union annual meeting included scientific leaders from academia, government, and the private sector.
Clear and Present Climate Science
These peer-reviewed reports make it clear that any meaningful climate debate in the future should not be over the degree of humanity’s role in climate change, but to what degree the climate has changed already and what can be done to stop it.
The American Meteorological Society’s 2016 “State of the Climate” report offers of extreme weather events not possible in a preindustrial climate. “Climate change was a necessary condition for some of these events in 2016, in order for them to happen,” Jeff Rosenfeld, editor in chief of the Bulletin of the American Metrological Society, said at a press conference. “These are new weather extremes made possible by a new climate. They were impossible in the old climate.”
These included 2016’s record global warmth, extreme heat across Asia, and a marine heat wave off the coast of Alaska, all of which appear in a special report, “Explaining Extreme Events of 2016 from a Climate Perspective.“
Two other scientific reports presented at the conference explain how human-induced climate change intensified Hurricane Harvey’s torrential rain, confirming what scientists suspected.
In one, researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory published findings suggesting that Harvey’s rainfall was attributable to global warming, which increased precipitation by at least 19 percent but more likely by as much as 38 percent. Their conclusions came from comparing total rainfall and the chances of a storm of that magnitude under present climate conditions with the likelihood of a similar storm taking place in the 1950s, when the atmosphere had lower levels of greenhouse gases.
In another report, researchers from the Netherlands published a study examining trends in rainfall intensity along the Gulf Coast starting around 1880 when records begin. They also used multiple global climate change models to determine that global warming made a storm of Harvey’s intensity three times more likely. The Berkeley National Lab study also linked Harvey’s intensity to anthropogenic climate change.
At a press conference on Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, Michael Wehner, a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and a co-author of the latest study, said, “It is not news that climate change affects extreme precipitation, but our results indicate that the amount is larger than expected.”
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) also presented its annual report on the Arctic, showing that permafrost there is thawing at a faster pace.
“What happens in the Arctic doesn’t stay in the Arctic; it affects the rest of the planet,” acting NOAA chief Timothy Gallaudet said at a press conference when the government report was introduced.
“The Arctic has a huge influence on the world at large,” Vladimir Romanovsky, a professor at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks and co-author of the NOAA study, said. This year’s preliminary reports from the US and Canada showed permafrost temperatures are “again the warmest for all sites” measured in North America.
Jeremy Mathis, head of NOAA’s Arctic research program and study co-author, explained the report’s findings in layman’s terms: “The Arctic has traditionally been the refrigerator to the planet, but the door of the refrigerator has been left open.”
Science, Activism and Action
New to this year’s meeting was the session “Legal Advice for Scientists Interested in Activism.” Lauren Kurtz, an attorney with the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund, offered scientists advice on how to take part in activism and protest without putting their careers on the line. She gave tips that could keep them out of trouble should they choose to protest.
“Interest in the topic has been tenfold since the March for Science in Washington this April,” Kurtz told me.
Basic tips for scientists included not wearing the insignia of their employers when attending an event like the March for Science because it could go against anti-lobbying restrictions or workplace policies. She also advised not using a public university email address for anything connected to political issues because emails are considered government records and could be subject to open records requests and used to try to discredit the scientists, something Penn State atmospheric scientist Michael E. Mann has experienced firsthand.
Everything was not doom and gloom, however. At a session called “Climate Solutions: Policy, Planning, Science and Engineering in Uncertain Political and Economic Times,” climate scientists offered hope that we still have time to curb the worst of climate change if we act now.
Pennsylvania State University professor David W. Titley, who is also a retired naval officer outspoken about climate change threats to national security, pointed out that President Donald Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act that very day (December 12). This bill requires climate change impacts and threats be taken into account in order to protect US military bases and interests. Despite signing this bill, on December 18, Trump took climate change off the list of national security threats in his new national security strategy.
Dr. Sarah Myhre, a climate researcher at the University of Washington and self-declared proud advocate for science and human rights, brought the “Me Too” movement into the conversation, calling for an end to misogyny in science. She read aloud Trump’s quote about “pussy-grabbing” after pointing out a vacuum of leadership on climate change which she thinks scientists can help fill. “The public is not only looking for information from US The public is looking for cultural leadership,” she explained.
Also on the panel was Michael Mann, who described Pruitt’s proposed “fake Red Team, Blue Team” debate about climate change as a way to undermine the public’s confidence in climate science.
Using a football analogy, Mann warned that if we are going to avert dangerous warming, then the US needs to take an offensive stance, taking the lead on solving the climate problem.
Mann said, “The solutions to this problem are already available and they will lead us down a path of economic prosperity, a clean energy revolution,” and that we can grow our economy while preventing the worst impacts from climate change from happening.
Like Mann, panelist Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany offered a similar message. Acknowledging changes that have already happened, he insisted that we can still stop the worst of what is coming, but his message of hope came with a dire warning: “We don’t have the time to debate this another three to five years before we do anything because the window of opportunity for limiting global warming to well below two degrees [Celsius] is falling shut on us as we speak.”
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3 The common transmission or direct instruction teaching approach (Paulo Friere’s “banking education”) using lectures and textbooks that forms the indoctrinating teaching methods and materials of many schools today do not help develop truly strong identities. Having students in an engaging education who thoughtfully experience and interact with their social and physical environment produces them.
4 University of Toronto Professor Jim Cummins describes this as a trans- formative teaching that enables “students to relate curriculum content to their individual and collective experience and to analyze broader social issues relevant to their lives.” This is a joint learning experience that involves both students and teachers in the learning process.
5 Cummins thinks that teachers must learn from their students as well as having the students learn from them. Linda Cleary and Thomas Peacock’s Collected Wisdom emphasizes this theme of “teacher as learner.”
6 Teachers need to learn about the lives of their students beyond the school grounds to learn more about the home language and culture of their students and see better the challenges that their students face in their lives.
7 Cummins emphasized in a speech to the National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) in Phoenix in 2001 how the “English for the Children” Proposition 203 passed in Arizona by the voters in 2000 (and modeled after California’s earlier Proposition 227) reflected a “xenophobic discourse” that is telling students to “leave your language [and culture] outside the schoolhouse door.”
8 Dr. Cummins reviewed research and identified four factors needed to empower minority students who historically have not done well in school.
9 Instruction/Pedagogy Researchers have suggested that the learning difficulties of minority students are often caused by the way we teach children designated “at risk." These students frequently receive intensive instruction that confines them to a passive role and induces a form of “learned helplessness.” On the other hand, instruction that can empower students aims to liberate students from dependence on instruction in the sense of encouraging them to become active generators of their own knowledge.
10 EXPERIENTIAL-INTERACTIVE (TWO-WAY & ACTIVITY-CENTERED) INSTRUCTION 1. GENUINE DIALOGUE BETWEEN STUDENT AND TEACHER, BOTH ORAL AND WRITTEN 2. GUIDANCE AND FACILITATION RATHER THAN CONTROL OF STUDENT LEARNING BY TEACHER 3. ENCOURAGEMENT OF STUDENT-STUDENT TALK IN A COLLABORATIVE LEARNING CONTEXT 4. ENCOURAGEMENT OF MEANINGFUL LANGUAGE USE BY STUDENTS RATHER THAN CORRECTNESS OF SURFACE FORMS 5. CONSCIOUS INTEGRATION OF LANGUAGE USE AND DEVELOPMENT WITH ALL CURRICULAR CONTENT RATHER THAN TEACHING LANGUAGE AND OTHER CONTENT AS ISOLATED SUBJECTS 6. FOCUS ON DEVELOPING HIGHER LEVEL COGNITIVE SKILLS RATHER THAN FACTUAL RECALL 7. TASK PRESENTATION THAT GENERATES INTRINSIC RATHER THAN EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION "TALKING AND WRITING ARE THE MEANS TO LEARNING" —ADAPTED FROM THE WORK OF JIM CUMMINS
11 1.Engage interest: “Unless the activity lays hold on the emotions and desires, unless it offers an outlet for energy that means something to the individual himself, his mind will turn in aversion from it, even though externally he keeps at it.” 2.Intrinsic worth: “The activity must be worthwhile intrinsically.” Projects must “stand for something valuable in life itself.” John Dewey added a short chapter on projects in the 1933 edition of his classic book How We Think. He wrote that “constructive occupations” or “projects” are characterized by the following:
12 4. Time span: “The project must involve a considerable time span for its adequate execution. The plan and the object to be gained must be capable of development, one thing leading on naturally to another. It is not a succession of unrelated acts, but is a consecutively ordered activity in which one step prepares the need for the next one and that one adds to, and carries further in a cumulative way, what has already been done.” 3. Awaken curiosity: The project must “awaken new curiosity and create a demand for information.”
13 Problem Based Learning Problem Based Learning Approach Application (Problem) Questioning Research/Dialogue Solution Instruction (ongoing as needed) Traditional Approach Lecture Readings/Notes Practice Application
14 Problem Posing/Based Learning In Public Schools: –introduced in Science and Mathematics education –increasing in popularity as it facilitates a more active learning process student’s role –building the learning community teacher’s role performance assessment –why selected to motivate students provides real life context for learning embeds skills and knowledge in a meaningful context
15 Problem Based Learning Sample Students task: –Investigate the question of moving people through the Grand Canyon and create a solution to this problem. –You must propose a solution that is an alternative to the current system and to the proposed light rail system. –Your team will compete with other idea development teams in presenting a solution.
16 “I had four dates and I ate three of them.” Janet Allen recounts how she visited a middle school classroom in San Diego where a teacher read aloud Sciescka and Smith’s The True Story of the Three Little Pigs. When the wolf reminds readers that no one would leave a perfectly good ham dinner lying in the straw, one girl looked up at the teacher with an incredulous look and asked, “Pigs have ham in them?” The Importance of Background Knowledge and Contextualization
17 Navajo students interviewed at Monument Valley High School in the Navajo Nation asked what kind of teacher do you learn most from? Gave these responses. I learn the most from teachers who have hands-on projects. They listen to your ideas. They don’t make you feel uncomfortable when you talk to them. Teachers that explain new ideas and show new ideas on how to learn different things in different ways. Ones that show respect and teach me responsibility. She can always help and explain things when you don’t understand. I learn the most from strict teachers who give homework, who are easy to be with, and have a good sense of humor.
18 When asked “if you were a teacher, what will you do in your classroom? What wouldn’t you do?” their replies included. Teach kids, be honest, and I wouldn’t yell at my students. I will have to be patient. As a teacher I will try to get to know each person individually. To see how they were doing at home and at school. Help them but never put them down, help them understand and make learning be fun and interesting. I will teach my class, treat them the way they want to be treated.
19 For the question, “What are some things that teachers do that may prevent you from learning?” they responded: Slams about their culture. Having boring lectures, talking too slow. Letting kids mess around or talk when someone else is talking They move through a section of work too fast and don’t explain the work, often speak too quickly and don’t repeat themselves.
20 In answer to the question, “Do you believe effective teachers need to be aware and sensitive of the culture of the students they are teaching?” An overwhelming response was in favor of cultural sensitivity. They believed it was important so that their culture was not made fun of and so that the teacher will not be put in an unknowing situation that could allow them to offend their students. However, some students expressed the fact that they still want to be taught the basic skills: “reading, math, writing, with culture not being a big issue.”
21 Dr. Lori Arviso Alvord, the First Navajo women surgeon “had An additional problem” in school besides attending a second rate public school. She writes in her 1999 autobiography the Scalpel and the Silver Bear that “Navajos are taught from the youngest age never to draw attention to ourselves. So Navajo children do not raise their hands in class. At a school like Dartmouth, the lack of participation was seen as a sign not of humility but lack of interest and a disengaged attitude.”
22 Karen Swisher, former president of Haskell Indian Nations University, recommends that “Above all, teachers must be …‘warm demanders,’ adults who balance humanistic concerns with high expectations for achievement. They must communicate an attitude of understanding and caring while at the same time demanding high performance.”
23 Other people find that the harder they work, the luckier they get. If you fall down six times, you just get up seven times. Persistence, self-discipline, and resilience built on a strong sense of identity—not luck and self-esteem—are the road to success. Some people tend to see success in life as a matter of luck, especially with the rise of Indian casino gambling and state lotteries.
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Ohio is bordered on the north by Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes. In addition to Lake Erie, Ohio has numerous smaller lakes and rivers in the state, all home to many different species of fish. Much of Ohio's waters are managed by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
Lake Erie's fisheries on the Ohio side are run and tested by the Ohio Division of Wildlife and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. These agencies routinely catch sport fish and other species for testing. Samples are sent off to state labs where the fish are tested for contaminants, heavy metals and disease. This information is used for conservation issues and to post for public use in regard to eating the fish.
Managing Personal Ponds and Lakes
Private lake and pond owners in Ohio manage and regulate their fish with information from the state Department of Natural Resources and through Ohio State University. According to a bulletin from the university, managing the species in these lakes requires understanding of fish growth, size at sexual maturity and how water temperature effects spawning and behavior.
Ohio River: Exotic Species Threats to Fish
Ohio is saddled with the zebra mussel and other invasive species issues on the Ohio River. Zebra mussels were introduced into the Ohio River and other tributaries about 1986 from ship ballast discharge. The zebra mussel threat affects fish species in the river, as they are parasitic. According to posted reports at the Ohio DNR website, researchers have found zebra mussels attached directly to many Ohio River specimens and fish, necessitating the need to educate the boating public on the need to wash the bottom of the boat off before putting it into any Ohio river to prevent the spread on these invasive mussels..
Article Written By Eric Cedric
A former Alaskan of 20 years, Eric Cedric now resides in California. He's published in "Outside" and "Backpacker" and has written a book on life in small-town Alaska, "North by Southeast." Cedric was a professional mountain guide and backcountry expedition leader for 18 years. He worked in Russia, Iceland, Greece, Turkey and Belize. Cedric attended Syracuse University and is a private pilot.
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This frog's colorful appearance is a warning.
Posted April 18, 2013. Photo by Sean Anderson/ABQ BioPark.
At the center of the Amphibians: Life on a Limb exhibit, poison dart frogs display incredible coloration. But these colors aren't just for show. Their bright appearance warns predators that eating dart frogs could be fatal.
Poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius pictured) thrive in the lush, humid rainforests of Central and South America. Dart frogs are small, ranging from 1.5 to 6 centimeters in length. There are more than 120 known species of poison dart frogs in the world today.
The Zoo's amphibian exhibit gets a little more colorful this week. A mosaic mural will be installed on Friday. With artwork from more than 7,000 school children, it highlights the importance of cooperation and teamwork in conserving the thousands of amphibian species that are threatened by extinction. Come see the new mosaic this Earth Day weekend. Single admission tickets will be half-price on Saturday and Sunday.
How are you celebrating Earth Day? Join the conversation on Facebook.
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The Science of Heart Rate Variability Made Simple: What it is and Why it’s Important to You
Rollin McCraty, Ph.D.
Is the amount of heart rate variability we have important?
The simple answer is yes, but IHM Director of Research Dr. Rollin McCraty will explain why it’s such a valuable commodity and how the amount of our HRV is a key indicator of health and resiliency. He will discuss how it is measured and share some simple tests you can conduct on your own.
What You’ll Learn:
- What is HRV and how it is measured?
- New discoveries on the physiological sources of HRV.
- HRV frequency bands and what they mean.
- Common misunderstandings about HRV.
- How your HRV reflects aging, health and resilience.
- What “HRV coherence” is and why it’s important.
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Jean Constant - Hyperbolas
An hyperbola is a plane curve having two branches, formed by the intersection of a plane with both halves of a right circular cone at an angle parallel to the axis of the cone. It is the locus of points for which the difference of the distances from two given points is a constant. (Heritage.)
Bernie Freidin created a program to compose a series of hyperbolic and spherical tiling as PostScript files. The hyperbola outlines were transferred into vector based graphic programs to create a different context and revisit the dynamic of the construct. They are available for viewing at hermay.org
Variation on a hyperbolic tiling with 7 equilateral triangles meeting at each vertex. The outline was imported in a vector graphic program to increase the dynamic of the lines in a different context and add various optical effects to the object.
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From coast to coast, conservation coalitions are fighting to restore major U.S. watersheds
UNTIL RECENTLY, THE MAIN FLIGHTS onto Lake Michigan’s Northerly Island were by planes landing at Meigs Field airstrip. But today this site boasts 40 acres of rolling hills and native plants that instead attract flights of winged wildlife, from butterflies to migratory birds. Transformation of the former Chicago airfield into a wildlife oasis “is an example of one of the most successful conservation efforts in America today: the restoration of the Great Lakes,” says Todd Ambs, campaign director for the Healing Our Waters–Great Lakes Coalition.
Opened in a ribbon-cutting ceremony last October, the preserve is among more than 2,500 projects across the Great Lakes region funded through the $2 billion Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). During the past six years, this effort has cleaned up toxic waste, cut nutrient pollution, controlled invasive species and restored or protected more than 150,000 acres of wildlife habitat.
“Just over a decade ago, scientists said the Great Lakes were at a tipping point, beyond which their health would be in jeopardy,” Ambs says. Such concerns led clean-water advocates, including the National Wildlife Federation, to convene a 2004 conference that spawned the Great Lakes coalition. Co-chaired by NWF, the coalition now has more than 125 members, from local, state, regional and national environmental groups to museums, zoos and outdoor-recreation organizations. Such diversity has made the group a powerful force for conservation, giving rise to the GLRI as well as strong bipartisan support for its long-term funding.
Thanks to the coalition’s success, similar alliances have emerged nationwide. They include the Coalition for the Delaware River Watershed, Restore the Mississippi River Delta Campaign and Choose Clean Water Coalition—all co-chaired by NWF.
The Federation and its partners also have launched a nationwide water-restoration alliance. The America’s Great Waters Coalition targets “one of the seminal challenges of our time,” says Adam Kolton, the coalition’s co-chair and NWF’s vice president for national advocacy. “From Puget Sound to the Everglades, our nation’s Great Waters face similar problems, including habitat loss, nutrient pollution and invasive species. They should not have to compete for funding.” He adds that greater strength can come from greater numbers. “The coalition thinks of itself like NATO,” Kolton says. “An attack on one Great Water is an attack on them all.”
Laura Tangley is senior editor.
More from National Wildlife magazine and NWF:
Tell your members of Congress to save America's vulnerable wildlife by supporting the Recovering America's Wildlife Act.Read More
As spring quickly approaches, test your knowledge of young wildlife.Read More
The number of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico has dropped 14.8 percent, according to a new report from Mexican officials.Read More
Take stunning wildlife photos without disturbing your subject.Read More
You don't have to travel far to join us for an event. Attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates.
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A child with autism is more likely to do well if his mother is white and educated.
This is the message of a study just released in the journal Pediatrics, and it’s something we need to pay attention to—now.
Researchers from Columbia University wanted to find out what happens to children with autism over time. So they looked at the records of more than 6,000 children with autism who were enrolled in California’s Department of Developmental Services (DDS). To get into DDS they had to be referred, and their diagnosis had to be confirmed by someone with expertise in autism.
What they found was that when it came to social and communication skills, for the most part the kids fell into groups ranging from low-functioning to high-functioning. The kids did make progress; the most rapid gains were before age six, and the high-functioning kids tended to make more progress than the low-functioning ones. Even as they made progress, they tended to stay in the group they started in—with one notable exception. That exception was a group the researchers called the “Bloomers.” These kids were low-functioning when they were diagnosed, but made rapid gains and ended up as high-functioning.
The researchers also looked at the birth records of the children, which gave them facts about the mother’s age, race, place of birth, education level and whether she was on Medi-Cal, the California version of Medicaid (the public insurance for low-income people). This is where it gets really interesting. They found that:
· Kids in the low-functioning groups were more likely to have mothers who were non-white and/or foreign-born, less-educated and on Medi-Cal.
· Kids in the high-functioning groups were more likely to have mothers who were white, more educated and not on Medi-Cal.
· Bloomers were more likely to have mothers who were white and educated.
This is a real social justice problem.
The researchers didn’t have information on what kinds of services or treatments the kids got, so they couldn’t give an explanation for what they found. But they guessed, as all of us might, that children with more educated and affluent mothers not only had better home and neighborhood environments, but access to more and better services—and parents who were more able to fight for those services.
That makes total sense to me as the pediatrician of many autistic children, and is a social justice problem in and of itself. But there is even more that worried me reading this article. Why, for example, were fewer poor and minority kids in the high-functioning group? Do they slip through the cracks entirely because they are muddling through, and never get diagnosed or get services? And why are there fewer white and affluent kids in the low-functioning group? Is there something about being poor or minority that makes autism worse from the beginning?
As we do further research on autism, we are going to need to look more closely and gather more complete information on all the different variables in each child’s life and treatments to really understand the full picture. What exactly is going on at home with each child? How exactly does a living environment impact a child with autism? Are there biological factors associated with race, income and education? This is too big and important an issue to leave any stone unturned.
Just last week, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) came out with the news that 1 in 88 children has autism, up 23 percent since 2009. It’s five times more common in boys—the rate for them is 1 in 54. And here’s what makes the Pediatrics article even more worrisome: The biggest increases were among Hispanic and black children—their rates of autism went up 110 percent and 91 percent, respectively. This is not only a social justice problem, it’s a public health problem.
There is hope for many children with autism—this study shows that clearly. But it is fundamentally unfair when hope—or lack of it—is an accident of birth.
We say that we are a country founded on the idea that all men are created equal. Autism just may test us on this. If all men are created equal, if all children are equally deserving of a good future, it’s time to get to work. It’s time to put real money and real energy into understanding autism’s inequalities—and ending them.
Claire McCarthy, MD, has been a primary care pediatrician and writer for 20 years. She blogs for the Huffington Post, Boston.com and the Children’s pediatric health blog, Thriving. She practices at the Children’s Hospital Primary Care Center.
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Creating compelling characters Readers want someone they can cheer on, love to hate, or at least be intrigued by. Write about something you learned the hard way. Write about your favorite place in your neighborhood to visit and hang out at. Open up the newspaper or find a crossword puzzle online and choose one of the clues to use as inspiration for your writing.
Write a poem inspired by birthdays. Write about a letter that never made it to its recipient. Go through some of that clutter today and write about what you find or the process of organizing. All are different and attempt to force you into scenarios that will make you dig deep and be as creative as you can be.
Write about your muse — what does he or she look like? Put the character into a situation where the problem is not easily overcome and write a short story. Rummage through your pockets and write about what you keep or find in your pockets.
The AWC methodology We truly believe that every person needs to tap into their own creative intuition. If you have a large group, you do not need to go all the way around, especially if you are working with young writers and short attention spans.
Lost in the Crowd: Create a book idea only using words from the two ads. Creative Writing Activities I've had several requests to write a page outlining creative writing activities or creative writing exercises for use in a classroom or workshop situation, so this area is for teachers and others who need new challenges and inspiration for their students or workshop participants.
Since most people scan Web pages, include your best thoughts in your first paragraph. Assume your reader is completely ignorant about the subject. What does it do?
What are people doing? A Day in the Life: You arrive and set up camp nearly three miles away from where you left your car. Imagine going somewhere very dark with only a flashlight to guide you. The situation has become so bad that a group of leading writers and publishers got together to start the Save the Short Story Campaign and are beginning to make good progress.
Write about the games people play — figuratively or literally. Imagine a graph of building tension. Write about the possibility of life in outer-space. How long is a short story? I hope this has given you some insight on how to write a short story.
Switch Persona Write a mini-story in the first person.
Write about a phone call you recently received.Short, Sweet and Sticky: Get Your Students Writing With These 6 Writing Activities. We believe everyone is creative, everyone has a story to tell, and everyone can be shown the skills used by professional authors.
Located at 23 Princes Street on the edge of beautiful Albert Park, we offer a vibrant atmosphere in which to learn these skills and have fun in the Auckland CBD. Break through writing blocks with highly-rated, free creative writing exercises and prompts.
Sometimes simply using new words can inspire your writing to take a new direction.
In this exercise, a few words chosen at random will provide a new focus for today's writing. He's got a knife! These free creative writing prompts deal with the horror genre. Feel free to include your creepiest scariest characters in scenes with your nicest friends:). But no matter how un-creative I’m feeling, there’s one creative writing exercise that never fails to fire up my writing.
Why We Need Creative Writing Exercises Like This I’ve worked with hundreds of writers in the last five years, and I’ve found that the biggest killer of creativity is perfectionism.Download
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Because of a small market and union problems, the Sacramento Symphony went bust.
THE BUSINESS: Sacramento Symphony Association
PRIMARY CAUSE OF DEATH: Failed labor negotiations
SECONDARY CAUSE OF DEATH: Market too small to support growing organization
The California state capital was stunned at the death of the Sacramento Symphony, in January. The organization had been struggling for 10 years. But businesspeople, bankruptcy trustees, and union negotiators had headed a last-ditch effort to save the 76-position symphony. It didn't work.
Symphonic music in the United States earned $887 million in 1995 in ticket sales, donations, and government support. Most of that belongs to the few large, successful orchestras in cities like Boston and Detroit, operating with budgets of up to $100 million. Sacramento fell in with the majority of the country's 1,200 nonprofit, unionized symphonies, operating on income of $10 million or less.
The Sacramento Symphony Association was officially organized in 1948. By the mid-1970s, ticket sales paid musicians' salaries, and musicians belonged to the American Federation of Musicians union. In 1985, 88 musicians were playing a 36-week performance schedule. From 1982 to 1985 the symphony's excess earnings averaged roughly $100,000 a year, which went into its endowment fund.
But musicians wanted raises and more concert dates. Ticket sales were good, but the city lacked a strong corporate base for fund-raising.
Starting in 1986, losses ranged from $300,000 to $500,000 a year. Salaries, hall rental, and printing expenses were paid from the endowment, which finally ran dry in 1992. The symphony filed Chapter 11 that December. "A lot of people did a lot of work to keep this symphony going," says Walter Dahl, the bankruptcy lawyer. The symphony emerged from a reorganization in September 1993 with a three-year collective-bargaining agreement promising musicians ongoing salary increases and a longer season.
That's the financial nightmare director Lynn Osmond stepped into: a bankrupt organization with an unrealistic labor agreement in a lackluster market. Osmond, hired from the Buffalo Philharmonic, started cutting operational expenses. She instigated a management pay cut in 1994 and asked musicians to freeze their salaries, which accounted for 46% to 49% of total expenses (slightly less than the 52% industry average). They agreed for two years. But by 1996 the symphony was again broke. Unpaid premiums had left everyone without health-insurance coverage.
Miraculously, the symphony raised a pledge of $1 million from local businesspeople. That money would have retired all debt, but to get it, the board first needed to balance the budget. The board reopened contract negotiations and asked the musicians for a 25% salary cut. They voted it down 64 to 6. "You can't turn us into nonprofessionals," says Elizabeth Glattly, violinist and union steward.
In September, owing more than $1 million to 3,700 subscribers and creditors, the symphony filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Bank loans secured by board members, staff, and Osmond were called in, to the tune of $80,000. The musicians scattered to other symphonies and teaching jobs. In January the city seized symphony assets, including instruments, office furniture, and the music library. "If we'd only had flexibility from the musicians," says Osmond, "we could have made it work."
Symphony executive directors are usually either businesspeople with little musical background or arts professionals without business experience. Either type will appreciate the wealth of information about music and business available from the American Symphony Orchestra League, or ASOL (1156 Fifteenth St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005-1704; 202-776-0212). Particularly useful is The Orchestra Resource Notebook, a series of papers on management, taxes, and finances for symphony orchestras, each of which costs $25 for nonmembers.
As nonprofits, symphony orchestras face the typical problems of fund-raising, managing volunteer boards, and projecting accurate budgets. Books and audiotapes are available on those topics (and more) from Jossey-Bass (800-956-7739). Ask for the Jossey-Bass Nonprofit and Public Administration Catalog. It's free.
Bob Frey, CEO of Cin-Made, a for-profit manufacturer in Cincinnati, used open-book management to negotiate a tricky labor contract with his employees. He wrote about what he learned from his successes and failures in the September-October 1993 edition of The Harvard Business Review. Reprints of the popular story "Empowerment or Else" are available at $5 each ($10 minimum order) by calling 800-988-0886 or contacting HBR's Web site.
A book that wins good reviews for helping establish positive union relations is Beyond the Walls of Conflict: Mutual Gains Negotiating for Unions and Management, by David S. Weiss (Irwin Professional Publishers, 630-789-4000, 1996, $30).
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Trees could be the ultimate in green power - tech - 10 September 2009 - New Scientist
Shoving electrodes into tree trunks to harvest electricity may sound like the stuff of dreams, but the idea is increasingly attracting interest. If we can make it work, forests could power their own sensor networks to monitor the health of the ecosystem or provide early warning of forest fires.
Children the world over who have tried the potato battery experiment know that plant material can be a source of electricity. In this case, the energy comes from reduction and oxidation reactions eating into the electrodes, which are made of two different metals – usually copper and zinc.
The same effect was thought to lie behind claims that connecting electrodes driven into a tree trunk and the ground nearby can provide a current. But last year Andreas Mershin's team at MIT showed that using electrodes made of the same metal also gives a current, meaning another effect must be at work. Mershin thinks the electricity derives from a difference in pH between the tree and the soil, a chemical imbalance maintained by the tree's metabolic processes.
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Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of total land area. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of water that is larger than all the Earth’s continental landmasses and islands combined. The name “Oceania” justly establishes the Pacific Ocean as the defining characteristic of the continent.
Oceania is dominated by the nation of Australia. The other two major landmasses of Oceania are the microcontinent of Zealandia, which includes the country of New Zealand, and the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, made up of the nation of Papua New Guinea. Oceania also includes three island regions: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawaii).
Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.
Oceania can be divided into three island groups: continental islands, high islands, and low islands. The islands in each group are formed in different ways and are made up of different materials. Continental islands have a variety of physical features, while high and low islands are fairly uniform in their physical geography.
Continental islands were once attached to continents before sea level changes and tectonic activity isolated them. Tectonic activity refers to the movement and collision of different sections, or plates, of the Earth’s crust.
Australia, Zealandia, and New Guinea are continental islands. These three regions share some physical features. All three have mountain ranges or highlands—the Great Dividing Range in Australia; the North Island Volcanic Plateau and Southern Alps in New Zealand; and the New Guinea Highlands in Papua New Guinea. These highlands are fold mountains, created as tectonic plates pressed together and pushed land upward. New Zealand and Papua New Guinea also have volcanic features as a result of tectonic activity.
Although they share some landscape features, each of these regions has distinct physical features that resulted from different environmental processes. Australia’s landscape is dominated by the Outback, a region of deserts and semi-arid land. The Outback is a result of the continent’s large inland plains, its location along the dry Tropic of Capricorn, and its proximity to cool, dry, southerly winds. New Zealand’s glaciers are a result of the islands’ high elevations and proximity to cool, moisture-bearing winds. Papua New Guinea’s highland rain forests are a result of the island’s high elevations, proximity to tropical, moisture-bearing winds, and location right below the warm Equator.
High islands, also called volcanic islands, are created as volcanic eruptions build up land over time. These eruptions begin under water, when hot magma is cooled and hardened by the ocean. Over time, this activity creates islands with a steep central peak—hence the name “high island.” Ridges and valleys radiate outward from the peak toward the coastline.
The island region of Melanesia contains many high islands because it is a major part of the “Ring of Fire,” a string of volcanoes around the boundary of the Pacific Ocean. This part of the Ring of Fire is on the boundary of the Pacific plate and the Australian plate. This is a convergent plate boundary, where the two plates move toward each other. Important volcanic mountains in Melanesia include Mount Tomanivi, Fiji; Mount Lamington, Papua New Guinea; and Mount Yasur, Vanuatu.
Low islands are also called coral islands. They are made of the skeletons and living bodies of small marine animals called corals. Sometimes, coral islands barely reach above sea level—hence the name “low island.” Low islands often take the shape of an irregular ring of very small islands, called an atoll, surrounding a lagoon. An atoll forms when a coral reef builds up around a volcanic island, then the volcanic island erodes away, leaving a lagoon. Atolls are defined as one island even though they are made up of multiple communities of coral.
The island regions of Micronesia and Polynesia are dominated by low islands. The Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, for example, is composed of 97 islands and islets that surround one of the largest lagoons in the world, with an area of 2,173 square kilometers (839 square miles). The nation of Kiribati is composed of 32 atolls and one solitary island dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometers (1.35 million square miles) of the Pacific Ocean.
Island Flora and Fauna
The evolution of flora and fauna across the islands of Australia and Oceania is unique. Many plants and animals reached the islands from southern Asia during the last glacial period, when sea levels were low enough to allow for travel. After sea levels rose, species adapted to the environment of each island or community of islands, producing multiple species that evolved from a common ancestor. Due to its isolation from the rest of the world, Australia and Oceania has an incredibly high number of endemic species, or species that are found nowhere else on Earth.
Plants traveled between islands by riding wind or ocean currents. Birds carried the seeds of fruits and plants and spread them between islands with their droppings. Ferns, mosses, and some flowering plants rely on spores or seeds that can remain airborne for long distances. Coconut palms and mangroves, common throughout Australia and Oceania, produce seeds that can float on salty water for weeks at a time. Important flowering plants native to Australia and Oceania include the jacaranda, hibiscus, pohutukawa, and kowhai. Other indigenous trees include the breadfruit, eucalyptus, and banyan.
Birds are very common in Australia and Oceania because they are one of the few animals mobile enough to move from island to island. There are more than 110 endemic bird species in Australia and Oceania, including many seabirds. Many flightless birds, such as emus, kiwis, cassowaries, wekas, and takahes, are native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand. The Pacific Islands have more than 25 species of birds of paradise, which exhibit colorful plumage.
Lizards and bats make up the majority of Australia and Oceania’s native land animals. Lizard species include the goanna, skink, and bearded dragon. Australia and Oceania has more than a hundred different species of fruit bats.
The few native land animals in Australia and Oceania are unusual. Australia and Oceania is the only place in the world that is home to monotremes—mammals that lay eggs. All monotremes are native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. There are only five living species: the duckbill platypus and four species of echidna.
Many of the most familiar animals native to Australia and Oceania are marsupials, including the koala, kangaroo, and wallaby. Marsupials are mammals that carry their newborn young in a pouch. Almost 70 percent of the marsupials on Earth are native to Oceania. (The rest are native to the Americas.)
In Australia and Oceania, marsupials did not face threats or competition from large predators such as lions, tigers, or bears. The red kangaroo, the world’s largest marsupial, can grow up to 2 meters (6 feet) tall, and weigh as much as 100 kilograms (220 pounds). In the Americas, marsupials such as possums are much smaller.
Marine Flora and Fauna
The marine environment is an important and influential physical region in Australia and Oceania. The region is composed of three marine realms: Temperate Australasia, Central Indo-Pacific, and Eastern Indo-Pacific. Marine realms are large ocean regions where animal and plant life are similar because of shared environmental and evolutionary factors.
The Temperate Australasia realm includes the seas surrounding the southern half of Australia and the islands of New Zealand. This realm is one of the world’s richest areas for seabirds. Its cold, nutrient-rich waters support a diversity of plants and fish that seabirds feed on. These seabirds include different species of albatross, petrel, and shearwater, as well as the Australasian gannet and rockhopper penguin.
The Central Indo-Pacific realm includes the seas surrounding the northern half of Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. This marine realm has the greatest diversity of tropical coral in the world and includes the world’s two largest coral formations: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and the New Caledonia Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef, a UNESCO World Heritage Site off the coast of northeast Australia, is 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 square miles).
The Great Barrier Reef and the New Caledonia Barrier Reef are underwater hotspots for biodiversity. The Great Barrier Reef is home to 30 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises; six species of sea turtles; 215 species of birds; and more than 1,500 species of fish. The New Caledonia Barrier Reef is home to 600 species of sponges, 5,500 species of mollusks, 5,000 species of crustaceans, and at least 1,000 species of fish.
The Eastern Indo-Pacific realm surrounds the tropical islands of the central Pacific Ocean, extending from the Marshall Islands through central and southeastern Polynesia. Like the Central Indo-Pacific realm, this realm is also known for its tropical coral formations. A variety of whale, tortoise, and fish species also inhabit this realm.
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History of IWM
IWM (Imperial War Museums) is the world’s leading authority on conflict and its impact, focusing on Britain, its former Empire and the Commonwealth, from the First World War to the present. A family of five museums, IWM illustrates and records all aspects of modern war and of the individual’s experience of it, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural.
IWM was founded on 5 March 1917 when the War Cabinet approved a proposal by Sir Alfred Mond MP for the creation of a national war museum to record the events still taking place during the Great War. The intention was to collect and display material as a record of everyone’s experiences during that war - civilian and military - and to commemorate the sacrifices of all sections of society.
The interest taken by the Dominion governments led to the renaming of the National War Museum to Imperial War Museum later in 1917. It was formally established by Act of Parliament in 1920 and a governing Board of Trustees appointed.
The museum was opened in the Crystal Palace by King George V on 9 June 1920. From 1924 to 1935 it was housed in two galleries adjoining the former Imperial Institute, South Kensington. On 7 July 1936, the Duke of York, shortly to become King George VI, reopened the museum in its present home on Lambeth Road, South London, formerly the central portion of Bethlem Royal Hospital, or ‘Bedlam’.
With the onset of war in 1939 IWM’s remit was extended to include the Second World War. While a programme of collecting got underway, vulnerable collections were evacuated to stores outside London, and the museum was closed to the public from September 1940 to November 1946. Most of the exhibits survived the war, but a Short Seaplane which had flown at the Battle of Jutland was shattered when a German bomb fell on the Naval Gallery on 31 January 1941. This was just one of more than 40 incendiary hits on the building throughout the war.
The Korean War led to a further redefinition of the IWM’s terms of reference to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces had been involved since 1914. IWM has therefore continued to collect every type of evidence documenting its very broad remit. Its collections are vast and rich, and in addition to its role as a museum, IWM is also a major national art gallery, a national archive of written and audio visual recourse, and a centre for research.
During the 1970s and 1980s IWM underwent a period of unprecedented expansion, with the establishment of three new branches – IWM Duxford in 1976, HMS Belfast in 1978 and Churchill War Rooms in 1984. The fifth member of the IWM family, IWM North, opened in Trafford, Greater Manchester, on 5 July 2002.
Further information on the history of the organisation can be found on the Museum Archive pages.
IWM London is currently embarking on a major project to renew its First World War galleries as part of IWM’s plans to lead the cultural commemorations of the First World War centenary in 2014. To read more about this exciting project see our Transforming IWM London page.
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Name: Brian Ray
Who is asking: Student
what is the limit, as x approaches 0, or tan^23x/x^2? (read, tan squared 3x over...)
For your example
|To relate each of the first two fractions to the known limit above we need the quantity inside the sine function, ie 3x to be the same as the quantity in the denominator. Thus multiply the numerator and denominator in each of the first two fractions by 3 to get|
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From Europe to Africa to North America, 2017 is a year full of spectacular anniversaries – and plenty of travel opportunities. Jane Austen lovers can revel in the 200th anniversary of her birth, hikers can wind their way through Denali National Park and history buffs can visit Germany to honor Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses.
Founding of Denali National Park & Preserve – 100 Years
As recently as 2016, the mountain towering over the park’s 6 million acres was named Mount McKinley, after the American president whose popularity soared following his assassination in 1901. Assisted by the Boone and Crocket Club (a hunting and conservation league), naturalist Charles Sheldon lobbied Congress to establish it as a national park, fulfilling his goal in 1917, when Congress established the park and named it for McKinley. But in 1980, in a compromise arrived at by Congress, the park changed its name to Denali National Park, after the native Athabascan name for the mountain, while the mountain remained McKinley. In 2015, President Obama visited the country’s tallest mountain to officially declare the mountain would return to its indigenous designation of Denali.
Despite the winter season, the Park Service is hosting birthday festivities this February that will include snowshoe walks, skiing, ranger-led bike rides, and the Human Hundred Centennial Challenge (which requires logging 100 human-powered miles across the terrain, be it on foot, ski, sled or by bike).
The Virgin Islands Become Part of the U.S.– 100 Years
This year is the 100th anniversary of the transfer of the islands of St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas from Denmark to the United States for $25 million. Plans for purchasing the islands began in 1867, with Secretary of State William Henry Seward hoping to extend U.S. territory and influence through peaceful means. But it wasn’t until after the sinking of the Lusitania in 1917 that the islands became truly important to U.S. foreign policy. At that point, the government, fearing the German annexation of Denmark could lead to Germany using the Danish West Indies as a naval base, opened negotiations to purchase the islands from the Scandinavian nation.
Located about 40 miles from Puerto Rico, the islands offer innumerable opportunities for exploring the natural world and the history of the Caribbean. Visitors can snorkel Hurricane Hole off St. John, a vibrant coral reef filled with a rare abundance of species, or stop by the Whim Plantation Museum on St. Croix to see an authentic Dutch sugar estate from the 1700s. To make the journey even more enticing, the U.S. Virgin Islands Centennial Commemoration is offering $300 in spending credits for anyone who comes to one of the three islands for three nights or more, books their travel before October 1, 2017, and stays at a participating hotel.
Ghana’s Independence – 60 Years
After decades of colonial rule, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African nation to throw off its European imperialists and declare independence on March 6, 1957. The independence movement was led by Kwame Nkrumah, who fought for sovereignty throughout Africa, saying “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent.” Although Ghana dealt with corruption and economic mismanagement early in its history, it has since recovered and become a model of political reform. Celebrate Ghana’s independence with chichinga beef kabob while listening to horn and guitar infused Highlife music. To learn more about Ghana’s history and connection to the Atlantic slave trade, visit the slave castles that once served as fortified trading posts and later shifted to holding slaves.
Celebrations commemorating the anniversary will be held in the capital city of Accra, where an annual Independence Day Parade will be held on March 6.
Jane Austen’s Death – 200 Years
Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth, Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Knightley—Jane Austen has given the world some of its most memorable romantic entanglements. Though Austen never married, she created a world populated with love and longing and social blunders. Her stories have played a role in the public consciousness ever since.
To recapture some of her magic, there will be celebrations all across England. A Grand Jane Austen Ball near Winchester, multiple live performances in Hampshire, Jane Austen Study Day at the British Library and plenty of events at Jane Austen’s House Museum. And if you’re lucky, the Jane-embossed British 5 pound note, which is worth nearly $25,000.
Canada’s Independence – 150 Years
America’s neighbor to the north is celebrating a big anniversary in 2017: the 150th year of independence. Home to indigenous people for thousands of years, the country was first colonized by Vikings from Iceland at l’Anse aux Meadows on the island of Newfoundland. Several hundred years later, John Cabot’s 1497 expedition resulted in the first map of Canada’s east coast. In the following years, the nation was tugged between Britain and France, as its modern multilingual regions prove. As the country evolved and grew, the movement for a Canadian federation arose alongside the desire for a national railroad system and a solution to the conflict between French and British factions. Canada Day marks the occasion of three provinces becoming one country. On July 1, 1867, the Constitution Act united Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Canada province (including Ontario and Quebec). In the following decade, the country acquired the provinces of Manitoba and Prince Edward Island as well as the possessions of the Hudson’s Bay Company.
To celebrate the 150th anniversary, all national parks will be free and open to the public, and there will be numerous celebrations throughout the year, from National Aboriginal Day (celebrating indigenous people with concerts and powwows) to Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (which celebrates French heritage in the province of Quebec). Travelers can also visit the historic tall ships that will be visiting 30 Canadian ports over the summer.
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses – 500 Years
For the first decades of his life, Martin Luther was no more than an anonymous monk. But in 1517, after years of disagreeing with the practice of indulgences (in which parishioners could pay for their sins to be absolved without doing penance), he wrote a text that would profoundly shake and reshape religious tradition for the next 500 years. Luther’s 95 Theses criticized the Catholic Church, proclaimed the Bible as the central religious authority and claimed Christians could achieve salvation through their faith. His theses spurred the evolution of Protestantism, fracturing what had once been the central faith of Europe.
To celebrate the 500th anniversary of Luther finishing his theses in Wittenberg, travel across Germany to learn about the age of Reformation. From museum exhibitions to church services, there are dozens of options for exploring Luther’s life and the impact of his teachings.
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes – 125 Years
For fans of Benedict Cumberbatch’s portrayal of Britain’s preeminent detective, there’s reason to celebrate: 2017 marks the 125th year of the publishing of Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Conan Doyle was a doctor by training, and wrote his Sherlock Holmes mysteries in his spare time, inspired by authors like Edgar Allan Poe. In addition to his medical and literary work, he also traveled as a ship’s surgeon on a whaling boat in the Arctic Circle and later to Africa. Eventually, after a virulent flu nearly killed him, Conan Doyle abandoned his medical career to focus solely on his writing.
Celebrate the mystery of the famed author’s creation with a Sherlock Holmes Anniversary Tour around London, go on a multi-day tour around England, or visit the Museum of London for a dedicated exhibition this fall. You can also revisit the original stories online.
Marie Curie’s Birth – 150 Years
Marie Curie was a woman of firsts. The first woman in Europe to receive a doctorate of science, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize for physics with her husband and Henri Becquerel (for the discovery of radioactivity) and the first—and so far only—person to win a Nobel Prize in a second science (chemistry). Sadly, her work on radioactivity was also what ultimately ended her life.
Curie’s is a life well worth celebrating and 2017 marks the 150th anniversary of her birth. The Museum of Marie Sklodowska-Curie in Poland (where she was born) will feature a new exhibit in honor of her birth, and the Musée Curie in France (where she worked) offers several anniversary exhibits throughout the year.
Langston Hughes’s Death – 50 Years
Poet, novelist, jazz aficionado and one of the leading members of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes died 50 years ago this year. He wrote extensively about black life in America. Inspired by the likes of Walt Whitman and Carl Sandburg, Hughes worked to give an honest perspective of life for African-Americans, which earned him a fair amount of criticism from other writers. But he was also an inspiration, and as Du Bose Heyward wrote in 1926, when Hughes was only 24, “always intensely subjective, passionate, keenly sensitive to beauty and possessed of an unfaltering musical sense.”
To celebrate his life, you can stroll by the poet’s Harlem home, where he lived for the last 20 years of his life and which reflects his involvement in the Harlem Renaissance. It was saved from gentrification in 2016 and is now being turned into a cultural center. You can also visit the National Museum of African American History And Culture in Washington, D.C. to see the massive display of Hughes’s poem “I, Too” on the wall of the new museum.
Finland’s Independence – 100 Years
Beginning as early as 1155, Finland slowly fell under the dominion of Sweden, the regional power. Despite hundreds of years of living under Swedish rule, the ethnic Finns maintained their language and gradually developed their own culture beyond that of more general Nordic culture, including music produced by the ancient string instrument called the kantele and their smoke saunas. In the beginning of the 19th century, Finland came under Russian control as a spoil of war between Sweden and Russia, becoming an autonomous Grand Duchy, which meant Finns had a role in governance but the Russian emperor in St. Petersburg was ultimately the highest ruler. But after more than 100 years under Russia, the country sought its independence. In 1917, taking advantage of the Russian Revolution, the Finnish Parliament approved a declaration of independence, resulting in a civil war and ultimately the establishment of the Finnish republic.
To celebrate 100 years of the country’s independence, Finland will be hosting events across the country and throughout the year. There will be concerts, ice skating tours and art exhibits from the artist cooperative ONOMA.
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The biology of the human body is remarkably complex, and even though we understand more about it each year, the myriad chemical and electrical systems that keep us functioning are still deeply mysterious. Take the reproductive system – although we have a solid grasp of the general functions that get the job done, the specifics continue to elude us. A tiny piece of that puzzle has just been put in place, though, as scientists have isolated a novel protein found in the testicles that gives our sperm that extra zip.
The protein is called NELL2, and a study conducted by the Baylor School of Medicine in collaboration with an international team delved deep into what it does. Before sperm can be motile, they have to mature in a duct called the epididymis. What exactly happens in that duct has been insufficiently examined, but this team found that the NELL2 protein, which is released by the testes, accompanies the sperm on their journey. When that protein hits the duct, it starts the essential process of preparing the little swimmers for action.
testicular germ cells, as a possible lumicrine regulator of fertility. “Using innovative genome editing technology, we generated knockout mice lacking the NELL2 gene and showed that these knockout males are sterile due to a defect in sperm motility,” explains lead author Dr. Daiji Kiyozum. “Moreover, their infertility could be rescued with a germ-cell-specific transgene, thus excluding other sites of expression. We also illustrated lumicrine signaling by demonstrating tagged NELL2 in the epididymal lumen.”
Pretty cool stuff and yet another important weapon in the continuing quest to understand male fertility.
Read more at Science Daily.Get your balls in the game! Donate to the Sean Kimerling Foundation to win the battle against testicular cancer.
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IRVINE — Vase or face? When presented with the well known optical illusion in which we see either a vase or the faces of two people, what we observe depends on the patterns of neural activity going on in our brains. “In this example, whether you see faces or vases depends entirely on changes that occur in your brain, since the image always stays exactly the same,” said John Serences, a UC Irvine cognitive neuroscientist.
IRVINE — Vase or face? When presented with the well known optical illusion in which we see either a vase or the faces of two people, what we observe depends on the patterns of neural activity going on in our brains.“In this example, whether you see faces or vases depends entirely on changes that occur in your brain, since the image always stays exactly the same,” said John Serences, a UC Irvine cognitive neuroscientist. In a recent study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, Serences and co-author Geoffrey Boynton, associate professor at the University of Washington, found that when viewing ambiguous images such as optical illusions, patterns of neural activity within specific brain regions systematically change as perception changes. More importantly, they found that patterns of neural activity in some brain regions were very similar when observers were presented with comparable ambiguous and unambiguous images.
!ADVERTISEMENT!“The fact that some brain areas show the same pattern of activity when we view a real image and when we interpret an ambiguous image in the same way implicates these regions in creating the conscious experience of the object that is being viewed,” Serences said. Findings from their study may further contribute to scientists’ understanding of disorders such as dyslexia -- a case in which individuals are thought to suffer from deficiencies in processing motion -- by providing information about the functional role that specific brain regions play in motion perception. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers measured patterns of neural activity in the middle temporal (MT) region of the brain -- an area associated with motion perception -- under two different scenarios. In the first, participants were asked to view objects moving only in one direction and to identify the direction in which the objects were moving (left or right). They were then presented with objects in which the direction of motion was ambiguous, or undefined, and asked to identify the main direction of motion. The pattern of neural activity in the MT region was highly similar when an observer viewed real motion moving to the left and when they thought they saw the ambiguously moving objects moving to the left. “The close correspondence between the pattern of activation in MT and what the observer reports seeing suggests that this region of your brain plays an important role in generating conscious experience of the world around you,” Serences said. This study was funded by the National Institute of Health. About the University of California, Irvine: The University of California, Irvine is a top-ranked university dedicated to research, scholarship and community service. Founded in 1965, UCI is among the fastest-growing University of California campuses, with more than 27,000 undergraduate and graduate students and about 1,800 faculty members. The second-largest employer in dynamic Orange County, UCI contributes an annual economic impact of $3.7 billion. For more UCI news, visit www.today.uci.edu.
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A Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) that causes "beefy red" genital ulcers called Donovanosis is rapidly spreading amongst men. Because it develops large, ulcer-like sores that can harm genital tissues, Donovanosis is known as the "flesh-eating STD," according to Healthline. Nodules and permanent scars might form if left untreated. It's important to mention that it's sometimes misdiagnosed by doctors as genital cancer. Quoting Dr. Shree Datta, a doctor based in the United Kingdom:
"Donovanosis - which was previously thought to be restricted to places including India, Brazil, and New Guinea - is becoming more common on these shores. As well as the awful symptoms, it's important people are aware that it's a known risk factor for the transmission of HIV."
Dr. Datta clarified that Donovanosis symptoms usually appear a month after a sexual encounter with an infected person. Plus, "severe cases can lead to permanent scarring and damage to the genitals, as well as discoloration and even irreversible swelling, so this is definitely one to watch."
The STD is commonly transmitted through unprotected sex. So if you want to avoid catching Donovanosis (or any other sexually transmitted disease), it's important to use contraception when engaging in sexual activity, per the CDC. The Centers for Disease Prevention & Control also say, "reducing your number of sex partners can decrease your risk for STDs. It is still important that you and your partner get tested and that you share your test results with one another."
What do you think? Leave a comment with your thoughts. And if you think more people should read this article, share it on social media.
This article is for informational purposes only. It should not be considered health advice. Please consult a doctor before making any decisions that could impact your health.
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR: renin–angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity
- Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition: renin–angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides
- Name and define the roles of other hormones that regulate kidney control
Several hormones have specific, important roles in regulating kidney function. They act to stimulate or inhibit blood flow. Some of these are endocrine, acting from a distance, whereas others are paracrine, acting locally.
Renin is an enzyme that is produced by the granular cells of the afferent arteriole at the JGA. It enzymatically converts angiotensinogen (made by the liver, freely circulating) into angiotensin I. Its release is stimulated by prostaglandins and NO from the JGA in response to decreased extracellular fluid volume.
ACE is not a hormone but it is functionally important in regulating systemic blood pressure and kidney function. It is produced in the lungs but binds to the surfaces of endothelial cells in the afferent arterioles and glomerulus. It enzymatically converts inactive angiotensin I into active angiotensin II. ACE is important in raising blood pressure. People with high blood pressure are sometimes prescribed ACE inhibitors to lower their blood pressure.
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays an immediate role in the regulation of blood pressure. It acts systemically to cause vasoconstriction as well as constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus. In instances of blood loss or dehydration, it reduces both GFR and renal blood flow, thereby limiting fluid loss and preserving blood volume. Its release is usually stimulated by decreases in blood pressure, and so the preservation of adequate blood pressure is its primary role.
Aldosterone, often called the “salt-retaining hormone,” is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or directly in response to increased plasma K+. It promotes Na+ reabsorption by the nephron, promoting the retention of water. It is also important in regulating K+, promoting its excretion. (This dual effect on two minerals and its origin in the adrenal cortex explains its designation as a mineralocorticoid.) As a result, renin has an immediate effect on blood pressure due to angiotensin II–stimulated vasoconstriction and a prolonged effect through Na+ recovery due to aldosterone. At the same time that aldosterone causes increased recovery of Na+, it also causes greater loss of K+. Progesterone is a steroid that is structurally similar to aldosterone. It binds to the aldosterone receptor and weakly stimulates Na+ reabsorption and increased water recovery. This process is unimportant in men due to low levels of circulating progesterone. It may cause increased retention of water during some periods of the menstrual cycle in women when progesterone levels increase.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Diuretics are drugs that can increase water loss by interfering with the recapture of solutes and water from the forming urine. They are often prescribed to lower blood pressure. Coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages are familiar diuretics. ADH, a 9-amino acid peptide released by the posterior pituitary, works to do the exact opposite. It promotes the recovery of water, decreases urine volume, and maintains plasma osmolarity and blood pressure. It does so by stimulating the movement of aquaporin proteins into the apical cell membrane of principal cells of the collecting ducts to form water channels, allowing the transcellular movement of water from the lumen of the collecting duct into the interstitial space in the medulla of the kidney by osmosis. From there, it enters the vasa recta capillaries to return to the circulation. Water is attracted by the high osmotic environment of the deep kidney medulla.
Endothelins, 21-amino acid peptides, are extremely powerful vasoconstrictors. They are produced by endothelial cells of the renal blood vessels, mesangial cells, and cells of the DCT. Hormones stimulating endothelin release include angiotensin II, bradykinin, and epinephrine. They do not typically influence blood pressure in healthy people. On the other hand, in people with diabetic kidney disease, endothelin is chronically elevated, resulting in sodium retention. They also diminish GFR by damaging the podocytes and by potently vasoconstricting both the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Natriuretic hormones are peptides that stimulate the kidneys to excrete sodium—an effect opposite that of aldosterone. Natriuretic hormones act by inhibiting aldosterone release and therefore inhibiting Na+ recovery in the collecting ducts. If Na+ remains in the forming urine, its osmotic force will cause a concurrent loss of water. Natriuretic hormones also inhibit ADH release, which of course will result in less water recovery. Therefore, natriuretic peptides inhibit both Na+ and water recovery. One example from this family of hormones is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), a 28-amino acid peptide produced by heart atria in response to over-stretching of the atrial wall. The over-stretching occurs in persons with elevated blood pressure or heart failure. It increases GFR through concurrent vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. These events lead to an increased loss of water and sodium in the forming urine. It also decreases sodium reabsorption in the DCT. There is also B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) of 32 amino acids produced in the ventricles of the heart. It has a 10-fold lower affinity for its receptor, so its effects are less than those of ANH. Its role may be to provide “fine tuning” for the regulation of blood pressure. BNP’s longer biologic half-life makes it a good diagnostic marker of congestive heart failure (Figure 1).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84-amino acid peptide produced by the parathyroid glands in response to decreased circulating Ca++ levels. Among its targets is the PCT, where it stimulates the hydroxylation of calcidiol to calcitriol (1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D). It also blocks reabsorption of phosphate (PO3–), causing its loss in the urine. The retention of phosphate would result in the formation of calcium phosphate in the plasma, reducing circulating Ca++ levels. By ridding the blood of phosphate, higher circulating Ca++ levels are permitted.
Endocrine hormones act from a distance and paracrine hormones act locally. The renal enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. The lung enzyme, ACE, converts angiotensin I into active angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is an active vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex, causing the collecting duct to retain Na+, which promotes water retention and a longer-term rise in blood pressure. ADH promotes water recovery by the collecting ducts by stimulating the insertion of aquaporin water channels into cell membranes. Endothelins are elevated in cases of diabetic kidney disease, increasing Na+ retention and decreasing GFR. Natriuretic hormones, released primarily from the atria of the heart in response to stretching of the atrial walls, stimulate Na+ excretion and thereby decrease blood pressure. PTH stimulates the final step in the formation of active vitamin D3 and reduces phosphate reabsorption, resulting in higher circulating Ca++ levels.
1. What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?
- nitric oxide
2. Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?
- nitric oxide
- natriuretic hormone
- angiotensin II
3. What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?
- increased blood pressure
- decreased blood pressure
- increased Na+ levels
- decreased Na+ levels
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What organs produce which hormones or enzymes in the renin–angiotensin system?
2. PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of what?
- group of vasoconstrictive, 21-amino acid peptides; produced by endothelial cells of the renal blood vessels, mesangial cells, and cells of the DCT
Answers for Review Questions
Answers for Critical Thinking Questions
- The liver produces angiotensinogen, the lungs produce ACE, and the kidneys produce renin.
- PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of calcium.
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Imagine walking out of your house to head to work. As you approach the driver door, it automatically slides open. “Good morning! The drive to work will take around 23 minutes. Would you like me to pull up the news?” As you enter the backseat of the car and look over the route map, a popup at the corner of the screen shows the latest superhero movie showing at a nearby theater. “Close ad.” The seat reclines back to your preferred setting, and the seat belt fastens around you safely. Fast forward to pulling up onto the highway and the car sends a signal to nearby cars to allow for a smooth transition into the right lane. All of this is done while you drink your coffee and read the news on the onboard monitor.
What may sound like a scene from a science fiction movie is not too far off in the future. Autonomous vehicles, more often called self-driving cars, are a quickly growing sector of the automotive industry. Tech and car companies are working in tandem to make self-driving cars safer every year. In 2016, then Google spokeswoman Jacquelyn Miller stated that Google clocked in 1.8 million miles with their self-driving vehicles with only 13 minor accidents. Since then, Google’s autonomous car project, rebranded as Waymo, has reached 3 million miles, 1 million of which was in a 7 month span. The safety statistics of the technology is undeniable, but despite the data, many people are still very hesitant to hop on board with the idea.
Major Concerns with Self-Driving Cars
It’s understandable. With any new technology there is a hesitancy that comes with trying it out for the first time. Anyone who has ever been in a self-parking car can attest to the uneasiness that they felt the first time the car acted on its own. It is a foreign feeling to lose control of something we are so used to having control over, especially when it comes to something as potentially dangerous as a car. This article will discuss the obstacles that self-driving car companies will face in the future, as well as solutions for dealing with these obstacles.
The most significant obstacle in the way of self-driving technology is the lack of consumer confidence in it despite an amazing track record. In general, people are hesitant to put too much trust into the reliability of technology, especially if it is still relatively new. Murphy’s Law states, “Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong”. The statement is an exaggeration, but when it comes to modern technology, everyone has been in a situation in which it has broken down when it was needed most. It’s an even bigger inconvenience when that technology is something we greatly rely on – like a car.
That being said, if the self-driving capabilities of a vehicle malfunction halfway through a trip, the risks are far greater than if a printer were to break down when trying to finish a college paper. The breakdown of a self-driving car is not something people are willing to take a risk on. That is one of the main reasons the general populace are not yet ready to accept such a drastic change in the way we drive.
In the internet age where all of our devices are connected to a network, life has become much more convenient. At the same time, we have given cyber attackers an avenue through which to target our information and personal property. This includes things such as our vehicles, with self-driving cars at the forefront of that integration. Though unlikely, some people fear that because a car can drive independently of the driver, it can also be hacked into remotely by people with ill intentions. Whether this is a realistic and significant problem, or a product of watching too many sci-fi movies, is up for debate. Regardless, to ease the minds of drivers, self-driving car companies like Waymo have partnered with computer tech companies like Intel to improve the quality and security of autonomous technology.
Another major concern consumers have when it comes to self-driving technology is in regards to privacy. It is in the best interest of companies that sell these cars to collect the day-to-day driving information of customers and use it improve the quality of navigation for the future. That being said, there is concern that this information might also be sold to other companies. Information ranging from driving behavior to where you go to shop. One of the major points in the 15-point safety checklist created by federal regulators in September 2016 was privacy. According to the checklist, consumers need easy access to the type of data that is to be collected as well as a way to reject the collection of personal data, like driving behavior.
Fear of a Loss of Control
The overarching reason people are opposed to self-driving cars is because of the loss of control that they represent. As technology becomes more advanced, our life become more automated and that scares people on a certain level. With current events making everyone feel that they have no real control of their security and privacy, the concern is understandable.
The solution most used by autonomous technology companies is to slowly include aspects of self-driving technology in existing cars. Features such as self-parking, automatic braking, and adaptive cruise control are just some of the new technologies that are becoming standard in cars today. Though these seem minor in their automation when compared to the self-driving cars being tested on the road, they are an important step in convincing the public that they should not be afraid. These are known as safety features, not infringements on personal control, and that is the main goal of self-driving cars: road safety.
Though self-driving technology won’t be quite as advanced as in sci-fi movies like I, Robot and Minority Report anytime soon, it is a quickly growing industry. It is impossible to know exactly what our roads will look like in 50 years, but one thing is for sure: self-driving cars will play a huge role in shaping how we think about transportation in the future.
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ส่งเสริม, สนับสนุน, ทำให้ง่าย, ทำให้สะดวก, อำนวยความสะดวก
Verb(1) make easier(2) be of use(3) increase the likelihood of (a response
(1) The gardener had had to spray gasoline on them to facilitate combustion, and the smell was unpleasant.(2) Fatty acids have been used previously to facilitate the absorption of drugs by cells.(3) schools were located in the same campus to facilitate the sharing of resources(4) schools were located on the same campus to facilitate the sharing of resources(5) These activities can facilitate product development in markets where the risks are high.(6) Often the entire base of the bamboo clump is set on fire to facilitate the easy removal of dead bamboo.(7) The whole idea of this is to facilitate the easy movement of through traffic and allow the town to flourish.(8) Funding was aimed at facilitating development not limiting it.(9) Those in charge need to claim ownership of the process and see the improvements as their own, even if their contribution was facilitatory rather than active.(10) The centre is now a focal point for the community and has facilitated the growth of tourism in South Sligo.(11) The facilitators used several different techniques to help us tell stories using our bodies to create frozen shapes and silent images.(12) Care in the health profession context refers to those assistive, supportive, or facilitative acts toward or for another individual or group with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human condition or lifeway.(13) It is marvelous to watch the skill of Muinda facilitators , many of whom have not had a chance to go to school, as they help people grapple with these issues.(14) The data bank allows states to find out if a licence to practise has been revoked by another state and thus facilitates the licensing process.(15) In fact, the role of the state, consistent with its position of neutrality, in these matters should be minimal and facilitative at the most.(16) Moreover, online pharmacies can bolster patient compliance rates by facilitating the refill process.
(1) facilitate :: อำนวยความสะดวก
2. alleviate ::
3. help ::
1. complicate ::
Different Formsfacilitate, facilitated, facilitates, facilitating
English to Thai Dictionary: facilitate
Meaning and definitions of facilitate, translation in Thai language for facilitate with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of facilitate in Thai and in English language.
Tags for the entry "facilitate"
What facilitate means in Thai, facilitate meaning in Thai, facilitate definition, examples and pronunciation of facilitate in Thai language.
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If current trends continue, elephants, giraffes, and zebras could go extinct in the not-too-distant future.
Rodents teeming with parasites that carry black plague would fill the void, suggests ongoing research in Africa. If so, the threat to human health could prompt the tantalizingly feasible solution of de-extinction -- that is, resurrecting the big animals and releasing them back into the wild.
De-extinction for conservation purposes is a "matter of when, not if," said Philip Seddon, a zoologist at the University of Otaga in New Zealand. "We need to think very hard about which are the good candidate species."
20 New Dinosaur Species Found In UtahApril 23, 201402:04
The need for serious consideration of the idea stems from the reality that the world is in the throes of an extinction crisis and demands a re-think of wildlife conservation, he and other scientists argue in a series of papers and essays published Thursday in the journal Science.
Rodolfo Dirzo at Stanford University, who is conducting the rodent research in Africa, is hesitant when it comes to resurrecting extinct species, preferring instead to focus on slowing human population growth and its impact on the environment with the development of a "view that the well-being of natural ecosystems including the animals actually represents the well-being of humans as well."
But the case could be made, he said, to bring back a recently-extinct species if its habitat is intact and the local communities are on board with the idea. Even then, though, many scientific and ethical questions remain to be explored, he and other scientists said.
"In most cases, (de-extinction) is very much a distraction from the big issues of conservation, which are more and more looking closer and closer to how does sustainable development happen, how do we live effectively on this planet without just completely removing the wealth of biology that we depend on," said Joshua Tewksbury, director of the conservation organization WWF's Luc Hoffman Institute in Geneva and co-author of an essay on the crisis.
'Defaunation' of Earth
Since the year 1500, at least 322 vertebrate species have gone extinct such as the dodo. Across vertebrates, population abundance has declined by 28 percent over the past four decades with many local populations now extinct. Globally, populations of invertebrates –- insects such as beetles, butterflies, and spiders -- have decreased by 45 percent over the past 40 years.
"So profound is this problem that we have applied the term 'defaunation' to describe it," Dirzo and colleagues write in their review paper on the crisis. "This recent pulse of animal loss … is not only a conspicuous consequence of human impacts on the planet but also a primary driver of global environmental change in its own right."
Meet first commercially cloned horseMarch 30, 200602:28
Among the consequences of this wave of extinction are losses of ecosystem services vital to the well-being of humans, such as crop pollination, agricultural pest control, seed dispersal, decomposition and cycling of nutrients, water filtration, and the supply of chemical compounds that may prove essential for novel, life-saving pharmaceuticals.
"There are ecological, economic, and ethical consequences of those losses -– and this important paper documents them in considerable detail," Stuart Pimm, a conservation ecologist at Duke University in Durham, N.C., said in an email. He was not involved in the Science series.
Dirzo's research in Kenya indicates that as large animals such as elephants, giraffes, and zebras decline, grasses and shrubs grow taller and thicker, obscuring rodents from the view of predators and allowing their populations to expand. "In the absence of the big animals, you tend to double the number of rats," he said. The rats carry parasites that harbor a range of diseases, including black plague.
Moving species and de-extinction
Finding success in stemming extinction with traditional conservation measures such as protecting patches of wilderness and limiting hunting is "proving difficult," said Seddon, who is the lead author of a review paper that calls for an embrace of more intensive, and sometimes controversial, strategies such as translocation and even de-extinction.
At one end of what he calls the translocation spectrum is the movement of species from one place to another to augment an existing population with greater numbers or genetic diversity, for example.
Further along the spectrum are ideas such as reintroducing a species that has gone locally extinct, such as was done with wolves in the Northern Rockies. More controversial approaches include moving a species to a place it hasn't been before to avoid extinction from factors such as climate change or invasive species.
"The other end of that is when you say we want to move things not necessarily, or only, for that species but because we want to restore or increase the resilience of the whole ecosystem," Seddon said.
This last case, he explained, is known as ecological replacement. This has already been carried out, for example, on islands in the Indian Ocean where an exotic species of giant tortoise was released to restore the grazing and seed dispersal services that were lost when the local tortoise went extinct.
De-extinction, he said, could play a role within this translocation spectrum, especially as reintroduction to a native, intact habitat or as an ecological replacement.
But the concept is controversial. "There is a very real worry that if you feel that you can just bring anything back at any time you want you actually reduce the urgency of the issue," said WWF's Tewksbury. "And the issue isn't just around an individual species, but its value in a cultural context, its value in an ecosystem context, its value within an economic context."
According to Seddon, concerns about de-extinction warrant active and vigorous debate but "we've got to acknowledge it is on the horizon and figure out how to maximize the benefits for conservation."
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WASHINGTON — The whitebark pine, a tree found in the high elevations of the western U.S. and Canada, is being killed as a consequence of global warming and should be protected as an endangered species, an environmental group formally told the Interior Department Tuesday.
If the federal government accepts the scientific arguments in a petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council, it would be the first time a wide-ranging tree has been added to the list. The NRDC also sees an endangered designation as a warning about worsening climate change.
The listing would require the government to look at a variety of options that scientists have suggested might help preserve the tree, choose what might work and spend enough money to put those ideas into practice.
Mature whitebark pines are often gnarled and twisted because they grow slowly in the tough terrain of the high mountains of California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming and Nevada, and in British Columbia and Alberta. It's typically found at the treeline or at somewhat lower elevations mixed with other conifers.
The whitebark pine has declined dramatically due to a triple threat — a disease called the white pine blister rust; the mountain pine beetle, which thrives in the warmer high-altitude conditions produced by the burning of fossil fuels, and forest management practices that have allowed other trees to crowd it out, the NRDC's petition said.
Warming also will limit the range of the whitebark pine, the petition said. Many live more than 500 years.
"It's kind of a wakeup call about the scope of the problems we're going to be facing," said NRDC scientist Sylvia Fallon, an ecologist who was one of the authors of the petition. "All of the pieces of the ecosystem it holds together will also be affected by its loss."
The whitebark pine stabilizes the soil and shades the snow, providing water over longer periods for other plants. Grizzly bears, smaller mammals and birds eat its seeds, and elk, grouse and other mountain animals find shelter beneath it.
The tree has been declining in numbers for 50 years. In recent years, climate change has started to make the threats worse, due to shorter periods of cold that kill the beetle and extended periods in which the trees are exposed to spores from the blister rust, Fallon said.
Different forms of fire management might help the tree. The whitebark pine thrives in areas opened up by fires, but firefighting in the West has created more mature forests over larger areas. And while natural fires can be good for the tree, fire also can be an unnatural threat with changes in climate leaving drier forests, Fallon said.
The petition argued that the current extent of the losses of whitebark pines and the future threat of continued global warming put the tree at risk. Under the law, a species is considered endangered if it is in danger of extinction in all or a significant portion of its range.
Fallon said that early studies show that a small percentage of the trees might have some defense to the beetle. If scientists can find a way to control the beetle, planting resistant trees might make sense, she said.
The Interior Department secretary and the department's Fish and Wildlife Service have 90 days after receiving the petition to determine whether the tree is threatened or endangered. The period spans the presidential transition. The whole process would take two years.
Fallon said the timing of the petition had nothing to do with change at the White House. NRDC's Montana office had been studying the threats for a long time, she said.
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This lesson focuses on the constitutional arguments for and against the enactment of federal anti-lynching legislation in the early 1920s. Students will participate in a simulation game that enacts a fictitious Senate debate of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. As a result of completing this activity, students will gain a better understanding of the federal system, the legislative process, and the difficulties social justice advocates encountered.
The first phase of the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign was the Republican-led attempt to pass the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill in 1921-22. In 1921, L.C. Dyer, a Republican Congressman from St. Louis, Missouri, introduced a revised version of his 1918 anti-lynching bill in the House of Representatives. In essence, this bill gave the federal government the authority to punish lynch mobs when the agents of the individual states, that is, the municipal officers, failed, neglected, or refused to provide the victim with equal protection under the law. The municipal officers would be tried in a federal district court. If convicted, they could be fined up to $5,000, incarcerated for a maximum of five years, or both; the county where the lynching occurred was also subjected to a $10,000 fine payable first to the victim's family, if any, second to the parents, if still alive, or finally to the United States Government.
For the next year and a half, the NAACP, in concert with Dyer and other sympathetic Republican legislators, worked in vain to make the bill a law. The bill managed to pass the House of Representatives and get a favorable report from the Senate Judiciary Committee before it was killed by the threat of a Senate filibuster. Although the Southern Democrats in the Senate led the charge against the bill, some Republican Senators, of which William Borah from Idaho was the most prominent, raised serious questions about the bill's constitutionality. Throughout this battle, President Warren Harding paid lip service to the need for a federal anti-lynching bill, but refused to pressure a Republican-controlled Congress to give him one to sign. James Weldon Johnson, the Secretary of the NAACP, and his assistant, Walter White, tried in vain to overcome Borah's constitutional objections and Harding's indecisiveness.
Perhaps more significantly, the bill's failure tarnished the image of the Party of Lincoln within the black community and sounded the "siren song" of a black exodus to the Democratic Party. As James Weldon Johnson put it in November 1922, "The fate of the Anti-Lynching Bill is the culmination of a series of disappointments under the present administration which completely rids the Negro of the old idea that he must now, henceforth and forever more vote the Republican ticket for the sole reason of what the Party did sixty years ago."
When one examines the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign of the 1920s critically, it becomes clear that the congressional debate about the Dyer Bill serves as a window for students to view how Americans in the 1920s understood the federal system. Participants on both sides of this issue articulated interpretations of the Constitution that secondary students need to know in order to comprehend the controversy surrounding the New Deal a decade later.
“3436 Blots of Shame on the United States: 1889-1922.” A map prepared for the NAACP in 1922 and published in newspapers. The map graphically details the extent and intensity of lynchings by region and state.
The proponents of the Dyer Bill formulated a constitutional defense that foreshadowed New Deal liberalism. The federal government, they argued, had an obligation to help its citizens when the individual states were unable or unwilling to do so. They interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment broadly, so its provisions applied to the actions of the mob. As Walter White contended in a final effort to persuade Senators of the constitutionality of the bill in December 1922, "It is not only against the act of killing that the Federal Government seeks to exercise its power through the proposed anti-lynching law but against the act of the mob in arrogating to itself the functions of the State and substituting its actions for the due processes of law guaranteed by the Federal Constitution to every person accused of a crime." Since numerous "eminent legal authorities" concurred with White, the NAACP urged the Senate to allow the Supreme Court to decide questions of constitutionality after the bill was enacted.
The approach the NAACP urged involved, in Senator Borah's words, "the very lowest form of constitutional immorality." In Borah's view, legislators who relegate questions of constitutionality solely to the Supreme Court shirk their ethical responsibilities and endanger our system of government. As a coordinate branch of government, Congress must police itself with some form of internal constitutional review before it enacts legislation. In other words, individual legislators cannot vote for a law, no matter how well intentioned, if they believe it is unconstitutional. Those who do otherwise are, as Borah put it, "the lawless brothers of those who, under more trying circumstances, take the law in their own hands and join the mob."
Of course, this played into the hands of Senate conservatives, especially the Southern Democrats, who objected to the bill because it violated the Tenth Amendment or states' rights. After all, police powers were reserved to the individual states in our federal system. Lynching was murder and the states, which all had anti-lynching laws on the books, were responsible for prosecuting the wrong doers. Better enforcement of existing state legislation, not intrusive federal legislation, was the answer to the lynching problem in the United States. Time and again, the opponents of the anti-lynching laws proudly pointed to Supreme Court decisions, such as The Slaughterhouse Cases, United States v. Cruikshank, and The Civil Rights Cases, which narrowly defined provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to the actions of the states, not the individuals that comprise them. The case law on the Fourteenth Amendment coupled with a rigid definition of federalism clearly caused the Dyer Bill to fail the test of constitutionality in the minds of conservative Senators.
The students will have to write a brief summary (approximately two or three paragraphs) of the document that includes a short biographical sketch of the document's author.
In order for the simulation game to be successful, the teacher must hold all students accountable for fulfilling their assigned roles; therefore, the teacher needs to evaluate the document summaries and Senate floor speeches before the students deliver them to the rest of the class. This will ensure that the students convey accurate information during the simulation game; it will also help foster a more interactive environment since the students will know based on the teacher's feedback that their answers are acceptable or need some revision. In addition to grading the document summaries and Senate floor speeches, the teacher should try to incorporate questions about the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign into their unit exam or culminating activity about American society in the 1920s.
Have students pay special attention to how the Supreme Court narrowly interpreted the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment so they applied only to the actions of the states and not the individuals that comprised them.
3-4 class periods class periods
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Cruel calculations Two reports on poverty in Canada were issued in November, each with strikingly different conclusions. One said less than six per cent of Canadian children live in poverty; the other said the poverty rate for Canadian children was more than three times that, over 17 per cent. How can that be? Well, one report was from the Fraser Institute, a Vancouver-based think tank that primarily proposes competitive market solutions to social problems. The other was from Campaign 2000, a national coalition of community organizations that is promoting an end to child poverty -- echoing an all-party resolution in 1989 to accomplish that goal by the year 2000. In issuing its number, the Fraser Institute celebrated the national poverty rate falling to the "lowest level in history," just under five per cent. It called the number of children living in poverty, just under six per cent, a "dramatic improvement." Not only were these numbers "historically" low, they also were much lower than rates of recent years. Campaign 2000 reported that child and family poverty rates have been "entrenched" at around 17-18 per cent for the last five years. And that the rate has never been below 15 per cent since 1989, the year the House of Commons resolved to end child poverty. Says who? As you have probably guessed by now, the Fraser Institute and Campaign 2000 define poverty very differently, and this leads to very contrasting interpretations of what it is to live in poverty in Canada. There is no official definition of poverty in Canada, due no doubt to the fact that the calculation of how many people live below the poverty level is contentious. But how different are their definitions? The measure used by Chris Sarlo of the Fraser Institute is a basic, bare-bones approach. Sarlo includes the cost of only what he considers the basic necessities for living. The cost of subsistence levels of food, clothing, housing, and a few other miscellaneous items are all that are included. For a family of four, this approach gives a figure of just under $23,000 as the poverty line. Campaign 2000 relies on Statistics Canada to provide the yardstick. Stats Can does not measure poverty. Instead it issues "low income cut-offs," levels below which families would find themselves living in "straitened circumstances" because they would have to spend a greater portion of their income on basics such as food, clothing and shelter than does the average family of a similar size. Stats Can sets this line, for a family of four, at around $32,000. For comparison, Stat Can reported that the median level of income for households of two or more people was $54,000 in 2004. For two-parent families with children, the median income level was nearly $72,000. Generous deprivation Neither the Fraser Institute nor Campaign 2000 can claim to have the "right" definition of poverty -- choices about what level of income constitutes a poverty line is a representation of values, goals and objectives. The Fraser Institute's rationale for its approach is that the Statistics Canada lines are too generous; they don't measure "true deprivation," thereby misrepresenting the number of people in Canada that can truly be labelled poor or impoverished. Sarlo defends his basic approach by asserting that his income lines measure not being able to afford the basic necessities of life. Whatever the measure, there are too many poor people in Canada. By the measure of the Fraser Institute, we have more than 1.6 million Canadians -- hundreds of thousands of whom are children -- living in serious deprivation, conditions which are hazardous for health and development. One in every 18 Canadian children is living in deep poverty in a country that finds itself so rich it can afford to put down over 13 billion dollars as payment on the national debt. Deep poverty is deprivation on an ongoing basis. It is not missing out for a month when funds are short. It is about not having money to participate in our society, period. And who is deprived in our country? In particular, people of colour and First Nations families. How else can we explain the overwhelming evidence that both First Nations and immigrants are disproportionately poor except by systemic discrimination? Canadian underclasses? But reserves are not the only holding places for the poor. Steep housing costs in the major urban centres of Canada are a big reason we have an ongoing class of poor children in our country. Here in Canada, we prefer not to look in the face of poverty nor admit that we have conditions that rival the Third World on our reserves and in our cities and towns. While we pay down the national debt, we are running up a poverty debt that will sink the next generation. Rather than worrying about the next generation's fiscal debt load, we should be worrying that there will be a next generation that can work and participate as Canadian citizens. Living in poverty reduces both expectations for health and getting a job. The poverty debt can be directly addressed through Canada's National Child Benefit. Raising the amount of the benefit for families with children provides immediate relief and lifts children out of deep and destructive poverty. Their parents also need help to be included in an economy that has been shedding unskilled workers. Parents need jobs that will support families. CPRN's study Too Many Left Behind found that nine million workers had not attained literacy levels that are expected of a productive worker. Canada needs to raise the skill level of our workers to be competitive in the new knowledge economy. Forget about the ongoing debate about the measurement of poverty. That isn't the problem. The big problem is that we have too many poor children -- by any measure.
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With Obamacare open enrollment drawing to a close next month, uninsured Americans who decide not to select a plan will need to pay a penalty for not complying with the law’s individual mandate.
That penalty has been the subject of much debate and some confusion. At its simplest, the law mandates that individuals who go without insurance in 2014 must pay the government either $95 or 1 percent of their household income, whichever is higher.
The implementation of the law, however, is much more complicated. Here are four things you don’t know about the penalty:
1. The formula is not as simple as it seems. The penalty for not having insurance begins with a flat fee of $95 per person for the year (plus $47.50 per child under 18). The maximum penalty per family is $285.
The other potentially more painful penalty is 1 percent of annual household income, up to a maximum equal to the national average annual premium for a “bronze” health insurance plan. The CBO estimates this to be approximately $5,000 for an individual in 2016 and $12,000 for a family.
The fee increases every year. In 2015 it will be 2 percent of income or a flat-rate penalty of $325 per adult and $162.50 per child. In 2016, it’s 2.5 percent of income or $695 per person and $347.50. After that, the penalty will be adjusted for inflation.
A note on income: The penalty is actually based on 1 percent of your adjusted gross income (AGI) that exceeds your personal exemption and standard deduction. This is often referred to as your “tax return filing threshold.”
The “no insurance” fee is levied on a pro rata basis for every month you don’t have coverage, exceeding a three-month period. In other words, if you don’t have insurance for a portion of the year, 1/12 of the annual penalty applies to each month you’re uninsured. If you lack coverage for less than three consecutive months, you don’t owe a penalty.
2. Relatively few Americans will owe a penalty this year. Six million Americans are expected to buy health insurance under the ACA mandate in 2014. But this is a small percentage of the uninsured population – the Census Bureau estimates that there were approximately 48 million nonelderly Americans without health insurance in 2012.
That doesn’t mean that more than 40 million people will pay the penalty. The actual number has not been estimated for 2014, but it’s likely to be far less. Since the cost of the Obamacare penalty is relatively low this year, more Americans may choose to forego insurance and simply pay the fee.
That said, there are a number of exemptions. Members of federally recognized Indian tribes don’t have to pay, nor do people in jail. Americans who don’t file an income tax return are exempt, as well as individuals and households for which insurance premiums would exceed 8 percent of their annual income. Certain hardship exemptions (such as losing a close family member, for example, or being homeless) will also be granted.
While there are no estimates as to how many people will pay the penalty in 2014 and 2015, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the staff of the Joint Commission on Taxation say that about 30 million nonelderly residents will still be uninsured by 2016. Due to various exemptions, they report, just 5.9 million will pay the penalty—less than 2 percent of the U.S. population.
3. Wealthier families will pay the most. Households with incomes over 400 percent of the federal poverty level (estimated at $98,400 for a family of four in 2016) are estimated to account for nearly one-third of all Americans paying penalties –and two-thirds of the total dollar amount of penalties. The income group projected to shoulder the greatest share of penalty payments will be those households that earn at least five times the federal poverty level—a household income of $123,000 for a family of four.
4. Opting for the penalty will take a chunk out of your tax refund. The actual payment will come due for taxpayers next spring when they file their 2014 taxes. Every taxpayer will have to give the IRS proof of insurance or owe the tax unless they’re exempt.
The IRS can’t impose liens or levies to collect the penalty (although they can do so for people who collected too large a subsidy when buying insurance), but the agency will withhold the fee from any refund that is due, in 2014 or in future years. Since the IRS reports that 75 percent of Americans got a tax refund last year, that’s quite a bit of leverage.
Napala Pratini writes for NerdWallet Health, a website that empowers consumers to find high quality, affordable health care and insurance.
Top Reads from The Fiscal Times:
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Will We Be Walloped by Flu Season This Year?
Last year, flu season was barely a blip. Here’s why that’s unlikely to happen again.
Remember the flu? Considering that we’ve been dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic since March 2020, it’s understandable if you’ve put that infection on your mental back burner.
The flu has not only been out of mind, it's been largely out of sight. Between late September 2020 and August 2021, there were only a little over 2,000 lab-confirmed cases of influenza in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
In a typical flu season, the United States sees more than 200,000 lab-confirmed cases in that time frame, a tiny fraction of the actual number of cases; in the 2019–2020 season, actual cases were estimated at 38 million, says the CDC.
Flu-related hospitalizations were also the lowest on record in 2020–2021. And, there was only one infant death from the flu, compared with 199 the previous season, the CDC reports.
While that’s all positive news, last year’s hiatus from the flu has many experts concerned about what this next year might bring — for the flu, as well as other respiratory viruses, says Chloe Bryson-Cahn, MD, the associate medical director of infection prevention at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle.
“With the caveat that flu surprises us every year and no flu season is exactly like the one before it, this winter could be much worse than previous years if we’re battling COVID-19, a huge flu season, and a big RSV [respiratory syncytial virus] season,” she says. “I think it could really cause a lot of turmoil in our hospitals, our places of work, and schools.”
RELATED: Is It a Cold, the Flu, or COVID-19?
Positive Lessons From Last Year’s Flu Season
Experts believe last year’s low level of flu transmission was largely due to the protective measures many people took to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
“I think one thing we have learned as a result of the pandemic is that we really have the ability to impact the way influenza is transmitted in our community,” says Dr. Bryson-Cahn.
“Vaccination, masking, distancing, staying home from work when we are sick, keeping children home from school when they are sick, folks washing their hands — all these things that we recommend to help reduce the spread of COVID-19 also help prevent illness and death from influenza,” she explains.
Indeed, many infectious disease experts see the mild flu season as the silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Every year we have people in our hospital die of the flu, especially young children and pregnant women, but last year we didn’t — no one died in our hospital due to the flu,” says Bryson-Cahn. “That was an amazing thing, and it gives me a lot of hope for the future about how we can control this infection.”
Why We May Be More Vulnerable to the Flu This Year
As COVID-19 vaccination — combined with pandemic fatigue — leads to less masking and social distancing, and as more people return to work and school this fall, the flu will likely come back.
And many experts fear it may come back with a vengeance.
While the historically low levels of flu may have spared us from a “twindemic" — a strong flu season hitting amid an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak — the lack of exposure to the flu could also make the population more susceptible to the virus when it returns.
“Even in years when you don’t catch the flu, you are still often exposed to it,” says Eili Klein, PhD, an associate professor of emergency medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, and a fellow at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy in Washington, DC. “That exposure helps your immune system make antibodies that ‘remember’ the virus and how to attack it.”
This year, most of us won’t have the boost. “Because there was little flu virus activity last season, adult immunity (especially among those who were not vaccinated last season) will now depend on exposure to viruses two or more seasons earlier,” says Dr. Klein.
Older adults may be especially vulnerable because their viral antibodies tend to wane faster. “That’s why older people are more likely to get the flu — their immune system doesn’t work as well,” says Klein.
Children could be at a higher risk as well, says Ali Mokdad, PhD, a professor of global health at the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation in Seattle. “Many of our children under the age of two have never been exposed to the flu because they’ve stayed home throughout the pandemic. Now they’re going back to day care and they will likely be exposed,” he explains.
Even healthy adults may be affected by lack of exposure. “It will take a little longer for our immune system to recognize the virus,” says Dr. Mokdad. “That delayed response coupled with few existing antibodies could mean you have two or three days extra of flu symptoms.”
RELATED: Summer Colds Are Making a Comeback
Flu May Follow in the Footsteps of Other Viruses Now on the Upswing
In recent months, we’ve already seen the impact that lack of exposure to a virus can have once COVID-19 restrictions are loosened.
When many of us shed our masks after getting vaccinated for COVID-19, for example, we saw a big uptick in summer colds, says Kline.
The respiratory syncytial virus, known as RSV, has also seized the opportunity to spread. Last June, the CDC issued a health advisory that warned of a surge in RSV infections across southern states like Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Texas. Hospitals in the Midwest also reported an increase in cases.
RSV causes cold-like symptoms, such as runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, a decrease in appetite, and a fever. Although RSV is usually mild, it can be serious for infants and older adults.
According to the advisory, older infants and toddlers may now be at increased risk of severe RSV-associated illness as a result of reduced exposure during the pandemic.
“There have been children admitted to the hospitals due to RSV in many places such as New Zealand and Australia,” says Mokdad. “And, this summer we’re seeing more kids with RSV in our hospitals.”
The fact that this respiratory virus is circulating in the United States many months earlier than normal is something Mokdad finds concerning.
RELATED: RSV Infections: Why the Surge?
Last Year’s Mild Flu Season Makes This Season’s Harder to Predict
Last season’s low number of flu cases is causing another potential wrinkle: Experts have less information to use for predicting what this year’s flu season might be like and what strains may be circulating, says Bryson-Cahn.
Each year the World Health Organization (WHO) determines which viruses will be included in the flu vaccine in the Northern Hemisphere on the basis of which viruses have been circulating in the past two or three years, as well as what is circulating in the Southern Hemisphere earlier in the current flu season.
Public health officials don’t have much to go on this year. And, so far, there isn't much flu in circulation globally.
According to the WHO’s August 2021 influenza update, global flu activity has remained at lower than expected levels for this time of year, which they believe may be due to continued COVID-19 measures like physical distancing and masking.
But there have been some outbreaks of the flu in the Southern Hemisphere, says Mokdad, who believes that scientists have had enough information to build an effective flu shot. “This virus isn’t going to mutate outside what we expected.”
Indeed, with fewer circulating strains of the flu, there is less chance for the virus to mutate, he notes, which could potentially translate into a more effective vaccine — at least at the start of the flu season.
“All bets are off when the flu begins circulating among people who have not been exposed and among people who are likely more susceptible,” says Mokdad. “These factors will mean the virus can mutate faster.”
Consider Getting Your Flu Shot Early — and Masking in High-Risk Situations
The CDC recommends that virtually everyone six months and older get a flu shot. And, right now, they are recommending people get vaccinated by the end of October.
Klein seconds this advice. “Given there will be a greater number of susceptible people coupled with kids going back to school, it could mean that the flu may peak earlier this year,” he says. “I wouldn’t recommend waiting until late November to get the flu shot.”
Keep in mind that it takes about two weeks after getting the shot for antibodies to develop and provide protection against the flu.
Children who need two doses of vaccine to be protected should start the vaccination process sooner, because the two doses must be given at least four weeks apart, recommends the CDC.
Other ways to ward off flu: Avoid close contact with people who are sick, wash your hands frequently, and don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.
And, even once you’ve gotten both your flu and COVID-19 shots, it can still be wise to wear a mask in high-risk situations.
Because of the surge of the more contagious COVID-19 delta variant, the CDC now recommends that even people who have received the COVID-19 vaccine wear masks indoors in public if they live in an area of substantial or high transmission.
“It is somewhat concerning that our public health organizations are urging people to put their masks on again, and [yet] I’m not seeing people doing that in the same way they did a year and a half ago,” says Bryson-Cahn.
Although it’s understandable that people are tired of masking and social distancing, she stresses that now, when delta is taking over our region and other viruses like the flu may start gaining a foothold, is the wrong time to lose steam.
“We are seeing breakthrough infections among vaccinated people, and there continues to be a significant amount of unvaccinated people who are at great risk,” she explains.
Masking and social distancing work, stresses Bryson-Cahn, both for reducing transmission of COVID-19, and also (as we saw so clearly last year) for significantly reducing illness, hospitalizations, and deaths related to the flu.
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The Importance of Proper pH Levels in the Body
from Jana Mitcham
February 18, 2003
As all of you who are reading this forum know we have an amazing product called Coral Calcium+ which offers some amazing benefits. Benefits like: replenishing minerals, enhances nutrient bioavailability, strengthens bones and teeth, provides electrolyte balance and provides proper pH balance and so much more.
I would like to take a moment and offer you a very basic explanation as to why pH balance is so important:
Your body operates ideally within a narrow pH range of 7.36 - 7.44. It is naturally more alkaline than acidic; eventhough, some of the systems (like the digestive system) are acid. If the pH levels get too acid, a condition called acidosis can occur. Acidosis occurs when your blood pH level falls below 7.30. How does this impact you? In many way! One of those is fatigue. It has been stated that to be healthy the body cannot be acid. It must maintain the proper pH levels.
SO WHAT IS pH?
In general, our body must maintain a near perfect pH balance. It is critical to the maintenance of good health.The symbol 'pH' is used to represent the acidity or alkalinity level. pH stands for 'potential for hydrogen'. Some have called it 'potential for health'. Anything from 0-6.9 is acid and from 7-14 is alkaline. Essentially every function of the body is dependent on our bodies maintaining a precisely balanced pH in the blood, and other critical bodily systems. One of the key systems, for example, is the enzyme system. The enzyme system, as well as the electrical functions of our body, is dependent on electrolytes. Electrolyte levels are dependent on pH. This would indicate (as reported by A.C. Guyton and J. E. Hall in their Textbook of Medical Physiology, 9th edition) that without proper pH levels, it should be difficult for the cells to incorporate the necessary nutrients and energy for good health. This could lead to the cell weakening, which could lead to weakened tissue and ; then, to the organs themselves malfunctioning. This becomes even more serious as the body's systems are affected, often times, leaving the body open to 'invaders' of all types. It has been stated that poor health most often begins after out pH balance is impacted due to a deficiency of minerals, especially electrolyte minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, and phosphorus.
We must remember that the changes in pH do not have to be major: most elements of the body have a very definite pH range and slight changes impact chemical reactions both within and outside the cell. This is why maintenance of pH levels are critical to overall body balance. To show the extreme opposites of the ph spectrum, a body that is too acid may slip into a coma and a body that is too alkaline might slip into convulsions -- neither is good (Textbook of Medical Physiology, 7th edition). It is the proper balance that produces good health. However, if the PH shifts within a cell or organ, chaos results.
The chief culprits in mineral depletion within our body are the acid-forming foods we eat and what we drink( almost all of the fluids we drink on a daily basis are acidic. Coffe, te, milk, soft drinks, fruit juices and evn water. For example. a carbonated beverage has a pH of 2, orange juice is ph of 3, and average tap water is 4.5. So drink bottled water you may be saying--well it is typically a pH of only 6) and the other major cause of acidity is stress. In addition, antibiotics which can destroy the friendly bacteria create a problem because the bacteria that 'grow back' are often acid forming and can potentially create a problem that could drain the body of health enhancing electrolyte minerals. Some other causes of electrolyte loss might be: strenuous exercise, sickness, infection, or even fasting.
It is important that we maintain a perfect pH balance. The pH of the body systems have very exact ranges (Richard Anderson, Cleanse and Purify Thyself). He even points out that the food we eat must be at an optimum pH level before the body can absorb it. ome examples of pH ranges: saliva (6.0-7.0); stomach (1.0-3.5); pancreas (8.0-8.3); intestines (7.5-8.0) and blood (7.35-7.45).
If we can maintain the proper pH balance, we should maintain good health.
The Coral Calcium product provides a range of minerals including proper amounts of calcium and magnesium that assist the body in maintaining this critical pH balance.
And Now, we are introducing the Vita Enhanced Water which also assists the body in maintaining these all important pH levels for optimum health. Add VitaEnhanced to all of your beverages for a healthier pH level.
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Disclaimer: The statements indicated herein have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Site developed and maintained by Peter N. Go (Vitamark International)
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Distilled by tragedy, love, hope, and unity emerge in their purest form to honor those lost and help restore a community. A circle is chosen to symbolize the perfect and complete expression of these universal human needs. It is a simple yet powerful form that predates recorded history and crosses all cultural boundaries, appearing in both nature and man-made environments to represent wholeness. The circle also signifies the unbreakable bond of a community that has experienced deep and acute loss, yet remains united in their love for the children and adults whose memories will endure with the falling leaves each autumn and the blossoming flowers in the spring. The memorial is rooted in this bond of community, and the tranquil habitats found within the landscape provide the setting for healing and remembrance.
The memorial, like the grieving and healing process, is understood as a space of transformation and change that embodies both the evolving landscape and the commemorative pieces within it. The existing site contains four diverse habitats: Deciduous forest, Meadow, Wetland, and Boreal forest. Each of these landscapes creates an experience independent of the others, offering a range of moods, tones, and emotions that are brought about simply through walking from one habitat to the next. The memorial uses three distinct components - Unity Path, Meadow, and Reflection Plane - to unify all of the site’s existing habitats in remembrance of the students and educators.
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Today’s Wall Street Journal reports the latest findings in the case of the extinction of the dinosaurs. Sharon Begley’s story is “Asteroid cleared in dinosaurs’ death.” Here’s the gist:
Suspicious that a 65-million-year-old asteroid had been falsely convicted of mass murder, a team of geoscientists went back to the scene of the crime, a submerged crater more than 110 miles wide just off Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula long thought to be the remnants of the impact that doomed the dinosaurs.
After more than two years of gumshoe work, the scientific sleuths have reached a controversial conclusion: The asteroid that formed the Chicxulub crater crashed to Earth 300,000 years before the dinosaurs and many other species died out, the researchers reported Monday in the online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
That means the space rock was framed. And the real culprit is still at large.
The findings by a team led by Gerta Keller, a 58-year-old Princeton University geoscientist, already are reopening the debate over dinosaurs’ extinction, since many researchers believe their demise was triggered by a single, cataclysmic asteroid hit. It now appears that dinosaurs were instead wiped out over a longer period of time by the cumulative effect of an even larger asteroid, as yet undiscovered, and massive volcano eruptions around the world.
Here’s the timeline that accompanies the Journal story, based on the work of Dartmouth’s Charles Officer and Princeton’s Gerta Kelly:
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When people talk about debt, it’s usually with a tone of resolve, like a coach motivating players for a major game: Go out there and tackle defensively – just don’t rack up more penalties.
But not all debt is a problem to be solved or even avoided. In fact, these debt facts prove some debt can actually be helpful for reaching major goals.
According to Karen Guy, Business and Marketing Analyst at SAC Federal Credit Union, “good debt” is an investment that creates value.
“For example, if you’re pursuing a college degree, you may need to apply for a student loan because you’re investing in your future, and with the knowledge gained, plan on obtaining a stable career,” she says.
Other examples of good debt include:
- Home mortgages
- Business loans
- Home improvement loans
- Loans for investments
Bad debts, on the other hand, usually involve spending on products and services that don’t advance your life goals. Think about that trip to Hawaii or a daily lunch outing; both can increase credit card debt.
Make a plan
When handling your own finances, you’ll likely want to put most of your firepower toward “bad debts” that are weighing you down with unnecessary fees and interest.
By separating good from bad in your mind, you’ll have a clearer view of your debt profile, which leads to stronger, more robust strategies.
The ultimate financial goal is to reduce all your debt, and it would be great to live debt-free. However, loans can also help you improve your financial situation. A loan for college might help you move to the next level in your career. Taking out a loan for a rental property might help you earn extra income. Making wise decisions about the debt you take on will improve your financial standing in the long run.
Now go out there and win that debt game!
Have you taken on good debt? Share your thoughts in the comments below.
Want more tips for handling debt and taking control of your finances? Download SAC’s free Debt Management Guide.
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MATURA, Trinidad (CNN) -- With its white sand and clear, blue water, Trinidad's Matura Beach looks like a postcard. It's a far cry from its recent past, when leatherback sea turtle carcasses littered the ground and kept tourists away.
Suzan Lakhan Baptiste's efforts have turned a beach from a leatherback turtle graveyard to a nesting colony.
"Twenty years ago, this was a graveyard," Suzan Lakhan Baptiste said of the six-mile stretch of beach near her home.
"The stench was horrendous. You could smell it for miles," she said.
Saddened and frustrated, Baptiste launched a crusade to help end the slaughter of the gentle giants. Today, she and her group are succeeding: What was once a turtle graveyard is now a maternity ward -- one of the largest leatherback nesting colonies in the world.
It hasn't been an easy fight for Baptiste or the turtles.
For 100 million years, the creatures have traveled the world's oceans, outliving the dinosaurs. Over the last 30 years, they have become critically endangered worldwide because of fishing, pollution and hunting.
For centuries, they've been hunted throughout the Caribbean for their meat and fins, and also for their eggs, which some people prize as aphrodisiacs.
"Turtles are in serious trouble," Baptiste said.
Every year, female leatherbacks make their way onto the beach, laying their eggs deep in the sand. It is a long, complicated ritual during which the enormous, slow-moving animals are easy prey for poachers.
"Leatherbacks [are] very vulnerable," Baptiste said. "They cannot pull their head and flippers back into the shell. They have no sense of defense to actually protect themselves."
By the 1980s, nearly one in three turtles that nested on Matura Beach were killed. When the government asked for volunteers to help protect the endangered creatures, Baptiste and several others answered the call. In 1990, they started Nature Seekers, one of Trinidad's first environmental groups.
'Crazy Turtle Woman'
For years, Baptiste and her group patrolled the beaches every night of turtle nesting season. She often walked alone until sunrise.
Locals mocked her efforts, calling her the "Turtle Police" or "Crazy Turtle Woman," yet her dedication to the unpaid work was fierce; when it conflicted with her day job, she quit and found a new job.
Leatherbacks were a vital source of income for some members of her village, and the poachers who prowled the beaches with machetes could be threatening. When Baptiste's then-husband was injured during a patrol, she became more determined to stand her ground.
"I was very vigilant," she said, adding that at times, she even got into physical fights.
But Baptiste persisted, and a prestigious award from the United Nations Environment Program helped validate her efforts. She and her group also worked hard to convince the villagers that using the turtles for eco-tourism could create a more sustainable income.
"I wanted to show that a turtle is [worth] so much more to us alive than dead," Baptiste said.
Gradually, her message of conservation turned the tide of public opinion, and after nearly two decades under Baptiste's leadership, Nature Seekers has largely won its battle. Today, the leatherbacks' survival rate on Matura Beach is virtually 100 percent.
"Here, turtle slaughter is a thing of the past," Baptiste proclaimed.
Even "Papa George," a village elder who used to hunt leatherbacks with his father, can attest to the cultural shift.
"Suzan brought around the change," he said. "They don't kill the turtles anymore ... because of the visitors."
Nearly 10,000 tourists a year, most of whom are Trinidadian, now visit Matura Beach, and many locals make a living by providing them with accommodations, food and souvenirs.
Since the beach is a prohibited area during the nesting season, Nature Seekers' members act as guides, explaining the turtles' ancient rituals to visitors. In addition, Baptiste and her colleagues gather data on the enormous creatures, tagging and weighing as many leatherbacks as they can. Watch Baptiste and her group weigh a leatherback turtle at night »
During peak season, they might see between 250 or 300 turtles a night. More than 5,000 leatherbacks nest in the area each year. The group's work is often cited as one of the most successful eco-tourism efforts in the Caribbean.
Still, turtle slaughter persists throughout the region, and Baptiste is working to help other groups learn from her success, most recently on the island of Dominica.
She finds joy in sharing her hard-earned knowledge.
"The passion that I feel, it burns me up," she said. "I have seen the fruits of our labor, and it can happen in every community." Watch how Baptiste helped end the slaughter of turtles in her community »
Her efforts -- and those of many others around the region -- are making a difference. While leatherbacks are still critically endangered worldwide, the Caribbean population has begun to rebound.
"When I got started, a lot of people thought I was crazy," Baptiste said, and she admits that she sometimes wondered if they were right. Reflecting on what she and her team have accomplished, she now believes it was worth it.
"I love being crazy, you know?" she said, laughing. "Crazy with a passion, crazy with a dream -- totally environmentally crazy."
Want to get involved? Check out Nature Seekers and see how to help.
All About Conservation of Resources
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In the field of information technology, the user interface is everything which is designed for the end users to interact with the information system. With the user interface, the individual can perform different actions on the information system. The user interface may include the screens, keyboard and mouse through which the user can interact with thesystem. The user interface and user experience are two things that are related to each other. A good user interface always gives the best experiences to the user. The design of user interface, content quality and response time of user interface are main components that increase the user experience of thewebsite. There are several software and tools available on the market that can be used to prepare dummy user interface of theinformation system. This will help to identify the issues and risks that may occur while developing theuser interface.
Which tools can be used to design dummy user interface design for an information system or website?
There are different tools and software are used to design theuser interface for theinformation system and website,and among them, Balsamiq Mockups tool is commonly used to prepare the designs of a user interface for the information system and website. In Balsamiq Mockups, it is easy to design user interface as there are many defined components available in it and the designer just need to drag and drop the components to prepare the design. Another big advantage of this software is that the linking of the pages can also be done in it in order to check the functionality of website or information system.
What is interactive design in the user interface?
Interactive design can be defined as the necessary component of auser interface for better user experience. The interactive design provides the better media of communication in between the people and information technology. The main keys of interactive design are the simple and clearly defined goals, a strong purpose and the understandable screen interface. There are mainly 5 dimensions of the interactive design such as Fonts used for the labels and buttons, visual representations, physical objects or space, response time and behaviour of the website or information system. There are 2 main design principles that are discussed by Donald Norman and Jacob Nielsen for interactive web design. These design principles are also known as Nielsen Norman design principles.
Difference between User Interface and User experience
The user interface and user experience are related to each other,but both are the different identities. The user interface is considered as the series of screens, pages and visual elements such as buttons, links and icons. These objects are used to make the interaction with devices by anindividual, whereas user experience is considered as the internal experience of an end user which is gained while interacting with every aspect of services and products provided by thecompany.User experience is generally focused on the user’s journey to solve the problem and user interface is about the design and presentation of product’s surfaces. The user interface usually considers the colour, design, information design around screens of the information system or website. On the other hand, theuser experience is about the complete experience of users from the website,and this cannot be even on thescreen.
What is usability in interactive design?
The usability in interactive design is considered abroader term of user experience which refers to the easy use of website or information system. The usability of website or information system is determined by the features, response with thecontext of auser of the website. There are mainly three outcomes of user interface such as:
- The interface of the website or information system must be easy to understand so that users become familiar with the content of thewebsite and feel free to use the website.
- The design of the user interface must be easy enough so that the users achieve their targets or goals in abetter manner through the website.
- The user interface must be easy to remember and recall so that the user could remember that how it works in first interaction and then use it freely after that.
The user experience is generally measured at the time of development of the website or information system from wireframes to prototypes to final deliverable.
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Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco y Bahamonde and commonly known as Generalísimo Francisco Franco, was the Dictator of Spain in parts of the country from 1936, and in its entirety from 1939 until his death in 1975. He presided over the government of the Spanish State as the "the Leader of Spain" (Caudillo de España) and "the Supreme General" (el Generalísimo) following victory in the Spanish Civil War. From 1947, he was de facto regent of Spain, and after his death, the Spanish monarchy was restored according to Franco's own wishes.
Franco did not have deep political convictions, but rose to power in order to preserve a traditional way of life that was threatened, in his view, by communism and its left-wing sympathizers. His main concern was to give the force of law to Catholic morality, and to crush what were allegedly communist-dominated trade unions. Although his Nationalist ideology was in some ways similar to those of Adolf Hitler's Nazi party and to Mussolini's Fascists, from whom he received help during the Civil War, Franco remained neutral during World War II, although he did provide minimal assistance to Germany. On the other hand, he allowed Jewish refugees to pass safely through Spain.
Some may see Franco as a champion of traditional values, including the importance of the family, over and against the left-wing Socialists and Marxists whom he opposed in the Civil War. Nevertheless, his brutal treatment of anyone who did not conform to his values greatly diminishes his place in history.
Franco's rule arguably retarded not only Spanish democracy but also the Spanish economy. Spain was isolated within Europe and unable to join the European Union (then the Common Market) because of the political unacceptability of its regime. However, Spain benefited from an agreement with the U.S. to station troops there, negotiated by Dwight D. Eisenhower. This did result in economic improvement, and contributed to international recognition of Franco's regime when Spain became a United Nations member in 1955.
Franco was born in Ferrol, Galicia, Spain (between 1938 and 1982, his hometown would be known officially as El Ferrol del Caudillo). His father, Nicolás Franco Salgado-Araujo, was a Navy paymaster and a violent alcoholic who mistreated his family. His mother, Pilar Bahamonde Pardo de Andrade, also came from a family with naval tradition. His siblings included Nicolás, navy officer and diplomat, Pilar, a well-known socialite, and Ramón, a pioneering aviator who was hated by many of Francisco Franco's supporters.
Francisco was to follow his father into the navy, but entry into the Naval Academy was closed from 1906 to 1913. To his father's chagrin, he decided to join the army. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo, where he graduated in 1910. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant. Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. Spanish efforts to physically occupy their new African protectorate provoked a long, protracted war (from 1909 to 1927) with native Moroccans. Tactics at the time resulted in heavy losses among Spanish military officers, but also provided the chance of earning promotion through merit. This explains the saying that officers would get either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash).
Franco soon gained a reputation as a good officer. He joined the newly formed regulares colonial native troops with Spanish officers, who acted as shock troops.
In 1916, at the age of 23 and already a captain, he was badly wounded in a skirmish at El Biutz. This action marked him permanently in the eyes of the native troops as a man of baraka (good luck, derived from the Arabic for "blessing"). He was also proposed unsuccessfully for Spain's highest honor for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. Instead, he was promoted to major (comandante), becoming the youngest staff officer in the Spanish Army.
From 1917 to 1920, he was posted on the Spanish mainland. That last year, Lieutenant Colonel José Millán Astray, a histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Spanish Foreign Legion, along similar lines to the French Foreign Legion. Franco became the Legión's second-in-command and returned to Africa.
In summer 1921, the overextended Spanish army suffered (on July 24) a crushing defeat at Annual (Morocco) at the hands of the Rif tribes led by the Abd el-Krim brothers. The Legión symbolically, if not materially, saved the Spanish enclave of Melilla after a grueling three-day forced march led by Franco. In 1923, already a lieutenant colonel, he was made commander of the Legión.
The same year, he married María del Carmen Polo y Martínez Valdés and they had one child, a daughter, María del Carmen, born in 1926. As a special mark of honor, he was best man (padrino) at the wedding was King Alfonso XIII of Spain, a fact which would mark him, during the Second Spanish Republic, as a monarchical officer.
Promoted to colonel, Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at Alhucemas in 1925. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the shortlived Republic of the Rif.
Becoming the youngest general in Spain in 1926, Franco was appointed, in 1928, director of the newly created Joint Military Academy in Zaragoza, a common college for all Army cadets.
At the fall of the monarchy in 1931, in keeping with his prior apolitical record, he did not take any remarkable attitude. But the closing of the Academy, in June, by then War Minister Manuel Azaña, provoked the first clash with the Republic. Azaña found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets insulting, resulting in Franco remaining without a post for six months and under constant surveillance.
On February 5, 1932, he was given a command in La Coruña. Franco avoided being involved in Jose Sanjurjo's attempted coup that year. As a side result of Azaña's military reform, in January 1933, Franco was relegated from the first to the 24th in the list of Brigadiers; conversely, the same year (on February 17), he was given the military command of the Balearic Islands—a post above his rank.
New elections were held in October 1933, which resulted in a center-right majority. In opposition to this government, a revolutionary movement broke out October 5, 1934. This attempt was rapidly quelled in most of the country, but gained a stronghold in Asturias, with the support of the miners' unions. Franco, already general of a Division and assessor to the war minister, was put in command of the operations directed to suppress the insurgency. The forces of the Army in Africa were to carry the brunt of the operations, with General Eduardo López Ochoa as commander in the field. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed.
The uprising and, in general, the events that led over the next two years to the civil war, are still under heavy debate (between, for example, Enrique Moradiellos and Pio Moa). Nonetheless, it is universally agreed that the insurgency in Asturias sharpened the antagonism between left and right. Franco and Lopez Ochoa—who up to that moment was seen as a left-leaning officer—were marked by the left as enemies. Lopez Ochoa was persecuted, jailed, and finally killed at the start of the war.
Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from February 15, 1935, onwards), and from May 19, 1935, on, Chief of the General Staff, the top military post in Spain.
After the ruling coalition collapsed amid the Straperlo corruption scandal, new elections were scheduled. Two wide coalitions formed: The Popular Front on the left, with Republicans to the Communists, and the Frente Nacional on the right, with the center radicals to the conservative Carlists. On February 16, 1936, the left won by a narrow margin. The days after were marked by near-chaotic circumstances. Franco lobbied unsuccessfully to have a state of emergency declared, with the stated purpose of quelling the disturbances and allowing an orderly vote recount. Instead, on February 23, Franco was sent away to be military commander of the Canary Islands, a distant place with few troops under his command.
Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by Emilio Mola was taking shape. Franco was contacted, but maintained an ambiguous attitude almost up until July. On June 23, 1936, he even wrote to the head of the government, Casares Quiroga, offering to quell the discontent in the army, but was not answered. The other rebels were determined to go ahead, whether con Paquito o sin Paquito (with Franco or without him), as said by José Sanjurjo the honorary leader of the military uprising. After various postponements, July 18 was fixed as the date of the uprising. The situation reached a point of no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the African Army. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, (still referred to in Spain as the Dragon Rapide), was chartered in England on July 11, to take him to Africa.
The assassination of the right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo by government police troops (quite possibly acting on their own, as in the case of José Castillo precipitated the uprising. On July 17, one day earlier than planned, the African Army rebelled, detaining their commanders. On July 18, Franco published a manifesto and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command.
A week later, the rebels, who soon called themselves the Nacionales (literally Nationals, but almost always referred to in English as Nationalists) controlled only a third of Spain, and most navy units remained under control of the opposition Republican forces, which left Franco isolated. The coup had failed, but the Spanish Civil War had begun.
Despite Franco having no money while the state treasure was in Madrid with the government, there was an organized economic lobby in London looking after his financial needs, with Lisbon as their operational base. At the end he was to receive an enormous help from very important economic persons who acted as well as his diplomatic boosters. The first days of the rebellion were marked with a serious need to secure control over the Protectorate. On one side, Franco managed to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, to ensure his control over the army. This led to the execution of some senior officers loyal to the republic (one of them his own first cousin). Franco had to face the problem of how to move his troops to the Iberian Peninsula, because most units of the Navy had remained in control of the republic and were blocking the Strait of Gibraltar. His request to Mussolini for help was granted with an unconditional offer of arms and planes; Wilhelm Canaris in Germany persuaded Hitler to follow as well. From the July 20 onward, he was able, with a small group of 22 mainly German Junkers Ju-52 airplanes, to initiate an air bridge to Seville, where his troops helped to ensure the rebel control of the city. Through representatives, he started to negotiate with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy for more military support, and above all for more airplanes. Negotiations were successful with the last two on July 25, and planes began to arrive in Tetouan on August 2. On August 5, Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some 2,000 soldiers.
In early August, the situation in western Andalusia was stable enough to allow him to organize a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yagüe, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. On August 11, Mérida was taken, and August 15 Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. Additionally, Mussolini had ordered a voluntary army (CTV) of some 12.000 Italians of fully motorized units to arrive to Seville and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. All these planes had painted the Francist insignia on them, but where flown by purely Italian and German troops. The basic types of planes that became the backbone of Franco's aviation of those days were the Italian SM79 and SM.81 bombers, the excellent biplane Fiat CR.32 fighter and the German Junkers Ju-52 cargo-bomber, and the rather mediocre Heinkel He-51 biplane fighter
On September 21, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alcázar of Toledo, which was achieved September 27. This decision was controversial even then, but resulted in an important propaganda success, both for the fascist party and for Franco himself.
The designated leader of the uprising, Gen. José Sanjurjo had died on July 20, in an air crash. The nationalist leaders managed to overcome this through regional commands: (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Andalusia, Franco with an independent command and Miguel Cabanellas in Aragon), and a coordinating junta nominally led by the last, as the most senior general. On September 21, it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief, and September 28, after some discussion, also head of government. It is speculated that the decision belonged to Hitler. Mola considered Franco as unfit and not part of the initial revolutionary group. Hitler, however, had delivered until then his own help only to Franco who has signed for it and wanted as leader the one who had the written obligation to recognize it, as Hitler expected recompensation mainly from the steel producing Basque areas. Mola had to give in because he was very aware that without the support of the two dictators, the uprising was doomed to fail. On October 1, 1936, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalísimo of the Fascist army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State). When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later, none of the military leaders that organized the conspiracy against the Republic, between 1933-35, were still alive. It is still disputed whether Mola's death was a deliberate assassination by the Germans. Mola was rather inclined to the Italians and feared the German intervention in Spain. It was later said that Franco was feeling more at ease at his post without any leading military leader of the initial uprising above him. Mola's death later allowed Franco to pose as a political figure, despite having no connection with any political movement.
From that time until the end of the war, Franco personally guided military operations. After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled to a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold on maneuvering. As with his decision to relieve the garrison at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate; some of his decisions, such as, in June 1938, when he preferred to head for Valencia instead of Catalonia, remain particularly controversial.
Unable to receive support from any other nation, his army was supported by Nazi Germany in the form of the Condor Legion, ironically Franco only asked for weapons and tanks and never for the air services of the Condor Legion. Yet, these German forces provided maintenance personnel and trainers, and some 22,000 Germans and 91,000 Italians served over the entire war period in Spain. Principle assistance was received from Fascist Italy (Corpo Truppe Volontarie), but the degree of influence of both powers on Franco's direction of war seems to have been very limited. Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite not always being effective, were very present in most of the large operations in big numbers while the CTV aviation dominated the skies for most of the war period. Franco was receiving many and frequent supplies from both dictators while the Republicans had tremendous difficulties to buy anything modern and even Russia stopped their supplies after a certain period.
It is said that Franco's direction of the Nazi and Fascist forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the Condor Legion, however, he was officially, by default, their superior commander and rarely could they act on their own. António de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal also openly assisted the Nationalists from the start. The support of Mussolini and Hitler continued until the very end of the Civil War and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid. It is known, however, that at the backstage of things, both Mussolini and Hitler considered him as a poor military figure, as he had promised to take the capital in only three months (it took him three years). There even came a moment where they wanted to rescind their support of him, but due to prestige reasons that would have negative consequences in the diplomatic arena against the two dictators, it was decided to continue assisting him until the end.
He managed to fuse the ideologically incompatible national-syndicalist Falange ("phalanx," a far-right Spanish political party) and the Carlist monarchist parties under his rule. This new political formation appeased the more extreme and germanophile Falangists while tempering them with the anti-German, pro-Spain Carlists. The Falangists movement slowly moved away from its Fascist ideology after negotiations with Hitler revealed that Germany wanted Spain as a pawn and did not care about Spain or the Falange.
From early 1937, every death sentence had to be signed (or acknowledged) by Franco. However, this does not mean that he had intimate or complete knowledge of every official execution.
It is interesting to note, while it seems that Franco was allowing Germany free reign in Spain, Franco was continually working to prevent the advance of German forces into Spain. During World War II, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris had regular meetings with France and informed Franco of Germany's attitude and plans for Spain. This information prompted Franco to surreptitiously reposition his best and most experienced troops to camps near the Pyrenees and to reshape the terrain to be unfriendly to tanks and other military vehicles.
In the face of German pressure, Spain was also responsible for the safe passage of 45,000-60,000+ Jews. This was accomplished by allowing any Jews who made it to the Spanish border entrance into Spain. Furthermore, any Jew who made it to a Spanish Embassy was granted Spanish citizenship on the basis of being a Sephardic Jew, even if there was no evidences of Sephardism. When Franco was warned that Hitler would not be pleased with this policy and that he would have to face Hitler about this, Franco responded that he would rather face Hitler for aiding the Jews than to face God for not aiding them.
On March 4, 1939, an uprising broke out within the Republican camp, claiming to forestall an intended Communist coup by prime minister Juan Negrín. Led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and Julián Besteiro, the rebels gained control over Madrid. They tried to negotiate a settlement with Franco, who refused anything but unconditional surrender. They gave way; Madrid was occupied on March 27, and the Republic fell. The war officially ended on April 1, 1939.
However, during the 1940s and 1950s, guerrilla resistance to Franco (known as "the maquis") was widespread in many mountainous regions. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, which also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but they were easily defeated.
Spain was bitterly divided and economically ruined as a result of the civil war. After the war, a very harsh repression began, with thousands of summary executions, an unknown number of political prisoners and tens of thousands of people in exile, largely in France and Latin America. The 1940 shooting of the president of the Catalan government, Lluís Companys, was one of the most notable cases of this early repression, while the major groups targeted were real and suspected leftists, ranging from the moderate, democratic left to Communists and Anarchists, the Spanish intelligentsia, atheists, and military and government figures who had remained loyal to the Madrid government during the war. The bloodshed in Spain did not end with the cessation of hostilities; many political prisoners suffered execution by the firing squad, under the accusation of treason by martial courts.
In September 1939, World War II broke out in Europe, and although Adolf Hitler met Franco once in Hendaye, France (October 23, 1940), to discuss Spanish entry on the side of the Axis Powers, Franco's demands (food, military equipment, Gibraltar, French North Africa, etc.) proved too much and no agreement was reached. Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. Some historians argue that Franco made demands that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order to stay out of the war. Other historians argue that, as leader of a destroyed country in chaos, he simply had nothing to offer the Germans and their military. It is speculated, though, that Hitler did not insist further because after the fall of France, the Vichy government secured a pro-German attitude over North Africa, having the Axis controlling already everything between Morocco and Egypt so that Spain became a useless operation for Hitler. As for the Gilbraltar Straits at this particular moment, the naval bases in Italy were hosting many U-boats that could threaten England while Malta was considered an easy prey to be soon taken. Yet, after the collapse of France in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis non-belligerency stance (for example, he offered Spanish naval facilities to German ships) until returning to complete neutrality in 1943, when the tide of the war had turned decisively against Germany and its allies. Some volunteer Spanish troops (the División Azul, or "Blue Division")—not given official state sanction by Franco—went to fight on the Eastern Front under German command. On June 14, 1940, the Spanish forces in Morocco occupied Tangiers (a city under the rule of the League of Nations) and did not leave it until 1942. According to a recent book, Hitler's Chief Spy, (author Richard Basset, 2005) it is mentioned that his neutrality was paid dearly with a sum by Churchill to a Swiss account. Franco has, thus, "forgotten" for a long time after the war, any claims on Gibraltar
During the war, Franco's Spain also proved to be an escape route for several thousands of, mainly Western European Jews fleeing deportation to concentration camps from occupied France. Spanish diplomats extended their protection to Sephardi Jews from Eastern Europe too, especially in Hungary. As such, Franco's Spain proved to be a safe haven for Jews and a country effectively undertaking more to help Jews escape deportation to the concentration camps than many neutral (Switzerland, Turkey) and Allied countries did.
With the end of World War II, Franco and Spain were forced to suffer the economic consequences of the isolation imposed on it by nations such as the United Kingdom and the United States. This situation ended in part when, due to Spain's strategic location in light of Cold War tensions, the United States entered into a trade and military alliance with Spain. This historic alliance commenced with United States President Eisenhower's visit in 1953, which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. This launched the so-called "Spanish Miracle," which developed Spain into a semi-capitalist nation. During the 1960s, Francist Spain's population would experience an enormous increase in personal wealth. Spain was admitted to the United Nations in 1955. In spite of this, once in power, Franco almost never left Spain.
Lacking any strong ideology, Franco initially sought support from National syndicalism (nacionalsindicalismo) and the Roman Catholic Church (nacionalcatolicismo). He was openly supported by the Church, who knew, for example, that he would reverse the Second Republic's legalization of divorce. Franco placed great stress on family values, on their right to own property, and on the dignity of labor. His coalition-ruling single party, the Movimiento Nacional, was so heterogeneous as to barely qualify as a party at all, and was certainly not an ideological monolith like the Fascio di Combattimento (Fascist Party of Italy) or the ruling block of Antonio Salazar in Portugal. His Spanish State was chiefly a conservative—even traditionalist—rightist regime, with emphasis on order and stability, rather than a definite political vision.
In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not designate a monarch. This gesture was largely done to appease monarchist factions within the Movimiento. Although a self-proclaimed monarchist himself, Franco had no particular desire for a king, and as such, he left the throne vacant, with himself as de facto regent. He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in the El Pardo Palace (not to be confused with the El Prado museum). In addition, he appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a baldachin (canopy), and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were Jefe del Estado (Chief of State), and Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles (Generalísimo of the Spanish Armed Forces), he had originally intended any government that succeeded him to be much more authoritarian than the previous monarchy. This is indicated in his use of "by the grace of God" in his official title. It is a technical, legal phrase which indicates sovereign dignity in absolute monarchies, and is only used by monarchs.
During his rule, non-government trade union]]s and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from communist and anarchist organizations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque nationalists, were suppressed. The only legal "trade union" was the government-run Sindicato Vertical.
In order to build a uniform Spanish nation, the public usage of languages other than Spanish (especially Catalan, Galician, and Basque languages) was strongly repressed. Language politics in Francoist Spain stated that all government, notarial, legal, and commercial documents were drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of other than Spanish languages was banned on road and shop signs, advertising, and, in general, all exterior images of the country.
All cultural activities were subject to censorship, and many were plainly forbidden on various, many times spurious, grounds (political or moral). This cultural policy relaxed with time, most notably after 1960.
The enforcement by public authorities of strict Catholic social mores was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Manuel Azaña. In 1953, Catholicism was officially recognized as integral to the culture of Spain and the Vatican recognized Franco's regime. The remaining nomads of Spain (Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute) were especially affected.
In 1954, homosexuality, pedophilia, and prostitution were, through this law, made criminal offenses. Its application was inconsistent.
In every town, there was a constant presence of Guardia Civil, a military police force, who patrolled in pairs with submachine guns, and functioned as his chief means of control. He was constantly worried about a possible Masonic conspiracy against his regime. This has even been described by some non-Spanish authors to have gradually turned into an "obsession." In popular imagination, he is often remembered as in the black and white images of No-Do newsreels, inaugurating a reservoir, hence his nickname Paco Ranas (Paco—a familiar form of Francisco—"Frogs"), or catching huge fish from the Azor yacht during his holidays.
Famous quote: "Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical elections."
In 1968, due to the United Nations' pressure on Spain, Franco granted Equatorial Guinea, a Spanish colony, its independence.
In 1969, he designated Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón, with the new title of Prince of Spain, as his successor. This came as a surprise for the Carlist pretender to the throne, as well as for Juan Carlos's father, Juan de Borbón, the Count of Barcelona, who technically had a superior right to the throne. By 1973, Franco had given up the function of prime minister (Presidente del Gobierno), remaining only as head of the country and as commander in chief of the military forces. As his final years progressed, tension within the various factions of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position to control the country's future.
Franco died on November 20 (or possibly November 19), 1975, at the age of 82. Since November 20 was the same date as the founder of the Falange, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who died in 1936, some suspected that Franco's doctors were ordered to keep him alive by artificial means until that symbolic date. The historian, Ricardo de la Cierva, says that on the 19th, around 6 p.m., he was told that Franco had already died. Franco is buried at Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos, which has become a tomb for all the soldiers killed during the Spanish Civil War.
Franco's successor as head of state was the current Spanish monarch, Juan Carlos. Though much beloved by Franco, the King held liberal political views which earned him suspicion among conservatives who hoped he would continue Franco's policies. Instead, Juan Carlos would proceed to restore democracy in the nation, and help crush an attempted military coup in 1981.
Since Franco's death, almost all the place names named after him (most Spanish towns had a calle del Generalísimo) have been changed. This holds particularly true in the regions ruled by parties heir to the Republican side, while in other regions of central Spain rulers have preferred not to change such placenames, arguing they would rather not stir the past. Most statues or monuments of him have also been removed, and, in the capital, Madrid, the last one standing was removed in March 2005.
Francisco Franco was declared a saint by Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (self-declared "Pope Gregory XVII") of the Palmarian Catholic Church, a right-wing Catholic mysticalist sect and apparition site largely based in Spain. Franco's canonization is not recognized by the Roman Catholic Church and the Vatican.
At the time of Franco's death, on the then-new American television show, Saturday Night Live, as part of its satiric newscast Weekend Update, Chevy Chase announced, "Despite Franco's death and an expected burial tomorrow, doctors say the dictator's health has taken a turn for the worse." The segment also included a statement by Richard Nixon that "General Franco was a loyal friend and ally of the United States," accompanied by a photo of Franco and Adolf Hitler standing together and giving the Fascist/Nazi salute. Over the next several weeks it became a running joke for Chase to announce as part of the newscast, "This just in: Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead"!
In 2005, an almost systematic search started on mass graves of people executed during his regime by the present socialist government in Spain, with an identical name with the main party in the government that lead the fight against him during the war (PSOE). There is talk of officially recognizing the crimes on civilians during the Francist rule after the Civil War. Some statutes of Franco and other public Francist signs have been removed. Additionally, the EU has taken steps on a European resolution on this topic which will rewrite some historic views on Franco. In Germany, a squadron named for Werner Mölders has been removed, as this pilot took part (leader of the escorting units) in the bombing of Guernica, which is speculated as been a target choice made by Franco and Mola and not by the German command of the Legion Condor, against such an historic and symbolic place for the Basques, to terrorize them for their secessionist movement.
About the romantic comedy You've Got Mail (1998) it is said that the character Birdie Conrad (Jean Stapleton) was a former lover of Franco in the 1940s. Calimero el Tirano, the dictator seen in the comedy Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure (2003), is a parody of Francisco Franco, played by Paco Sagárzazu.
All links retrieved April 25, 2017.
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ACCESS members jointly conduct integrated, collaborative, and multi-disciplinary research to monitor the distribution and abundance of marine wildlife in the context of underlying physical and biological oceanographic processes.
Our research inform managers, policy-makers and conservation partners about wildlife responses to changes in ocean conditions and human threats in order to mobilize public support for marine conservation.
The main research topics and management issues we aim to address include:
1) Saving whales from ship strikes – recommend management approaches that will save whales off San Francisco,
2) Reducing whale entanglements – identify high entanglement-risk areas to decrease bycatch in crab fisheries,
3) Protecting wildlife hotspots – protect wildlife and decrease conflicts with existing and proposed new human uses,
4) Developing ecosystem indicators – track ecosystem responses to climate change and inform climate-smart conservation, and
5) Tracking ocean acidification – document changes in water chemistry and assess biological responses.
We produce an annual ‘Ocean Climate Indicators Report’ that provides information about the status and trends of physical and biological climate change indicators in the region. These indicators were selected by a working group of the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council with input from over 50 regional scientists and resource managers after a 2-year collaborative process.
We partner and share data with marine ecology researchers and agencies in the region, and we are working towards making our data available in the Central and Northern California Ocean Observing System (CeNCOOS) Data Portal. The portal contains scientific information on physical, chemical and biological characteristics of north-central California and its surrounding waters.
We engage with schools, colleges and universities by providing at-sea experiences to science-teachers (Teacher-At-Sea Program), lab experiences to college students interested in marine science, and research opportunities to graduate students interested in collaborating on physical/biological oceanography and ecology projects. In addition, we provide outreach opportunities by collaborating with photographers and videographers to share the stories with the public, and sharing our science with museum visitors at The Exploratorium, California Academy of Sciences, and the Lawrence Hall of Science.
Left: Carina Fish (graduate student, UC Davis, Bodega Marine Lab) and Ryan Anderson (graduate student, SFSU, Estuary and Ocean Science Center) collecting water for chemistry analyses. Center: Meredith Elliott (Point Blue) and Grace Kumaishi (Point Blue) collecting zooplankton. Right: Kirsten Lindquist (GFA), Jan Roletto (GFNMS) and Taylor Nairn (GFA) counting marine birds and mammals from the flying bridge of the NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada. (Photos: Jaime Jahncke)
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Marine researchers fear the Great Barrier Reef will suffer more coral bleaching than normal over the next 12 months because of rising sea temperatures.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is using data from the weather bureau to formulate its yearly forecast, which indicates there is a high risk the bleaching will be widespread.
The authority's Dr Paul Marshall says global warming is having a significant impact on the ocean.
"So particular species of coral reef fish that depend on coral either for food or for shelter, but those very very hot summers that affect the corals also affect many other sorts of plants and animals as well," he said.
"Seagrasses suffer a great deal from hot temperatures, sea birds and turtles can also suffer, particularly when they're nesting."
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In IC design, parasitic extraction is the process by which layout geometries are analyzed and converted to equivalent circuit values for simulation and verification of electrical performance. This modeling of “as implemented” IC circuitry is critical to the verification of such performance parameters as timing, signal integrity, and power.
To achieve the highest level of accuracy in electrical circuit simulation requires a full implementation of Maxwell’s equations to compute the electrical field at each point in a 3D space. Tools known as “field solvers” create a full representation of IC circuitry by solving Maxwell’s equations, then using the results to provide a circuit model at the highest degree of accuracy possible. However, due to their extreme runtime requirements, field solvers have historically only been used in conjunction with test chips to calibrate “production” extraction tools that provide higher performance and throughput, but less accuracy.
These production extraction tools employ a simplified set of heuristics, or rules, to perform the layout analysis and create the circuit model. Underlying transistors are represented abstractly at the gate level or transistor level, and their performance is assumed based on the gate or transistor model. Such rules-based tools generally run up to three orders of magnitude faster than a field solver, and provide a sufficient level of accuracy for most of the extraction process to ensure adequate performance modeling of the final chip. However, detailed extraction using a field solver must sometimes be performed on the interconnect wires to determine the parasitic capacitance between the wires. This adds time to the extraction process, negating some of the benefit of using rules-based extraction tools.
At the 32/28 nm node, decreasing space means field effects have more influence on neighboring structures, and these effects extend over a greater number of adjacent transistors. What were second-order device parasitics with minimal performance impact have now become first-order parasitics capable of degrading performance or generating operational failure. The extraction process now needs to include the properties of the individual transistors themselves, which demands a higher level of accuracy. With a greater proportion of the layout requiring this more precise extraction, rules-based extraction tools can no longer deliver the accuracy needed to confirm acceptable electrical performance.
Field solvers are the only technology that can provide the needed degree of circuit accuracy at the 32/28 nm nodes. However, as mentioned, their runtimes have generally prohibited their use for all but individual cells or very small blocks. In addition, existing field solvers are not constructed to scale to today’s large designs with billions of transistors.
Some companies have attempted to resolve these issues with extraction tools that contain both a rules-based engine and a field solver. The premise is to use the rules-based engine in less critical areas of the layout, switching to the field solver when high accuracy is required. The flaw in this approach is that a designer must specify what constitutes a “critical” area, either through explicit designations or by the use of some heuristics. However, it is virtually impossible for the designer to know in advance which areas of the layout will prove critical to performance. Making the wrong choice can lead to some critical areas being excluded. These “outliers” could be the cases that result in operational failures.
What is needed is an entirely new extraction approach incorporating a field solver constructed to run at commercially acceptable speeds. Such a field solver would need to incorporate extremely efficient computing algorithms, while also being able to scale effectively to take advantage of today’s multicore CPU configurations. A field solver that can maintain accuracy in the 5% range while providing a runtime improvement of several magnitudes over traditional field solvers would allow field solver technology to be used on the entire design, providing greater overall accuracy without significantly increasing overall turnaround time.
But of course, that’s not all. Users don’t like disruption, either in their tools or their workflows, so any such extraction tool should also be integrated with existing tools and interfaces, and require only minimal changes to extraction rule decks. For ease of use, the application of the field solver should be transparent, requiring no direction or manipulation by the users.
Implementing a fundamentally new software architecture without changing the way a tool operates is always a challenging proposition. But in the case of parasitic extraction, it’s one that is necessary if we hope to maintain the performance of chips as we move closer to the limits of nanometer technology. Extraction tools using fast, scalable field solver technology will enable us to develop advanced node designs in market timeframes without sacrificing performance.
Are you up-to-date on important SoC and IP design trends, analysis and market forecasts?
Chip Design now offers customized market research services.
For more information contact Karen Popp at +1 415-305-5557
Congress Center Düsseldorf October 20-21 2014
Seattle, Washington October 21-23, 2014
Irvine, CA October 22-23, 2014
Scottsdale, AZ November 5-7, 2014
San Francisco, CA December 13-17, 2014
Santa Clara, CA January 27-30, 2015
San Francisco, CA February 22-26, 2015
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- Unfavorable; antagonistic in purpose or effect; hostile; actively opposing one's interests or wishes; contrary to one's welfare; acting against; working in an opposing direction.
- adverse criticism
- Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune.
2011 December 14, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, in Guardian:
- He said Robins had not been in trouble with the law before and had no previous convictions. Jail would have an adverse effect on her and her three children as she was the main carer.
- Opposed; contrary; opposing one's interests or desire.
- adverse circumstances.
- (not comparable) Opposite; confronting.
- the adverse page
- the adverse party
Adverse is sometimes confused with averse, though the meanings are somewhat different. Adverse most often refers to things, denoting something that is in opposition to someone's interests — something one might refer to as an adversity or adversary — (adverse winds; an attitude adverse to our ideals). Averse usually refers to people, and implies one has a distaste, disinclination, or aversion toward something (a leader averse to war; an investor averse to risk taking). Averse is most often used with "to" in a construction like "I am averse to…". Adverse shows up less often in this type of construction, describing a person instead of a thing, and should carry a meaning of "actively opposed to" rather than "has an aversion to".
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
adverse (plural adverses)
- “adverse” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
- adverse in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “adverse” in Félix Gaffiot’s Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette (1934)
- First-person singular (yo) present subjunctive form of adversar.
- Formal second-person singular (usted) present subjunctive form of adversar.
- Third-person singular (él, ella, also used with usted?) present subjunctive form of adversar.
- Formal second-person singular (usted) imperative form of adversar.
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Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (also Actions of Villers-Bretonneux, after the First Battles of the Somme, 1918) took place from 24 to 27 April 1918, during the German Spring Offensive to the east of Amiens. It is notable for being the first occasion on which tanks fought against each other; it was the biggest and most successful tank action of the German army in the First World War.
Three German A7Vs engaged three British Mark IV tanks, two of which were female tanks armed only with machine-guns. The two Mark IV females were damaged and forced to withdraw but the male tank, armed with 6-pounder guns, hit and disabled the lead A7V, which was then abandoned by its crew. The Mark IV continued to fire on the two remaining German A7Vs, which withdrew. The "male" then advanced with the support of several Whippet light tanks which had arrived, until disabled by artillery fire and abandoned by the crew.
A counter-attack by two Australian brigades and a British brigade during the night of 24 April partly surrounded Villers-Bretonneux and on 25 April the town was recaptured. On 26 April, the role of the Moroccan division of the French army was crucial in pushing back German units. Australian, British and French troops nearly restored the original front line by 27 April.[a]
In late 1917 and early 1918, the end of the fighting on the Eastern Front allowed the Germans to transfer large numbers of men and equipment to the west. Buoyed by this but concerned that the entry of the United States into the war would negate their numerical advantage if they did not attack quickly and that massed tank attacks like that at Cambrai in November 1917 made far more areas on the Western Front vulnerable to attack, the German commander, Erich Ludendorff, chose to use the temporary numerical advantage to punch through the front line and then advance north towards the sea. In March, the Germans launched the Spring Offensive, against the British Third and Fifth Armies on the Somme, which were understrength due to the small numbers of replacements being sent from Britain.
In unfinished defences, the Fifth Army was forced back quickly after the first two days, as the Germans advanced under a heavy bombardment of high explosives and gas. As the Germans advanced steadily west, the Third Army also fell back on its southern flank and the crucial railhead at Amiens was threatened with capture; Paris was bombarded by long-range guns. The Allies moved reinforcements to the Somme front and by the end of May, the German advance of the 1918 Battle of the Somme had been halted in front of Hamel. In preparation for a further attack, German railway construction companies were brought up and work undertaken to repair damaged railways in the captured ground.
In early April, the Germans renewed their efforts, simultaneously beginning the Battle of the Lys in Flanders. The Germans managed to advance towards Villers-Bretonneux, a town on the high ground to the south of the Somme River. The terrain allowed artillery observers to see bombardments on Amiens, which was only 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) away, which was of great tactical value. On 4 April, the Germans attempted to capture the town with 15 divisions but were repulsed by troops from the British 1st Cavalry Division and Australian 9th Brigade during the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux with the help of the Canadians. After the first battle, the forces that had secured the town were relieved and by late April the area around Villers-Bretonneux was largely held by the 8th Division. Although it had been one of the best British divisions it had suffered badly in the German attacks of March, losing 250 officers and about 4,700 men, reducing its infantry by half. Replacements in the latest draft from Britain included 18-year-olds with little training.
German 2nd Army attack
On 17/18 April, the Germans bombarded the area behind Villers-Bretonneux with mustard gas, causing 1,000 Australian casualties. On the evening of 23/24 April, an artillery barrage was fired, using mustard gas and high explosive rounds. Next morning, the Germans attacked the village with four divisions. The German infantry, with thirteen supporting A7V tanks, broke through the 8th Division, making a 3-mile (4.8 km) wide gap in the Allied line. Villers-Bretonneux fell to the Germans and the railway junction of Amiens became vulnerable to capture. After the Germans took Villers-Bretonneux, the first engagement between opposing tanks took place. Three British Mark IV tanks from No. 1 Section, A Company, 1st Battalion, Tank Corps had been dispatched to the Cachy switch line, at the first reports of German advance and were to hold it against the Germans. One was a "male" (the No. 1 Tank of the section) armed with two 6-pounder guns and machine guns, under the command of Lieutenant Frank Mitchell. It was crewed by only four of the normal crew of eight, as the others had been gassed. The other tanks were "females" armed with 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine-guns, for use against infantry. All were advancing when they encountered a German A7V, "Nixe" of Abteilung III Imperial German Tank Force, commanded by 2nd Lieutenant Wilhelm Biltz.
Nixe fired on the two "females", damaging them to the extent that it left holes in the hull leaving the crew exposed. Both retreated; their machine guns were unable to penetrate the armour on the German tank. Mitchell's "male" Mark IV continued to fire at the A7V, while on the move to avoid German artillery fire and the gun of the German tank. The movement meant Mitchell's gunner had difficulty in aiming the 6-pounders. The tanks fired at each other on the move, until the Mark IV stopped to allow the gunner a clear shot and the gunner scored three hits (a total of six shell hits). Nixe heeled over on its side, possible as a result of crossing an incline at the wrong angle. The surviving German crew (out of 18 men), including Biltz, alighted from the vehicle and the British fired at them as they fled on foot, killing nine.
The British tank was next faced by two more A7Vs, supported by infantry; Mitchell's tank fired several ranging shots at the German tanks and they retreated. Mitchell's tank continued to attack the German infantry, firing case-shot. Seven of the new British Whippet medium tanks arrived, attacked the Germans, encountered some battalions "forming up in the open" and killed many infantry with their machine-guns and by running them down. Mitchell later remarked that when they returned their tracks were covered with blood. Only four of the seven Whippets came back, the rest were destroyed by artillery and five crew were killed.
Being the last tank on the field and slow moving, the Mark IV became a target for German artillery and Mitchell ordered the tank back, manoeuvring to try to avoid the shells but a mortar round disabled the tracks. The crew left the tank, escaping to a British-held trench, much to the surprise of the troops in it. Leutnant Biltz and his crew re-boarded "Nixe" and attempted to return to their base, but had to abandon the vehicle again when the engines failed. Attempts by the Germans to recover it were unsuccessful, and it was blown up by a demolition crew during the night of April 23-24. Earlier in the day, another A7V, No 506 "Mephisto", became ditched in a crater and was abandoned by its crew. It was recovered by British and Australian troops some three months later, and is now held at the Queensland Museum.[b]
Fourth Army counter-attack
About noon the 1st Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters had attempted a counter-attack. The British 25th Brigade was considered for an attack but this was cancelled. A tank with troops from the 2nd Royal Berkshire Regiment made a spontaneous attack from the north, pushing the German line back about 150 yards (140 m). General Henry Rawlinson had responded even before he received orders from Marshal Ferdinand Foch to recapture the town. At 9:30 a.m. he ordered an immediate counter-attack by the Australian 13th Brigade under General Thomas William Glasgow and the 15th Brigade under General H. E. "Pompey" Elliott, both in reserve, though the 13th Brigade had suffered many casualties at Dernancourt nearby. Rawlinson intended an enveloping attack, the 15th Brigade attacking north of the town and the 13th Brigade attacking to the south. British troops would support and the 2nd Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment and the 22nd Durham Light Infantry would follow through in the gap between the Australians and "mop up" the town, once it was isolated. Artillery support was available but since German positions were unknown and to avoid alerting the Germans, there was no preparatory barrage to soften up the German positions. Instead the artillery would bombard the town for the hour once the attack began and then move its line of fire back beyond the line held by the Allies before the German attack.
Meanwhile, the 14th Brigade held its positions to the north, and provided guides to 15th Brigade. The attack took place on the night of 24/25 April, after a postponement from 8:00 p.m. Glasgow argued that it would still be light, with terrible consequences for his men and that the operation should start at 10:00 p.m. and "zero hour" was eventually set for 10:00 p.m. The operation began with German machine gun crews causing many Australian casualties. A number of charges against machine-gun posts helped the Australian advance; in particular, Lieutenant Clifford Sadlier of the 51st Battalion, was awarded the Victoria Cross, after attacking with hand-grenades. The two brigades swept around Villers-Bretonneux and the Germans retreated, for a while escaping the pocket along a railway cutting. The Australians eventually captured the German positions and pushed the German line back, leaving the German troops in Villers-Bretonneux surrounded. The British units attacked frontally and suffered many casualties. By 25 April, the town had been recaptured and handed back to the villagers. The battle was a great success for the Allies, who had defeated the German attempt to capture Amiens and recaptured Villers-Bretonneux while outnumbered; the village remained in Allied hands to the end of the war.
Role of the Moroccan Division
According to Romain Fathi, in New Directions in War and History, the role of the Moroccan Division at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux has been neglected by Australian popular historians. On 26 April, the French Moroccan Division attacked south of the town and rescued the Australian 51st and 52nd Battalions.
The personal diaries of journalist Charles Bean and a later account of the battle by the commanding officer of the 52nd Battalion, Lt. Colonel J. L. Whitham show that there were a myriad of issues which arose as a consequence of this being the first time the Australians and French had fought together on the Western Front. In particular, with the way each defended newly occupied ground and in the manner that the French expected to undertake relief of the Australian line.
While costly, the attack of the Moroccan division was a success, pushing the line further east than Australian troops had due to the strong German resistance they had encountered. The Moroccan Division's contribution to Second Villers-Bretonneux was crucial to the success of the whole operation. For its engagement, the 8e régiment de marche de zouaves of the Moroccan division was awarded a Légion d’honneur by the French President with the following citation: "The year 1918 finds them ready, once again, for all acts of boldness and all sacrifices. On April 26, they attacked Villers-Bretonneux and blocked the road to Amiens".
Fighting continued in Villers-Bretonneux and the vicinity for months after the counter-attack. The Australians spent Anzac Day in hand-to-hand fighting and the town was not secured until 27 April with the contribution of the French Moroccan Division. On 3 May an attack by the Australian 12th Brigade towards Monument Wood south-east of Villers-Bretonneux failed, with the 48th Battalion losing over 150 men. The German offensive in the Australian sector ended in late April. As the Germans turned their attention to the French sectors in May and June, a lull occurred on the Somme, during which the Australians exploited their success at Villers-Bretonneux by conducting "peaceful penetration" operations, that slowly advanced the front eastwards.
French historian Romain Fathi has written that “In the case of Villers-Bretonneux for example, Australian accounts have significantly over-estimated the significance of the town for they have failed to consider the much fiercer German push at Moreuil and Bois Sénécat, a few kilometres further south. Broadening the front under consideration, from Albert to Montdidier and looking at the German push therein, would relativise the strategic importance of Villers-Bretonneux”.
As the German offensive ended on the Marne in early July, more fighting took place around Villers-Bretonneux, as part of diversionary moves by the Australians in support of the Battle of Hamel. Corporal Walter Brown, of the 20th Battalion, received the Victoria Cross for his actions. Later in the month, the 25th Battalion and 26th Battalion of the 7th Brigade attacked around Monument Wood; for his actions during the assault and German counter-attack, Lieutenant Albert Borella of the 26th Battalion received the Victoria Cross. After the Anzac Day counter-attack, British and French commanders lavished praise upon the Australians, who were all volunteers. Brigadier-General George Grogan, a witness, later wrote that it was "perhaps the greatest individual feat of the war" for troops to attack at night, across unfamiliar ground, at short notice and with no artillery preparation.
These factors had proved essential to the Australian success. Foch spoke of their "astonishing valiance [sic]..." and General Sir Henry Rawlinson attributed the safety of Amiens to the "...determination, tenacity and valour of the Australian Corps". After the battle, the worst examples of looting by AIF soldiers of the war occurred. In 2011, King wrote that one culprit was Barney Hines, the "Souvenir King" of the AIF, who was something of a celebrity. According to King, Hines raided a number of houses, looting alcohol and expensive clothes, with which he threw a party for his friends that ended abruptly when the Germans shelled the house, wounding Hines and several others. King wrote that the Australians shared rations with French civilians in the town. Due to the coincidence of the day in which the counter-attack occurred, the battle holds a significant place in Australian military history, nevertheless it was a combined Allied effort.
The fighting around Villers-Bretonneux in April resulted in the following Allied casualties: the Australian brigades had taken 2,473 casualties, British casualties were 9,529 and French losses were c. 3,500. German losses were 8,000–10,400 men.
In the 1930s an impressively towering memorial was established at the top of the Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery to honour the Australian soldiers who fell in France in the Great War. The cemetery is located between Villers-Bretonneux and Fouilloy on the hill (belonging to the latter but overlooking the former) from which the famous night attack was launched. Some 10 miles (16 km) east of Amiens and north of the Roman road to St-Quentin, it rises gently to a plateau overlooking Amiens, the Somme valley and the town. The cemetery contains 2,000 graves, of which 779 are Australian. A further ten Australian casualties of the battle are buried in the Villers-Bretonneux Communal Cemetery. The smaller Crucifix Corner British Military Cemetery just east of the town, in the shadow of a motorway embankment, contains the graves of Australian, British and French metropolitan and colonial (Moroccan) troops, the former including many Australians who fell in the area in fighting, which moved further to the east only on 8 August 1918 (but from then on rapidly). The victory gained at Villers-Bretonneux on the third anniversary of the Gallipoli landings is yearly commemorated by Australians. In 2008, to mark the ninetieth anniversary, the Australian and New Zealand Anzac Day dawn service was held for the first time on the Fouilloy Hill, as well as the traditional one held on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
- German units engaged: I, II and III Sturmpanzerwagen Abteilungen, 228th Division, 4th Guard Division, 77th Reserve Division, 208th Division and Guard Ersatz Division. In reserve: 19th Division, 9th Bavarian Reserve Division and the Jäger Division. Allied divisions engaged: parts of the 4th and 5th Australian divisions, parts of the 58th, 8th, 18th divisions, French 131st and Moroccan divisions.
- Mephisto was later recovered by troops from the Australian 26th Battalion and the British 1st Gun Carrier Company; after the war the tank was taken back to Australia as a souvenir. It is the only surviving German World War I tank and is preserved at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, Australia.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, p. 405.
- Baldwin 1962, p. 126.
- Laffin 1992, p. 133.
- Baldwin 1962, pp. 140–141.
- Baldwin 1962, p. 142.
- Coulthard-Clark 1998, pp. 139–140.
- Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 145.
- Bean 1995, pp. 539–540.
- King 2011, p. 179.
- Messenger 1988, p. 10.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, pp. 389–393.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, pp. 392–393.
- Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, p. 262.
- Foley 1967.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, p. 392.
- Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, pp. 262–263.
- Williams-Ellis & Williams-Ellis 1919, p. 263.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, p. 390.
- Morgan 2014, pp. 24–27.
- "Mephisto". Queensland Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, p. 394.
- Bean 1995, p. 567.
- Bean 1995, p. 557.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, pp. 394–399.
- Bean 1995, p. 578.
- Edmonds, Davies & Maxwell-Hyslop 1995, pp. 399–403.
- Fathi 2017, pp. 53–71.
- Chatwin 2019, pp. 49–50.
- Baldwin 1962, p. 143.
- Grey 2008, p. 108.
- Fathi, Romain (2017). “‘They Attack Villers-Bretonneux and block the road to Amiens’. A French perspective on Second Villers-Bretonneux” (PDF). Newport: Big Sky Publishing. pp. 69–70.
- Baldwin 1962, pp. 143–145.
- King 2011, p. 190.
- Laffin 1992, pp. 133–134.
- Morgan 2014, pp. 24–25.
- Bean 1995, p. 638.
- King 2011, p. 183.
- Stanley 2010.
- King 2011, pp. 184–185.
- Bean 1995, p. 637.
- Smith 2010, pp. 133–134.
- Laffin 1992, p. 142.
- "Crucifix Corner Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
- Smith 2010, pp. 1–2.
- Baldwin, Hanson (1962). World War I: An Outline History. London: Hutchinson. OCLC 988365.
- Bean, C. E. W. (1941) . The Australian Imperial Force in France During the Main German Offensive, 1918. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. V (8th ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 17648469.
- Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2.
- Edmonds, J. E.; Davies, C. B.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1995) . Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: March–April, Continuation of the German Offensives. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-89839-223-3.
- Fathi, Romain (2017). "They Attack Villers-Bretonneux and block the road to Amiens'. A French perspective on Second Villers-Bretonneux". In Tristan Moss and Thomas Richardson (eds.). New Directions in War and History. Newport: Big Sky Publishing. pp. 53–71.CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)
- Foley, J. (1967). A7V Sturmpanzerwagen. Armour in Profile. Leatherhead: Profile Publications. OCLC 30441493.
- Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
- King, Jonathan (2011). Great Battles in Australian History. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-457-4.
- Laffin, John (1992). A Guide to Australian Battlefields of the Western Front 1916–1918. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press and the Australian War Memorial. ISBN 0-86417-468-3.
- Messenger, C. R. M. (1988). Hitler's Gladiator: Life of SS-Oberstgruppenfuhrer and General der Waffen-SS Sepp Dietrich. London: Brassey's. ISBN 0-08031-207-1.
- Stanley, P. (2010). Bad Characters: Sex, Crime, Murder and Mutiny in the Great War. Sydney: Murdoch Books. ISBN 1-74266-216-1.
- Williams-Ellis, A.; Williams-Ellis, C. (1919). The Tank Corps. New York: G. H. Doran. OCLC 317257337. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- Chatwin, Dale (December 2019). "The Light Blue & White: the 52nd Battalion AIF at Dernancourt and Villers-Bretonneux, April 1918". Sabretache. Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia. LX (4): 47–54. ISSN 0048-8933.
- Morgan, Joseph (March 2014). "Voices from Gallipoli and the Western Front: The Forgotten 26th". Sabretache. Garran, Australian Capital Territory: Military Historical Society of Australia. LV (1): 17–27. ISSN 0048-8933.
- Smith, Matthew (2010). The Relationship Between Australians and the Overseas Graves of the First World War (PDF) (Masters). Brisbane, Queensland: Queensland University of Technology.
- Ellis, A. D. (1920). The Story of the Fifth Australian Division, Being an Authoritative Account of the Division's Doings in Egypt, France and Belgium. London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 464115474. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- Fuller, J. F. C. (1920). Tanks in the Great War, 1914–1918. New York: E. P. Dutton. OCLC 559096645. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
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Kahm Yeast And Kombucha - Actionable Steps, Tips And Advice
Seeing kahm yeast on your fermenting batch can be worrying. It can appear quickly and take over your brew within in a few days. It's essential to identify what is covering your batch, before acting to remove or prevent excess yeast production. We've built a resource that gives you step-by-step actions and gives answers to all of your questions.
What Is Kahm Yeast?
Kahm yeast is a few different varieties of yeast that are collectively known as kahm yeast. Yeast varieties include Pichia, Hansenula, Debaryo-Myce, Mycoderma, and Candida. Under certain conditions, these yeast varieties consume the sugar in your brew to grow before multiplying rapidly. This may result in yeast covering the top of your brew. All fermented foods are at risk of kahm yeast growth, for example, sauerkraut, kimchi or even sourdough bread.
The definition of yeast: "Yeasts are eukaryotic single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom." Source: Wikipedia. There are thousands of types of yeast. Kahm yeast is a name given to a group of different yeast species.
When kahm yeast multiply, they may form a film over the top of your ferment that gives it a distinctive look and smell.
5 Signs Kahm Yeast's On Your Brew
If you can see growth on your brew, you need to identify what exactly is growing. Some growth can be allowed and removed, while others will require you to throw the batch away. The appearance can identify kahm yeast, here are a few things to look for:
1. Creamy White In Color - The color of kahm yeast is a creamy white tone. It shouldn't be any other colors. Common mold could appear in yellow, green, and black. Have a look at the top of your brew, or alternatively through the side of you glass jar to inspect the color of growth.
2. A Film Has Formed - It can appear as a film above or attached to the top of your brew. It may start very thin before rapidly becoming thicker as it grows. You can expect this growth to be on top of a mother or baby SCOBY.
3. Bacteria Not Through Your Brew - The yeast and bacteria growth should not be mixed or seen inside your brew. It should only be seen at the top of your brew. Again, have a look through the side of you glass jar to inspect any mixed growth. If you see growth throughout the brew, then it probably is not kahm yeast, instead it’s mold.
4. Texture Of Film - The textured appearance of kahm yeast often resembles beef tripe. It may have little areas or directions of growth on the surface that could cause little ridges to appear on the surface of the yeast. It could also appear like a blister. The thin film may be able to be moved around or pierced under pressure. With air bubbles pushing on the bottom, the kahm yeast may appear to look like a blister.
Is Kahm Yeast Good For You?
Kahm yeast isn't specifically good for you, but nor it is bad for you. Unlike mold, and other bacteria growth kahm yeast growth doesn't mean that you need to throw your whole batch away and start again. Instead, it is recommended to remove the yeast from your brew, before leaving it to carry on fermenting.
Effects Of Kahm Yeast On Your Brew
Once kahm yeast has grown, it may significantly affect the taste. The taste can be rotten and very unpleasant. Therefore necessary to remove.
Taste - Kahm yeast changes the taste of your ferment; the change is not very pleasant. It may be only subtle if there is a small amount of yeast present.
Smell - It could smell very foul if you have a little bit of kahm yeast. If it's in an enclosed area and you release the top to smell, be warned!
Ferment - The fermenting liquid will not stop the kombucha from fermenting. The taste of the ferment may be changed as the kahm yeast will feed on the sugar, allowing for the SCOBY to consume less. The kahm yeast will not grow in the liquid or be in the kombucha, instead of limited to the top only.
pH - When kahm yeast grows, it can raise the pH of your brew. Be sure to measure the pH before you drink it. A batch that sits between 2.5 - 4.2 is safe to drink. If the batch is above 4.2, should not be drank. Once the pH has been raised, then there is a chance that other types of harmful bacteria could grow. Therefore if the pH falls out of this critical range, you should dispose of the whole batch.
Second Ferment - During the second fermentation stage, yeast and bacteria continues to carry on fermenting, causing carbonation, the distinct fizz of kombucha. If kahm yeast is present in your brew, then it may feed on the sugars, likely stopping you from being able to get a fizzy second ferment.
How To Prevent Kahm Yeast From Growing
When brewing kombucha, it's tough to prevent one specific type of yeast from growing. Unlike other fermented food such as kimchi or sauerkraut, whereby you can add more salt to the brine, when brewing kombucha you can't. Here are a couple of points that you can make sure you implement when brewing your next batch, to try and help to prevent growth.
Temperature - At cooler temperature, kahm yeast won't grow. Keep it within the critical brewing range (68-78ºF). When the temperature exceeds this, then the kahm yeast can eat the sugar in the batch, causing it to grow and multiply.
Cleaning Your Equipment - Before you start brewing, be sure that all of your equipment has been cleaned thoroughly. When cleaning the equipment that comes into contact with kombucha, can’t be antibacterial. Antibacterial soap and cleaning agent residue if left on the surface may kill the SCOBY. Instead, we would recommend cleaning your equipment with boiling filtered water.
What To Do If You Have Kahm Yeast On Your Brew
Once you've spotted that there is kahm yeast on top of your brew, you should check a few things before continuing with the brew. Kahm yeast, if left, may create the perfect environment for bacterial growth, which could be potentially dangerous for you to consume.
Check If It's Safe To Drink. Take a pH measurement to see if it's safe to keep on brewing.
Be Sure It's Not Mold. Use the mold and kahm yeast identification guides to ensure you've correctly identified the right growth.
Remove The Yeast. If you've identified that it is kahm yeast growing, you need to remove the yeast. You can do this by using a non-metal piece of equipment to go into the brew and spoon or scrape the kahm yeast out.
Every time you see a build-up of the yeast, you should repeat this process and remove the yeast from your brewing vessel.
Here at Grow You Pantry we grow our own SCOBYs! If you're interested in SCOBYs, or other kombucha accessories check out Our Store for the latest price.
Candida And Kahm Yeast
Candida, or otherwise known as a yeast infection, is a common issue. Symptoms include sugar cravings, itching, sinus infections, white tongue, fatigue, and many others. It's thought that most of us will have a yeast infection or candida at some point.
Candida is where there is an imbalance in the gut. Candida bacteria is naturally occurring in the human body, and it's healthy to have some. The issue comes if there is an overgrowth of candida bacteria. When there is an overgrowth, an imbalance of bacteria can happen, causing symptoms of candida to appear.
Does Kahm Yeast Contain Candida?
No, kahm yeast does not contain the strain of candida that causes yeast infections. Kahm yeast instead contains a species of candida. There are many different varieties of all yeasts and each with different effects on the body.
Don't confuse the two!
Effect Of Kahm Yeast On Candida
Kahm yeast itself shouldn't have much of an impact on candida. The issue may come if you're drinking kombucha. There are a lot of differing opinions on whether you can drink kombucha if you have candida. Check out our kombucha and candida article for the breakdown and possible effects of doing so.
What Does Mold Look Like?
The same type of common food mold that may appear on your old cheese can blight kombucha too. Go with your gut when you see growth on top of your brew: if it looks like mold, dispose of the batch.
Signs That You Have Mold In Your Batch:
Color - Mold is commonly green, black, white, or grey. Check to see if your kombucha contains any coloring that looks out of place. Think if this looks like your common food mold to decide if it is or not.
Fuzzy - Mold tends to look fuzzy, like freshly spun candy floss. The fuzzy or fluffy edge will be a giveaway.
Spots - Does the growth on the top of your batch appear in the spots around the top of your brew? An indicator could be that there are many dots of coloring and fuzzy growth around the top of your ferment.
Throughout The Batch - Mold could appear not only on the top of your batch but could be in the batch too. Mold could be mixed in throughout your batch. Kahm yeast only grows at the surface. Check deeper in the batch to see if you have mold colors showing through the glass. This is a clear indicator.
Kombucha with mold on it is not salvageable. Just like if you find mold in a loaf of bread, you throw the whole loaf away - this is how kombucha should be treated too.
Telling The Difference Between A SCOBY And Kahm Yeast
As kahm yeast will grow on top of your brew, a common question can be how to tell the difference between a new baby SCOBY growing and kahm yeast growth. A new baby SCOBY, you'll want to leave to grow and develop before storing in your SCOBY Hotel, whereas kahm yeast, you'll need to remove as soon as possible. To tell the difference can be broken down into a few simple characteristics.
Color - SCOBY will be yellow after absorbing some of the tea. Kahm yeast will be more milky white.
Texture - SCOBY will be slimy to touch, and you pick it up. Kahm yeast doesn't clump together in the same way and will not be a large clump of material.
Smell - SCOBY will smell sweet, fresh, and of the tea it’s sat in. Kahm yeast may smell very bad, like rotten or gone off food.
Taste - SCOBY will be like a gummy bear, rubbery, and chewy. Kahm yeast tastes awful, and you'll want to spit it out!
Is Kahm Yeast Poisonous?
No kahm yeast is not poisonous. You can consume kahm yeast without getting sick. The issues come from the fact that it tastes and smells very bad, and also that when kahm yeast is growing, it could also encourage the growth of more dangerous bacteria. Therefore you should always remove the yeast from the brew.
What Other Food Can Kahm Yeast Infect?
Sauerkraut, kimchi, sourdough, and all other fermented foods can be commonly infested with kahm yeast. Fermented food is more likely to be contaminated with kahm yeast because it could produce the right conditions for optimal growth.
I've Just Eaten Kahm Yeast - What Should I Do?
Nothing! If you've ingested a small amount of kahm yeast, nothing will happen, it may taste bad and make you want to spit it out. But, kahm yeast is not poisonous or harmful to humans.
Is Fermenting Safe?
Fermenting food and eating different ferments is 100% safe. Fermentation has been around as a long-term food storage solution since the creation of the clay pot. Ancient civilizations used brine and other fermentation techniques to store food through the winter months. To be sure you're doing it correctly, look for a book or guide to help you through the process.
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Wilmington, Fort Fisher, and the Lifeline of the Confederacy
Gen. Alfred H. Terry
fter the fall of Mobile, Alabama, in August 1864, Wilmington, North Carolina, became the last major Confederate seaport open to blockade-running traffic. Throughout the war, Wilmington had thrived as a hub for Southern maritime trade. Despite a vigilant Union naval blockade, profit-minded traders successfully smuggled foreign goods and munitions of war into Wilmington. The sleek, shallow-draft steamers unloaded their wares at the docks in exchange for cotton, naval stores, and lumber. From Wilmington, military provisions were then funneled straight to Virginia (heart of the war’s Eastern Theatre) via the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad. In the final year of the conflict, as the noose tightened on the dying Confederacy, Wilmington anchored a tenuous lifeline for Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia.
Blockade-Runner — Typical style used to run the blockade at Cape Fear
By late summer 1864, Union policy makers began to focus their attention on the “city by the sea.” In assessing Wilmington’s illicit trade and the link to Lee’s army, U.S. navy Secretary Gideon Welles deemed Wilmington “more important, practically” than the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond. Welles pushed for a combined army-navy strike to topple Wilmington and the vast network of river defenses guarding her estuary.
Col. William Lamb
The key to these defenses was Fort Fisher—the largest earthen fort in the Confederacy. Commanded by Col. William Lamb, the massive 47-gun bastion protected New Inlet at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, twenty miles below the docks at Wilmington. Fisher communicated with incoming blockade-runners through a system of signal lights, and her guns dueled with Union blockaders on a regular basis. Secretary Welles understood that Fisher had to be captured in order to choke Lee’s supply line. President Abraham Lincoln and Union general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant agreed.
In December, U.S. army ground forces from the Army of the James, supported by an armada of 64 warships of the Union Navy, sailed to Cape Fear to attack Fort Fisher. On Christmas Eve 1864, Adm. David D. Porter’s ships and ironclads unleashed the largest naval bombardment of the Civil War. More than 20,000 rounds of solid shot and exploding shell rained on Fisher from the ocean. On Christmas Day, army troops under major generals Benjamin Butler and Godfrey Weitzel made an amphibious landing on the beach at Federal Point, but the attack stalled after a brief clash with the fort’s defenders.
USS Wabash - Participated in bombardment of Fort Fisher - Official Records (Navy)
Angered by the failure, Grant sent another expedition to Cape Fear in January 1865. This time, the commander of army ground forces was Maj. Gen. Alfred H. Terry. With 58 warships, Porter’s armada hurled another 20,000 projectiles onto Fort Fisher. Terry’s infantry and a naval shore contingent stormed the mighty bastion. After a savage hand-to-hand engagement, the Confederate garrison surrendered on the night of January 15. Both expeditions together resulted in nearly 4,000 casualties on both sides.
Union Army Attack on Fort Fisher - January 15, 1865 - Harper's Weekly
With Fort Fisher under Union control, Confederate forces quickly evacuated the remaining defenses of the lower Cape Fear. In February, army reinforcements under Maj. Gen. John Schofield marched on Wilmington. In a three-pronged offensive, Union troops advanced up the east and west banks of the Cape Fear River, with Admiral Porter’s shallow-draft gunboats bringing up the center. After engagements at Sugar Loaf, Fort Anderson, and Forks Road, Union forces occupied Wilmington on February 22, 1865.
Having mounted a lackluster defense of Wilmington, Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg withdrew his forces (including remnants of the Cape Fear garrisons) toward Goldsboro. As Wilmington fell, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s army of 60,000 Union veterans blazed through South Carolina. Bragg’s troops, with others under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, would soon engage in a final bloody showdown with Sherman in the Old North State.
Antebellum Wilmington — Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, 1853
With the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington, Union forces hammered one of the final nails into the coffin of the Confederacy. Lee’s supply line was cut, and the war ended three months later.
Timeline for the Fort Fisher-Wilmington Expeditions: (December 1864
and January-February 1865
Types of artillery used at Fort Fisher:
8-inch Columbiad - (heavy seacoast artillery)
Barbette Carriage - (top view, heavy seacoast artillery)
4½-inch Parrott Rifle - (30-pounder siege artillery)
24-pounder Coehorn Mortar
12-pounder Napoleon - (field artillery)
Drawings by Mark A. Moore, based on artist renderings.
Return to History
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To access this work you must either be on the Smith College campus OR have valid Smith login credentials.
On Campus users: To access this work if you are on campus please Select the Download button.
Off Campus users: To access this work from off campus, please select the Off-Campus button and enter your Smith username and password when prompted.
Non-Smith users: You may request this item through Interlibrary Loan at your own library.
Galilei, Galileo, 1564-1642-Drama, Kepler, Johannes, 1571-1630-Drama, Brahe, Tycho, 1546-1642-Drama, Astronomy-Drama, Science-Drama, Musical theater, Opera, Commedia dell'arte, Star messenger: Galileo at the Millennium
Star Messengers is a musical theater work about two scientists, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler, who changed our view of the universe. Writer Paul Zimet and composer Ellen Maddow have created a carnival of genres—opera, Commedia dell'Arte, Strindbergian Dream Play, and contemporary dance/theater—to produce a theatrical language that conveys the wonder of Galileo's and Kepler's discoveries. While some aspects of Galileo's life and discoveries are well known, hardly anything is popularly known of his scientific contemporaries. Johannes Kepler's realization that the planets moved not in perfect circles, but in elliptical paths, was a leap of mind as extraordinary as that made by Galileo in his proof that the earth moved around the sun. Kepler's discoveries were made despite poverty, the Thirty Years War, the losso of his wife and child to an epidemic, and the need to defend his mother in court from charges of witchcraft. A third prominent contemporary was Kepler's mentor, Tycho Brahe, the greatest naked-eye observer of the heavens. Brahe was a flamboyant, worldly nobleman who wore a silver nose to replace his own, which he lost in a duel. In Star Messengers, these extraordinary, colorful figures are joined by three Commedia characters—Simplicio, Sagredo, and Salviati—created by Galileo himself to explain and popularize his theories. Star Messengers invites us to join them in peering with bright vision into nature's darkness
Zimet, Paul; Maddow, Ellen; and Smith College. Kahn Liberal Arts Institute, "Star Messengers" (2012). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA.
Off Campus Download
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