text
stringlengths 277
230k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
The Emergence of Self-Diagnosis Trend: A Controversial Phenomenon Among Generation Z Regarding Mental Health
TNews - The increased discussion surrounding mental health in recent years has become a primary focus across various social media platforms. Content from content creators, influencers, and psychology experts has expanded insights and conversations regarding mental health conditions within Indonesian society, particularly among Generation Z adolescents. With the emergence of this mental health issue, there has been a heightened awareness and concern about mental health, yet a lack of comprehensive education on the matter has led some individuals to self-diagnose. This tendency can significantly impact an individual's social life and their surrounding environment.
Mental health, also known as mental well-being, encompasses a person's psychological, emotional, and spiritual condition. Someone with inner peace while navigating life can be considered to have good mental health. Conversely, disturbances in mental health can lead to difficulty in controlling emotions, affecting interpersonal relationships, impairing cognitive abilities, and even triggering self-harm tendencies.
In discussing mental health, there are two fundamental aspects. First, mental health is achieved by being free from symptoms of mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Second, mental health is characterized by an individual's active, expansive, and unbounded ability to adapt to themselves and their community. Mustafa Fahmi, in his book "Mental Health in Family, School, and Society," underscores the importance of a balanced and vibrant life in attaining mental well-being.
However, alongside the discourse on mental health, an intriguing phenomenon has surfaced – self-diagnosis. The trend of self-diagnosis regarding mental health has become a hot topic among the younger generation. Self-diagnosis refers to an individual's act of diagnosing their mental health condition based on personal knowledge or information from potentially unreliable sources, such as widely circulated content on the internet. It's essential to note that self-diagnosis is not conducted by professionals in the field, such as psychologists or specialized doctors.
The emergence of this self-diagnosis trend garners collective attention due to the potential impacts it may have. In the context of mental health, self-diagnosis can lead to serious consequences for individuals engaging in this practice. Misidentifying a mental health condition might result in inappropriate treatments, exacerbating the actual underlying condition.
The primary cause behind the surge in self-diagnosis among Generation Z is largely linked to increased access to information via the internet. The availability of information about mental health symptoms, online tests, and suggested treatments across various platforms serves as a significant driving factor. This circumstance allows individuals to self-identify with symptoms that they may not fully understand.
It's crucial to consider that mental health is a complex realm requiring a careful and comprehensive approach in its diagnosis. Self-diagnosing without adequate guidance and knowledge poses serious risks. Therefore, it's important for individuals experiencing concerning symptoms to seek consultation from professionals trained in mental health.
Deeper education on mental health, raising awareness about the risks of self-diagnosis, and emphasizing the importance of seeking professional help can serve as initial steps in addressing this self-diagnosis phenomenon. Supporting efforts to disseminate credible information and adopting a holistic approach to mental health across various platforms are also key to assisting Generation Z in better understanding and managing their mental health.
In endeavors to ensure optimal mental health, it's crucial to remember that the best diagnosis and treatments can be provided by experts with a profound understanding of mental health. Awareness and appropriate education within society can serve as a crucial foundation for efforts to maintain Generation Z's mental health, enabling them to manage their mental well-being effectively without unnecessary risks. | <urn:uuid:25445856-693a-4374-92e6-e3275c1cdf69> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://www.idnewsroom.com/2023/12/the-emergence-of-self-diagnosis-trend.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00573.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434555768966675,
"token_count": 737,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Penn State University researchers have created technology they say can nab computer worms more quickly than traditional signature-based systems and speedily set free the traffic if it's determined to be harmless after all.
The Proactive Worm Containment technology watches for a packet's rate and diversity of connections to other networks to identify worms, rather than having to wait around for a signature to be generated to spot new malware.
This technique can cut the time from identifying and capturing a worm from minutes to milliseconds, allowing for only a handful of infected packets to spread, the research team claims. That makes a big difference when you consider that notorious worms such as Slammer could issue 4,000 packets a second when attacking Microsoft's SQL Server.
"A lot of worms need to spread quickly in order to do the most damage, so our software looks for anomalies in the rate and diversity of connection requests going out of hosts," said lead researcher Peng Liu , an associate professor of information sciences and technology at Penn State, in a statement.
The technology, now in beta testing and in the midst of being patented, isn't just fast. It's also smart. In the event that a high connection rate turns out not to be the sign of a worm, the security system can do its version of a mea culpa and release the packets upon recognizing the mistake, the researchers say.
The technology can also be used in conjunction with signature-based detection systems to squelch slow as well as fast-moving worms.
Penn State researchers are putting lots of resources and brainpower toward making networks more secure. Other researchers at the school last year touted technology designed to enable databases to talk without giving away secrets to each other.
The university's Privacy-preserving Access Control Toolkit (PACT) relies on encryption of queries and data transmitted to protect sensitive information, including metadata. PACT is discussed in a paper called "Privacy-preserving Semantic Interoperation and Access Control of Heterogeneous Databases." | <urn:uuid:de76dfc2-1f2f-4d65-9ba1-21bfedfdd295> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/174051/researchers_tout_zippier_way_squash_computer_worms/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558065752.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150105-00352-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.937069296836853,
"token_count": 402,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Radiographs, also known as x-rays, are particularly useful for imaging bones but can also give us some information about soft tissues.
They are most useful for diagnosing fractures, bone infections and tumours, joint diseases such as arthritis and other conditions such as navicular disease and laminitis.
We are equipped with a BCF DR system which enables us to take a radiograph and have an image appear on the laptop within seconds. The software system modifies the image to give far more detail than was ever possible with conventional x-ray film.
This allows for accurate diagnosis and immediate formulation of treatment plans. It is also easy to burn these images onto a CD or memory stick for storage and we can either post or e-mail these images for your farrier or for second opinions from orthopaedic specialists.
It is a portable system which enables radiographs to be taken at a clients property. All that is required is mains electric and a flat clean surface with protection from the weather.
Ultrasound is one of the best ways to image soft tissues. In equine work there are two main uses for this machine. The first is in lameness diagnosis.
We can use the scanner to check for injuries in structures such as tendons. It allows us to assess how bad an injury is and give you a program of rest and exercise so that the injury has the best chance of healing.
The second main use is in reproductive work where the probe is inserted into the rectum and used to get a picture of the ovaries and uterus. This means we can identify any problems with these structures, such as ovarian cysts, or check whether the mare is pregnant.
If you want to put your mare in foal we can scan her each day around the time that she comes into season so we can tell when the mare is likely to ovulate.
This tells us when the mare should be taken to the stallion or artificially inseminated to give the best chance of success. We have two ultrasound scanners with which we can do reproductive and diagnostic tendon and soft tissue scans.
It is possible to either store the images on the scanner to enable monitoring of healing or to attach a printer and print the images off for storage or record.
We have two endoscopes available to examine the respiratory tract, including the larynx, pharynx, guttural pouches and trachea.
One is a shorter and narrower endoscope for use in smaller horses and ponies or to view the guttural pouches.
Tracheal wash samples to check for allergies and infections can be performed down either scope.
We also have a broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) tube to enable us to take samples from deeper down in the lungs.
The endoscopes can be used either at clients premises or at our clinic.
Gastric ulcers can cause a range of signs, from a grumpy temperament to weight loss and recurrent colic. The only reliable way to diagnose them is via gastroscopy – our 3m long video endoscope is passed into the stomach under standing sedation.
Your horse must be starved for 18 hours beforehand to allow the stomach to be empty enough so all of the stomach is visible with the camera – this means no straw bedding or turnout. We prefer to perform gastroscopy at the clinic, where they can also be starved overnight.
If you cannot come to the clinic, it can be taken to your yard if there are adequate facilities and power, but there is an extra charge for this.
For more information please see our Stomach Ulcer Information Sheet.
Shockwave Therapy is a non-invasive treatment that can speed the healing of many types of orthopedic and soft tissue injuries and conditions. A shockwave is a pressure wave.
The shockwaves used in equine medicine are generated in a fluid medium inside a transducer head and are then transmitted readily through skin, fat, and muscle. The high energy waves are focused within the transducer head so that the shockwave can be directed to the precise area of the injury.
Shockwave therapy has been successfully used to treat many soft tissue and bony problems, both acute and chronic.
These include, but are not limited to:
• Suspensory ligament tears and strains
• Tendon tears and strains
• Back pain
• Neck pain
Most conditions are treated a total of three times spaced at 2-3 week intervals. Occasionally, additional treatments will be required in more severe injuries. The treatments are easily performed at your yard, as long as there is mains electricity and protection from the weather, with the horse under mild sedation.
Modern equine dentistry is developing at a rapid rate. All horses should benefit from this.
Horses teeth are different to human teeth, in that they continue to erupt throughout the life of the tooth.
As the horse chews its food, it grinds down the surface of the tooth resulting in development of sharp enamel points on the outside of the upper teeth & the inside of the lower.
These points can cause soft tissue ulceration. Routine rasping should be carried out at least once a year, and the time of your horse’s annual vaccination is an ideal time for us to do this.
Horses with problem mouths, or those which are competing in disciplines which require very sensitive aides, may need doing more regularly.
Correction of dental over growths can also be performed if required. We have motorised battery operated equipment to enable us to perform dentistry to a high standard at your premises, even if no electricity is available.
Some horses will require sedation for dentistry to be performed safely. This also allows us to perform a full detailed visual examination of a horse’s mouth using mirror & headlight, which can be dangerous in an unsedated horse.
Wolf tooth extraction can also be carried out at your stables, under standing sedation.
X-rays of teeth & roots can be carried out if required, either at your premises if mains electric is available, or at the centre.
We also have an oroscope, which provides digital images of the inside of a horse’s mouth, making detailed examination of a horse’s mouth much easier & visible to owners. This enables dental disease such as diastema (gaps), caries & gum disease to be spotted earlier, before clinical signs occur, enabling treatment to be carried out to prevent disease progression.
Advanced dental procedures, such as diastema work, extractions, cavity restorations, can be carried out at the centre, either by our own vets, or by visiting consultant Chris Pearce of the Equine Dental Clinic.
Equine Veterinary Centre
Moorhouse Equestrian Centre
Telephone 01977 652280
We are small enough to offer you a personal and professional approach but big enough to provide a high level of service and 24 hour emergency cover to our registered clients.
Monday – Friday: 9:00 am – 5:30 pm
Saturday: 9:00 am – 12:00 pm
We are based in the countryside just off the Wakefield (A638) Road at Moorhouse Equestrian Centre and there is plenty of parking.
Would not have any other vets, all staff are friendly, caring and helpful, all vets are great at their job and also care about the horses.
Excellent service, highly recommended.
Fantastic veterinary practice – have looked after my medically challenged neddies for the last ten years, and have always gone above and beyond for all 3 of them.
Can’t thank the whole team enough – there’s always a friendly voice on the end of the phone when you’re panicking, and all of the vets are exceptional.
Would recommend to anyone who will listen!
Damien Cain is always very helpful, he provides a fabulous service to my ponies including telephone advice. Last week he worked alongside my dentist to help my old pony whom’s tooth had split, a further appointment to X-Ray him so we monitor the situation.
I have followed Damien around vet practices as I met him at his previous practice, when other vets wanted to box rest a pony for arthritis and with his help the pony became better with turnout.
When I require more medication the practice/office team are on the ball to get the medication out as soon as possible.
I once had lost faith with certain vets but trust was regained with Damien. Here is to hoping we only meet on vaccination visits.
Keep up the good work to all the Team | <urn:uuid:c756347b-af48-44bd-ae42-9228e9584e18> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"url": "http://equineveterinarycentre.co.uk/equipment",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00445.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385367631912231,
"token_count": 1793,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Pesticide Action Network Updates Service (PANUPS)
A recent study in Sweden provides concrete evidence that preventative public health measures produce healthier populations. The study, which analyzes data from the National Swedish Cancer Registry, links Sweden's national policies to reduce chemical exposure with fewer cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
The Cancer Registry data indicate the incidence of NHL increased annually in Sweden at a rate of 3.2% for men and 3.1 % for women between 1971 and 1990. The increase became a decrease (0.8% for men and 0.2% for women) between 1991 and 2000, roughly 20 years after use of a number of chemicals associated with NHL was severely restricted. Similar trends have been noted in Finland, Denmark and the U.S.
Dr. Ted Schettler, of the Science and Environmental Health Network said of the study, "If this is true, it's good news because it shows that yet another cancer can be prevented by reducing exposures to cancer-causing chemicals, rather than having to focus almost exclusively on cures pursued for decades by the health establishment."
NHL is associated with a decrease in immune system function and has been connected with exposure to three types of chemicals: phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols; organic solvents; and persistent organic pollutants. The HIV virus has also been shown to be a risk factor for NHL. Since the cancer can develop decades after exposure, an emerging trend in NHL now is likely to be the result of environmental factors decades ago.
The Swedish researchers developed a mathematical model to arrive at a percentage of NHL cases that could be attributed to exposure to a specific chemical, based on risk estimates and exposure frequencies found in their previous case studies. With this method they calculated, for example, that 25% of Swedish NHL cases could be attributed to organic solvent exposure.
Chlorophenoxyacetic acids (used in the herbicide Hormoslyr) and chlorophenols (used primarily as impregnating agents for wood preservation and as microbiocides) were both banned in Sweden during the 1970's. Organic solvents were not banned, but occupational exposures were reduced by stricter handling instructions. Restrictions on the use of these chemicals, improved work practices to reduce occupational exposure, and cleaner products may all have contributed to the lower rates of NHL in Sweden.
Other chemicals linked to NHL are persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides (e.g., DDT, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins. All of these chemicals are among the 12 slated for global elimination under the 2001 Stockholm Convention (see August 29th PANUPs for an update on the current status of the treaty). Exposure to these persistent chemicals is widespread, and occurs primarily through the food chain. A study done by the US National Cancer Institute and the US Centers for Disease Control indicates that exposure to PCBs, when combined with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antigen, greatly increases the risk of NHL. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency reports that the use of these chemicals peaked during the 1960's and 1970's, after which concentrations of PCBs dropped significantly in the environment and the food chain.
The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) indicates that trends in the United States are similar to Sweden. Between 1973 and 1990 the incidence of NHL increased by 3.6% per year. Between 1990 and 1995 the increase was only 1.6% per year, and between 1995 and 1999 NHL incidence declined by 0.9% for men only, while women experienced a lower mortality rate. Significantly, the lowered incidence of NHL in the U.S. also occurred approximately 20 years after most uses of the chlorophenoxy herbicide 2,4,5-T were banned.
A May 2003 report by the Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) recognized NHL as the fifth most common cancer in the United States, and pointed to dramatic increases in cases of NHL between 1947 and 1990, when rates rose by more than half for men and women between 25 and 44, doubled for those 44 to 65, and tripled for 65 and older. The study also notes links between farming and higher rates of NHL. The PSR report called for better tracking of location and occupation in cancer statistics, to address the connection between chronic disease and the environment.
Although the model used in this study may need more evaluation and study, this work clearly shows that preventative policy measures can result in a clear public health benefit. The results also lend urgency to worldwide ratification of the Stockholm Convention.
Sources: Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventative measures? Lennart Hardell and Mikael Eriksson, July 2, 2003, Environmental Health Perspectives http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2003/6270/abstract.html; Protecting Our Health: Is the decline in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma a result of reducing organochlorine exposure, Collaborative on Health and the Environment, http://www.protectingourhealth.org/newscience/nonhodgkins/2003/2003-0702hardellanderiksson.htm; Emerging Links between Chronic Disease and Environmental Exposure, Physicians for Social Responsibility, http://www.envirohealthaction.org/environment/disease_environment. | <urn:uuid:24f18846-e924-4969-884b-f2a99679d555> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"url": "http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20030908.dv.html?quicktabs_1=0",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9468192458152771,
"token_count": 1131,
"score": 3.21875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Scientists highlighted a type of neck injury called a cervical artery dissection (CD) that can cause small tears in the walls of blood vessels in the neck.
This could result in clots blocking the flow of blood to the brain, leading to a stroke.
US neurologist Professor Jose Biller, from the Loyola University in Chicago, who led a group of physicians writing in the journal Stroke, said: "Most dissections involve some trauma, stretch or mechanical stress. Sudden movements that can hyper-extend or rotate the neck - such as whiplash, certain sports movements, or even violent coughing or vomiting - can result in CD, even if they are deemed inconsequential by the patient."
He said some techniques used to ease back pain involved extending, rotating, and jarring the neck.
"Although a cause-and-effect relationship between these therapies and CD has not been established and the risk is probably low, CD can result in serious neurological injury," he added.
Last year doctors writing on the British Medical Journal website also warned about the possible side effects of the treatments provided by chiropractors and osteopaths. They argued the therapies were "unnecessary and inadvisable". | <urn:uuid:18ebdbda-1b50-437e-874c-80c607d1ec33> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/health/stroke-warning-over-back-pain-therapies.24986769",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133132.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00155-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9421738386154175,
"token_count": 248,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
} |
John Metcalfe was CityLab’s Bay Area bureau chief, covering climate change and the science of cities.
New research reveals the changing nature of storms.
The storms of today are not like those that wetted our ancestors. They’re throwing out quicker, more-sodden punches, with short periods of intense rainfall perfect for swamping urban areas.
So says a research team from the University of New South Wales that’s been examining three decades of rainfall patterns in Australia. After sifting through nearly 40,000 historical storms, they found that greater amounts of precipitation are being squeezed into ever-smaller bursts. To use a rough analogy: If a storm a century ago was like slowly pouring out a glass of water, one today is grabbing a Big Gulp and dumping it out all at once.
The forceful downpours, which the researchers say are tied to the warming atmosphere, are likely to ratchet up the risks from flash flooding. They calculate a rise in temperature of 9 degrees Fahrenheit—which could conceivably happen in some cities by 2100—will heighten flood peaks in drainage areas by as much as 20 percent. That means “people in Australia can expect to see intensification in the magnitude of flash flooding in smaller catchments, particularly in urban or residential areas," says engineering professor Ashish Sharma in a press release.
Here’s more on the findings, published today in Nature Geoscience:
“These more intense patterns are leading to more destructive storms, which can significantly influence the severity of flood flows,” says lead author and PhD candidate Conrad Wasko, from the UNSW School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. “The climate zones we studied in Australia are representative of most global climates, so it’s very likely these same trends will be observed around the world.”…
“The fact that these increases represent changes only in the intensity of rainfall within storms, and not the total volume of rain—which will also increase as temperatures warm—is concerning,” says Professor Sharma. “These results highlight the need for local councils to think about redesigning sewage and road infrastructure, and updating guidelines about where it’s safe to build homes.”
The Aussie’s conclusions on the changing nature of storms echo those of the 2009 National Climate Assessment, which predicted increasingly frequent outbursts of heavy rain. In the U.S. that will mean more days of trudging along in heavy downpours in the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Northeast. This NOAA map shows the places likely to get an extra day or two of “extreme rainfall” each year from 2041 to 2070, should emissions increase unfettered:
“Depending on how resilient a natural or manmade landscape is,” write the folks at NOAA, “heavier rain could exacerbate floods that disrupt traffic and transportation, overburden stormwater and runoff systems, damage property and infrastructure, and reduce crop yields due to excess water or field flooding, among other impacts.” | <urn:uuid:86435428-ef3a-4c61-8dfb-8e491ad2c191> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/brace-yourself-for-more-intense-rains-and-floods/395084/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578711882.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425074144-20190425100144-00456.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9341608881950378,
"token_count": 632,
"score": 3.703125,
"int_score": 4
} |
After the EMP comes Nuclear Meltdown
by Ken Jorgustin
February 22, 2014
An EMP (electro magnetic pulse), if strong enough (and regardless of the source – weaponized or solar), will potentially fry electronics and electronic systems within its invisible sphere of destruction. Many expert opinions and reports suggest that our electrical power grid could go down.
A large weaponized nuclear EMP detonation (or group thereof) high in the atmosphere will cause a wide ranging debilitating EMP.
A solar super flare (X-50+) and accompanying CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) will zap the surface of the earth with an even longer lasting EMP as it did during 1859 (the Carrington event).
The question is, What will happen to our nuclear reactors following an EMP event? Will we all be facing extermination from hundreds of simultaneous meltdowns? | <urn:uuid:3d0895a8-dc7e-458b-a40f-291429f3d425> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"url": "http://revolutionradio.org/?p=68156",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157075.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00344-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8904584646224976,
"token_count": 175,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Edge Center Blog
Concepts, Ideas & Meditations of Master Vince Damiano
With back to school right around the corner the hot topic is what to do if your child is being bullied. But often overlooked is what if your child is the bully? We can all agree that it is more beneficial to stop a problem at the source and if parents can look at their child objectively enough to see that their child may be the issue.
Now a high majority of parents believe that they are "good" parents and that their child's behavior is a reflection of their success. Not so true. Just because your child misbehaves does not mean you are a bad parent- in my 20+ years of teaching children I've seen wonderful parents who had the worse kids I've ever met and horrible parents with absolute amazing children. The real influence comes not from the parent but from where they spend their time when they are alone or with their friends.
Every parent that I've ever told that their child shows oppressive behavior is genuinely shocked. In most cases their child is a star athlete or a straight A student ore very popular. And it's just that environment that makes a child feel superior towards others and makes them want to maintain control. The key is to keep a balance of success and humility. At The Edge Center we constantly use game drills and playful dialog that keeps students humble- never letting any success go to their head. Now I'm not saying one has to put someone down when they gain something but rather share the learning experience with others who have not found the same. This method prevents the ego from growing out of control.
Before we continue on how to prevent the bully from growing, let's look at some indicators that a child will show that leads them into becoming a bully. Now this may not be your child but at least you can help a fellow parent out and identify if in their kids (you may need to sit down with a glass of wine or two first).
Now after identifying some of these characteristics how do we stop it?
At the first sign of this behavior it has to be dealt with immediately. It's like a dog who poops on the floor- You don’t wait a day or two to tell them "bad dog". First you need to sit them down and make them understand the importance of other people's feelings and emotional awareness.
The punishment has to be severe; and I mean severe enough that that the act of bullying is unthinkable! If the bullying is online or over the phone- Take away the device. Not for a day or a week, make it a month. And don’t give in. If the bullying is being done in person- get your child to a soup kitchen or homeless shelter and have them volunteer and listen to others stories of hardship. This will give them a unique perspective that they cannot get inside their own sphere of influence.
Other behavior solving activities are limiting access to their current peers. Get the child involved in activities that teach humility, compassion, comradery . I use Martial Arts as the ultimate medium. It has most of the elements needed to teach. I also rely heavily on Wilderness Adventure. The act of getting out of their comfort zone enables them to learn un-inhibited from the distractions of the every day.
During the punishment phase (not before or after) its most important for the bully to issue a sincere apology to the victim- in person. This is done during the punishment because the newly reformed bully needs to be humbled and show the right amount of empathy otherwise it will be spiteful and with little remorse.
Our main goal here is to make all children feel important and good about themselves. By curbing less than desirable behavior we can make sure that bullying does not extend into adulthood. Make sure we build children up with talks of honor and respect. Include dialog of valuing other people's feelings and how their behavior influences others actions both good and bad. Be sure they have the right role models to look up to and they are not emulating what they see on reality TV & internet videos. Don’t let a bully make excuses for their actions. Make them take responsibility for what they have done and do everything it takes to prevent this behavior from happening again. This process won't happen overnight, it will take some time. But don’t give up, the last thing a parent wants on their mind or their child's is having someone commit suicide because of them.
I always make myself available for question. If you would like to talk more about this please don't hesitate to reach out to me: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:1b273f86-19c7-4418-aad7-9ab25abcf132> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "https://www.theedgecenter.net/blog/what-if-your-child-is-the-bully",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836295.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023201520-20191023225020-00290.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9713825583457947,
"token_count": 944,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Rights of the Common Man and Woman Quiz
Protests, Demonstrations, Marches and Riots through history. 10 Questions.
Played: 104 times
like this quiz
3.9 out of 5, based on 10 votes
Share this quiz
to view the answers and save your score!
The names John Ball, Wat Tyler and Jack Straw are associated with which act of resistance?
Monmouth Rebellion - 1685
Easter Rising - 1916
The Peasant's Revolt - 1381
Boston Tea Party - 1773
The Brixton Riot of 1981 was a clash between the local African-Caribbean community and who?
Metropolitan Police Force
The local council
The symbol shown represents which movement?
Lesbian & Gay
In 1831-32, in Jamaica, a slave rebellion took place, involving 60,000 slaves uprising against their conditions. What is the rebellion commonly known as?
The Thanksgiving Rebellion
The Christmas Rebellion
The Easter Rebellion
The August Bank Holiday Rebellion
The Stonewall Riots of 1969 were the defining event that marked the start of the fight for what?
African American Rights
The vote for women in America
The Monmouth Rebellion was an attempt to overthrow which king?
The Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989, in Beijing, was a series of demonstrations, largely led by students, striving for what?
Economic & political reform
The right to have more than one child
More jobs for the young
The primary focus of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was what?
Against longer working hours in the tin mines
Better wages for tin miners
Protesting the raising of war taxes
Against government interference in their ancient way of life
In the wake of the French Revolution which French monarch was found guilty of high treason and executed in 1793?
The 2011 England Riots began after a peaceful demonstration in what area of London?
© 2018 Triviala Company Limited. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:2b77e54b-e4ea-42b3-8408-26209e4b01b2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"url": "http://www.triviala.com/quizzes/playquick/id/12196",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865702.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523180641-20180523200641-00423.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8842097520828247,
"token_count": 408,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Electromagnetic radiation is produced by charged particles moving across the electromagnetic field at varying speeds in the form of waves. The electromagnetic spectrum characterizes these wavelengths by length and frequency.
Shorter wavelengths have higher frequency of radiation and are a severe health risk to humans. These kinds of waves include gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet (UV) rays. Longer wavelengths are less intense and emit less radiation. Some examples include radio waves, microwaves and infrared rays. Low frequency waves come from many different man-made devices including cell phones, radios, power lines, satellites and laptops. Laptop radiation is a form of low frequency radiation that emits thermal heat while processing.
[Read also: Dangers of Excessive Use of Cell Phones]
With advancing technology around the globe, there is an increasing amount of low frequency wavelengths traveling through the air. It is now estimated that there are over 4 billion mobile phone users in the world, and about 70 percent of the American population aged 18 to 34 owns a laptop computer. With people constantly using these devices, the topic of laptop radiation and health has become a growing concern.
Low frequency devices emit radiation, but it is hard to measure how much. According to the American Cancer Society, cell phones, televisions, microwaves and laptop radiation have an extremely low frequency, whereby they do not conclusively produce enough energy to damage DNA. This does not mean people are completely free from risk, though, as even low doses of radiation interfere with cell function. In the article “Health Risks Associated with Residential Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation”, Professors Rolan Lamarine and Richard Narad state, “…promotion or stimulation of cancerous growth in previously initiated cells, does appear to be a popular mechanism by which extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation may increase the incidence of a variety of cancers.” More specifically, low frequency magnetic fields affect calcium ion movements across membranes (which relates to cell division), activate enzyme systems and alter DNA synthesis. As a result, low frequency radiation can be a co-promoter of cancerous formations.
[Suggested reading: 5 Serious Ways Gadgets Could Be Affecting Your Health]
Scientists have conducted numerous studies about whether laptop radiation decreases a man’s sperm count as a result of placing the laptop on a lap where the heat is in direct contact with the genitals. A study from the American Society of Reproductive Medicine found that when semen was exposed to this radiation, the sperm count was lower than in semen that had not been exposed. Given that the study was conducted in an artificial setting, some professionals were skeptical of its results. However, not in dispute are the series of tests conducted by other scientists that confirm laptop heat does in fact harm sperm production, whereby increasing the first study’s validity. Although heat from a laptop may cause decreased sperm count, there are to date no proven cases of testicular cancer linked to laptop radiation.
No birth defects or miscarriages have yet been reported in correlation with low frequency radiation, but pregnant woman are still cautioned against placing a laptop near their abdomens to ensure that no laptop radiation affects their children in utero. Instead, it is recommended that the laptop be placed away from the lap on a counter, pillow or desk.
[Suggested reading: How is Radiation Detected?]
Some other common preventative measures against radiation vary from device to device. To prevent laptop radiation, limit the amount of time spent using it. Users should opt for a landline or hands free/Bluetooth device while talking on the phone to decrease cell phone radiation. Expanding the distance between the user and device lessens risk of exposure because the strength of radiation decreases the further an individual is from the source. To further minimize exposure, an individual should also not sleep or sit near appliances for a long period of time. Shutting off or unplugging these devices when not in use also eliminates any low frequency waves from being emitted.
People are exposed to low frequency radiation everyday while using their laptops, talking on their phones or watching their televisions. Although the health risks seem minimal, prolonged exposure can still negatively affect cell function. There are several ways to practice safe use and limit exposure. Innovations in preventative laptop radiation shields have become a popular investment to protect one’s body from laptop radiation. One form of protection is a laptop pad which allows an individual to use the device without any concern about radiation.
[Recommended read: Tablets and Computer Screens Could Disrupt Sleep Patterns] | <urn:uuid:67c6987e-5613-4a57-a510-6c0e1dd4747d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "http://www.computerhowtoguide.com/2012/12/laptop-radiation-risks-to-users.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687938.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921224617-20170922004617-00001.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9428041577339172,
"token_count": 922,
"score": 3.640625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Named for: Russian physicist Leonid Shkadov, who presented the megastructure concept in a 1987 paper at the 38th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation.
Selected science fiction portrayals: Star Maker, a 1937 novel by Olaf Stapledon, and the 2012 novel Bowl of Heaven and its sequel Shipstar by Gregory Benford and Larry Niven.
In about a billion years our aging sun will become hot enough to boil off Earth's oceans. But we needn't let our world bake to death. By devising a megastructure called a Shkadov Thruster, we could cruise our solar systemsun, planets, and allclose enough to a younger star for it to gravitationally capture Earth. By enabling us to swap our sun for another, the Shkadov Thruster could give the planet's biota a brand new lease on life.
"Shkadov Thrusters are kind of awesome," says Anders Sandberg, a research fellow at Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute who has studied Shkadov Thrusters amongst other megastructure concepts. "You can use it to move the whole solar system."
The Shkadov Thruster setup is simple (in theory): It's just a colossal, arc-shaped mirror, with the concave side facing the sun. Builders would place the mirror at an arbitrary distance where gravitational attraction from the sun is balanced out by the outward pressure of its radiation. The mirror thus becomes a stable, static satellite in equilibrium between gravity's tug and sunlight's push.
Solar radiation reflects off the mirror's inner, curved surface back toward the sun, effectively pushing our star with its own sunlightthe reflected energy produces a tiny net thrust. Voilà, a Shkadov Thruster, and humanity is ready to hit the galactic trail.
RELATED: 10 of the Maddest Scientists Who Ever Lived
If humanity were ever crazy or desperate enough to build a Shkadov, the first order of business would be deciding where to place the megastructure. Leonid Shkadov, the megastructure concept's inventor, figured placement in the temperate orbital band where Earth resides would be fine. Still, much of the rear, space-facing side of the thruster would probably still need to be lined with cooling fins. These fins would radiate away excess solar heat in order to keep the mirror from deforming or melting, depending upon its material.
The thruster, of course, could not be positioned in Earth's orbital path. A logical spot for it would be above or below the plane of Earth's orbit, with the reflective mirror beaming energy mostly perpendicularly. For a thruster with a mirror angle of 30 degrees, the usual presumed curvature, Earth would still catch some extra rays. But the influence on Earth's temperature is expected to be small, says Viorel Badescu, a thermodynamicist at the Polytechnic University of Bucharest in Romania, who has investigated so-called stellar engines, which include Shkadov Thrusters and Dyson Spheres.
The second problem is simply acquiring enough material to build the behemoth structure. Badescu estimated that 1/10,000 of Earth's mass would be requiredprobably about a sextillion pounds. Shkadov's figure is a bit higher, more like septillion pounds. Either way, it's hefty.
Although the thruster would be vastperhaps on the order of a few hundred million miles in diameter, or greater than the distance between the Earth and the sunmost of it would be thin, reflective material. "It's probably going to be a lot of thin foil," Sandberg says.
An excellent readily available material is hematite, which humans have been polishing into mirrors for millennia. A simple iron oxide, hematite could be obtained on a grand scale by essentially strip-mining the entire planet of Mercury. Although dismantling even a smallish planet like Mercury sounds tough, it still beats rounding up scattered asteroids, which wouldn't provide enough usable material anyway.
"It's much easier to disassemble existing planets than to collect bodies distributed over huge spaces," Badescu says. "The inner planets of the solar system probably would be the first source of material."
Within Our Grasp?
The scope of the operationfashioning Mercury-sourced hematite into thin sheets, connecting them in space, and orienting them into a growing megastructure at a considerable distance from Earthcertainly exceeds our logistical abilities, to put it mildly. Yet building a Shkadov Thruster would not be an unfathomable technological and engineering leap. "At small scale, present-day technology is able to manage all the operations needed," Badescu says.
The bigger issue, Badescu said, is how humanity would go about agreeing to pursue such an immense project as the best bet for our survival as a species. "Taking such a major decision is possible only in critical situations, making possible some consensus," Badescu says. "When the time for such a decision comes, probably the engineering aspects will be accessible."
A trip with a Shkadov Thruster would be slow going at first, at least in relative terms. The sun is already moving around the center of the Milky Way at a relative speed of about 500,000 miles per hour. The first few million years of Shkadov thrusting "may only slightly change the usual trajectory of the sun," Badescu says.
Over the course of geological time, however, that bonus oomph adds up as the sun accelerates along its new path. "After 200 million years," Badescu says, "the distance between the perturbed and unperturbed positions of the sun is on the order of 10 to 40 parsecs," or 30 to 130 light-years.
Within the billion years we have left before the warming sun wipes us out, that level of displacement would be plenty to save Earth's bacon. Many dozens of reachable stars suitable for hosting Earth surely could be found within a few hundred light-years.
Lining up our speeding solar system with the target star so that Earth seamlessly transfers into a nice, circular orbit around its new host would surely make for some hairy course correcting en route. Exquisite timing would be needed so that Earth, in its regular orbit, is situated on the side of our sun as near as possible to the other star for gravitational capture during the stars' close pass. Shkadov's original paper, however, suggested it could be done.
Maybe the ultimate motivation for forging a Shkadov Thruster would not be survival but curiosity. After the passage of a few billion years, with the continued quickening of the Shkadov Thruster's pace, our solar system ensemble could traverse the Milky Wayor even leave our galaxy behind. | <urn:uuid:34a65eda-dd9e-40c3-9ced-9a0b1d27650a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"url": "http://www.popularmechanics.com/_mobile/science/space/deep/the-shkadov-thruster-or-how-to-move-an-entire-solar-system-17000392",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856041.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00054-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9486368298530579,
"token_count": 1421,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Women invented metallurgy! This extraordinary revelation was made in a lecture last night at New York University’s Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (which has an unfortune acronym pronounced eyesore) by David Anthony, Professor of Anthropology at Hartwick College and Guest Curator of the exhibition currently on view at ISAW until April 25, 2010: “The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC.”
In his talk, entitled “The Rise and Fall of Old Europe,” Anthony delved into the mysteries of the highly sophisticated and populous culture that sprang up 7,000 years ago along the banks of the Danube in Southeastern Europe, in what is now Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova, artefacts from which are on display at the exhibition. This discovery, which was really only made in the middle of the last century, set the historical and archaeological world on its heels, because it turns out the Europeans were conducting a highly sophisticated lifestyle before even the Ancient Egyptians got going. “If an alien landed on earth in 5,000 BC, he’d probably have chosen Europe over Mesopotamia,” said Anthony.
I’ll be writing about the exhibition and its implications at greater length next week, but I wanted first to share with you how exciting it was to hear that this Old European culture was one that, apparently, substantially empowered women, and included a great deal of goddess worship. Archaeologists allowed in since the fall of the Iron Curtain have dug up thousands of big-hipped, busty female figurines.
And then there’s the female contribution to, like, actually starting the Copper Age. Basically, Anthony explained, the elaborately beautiful pottery archaeologists have found in the Old Europe sites were mostly for domestic use, not trade. That means they would have been made predominantly by women, since, historically, it is the female hand that tends to craft vessels meant for the home in the Ancient World. Messing around with stuff that might have good pigment in it would have lead them to put ground up blue- and green-flecked stone in their kilns. Lo and behold, they ended up smelting copper, which would have puddled in the bottom of the ovens.
They must have asked: “What’s this?” They started turning up the heat and casting it into axe heads and jewellry. And so began the Copper Age. Then they started melting down shed-loads of gold, some of which ended up being the Varna Gold. “We think of metal work as being done by some big, sweaty, hairy male smithy,” said Anthony. “It turns out it wasn’t the case here.”
I’m truly surprised.
More next week. | <urn:uuid:2f920c13-7449-4e1c-b5fd-79fc82df35ea> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16",
"url": "http://heritage-key.com/blogs/helen-atkinson/astonishing-news-bulgaria-women-fired-copper-age/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00101.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748665690422058,
"token_count": 590,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Ernie Brickell is a Senior Principal Engineer and Chief Security Architect at Intel. His e-mail is [email protected]. Jiangtao Li is a Security Architect at Intel. His e-mail is [email protected]. Copyright (c) 2009 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
Consider the following problem. A hardware device (for example, a mobile device, a graphics chip, a trusted platform module, a processor package, or a smart card) wants to prove to a verifier that it is a genuine hardware device manufactured by a certified hardware manufacturer. The easiest way to prove that it is the genuine article is for the verifier to read the serial number to the hardware manufacturer to verify that it is indeed the device in question. Each hardware device is assigned a unique serial number that is inscribed on the body of the device by the manufacturer. The problem with this solution is its limited application: the verifier needs to physically have the device in order for this kind of authentication to work. In many cases, a piece of hardware needs to be authenticated remotely. Remote hardware authentication is the main focus of this article.
A possible solution to the problem of remote hardware authentication is for the hardware manufacturer to assign each device a unique device certificate. More specifically, each device could be assigned a unique public and private key pair. The hardware manufacturer certifies the device by issuing a cryptographic certificate to the device public key. When the hardware device needs to be verified, it sends its device certificate to the verifier along with a signature signed with its private key. The verifier can then use the hardware manufacturer's public key to verify the device certificate and then use the device's public key in the certificate to verify the signature. This solution is secure, as long as the device can protect its private key, since only hardware devices made by the original manufacturer have valid device certificates.
This certificate approach is also scalable, as the device manufacturers can issue as many device certificates as they want. However, issuing a device certificate raises a privacy concern, because the device certificate is used to uniquely identify the device. The verifier, therefore, can use the device certificate to trace a device and the associated authentication activities.
In this article, we introduce a new cryptographic scheme called Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) for remote, anonymous authentication of a hardware device. Using EPID, a hardware device can prove to a verifier remotely that it is a valid device, certified by the hardware manufacturer, without revealing its identity and without the verifier being able to link multiple authentication attempts made by the device.
Conceptually, an EPID scheme can be viewed as a special digital signature scheme. Unlike traditional digital signature schemes, one public key in the EPID scheme corresponds to multiple private keys. There are three types of entities in an EPID scheme: issuer, members, and verifiers. In our context, the issuer is the hardware manufacturer, the member is a hardware device made by the manufacturer, and the verifier could be software on the host, a server on the Internet, or another hardware device. The issuer creates an EPID public key and issues a unique EPID private key to each member. Each member can use this private key to digitally sign a message, and the resulting signature is called an EPID signature. The verifier can use the public key to verify the correctness of a signature, that is, to verify that the EPID signature was indeed created by a member in good standing with a valid private key. The EPID signature, however, does not reveal any information about which unique private key was used to create the signature.
Prerequisites and Design Requirements
We first formalize the remote hardware authentication problem, then describe the prerequisites for the problem, and end with our design requirements.
Remote Hardware Authentication Problem. To do remote authentication securely, cryptographic keys need to be used. There are three entities involved in a remote authentication scenario: the issuer, members, and verifiers. The issuer is a hardware manufacturer who creates a group. A member is a hardware device manufactured by the issuer. A member can join or leave the group.
When a member joins the group as it is manufactured, the issuer issues a private key to the member. When the member leaves the group, the issuer revokes the private key of the member. Leaving the group is a rare event. It occurs only when the private key of the member (the hardware device) has been extracted from the hardware device, and the issuer has to revoke the membership of the device, or in other words, revoke the private key. A verifier is an entity that wants to know that a hardware device is a member of the group. The remote hardware authentication is an interaction between a member and a verifier. The member uses its private key to prove to the verifier that it is a valid member of the group and has not been revoked.
Prerequisite. To have a secure remote hardware authentication scheme, the member (that is, the hardware device) must have a good protection system for its private key. In other words, the member should have secure storage to store the private key and have a trusted execution environment to use the key to perform the membership proof. If an attacker can easily extract the key information from a member, then there is no way to do remote hardware authentication securely, as the attacker can always use the extracted private key to perform the membership proof before the key is revoked. This means that the verifier cannot tell whether the proof comes from the attacker or from a real hardware device.
Security Requirements. The basic security requirement is straightforward; that is, only a member in good standing could perform the membership proof successfully. In other words, if the prover is not a member of the group, then its proof of membership would be rejected by the verifier. This property should hold unless a private key has been removed from a member and has not yet been revoked, or unless a problem considered computationally infeasible has been solved.
Privacy Requirements. In a remote hardware authentication scheme, the membership proof must be anonymous and unlinkable. In addition, the private key of each member should be unknown to the issuer. More specifically, these are the required privacy properties:
- Given a membership proof, the verifier or the issuer cannot identify the actual prover, that is, cannot extract any identifiable information about the member from the proof. This is known as the anonymity property.
- Given two membership proofs, the verifier or the issuer cannot tell whether the proofs are generated by one member or by two different members. This is known as the unlinkability property.
- The issuer does not know any of the private keys of the members. Therefore, the issuer does not have a database of all the members' private keys.
The unlinkability requirement is optional. In some applications, the verifier may require the membership proofs from a member to be linkable. Linkable proofs help to prevent a member from abusing the anonymity requirement. For example, suppose a verifier is a key-provisioning server that provisions a key to each member (that is, each hardware device). This verifier wants to make sure that each member is provisioned with only one key. Suppose that an adversary is able to extract a private key from a member device. If the remote hardware authentication scheme has the property of anonymity but not unlinkability, then the verifier would issue many keys to this adversary by using this one compromised member key. Then if the verifier found that one of the provisioned keys had been abused, he or she would be able to revoke it but would not be able to revoke all of the other keys that this adversary had obtained from the one compromised member key. Privacy issues with this use can be controlled, since the member needs to obtain the provisioned key from this verifier only once, and this usage can be unlinkable to any usage with any other verifier.
Revocation Requirements. A remote hardware authentication scheme must handle revocation. In general, when a hardware device is manufactured, it joins the group. Even if the ownership of the hardware device changes or the device is stolen, it is still a valid, authentic hardware device; thus, it is still in the group and does not need to be revoked.
Only if the private key has been extracted from the secure storage of the hardware device, does the member have to be revoked. Given the prerequisites mentioned earlier, the issuer assumes that the member's (the hardware device's) private key is well protected. Thus, the revocation of a member is a rare event. However, the issuer needs to have the ability to revoke a member from the group if needed. The first revocation requirement is that the revocation of a group member should have minimum impact on the rest of the group members.
The second revocation requirement is that if an extracted private key is known to the issuer, then the issuer should be able to revoke that private key.
The third revocation requirement is that if a private key is used in a transaction, and it is later discovered that the key used in that transaction had been extracted, then this key should be revocable, even if it is not known. An example of such a case would be if a transaction was to provision a verifier key into a hardware device, and this verifier key was later shown to be extracted, the issuer may conclude that the private key of the hardware device has been corrupted and should be revoked.
Note that if an attacker extracts a private key from a hardware device and never uses the key, the key can probably never be revoked. On the other hand, if the attacker never uses the extracted private key to forge or emulate a hardware device, there is no damage to the hardware authentication scheme. | <urn:uuid:cd8936e6-bdd8-4f65-9cb4-661cf9a6f4aa> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"url": "http://www.drdobbs.com/security/enhanced-privacy-id/219501634",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824994.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00311-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9559946060180664,
"token_count": 1999,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
} |
PTSD, Traumatic Stress, and You!
What is trauma, how does it affect you, and what can you do to overcome it? If you or a loved one has experienced a recent or past trauma, been abused as a child or in a current relationship, you may have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or a related trauma based response. Trauma causes reactions like PTSD but also depression and other anxiety disorders like panic, phobia’s, chronic worry or Generalized Anxiety Disorder, hypervigilance, numbing of normal responding, mistrust of others, social anxiety disorder, and many other concerns, especially substance abuse. Generally speaking if you successfully resolve the trauma, it will also help to reduce or eliminate other related symptoms!
Approximately 15 to 25% of any traumatic event leads to the development of PTSD and especially severe traumas called “high magnitude trauma” may double this rate! Interpersonal violence, such as torture and assault, and prolonged and/or repeated events such as childhood sexual or physical abuse, are more likely than natural events (like earthquakes or natural disasters) to results in a traumatic response. PTSD involves a cluster of three key symptoms:
- re-experiencing (nightmares, flashbacks, or intrusive thoughts/images)
- increased arousal (feeling on edge, easily startled, chronic tension or worry)
- avoidance or numbing of responsiveness (avoiding situations related to the trauma, like where it happened, or learning to numb out your normal responsiveness to life)
The type, amount or duration, and age at exposure to trauma all play a role in its development. While psychological trauma can occur at any point in the lifespan, trauma has its most profound impact when it occurs during early childhood or adolescence and becomes less pervasively damaging with later onset. Trauma that occurs during these developmentally vulnerable times can lead to PTSD, and/or an array of other difficult conditions and symptoms.
The term “complex PTSD” was coined by Dr. Judith Herman in 1992 to describe the effects of early trauma. “Complex” traumas often involve parents, siblings or caretakers as perpetrators, and tend to occur multiple times while the emerging self is forming. These types of traumas cause disruptions in fundamental relationships. When trauma occurs during childhood, is frequent or prolonged, and/or involves interpersonal abuse (such as childhood sexual or physical abuse), other distressing symptoms in addition to PTSD may develop. These symptoms include: disturbances in emotional development, problems with clear thinking, physical illnesses, and potentially serious disruptions in your relationships or ability to connect with others.
Successful Treatment of Trauma and PTSD: There are effective, therapeutic approaches to address past trauma based on rigorous scientific research: Prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and EMDR. All of these therapies are helpful in that they allow you to process traumatic material in various ways. For any therapy to be truly effective you need to develop a solid, trusting relationship with your therapist and be ready to work on these issues. Since trauma, especially when encountered in childhood, can affect your connection with others, the link formed between your therapist and you is very important. The degree you feel connected to your therapist will help you gradually confront what happened to you. Disclosing and processing traumatic material (memories, images, related thoughts and feelings) is the primary way of recovering from Trauma and PTSD. The goal is to confront rather than avoid traumatic material and also to create a coherent life history that contains both the trauma story as well as your personal successes. Successful treatment would gently encourage you to feel and engage the emotions associated with the trauma as you progress in therapy. By doing so you can move beyond your trauma and into a life worth living!
If you are struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety and depression or other important unresolved issues, you deserve to get the help you need to lead a better, more fulfilling life. Feel free to call me anytime. It can be a great relief to open up about your concerns to a trained professional.
Please post your comments or reactions on my website. Thank you for reading this article and I hope it was helpful. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:6ac58704-8729-42fb-adfb-787c07426308> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "http://www.theryanreview.com/ptsd-traumatic-stress-you/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890893.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121214857-20180121234857-00531.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9497306942939758,
"token_count": 861,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
} |
LIFE IN AREA BEFORE EUROPEANSLife in India was good before British rule. They were trading and selling food products, jewelry and more. India has produced and continues to produce some of the best jewelry designs with gold, silver, platinum, and diamond. The designs are loved and ordered around the world.
So India selling their products to other countries was a big deal for them. India that time was considered “Jewel of the Crown”. EUROPEAN TAKEOVER AND FORM OF IMPERIALISMThe British and India’s relationship started through trade. In India, Britain was represented by the British East India Company. The company had its own army with British officers and Indian soldiers (Sepoys) which were all Hindus or Muslims. The 23rd of June 1757, the British East India Company won the Battle of Plassey. That gave Britain the rule of India for almost 200 years.
This rule lasted until 1947 and it was called Raj. After the industrial revolution, Britain started producing more goods than any other country. And after colonizing the country, India became Britain’s raw material supplier, or as they called it, the “Jewel in the crown”. Britain even developed a railroad network in India, to improve the transportation of raw materials. LIFE UNDER EUROPEAN RULEMost of India was under British control by 1850. The British tried to convert Indians (In India) to Christians which made conflict.
By 1858, entire India was directly under British rule. From that point on, Indians were uniting for freedom. From British rule, India’s wealth was drained so down that they cannot be recovered. Cotton industries in India went bankrupt due to the British wanting to sell their own products.
Food production in India was reduced because of the Opium being produced and selling Opium to other countries. The British demanded India produce raw materials. This messed up India’s economy so hard that it’s almost impossible to recover from it. | <urn:uuid:87b58383-4105-42f9-8d8d-1e13781663da> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://woodstock-online.com/life-had-its-own-army-with-british-officers/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703505861.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116074510-20210116104510-00711.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9783220291137695,
"token_count": 414,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
} |
1/03/2012 General, Airmail Stamps, Newfoundland
Italo Balbo was one of four original Fascist party members to plan the 'March on Rome', which effectively gave power to the Fascist party in Italy in 1922.
His reward was to be made Secretary of State for Air in 1926, whereupon he launched into a series of spectacular publicity flights, mainly with mass formations of seaplanes, to enhance Italy's Aeronautical image on the world stage.
From 1st July - 12th August 1933, he led a flight of twenty-four flying boats on a round-trip flight from Rome to the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. The flight had seven legs including Labrador - Montreal ending on Lake Michigan.
During Balbo's stay in the USA, President Roosevelt presented him with the Distinguished Flying Cross, and The Sioux Indians adopted Balbo as 'Chief Flying Eagle'. On return home, he was made Marshall of the Air Force. | <urn:uuid:7d682f74-6df9-4426-98e9-c6cd3beab941> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "https://www.sandafayre.com/News/Newfoundland-450-Gen-Balbo-Flight/?i=175",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321160.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824152236-20190824174236-00120.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.962632417678833,
"token_count": 198,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Scientists create 'plastic' blood
The researchers said the artificial blood was easier to store
Scientists have developed an artificial plastic blood which could act as a substitute in emergencies.
Researchers at Sheffield University said their creation could be a huge advantage in war zones.
They say that the artificial blood is light to carry, does not need to be kept cool and can be kept for longer.
The new blood is made up of plastic molecules that have an iron atom at their core, like haemoglobin, that can carry oxygen through the body.
The scientists said the artificial blood could be cheap to produce and they were looking for extra funding to develop a final prototype that would be suitable for biological testing.
Dr Lance Twyman, of the university's Department of Chemistry, said: "We are very excited about the potential for this product and about the fact that this could save lives.
"Many people die from superficial wounds when they are trapped in an accident or are injured on the battlefield and can't get blood before they get to hospital.
"This product can be stored a lot more easily than blood, meaning large quantities could be carried easily by ambulances and the armed forces."
A sample of the artificial blood prototype will be on display at the Science Museum in London from 22 May as part of an exhibition about the history of plastics.
How plastic blood could move from test tube to battlefield
We're all familiar with the calls for blood donors. But donated blood, while valuable, also poses risks to the recipient, including diseases such as hepatitis C or HHIV, the virus that causes Aids.
Wouldn't an artificial form be better? It could be made completely sterile, and might even be manufactured in dehydrated form: just add water and you have a litre of O negative, the universally transfusible version, which could be easily transported to locations where it was needed, or stored against future need.
Lance Twyman is trying to do just that: with a PhD from the University of Kent, he's working to make usable plastic blood in his University of Sheffield laboratory.
Twyman has long been interested in creating molecules that mimic nature, including synthetic enzymes to catalyse novel reactions. Early in his career he came across porphyrins, hollow square-shaped molecules which combine readily with metals like iron. "The iron is in the centre of the molecule, just like haemoglobin," says Twyman.
Things are not quite the same in nature, of course. Although the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin in your red blood cells contains an iron-based porphyrin to bind oxygen reversibly (so it can grab oxygen from the air in the lungs, and then give it up at the tissues), porphyrin alone won't work. "It clumps together or ends up reacting with the oxygen rather than just binding it," says Twyman. "But if you combine porphyrin chemistry and polymer chemistry, you can make a molecule which mimics haemoglobin."
Making an artificial blood might not have occurred to Twyman were it not for a chance discussion with a cardiologist. Although perfect blood substitutes are a clinician's dream, creating something just to carry oxygen around the bloodstream seemed intriguingly feasible.
Developed over the past five years, Twyman has now done just that by combining a porphyrin with monomers that build together in a hyper-branching or tree-like structure. His molecule is remarkably similar to haemoglobin in size and shape, while providing exactly the right environment around the porphyrin core for iron to bind and release oxygen. And the polyethylene glycol (PEG), a water-soluble polymer used to assemble the branched structure is already used for medical applications.
So what does it look like? Twyman's plastic blood is a dark red water-soluble paste with the consistency of honey. As with real blood, the colour comes from the porphyrin.
Putting plastic blood into your body - even to save your life - sounds risky. But Twyman points out that porphyrins are natural. He also reckons that the polymer component would be ignored by the body's immune system; there is some reassurance from existing medical uses. So far, though, his experimentation is confined to the test tube.
"At the moment, we have no idea regarding the polymer's lifetime in the body. However, for its intended application, a short lifetime is an advantage," says Twyman. "One obvious application is the battlefield or site of a major incident where replacing blood loss quickly can save lives."
Unlike donated blood, it's easy to store and is stable at room temperature. A second-generation molecule is now being developed for more rigorous investigation and, if all goes well, human use may eventually follow.
Professor Adrian Newland, president of the Royal College of Pathologists, says that people have worked on artificial blood for many years. It remains the medical equivalent of the holy grail - mainly because small foreign molecules in blood substitutes are swiftly removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys. "The drive has been to develop a larger molecule that will stay in the circulation and carry oxygen to the tissues," Newland says.
The EU-funded Euro Blood Substitutes consortium is also undertaking such research and includes biochemist Professor Chris Cooper of the University of Essex. He says that there are two types of blood substitutes - haemoglobin-based substitutes, which use human or bovine haemoglobin, and the perfluorocarbons. "Many compounds have gone into clinical trials and there are currently two products licensed for use," Cooper says.
Twyman's work now offers a third possibility that doesn't depend on haemoglobin supplies. "It's an interesting bit of chemistry. What they have to do is prove that the molecule is stable for hours in the presence of oxygen," Cooper says. "The phrase 'plastic blood' is cute, but a bit of a red herring as all blood substitutes add PEGs [polyethylene gycols]."
Newland worries about using PEGs in the body in transfusion quantities, although small-scale medical use is well established in association with drug delivery. "The amount of PEG that you'd give with artificial blood is several times larger than the amount we give attached to a simple drug. There needs to be some idea of what happens to PEG if it's given in that volume," Newland says.
While Twyman cannot yet answer such concerns, he says his approach uses a branched PEG, not the simple linear PEGs found with haemoglobin-based blood substitutes. "Hb [haemoglobin] work uses Hb extracted from animal or human blood. This has to be protected from the body's defences, usually using linear PEGs. These do work, but they migrate into the fatty lining of veins, which causes toxic effects. They also cause high blood pressure and there are ethical/religious issues regarding their general use," Twyman says.
Newland says that modified haemoglobin doesn't stay in the blood circulation long and can cause allergic-type reactions. But once haemoglobin is removed from the body's red blood cells, no cross-matching is needed before use.
An oxygen-carrying molecule that mimics haemoglobin would have universal donor characteristics - although the immune response and clearance time from the bloodstream is as yet unknown.
"If you are giving artificial blood, you don't have to worry about the transmission of infection from blood from donors, shelf life and the lack of availability from donations," Newland says. "It's a very interesting concept."
While Twyman believes his work might find military use one day, the Ministry of Defence is unwilling to comment until more research has been done. Meanwhile, the plastic blood will be in "Plasticity - 100 years of making plastics" at London's Science Museum from May 22. Plastic blood may yet benefit people beyond laboratories.
Viewzone || Comments? || Body Mind Spirit | <urn:uuid:9ba14991-5a47-429f-a528-4ca6b4452fc2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://mondovista.com/plasticblood.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948520042.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212231544-20171213011544-00170.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9602015614509583,
"token_count": 1672,
"score": 3.90625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Life Situations of persons with disabilities in Developing CountriesCommunity Based Rehabilitation:Involving the Family By: Hissa Al-Thani Special Rapporteur on Disability
The last three decades witnessed important achievements for persons with disabilities. Building on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other Covenants and Conventions.
The Disability movement left its mark on the wall of history: The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983 – 1992 ) The universal adoption of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in 1993 The Growth of number and membership of the Organizations of Persons with Disabilities worldwide.
Despite all these achievements the situation of persons with disabilities is far from reaching its goals and has a long way to go.
Persons with disabilities, particularly in the developing world, are trapped in a cycle of poverty and exclusion More than 80% of people with disabilities and their families live in the developing world (500 MILLOIN) FACTS Girls with disabilities in developing countries as twice as likely to suffer neglect than boys. An estimated 170 million children are malnourished. 1 in 10 children has a developmental disability.
In the recent World Bank meeting that I attended in Washington to discuss the Global Partnership for Development, Mr. James Wolfensen, World Bank President stressed that :unless the issues of people with disabilities are brought into the development agenda, it will not be possible to meet the Millennium Development Goal on poverty reduction by the year 2015.
Defining Rehabilitation According to paragraph 25 of the Introduction to the Standard Rules, the term "rehabilitation" refers to "a process aimed at enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels, thus providing them with the tools to change their lives towards a higher level of independence."
In the early 1980 the United Nations World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons along with the WHO through their programme of Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, initiated the concept of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR).
During the past 15 or so years there has been a substantive and substantial growth in the number of CBR programmes in many developing countries. With this grew the understanding that CBR needed to deal with issues related to the lives of Persons with Disabilities and taking into consideration the context in which people with disabilities live.
Rehabilitation Issues and Observations in Developing Countries Most rehabilitation services are found only in urban centers, and are available only to those families that can afford them Most of these facilities use methodologies imported from countries of the North without being adapted to the needs of children with disabilities in their environment.
Parents, particularly less educated, working class or poor parents, are often alienated from their child's rehabilitation process by cultural and social traditions. In the Arab world, for example, parents have been indoctrinated in the "doctor knows best" philosophy and are often intimidated by professionals.
Children with Disabilities are always at risk of discrimination and neglect and are particularly vulnerable when there is a shortage of resources. An estimated 97% of disabled children in developing countries are denied even the most basic rehabilitation even in the wealthy developed countries, the birth of a disabled child is almost invariably viewed as a tragedy.
In many developing countries - specifically in poor rural communities - the involvement of medical and rehabilitation professionals, where and when it is available, is only at the initial stages, and in the long run a family is left alone to cope with the needs of that child.
Where rehabilitation services are available and accessible to the family, they usually follow the top-down model, in which rehabilitation and medical professional "prescribe to and provide for" the child without consulting, involving, informing or educating the family.
The late Mudhukar Suryavinshi of the International Council for the Education of People with Visual Impairments, describes a state of "limbo" in which the child finds herself after her rehabilitation is "completed" where the family is unable to adjust or understand the needs of the child.
CBR:Building Bridges to the Family Rehabilitation services need to always consider that the family is the first and most important social unit for the child. Not only the family is the child's primary care giver, but it can also be tapped as a rich and vast resource in the Rehabilitation process of a child with disability.
The first step to involving the family is to show understanding of the feelings its members are experiencing through a holistic approach to the wider family circle.
Community Based Rehabilitation • The term CBR covers a wide range of initiatives: • At one end of the spectrum are large CBR programs launched by government. • At the opposite end of the spectrum are the small community programs run by the persons with disabilities, or by families of children with disabilities
CBR programs in developing countries are popular and successful not only in rural and remote areas where services are hard to come by, but in urban centers as well.
Is it possible to have CBR programmes, initiated, led and managed by people with disabilities and their families in every community and which would fulfill the needs of all adults and children with disabilities?
According to a WHO estimate, the needs of 70% of people with disabilities in developing countries could be met at the community level, while 30% who have severe or multiple disabilities would need special interventions from time to time of the kind that is not available in the local community.
With the provision of the necessary resources, human, financial and educational, CBR programs can be made to meet the needs of most children and people with disabilities within their communities
These competing needs and priorities often create friction and contradiction in the delivery of services and in the levels of commitment to the rehabilitation process. One of those competing interests especially in developing countries, are the needs of girls and women with disabilities
Can CBR programs help change social attitudes towards people with disabilities, and women with disabilities in particular?
CBR programs will need to develop appropriate Strategies to address issues related to traditional, social and cultural Perceptions through awareness raising . • Women's organizations in developing countries need • to be educated to include the rights disabled women
Policy Recommendations for Effective CBR in Developing Countries
Establishing community based rehabilitation programs that are inclusive sensitive, and democratic in their approach Initiating CBR Programs in rural, tribal, remote communities in developing countries with the help of professionals and experts whose aim is to empower people with disabilities and their families Encouraging NGOs to work with the medical community and to sensitize it to the practical ,emotional and psychological needs of families of children with disabilities
Soliciting the support of international DPOs in establishing, launching, and training small communities in the South to take the lead in CBR initiatives Raising community and social awareness, through targeted CBR services, to the needs of girls and women with disabilities Encouraging children with disabilities to become role models for other children
Encouraging adults with disabilities to take leadership roles in CBR programs targeted to children with disabilities and their families Allowing children with disabilities to exercise their right in voicing their needs and their aspirations Providing education and employment opportunities for children and adults with disabilities and enabling them to become full participating members of society
Promoting collaboration between NGOs, DPOs and agencies as UNICEF, UNESCO to ensure that the needs of girls with disabilities are included in programs targeted at girls in developing countries | <urn:uuid:550023b3-e710-40b0-9b44-d98dd252377c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27",
"url": "https://fr.slideserve.com/brooke/by-hissa-al-thani-special-rapporteur-on-disability",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215805.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703073750-20220703103750-00750.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9589653611183167,
"token_count": 1513,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
The post-Christmas season is an e-waste high water mark in the United States. New computers, phone docks, wireless speakers, and watches under the Christmas tree crowd out the old(er) ones. What isn’t donated or recycled usually makes its way to the trash. And a recent study by the United Nations University and MIT has details on just how high our e-trash hoard is getting.
“Who here has ever taken something apart?” I stood in front of 20 sixth- and seventh-grade students at the Engineering Possibilities in College (EPIC). Asking this question always makes me a little bit wary. After all, this is a generation of instant gratification. Kids get their first iPads before they can walk now. So, I thought, how many junior high students would actually spend their time learning about the inner workings of electronic devices? How many even care? A dozen hands shot up.
According to the International Environmental Technology Center of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) the volume of e-waste is increasing by 40 percent per year worldwide. They estimate that 80 percent goes into landfills and incinerators. According to UNEP, e-waste is the fastest-growing type of waste. In some developing countries, the volume is expected to grow by up to 500 percent over the next decade. Check up with the state of electronics recycling around the world on iFixit.org.
Slim electronics might look great, but there’s a major problem with their design: battery accessibility. The growing trend in electronics is a seamless device that keeps the owner from replacing the battery. Instead, owners are forced to buy new products—when their old device is still running smoothly. If you own the product, the battery should be yours to change.
Computers arrive at The Exploration Station because they’ve outlived their usefulness. Some unwanted, used computers are donated to the program by local families and businesses. Others come to the facility as e-waste. Behind the building, volunteers welcome people with drop-offs and sort through the cast-off electronics. Over the last 14 years, this group of dedicated volunteers has refurbished the cast-offs and given out almost 4,000 computers to their community.
We dub 2012 “the year of the fixer”: More and more people are breaking out their screwdrivers, and the headlines have been full of repair. The iPhone 5 is the most repairable iPhone ever. There are fewer toxic chemicals in new cell phones than ever before. A draft of a new green cell phone standard, UL 110, requires that manufacturers secure cases with screws rather than glues. There was so much going on this year that we missed some exciting repair news.
E-waste is a tricky problem in part because of its complexity: for a computer to end up in the infamous Ghana dump site Agbogbloshie, it has to pass through hundreds of hands, from assembly line workers, to retail salespeople, to users, to exporters, to scavengers. The problem can be overwhelmingly abstract, but documentaries make it more real and immediate. Terra Blight, a recently released independent documentary film, gives the problem a human face and unravels some of its complexities.
Even though the electronics manufacturing jobs are today primarily in Asia, there’s no reason repair and recycling can’t become a true-blooded American industry. At least one large electronics manufacturer has already found a way to responsibly handle its e-waste and create much-needed jobs in the bargain. Through a partnership with Goodwill called Reconnect, Dell collects 90 million pounds of electronics each year.
Last week, amidst the sweeping political mandates of the Presidential debates, education Secretary Arne Duncan made a mandate of his own, calling for the nation to ditch printed textbooks in favor of digital ones. “Over the next few years, textbooks should be obsolete,” he declared.
Often, too little thought goes into the real world implications of what politicians say. This statement, however, left us scratching our collective heads a bit. Just how feasible is Duncan’s plan? As we’ve pointed out before, in the hands of children, Kindles have a tendency to break and iPads to shatter. What happens then?
Classrooms need technology—that we acknowledge. In fact, a big part of our mission is teaching through technology. If we want 21st-century problem solvers, we need to train them on 21st-century technology.
Durable technology can be manufactured, but over 80 million students are currently enrolled in U.S. schools and colleges—that’s far more than the 47.5 million tablets that Forbes estimates are currently in use nationwide. Are we entering the age of “one tablet per child”? If so, is there a plan for sustainable manufacturing of these devices? And what is the government’s plan for e-waste, and the inevitable end-of-life for all these e-textbooks?
Electronic waste contains 40-50 times the amount of gold in ore mined from the ground, according to a report last week by the Global e-Sustainability Initiative and the United Nations University. According to the report, between 2001 and 2011, the electronics industry as a whole went from using 197 to 320 tons of gold. Nevertheless, no more than 15% of the gold in e-waste is being recovered in recycling processes.
Kyle spoke this week at a U.S. International Trade Commission hearing on used electronics exports. The hearing will be an important source for a USITC study for the U.S. Trade Representative’s office. In his testimony, Kyle stressed the importance of repair worldwide.
The Space Shuttle Discovery travelled 148 million miles before being retired last year—the equivalent of flying all the way to the sun and more than halfway back. I saw it last week resting in its new permanent home, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, where it replaced the Space Shuttle Enterprise last month. The shuttles were made to last, repaired often, sometimes even while in space. Discovery will now educate museum-goers and inspire the next generation of astronauts. | <urn:uuid:d74d0b56-06ff-4046-83a4-1371db4c9a5c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"url": "http://ifixit.org/blog/category/e-waste-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379546.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00121-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9493061304092407,
"token_count": 1279,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Isolation Policies and The League of Nations
CHOOSE LEADERS WITH PRINCIPLES NOT POLL WOBBLERS
By WENDELL WILLKIE, Presidential Candidate in 1940
Delivered at the 147th Commencement of Union College, May 11, 1942
Vital Speeches of the Day, Vol. VII, pp. 485-486.
YOU young men are about to enter into the affairs of a world torn by a hideous war. Large portions of it are dominated by intolerance and hate. An adventurer still rules the greater part of Europe as a military overlord, and the octopus of Japan, grown more menacing by feeding in fresh waters, extends its tentacles over the rich resources of the Far East.
Yet it was only a short time ago—less than a quarter of a century—that the democratic nations, including our own, gained an outstanding victory over the forces of conquest and aggression then led by Imperial Germany. We believed that we had attained peace for our time, at least. We believed that for a long period to come the world would not again be plunged into one of those appalling, devastating, all-embracing conflicts.
Somewhere along the line—and certainly we cannot escape our share of the responsibility—there has been a shocking failure to uphold and secure the world peace that had been won at such great cost and sacrifice. You as young men must analyze that failure if this present war is to be anything more than just another season of blood-letting; if a prostrate civilization is to be lifted up and given purpose and meaning, beyond merely the restoration of its vigor for renewed combat. That is all we did in the twenty-one-year period between 1918 and 1939. You must not repeat our mistakes.
Both Parties Criticized
Our own history furnishes, I believe, the clue to our failure. One of its most obvious weaknesses in the light of what is going on today is the lack of any continuity in our foreign policy. Neither major party can claim to have pursued a stable or consistent program of international cooperation even during the relatively brief period of the last forty-five years. Each has had its season of world outlook— sometimes an imperialistic one—and each its season of strict isolationism, the Congressional leadership of the party out of power usually blindly opposing the program of the party in power, whatever it might be.
For years the intellectual leadership in both parties has recognized that if peace, economic prosperity and liberty itself were to continue in this world, the nations of the world must find a method of economic stabilization and cooperative effort.
These aspirations at the end of the first World War, under the leadership of Woodrow Wilson, produced a concrete program of international cooperation intended to safeguard all nations against military aggression, to protect racial minorities and to give the oncoming generation some confidence that it could go about its affairs without a return of the disrupting and blighting scourge of war.
Whatever we may think about the details of that program, it was definite affirmative action for world peace. We cannot state positively just how effective it might have proved, had the United States extended to it support, influence and active participation.
Isolation Called Failure
But we do know that we tried the opposite course and found it altogether futile. We entered into an era of strictest detachment from world affairs. Many of our public leaders, Democratic and Republican, went about the country proclaiming that we had been tricked into the last war, that our ideals had been betrayed, that never again should we allow ourselves to become entangled in world politics which would inevitably bring about another armed outbreak.
We were blessed with natural barriers, they maintained, and need not concern ourselves with the complicated and unsavory affairs of an old world beyond our borders. As a result, along with all the other democratic nations, we did nothing when Japan invaded Manchuria, though our own Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, expressed his outrage; we with the other democracies sat by while Italy wantonly invaded Ethiopia and we let Hitler enter the Rhineland without even a protest.
We shut ourselves away from world trade by excessive tariff barriers. We washed our hands of the continent of Europe and displayed no interest in its fate while Germany re-armed. We torpedoed the London Economic Conference when the European democracies, with France lagging in the rear, were just beginning to recover from the economic depression that had sapped their vitality, and when the instability of foreign exchange remained the principal obstacle to full revival. And in so doing, we sacrificed a magnificent opportunity for leadership in strengthening and rehabilitating the democratic nations, in fortifying them against assault by the forces of aggression which at that very moment were beginning to gather.
Even as late as 1938, we concentrated on domestic reform.
Points to League Defeat
All of this happened when you were too young to be concerned with the nature of our leadership. The responsibility for it does not attach solely to any political party. For neither major party stood consistently and conclusively before the American public as either the party of world outlook or the party of isolation. If we were to say that Republican leadership destroyed the League of Nations in 1920, we must add that it was Democratic leadership that broke up the London Economic Conference in 1933.
I was a believer in the League. Without, at this time, however, arguing either for or against the provisions of the League plans, I should like to point out to you the stepsleading to its defeat here in the United States. For that fight furnishes a perfect example of the type of leadership we must avoid in this country if we are ever going to fulfill our responsibilities as a nation that believes in a free world, a just world, a world at peace.
President Wilson negotiated the peace proposals at Versailles including the covenant of the League. Upon his return the treaty and the covenant were submitted to the United States Senate for ratification. And there arose one of the most dramatic episodes in American history. I cannot here trace the detail of that fight which resulted in rejection on the part of the United States of world leadership. Let me, however, try to give you the broad outlines of the picture.
First, as to the Senate group, the so-called "battalion of death," the "irreconcilables," or the "bitter-enders." Here was a faction that had no party complexion. In its leadership the name of the Democratic orator, James A. Reed, occupies as conspicuous a position as that of the Republican, Borah. At the other extreme was the uncompromising war President, Woodrow Wilson, who insisted on the treaty with every "i" dotted and every "t" crossed. Between them were the reservationists, of various complexions and opinions, and of both Republican and Democratic affiliation.
We do not know today, and perhaps we never shall know, whether the Republican leader of the Senate, Henry Cabot Lodge, whose name we now associate with the defeat of the League, truly wanted the League adopted with safeguarding reservations, or whether he employed the reservations to kill the League. Many may have convictions on this point, but I doubt that any one has conclusive knowledge. Even his close friends and members of his family have reported contrary opinions on the subject.
But we do know that when this question passed from the Senate to the two great political conventions of 1920, neither of them stood altogether for or altogether against the treaty as it had been brought home by the President. The Democratic Convention in its platform did not oppose reservations. The Republican platform adopted a compromise plank which was broad enough to accommodate those of any viewpoint respecting the particular Woodrow Wilson covenant. There were many firm supporters of the League in the Republican ranks. They found the platform altogether ample to give them standing room, while the anti-League delegates found safe footing there too.
Says People Were Confused
Forgive me if I rehearse this old story in too great detail. The point I want to make for you young men today is that the American people were altogether confused about the treaty issue and about the position of the respective parties on it. Many of their leaders talked two ways.
The platforms were ambiguous; the parties had no consistent historical position about the cooperation of the United States with other nations. The confusion was doubled by the attitude of the Republican candidate, Warren Harding. There was no doubt that Cox's position on the Democratic ticket was a fairly definite support of the Wilson treaty, though his party platform left open the possibility of reservations and many of the Democratic leaders were openly in opposition.
But no one was certain whether Harding was merely pulling his punches against the League or whether he intended to support it aggressively upon election in a modified form. In private conversation he gave each man the answer he wanted, and of his speeches the Republican National Committeeman from California, Chester H. Rowell, said:
"One-half of the speeches were for the League of Nations if you read them hastily, but if you read them with care every word of them could have been read critically as against the League of Nations. The other half were violent speeches against the League of Nations if you read them carelessly, but if you read them critically every one of them could be interpreted as in favor of the League of Nations."
It was not until after the election returns were in that Harding spoke frankly of the League as "now deceased."
Doubts People Opposed Objective
I am satisfied that the American people never deliberately and intentionally turned their backs on a program for international cooperation in an organization for maintaining world peace. Possibly they would have preferred changes in the precise Versailles covenant, but not complete aloofness from the efforts of other nations. They were betrayed by leaders without convictions who were thinking in terms of group vote catching.
I do not want to see that same thing happen again. If our isolation after the last war was a contributing factor to the present war and to the economic instability of the past twenty years—and it seems plain that it was—a withdrawal from the problems and responsibilities of the world after this war would be sheer disaster. Even our relative geographical isolation no longer exists.
At the end of the last war not a single plane had flown across the Atlantic. Today that ocean is a mere ribbon, with airplanes making regular scheduled flights. The Pacific is only a slightly wider ribbon in the ocean of the air, and Europe and Asia are at our very doorstep.
You are citizens now and it will be your responsibility to defend your country not only with your guns but by your votes. The men elected to public office in the next year or two may well be holding their offices during the making of the peace. As after the last war, those in Congress will determine the legislation affecting that peace. Those in other high offices will profoundly affect the attitude of their respective parties toward it.
Pleads for Strong Leaders
As citizens who may be called on to give your very lives to preserve your country's freedom, for God's sake elect to important office men who will not make a mockery of that sacrifice. Make sure that you choose leaders who have principles and the courage to state them plainly. Not men who examine each shift of sentiment and watch the polls of public opinion to learn where they stand. I beg of you, vote for straight-out men—not wobblers. This is no time for ambiguity.
I am confident, as I stand here now, that the sentiment in every city and every town and in almost every homestead of this entire land is that when we have won this war— and by that I mean when we have completely subdued those whose will and practice would be to enslave the world— when we have thus freed ourselves from threat of slavery and many millions from its very bonds—we have only cleared the way for our real task.
We must then use the full force of our influence and enlightenment as a nation to plan and establish continuing agencies under which a new world may develop—a world worth the fight and the sacrifice we have made for it.
For America must choose one of three courses after this war: Narrow isolationism, which inevitably means the loss of our own liberty; international imperialism, which means the sacrifice of some other nation's liberty; or the creation of a world in which there shall be an equality of opportunity for every race and every nation. | <urn:uuid:6ca2d7aa-6a2b-4968-ad14-b12286a9ad2f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"url": "http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/1942-05-11a.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860608.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00235-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9731124639511108,
"token_count": 2523,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
This Feegee Mermaid, among the largest ever discovered at nearly 6ft long, will be on display at the Haunted Village in Las Vegas through October. Because of it’s large size and excellent condition science has been able to uncover more secrets of the mermaids life and evolution than ever before. Far from a amalgamated half man half fish, the feegee (or fiji or feejee) mermaid is fully mammal, although one belong to a previously unknown genus. Osteological analysis points to an ancestor either among the bats or prosimians. Evolutionary biologists believe that the ancestor likely found itself storm swept to a resource poor island in the fijian archaepelago, and took to the sea for food. Over time its arborial or flight structures were adapted for swimming, a process known as retrograde evolution and most familiar outside the scientific community as the process by which penguins evolved from flying birds.
Feegee mermaids are born only a few inches in length, and grow incredibly slowly throughout their lives. Specimens therefore are extremely rare, and usually both small and damaged. It is believed this Feegee was nearly 50 years old at the time of it’s death. | <urn:uuid:dd883831-68eb-485f-9b3d-245763933080> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://blog.dappercadaver.com/2007/08/26/worlds-largest-feegee-mermaid/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=0772592eec",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929656.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00188-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9716604948043823,
"token_count": 250,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Today (Monday, April 14, 2014), SpaceX is scheduled to launch a modified Falcon 9 rocket on a resupply mission to the International Space Station. The launch is scheduled for 20:58 UTC (4:58 p.m. EDT), and you can watch it live on NASA TV or Ustream (I prefer the latter; there’s less lag in the video stream).
This third mission for SpaceX to the ISS has some interesting stuff going on. I think the most exciting is the Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science, or OPALS. Spacecraft currently communicate with the ground via radio transmissions, the signal encoded with information much the way as how a radio in your car works. OPALS will use an optical light laser for this instead, which is a big leap forward if it works. Lasers take very little power, and the shorter wavelength of optical light means a lot more info can be encoded into the beam. This test will beam a video taken on ISS along with other information down to the ground.
When I was a kid, I read all of science-fiction author Larry Niven’s stuff, and his ships communicated using lasers (they played key roles in several stories, too). When I got older I realized how many advantages there were to using lasers instead of radio, and now it’s becoming a reality. Score another one for sci-fi.
Two other payloads include a suite of hi-def cameras that will take video of Earth (to test which designs work best in space) and a nifty package (called Veggie) that will allow the astronauts to grow vegetable plants in space using LED lights.
But there’s still another cool thing: SpaceX will be testing the hardware needed to have the first stage of the Falcon 9 rocket land itself for reuse. This is an idea they’ve been testing with their Grasshopper series of test flights, using landing legs stowed on the side of the booster. After the stage separation (and the second stage lofts the Dragon capsule up into space), the booster will execute a burn to slow down, and the legs will deploy during the burn. This will all happen over the Atlantic Ocean, so it’s not an actual full-up landing burn; it’ll be a splashdown! But it’ll test many of the needed systems for an eventual and literal landing. SpaceX says the odds of this being a completely successful test are low, but it’s worth giving it a shot.
Once the Dragon capsule is in orbit it’ll rendezvous with ISS and berth on April 16. If there is a delay in launch, the next possible launch date is April 18. Various hardware issues on the Dragon and ISS have delayed the original scheduled launch, but engineers have decided it’s a go for today.
SpaceFlightNow will have fairly up-to-date messages loading on its site for more information. I’ll be watching and live-tweeting as well, of course. Watching a rocket launch is always fun, so I hope you’ll join in. | <urn:uuid:478fe9d3-cec3-4dee-8787-a544b2faa9a1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"url": "https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/spacex-launch-third-mission-to-the-iss-ready-to-go.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00152.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9327934384346008,
"token_count": 638,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
} |
The New International Encyclopædia/Newbern
NEWBERN. A city, port of entry of the Pamlico district, and the county-seat of Craven County, N. C., 107 miles southeast of Raleigh; on the Neuse River at its confluence with the Trent, and on the Atlantic and North Carolina and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads (Map: North Carolina, E 2). It is connected by steamships with New York, Baltimore, and Norfolk, passing through inland water routes, and exports fish, cotton, lumber, and vegetables. It has hosiery and knitting mills, cottonseed oil and lumber mills, machine shops, canning, barrel, carriage, fertilizer, and cigar factories, and extensive fish and oyster and truck-gardening interests. The most prominent architectural features of the city are the Government building, the county court house, and two bridges over the Neuse and Trent rivers, both affording fine views of river scenery. The government, under a charter of 1899, is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Newbern was settled by Swiss in 1710, was for a time the capital of the Province of North Carolina, and for many years was its most important seaport. It was strongly fortified during the Civil War, but was captured by General Burnside, March 14, 1862, after a severe engagement three miles from the city, the Union loss being about 100 killed and 500 wounded. Population, in 1890, 7843; in 1900, 9090. | <urn:uuid:5c99b201-69b0-42c8-953d-53b01e62eb96> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Newbern",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319992.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623031127-20170623051127-00474.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9669209718704224,
"token_count": 336,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
} |
“Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high
Where knowledge is free
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments
By narrow domestic walls
Where words come out from the depth of truth
Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way
Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit
Where the mind is led forward by thee
Into ever-widening thought and action
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.”
– Rabindranath Tagore, poem 35, Geetanjali, 1912
India’s long-awaited national policy on education rides on many expectations, millions of dreams of its children, hopes and aspirations of its young people, waiting for the promises made to them by none less than the country’s constitution.
For sixty years, despite all its schemes to ‘universalise access’, the country only ‘endeavoured’ to provide something it called education, reluctantly doling out poorly resourced, uninteresting and often inaccessible schools to the majority, and mostly dysfunctional colleges for the few who could resist being pushed out much earlier.
With effect from April 1, 2010, for children between the ages of 6 and 14, the constitution made it a fundamental right, no longer left hanging as a promise, at the behest of the state. The Right to Education Act stated that “every child of the age six to 14 years shall have a right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school till completion of elementary education” (clause3.1).
Moreover, the Act laid down that ‘compulsory’ implied it was the obligation of the state to ensure admission, attendance and completion of good quality education, and ensure that a child belonging to a weaker section or disadvantaged group is not discriminated against and prevented from pursuing and completing elementary education on any grounds (clause 8).
In addition, it laid down in detail the quality of education every child was entitled to, including building up the child’s knowledge, potentiality and talent; learning through activities, discovery and exploration in a child friendly manner; making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety and helping the child express views freely (clause 29). This right for India’s children was the path to the ‘heaven of freedom’ Tagore was praying for as early as 1901 (he later translated the Bengali poem into English, published in Geetanjali).
The National Education Policy 2020, unfortunately, does not seem to even acknowledge what the constitution mandates for all its children. It comes during an unprecedented pandemic, with over fifty thousand new cases being recorded each day, millions displaced after loss of livelihoods, children locked out of schools, deprived of their mid-day meals, even dying of exhaustion while walking or being dragged hundreds of kilometres back to their villages.
The economy is in a state of crisis and educational institutions have been shut for months, yet the NEP is now quietly approved by the cabinet, with no discussion in the parliament. It had taken its own time in the making, with different committees and reports; a five-hundred page Draft NEP (DNEP) was released in June 2019, with the names and signatures of the committee members, the drafting committee as well as the peer reviewers. After having taken over five years to be scripted, and coming over three decades after the last education policy, what was the anxious urgency for it to be ushered in under the present conditions?
Also, what was the reason for the confusion surrounding the ‘final’ policy? Among the various NEP documents doing the rounds on the day it was approved, there was one 60 page document (with the file name ‘For Circulation’ received by many through ‘reliable’ sources), the 71 page document given to the press in May 2020, or even the 484 page 2019 draft on the ministry site being confused as ‘the’ policy – but why was the actual ‘final’ 66 page document eventually released on the official website almost two days later?
On July 29 immediately after the cabinet approval, many media anchors and political commentators had confidently presented their analysis on the basis of other drafts, not the ‘final’ document. Yogendra Yadav, a leading political scientist actively engaged with education, physically displayed the 60-page NEP document, and lauded the extension of the Right to Education (RTE) Act from age 6-14 years to 3-18 years. He also commented on the Rashtriya Shiksha Ayog, a proposed apex body for overall governance headed by the Prime Minister, that was in the 2019 draft (23.1). He said the idea of RSA had been opposed by many and the policy now mentioned the education minister as chairperson. However, both these major facts were not true, were nowhere in the ‘final’ policy document which emerged two days later!
So what was happening? What could explain this lapse, considering there were significant differences in these multiple documents? Moreover, why did the final document not have any names, at least of the members of the committee, officially appointed by the government and always prominently displayed in policy reports? What about those who had drafted it, and those who may have summarised the longer 2019 document? Is it possible that the final document was still being finalised while it was being approved?
Also what was intriguing were the alternative drafts that seemed to have been strategically kept ready; after the strong protests in Tamil Nadu on Hindi being made compulsory in DNEP 2019, the clause was immediately replaced and another draft was released without the committee having to meet again.
There are clearly many unanswered questions that will in due course need to be explored as part of the long historic journey this document has traversed, through its ‘multiple pathways’, while perhaps internal negotiations between varied interest groups might also reveal the tensions of policy articulation. Insider insights can provide critical contributions to policy analysis, and a book we still refer to in our education courses is The Education Commission and After by the eminent educator and thinker J.P. Naik, twenty five years later reflecting on the Kothari Commission, of which he was the member secretary.
However, the present committee did not seem to have any educationist who could provide critical perspectives, which is also probably why the document is bereft of a socio-historical analysis of past policy interventions, the challenges for the current policy as well as a coherently articulated vision for education.
Unlike other policy documents that elaborate on a transformative vision of social justice as embedded in the constitution, this document hastily states its intention (p6): “An education system rooted in (the) Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into a vibrant knowledge society, by providing high quality education to all, and thereby making India a global knowledge superpower” ….with ‘truly global citizens’.
The policy begins by stating upfront that the ‘lofty goals’ of the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development adopted by India in 2015, especially Goal 4 (SDG4) to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all”, will require the entire education system to be reconfigured to support and foster learning (p 4). However, the reconfiguring threatens to lead to a deeply stratified and exclusive design, which in fact, even goes against the existing constitutional mandate of the RTE, with no commitment to extend it.
The constitution and its values are invariably prefaced, their import in a way effaced, with the terms such as fundamental duties or ethical and human values, so that the more mundane ‘respect for public property’ can precede equality or justice. In the long list of the fundamental principles that are meant to guide NEP (p. 5), one of the bullet points says it all:
“- ethics and human and constitutional values like empathy, respect for others, cleanliness, courtesy, democratic spirit, spirit of service, respect for public property, scientific temper, liberty, responsibility, pluralism, equality and justice.”
Interestingly, the 60p document ‘for circulation’ says (4.23) that while students will have the flexibility to choose their curricula, “some subjects and skills must be learned by all to become good, … adaptable and productive human beings in a rapidly changing world” (incidentally, many countries adopting a neo-liberal discourse are shifting their aims of education from those that call for ‘transforming society’ to adapting to a fast-changing world).
An interminably long list of ‘subjects and skills’ breathlessly flows out in one sentence – scientific temper and evidence based thinking; creativity and innovativeness; …….. sense of aesthetics and art, knowledge and practice of human and constitutional values (such as patriotism, sacrifice, non-violence, truth, honesty, peace, righteous conduct, forgiveness, tolerance, mercy, sympathy, helpfulness, cleanliness, courtesy, pluralism, responsibility, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity); etc. However, in the final document, the bracketed twenty values are incised from this section.
There is a serious move towards greater centralisation – through existing or proposed national institutions, such as the NCERT, the National Research Fund, the National Assessment Centre (now named PARAKH), National Testing Agency, National Educational Technology Forum, Higher Education Commission of India and many others – which departs from the constitutional concurrent status of education, where states make their policies, develop curricula, assessments, teacher recruitment norms, etc. as part of the federal structure of governance. In fact, on the same grounds, legal experts had opined that the RSA should not be proposed and many states had objected to it.
It is crucial that closer legal scrutiny is made regarding many of the major proposals made in this policy for what it calls the restructuring of school education. Firstly, NEP regresses to the terminology of providing ‘universal access’, not ensuring participation and completion as a right. More damagingly, it legitimises compromising with quality and calls for ‘alternative models of education’, through ‘multiple pathways’ which also include non-formal and open schooling (courses A, B and C equivalent to classes 3,5 and 8) by the national or state institutes of open schooling.
While the policy explicitly mentions gurukuls, madrasas, homeschooling, etc. it chooses to remain silent about the plethora of substandard low-fee private schools and the many Ekal vidyalayas run by right wing organisations. These can conveniently fall under ‘alternate models’ which circumvent compliance with the RTE, are not affiliated to any board, and get their children to appear only for the Open School examinations at the primary level. Sadly, this has been happening even before the policy legitimises them with new euphemisms. Indeed, the institute of open schooling has become a safe refuge for government school systems, such as in Delhi, to shunt out their ‘weak’ students, make them invisible after class 8 or 9, because their marks in the board examinations do not show up in the CBSE results and sully the advertisements the state government places on the front pages of newspapers.
The policy repeatedly insinuates that the regulatory framework (of RTE) for opening new schools is very restrictive and will be loosened “to ensure that all students, particularly from underprivileged and disadvantaged sections, shall have universal, free and compulsory access to high-quality and equitable schooling from early childhood care and education (age 3 onwards) through higher secondary education (i.e. until Grade 12)”(section 8.8).
Having brokered a bargain to do away with RTE, it assures that the emphasis will be on ‘outcomes’, not inputs. Requirements “will be loosened, to allow suitable flexibility for each school to take its own decisions based on local needs and constraints”. Its invitation to non-government philanthropic organisations (section 3.6), through “public philanthropic partnership” – a new twist to the acronym PPP – is a way to piously avoid the term private, to show that education remains ‘not-for-profit’, which it must by law, while openly pushing to expand the market.
In devising a Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Stage (age 3-8 years) by combining three years of Early Childhood Care and Education (age 3-6 years under the anganwadi workers) and grades one and two of primary schools, it offers a minimalist curriculum and, worryingly, opens the space to minimally trained volunteers, community members and also child-tutors from the same school. Not only is the term ‘tutoring’ out of place in a national policy document, having primary children ‘tutor’ others is quite unheard of. Educational theories recognise that learning is a social constructivist process where children construct knowledge not individually but while interacting with each other or with adults, but peer-learning is not ‘peer- tutoring’.
Its centralised focus on state examinations even in grades 3, 5 and 8 in addition to the board examinations in grades 10 and 12 runs contrary to the RTE which had banned children from being subjected to any board examination till grade 8, and even its modified section 16 allows a regular school examination. Similarly, it pushes for “national textbooks with local content and flavour” (section 4.31) where textbooks contain “the essential core materials deemed important on a national level, but at the same time contain any desired nuances and supplementary materials as per local contexts and needs”.
The notion of deciding ‘essential core content’ at the national level and allowing states to only garnish with ‘local nuances or flavours’, problematically impinges upon their constitutional role to develop their own curricula. It also goes against principles of curriculum development which demand that it is culturally rooted in the experiences and environment of learners.
Moreover, the record of the same national institutions in tinkering with textbooks or deleting crucial chapters under the pretext of reducing curriculum during the pandemic crisis or otherwise, does not inspire confidence in the quality of such academic adventure.
One can only hope that this iconic poem by Faiz, Subah-e-Azaadi from Chapter 1 of the NCERT grade 12 textbook “Political Science in India Since Independence” will indeed remain among the essential national core content:
The Dawn of Freedom
This scarred, marred brightness, this bitten-by-night dawn
The one that was awaited, surely, this is not that dawn.
Teacher education, which has been an area of serious concern, is being sought to be restructured, but the track record of policy interventions in this area is not encouraging. Over 90% of teacher education institutes are run by the private sector and most offer very poor quality programmes at commercially high costs. With no serious commitment for investing in high quality public education, poor regulatory mechanisms, and little evidence of recruitment of good teachers at all levels in the past, the rhetoric of a robust culture of autonomous, innovative and motivated teaching faculty fails to convince.
On the other hand, the introduction of a tenure track, longer probations, multiple levels of a salary scale, performance appraisals through peer, student and community review, ‘flexible’ modular on-line choices for professional development point to more possibilities of good people feeling harassed and constrained in the profession. What is happening to some of our best teachers who strive and stand up for justice for their students or for others in society is now before us.
Reading a new policy happens in a given context, and for this one, we have had some years to see where it is coming from and which direction it is taking. Thousands of schools have already been closed or merged in the name of efficiency; NEP justifies school complexes where teachers will be assigned and shared, and large colleges to house 3000 at a time.
Enrolments in higher education will be enlarged through open and on-line courses, and half of school and college enrolments will be diverted to vocational education, which is more ‘skills’ than ‘knowledge’. Crafting newer hierarchies through the education system, the policy remains in denial of the socio-historical underpinnings of disadvantage, deprivation and exclusion, and fumbles with acronyms to merge and blur the identities shaped by these realities.
What it means to be a Dalit or a Muslim child today, how teachers and other students look at a physically challenged girl or a poor tribal boy is mirrored in the expectations the system has from them, and traces their trajectories within and beyond school. In the policy, they all lie clubbed under the acronym SEDG – socio economically disadvantaged groups (the DNEP 2019 had baptised them as URG – underrepresented groups).
Knowing that many, many students may have already been pushed out during the pandemic, or hurled into the deepening digital divide, let yet another celebration of independence not snatch from our children the small tickets to the heaven of freedom our constitution has given them.
Anita Rampal was a professor and dean at the Faculty of Education, Delhi University. | <urn:uuid:75796e4e-767e-491c-a500-c7d6521d8db7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://thewire.in/education/national-education-national-education-policy-right-to-education",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364932.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302221633-20210303011633-00473.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.959875762462616,
"token_count": 3602,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Piano Town: a method for beginning piano students ages six and up. The course of study is divided into five levels with each level having four correlated books:Lessons - the core of Piano Town. Each concept is presented in a consistent, reliable format, helping the student to focus on new skills and information.Theory - provides page by page support for each concept introduced in Lessons so that theoretical knowledge keeps pace with performance skill.Technic - provides page by page support for the technical skills introduced in Lessons. Each new exercise isolated one element of piano technic, giving the student a chance to focus on each specific skill.Performance - offers students an opportunity to apply what they have learned in Lessons. The variety of folk songs, familiar tunes, original music, and classical literature are ideal for use in recitals and festivals. | <urn:uuid:6cafe353-36e1-47bd-b85c-d41a664a9d92> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "https://www.musicroom.com/product-detail/product67891/variant67891/piano-town-level-3-performance/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00742.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9508731365203857,
"token_count": 166,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
} |
by Dwayne Day
Inside the halls of Dynetics, engineers are working on using the F-1 to help boost later versions of the SLS. (credit: Dynetics)
After the Saturn V became a memory, it rapidly developed its own mythology. One of the myths that grew up around it was that NASA “lost” the blueprints, or even worse, deliberately destroyed them, sort of like burning one’s ships so that your crew could only go forward. That was untrue. In fact, NASA had an active knowledge retention program to preserve information about many of Saturn’s components, most importantly the engines. Even though NASA had already started development of the Space Shuttle, many within the agency hoped that they could do other projects in the future, and they might someday need the Saturn’s engines, including its hydrogen/oxygen powered J-2 engine that equipped the rocket’s second and third stages, and the massive kerosene/oxygen powered F-1 that gave the Saturn its initial lift. In the early 1990s, Rocketdyne proposed restarting F-1 engine production for a new rocket. Their engineers believed that they could make it less expensive than during Apollo, although those plans never progressed very far. The company revisited these plans several times in the intervening years.
|And now some people are hoping for the F-1 to make a comeback.|
Although the F-1 and J-2 engine plans still existed, over time NASA and the companies involved in the production of these rockets lost knowledge about them as people retired or forgot about how to operate them. In addition, manufacturing processes changed, meaning that even if these engines were revived, they would not be built in the same way they had during the 1960s.
The J-2 engine has been resurrected, with NASA and manufacturer Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne (now Aerojet Rocketdyne) testing the engine at Stennis Space Center. The J-2X is planned to serve as the upper stage engine for the Space Launch System, or SLS. Now some people have begun to revisit the idea of using the F-1 again. In 2012, NASA awarded a study contract to a team led by the Huntsville-based company Dynetics and including the original F-1 manufacturer, Rocketdyne. The companies will investigate the potential for using the F-1 in boosters attached to an updated version of the SLS. NASA issued several contracts for the Advanced Booster Engineering Demonstration and/or Risk Reduction effort. Dynetics is a company that provides engineering solutions for the defense, aerospace, and commercial industries. The company has grown rapidly in recent years, including opening a new high-tech research and development facility known as its Solutions Complex, with a central spine hallway running down the long building that gives it the look of a high-tech development complex straight out of a Hollywood movie.
NASA is currently building the SLS as a heavy-lift rocket to boost humans beyond low Earth orbit. Right now the plan is for SLS to be built and upgraded in blocks. Block 1 is planned for first flight in 2017, with a follow-on flight in 2021. It will be capable of carrying 70 metric tons into orbit using four RS-25 (Space Shuttle Main Engine) core stage engines and five-segment solid rocket motors. The second stage will consist of a Delta IV upper stage. NASA currently owns 25 RS-25D engines left over from the Space Shuttle program, but only 16 are useable for the SLS program and they will not be recovered. These would eventually be replaced by the RS-25E, designed to be a cheaper, expendable version of the same engine.
Although it is not yet officially planned to fly, a Block 1A version of the SLS could enter service after 2021. It would add advanced boosters, increasing the payload capability to 105 tons, but would not incorporate the J-2X engine in its upper stage. Block 2 would add a completely new upper stage incorporating J-2X engines, and would have a nominal capability of placing 130 tons into low Earth orbit. By comparison, the Saturn V was capable of placing 118 tons into orbit, and 45 tons on a translunar injection trajectory.
Illustration of an SLS launching with Pyrios boosters, powered by F-1 engines. (credit: Dynetics)
In October 2012, the Dynetics-led team was awarded a 30-month, $73.3-million contract to study several aspects of the advanced booster, including risk reduction for the engine and the booster structure. This could eventually lead to developing advanced boosters each powered by two F-1 engines. NASA has also been studying the F-1 largely as a training effort to develop engine design skills for younger engineers.
|If NASA adds two advanced boosters each powered by two F-1B engines to the SLS core stage, this would actually boost the overall SLS Block 2 performance to 150 metric tons, 20 tons over the requirement.|
Aerojet Rocketdyne has designated the new engines as F-1B. During the early 1970s Rocketdyne apparently used the designations F-1B and even F-1C for possible future versions of the engine. At least one of these rocket engines would have been for a reusable flyback Saturn S-IC first stage. In addition to the proposed early 1990s revival of the engine previously mentioned, by the late 1990s Rocketdyne considered using a version of the engine in a flyback booster for the Space Shuttle, this time designating it the F-1 Block II. More recently, the company evaluated an “F-1C” design for a commercial customer—probably United Launch Alliance—but that project did not go forward and therefore no details have been made public.
If NASA adds two advanced boosters each powered by two F-1B engines to the SLS core stage, this would actually boost the overall SLS Block 2 performance to 150 metric tons, 20 tons over the requirement. The team investigating the F-1 approach has calculated that if they emphasized performance over cost, they could achieve at least 160 metric tons, but at high cost. But Dynetics’s goal is to drive down cost wherever possible, and the F-1B would already provide more performance than current NASA mission concepts require.
During their initial evaluation, the Dynetics-led team looked at several booster/tank diameter combinations. Other options included three RD-180 and three RS-84 engines. The RD-180 is the Russian-built engine currently used to power the Atlas V rocket. The RS-84 was a proposed Rocketdyne LOX/kerosene rocket engine capable of approximately 5.16 million newtons (1.16 million pounds) of thrust. The RS-84 was supposed to be reusable, but it was not pursued to actual testing, and development ended in the early 2000s.
Dynetics has named their booster Pyrios, after one of the horses that pulled Greek sun god Helios’ chariot. Pyrios would consist of a boattail and aft skirt above two F-1B engines. Above this would be the kerosene fuel tank, an intertank, a liquid oxygen tank, a forward skirt, and a nose cone. Pyrios would have the same attachment points as the SRBs on the Block 1. To reduce cost, the booster tanks and skirts would use Aluminum 2219 friction stir welded into structures 5.5 meters (18 feet) in diameter.
The Dynetics-led team has looked at a family of booster options, including a Block 1A rocket with their boosters, which would be capable of 103–120 metric tons, and a “Single-Stick” rocket with the canceled Ares I J-2X-powered upper stage capable of launching 32 tons.
The engine would use the proven elements of the F-1 and the simplifications and performance enhancements of the F-1A. Several F-1A engines were built and tested as a follow-on to the F-1 engine. The new engine would be capable of 8 million newtons (1.8 million pounds) of thrust at sea level, which could be throttled down to 5.8 million newtons (1.3 million pounds.) This allows operators to tailor the thrust profile for each flight and vehicle configuration as necessary.
The new engine would include a number of modernized low-cost components. These are a hot-isotatic press bond constructed channel wall main combustion chamber and channel wall nozzle. The F-1 is a gas generator cycle engine using low pressures. A gas generator engine uses some of its propellant to turn the turbomachinery before venting it outside of the exhaust.
The original F-1 and F-1A had a large exhaust manifold that curved halfway down the outside of the exhaust nozzle and vented into the nozzle. The exhaust, although hot, was significantly cooler than the hot gasses in the thrust chamber, and the cooler exhaust flowed down the inside side of the nozzle, serving as a heat buffer and preventing the primary exhaust from burning through the nozzle. Two of the highest cost engine components, the turbine exhaust manifold and nozzle extension, would be eliminated in the F-1B, and the tube wall thrust chamber assembly would be replaced. Dynetics has released concept illustrations and displayed a model showing the new engine with a large exhaust duct running down the side of the exhaust bell rather than curving into the bell like on the F-1A, thereby simplifying construction of the exhaust structure. It looks distinctly different from the F-1A, but it is still massive. Because of the lower pressures in a gas generator engine it can be constructed out of conventional and low-cost materials such as aluminum throughout the primary flow paths.
|If budget cuts demand it, NASA could abandon the J-2X upper stage and instead go with the Block 1A version of the rocket, which would certainly benefit from the increased performance of the F-1B advanced boosters.|
Modern technology makes it possible to make a number of other changes to the engine to improve overall performance, reliability, and ease of manufacture. The original F-1 engines were essentially hand-crafted, with many parts being welded together by a skilled welder. Although computer-controlled machines are now capable of taking over many welding jobs, engineers prefer to avoid welding whenever possible, casting a few large parts rather than welding together many smaller ones. As a result, they have reduced the parts count on one major section of the engine from 5,600 individual parts to only 40. That reduces cost, increases reliability, and simplifies many other processes. No more hand-crafted welding required.
Another major change is how the engine starts up. The original F-1 was built somewhat like a wind-up clock: as one part of the startup sequence occurred it would mechanically or in some other way trigger the next part of the startup sequence and so on. Those who have looked at it today marvel at how clever it is. But they plan on replacing most of that with modern computer-controlled systems, which should also increase their ability to control and fine-tune the engine.
The Dynetics-led team is pursuing a 30-month duration risk reduction plan as part of this work. They will build a full-scale cryotank assembly for Pyrios in order to verify the structural design.
Diagram of the F-1 engines incorporated into the Pyrios booster. (credit: Dynetics)
If they are someday selected, the Pyrios boosters with their F-1B engines would replace the five-segment Solid Rocket Boosters currently under development for the SLS. But Pyrios is not the only possible option for the SLS Block 2. ATK, which produced the fuel for the Space Shuttle’s Solid Rocket Boosters and is developing the upgraded five-segment version of the shuttle booster for the SLS, has also proposed an advanced booster and received a contract from NASA to further study it.
The advanced booster would have a composite case made from low-cost, high-strength fibers, and would reduce the number of segments from five to four, although the overall length would remain the same as the boosters currently under development for Block 1. It would also incorporate an electric thrust vector control system, simplified forward and aft structures, and design features to improve launch site processing. The fuel mixture would be a higher-energy hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant instead of the polybutadiene-acrylonitile used for the shuttle and the Block 1 SLS. According to ATK, in order to achieve the 130-metric-ton payload requirement, the ATK solid booster would also require a fifth RS-25 engine in the SLS core stage.
The most notable difference between the Block 1 solid rocket boosters and the proposed Block 2 advanced solid boosters is an oblique nose cone, angled toward the SLS core segment and similar to the boosters on the Ariane 5. ATK artwork of the booster depicts it a different color than the white-painted boosters used for the shuttle program. Of course the booster could still be painted white, although paint adds mass to the vehicle—the core stage of the SLS is currently white in artist images, but will be covered by the same insulation used for the Space Shuttle’s external tank and will most likely be the same orange color.
Diagram of the overall Pyrios booster. (credit: Dynetics)
Although the SLS Block 1 is nearing its final definition, later refinements are still undetermined. The SLS design is still in some flux, although in late 2012 the core stage passed a key stage in development, the preliminary design review. The latest publicly available data on the rocket indicate that the core stage is being designed to the more robust requirements of the Block 1A version rather than the Block 1, enabling it to include the advanced boosters without additional modifications. This makes sense, because NASA’s goal is to eventually upgrade the rocket and it is cheaper to include certain aspects from the start rather than adding structure to a finalized design that might fly only a few times. But it also means that if budget cuts demand it, NASA could abandon the J-2X upper stage and instead go with the Block 1A version of the rocket, which would certainly benefit from the increased performance of the F-1B advanced boosters, enabling it to achieve nearly the Block 2 performance goals. A bigger upper stage, possibly provided by a foreign partner like Japan, could be added later.
|Although the J-2X is a legacy design, it uses modern materials and components. Its development has been slowed down to save money, and NASA will be throttling engine development budgets the way it seeks to throttle rocket engines.|
But as with any complex system, the devil is in the details. Any change to the Block 1 SLS will require changes to the ground infrastructure that supports it. For example, adding liquid booster rockets to the SLS will require changes to the Mobile Launch Platform to enable kerosene and additional liquid oxygen to be pumped into the rocket on the pad, and will also require additional liquid oxygen storage at the launch site as well as provision for kerosene storage. Although Launch Complex 39B was originally built to support the Saturn V and had provision for kerosene storage, the storage tanks and piping were removed when the facility was converted to the shuttle program and would have to be rebuilt.
NASA has undertaken extensive work to turn LC-39B into a “clean pad” capable of operating different kinds of boosters, which will bring their support infrastructure with them atop the Mobile Launch Platform. Part of this work has involved changing the massive flame trenches underneath the pad. Although the pad looks like a concrete mound that rises up from the nearly sea-level ground around it, the pad is actually a hollow structure covered in concrete, and in June construction crews began cutting into the pad so that the flame trenches—which have eroded after dozens of shuttle launches—can be reformed.
Along with the ATK and Dynetics contract awards in summer 2012, NASA also selected a booster-tank proposal for Northrop Grumman’s Aerospace Systems. The company will build a subscale composite tank. In addition, Aerojet General Corp. has been working on an Air Force contract to develop its AJ-1E6 engine capable of 4.4 million newtons (one million pounds) of thrust (“1E6” is engineering terminology for one followed by six zeros). The AJ-1E6 is a modified version of the Russian NK-33 engine used for the Soviet N-1 Moon rocket and now powering the first stage of the Orbital Sciences Antares rocket. The AJ-1E6 could also power advanced boosters for the Space Launch System.
Rocketdyne is wrapping up the J-2X liquid oxygen-hydrogen engine for the Block 2. This project was started during the previous Constellation program and was supposed to serve as the upper stage engine for both the Ares I and Ares V rockets. Although the J-2X is a legacy design, it uses modern materials and components. Its development has been slowed down to save money, and NASA will be throttling engine development budgets the way it seeks to throttle rocket engines.
The January test of the gas generator at Marshall Space Flight Center was only the first of eleven planned tests and has since been followed by several more. It was conducted by NASA, which has been taking apart and examining several legacy F-1 engines as part of an engineering training program independent of the Dynetics and Rocketdyne work. NASA has already scanned some of the engine components as the first part of a process intended to make it cheaper to manufacture them in the future. After completing its tests, NASA will turn over its data to the Dynetics team, and Rocketdyne will conduct tests of the full engine powerpack, consisting of both the gas generator and the turbomachinery, but without the engine’s thrust chamber. Powerpack tests allow engineers to more fully explore the engine operating conditions, determining the best fuel mixtures, internal pressures, and other criteria. The company has no current plans for a test of a complete F-1B engine.
NASA engineers have calculated that sending a human mission to Mars orbit—not even landing—could require up to 400 metric tons sent to the Earth-Moon L1 departure point. This is a huge amount of mass, roughly equivalent to the International Space Station. Such a mission would require twenty launches of an SLS Block 1, or ten launches of an SLS Block 2. At the current planned rate of one launch every few years—dictated solely by projected budgets and not operational limitations—such a mission would not be possible. During congressional testimony in mid-June, several highly-respected longtime advisors to the United States’ civil space program were asked when they thought it would be possible to send humans to Mars given currently projected funding levels. Their response was sobering: “Never.”
The last time a Saturn V rocket powered by F-1 engines lifted off was the Skylab Orbital Workshop in 1973. There is a long way to go between the current fiscal situation and sending humans beyond low Earth orbit. But perhaps, on some clear night in Florida in the 2020s, the sky will once again glow orange and it will appear as if the sun is rising out of the swampland. Slowly, ever so slowly, an SLS Block 2 will lift off the ground. It would be over half a century later, but the mighty F-1 would once again burn and its thunder will echo across the swamps and the ocean, pushing humans once more into deep space. | <urn:uuid:5369f2a6-450d-45e7-8c40-19ad3f9c069d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"url": "https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2410/1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00308.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9597569108009338,
"token_count": 4066,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
} |
It was in 1933 when the "Middle Class Organization" committee in Haifa, decided to establish a new residential neighborhood "outdoors" the big city, in search of a better life quality of its members, yet still in close vicinity to their working places.
After long negotiations with the Jewish National Fund (k.k.l), a part of "Gidro" sandy & swampy lands in Zebulon valley in Haifa bay, were allocated for this purpose. It was then decided to name the new neighborhood after the Zionist activist leader Arie Leo (leib) Motzkin (1867-1933).
The foundation ceremony took place on a Tuesday's afternoon, 9 October 1934.
Its founders established their life on cooperative ideology, based on mutual assistance, granting free activity & free initiatives, especially in commerce & domain services.
Land measuring started, as well as sand evacuation & land flattening, a 400 land plot plan was designed, to be divided (by installment payments), between the founders by lottery.
The first building was the "Water Tower", inaugurated in March 1935. In December 1935, 61 houses were in building process; in 1936 the first school "Achdut" (unity), was established, in May 1937 the "300 houses" celebration took place. & in 1940, there were already 2000 inhabitants in Kiryat Motzkin.
Until 1940, Kiryat Motzkin was administered by an elected local executive committee, its first chairman was appointed by the British mandatory governor. In 1941, the council chairman was elected by the inhabitants. In 1950, first free elections took place, in the Free State of Israel. In 1976 (reaching a population of 25000), Kiryat Motzkin was declared a city.
During Second World War, Kiryat Motzkin suffered from German\Italian air bombarding, as neighbor to the British refineries & military port in Haifa. Nevertheless, despite the economical worth situation & against mandatory laws, Jewish holocaust refugees from Europe, "illegal immigrants" (according mandatory government), were hidden & rehabilitated by its inhabitants.
During Israel's "Independence War", Kiryat Motzkin & its 3500 inhabitants had an important & strategic role, as the far north neighborhood between Haifa & western Galilee. It served as a front defense line against gang's attacks. At its northern bounds took place "the ammunition convoy battle", which strongly affected the fights over Haifa's liberation. Its water tower served as an observation & Morse code standpoint, connecting between cut off settlements in western Galilee & Haifa.
At the early 50th after the establishment of the independent state of Israel, immigration waves from East Europe & North Africa increased & almost doubled Kiryat motzkin's population.
Committee - Town Council Chairman - & City Mayors
- Mayor - Haim Zuri – since November 1993
- Mayor - Simcha Miller – 1984 to 1993
- Mayor – Moshe Goshen – 1976 to 1984
- Town Council Chairman - Moshe Goshen – 1959 to1976
- Town Council Chairman - Noah Aloni – 1958 to1959
- Town Council Chairman - Arieh Lieb Groshkevitz – 1945 to 1958
- Council Chairman - Arieh Lieb Groshkevitz – 1941 to 1945
- Council Chairman - Israel Shapira – 1940 to 1941
- Committee Chairman - Israel Shapira – 1938 to 1940
- Committee Chairman – Zeve Parush – 1937 to 1938
- Committee Chairman – (Rotation) – 1936 to 1937
- Committee Chairman - Fishel Breitman – from 15th may 1934 to 1936
Kiryat Motzkin is located in Zebulon Valley at Haifa bay, the north west of Israel. A plateau land at the southern boundaries of Western Galilee, at the foot of Carmel Mountains, & near the Mediterranean Sea shores.
The city expands upon a surface of 5,000 Dunams (1200 acres), with a population of 45.000 inhabitants (about 15,000 households). City's urban plans predict 60,000 inhabitants until 2020.
Kiryat Motzkin's neighbor cities are K.Yam (west), K. Bialik, (east), K. Haim (south) & Acre to the north.
Kiryat Motzkin, is considered & recognized as one of the unique cities in Israel by its high standards of life quality. As a small city, its 45000 inhabitants enjoy the advantage of personal acquaintance with their elected council member's as well as personal access to municipality personnel up to the city mayor.
Kiryat Motzkin is mostly a middle class community without classes’ polarity. According to the National Central Bureau of Statistics, life standard is one of the highest in Israel. About 80% of the city's inhabitants are flat owners, & about the same, owners of cars & housework facilities as (PC’s, VCR’s, A.C. etc.).
Kiryat Motzkin's adult population reaches 25.5% in academic & technical professions. In the education field the city does not fall from its status, 17.8% are university graduated.
Kiryat Motzkin is very well considered & known for being the "Green Island" of the region. About 15% of its surface is green area, when ever, were ever you will always find, green areas, gardens & parks, traffic circles & boulevards, all flourishing and well kept. Streets & sidewalks clean well lighted & well paved most sidewalks by decorative paving stone. Maintenance of high level standards is a daily & infinite task. Sometimes we wonder if the municipality's activity in that field affects it citizens, or may be vice versa …?
Education - General Survey
As a way of thinking, education in Kiryat Motzkin has always been at the top of the municipality preferences. From this point of view, constantly efforts carried out aiming to improve, promote & renew the city's education system.
Over 75 Nursery schools (15 private), day care centers & kindergartens are operating in Kiryat Motzkin, for children under 3 years of age, about 2000 kids, 7 Elementary Schools with 3000 pupils, 3 Junior High Schools - 1500 pupils, 2 High Schools - 1200 students & one technical high school – 200 students – right for 2017.
All school buildings are fat to innovative teaching, such as A.C classes, laboratories, computer labs & libraries. Special rooms allocated for special subjects such as mathematics, technology, zoology, etc. Special education programs integrated in subjects like English, general skills & more.
Science & culture center – "Ashkol Pais"
1n 1995 alongside the two new junior high schools, a new & modern science & culture center was inaugurated, "Ashkol Pais". The idea was promoting school's achievements in those areas. It includes most enhanced science & technology labs, meteorology & satellite stations, a small but well equipped auditorium (200 seats), sculpture & drawing workshops etc.
Studying classes are offered to close to 7000 students per year during day time, (all kindergartens through high school), and 1000 more in afternoon activities.
Kiryat Motzkin is a very tolerant community especially when it comes to relationships between its secular & religious inhabitants, tolerance nurtured by mutual respect. Although only 15 % of its population is religious by definition, yet more than 20 active synagogues both Sephardic & Ashkenazi can be found in the city, as well as 2 ritual baths (mikve).
City's education department holds a special cultural religious subdivision, its goal is bridging by exposing everyone to the Jewish heritage, history, holidays, way of life, folklore etc. mainly by lectures, quizzes, ritual celebrations etc. at kindergartens, schools & for adults.
Kiryat Motzkin absorbed more than 10000 new immigrants since 1990, the majority from former Soviet Union & Ethiopia.
Municipality's main goal is offering help & continuous assistance, advice & guidance in Israel in general, & in the city in particular, towards assimilation within the old community. Many employees are new comers themselves, simplifying work, by easy bridging & understanding immigrant's mentality & codes.
Special activities offered mainly culture & leisure such as, Hebrew lessons, ceramics, drawing, music, dancing, Jewish heritage, Israel's geography & tours following, etc.
Kiryat Motzkin blessed by a very highly qualified immigration, hoping to continue & absorb more in the future as a very high valued human resource.
Kiryat Motzkin's public library expands over 2500 square meters, inaugurated in 1998 as one of the greatest & modern public libraries in the country.
The Lending Division contains more than 40,000 books in four languages & for all ages. A full-computerized system serves more than 6000 subscribers. The Audio-Visual Division contains various music; at disposal are also special video documentation movies, on issues as, science, nature & Israeli movies, also at disposal internet services. "Talking Books” is a special service offered to myopias with sight problems. Study Division contains more than 20,000 books & is one of the most advanced, fully computerized & protected. Its services are offered free of charge to students & all inhabitants. Professional librarian staff advises & assists students at their homework & paper works. Initiated guidance for students is coordinated with schoolteachers.
A special project dedicated to introduce children to books, literature & poetry, is carried out by writers meetings.
“Fun-Game” Division operates a recreation room, for shared activities parents & children. There are also, special parenthood activities for parents & babies.
For adult enrichment disposal are writers & poets gatherings in the evenings.
Holocaust Center - Mashmaut
A unique subject for Jewish heritage, such as the holocaust & revival, Jewish tradition & values studied in cooperation with "Mashmaut (holocaust) Center". The whole project operated in cooperation with Israel's Education Ministry & "Yad Vashem", Israel's main commemoration institute\museum\library for the Holocaust.
Historical museum & archive – Beit Grushkevits
Kiryat Motzkin's historical museum is located at its first Council Chairman (1941-59) house, Mr. Arie Lieb Grushkevitz (1867-1960), one of the first houses (built 1936), inherited by him for public uses.
Since 1965, it served as public library. In 1995 after the inauguration of the new library, the building stood empty & neglected. In 2004 in honor of the 70th city celebrations, it was decided to start renovation procedure & turn it to city's Historical Museum. In 2005, it started operating & in August 2006, officially inaugurated.
It includes thousands of original documents, protocols & pictures, hundreds of exhibits & founders' family's life stories, audio video presentations & more. Educational studying plans for all school ages operated free, almost on daily bases. As city policy, no entrance fee are required from city's citizens.
Kiryat Motzkin joined "IACC", Israel Association of Community Centers in 1995, sharing the same goals. Namely, improving life quality, by flexible approach to a comprehensive range of programs, specially tailored to community needs.
Now a days 20 years later, 16 active community centers spread in the city, maintaining 7000 city's inhabitants, 1000 elder & senior citizens, 1500 adults & 4500 children.
Next to regular activities, we point out some special ones, such as the Amateur Theater "Hamasecha" (the mask). The modern dance group "Focus". The youngsters singing group "Kova Tembel" (a symbolic Israeli hat) & the elder group "Liron", etc. All, very highly requested all over the country for their professional performances.
Kiryat Motzkin's music conservatory operates as an independent association, closely supervised by the Israeli Ministry of Education. 250 students are registered at the conservatory. Most of its graduate (after 9-10 years of studies & formal exams), obtain the matriculation certificate.
Kiryat Motzkin takes care not only of its young generation, but also of its senior citizens. The city hosts a modern "elderly citizens' home" with 220 (single &\or double) rooms, including various medical services & other needs, alongside to three hostels with 550 (single &\or double) rooms altogether, mainly for elder immigrants.
"Gimlaim Venehenim" – "Happy Pensioners", is one of the largest, popular & active clubs in Kiryat Motzkin. More than 5000 senior pensioner citizens enjoy daily activities at the clubhouse, not to mention organized tours & vacations in Israel & abroad. Memorial House - "Yad Labanim"
Inaugurated in 1950, the institute's purpose is the memorization of Kiryat Motzkin's fallen soldiers & civilians since 1934, as well as taking care of the bereaved family's welfare.
The memorial house divided into 2 sections: The shrine, a hollow monument. The inner side covered with marble plates, with all the 197 fallen names engraved, 187 man, 5 women & 5 children. In the middle glows the "eternal candle". This part is open to the public only on special occasions, like Memorial Day, special delegations or personalities visit, &\or on school class educational visits.
The Public hall operates on daily basis. a computerized system containing the list of the fallen, their pictures, life story, place & date of death, decorations, ranks, written &\or visual material etc. This hall used also as meeting area for the public & bereaved families. The Theater Hall
Kiryat Motzkin's new theater hall inaugurated in 2010 contains 900 seats & is one of the most beautiful & well equipped theater halls in Israel.
Well in advance, from its planning stages, it was decided that it will serve as a multifunctional diverse culture center, easing accessibility & exposing the city citizens & near region, to all possible cultural activities. From varies theater plays, children's plays, dance, folk & entertainment shows, up to musicale concerts.
Since it's opening during its first operational season, there are more than 11,000 active subscribers, participating at all activities.
Kiryat Motzkin's park complex inaugurated in 1999 expands on 110 dunams, (27 acres), divided into number of areas: Open air Amphitheater: contains 2537 fixed seats & more than 7500 optional seating places on the lawn. A wide & modern well-equipped stage, some of Israel's best artists have already performed some great shows on this stage, during holidays & summer festivals. Not to mention the largest city's get-together events, such as Independence Day celebrations.
The lake: spreads on two dunams. The water used, is underground water unsuitable for drinking, (also used to water all park's plantations). Lake inhabitants are fish, white & black swans, various species of water birds. The lake with it's "Monkey Island", is decorated by water vegetation & plants, in addition to two beautiful fountains. Playground area for children's amusement & large lawn areas surround the whole park.
The zoo - "Hai-Park"
Kiriyat Motzkin's zoo the "Hai-Park" spreads on 40 duams (10 acres), and is no doubt, the parks highlight, since its opening day in 2003. The zoo, associate member of the European Association of Zoos & Aquaria, EAZA, is very exclusive & uniquely designed, fitting the large and open exhibition areas as much as possible to the animal's natural habitat, divided into geographical environmental zones in accordance to their dispersion around the world.
It includes more than 600 hundred various species of animals: 44 species of mammals, 35 species of birds, 33 species of reptiles & amphibians, etc. still growing & developing.
The zoo acts also as main regional zoological & educational center. Nurturing general animal love & care, and fostering the public's awareness for saving animals in the wild.
It offers to its visitors, professional guided tours & lectures; it includes modern classrooms, feeding & petting points & more.
Kiryat Motzkin is a sports leading city. All schools own a (small) sport hall, open air sport fields can be found all over the city.
The city's sport association operates tens of league team's & hundreds of sportsman & athletes are supported. Male & female, in various ages & fields: basketball, handball, tennis, table tennis, swimming, gymnastics & floor exercise. As well as public health sports like: jogging, infant & elderly exercises, martial arts, etc.
The city's handball team plays in the first national division, the basketball team in the second. Sport center - "Sportly"
"Sportly" (sport club\country club), inaugurated in 1997, serves as one of the main leisure, entertainment & sport resorts in the city. It extends on 20 dunames (6 acres) operating under the observation of Israel's health ministry, & ISO9001 standards. It contains two swimming pools; the main pool (20*25 m') roofed & heated, used year round, also used as swimming school as well as for Kiryat motzkin's swimming team.
It also includes a modern Spa with massage parlor & psychiatric treatment rooms. Alongside, operates a large, modern & air-conditioned fitness club, containing more than 100 kinds of sport facilities. The outdoors area includes open-air sport fields for basketball & mini football (soccer). The large lawn areas surround the center, watered with underground water not suitable for drinking.
Kiryat Motzkin is in sister cities &/or friendly relations with several cities in the world: Bad Kreuznach, Hassberge & Bad Segeberg in Germany, Kaifeng in China, Nyiregyhaza in Hungary, Gherla in Romania, Marianske Lazne in Czech republic, Wlodawskim & Radzyn podlaski in Poland.
Main activities with our sister cities are in the domains of youth exchange, mainly based on cultural fields, such as: sports, dance & singing groups, music bands &\or single gifted individuals in varies domains.
Kiryat Motzkin's supports many other non-official relations & gatherings of youth in\with other countries, committees, organizations in the world, as a policy of great importance.
|||הסברגה, גרמניה - Landkreis Haßberge, Germany |
|||באד זגברג, גרמניה - Bad Segeberg, Germany |
|||באד קרויצנך, גרמניה - Bad Kreuznach, Germany |
|||אורלנדו, ארה"ב - Orlando, Florida, U.S.A |
|||ניירטהאזה, הונגריה - Nyiregyhaza, Hungary |
|||קייפנג, סין - Kaifeng, China |
|||גרלה, רומניה - Gherla, Romania|
|||מיאנסקה לאזנה, צ'כיה ,Česká republika Mariánské Lázně|
|||מחוז וולדבה, פולין - Włodawa, Poland|
|||מחוז ראדז'ן פולדלסקי, פולין - Radzyn Podlaski|
Mayor Haim Zuri:
"It was never a secret that living in Kyriat Motzkin is good. My staff & myself make great efforts to develop the city in every aspect & first of all, its inhabitants welfare. We will continue to promote Kiryat Motzkin in every way possible – The Best Is Yet To Come”. | <urn:uuid:2c98932a-fed0-433e-855a-4e08370c5a0a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29",
"url": "http://www.motzkin.co.il/English/Pages/default.aspx",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902496.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710015901-20200710045901-00433.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9353135824203491,
"token_count": 4286,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Kolyma River, river in northeastern Siberia, far eastern Russia, rising in the Kolyma Mountains. It is 1,323 miles (2,129 km) long and drains an area of 250,000 square miles (647,000 square km). In its upper course it flows through narrow gorges, with many rapids. Gradually its valley widens, and below Zyryanka it enters the wide, flat, and swampy Kolyma Lowland and flows northeastward to discharge into the East Siberian Sea. The whole course below the mountains is meandering and braided, with many channels extending across a wide floodplain. In this lower course the edge of the Yukaghir Plateau forms a steep, high right bank. Although hindered by a bar at its mouth, the river is navigable upstream to the Bakhapcha confluence, but the ice-free period is short: freeze-up lasts from late September until early June in the lower course, and, because the more southerly upper reaches begin to thaw first, the breakup of the ice is accompanied by vast ice jams and widespread flooding. Almost half of the river’s annual flow comes in late spring and early summer. The entire basin is covered by tundra or thin, stunted forest, and its sparse population comprises largely Sakha (Yakut) and Even (Lamut) peoples. The only significant economic activity is gold mining in the upper basin. During the rule of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, the goldfields of the upper Kolyma River valley were the site of a large complex of forced-labour camps in which more than one million prisoners died between 1932 and 1954. | <urn:uuid:8938a6b6-379a-4854-a3e7-d62629be6a9c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/place/Kolyma-River",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00290-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542040228843689,
"token_count": 347,
"score": 3.484375,
"int_score": 3
} |
David Traver, Ph.D., a professor of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of California, San Diego, is the recipient of an LLS Career Development Program (CDP) grant. Traver’s research laboratory is using the zebrafish as a model to study the biology of cancer.
Most of his team’s studies are aimed at understanding how the hematolymphoid system arises in the zebrafish embryo from the first hematopoietic stem cells. The zebrafish system offers easy visualization of blood cells in the translucent embryo and the ability to dissect pathways genetically.
In the simplest of terms, how would you summarize what you are hoping to do?
Our main question is how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are born in the vertebrate embryo. There are several waves of blood cell formation during the development of all vertebrate animals, but only HSCs are conferred with the ability to self-renew for life. We are working to understand the genetic basis of how this self-renewal program is formed, since self-renewal is the key to stem cell function over time and also what is inappropriately conferred to cancer-initiating cells. If we can understand how normal self-renewal programs operate, we believe we can understand how these programs are co-opted by the leukemogenic process to give rise to leukemias.
What is the biggest challenge your team faces?
Our biggest challenge is to keep our research programs funded. The funding climate in the U.S. is still incredibly challenging, especially for ideas that are unconventional or ambitious. The 5-year award from LLS has been a great help in providing stability to my group.
Why did you decide to use zebrafish to study blood cell development?
Following my Ph.D. studies on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the mouse, I turned to the zebrafish system as I wanted to learn more about genetics, developmental biology, and in vivo imaging -- all noted strengths of the zebrafish. With the major blood cell types and signaling modules exceptionally well-conserved over evolution across vertebrate phyla, findings in one system almost always inform those in others. When I started working in the zebrafish system 15 years ago, there was very limited information and infrastructure in place for the study of stem cells in the zebrafish due to it being a relatively new animal model. Since then, the field has grown exponentially, and we now have an incredibly robust toolbox to complement studies of hematopoiesis in mouse and man.
Many non-scientists don't fully appreciate the value of basic research. How would you convince a cancer patient of the importance of your research, and how it may impact blood cancer diagnosis or treatment in the future?
For many blood cancers, there remain few effective treatments. Modeling these cancers in new ways may thus be the key to a better understanding of how to beat them in patients.
Do you have plans to use the zebrafish to model blood cancer? If so, how might those studies complement research done using patient samples?
Yes. We have been working to model pediatric leukemias in the zebrafish, most notably those involving translocation of the human MLL gene. There is very little hope for children that develop this particular type of disease, so we hope that new models will yield new insights into the biology of this leukemia. Once we develop robust models of MLL+ leukemia, we will work to identify new small molecule drugs that are effective against this disease.
Read Q&A's with other LLS-funded researchers here. | <urn:uuid:f90d92b9-7ede-4e4c-adbd-f312ebf52b82> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://communityview.lls.org/articles/zebrafish-a-new-way-to-study-leukemia",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00675.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509807825088501,
"token_count": 764,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
George Washington, President of the United States of America, “To all who shall see these presents, greeting:
“Whereas an article has been stipulated with the Five Nations of Indians, by, and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, which article is in the words following, to wit:
“‘The President of the United States, by Henry Knox, Secretary for the Department of War, stipulates, in behalf of the United States, the following article, with the Five Nations of Indians, so called, being the Senecas, Oneidas, and the Stockbridge Indians, incorporated with them the Tuscaroras, Cayugas, and Onondagas, to wit: the United States, in order to promote the happiness of the Five Nations of Indians, will cause to be expended, annually, the amount of one thousand five hundred dollars, in purchasing for them clothing, domestic animals, and implements of husbandry, and for encouraging useful artificers to reside in their villages.
“‘In behalf of the United States:
L. S.] H. Knox,
Secretary for the Department of War.
“‘Done in the presence of Tobias Lear, Nathan Jones.
“Now, know ye, That I, having seen and considered the said article, do accept, ratify, and confirm the same.
“In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and signed the same with my hand.
“Given at the City of Philadelphia, the twenty-third day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and in the sixteenth year of the sovereignty and independence of the United States.
“By the President: | <urn:uuid:d373b6d4-cb5a-4cca-961f-fb730b8de3a1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"url": "http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/fiv1027.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856041.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00074-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.911713182926178,
"token_count": 396,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Next, the students prepared a work plan for the project.
One of the most important tasks to be accomplished to ensure the success of a Field Study is to prepare a work plan – laying out the tasks to be performed against the time allotted for conducting the work.
The tasks required for most Field Studies are relatively straightforward, and may be thought of as five separate, but sometimes overlapping phases:
- Phase One – Planning the Project
- Phase Two – Data Collection
- Phase Three – Analysis
- Phase Four – Report Writing
- Phase Five – Report Presentation
The tool used for project management in this Field Study was the Gantt Chart – a simple-to-understand technique easily mastered by the students. At the time, the Gantt Chart was the most widely used device for simple project planning and scheduling – using bars to symbolize time spent on or scheduled for a project. Project tasks are listed on the left axis (the Y-axis) and time is represented on the horizontal axis (the X-axis). The chart gives an overall view of the project steps – time to be spent on each phase of the project, work step descriptions and deadlines.
The team captain prepared the Gantt Chart as follows:
The project was broken down into five work steps;
Time was estimated for each work step;
Work steps were listed on the left side (Y-axis) in order of proper sequence and overlapping.
Lines were drawn horizontally to designate the work steps on the X-axis;
Diamond symbols represented deadlines or important milestone events as meetings or end of a work step.
The actual Gantt Chart for this project may be viewed by clicking on the link below. | <urn:uuid:eb6de97b-251e-4907-8bb7-8585544361b1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://fieldstudiesblog.com/what-are-field-studies/the-process/work-plan/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335396.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929225326-20220930015326-00070.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949176013469696,
"token_count": 349,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
} |
A newly discovered dinosaur dubbed "the chicken from hell" was as fearsome as it was ridiculous, scientists say.
When the 3.5m-long giant raptor lived 66 million years ago, it would have had a "chicken-like head" and beak, "cassowary-like crest", a maximum weight of 300kg and was likely covered in feathers.
"The animal stood about 10 feet [3m] tall, so it would be scary as well as absurd to encounter," said University of Utah biology postdoctoral fellow Emma Schachner.
The fossil's "chicken from hell" tag originated as a joke but has now stuck.
"I think that [nickname] is pretty appropriate," said Matt Lamanna of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, lead author of a new study describing the find.
The dinosaur's formal name is Anzu wyliei – "Anzu" after a bird-like demon in Mesopotamian mythology, and "wyliei" after Wylie J Tuttle, the dinosaur-loving grandson of a museum trustee.
Scientists dug up three partial skeletons of the dinosaur from the Hell Creek rock formation in North and South Dakota, an area known for its many tyrannosaurus rex and triceratops fossils.
Anzu wyliei is believed to have been an omnivore, feeding on the vegetation, small animals and eggs found on the wet floodplain where it lived.
It's the largest oviraptorosaur ever found in North America.
© Nine Digital Pty Ltd 2018 | <urn:uuid:b54a78e7-ae5d-4ca1-8a29-ef1724fdfd7a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "https://www.9news.com.au/technology/2014/03/20/11/21/chicken-from-hell-dinosaur-fossil-found",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742567.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115054518-20181115080518-00178.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607592225074768,
"token_count": 329,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
} |
Literature classes include vocabulary and composition. They are: Grammar, Composition, Greek Literature, Roman Literature, Medieval Literature, Renaissance & Reformation Literature, Shakespeare, 17th & 18th Century Literature, and 19th & 20th Century Literature.
History classes include substantial reading from and about each era. They include: Texas History, Bible, Greek & Roman History, Medieval History, Renaissance & Reformation History, The Age of Revolution, and Modern History.
The science classes include: Earth Science, Geography, Physical Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.
In math, we continue the Saxon curriculum and place the student according to his mathematical competence rather than grade level. The courses range from pre-algebra through an introduction to calculus.
Latin progresses from learning the rudiments of the language through reading the literature of classical and ecclesiastical Latin.
We conduct a theatre class, secondary choir, and journalism class throughout the year at times outside of our regular hours. | <urn:uuid:d3fdab16-ac79-40c6-8819-bbda543606e2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://www.lakewoodpres.com/rhetoric-school",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00214.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8809665441513062,
"token_count": 200,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Desperate, Confederate Congress Permits Slaves to Serve as Soldiers in Return for Freedom. Says One Opponent: “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong.”
March 13, 1865. As early as January 1864 Confederate Major General Patrick Cleburne had proposed that freed slaves be used as soldiers, but the notion had been summarily rejected by President Davis. By the fall of 1864, however, the South’s situation was dire, and some felt that desperate times called for desperate measures. Even in January 1865 there were hold-outs: Howell Cobb of Georgia, former Speaker of the US House of Representatives and secretary of the treasury under President Buchanan, and one of the founders of the Confederacy, opposed the measure, writing to President Davis, “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong.” Nonetheless, on March 13, the Confederate Congress passed and President Davis signed a law permitting slaves to serve as soldiers.
Historian Margaret Wagner adds, “Amid arguments and mutual finger-pointing with President Davis, the Confederate Congress adjourns it[ed] last session on March 18th.”
The military order putting the law into effect was issued March 23, 1865, but only few African Americans were enlisted, and the war ended before they saw combat.
The American Civil War 365 Days, Margaret E. Wagner, pp. April 27, March 18.
Confederate Law Authorizing the Enlistment of Black Soldiers, as Promulgated in a Military Order, Freedmen & Southern Society Project
Lincoln Assesses His Second Inaugural Speech
On March 15, eleven days after his Inaugural Address, President Lincoln wrote to New York newspaper publisher and Republican politician Thurlow Weed that he believed the speech would “wear as well as—perhaps better than—anything I have produced; but I believe it is not immediately popular. Men are not flattered by being shown that there has been a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them.”
This last comment presumably refers to the following passage: “Both [parties, North and South,] read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. ‘Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh.’ If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said ‘the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.’ . . .”
Lincoln biographer Harold Holzer writes, “One newspaper of the day thought the concluding sentiments [of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, “With malice toward none, . . . “] deserved to be ‘printed in gold.'”
Harold Holzer, Lincoln in the Times: The Life of Abraham Lincoln, as Originally Reported in The New York Times, p. 222.
Freedman’s Bureau Established
On March 3, 1865, federal law established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, or Freedman’s Bureau for short. It was created to help both African Americans and Southern whites who had been displaced or impoverished by the war. It distributed food and clothing; provided medical care; oversaw a school system for former slaves; helped reunite lost family members, and more. The Freedman’s Bureau was established for one year, but it quickly became clear that its work would be more difficult than had initially been thought due to the establishment in the South of Black Codes that placed stringent restrictions on African Americans’ freedom and forced them to work for low wages. Their purpose and effect was to maintain white supremacy. When, in 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau, President Andrew Johnson vetoed it, and Congress failed to override his veto.
– All entries were submitted by Vermont Humanities Council Executive Director Peter A. Gilbert | <urn:uuid:7cdb749d-f5ac-4f20-bfbc-5b4703049d5c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "https://civilwarbookofdays.org/tag/second-inaugural/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00496.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9733428955078125,
"token_count": 1068,
"score": 3.625,
"int_score": 4
} |
56 individual, illustrated Task Cards to use in your writing Center. A Writing Program for a couple of terms at least! Print, laminate, no more to do!
I learned long ago that having every child write on the same compulsory topic, as determined by me, was not conducive to creative, inspirational writing.
I don't really care what they write about, as long as they hone their skills and write with talent, enthusiasm and enjoyment!
Our students don't share the same experiences, backgrounds, values etc so the same input won't get equal results.
I think these tasks will get the creative juices flowing. My students loved them! I've included an Australian A4 version, with text types vocabulary too.
I've tried to include many different tasks;
There is a recording Sheet to track progress.
These will go perfectly with my Writing Center Display/Organization
Writing Centre Organisation
You may like to add this to your Writing Corner too!
Writing Wheels *Ideas for reluctant Narrative Writers
Writing Text Types Posters
Figurative Language Skills as a bundle or individually
Figurative Language Skills BUNDLE | <urn:uuid:86b42f1b-223a-4f7b-83f1-924a587cd36d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/WRITING-Task-Cards-Writing-Center-Ideas-Individual-Writing-Tasks-Varied-Genre-1981545",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540909.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00177-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9287916421890259,
"token_count": 235,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Last month, The Edge published an article by Verena Huber-Dyson entitled Gödel and the Nature of Mathematical Truth II. The nice thing about Huber-Dyson's paper is the way it describes the work of Kurt Gödel in the greater context of the work of David Hilbert.
In 1920, Hilbert proposed a mathematical research program that would show that all of mathematics follows from a finite set of axioms, and that the resulting axiomatic system would be provably consistent.
Of Hilbert's program Huber-Dyson writes:
Wanted was a proof that the system using, what Hilbert called "ideal elements" — reasoning about infinite sets the way we are used to reason about finite ones — was not going to lead beyond the realm of what is justified by finitary reasoning, in other words, that the make believe world of predicate logic was a mere conservative extension of finitism. Alas, he wishfully thought that all he needed was a proof of simple consistency as defined above. That is why the demand for a finitist proof of the consistency of any of the current formal systems was his major concern.
Of course, Gödel showed that Hilbert's program was not feasible:
...Gödel showed how to construct, in any formal system that encompasses a minimal fragment of elementary arithmetic, a sentence, which is true if and only if it cannot be proved, and therefore is true but not provable, unless the system is unsound.
For me, the most interesting part of the paper is something called mathematical intuitionism.
In a nutshell: intuitionist reasoning is a refinement of classical thinking. Identifying notnotA with A only when there is good reason to do so is much closer to everyday reasoning than the practice of the classical law of double negation. With a bit of care most of the popular but devious proofs of positive claims by reductio ad absurdum can be replaced by direct arguments...
claim (A or B) only if you have a method for deciding which one of them is the case; if you want to insist on the existence of an object with a certain property, be sure you have a method for producing such an object when called for.
Wikipedia says this about intuitionism:
For example, to say A or B, to an intuitionist, is to claim that either A or B can be proved. In particular, the law of excluded middle, A or not A, is disallowed since one cannot assume that it is always possible to either prove the statement A or its negation.
I like the sound of this idea (though I will have to do a lot more reading on this subject before I accept it). You see, I read this as a mathematical analogue of logical positivism. If there is no mechanism by which proposition A can be verified, we are not justified in assigning it a truth value at all. | <urn:uuid:e4fec4cd-80bb-4b09-9ead-868d9dd04d49> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://doctorlogic.blogspot.com/2005/08/mathematical-intuitionism.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00643-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9515308141708374,
"token_count": 594,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
The IUD is too often overlooked as a desirable
contraceptive option, in large part due to negative publicity and related lawsuits
in the 1970s when one poorly designed IUD, the Dalkon Shield, caused high rates
of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). That product was removed from the market
and two new, improved IUD designs are now available. These are considered
safe and very effective for women in mutually monogamous relationships at low
risk for PID who have already given birth to at least one child. The greatest
barrier to more widespread IUD use is the lack of familiarity of the product
among women and physicians alike. In well-selected patients, IUDs provide
reliable contraception for up to 10 years with minimal side effects and complications.
After insertion, the only maintenance is a monthly self-check for proper placement
of the device and an annual follow-up exam, which all women should have whether
they have an IUD or not. Fertility is completely restored the day the
IUD is removed.
An IUD is a mechanical device inserted into
the uterus by a health care professional. Three types of IUDs are now available
in the United States: the Paragard CopperT 380A ("Paraguard"); the
Progestasert Progesterone T ("Progestasert"); and most recently, Mirena.
Paragard contains copper and can remain in place for 10 years. Progestasert
contains the hormone progesterone and must be replaced annually. Mirena was
approved by the FDA in December 2000. It releases levonorgestral -- a type of
progestin -- and may remain in place for up to 5 years.
IUDs prevent pregnancy by interfering with
the successful meeting of sperm and eggs by either immobilizing sperm prior
to fertilization or by changing the uterine lining in some way, thus preventing
implantation. Hormone (progestin)-releasing IUD's have the further action of
inhibiting pituitary hormones that regulate menstrual cycles, thus preventing
egg development and release (ovulation). They also alter the lining of the uterus
so that menses becomes shorter and lighter and may even cease altogether. Women
who are unable to take oral contraceptives because of contraindications to estrogen
may still consider this as a contraceptive option.
IUDs have one of the best contraceptive success
rate of any birth control method: only 8 women in 1000 will conceive
within one year while using the IUD, whereas 4 women in 1000 will conceive after
having their tubes tied. Serious complications from IUDs are rare; when
they do occur, it is most often during or immediately after insertion. Side
effects can include pelvic inflammatory disease (an infection of a woman's reproductive
organs), ectopic or "tubal" pregnancy, perforation of the uterus, heavier-than-normal
bleeding, and heavy menstrual cramping.
There are some reasons that IUDs should not
be used: with a known or suspected pregnancy; with a uterine abnormality or
abnormal PAP test; with any allergy to copper or a disease which is affected
by copper; having any past or current history of pelvic infection; or with decreased
immunity such as patients receiving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, transplant
patients, or patients with HIV or AIDS. A woman who becomes pregnant while using
an IUD is more likely to develop a tubal pregnancy, to have a miscarriage, or
to have a pre-term delivery than a woman who does not have an IUD in place.
There are several famous photos, however, of babies born holding the IUD!
- The IUD and Breast-feeding-The progesterone IUD has not been shown
to cause problems in nursing babies and its use is recommended for those women
needing contraception while breast-feeding.
- IUDs come with patient information sheets. You must read and understand
this information and you should keep a copy for future reference.
- It is important to check for the IUD threads every month,
ideally after your period. Tell your doctor immediately if you think that
the IUD has moved out of place. Do not try to put the IUD back into place
inside the uterus. Do not try to remove the IUD. Do not rely on the
IUD for contraception in that situation until you are assured that it is still
Click here for more information on birth control.
Created: 10/31/2001 - Donnica Moore, M.D. | <urn:uuid:7a8f2742-91e3-45f7-81bf-db2e99926a93> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://drdonnica.com/articles/00004118.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282631.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9303995966911316,
"token_count": 977,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Science Daily – A major breakthrough in remote wave sensing by a team of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers opens the way for detecting hidden explosives, chemical, biological agents and illegal drugs from a distance of 20 meters.
The new, all-optical system, using terahertz (THz) wave technology, has great potential for homeland security and military uses because it can “see through” clothing and packaging materials and can identify immediately the unique THz “fingerprints” of any hidden materials.”We have shown that you can focus a 800 nm laser beam and a 400 nm laser beam together into the air to remotely create a plasma interacting with the THz wave, and use the plasma fluorescence to convey the information of the THz wave back to the local detector,” explains Dr. Zhang.
Terahertz wave sensing and imaging have received a great deal of attention because of their significant scientific and technological potential in multidisciplinary fields. However, owing to the challenge of dealing with high ambient moisture absorption, the development of remote open-air broadband terahertz spectroscopy is lagging behind the urgent need for the technology that exists in homeland security and the fields of astronomy and environmental monitoring. The requirement for on-site bias or forward collection of the optical signal in conventional terahertz detection techniques has inevitably prohibited their use in remote sensing. We introduce an ‘all-optical’ technique of broadband terahertz wave detection by coherently manipulating the fluorescence emission from asymmetrically ionized gas plasma interacting with terahertz waves. Owing to the high atmospheric transparency and omnidirectional emission pattern of the fluorescence, this technique can be used to measure terahertz pulses at standoff distances with minimal water vapour absorption and unlimited directionality for optical signal collection. We demonstrate coherent terahertz wave detection at a distance of 10 meters. | <urn:uuid:06243b0b-140f-4f04-8e3a-641decf0b801> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2010/07/breakthrough-will-enable-remote.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424721.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724042246-20170724062246-00294.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.880010187625885,
"token_count": 395,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Importance of Global Perspective
By Meghan Edwards
How can you ensure that your child has the tools to become an empathetic and informed global citizen who can think critically?
As parents and educators, we are invested in ensuring that our students are poised for success in a VUCA world—one that is volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous. While we cannot predict the specific challenges our children will face or the professions that will await them, we can say with certainty that Generation Z is inheriting local and global problems of an unprecedented scale. And while they did not create the issues, they will be tasked with solving or, at the very least, mitigating them. What is global competence, why is it relevant, and how can you ensure that your child has the tools to become an empathetic and informed global citizen who can think critically?
What is global competence?
According to Asia Society, an industry leader in global education worldwide, globally competent students can “investigate the world, recognize perspectives, communicate ideas and take action” to make a difference. Global competence consists of more than content knowledge. It is a set of skills, attitudes and values that shape decision-making and inform problem-solving strategies.
Development of global competence is a lifelong process bolstered by opportunities to engage in face-to-face, virtual or mediated encounters with people belonging to different cultures around the world. The so-called “soft skills” of flexibility, resilience, creativity, collaboration and communication are routinely developed and assessed when effectively educating for global competence.
Why does it matter?
Technology continues to collapse geographic boundaries by facilitating instantaneous communication. As our world continues to become smaller, we must be cognizant of the risk of both generalizing and minimizing cultural differences. Intercultural relationships will define the lives of today’s students. Whether professional or personal, these relationships will each come with benefits, challenges and responsibilities. If we want tomorrow’s leaders to be empathetic and open to new ways of solving complex problems, we must educate them to be mindful of how they present themselves as well as how they interact with and respond to the actions and behaviors of others. This is imperative in educating for equity and a sustainable future.
How can we educate for global competence?
While there is no one way to “correctly” educate for global competence, there are best practices that LJCDS considers in its program:
Perspective-taking: Any globally-oriented curriculum must encourage introspection and critical analysis of both faculty and student lenses and personal biases. To understand and empathize with someone of a different culture, we must be able to assess how our personal history, background and values shape our reactions and responses.
Contextualized experiences: Whether in-person or virtual, students must have opportunities to participate in both local and global experiences. They should be primed with background knowledge but also be prepared to question and adjust initial assumptions and expectations. Each experience should be bracketed with preparatory curriculum and opportunities for reflection on the learning that has taken place.
“Classrooms without walls”: Parents and educators should seek out experiences that bring the outside world in, and to the extent possible, bring students outside of the walls of the classroom. When thoughtfully designed and managed, experiences rather than people can be our best teachers.
Person-to-person teaching and learning: We must arm our students with the skills to cultivate relationships that will allow them to learn firsthand from reliable sources. Students should learn through exposure to voices representing many perspectives in place of relying on a singular dominant narrative.
Shift from “doing good” to “doing no harm”: As students engage with communities outside of their own, it is imperative that we move from an antiquated model of providing aid. Rather, we should actively seek to provide support to communities in a way that leaves no disruptive trace of our presence. While student growth is certainly a primary objective, it should never be the sole factor, nor should it ever supersede the needs of the host community. Our focus should always be on what we can learn from a host community.
Meghan Edwards is a Middle School Spanish educator who is on sabbatical for the 2019-2020 academic year. While on sabbatical, she is completing teaching practicums at La Paz Community School in the Guanacaste region of Costa Rica (fall) and at Gimnasio Los Caobos outside of Bogotá, Colombia (winter). Both institutions are leaders in place-based, project-based and experiential learning in a global context. She is also completing research on best practices in teaching for global competence. | <urn:uuid:013481b6-758a-4f05-bd22-cf1c5e9b6006> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://www.ljcds.org/news-detail-?pk=1305266&fromId=268265",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00009.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.942607045173645,
"token_count": 955,
"score": 3.640625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Producers are finding many fields have a combination of short, freeze-damaged wheat and patches of downed wheat, which is making baling the damaged wheat a challenge.
When harvesting hay after the late-boot stage producers will find the nutritional quality begins to decline sharply.
The feed quality of hay or ensilage is good through the soft dough stage, and salvaging the crop this way gives it a use that it might not otherwise have.
While it is extremely rare for toxic nitrate levels, researchers recommend that the nitrate content of wheat used for hay or ensilage after freezing should be checked to avoid toxicity to livestock.
Late freezing usually injures only certain parts of the wheat head and rarely kills the whole plant, plants may continue to absorb nitrate from the soil but do not have any developing grain to use the nitrogen.
Nitrate might accumulate under those conditions and poison livestock unless the feed is diluted with adequate quantities of low-nitrate feed.
Cattle on wheat hay or ensilage that was cut after the flowering growth stage should be closely observed for development of actinomycosis, commonly known as lumpy jaw.
The problem occurs when tissues inside the mouth of cattle are punctured by wheat awns and become infected.
Actinomycosis is less likely when wheat is cut at young stages of maturity and when it is fed as ensilage from when it is fed as hay.
Grazing can begin at any time pending crop insurance considerations. Care must be taken when grazing to minimize soil compaction.
To maximize grazing potential, the wheat should be strip-grazed, using a heavy stocking rate and moving the electric fence daily. Animals will need an adequate water supply.
Cattle on wheat pasture are often “washy” due to the high moisture content and digestibility of the wheat, he added.
Offering dry, lower-protein hay or allowing access to native range can minimize this condition.
Producers can find more information on the Wichita County Extension website.
Wheat producers are reminded that the local wheat field day is set for Thursday.
Every year Texas AgriLife Extension and Research coordinate the Texas Uniform Variety Trials with funding from the Texas Wheat Producers Board.
These variety trials provide essential information about the growth performance of popular varieties.
In the Rolling Plains, Extension partners with AgriPro/Syngenta to host the field day at the AgriPro facility near Lockett.
Homeowners are reminded that injury and infection started by a lawn mower or weed trimmer can seriously threaten a tree’s health.
And the most severe injury occurs when the tree bark is slipping (loose due to cambium growth), in early spring during leaf emergence or in early fall during leaf drop.
When the bark is loose even a small bump can rip a large patch of bark away from the cambium.
The site of injury is usually the root buttress, since it flares out from the trunk and gets in the path of the mower or weed-trimmer.
Although large wounds are more serious, repeated small wounds can also add up to trouble.
Injury can be prevented by the removal by hand trimming or prevention of grass and weeds from growing at the base of the tree.
Wounds are serious enough by themselves, but the wounded tree must also protect itself from pathogens that invade the wound.
These microorganisms often attack the injured bark and invade adjacent healthy tissue, greatly enlarging the affected area.
Trees can be girdled from microbial attack following a minor injury.
The best protection is to give the tree a wide berth with the mower or string-trimmer, coming back later and doing some hand-weeding around the trunk.
Folks with pecan trees in their landscape are reminded that one of the most important nut-infesting insect pests of the pecan is the pecan nut casebearer.
The most effective and reliable control method is a well-timed insecticide application in the spring to kill hatching larvae before they tunnel into the nutlets.
To help determine when to spray, we have pheromone traps and are looking for the first male moths.
It is important that tree-owners correctly identify the male moths and not confuse them with pecan bud moths.
Scouting for casebearer eggs should began seven to 10 days after the first pecan nut casebearer male moths are captured in the pheromone traps.
We will alert tree-owners of the first capture in the area with newspaper, TV and radio advisories plus it will be on the Wichita County website.
Tree-owners are encouraged to check often to know when to begin spraying.
In other Extension news, the Wichita County Extension Horticulture Committee and River Bend Nature Center will be hosting guest speaker Jan Spencer from Eugene, Oregon at 7 p.m. Tuesday, May 21, at the Nature Center. The presentation will be free and open to the public.
The presentation is titled “Green Homes + Green Neighborhoods = Safer, More Secure and Healthier Communities.”
Spencer will describe 13 years transforming his quarter acre suburban property — the grass is gone, there is edible landscaping all over, passive solar redesign to the house, 6,500-gallon rain water catchment system, reclaimed automobile space and much more.
He takes care of significant food, energy, water and social needs on site.
Within a 10-minute bike ride, there are a dozen other properties making similar changes.
Friends and neighbors are working together on creative new projects for a more secure and healthier neighborhood.
For horse owners, determining whether a certain situation is an emergency or can wait is a fundamental part of having horses.
The My Horse University webinar at 6 p.m. May 22 will feature Dr. Marteniuk from Michigan State discussing common equine emergencies and what an owner can do to both assess and manage the situation until their veterinarian arrives.
The essential components of an emergency kit will also be reviewed.
The program is free and is held at the Wichita County Extension in the Courthouse Annex on Scott Street.
For more information contact the Texas AgriLIFE Extension Service Wichita County office at 600 Scott Ave., Suite 200 in Wichita Falls or by calling 940-716-8610. | <urn:uuid:67f85c58-02d6-45a4-af4e-f181515b0a07> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"url": "http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2013/may/11/nutritional-quality-drops-from-late-boot-stage/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011150121/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091910-00087-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9338349103927612,
"token_count": 1314,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Graf Zeppelin History
Certainly the most successful zeppelin ever built, LZ-127 was christened “Graf Zeppelin” by the daughter of Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin on July 8, 1928, which would have been the late count’s 90th birthday.
By the time of Graf Zeppelin’s last flight, nine years later, the ship had flown over a million miles, on 590 flights, carrying thousands of passengers and hundreds of thousands of pounds of freight and mail, with safety and speed. Graf Zeppelin circled the globe and was famous throughout the world, and inspired an international zeppelin fever in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Graf Zeppelin Test Flights
Graf Zeppelin made its first flight on September 18, 1928, under the command of Hugo Eckener. The ship lifted off at 3:32 PM and flew a little over three hours before returning to its base in Friedrichshafen.
A series of successful test flights followed, including a 34-1/2 hour endurance flight during which the new German ship was shown off to the residents of Ulm, Nuremberg, Wurzburg, Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Cologne, Dusseldorf, Bremen, Hugo Eckener’s hometown of Flensburg, Hamburg, Berlin, Leipzig, and Dresden.
Graf Zeppelin made the very first commercial passenger flight across the Atlantic, departing Friedrichshafen at 7:54 AM on October 11, 1928, and landing at Lakehurst, New Jersey on October 15, 1928, after a flight of 111 hours and 44 minutes. The ship carried 40 crew members under the command of Hugo Eckener, and 20 passengers including American naval officer Charles E. Rosendahl and Hearst newspaper reporter Lady Grace Drummond-Hay.
The ship’s first transatlantic crossing almost ended in disaster when it encountered a strong squall line on the morning of October 13th. Captain Eckener had uncharacteristically entered the storm at full power — he was known to reduce speed in bad weather — and the ship pitched up violently in the hands of an inexperienced elevatorman; the airships R-38 and USS Shenandoah had broken up under similar circumstances.
Eckener and his officers re-established control, but soon learned that the lower covering of the port fin had been torn away, threatening further damage which would have rendered the ship uncontrollable. Eckener sent a repair team of four men — including his son, Knut Eckener; senior elevatorman and future zeppelin commander Albert Sammt; and Ludwig Knorr, who would become chief rigger on LZ-129 Hindenburg — to repair the covering in flight. Eckener also made the difficult decision to send out a distress call, knowing that he was risking the reputation of his brand new ship, and perhaps the entire zeppelin enterprise. The distress signal was soon picked up by the press, and newspapers around the world ran sensational stories about the looming destruction of the overdue Graf Zeppelin on its maiden voyage.
The emergency repairs were successful, but the ship encountered a second squall front near Bermuda. Graf Zeppelin made it through the second storm, even with the temporary repairs to the damaged fin, and reached the American coast on the morning of October 15th. After a detour over Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, to show Graf Zeppelin off to the wildly enthusiastic American public, Eckener brought his damaged ship to a safe landing at the United States naval base at Lakehurst, New Jersey on the evening of October 15, 1928. Graf Zeppelin was overdue, damaged, and had run out of food and water, but Eckener, his crew, and his passengers were greeted like heroes with a ticker-tape parade along New York City’s Broadway.
After two weeks of repairs to the damaged fin, Graf Zeppelin departed Lakehurst on October 29, 1928 for its return to Germany. The return flight took 71 hours and 49 minutes, or just under three days; the ocean liners of the day took twice as long to carry passengers across the Atlantic.
Graf Zeppelin Round-the-World Flight (“Weltfahrt”)
In 1929, Graf Zeppelin made perhaps its most famous flight; a round-the-world voyage covering 21,2500 miles in five legs from Lakehurst to Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen to Tokyo, Tokyo to Los Angeles, Los Angeles to Lakehurst, and then Lakehurt to Friedrichshafen again.
[See maps, dates, and flight times for each of the five legs of the flight.]
It was the first passenger-carrying flight around the world [see a complete list of passengers and crew aboard the flight], and received massive coverage in the world’s press.
The flight was partly sponsored by American newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst, who paid for about half the cost of the flight in return for exclusive media rights in the United States and Britain.
Hearst had insisted that the flight begin and end in America, while the Germans naturally thought the Round-the-World flight of a German ship should begin and end in Germany. As a compromise, there were two official flights; the “American” flight began and ended at Lakehurst, while the “German” flight began and ended at Friedrichshafen.
The Round-the-World flight carried 60 men and one woman, Hearst newspaper reporter Lady Grace Hay-Drummond-Hay, whose presence and reporting greatly increased the public’s interest in the journey. Other passengers included journalists from several countries, American naval officers Charles Rosendahl and Jack C. Richardson, polar explorer and pilot Sir Hubert Wilkins, young American millionaire Bill Leeds, and representatives of Japan and the Soviet Union.
Graf Zeppelin left Friedrichshafen on July 27, 1929 and crossed the Atlantic to Lakehurst, New Jersey, and the “American” flight began on August 7, 1929 with an eastbound crossing back to Germany.
The longest leg of the journey was the 11,247 km, 101 hour 49 minute flight from Friedrichshafen to Tokyo, which crossed thousands of miles of emptiness over Siberia. A planned flight over Moscow had to be canceled due to adverse winds, prompting an official complaint from the government of Soviet dicatator Joseph Stalin, which felt slighted by the change in plan. The passage over Russia’s Stanovoy mountain range in eastern Siberia brought Graf Zeppelin to an altitude of 6,000 feet. The ship landed to a tumultuous welcome and massive press coverage in Japan, where a crowd estimated at 250,000 people greeted the ship’s arrival and Emperor Hirohito entertained Eckener and guests at tea.
The next leg of the flight crossed the Pacific ocean enroute to Los Angeles; Eckener deliberately timed his flight down the American coast to make a dramatic entrance through San Francisco’s Golden Gate with the sun setting behind the ship. According to F.W. “Willy” von Meister (later New York representative of the Deutsche Zeppelin-Reederei), Eckener explained: “When for the first time in world history an airship flies across the Pacific, should it not arrive at sunset over the Golden Gate?”
After slowly cruising down the California coast to land in daylight the next morning, Graf Zeppelin made a difficult landing at Los Angeles on August 26th, through a temperature inversion which made it difficult to bring the ship down, requiring the valving of large quantities of hydrogen. The lost hydrogen could not be replaced at Los Angeles, and the takeoff, with the ship unusually heavy, was even more challenging; Graf Zeppelin only narrowly missed hitting power lines at the edge of the field.
After a difficult summertime passage over the deserts of Arizona and Texas, Graf Zeppelin flew east across America. The ship was greeted with wild enthusiasm by the people of Chicago, and ended its record breaking flight with a landing at Lakehurst the morning of August 29, 1929. The Lakehurst to Lakehurst voyage had taken just 12 days and 11 minutes of flying time, and brought worldwide attention and fame to Graf Zeppelin and its commander, Hugo Eckener.
The flight is the subject of the largely fictional Dutch film Farewell.
In July, 1931, Graf Zeppelin carried a team of scientists from Germany, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Sweden on an exploration of the Arctic, making meteorological observations, measuring variations in the earth’s magnetic field in the latitudes near the North Pole, and making a photographic survey of unmapped regions using a panoramic camera that automatically took several pictures per minute. The size, payload, and stability of the zeppelin allowed heavy scientific instruments to be carried and used with an accuracy that would not have been possible with the airplanes of the day.
The polar journey, like other zeppelin flights, was largely financed by stamp collectors; Graf Zeppelin carried approximately 50,000 letters sent by philatelists, and made a water-landing to exchange mail with the Soviet icebreaker Malygin, which itself carried a large quantity of mail sent by stamp collectors.
After the three-day Arctic flight, which included a landing in Leningrad, Graf Zeppelin returned to Berlin to a hero’s welcome at Tempelhof airfield, where the ship was met by celebrities including famed polar explorer Admiral Richard Byrd.
[Read a detailed account of the Graf Zeppelin's Polar Flight.]
By late 1933, Graf Zeppelin had not been to the United States in over four years, since the Round-the-World flight of 1929. When the Zeppelin Company was asked to fly the ship to the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair, officially dubbed the “Century of Progress International Exposition,” Eckener agreed on condition that the United States issue a special commemorative stamp and share the postal revenue with the Zeppelin Company. After initial opposition by the United States Post Office (and President Franklin Roosevelt’s initial rejection of the idea of a fourth zeppelin stamp), the Post Office eventually agreed to issue the stamp, and so at the end of Graf Zeppelin’s last flight to South America in October, 1933, instead of returning directly to Germany from Brazil, Graf Zeppelin flew to the United States for stops in Miami, Akron, and Chicago.
While Graf Zeppelin’s appearance was one of the highlights of the Chicago Fair, the swastika-emblazoned ship, which was viewed as a symbol of the new government in Berlin, triggered strong political responses from both supporters and opponents of Hitler’s regime, especially among German-Americans. The political controversy muted the enthusiasm that Americans had previously displayed toward the German ship during its earlier visits, and when Eckener took Graf Zeppelin on a aerial circuit around Chicago to show his ship to the residents of the city, he was careful to to fly a clockwise pattern so that Chicagoans would see only the tricolor German flag on the starboard fin, and not the swastika flag painted on the port fin under the new regulations issued by the German Air Ministry.
The Graf Zeppelin was recruited as a tool of Nazi propaganda remarkably soon after the National Socialist takeover of power in early 1933. Only three months after Adolf Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, the Propaganda Ministry ordered Graf Zeppelin to fly over Berlin as part of the government’s May 1, 1933 celebration of the “Tag de Nationalen Arbeit,” the Nazi version of the May Day celebration of labor.
Later in May, 1933, Graf Zeppelin flew to Rome in connection with Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels’ first official meeting with the fascist government of Italy; Goebbels invited Italian Air Minister Italo Balbo to join him on a flight over Rome.
In September, 1933, Graf Zeppelin flew over the Reichsparteitag congress at Nuremberg (the “1933 Nuremberg Rally’) to dramatically herald Hitler’s appearance before the crowd.
Throughout the remainder of its career Graf Zeppelin was ordered to make numerous propaganda flights, occasionally in concert with LZ-129 Hindenburg after that ship was launched in 1936.
By the summer of 1931, after many pioneering flights which demonstrated the airship’s impressive capabilities and captured the enthusiasm of the world, Graf Zeppelin began regularly scheduled commercial service on the route between Germany and South America.
The passage to South American was an almost ideal route for a German airship; Brazil and Argentina had a considerable German population, and there were strong business and trade connections between these countries and Germany, yet the transportation of mail, passengers, and freight by ship took weeks. In addition, the ships to South America were far less comfortable than the luxury liners which crossed the North Atlantic to New York. Graf Zeppelin reduced the travel time between Germany and South America from weeks to days, and was therefore hugely popular.
Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 18 times in 1932, and made a similar number of flights in 1933. By 1934, the Zeppelin Company was advertising a regular service to South America, departing Germany almost every other Saturday to Brazil, with connecting airplane flights to Argentina. In 1935 and 1936, Graf Zeppelin’s schedule was almost exclusively devoted to passenger and mail service between Germany and Brazil, with crossings back and forth almost every two weeks between April and December. Over its career, Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times; it was first regularly scheduled, nonstop, intercontinental airline service in the history of the world.
Graf Zeppelin’s Last Flight
Graf Zeppelin was over the Canary Islands on the last day of a South American flight from Brazil to Germany when it received news of the Hindenburg disaster in Lakehurst, New Jersey. Captain Hans von Schiller withheld the news from his passengers, and told them of the disaster only after the ship’s safe landing in Germany.
Graf Zeppelin landed in Friedrichshafen on May 8, 1937, and never carried a paying passenger again. The ship made only one additional flight, on June 18, 1937, from Friedrichshafen to Frankfurt, where she remained on display — all her hydrogen removed — until she was broken up on the orders of Hermann Goering’s Luftwaffe in March, 1940.
Graf Zeppelin Photographs and Postcards | <urn:uuid:0987c250-a316-4358-8031-3309db12b9d1> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.airships.net/lz127-graf-zeppelin/history",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00273-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9579669833183289,
"token_count": 3032,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Web-based ‘brain’ for robots goes live
Robots confused about what they encounter in the world of humans can now get help online.
European scientists have turned on the first part of a web-based database of information to help them cope.
Called Rapyuta, the online “brain” describes objects robots have met and can also carry out complicated computation on behalf of a robot.
Rapyuta’s creators hope it will make robots cheaper as they will not need all their processing power on-board.
The Rapyuta database is part of the European Robo Earth project that began in 2011 with the hope of standardising the way robots perceive the human world.
Instead of every robot building up its own idiosyncratic catalogue of how to deal with the objects and situations it encounters, Rapyuta would be the place they ask for help when confronted with a novel situation, place or thing.
In addition, the web-based service is able to do complicated computation on behalf of a robot – for example if it needs to work out how to navigate a room, fold an item of clothing or understand human speech.
The system could be particularly useful for drones, self-driving cars or other mobile robots who have to do a lot of number crunching just to get round, said Mohanarajah Gajamohan, technical head of the project at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
“On-board computation reduces mobility and increases cost.” said Dr Heico Sandee, Robo Earth program manager at the Dutch University of Technology in Eindhoven in a statement. As wireless data speeds increase more and more robotic thinking could be offloaded to the web, he said.
Without access to such a database, roboticists fear machines will be restricted to working in very tightly controlled environments such as production lines and never live easily alongside humans.
The project, which involves researchers at five separate European research labs, has produced the database as well as software that robots can run to connect to and quiz Rapyuta.
The name Rapyuta is taken from the Japanese film by Hayao Miyazaki Castle in the Sky – in the film it is the place where all the robots live. | <urn:uuid:0755f7da-3054-4b81-808d-e7742c27ce0b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.mopays.com/web-based-brain-for-robots-goes-live/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526102.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00387-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9368059635162354,
"token_count": 459,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
It might be a dream to fly an airplane , but that is a distant realty. But you can start that journey with drones!
While it is costly and infeasible to build an airplane, it is far more cheap and easy to build and fly your own drone. What more? In the future, you can even start your own drone manufacturing or operating business. Excited? Let’s take an overview about drones and its applications and how you can step your foot in the sky!
Drones are already visible in the sky.
Think of the last marriage you attended or the last tourist place you went to, it is certain that you might’ve seen or flew a drone.
Drones have become more than just high-tech toys. They are transforming industries, creating new job opportunities, and igniting the imaginations of young enthusiasts.
If you’re a school student curious about the world of drones, you’re in for an exciting journey. In this blog, we’ll dive into the fascinating world of drones, from their types and components to their real-world applications and promising career opportunities.
Types of Drones
Drones come in various shapes and sizes, each tailored to specific tasks. Here are a few common types:
- Fixed-Wing Drones: These look like miniature airplanes and are great for covering large areas, making them ideal for mapping and surveillance.
- Multi-Rotor Drones: The most common type, known for their stability and maneuverability, often used in photography and recreational flying.
- Single-Rotor Helicopters: These resemble traditional helicopters and are used in professional applications like aerial filming and crop monitoring.
- Hybrid Drones: Combining features of both fixed-wing and multi-rotor drones, they offer versatility and endurance.
The Inner Workings of a Drone
A drone is more than just a flying machine; it’s a complex system of components working harmoniously. The core components include the frame, motors, propellers, flight controller, and a power source (usually a battery). The flight controller acts as the drone’s brain, adjusting motor speeds to maintain stability and control. GPS and various sensors provide crucial data for navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Industries Taking Flight with Drones
Drones have found their way into numerous industries, revolutionizing the way they operate:
- Agriculture: Drones assist in precision farming, monitoring crops, and even spraying pesticides efficiently.
- Construction: They aid in site surveys, progress tracking, and safety inspections, improving productivity and safety.
- Cinematography: Drones capture breathtaking aerial shots for films, TV shows, and commercials.
Drones have expanded beyond hobbyist flying to make tangible impacts worldwide:
- Delivery: Companies like Amazon are working on drone delivery services to speed up shipping.
- Search and Rescue: Drones help locate missing persons and provide vital information during emergencies.
- Surveillance: Law enforcement agencies use drones for monitoring crowds and capturing evidence.
Zipline delivers medical supplies to remote areas in Rwanda using drones.
DJI has become a global leader in consumer drones, enabling photography enthusiasts to capture stunning visuals.
Opportunities Soaring High
If you’re considering a career in drones, here are some paths you can explore:
Drone Pilot: Earn your remote pilot certificate and operate drones for various purposes.
Drone Engineer: Design and build drones or work on improving their components.
Drone Operator: Manage drone fleets for businesses and ensure smooth operations.
Career Opportunities in India
Agriculture Revolution: India has a vast agricultural sector, and drones are increasingly being used for precision agriculture. The need for drone pilots and experts to monitor crops, assess soil health, and optimize yields is on the rise.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the potential of drones and is actively promoting their usage. Initiatives like the Digital Sky Platform aim to streamline drone operations and create a conducive regulatory environment.
Environmental Monitoring: Drones are invaluable for environmental monitoring and conservation efforts. They are used to survey wildlife, track deforestation, and monitor pollution levels. This opens up career opportunities in the environmental sector.
Infrastructure Development: India’s booming infrastructure sector relies on efficient surveying and construction monitoring. Drones are employed to map construction sites, inspect bridges, and assess the progress of large projects.
Disaster Management: Drones are crucial in disaster management for assessing damage, search and rescue operations, and delivering aid. With India’s vulnerability to natural disasters, there’s a growing need for skilled drone operators and technicians.
Photography and Filmmaking: India’s film and entertainment industry is one of the largest in the world. Drones have become an essential tool for capturing stunning aerial shots in movies and TV shows, creating job opportunities for drone pilots and cinematographers.
Drone Manufacturing: India has seen a rise in drone manufacturing companies. These companies require engineers, technicians, and experts in drone technology.
Start-up Ecosystem: India has a thriving start-up ecosystem, and several start-ups are focusing on drone technology. Joining a drone-related start-up can provide an exciting career path.
Education and Training: The demand for drone training institutes and educational programs is growing. If you’re passionate about drones, you can consider becoming a certified drone trainer or educator.
Entrepreneurship: As the drone industry continues to evolve, there are opportunities for entrepreneurial ventures. You can start your own drone service business, offering aerial photography, surveying, or specialized drone applications.
Research and Development: If you have a strong technical background, there are research and development opportunities in drone technology, including improving drone hardware, software, and applications.
Charting Your Course
To prepare for a career in drones, here are few of the education and training resources:
STEM Education: Courses in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics lay a strong foundation for understanding the drone technology. For hands-on Experience, practice flying drones and learn about their mechanics. At 1oxTechClub, you get an opportunity to learn to build drones, play with 3D printer, and build a robot.
Also remember that before flying Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), you need to obtain relevant certifications from DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION
Educational Resources for Beginners
As Drone Technology is still evolving, the ecosystem is not yet developed. You need to research and network well to learn about the happenings in the industry.
You can start by visiting popular websites, YouTube channels like FliteTest and Rotor Riot that offer fantastic educational content. Or else, take few of the online courses on platforms like Udemy, edX, and Coursera to increase your skill levels.
Take Flight into Your Future
In conclusion, drones are not just gadgets; they’re gateway devices to a world of innovation and career opportunities. The sky’s the limit in this field, and if you’re passionate about technology and exploration, consider pursuing a career in drones. Embrace the ever-evolving world of unmanned aerial vehicles, and who knows, you might be part of the next big breakthrough that changes our world!
10xTechClub is an emerging tech learning centre for school students. Our after-school Premier Accelerator Program teaches 10+ emerging technologies and future skills through hands-on project-based learning for real-world success.
At our offline centre, we integrate emerging technologies, entrepreneurship, growth mindset, and design thinking. We also help discover career interest, thus preparing for a high-paying career of your choice. Think innovation. Think 10xTechClub. | <urn:uuid:4ab30708-14c6-4bcd-9a02-a6eddd9ee044> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://10xtechclub.com/an-exciting-career-in-dronetech-for-school-student/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00544.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9124504923820496,
"token_count": 1596,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
} |
An Article for TechTarget by Denim Group’s CTO, Dan Cornell
Code signing creates a system of trust among mobile users, but it doesn’t bolster the security of the app itself, says expert Dan Cornell.
Code signing is the process of attaching a digital signature to application binaries. To understand digital signatures, it is helpful to think first about physical signatures and how they are used with legal documents. A signature on a legal document should indicate that the signer has read the document, understands it and agrees to be bound by the terms of the agreement. | <urn:uuid:150f5361-d94d-4985-968e-1cdfd276ee15> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "https://www.denimgroup.com/resources/article/code-signing-why-it-matters-for-mobile-developers/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817123129-20190817145129-00345.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.924785315990448,
"token_count": 117,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
April 14, 1997
Explanation: Comet Hale-Bopp is spinning. The nucleus of the comet is a dirty snowball about 25 miles in diameter that spins about once every 12 hours. As Comet Hale-Bopp spins, parts of the comet's surface shoot away in jets. Ejected material therefore makes rings, which appear in above photograph as "hoods" in the coma. Even though the central part of Comet Hale-Bopp's coma is quite condensed, the nucleus is not visible. Comet Hale-Bopp is now headed south, away from the Sun, and is getting dimmer. At its brightest last week, it was even brighter than Comet Hyakutake was last year, although with a less prominent tail. Comet Hale-Bopp will still be easily visible to northern observers for several weeks in the northwest sky after sunset.
Authors & editors:
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
&: Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:c2cbb4bc-8dd6-4517-9670-458585242641> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970414.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163046954/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131726-00083-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301910996437073,
"token_count": 242,
"score": 3.84375,
"int_score": 4
} |
Pesticides have long-term consequences for bees and birds
by Redaktion (comments: 0)
Latest research is posing ever more serious questions about whether neonicotinoids are affecting birds and bees more widely than previously thought, CBC News reports. The research is looking into more subtle, long-term effects from the insecticides, rather than instant direct kills. Nigel Raine, an expert in pollinator conservation at the University of Guelph, found that the neonicotinoids affect bumblebees’ ability to find and collect food. When it comes to birds, the question is whether neonics are such an effective insecticide that they are killing off the aquatic bugs that birds need to eat. Studies published this summer found larger annual declines in insect-eating birds in areas with higher surface-water concentrations of imidacloprid. An analysis of 800 studies released this summer, called the Task Force on Systemic Pesticides, concluded that chemicals are having widespread effects on ecosystems around the world beyond their intended function of killing crop pests. More information is available from CBC News.
In the UK, the Soil Association’s Keep Britain Buzzing campaign highlights the threats bees face and encourages everyone to take action to protect bees. The association wants all neonicotinoid pesticides, widely used in agriculture and domestic gardens, to be banned. Bee-friendly organic farming should be promoted. The association aims at showing that everyone can make a difference by simply changing their shopping habits and wants to help bee populations recover by ensuring there are plenty of domestic and agricultural bee-friendly habitats around the UK. More information is available here: http://www.soilassociation.org/keepbritainbuzzing
Login for subscribers | <urn:uuid:2531a1ae-e20e-437e-bda2-8fd98708251c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://organic-market.info/news-in-brief-and-reports-article/bees_and_birds.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506832.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116165621-20210116195621-00150.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.911904513835907,
"token_count": 354,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
Pioneer has developed a technology to allow it to cram 510GB of data onto a disc the size of a DVD, the company announced.
The technology uses an electron beam to make templates from which optical discs can be stamped, Michiko Kadoi, a company spokeswoman, said last week.
While Pioneer has no immediate plans to commercialize the technology, it believes it could be used to make both recordable and read-only discs with more than 100 times the capacity of today's 12-cm DVDs.
"We successfully recorded 348GB, 424GB and 510GB on 12-cm discs," Kadoi said.
As with other recent advances in optical disc technology, Pioneer's method relies on cramming data closer together to achieve a higher capacity.
Today's standard DVDs have a capacity of 4.7GB. The data is stored as "pits" in the disc which can be read as ones and zeros. The pits today are spaced 740 nanometers apart, Kadoi said.
A newer disc technology that came to market recently uses a blue laser, which has a shorter wavelength, to achieve about five or six times the capacity of DVDs. The shorter wavelength means the size of the pits, and the spacing between them, can be made smaller.
Pioneer's electron beam allows the spacing between the pits to be made even smaller -- as little as 70 nanometers -- allowing the company to make discs with a capacity of up to 510GB.
Pioneer's technology is more advanced than the laser technology used for newer types of optical disc formats, including HD-DVD, Blu-ray Disc and UDO (Ultra Density Optical), the company said. | <urn:uuid:f8e60528-cae3-4286-9e65-a2cb6126d71d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=11511",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541396.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00127-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385426640510559,
"token_count": 347,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
} |
About Pinto Beans
- Contain the most fiber of any bean
- Popular in U.S. Tex Mex and Latin American cuisine
- Favorite bean for making chili
The Pinto Bean Story
Both the lima and the pinto (Spanish for “painted”) bean were cultivated by early Mexican and Peruvian civilizations more than 5,000 years ago. Pinto beans, kidney beans, navy beans, pink beans, Great Northern beans, and black beans are referred to as “common beans” and are classified as the same species. Pintos contain the most fiber of all beans and are the most popular bean consumed in the United States. They are a favorite in the American West; in fact, Dove Creek, CO, claims that it’s the Pinto Bean Capital of the World!
Pintos are small but flavorful and are a central part of the cuisine of many Latin American countries. They are prepared in refried beans and chile con carne and are typically served with rice. Pintos are also used in three-bean salads, minestrone soup, stews, and casseroles. Because of their similarity, pinto beans and pink beans are often used interchangeably. | <urn:uuid:a249eee6-3423-414c-a3cb-ca81151abc0e> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://louisianapantry.com/product/pinto-beans/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587963.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026231833-20211027021833-00000.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9481180906295776,
"token_count": 253,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Contact: Nancy Neal-Jones
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Caption: An ancient channel formed as massive eruptions of very fluid lava poured across the surface of the moon. The Apollo 15 astronauts landed on the edge of a Hadley Rille.
Credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter explores the Moon in 3-D | <urn:uuid:74d634dc-c159-4c8e-8ba1-81f5be1ec731> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/48045.php?from=222131",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.710015058517456,
"token_count": 89,
"score": 3.21875,
"int_score": 3
} |
(ESO/M. Kornmesser, via BBC News, used w/o permission)
"An impression of what the sky might look like from the exoplanet Gliese 667Cd, looking towards the parent star and featuring, at top, the other super-Earths in the habitable zone"
"Star is crowded by super-Earths"
Jonathan Amos, BBC News (June 25, 2013)
"Scientists have identified three new planets around a star they already suspected of hosting a trio of worlds.
"It means this relatively nearby star, Gliese 667C, now has three so-called super-Earths orbiting in its 'habitable zone'.
"This is the region where temperatures ought to allow for the possibility of liquid water, although no-one can say for sure what conditions are really like on these planets...."
These planets are more massive than Earth, which might make them better prospects for life than Earth. It looks like plate tectonics, the way Earth's surface keeps getting churned up, or rather down, is really important for making a planet habitable. (December 5, 2009)
Not that astronomers know if there's an atmosphere, let alone water, on any of the three super-Earths circling Gliese 677C. But if there is: there could be life there. Then again, maybe not.
It's the Lemming's considered opinion that humans don't know, yet.
- "Planets, Double Stars, Life: A New Look at the Odds"
(June 14, 2013)
- "Life in the Universe: Where is Everybody?"
(March 15, 2013)
- "Alpha Centauri B: New Planet"
(October 19, 2012)
- "GJ 667Cc: Heavier than Earth, Maybe About as Warm"
(February 6, 2012)
- "Earth May Not Be a 'Class M' Planet"
(December 5, 2009) | <urn:uuid:fe9ea4ed-640b-44a8-b36d-8cab435ac63c> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"url": "http://apatheticlemming.blogspot.com/2013/06/gliese-677c-revisted-three-super-earths.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00149-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9297753572463989,
"token_count": 415,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Geometry Escape Challenge D Answer Key Introduction:
Are you one of the many students who have attempted to complete Geometry Escape Challenge D? If so, have you been struggling to solve the puzzles and escape the room? Fear no more, as in this blog post, we will guide you through the solution steps of the challenges in Geometry Escape Challenge D. We will also provide you with the answer key for your benefit. So, grab a pen and paper, put on your thinking cap, and let’s get started!
The first task in Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “Angle Zodiac.” To solve this puzzle, you need to determine which of the three angles in a triangle is the zodiac angle. To do this, you need to first find the perimeter of the triangle using the given side lengths. The perimeter is 48 units, and using this, you can identify that angle C is the smallest angle. Therefore, angle C is the zodiac angle.
The second task in the Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “The Ancient Key.” In this puzzle, you have to determine the missing value of x in the trapezium given in the puzzle. This is quite simple, as we know that opposite sides of a trapezium are equal in length. So, adding the lengths of both sides, we find that 6x-10=5x+8, which simplifies to x=18.
The third puzzle in the Geometry Escape Challenge D is named, “Pyramid Scheme.” In this puzzle, you are presented with a tricky problem, which requires an understanding of the Pythagorean theorem. You have to find the height of the pyramid, using its base, diagonal, and slant height. By applying the Pythagorean Theorem using the triangle formed by the slant height, height, and the side of the pyramid, you can find the height as √(76²-45²) = √3721 = 61 units.
The fourth task in Geometry Escape Challenge D is to solve the puzzle, “The Hidden Polygon.” In this puzzle, you are given a series of shapes, one of which is hidden from your view. The trick to identifying the hidden shape is to superimpose them on top of one another and use a straightedge to find the edges of the polygon. By doing this, you can find that the hidden polygon has six sides and is a hexagon.
The fifth puzzle in Geometry Escape Challenge D is called “Maze Runner.” In this puzzle, you must escape the maze by determining which way to turn in a series of triangular rooms. You can solve this puzzle by looking in each triangular room and determining the angle at the corner opposite to the route which is yet to be taken, with help of which you can find the correct direction to escape.
And with that, you have successfully completed Geometry Escape Challenge D! We hope this guide has helped you in solving the puzzles. Geometry can be tough, but with perseverance and knowledge of the basic principles and formulas, you can conquer it. Once again, we congratulate you on your success and we encourage you to keep challenging yourself and never stop exploring the world of math! | <urn:uuid:e98189d7-25ae-4c3d-ac68-222f6c25c83f> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://muzing.org/geometry-escape-challenge-d-answer-key/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00510.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.937298595905304,
"token_count": 689,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
} |
Humanities › History & Culture Biography of Túpac Amaru, the Last of the Incan Lords Share Flipboard Email Print Brandtol / Wikimedia Commons History & Culture Latin American History Colonialism and Imperialism History Before Columbus Caribbean History Central American History South American History Mexican History American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Genealogy Inventions Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Christopher Minster Professor of History and Literature Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University M.A., Spanish, University of Montana B.A., Spanish, Penn State University Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process Christopher Minster Updated June 04, 2019 Túpac Amaru (1545–September 24, 1572) was the last of the indigenous rulers of the Inca. He ruled during the time of the Spanish occupation and was executed by the Spanish after the final defeat of the Neo-Inca state. Fast Facts: Túpac Amaru Known For: The last indigenous ruler of the IncaAlso Known As: Túpac Amaru, Topa Amaru, Thupa Amaro, Tupaq Amaru, Thupaq AmaruBorn: 1545 (exact date unknown) in or near CuscoParents: Manco Capac (father); mother unknownDied: September 24, 1572 in CuscoSpouse: UnknownChildren: One sonNotable Quote: "Ccollanan Pachacamac ricuy auccacunac yawarniy hichascancuta." ("Pacha Kamaq, witness how my enemies shed my blood." Early Life Tupac Amaru, a member of the Incan royal family, grew up in the Incan convent Vilcabamba, the "religious university" of the Incas. As a young adult, he was against the Spanish occupation and rejected Christianity. Indigenous Incan leaders supported him because of that. Background When the Spanish arrived in the Andes in the early 1530s, they found the wealthy Inca Empire in turmoil. Feuding brothers Atahualpa and Huáscar ruled over two halves of the mighty Empire. Huáscar was killed by Atahuallpa’s agents and Atahualpa himself was captured and executed by the Spanish, effectively ending the time of the Inca. A brother of Atahualpa and Huáscar, Manco Inca Yupanqui, managed to escape with some loyal followers and established himself head of a small kingdom, first at Ollantaytambo and later in Vilcabamba. Manco Inca Yupanqui was assassinated by Spanish deserters in 1544. His 5-year-old son Sayri Túpac took over and ruled his small kingdom with the help of regents. The Spanish sent ambassadors and relations between the Spanish in Cusco and the Inca at Vilcabamba warmed. In 1560, Sayri Túpac was eventually persuaded to come to Cusco, renounce his throne, and accept baptism. In exchange, he was given vast lands and a profitable marriage. He died suddenly in 1561, and his half-brother Titu Cusi Yupanqui became the leader of Vilcabamba. Titu Cusi was more cautious than his half-brother had been. He fortified Vilcabamba and refused to come to Cusco for any reason, although he did allow ambassadors to stay. In 1568, however, he finally relented, accepting baptism and, in theory, turning over his kingdom to the Spanish, although he consistently delayed any visit to Cusco. Spanish Viceroy Francisco de Toledo repeatedly attempted to buy off Titu Cusi with presents such as fine cloth and wine. In 1571, Titu Cusi became ill. Most of the Spanish diplomats were not in Vilcabamba at the time, leaving only Friar Diego Ortiz and translator Pedro Pando. Túpac Amaru Ascends the Throne The Inca lords in Vilcabamba asked Friar Ortiz to ask his God to save Titu Cusi. When Titu Cusi died, they held the friar accountable and killed him by tying a rope through his lower jaw and dragging him through town. Pedro Pando was also killed. Next in line was Túpac Amaru, Titu Cusi’s brother, who had been living in semi-seclusion in a temple. About the time Túpac Amaru was made leader, a Spanish diplomat returning to Vilcabamba from Cusco was killed. Although it is unlikely that Túpac Amaru had anything to do with it, he was blamed and the Spanish prepared for war. War with the Spanish Túpac Amaru had only been in charge for a few weeks when the Spanish arrived, led by 23-year-old Martín García Oñez de Loyola, a promising officer of noble blood who would later become governor of Chile. After a couple of skirmishes, the Spanish managed to capture Túpac Amaru and his top generals. They relocated all the men and women who had been living in Vilcabamba and brought Túpac Amaru and the generals back to Cusco. Dates of birth for Túpac Amaru are vague, but he was approximately in his late 20s at the time. They were all sentenced to die for insurrection: the generals by hanging and Túpac Amaru by beheading. Death The generals were thrown in prison and tortured, and Túpac Amaru was sequestered and given intense religious training for several days. He eventually converted and accepted baptism. Some of the generals had been tortured so badly that they died before making it to the gallows—although their bodies were hung anyway. Túpac Amaru was led through the city escorted by 400 Cañari warriors, traditional bitter enemies of the Inca. Several important priests, including the influential Bishop Agustín de la Coruña, pleaded for his life, but Viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered the sentence to be carried out. The heads of Túpac Amaru and his generals were put on pikes and left at the scaffold. Before long, the locals—many of whom still considered the Inca ruling family to be divine—started worshiping the head of Túpac Amaru, leaving offerings and small sacrifices. When notified of this, Viceroy Toledo ordered the head to be buried with the rest of the body. With the death of Túpac Amaru and the destruction of the last Inca kingdom in Vilcabamba, Spanish domination of the region was complete. Historic Context Túpac Amaru never really had a chance; he came into power at a time when events had already conspired against him. The deaths of the Spanish priest, interpreter, and ambassador were not of his doing, as they took place before he was made the leader of Vilcabamba. As a result of these tragedies, he was forced to fight a war he may not have even wanted. In addition, Viceroy Toledo had already decided to stamp out the last Inca holdout at Vilcabamba. The legality of the conquest of the Inca was being seriously questioned by reformers (primarily in the religious orders) in Spain and in the New World, and Toledo knew that without a ruling family to which the Empire could be returned, questioning the legality of the conquest was moot. Although Viceroy Toledo was reprimanded by the crown for the execution, he did the king a favor by removing the last legitimate legal threat to Spanish rule in the Andes. Legacy Today Túpac Amaru stands as a symbol for the indigenous people of Peru of the horrors of the conquest and Spanish colonial rule. He is considered the first indigenous leader to seriously rebel against the Spanish in an organized way and, as such, he has become the inspiration for many guerrilla groups over the centuries. In 1780, his great-grandson José Gabriel Condorcanqui adopted the name Túpac Amaru and launched a short-lived but serious rebellion against the Spanish in Peru. The Peruvian communist rebel group Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (“Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement”) took their name from him, as did the Uruguayan Marxist rebel group the Tupamaros. Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971–1996) was an American rapper who was named after Túpac Amaru II. Sources De Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento, "History of the Incas." Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 1999. (written in Peru in 1572)MacQuarrie, Kim. "The Last Days of the Incas," Simon & Schuster, 2007. | <urn:uuid:6ece29ed-af7c-4b3e-b667-f00e1418182d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-tupac-amaru-2136549",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413901.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601005011-20200601035011-00177.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9728719592094421,
"token_count": 1854,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
} |
An environmental assessment is a study needed to establish all the influence either positive or negative regarding one particular project. It will contain economic impact, technical evaluation, and social results that the project will bring. The environmental assessment will have to following:
An environmental assessment was carrying out before installing a petroleum products pipeline. Additionally to physical inspections, inquiries were sent to federal government agencies (Army Corps of Engineers for flood information, EPA, etc.), and state agencies (water quality board, historical commission,). Consequently of the EA, an EIS was not needed.
We can also say that this is a process of estimating & evaluating significant long-term and short-term consequences of a project or program on the quality of its location's environment. It too involved identifying manners to mitigate, minimize or eliminate these effects and/or compensate for their impact. An environmental impact assessment is prepared on the basis of an EA. Also referred as environmental evaluation.
The term environmental assessment comprises:
Environmental impact assessment is a process which is integrated to the process for the authorization of particular projects, especially industrial installations & infrastructure projects. While Strategic environmental assessment is an assessment process to be carried out as part of the elaboration of particular public plans & programs.
While the significance of impacts of a transportation project proposal is not sure, an environmental assessment (EA) is made to assist in making this determination. If it is found that significant impacts will result the preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS) which should immediately commence.
What is the aim of an environmental assessment?
The environmental assessment is a planning and decision-making tool. Its objectives assessment is to:
When environmental assessment is undertaken?
An environmental assessment should be conducted as early as possible in the planning stage of a designated project in order for the proponent to be able to reflect the analysis in the proposed plans, including incorporation of mitigation measures to address adverse environmental effects.What are the advantages of environmental assessment?
By considering environmental effects and mitigation measures early in the project planning cycle, environmental assessment can support better decision making and result in many benefits, such as:
A) Avoidance or minimization of adverse environmental effects
B) Opportunities for public participation and Aboriginal consultation
C) Increased protection of human health
D) Reduced project costs and delays
E) Reduced risks of environmental harm or disasters
F) Increased government accountability and harmonization
G) Lessened probability of transboundary environmental effects
H) Informed decisions that contribute to responsible development of natural resources.Environmental Assessment Act:
Environmental Assessment Act needs an environmental assessment of any major public sector undertaking which has the potential for significant environmental effects. This comprises public roads, transit, waste water and storm water installations.
Environmental assessments determine the ecological, cultural, economic and social impact of the project. Environmental assessment is the main part of the planning procedure and must be finished before decisions are made to proceed on a project. The act does not apply to major private sector projects unless so designated by regulation.
The act exists to "provide for the protection, conservation, and wise management of Ontario's environment". The act mandates clear terms of reference, ongoing consultation, focused assessment hearings with all parties involved–comprising public consultation - and, if essential, referral to mediation for decision.
The Environmental Assessment Act also establishes a "Class Environmental Assessment" process to streamline the planning of municipal projects-including some road, water, and sewage and storm water projects.
Latest technology based Homework Help Online Tutoring Assistance
Tutors, at the www.tutorsglobe.com, take pledge to provide full satisfaction and assurance in Homework help via online tutoring. Students are getting 100% satisfaction by online tutors across the globe. Here you can get homework help, project ideas and tutorials. We provide email based homework help. You can join us to ask queries 24x7 with live, experienced and qualified online tutors. Through Online Tutoring, you would be able to complete your homework or assignments at your home. Tutors at the TutorsGlobe are committed to provide the best quality online tutoring assistance for Humanities Homework help and assignment help services. They use their experience, as they have solved thousands of assignments, which may help you to solve your complex issues of Assignments.
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!! | <urn:uuid:8e63275a-27b7-4429-b2e9-0ad7ee8bd4d2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "http://www.tutorsglobe.com/homework-help/environmental-assessment-assignment-help-73852.aspx",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156423.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920081624-20180920101624-00354.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9311178922653198,
"token_count": 894,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Raise your hand if you could use a little extra help explaining the new Common Core State Standards Florida schools will implement in 2014?
We’ve got our hand up too.
Robert Rothman bullet points the ways Common Core will affect classrooms in this month’s Harvard Education Letter.
Here’s a few key changes:
Depth, not breadth: Rothman notes that Common Core pares down the list of topics to allow teachers to focus more on the subject. He notes that elementary math is particularly affected, putting more emphasis on arithmetic over other topics.
Ramping up difficulty: Both lesson content and testing gets more complex as students progress. Common Core also introduces new topics in each grade that build upon what students have learned previously. The curriculum is designed to emphasize how the topics are interdependent.
Speaking and listening: Common Core focuses on both aspects of literacy. The new standards might mean more emphasis on large and small group work, and following up to ensure student comprehension. | <urn:uuid:ef84fc35-183b-4318-9c27-490175f7837b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2012/08/07/how-common-core-will-change-classroom-approaches/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00453.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9080135226249695,
"token_count": 202,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Know anything about oceanography?
Oceanography is the study of oceans -- currents, ocean temperatures, the terrain at the bottom of the ocean, -- this sort of thing. Since Tennessee has no coastline, you'd think that we wouldn't know much about oceanography. Think again. In fact, Tennessee native Matthew Fontaine Maury is often called the Father of Oceanography.
Maury was born in Virginia in 1806 but grew up in Franklin, Tennessee. Maury County was named for a distant relative of his named Abram Maury.
In 1825, Matthew Maury joined the U.S. Navy as a midshipman (officer in training). His father was furious at Maury for accepting it, since Matthew's brother John had preceded him to the navy and died of yellow fever on ship.
From the time of his first voyage, Maury set himself apart from the other midshipmen and officers. He began keeping complete logs of everything he saw on board ship. On long voyages he began dropping thermometers, attached to ropes, into the water so that he could chart the changing water temperature. He thus pinpointed the locations of ocean currents. After he published a book showing the location of an ocean current around South America, the time it took to sail around that continent was greatly reduced.
Having mastered every navigational book that he could find, Maury started collecting books that the U. S. Navy didn't know about. He then wrote his own navigational book, which was soon considered the best navigational textbook written by an American.
In the 1840s and 1850s Maury made discovery after discovery, becoming world famous in the process. Among his many theories that later turned out to be true is the idea that water (not land) lies beneath the North Pole. In 1853 he organized an international conference of seafaring nations in Belgium in which he asked every ship of every nation to gather and share data on their voyages. The event was a success, and the information gathered as a result was used to chart the seas.
In 1861, he resigned his position as head of the U. S. Naval Observatory because of the Civil War. He died in 1873. | <urn:uuid:ca7347d7-ed0b-4525-824d-f509a5d6d6de> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/history/people/people/matthew-maury.2448144",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816094.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225031153-20180225051153-00302.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9868579506874084,
"token_count": 451,
"score": 3.53125,
"int_score": 4
} |
Beginning in the primary grades, our students need to hear us read aloud A LOT of nonfiction. This helps them develop an ear for what it should sound like when they read independently and when they write nonfiction as well. Below are some new titles students will enjoy hearing read aloud – again and again. I’ve included reviews, suggestions for classroom use and Next Generation Science Standard connections. If you visit my Goodreads page, I have a shelf of nonfiction read alouds for PreK-2nd!
Engaging introduction to the walking stick with a rhyming, reoccurring phrase, “Good trick, walking stick!” The main text could easily be read aloud to preK-1st grade students and then an additional read might include information provided in the captions. Onomatopoeia (“drop, plop, drop,” “wiggle wiggle wiggle Pop!”) in different color, larger fonts beg children to engage in acting out or contributing sound during an interactive read aloud. Well written with clear illustrations to support the text. Might go well with NGSS K-ESS3 Earth & Human Activity and 1-LS1- From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes.
LOVED THIS!!!! Written in a rhythmic cumulative style like “The House that Jack Built.” The author starts with the marsh and the mucky mud, the reeds and the algae and then begins to build the food chain – mayflies eat the algae, water spiders eat the mayflies and so forth. The repetitive, rhythmic verse lends itself to young children jumping in to repeat phrases and act out some of the verbs – nibble, grasp, slurp, etc. The illustrations are vibrant, clearly support the text and worthy of looking at carefully before, during, and after reading aloud. Great for PreK-Kinder studying animals and food chains. Might go really well with the NGSS K-LS1-1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes.
Not just any book about bullying. The author targets “microagressions”—defined in the author’s note as “brief exchanges where an indignity, insult, or slight is expressed.” Well written. The content is clear, to the point with a kind (not patronizing) voice. Concrete examples of what children say when they are being microaggressive – “he’s so gay,” “reading is for nerds,” “he throws like a girl” and concrete kid-manageable suggestions for what to do in response. More importantly, the author addresses the idea that it’s hard to stand up to microaggressions and that “doing the right thing takes courage and it takes practice.” This would make a great read aloud as well as an opportunity for young students to turn and talk in small groups. This might be used at the beginning of the school year to launch problem-solving discussions, etc. At the end of the book, there is a helpful essay by Kevin Nadal, a psychology and professor, with more detailed information about what microaggressions are and what we can do if our child is the target or if our child is the enactor.
Lots of potential for use in the classroom as part of a rigorous unit of study. Read aloud to PreK-1st grade students and pose questions for small groups to discuss. Let a small group of second grade students read to each other and then discuss, “Why is clean air important? What in the text makes you think so? What is your response to that?” Read aloud to 3rd-4th grade students to launch an inquiry—use information on specific pages in the book (including the last two that have more details) to help students generate their own questions. Use as a mentor for writing, for thinking about author’s point of view and how to convey that in their own writing. Lots, lots, lots of ways to use. Would go well with NGSS K-ESS2 Earth’s Systems-in particular ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems.
Great for PreK-1 interactive read aloud that expands students’ vocabulary. Animals that “walk” also tiptoe, waddle, stroll, and march. Animals that “jump” also pounce, spring, rocket, bound straight up, vault, flutter, burst. And more. So much potential fun and learning. The kind of book kids will want to hear read again and again. For older students, this book might launch further research or serve as a mentor text for layout and design as well as focused content. Would work well as part of an integrated unit for NGSS 1-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes, specifically LS1.A Structure and Function.
Hope this helps. | <urn:uuid:af6143a3-59b4-438f-8f81-3f0710ba7395> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "https://sundaycummins.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/are-we-reading-aloud-enough-nonfiction-in-prek-1st/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00484-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458186626434326,
"token_count": 1030,
"score": 3.640625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Grief Counselor Careers
What Is Grief Counseling?
Grief is an emotion that is very common in humans, and possibly some animals as well. This emotion is often associated with a devastating loss, such as the death of a loved one. However, as humans we might feel grief after the loss of nearly anything that we loved dearly, including our relationships, homes, jobs, or even pets.
It is quite normal for us to feel some sort of negative emotion after losses such as these. Grief is a normal process that all of us will experience at some point in our lives. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the author of On Death and Dying, theorized that there are five stages of grief that each of us go through. These stages might last anywhere from a few minutes to several years. In fact, many people may not even realize that they are going through these stages. These five stages are:
- Denial- During the denial stage of grief, people will usually be unwilling or unable to admit their loss. The effects of grief will usually not hit them during this stage, and in fact, they will often feel just fine.
- Anger- As the realization of the loss sets in, most people will then become angry. They may be angry at themselves for not preventing a loss, at their god for taking away their cherished item or loved one, or even at a loved one that has passed on.
- Bargaining- The bargaining stage is next. During this stage of grief, an individual will often try to "bargain" with whoever or whatever they can - including themselves, a loved one, or even their god - in order to restore the missing piece to their life. For example, a husband who has lost her husband might promise her god that she'll do whatever he or she wants, if only she could have her husband back.
- Depression- It is during the fourth stage of grief that feelings of depression will finally start to set in. During this stage, individuals will typically feel very sad or even hopeless.
- Acceptance- It is during the fifth and final stage of grief that most people will finally begin to accept their loss and finally move on with their lives.
Reaching the final stage of grief - acceptance - is one of the most important and healthiest things that a person can do after suffering a terrible loss. Unfortunately, accepting that you'll never see a loved one ever again can be a pretty difficult thing to face. Although most people will often reach this stage on their own eventually, some people may have a very difficult time with this.
This is where grief counseling comes in.
Grief counseling is also sometimes referred to as bereavement counseling. It is typically used to counsel and comfort individuals who are dealing with loss, usually the death of a loved one. This type of counseling can help some people adjust to and cope with loss and the grief that comes with it.
Usually, grief counseling is recommended for individuals who are having trouble grieving, or moving through the different stages of grief, after a loss. Generally, most people who seek grief counseling do so because their grief is
- interfering with their daily activities,
- causing relationship problems,
- making it hard to go on with their own lives, or
- causing intense guilt or depression.
Even individuals who are not experiencing these types of problems, however, can often benefit from grief counseling.
How Do I Become a Grief Counselor?
To become a grief counselor you will need to go through a rather rigorous amount of schooling. This includes obtaining a Bachelor's Degree, then a Master's Degree, and finally entering into a Doctorate or PhD program. If you are serious about entering into this field of study, request information from programs available for you here.
Why Do We Need Grief Counseling?
A normal, healthy grieving process is completely normal and nothing to be ashamed of. Everyone grieves differently, though, and some may find it harder than others to cope with loss and grief. Living with the pain of unresolved loss and grief is a terrible thing for the human psyche. It can cause feelings of guilt to swell up, for instance, along with feelings of depression.
Grief counseling, however, can be used to help make the grieving process much easier and shorter. The purpose of grief counseling is not to forgot a loss, rather than to accept it. Individuals who are able to accept the loss of someone of something that they loved will typically find it much easier to move on and live happier lives themselves.
What Does a Grief Counselor Do?
The main goal of a grief counselor is to help people cope with grief. These professionals might work with all types of people experiencing all different types of loss. Some grief counselors, though, might focus on counseling individuals that lost loved ones in specific ways, such as after a battle with cancer or during military service.
A counseling method known as "active listening" is one of the most common types used by grief counselors. During this type of counseling, a grief counselor will usually do much more listening than talking. He will encourage or allow the grieving person to talk about their feelings and emotions, for example, and try to empathize with them. Many times, individuals suffering from grief might only need to get their feelings out in the open in order to move forward with their lives. On the other hand, a grief counselor might also need to help their patients develop strategies and methods for coping with their loss.
Grief counselors will also usually watch their patients closely for signs of mental or emotional problems that are often associated with grief. This might include such things as anger, depression, or even suicidal thoughts. If necessary, a grief counselor might also try to help grieving individuals deal with these feelings as well.
Where Does a Grief Counselor Work?
A grief counselor might work in a number of different places where they can offer their services to the grieving and bereaved. They might work at hospitals, mental health clinics, and funeral homes, for instance. Because elderly adults will often deal with grief due to loss of loved ones and friends, these professionals might also work at senior centers, retirement homes, and long-term care facilities. The military might also work with grief counselors to help families and soldiers deal with loss.
Some grief counselors might also choose to open their own private practices.
What Are the Education Requirements to Become a Grief Counselor?
|Education Requirements||Education Length||Available Programs|
|Undergraduate Work||Earn a Bachelor's Degree in Counseling||4 Years||Online or Campus|
|Graduate Work||Earn a Master's Degree in Counseling||5-6 Years||Online or Campus|
|PHD or Doctoral Work||Earn a Doctorate in Counseling||7-8 Years||Online or Campus|
The requirements for starting a grief counseling career can vary, usually depending on your area. In some states, for instance, you may be able to take a certificate programs in grief counseling, which is usually acceptable for starting your career.
Many individuals pursuing grief counseling careers, however, will often earn bachelor's degrees in counseling, social work, or thanatology, which is the study of death. When earning a bachelor's degree, students should focus on subjects that cover death and dying, as well as grief and bereavement. Graduate degree programs in grief counseling and thanatology are also offered by many schools as well.
Depending on which state you live in, you will also be required to complete roughly 3,000 hours of supervised fieldwork and pass a rigorous examination before you can become a licensed grief counselor.
What Is the Median Salary for a Grief Counselor?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not provide salary information about grief counselors specifically, but they do provide salary data for related fields. Mental health counselors, which are considered to be a closely related profession, earned a median salary of $42,590 in 2011. | <urn:uuid:2af835c7-c7a6-4e30-b697-775c2f979c54> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"url": "http://careersinpsychology.org/become-a-grief-counselor/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272349.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00117-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9663719534873962,
"token_count": 1630,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
} |
This December for much of Germany and Central Europe has been a pretty cold month so far, with lots of snow and cold weather. At least that was the case until this past weekend when a warm southerly air mass swept across Germany and elevated temperatures well above normal, just in time for Christmas.
Yesterday, Christmas Eve, the mercury climbed to 18.9 °C in Freiberg in southern Germany – a new national record for the date. Spiegel writes that it was even warmer in Munich – but unofficially:
The thermometer at one measuring station at the university showed 20.7 °C. However, the German Weather Service (DWD) pointed out on Tuesday that this was not one of its official measurement stations. The reading measured in Munich will not be included in the official statistics of the DWD.”
Yet that didn’t stop the media from running with the reading as if it were an official record. Everywhere they reported the unofficial 20.7°C reading as a new record. For example online weekly Die Zeit here reported the 20.7°C reading as if it had been an official high (and good enough to qualify for the Die Zeit “Science” section):
With 20.7°C, a national temperature record high for Christmas Eve was measured since the beginning of the instrumental record.”
Indeed it would be interesting if a reader photographed that unofficial university station. Who knows what heat sources may be nearby. And I guess the media think that the German Weather Service can be just ignored nowadays.
Once again Die Zeit demonstrates an overzealous tendency of not checking the facts before printing, read here. No matter, the unofficial reading, which had never been accepted by the German Weather Service, was good enough for the broader German mainstream media to declare as the new record – and yet another sign of man-made climate change.
Record cold in Russia claims over 120 lives
Not surprisingly, much of the media refuses to report on the record cold gripping Russia, Siberia and large swaths of Asia, i.e. an area thousands of times larger than the isolated southern regions of Germany.
To be fair, Die Zeit reports on the record cold in Russia, but buries the story in the “Weather” section. Real propaganda meisters they are. I had to use their “search” function to find it.
At Die Zeit, weeks of record cold over a large swath of the northern hemisphere, with hundreds of lives lost, is less newsworthy than one unofficial record warm day in the city of Munich. | <urn:uuid:30b9ca5d-6d54-4022-81e8-fda93ee2dd80> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://notrickszone.com/2012/12/25/german-media-portray-yesterdays-record-high-temperature-in-germany-as-ominous-sign-of-global-warming/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567042.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215060102-20171215080102-00218.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581557512283325,
"token_count": 528,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
} |
Electrical: The Bumblebee Electrifies Anyway
Phil Kinnane | February 22, 2013
“The Bumblebee Flies Anyway” was a book by Robert Cormier that I read as a young teenager. In it, Cormier describes how bumblebees are natural anomalies as they seemingly do not have the aerodynamic capability to actually fly. Their wing span and flapping speed should not provide enough lift to allow flying, and this is a fact that I have always associated with bumblebees since. Yet, this has been proven not to be true, as a closer investigation of the rotation of and vortices around a bumblebee’s wings, along with a proper aerodynamic calculation, indicate that bumblebees are perfectly able to fly.
A bumblebee loaded with pollen in its pollen baskets. Image taken by Tony Wills and published under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
But now the bumblebee has struck back by demonstrating an alternate type of anomaly in the natural world. An article we found in Nature: NEWS references research (originally published in Science) identifying the bumblebee as the first documented insect to be able to sense electrical potential. Through the flapping of their wings, bumblebees build up electrical potential on the hairs of their bodies, which is useful when landing on a flower as the static electricity allows the pollen to stick to them.
The scalar electric potential (left) and electric field strength (right) of a simple floral geometry with inflorescence 30cm from the ground, modeled as a grounded conductor in an air domain, in the presence of a fair weather atmospheric electric field (100V/m). Image provided courtesy by Dominic Clarke, University of Bristol, and was originally published in Detection and Learning of Floral Electric Fields by Bumblebees, Clarke, D., Whitney, H., Sutton, G. & Robert, D. Science (2013).
Signals to its Friends
A group from the University of Bristol, UK, has proven that bumblebees use this electric potential in a far more sophisticated way. When a bumblebee lands on a flower a charge is passed to it, giving the flower an electric potential. This may act as a signal to other bumblebees that this flower is worth visiting.
Through a series of experiments, the group was able to show that bumblebees were able to discriminate between artificial flowers with differing electric fields at biologically relevant strengths. Their results are published in Science, but you can read about their findings and see a simulation of the electrical potential around a flower here. | <urn:uuid:99c8074d-8e11-495d-9541-2b7b5d455f6d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "https://www.comsol.de/blogs/the-bumblebee-electrifies-anyway/?setlang=1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281084.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.946784496307373,
"token_count": 535,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
} |
"Makwa Pikwatina Mitikmo - The tree that tells the story of bear mountain" by Denis Charette
Giant western red cedar
Hollow Glen, A Journey Through Time
The ancestral Algonquin territory stretches over hundreds of kilometres from Fort-Coulonge to Cornwall, with Hollow Glen at its centre. Algonquin people have lived there for close to 6000 years. In the days of New France, the Kichesipirinis were the ones who lived closest to the area today known as Hollow Glen. Their main gathering place was on L’Isle-aux-Allumettes. However, given their nomadic lifestyle, which included hunting, fishing, and, later on, fur trading with the Europeans, they made use of their entire territory.
Although they were first colonized in 1820 by Irish immigrants’ farming families, it was not until 1938 that the territory’s history would drastically change. Landowner Lyle Beamish had some big plans for the area, including the construction of an artificial lake, the creation of a ski station and a beach resort project. The remainders of the Beamish Dam and Mountain Lake are important legacies. As with the Indigenous people, the specific territory of Hollow Glen, located on the edge of the Canadian Shield, has been, and continues to be, greatly appreciated.
"Makwa Pikwatina Mitikmo - The tree that tells the story of bear mountain", 2021, by Denis Charette
The sculpture is a tribute to nature and to the First Nations people who were the first to inhabit the territory. It takes us through time, back to the region’s earliest history. This 14-foot totem pole rests on a peaceful black bear bathed in magnificent waterfalls. This is the artist’s way of representing childhood memories from his and others’ time spent at Kelly Falls, surrounded by the wildlife and lush greenery of the Hollow Glen area. The textured Algonquin style attests to their presence in the area and their harmony with nature. The eagle, majestically perched on the tip of the pole, depicts courage. It protects and reassures. work emphasizes the importance of cottage living in the history of Chelsea and invites viewers to immerse themselves in its past –even live it. The cottages scattered throughout the region are reminiscent of the vernacular structure of the chalet, the memory of the now partially submerged Chelsea Island, and the importance of lakes and water in the activities of vacationers.
Denis Charette is a Quebec artist of Algonquin descent from the Outaouais area. Known for his monumental and totem-like sculptures, Mr. Charette has created numerous pieces in North America.
To learn more: | <urn:uuid:c2fbc370-4492-49a1-b95c-cfea18f75b97> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://www.decollinesetdeau.com/en-chelsea-hollow-glen",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00367.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9552753567695618,
"token_count": 598,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
} |
PHP, which stands for "Hypertext Preprocessor", is a server-side, HTML embedded scripting language used to create dynamic Web pages. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with some unique features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow Web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly.
PHP offers excellent connectivity to many databases including MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, and Generic ODBC. The popular PHP-MySQL combination (both are open-source products) is available on almost every UNIX host. Being web-oriented, PHP also contains all the functions to do things on the Internet - connecting to remote servers, checking email via POP3 or IMAP, url encoding, setting cookies, redirecting, etc.
Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose,
PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. As a general-purpose programming language, PHP code is processed by an interpreter application in command-linemode performing desired operating system operations and producing program output on its standard output channel. It may also function as a graphical application. PHP is available as a processor for most modern web servers and as a standalone interpreter on most operating systems and computing platforms.
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and has been in continuous development ever since. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by the PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification. PHP is free software released under thePHP License.
PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML.
Instead of lots of commands to output HTML (as seen in C or Perl), PHP pages contain HTML with embedded code that does "something" (in this case, output "Hi, I'm a PHP script!"). The PHP code is enclosed in special start and end processing instructions that allow you to jump into and out of "PHP mode."
The best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a newcomer, but offers many advanced features for a professional programmer.
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.
Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition.
Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example)WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google and Facebook.
MySQL is the world's most popular open source database software, with over 100 million copies of its software downloaded or distributed throughout it's history. With its superior speed, reliability, and ease of use, MySQL has become the preferred choice for Web, Web 2.0, SaaS, ISV, Telecom companies and forward-thinking corporate IT Managers because it eliminates the major problems associated with downtime, maintenance and administration for modern, online applications.
Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and money powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged software including industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube, Wikipedia, and Booking.com.
The flagship MySQL offering is MySQL Enterprise, a comprehensive set of production-tested software, proactive monitoring tools, and premium support services available in an affordable annual subscription.
MySQL is a key part of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl / Python), the fast-growing open source enterprise software stack. More and more companies are using LAMP as an alternative to expensive proprietary software stacks because of its lower cost and freedom from platform lock-in.
MySQL was originally founded and developed in Sweden by two Swedes and a Finn: David Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius, who had worked together since the 1980's. More historical information on MySQL is available on Wikipedia.
Crystal Planet Solutions, a Kolkata based Web development company have experienced and highly skilled PHP Programmer. As a website development company in Kolkata, India and also web designing company in Kolkata, India, Crystal Planet Solutions always use secured methods while concept building. Php, MySql, Ajax, Jquery are used to develop the applications. | <urn:uuid:f677b292-9cd6-445a-9479-e0a3b87694a7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"url": "https://demo.appsbd.com/support-system/knowledge/details/4/.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00523.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9319669604301453,
"token_count": 1079,
"score": 3.46875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Space opera is a genre of science fiction literature, and the term can also be applied to movies and TV programs. The genre has almost no relationship to the opera music form, except for the similarity of grand scope and dramatic intensity. Typically, space opera occurs on a galactic scale, has multiple types of spacecraft, from speedy corvettes to battleships capable of destroying planets. There is plenty of action and adventure in space opera.
Space Opera Literature
The literature of space opera is varied and many books are available. Space opera books are the most popular science fiction tomes on planet Earth. From Asimov’s world-spanning tale of galactic empire upheaval, to Banks’ focus on a utopian society that struggles in a hostile universe, space opera books are uber-epic. There are also many good examples of short fiction, such as those stories collected in ‘The New Space Opera’ anthology.
Books: ‘Foundation’ by Isaac Asimov, ‘Ringworld’ by Larry Niven, ‘Vorkosigan Saga’ novels by Lois McMaster Bujold, ‘Culture’ novels by Iain M. Banks, ‘Revelation Space’ by Alastair Reynolds, ‘The New Space Opera’ edited by Gardner Dozois and Jonathan Strahan
Space Opera Movies
Space Opera movies are known for great villains. From Darth Vader to Khan, and Zorg to the Lord Marshal, they are all twisted characters exhibiting nasty, sadistic behavior. Yet they are villains that we love to hate.
Films: Star Wars movies, Star Trek movies, The Fifth Element, Serenity, The Chronicles of Riddick, Starship Troopers.
Space Opera Television
The history of space opera in television is a long one. However, the original Star Trek program was the first of the higher quality shows. Even though the costumes and graphics appear campy by today’s standards, the writing and acting is good enough to make the program a timeless classic.
Television: Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: Enterprise, Firefly, Stargate SG-1, Babylon 5, Farscape | <urn:uuid:46a42c9a-f521-4818-9b41-5e8cfa3da3ef> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "http://sciencefiction.com/2011/08/17/what-is-space-opera/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00277.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9067184925079346,
"token_count": 456,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
There is a functioning replica of the Gutenberg printing machine.
A copy of two silver foil amulets, the Ketel Hinnon Silver Amulets, the earliest known texts of Scripture, dated to around 500-600 BC. The text was from Numbers 6:24-26.
A facsimile of Sennecharib Prism, in which the Assyrian King mentioned that he was unable to capture Jerusalem around 600BC, a failure that was predicted in a prophecy to Hezekiah, the King of Judea, in 2 Kings 19.
A nail through a heel bone found in a bone box containing the remains of a male in his mid-twenties who died by crucifixion.
The Siloan Inscription. It was found inside Hezekiah’s Tunnel, where two crews digging from both sides met. The tunnel was described in 2 Chronicles 32, dug to bring water from the Pool of Siloam outside of the city walls to bring water inside Jerusalem. It was done in anticipation of the siege by Assyria around 600BC.
A reproduction of the Gutenberg Bible, the first book printed in Europe with moveable typeset around 1455.
King James’ Version of 1611, which dominated the English speaking Protestant community for centuries.
The Barrow Chinese Embassy Esther Scroll. a miniature scroll of Esther, produced in Italy and obtained in China in 1794, likely in Kaifeng 開封 in Henan.
The Chinese translation completed by Robert Morrison in 1823, printed with wood blocks.
Hand copies of the Chinese Bible made during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 70s.
And many more fascinating artefacts. Bible lovers will not be disappointed. | <urn:uuid:c959833d-324a-40c0-b443-fbf142a01a96> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"url": "http://stephencfchan.blogspot.com/2017/04/fascinating-bible-exhibit.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613796.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530051312-20170530071312-00282.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536764025688171,
"token_count": 352,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The Spiral Jetty comprises at least three things:
A jetty: a structure which projects out into a body of water from its shoreline.
A work of art on a grand scale, made of moved earth and referred to by its creator Robert Smithson as a site.
A collection of "maps, diagrams, photographs, and material samples [by which] he effected a complex dialogue between the actual site and its means of representation in a museum or gallery context,"1 referred to as a nonsite.
With funding generously provided by art patron Virginia Dawn, the Jetty was built in April of 1970 at Rozel Point, Box Elder County, Utah, not far from Golden Spike National Historic Site Park. It stretches out into the shallows of the eastern side of Gunnison Bay, the north arm of the Great Salt Lake.
The Great Salt Lake was split into northern and southern arms in 1959 by the construction of a rail causeway for the Southern Pacific Railroad. As a direct result, the arms' relative salinity levels were drastically altered, since the south arm (Gilbert Bay) of the lake receives the lion's share of the snow runoff each year.2
The Spiral Jetty was built in six days by Smithson and two helpers, who used "two dump trucks, a front loader, and a tractor to move 6,650 tons of earth and rock from nearby hillsides into the lake."3 The jetty projects out from the lakeshore on a long, straight stem, and terminates in a widdershins spiral, a shape often depicted in Native American petrogylphs. The body of the coil is 1500 feet (457.2 m) long and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide, and, when it is above water, the whole coiled structure is visible from space4 at one-meter resolution.
A great irony3 of the choice of location of the Jetty is its close approximation to Golden Spike. While the Jetty is a spiral, Golden Spike commemorates the last spike driven into the Transcontinental Railroad, a direct, linear joining of the the East and West coasts.
The huge Jetty was once a road of dirt and black basalt5 speckled with a hoar of white salt crystals, creating a striking contrast to the backdrop of lakewater made red from pigments found in bacteria, brine shrimp and algae tolerant to the extremely high (~27%) salinity2 of the north arm. Towards the center of the spiral, the concentrated salt underwater fades the red to a delicate pink. While usually reddish, the color of the water may vary even hourly to a cobalt or turquoise blue, a green described by some as "pea soup", or even copper, all further varied by the vagaries of wind, cloud cover, and light.
The structure is meant to be walked upon, and while it is remote, it nevertheless enjoys regular visitation by devoted pilgrims who are delighted by its eerie beauty. The site can be accessed through Golden Spike via a long (approx. 15 mile), rough, narrow, unpaved road that passes through both public and private lands. It requires a high clearance vehicle and careful counting of cattle guards to get there. Directions may be found at Sculpture.org.3
Public service announcement regarding travelling to the Spiral Jetty: You will be in Utah. Cattle guards are sometimes used in lieu of fence gates. A cattle guard is a group of horizontal pipes set into a ditch, spaced widely enough to deter herd animals from crossing the gap. You can easily drive a vehicle across a cattle guard. Cattle gates are fence gates. You do not need to open any gates to get to the Jetty. Do not trespass, open a gate that is not yours without permission, or (worse yet) fail to close said gate in cattle country if you are at all fond of your current good state of health and approximate proper count and localization of body parts. Do NOT piss off cattle ranchers. Seriously.
A brief, Jetty-centric biography of the artist
For a more general bio, please see Robert Smithson.
Robert Smithson (1938-1973) was born in Passaic, New Jersey, though he later moved to Rutherford and then Clifton at around age nine. Whether he is related in any way to the founder of the Smithsonian is an open question, but by that age he had already developed an interest in both art and natural history — especially prehistory, the primitive, and petroglyphs. He didn't quite finish his high school degree, finding great distaste for his school's constrictive teaching of art, and struck out on his own. He eventually earned scholarships to the Art Students League and the Brooklyn Museum School, but never attended college.
He travelled extensively throughout his life in the United States and in Europe, focussing on natural history and architecture. In Rome, he was fascinated by sculpture and the labyrinth-like passageways of the Renaissance-era churches. In the United States, the West held a great attraction for him. He once was lucky enough to be allowed to see a Hopi rain dance at the Oraibi pueblo.
In 1972, he was interviewed for the Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution. During this interview, he shed some light on how the evolution of his personal philosophy eventually led to the creation of the Spiral Jetty.
Smithson first became interested in Borges' use of leftover remnants of philosophy around 1965, as he came to realize that such a system described his own world view:
Smithson: ... [T]he system is just a convenience, you might say. It's just another construction on the mires of things that have already been constructed. So that my thinking, I guess, became increasingly dialectical. I was still working with the resolution of the organic and the crystalline, and that seemed resolved in dialectics for me. And so I created the dialectic of site and nonsite. The nonsite exists as a kind of deep three-dimensional abstract map that points to a specific site on the surface of the earth. And that's designated by a kind of mapping procedure. And these places are not destinations; they're kind of backwaters or fringe areas.
....[A] lot of the nonsites are in New Jersey. I think that those landscapes embedded themselves in my consciousness at a very early date, so that in a sense I was beginning to make archaeological trips into the recent past to Bayonne, New Jersey.
Cummings: So in a sense it was a real place that then became abstracted to a nonsite?
Smithson: Yes. And which then reflected the confinement of the gallery space. Although the nonsite designates the site, the site itself is open and really unconfined and constantly being changed. And then the thing was to bring these two things together. And I guess to a great extent that culminated in the Spiral Jetty.
Interview with Robert Smithson for the Archives of American Art / Smithsonian Institution, conducted by Paul Cummings on July 14 and 19, 1972
That was the same year the water of the Great Salt Lake rose and submerged the Jetty. Apparently unbeknownst to Robert Smithson, the lake's water level was extremely low at the time of the Spiral Jetty's construction. The lake's average depth is only 35 feet (10.7 m) and its sides slope gently, which causes the lake's area coverage to be extremely sensitive to changes in water level. Known historic extremes are 950 square miles (2460 square km) in 1963 and 3300 square miles (8547 square km) in 1986-7.
Though there was some talk of building the Jetty higher after it was submerged, he never did so.
Only a year later, Smithson died in a plane crash in Texas. He had been surveying a site for his next earth-moving project, the Amarillo Ramp. In 1999, his estate donated the Spiral Jetty to the Dia Center for the Arts, a tax-exempt charitable foundation based in New York City.
Recent history of the Jetty
The Spiral Jetty remained underwater until the summer of 2002, when the level of the lake fell again. The structure re-emerged, prompting celebration by lovers of art and nature everywhere. When it did, it looked nothing like its former self. It had been completely transformed during its time underwater by acquiring a heavy crust of salt deposits which turned the entire Spiral a pure, glimmering white. I doubt Smithson planned this evolution, but I think he would have been stunned and delighted by Nature's helping hand in playing to his theme of mutability.
Now, in the early summer of 2005, increased snowmelt runoff from nearby foothills has increased the level of the Great Salt Lake enough6 that the Spiral Jetty has begun to sink once more into the depths, and the runoff from the taller mountains has only just begun.
Smithson would be proud, I think, if he could hear the news. His work of art will continue to evolve for centuries to come. How's that for a legacy?
1. Spiral Jetty Press Release
2. Utah Geological Survey: Pink Water, White Salt Crystals,
Black Boulders, and the Return of Spiral Jetty!
4. Space Imaging's Image of the Week — November 11, 2002
5. Link to a photograph at RobertSmithson.com
6. The Spiral Jetty is not visible unless the water level of the lake goes below 4,197.8 feet (1,280.2 meters) in elevation. Same reference as footnote 2.
Google image search for "Spiral Jetty"
Sculpture: Spiral Jetty: The Re-Emergence
After Years of Drought, Salt Lake Rising
Salt Lake Tribune: Floods pump life back into lake
Art uncoils from depths of lake
Frieze.com "Now You See It"
Robert Smithson Essay
Robert Smithson: Spiral Jetty
Dia Art Foundation
USGS: Great Salt Lake, Utah
Contains a link to a detailed map, though the map does not, sadly, show the jetty.
National Park Service: Golden Spike
First Pulse Projects — Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty
More pictures, a short movie clip that didn't work for me, and assorted links. | <urn:uuid:dfc39680-5017-44d8-8fd7-33172d6d08da> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"url": "http://everything2.com/title/Spiral+Jetty?showwidget=showCs1730743",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983578600.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201938-00136-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9361734390258789,
"token_count": 2151,
"score": 3.484375,
"int_score": 3
} |
About this book
Now in new trade paper editions, these classic biographies of two of the greatest 20th Century mathematicians are being released under the Copernicus imprint. These noteworthy accounts of the lives of David Hilbert and Richard Courant are closely related: Courant's story is, in many ways, seen as the sequel to the story of Hilbert. Originally published to great acclaim, both books explore the dramatic scientific history expressed in the lives of these two great scientists and described in the lively, nontechnical writing style of Contance Reid.
Finite Mathematica logic mathematics philosophy | <urn:uuid:cc531d04-ee3e-461e-b440-87559996c601> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-0739-9",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160620.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924165426-20180924185826-00434.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.915873646736145,
"token_count": 118,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
} |
- access to a kiln
- poppy reference photos
- a penny nail, wooden skewer, small canvas square to work on
- a rolling pin
- a little cup of water
- a Chinet paper bowl
- wax resist, optional
The Chinet paper bowl is to hold our poppy while it is drying to get that bowl shape. I have 2 class sets and the get used over and over for other bowl like clay projects. The fact that it is paper allows the clay to dry out nicely.
Take your bowl and push down on it at one corner of your slab.
It will leave an imprint so you can cut your base the right size. I use this opportunity to discuss with the kids how you don't want to do this in the center of the slab as you want to ensure you have plenty of room to cut your petals.
Place the base in the paper bowl.
Cut out some poppy shapes. I always stress the use of odd numbers ( looks better design wise) so we were going for 5 or 7.
Write the student's name on the back of one of the petals.
Bisque fire in the kiln.
Glaze with red, wine, and a little purple. You also need black for the center.
Painted Poppies by Grade 1. | <urn:uuid:5a35c989-a8da-4510-8cb1-46101ef2a725> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://www.thatartistwoman.org/2012/11/clay-poppies.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170600.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00117-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9280717372894287,
"token_count": 273,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Types of Roller Coasters
There are many different types of roller coasters. A roller coaster’s type depends on the design of the track and the design of the car. Some roller coasters only became famous because of their unique design. An example of one roller coaster would be X2 at Six Flags,
Below are the most common types of roller coasters. To see more types click here Types of Coasters 2
A suspension roller coaster is where the track is above the speeding car as shown in the picture at the right. Suspension roller coasters are unique because when the car goes through an inversion (ex.
A steel roller coaster is your basic up, down, side-to-side roller coaster made (almost)completely out of steel. They can also have an inversion here and there. Usually smooth with cars that have rows of two. It is the most common type of roller coaster in the world today.
Wooden coasters are also very unique because they are
You might also think wooden coasters are made completely out of wood but, there not! There is actually a thin, steel rectangle that acts as the track through out the whole ride that the cars ride on. You see that dark spot on the track in the picture? I put that there to show you the metal track.
A suspended swinging coaster is a steel coaster that is a close relative to the suspended coaster. Actually, it is a suspended coaster but the only difference is the car design. On a suspended coaster, the car body is mounted on hinges that connect to the main car that rides on the track. Because of this, the car is free to swing in a horizontal motion. But to keep the car from breaking off the hinges because of too large a motion, air pistons (inactive) are used to make this swinging motion smoother and slower with out diminishing the effect. This unique car design allows turns to have more "thrill" in them becuase you swing with the turns (trust me, it's pritty cool). The is one down fall to this design though, there are no inversions. This is because of safty measures. For example, if the train gets stuck at the top of a loop the car will lean to one side too far and actually break the hinge from too much weight. Cars are usualy seat people two per row.
Steel Stand Up
A steel stand up coaster is a steel coaster you stand up in! Thats basically all it is but I wonder how it was conceaved? Maby the people who make coasters finnaly thought that all those people that are told not to stand up in a regular coaster and got their heads banged off deserved a coaster for themselves . On stand up coasters you can break that rule about standing up and do it all you want; seriously! Standing up also gives you new and exciting veiws and feelings on different inversions and turns thoughout the ride. The cars are also different. Most stand up rides have a bicycle like seats between you and the shoulder harnests to keep you from falling out. The seats also adjust to your height for further comfort. (Picture: Riddler's Revenge ~ Six Flags - Magic Mountain -- Velencia, CA.)
A steel flying coaster follows riders to feel like they have taken flight on an out of control plane ride in the middle of a roller coaster park. At the station, the cars sit at 90 degrees with the track to allow riders to get on and then is proped up parallel with the track so they are looking strait down at the floor. During the ride, this "illusion" gives the rider a whole new experence by making them feel like they are flying. Even though this is a great type of roller coaster, they are, unfortunatly in low numbers in the US (I think it is because of cost issues). This type of ride also gives a whole definition of perspective for inversions. Cars usually sit people in rows of 4 and have advanced safety systems.
A steel boomerang coaster (or sometimes called a "front-back" coaster) can be a thrill to any man who likes to do stuff backwards. That's right. This coaster was ment to retrace its steps thousands of times every day. Most boomerang coasters are a version of suspension coasters and can come in many different designs (but some boomarangs are like regular steel coasters). On most (see pic. 1 - DeJa Vu ~ SFMM), a cable lift draws the car backwards, out of the station, into a 90 degree, look-down angle; and then lets you go. You fly through the track untill you hit a second tower also containing a cable lift which pulls you to the top of that tower. Then it lets you go on another free ride of the track backwards. On some, you are launched out of the station (see pic. 2 - Wicked Twister ~ Cedar Pt.). | <urn:uuid:a79b376c-a8a5-4505-b74a-0304ad1fcbb0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://rollercoasterknowhow.webs.com/typesofrollercoasters.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699186520/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101306-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9599864482879639,
"token_count": 1016,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
National Curriculum Subject Areas
We teach an English curriculum based on the National Curriculum. Reading, Writing and Spoken Language are pivotal to everything we do throughput the whole curriculum here at Linton Primary School.
Reading for enjoyment and pleasure is promoted throughout our school.
We support our Children to become skilled word readers and have good comprehension skills.
Our pupils follow a synthetic Phonic system. The Read, Write, Inc programme and resources are used with children from Early Years and throughout KS1. Reading is assessed through continuous teacher assessment and individually tailored interventions giving further support put in place where necessary.
Read, Write, Inc Fresh Start materials are used in KS2 as intervention where necessary.
In EYFS children begin reading books using the 'Jelly & Bean' scheme as they promote a secure foundation based on the synthetic phonics programme taught. they then move on to Read, Write, Inc books, supplemented with other texts which are matched the the individual child's needs to provide a breadth of rich reading material and experiences. In KS2 as well as paper books children access an online reading platform, 'Reading Plus', personalised to their own reading speed and need which they can access both at school and at home.
Developing and promoting language skills through reading and analysing a range of texts which include fiction, non fiction and poetry helps our children to become confident speakers.
We recognise that not all of our children have the opportunity to read and enjoy books at home.
In school children are given opportunities to read independently, read to adults and peers, and be read to by an adult. this supports their word reading their comprehension skills, develops a rich vocabulary and helps to foster a love of reading.
High quality texts are used to support writing as cross school. Materials from the 'Center for Literacy in Primary Education' (CLPE) are used to deliver units of work supporting engagement through a supportive approach.
We draw on our practicable experience of the wider world from the off-site visits to exciting places that enrich our curriculum to stimulate and inspire our children to write.
The Read, Write, Inc synthetic phonics programme and resources delivered from EYFS and throughout KS1 helps our children to become secure readers, spellers and handwriters.
We have high expectation for handwriting and presentation throughout school and encourage children to take great pride in the work they produce across the curriculum.
Assessment in the form of high quality oral feedback and written comments allows children the opportunity to see how to improve their work, build on their skills and recognise their own progress.
Opportunities to talk are woven into our entire curriculum and throughout the school day. we recognise that this is a key way for children to develop their learning in terms of how they process information and understand the world around them.
Children are supported to share their ideas, participate in presentations and debates and are regularly challenged to explain and elaborate on opinions giving reasons for their thinking in all aspects of school life.
Children across our school age range contribute to performances by both writing and taking part in them.
At Linton Primary School we place a high importance on reasoning and problem solving from an early age. We believe that is vital that children experience maths through real life experiences and have plenty of opportunities to use and apply their skills across the curriculum.
We use the White Rose scheme of planning and believe using a concrete, pictorial and abstract process allows children to develop securely across their learning building confidence, resilience, and a p[passion for maths.
We place a high emphases of children knowing their times tables and number bonds. We aim to shape assured, happy and resilient mathematicians. who relish the challenge of maths.
- National Curriculum Programme of Study - Design and Technology
- Whole School Map Design & Technology 2.pdf
Whole School Map for Geography currently being updated.
Whole School Map for History currently being updated.
Whole School Map for Languages currently being updated.
Whole School Map for Music currently being updated.
Whole School Map for Physical Education currently being updated. | <urn:uuid:25fb4830-032e-4f00-abaa-11d8d3150c03> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"url": "http://www.linton.northumberland.sch.uk/website/national_curriculum_subject_areas/314829",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113164312-20191113192312-00310.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9545502662658691,
"token_count": 834,
"score": 3.5625,
"int_score": 4
} |
(ARA) - Crime scene dramas like "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" and "Criminal Minds" have exploded in popularity over the past decade, creating what many in the legal field describe as "The CSI Effect."
"The CSI Effect" refers to the way the often exaggerated scenarios in these shows have influenced the public's perception of the forensic science field. Many viewers don't realize that it can take weeks to get laboratory test results, that evidence must be handled in a very careful manner, and that some of the technology used on these shows simply hasn't been invented yet.
"Probably about 5 or 10 percent of what is on 'CSI' is realistic," says Melissa Beddow, a DNA analysis expert and forensic science professor at Grand Canyon University in Phoenix. "A lot of the technology is non-existent, and a lot of the evidence handling (in those shows) is wrong and would be thrown out of court in a trial."
But the TV shows have also had a more positive effect on society - spurring the interest of college-bound students who are finding the field to be an attractive career option. Until recently, students interested in the forensic science field majored in biology or chemistry. But students are now turning to forensic science programs, which give them an opportunity to log significant laboratory hours working with industry-standard instrumentation. That experience means they'll require less on-the-job training after graduation and will be more desirable job candidates than someone with lesser training.
Suddenly, undergraduate and graduate degree programs are sprouting up across the country. In the past several years, graduate programs in forensic science at University of California, Davis, Florida International University and George Washington University have all seen major jumps in enrollment.
Beddow is overseeing Grand Canyon University's forensic science bachelor's degree program, which began this fall. Students in the program take general foundation classes similar to that of a pre-med program, as well as more specific forensic courses, such as toxicology, forensic chemistry, and DNA analysis, where students will analyze mock DNA samples to extract and process for identification.
"There was a big need for this program in Arizona," says Beddow. "We have a lot of associate degree programs in this state, but those don't adequately prepare a student to enter a laboratory environment right after graduation."
Students who graduate with a degree in forensic science have a number of post-graduation options open to them. They will be qualified to work in virtually any analytical laboratory or they can go on to medical school or another graduate program.
This flexibility is what attracted GCU freshman Charlie Willett to the program. Growing up, Willett always dreamed of being an FBI agent and planned to major in biology and possibly attend medical school.
"But Professor Beddow has talked to me about all the different things you can do in a lab," says Willet. "And a lot of that sounds interesting to me, too."
Willett enrolled in the forensic science program when he realized it was a path that would keep all those doors open to him. | <urn:uuid:74320a26-7240-4723-a92f-2a321d8756f4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://www.mycouriertribune.com/online_features/education/forensic-science-a-popular-degree-program-thanks-to-prime-time/article_0afe3215-2829-598d-b1d0-e22e77f7fdde.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00540.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9657754302024841,
"token_count": 629,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
} |
I have been developing in PHP since 2001. PHP is very easy to program in. But PHP also has some serious flaws.
Below I give some reasons why you have to do some serious thinking before implementing a large scale web application in PHP.
Recursion is the mechanism in which a function calls itself. This is a powerful feature which can make something complex something simple. An example of a function using recursion is quicksort. Unfortunately, PHP is not good at recursion. Zeev, one or the developers of PHP, says this: "PHP 4.0 (Zend) uses the stack for intensive data, rather than using the heap. That means that its tolerance recursive functions is significantly lower than that of other languages." See bug 1901. This is a poor excuse. Every programming language should provide good recursion support.
A couple of years ago, Apache released version 2.0 of its web server. This version supports multithreaded mode, in which one piece of software can run multiple times simultaneously. The makers of PHP say that the core of PHP is thread safe, only the non-core modules often aren't. But nine out of ten times, you do want to use such a module in your PHP-script, making your script unsuitable for Apache's multithreaded mode. And according to some, even the core of PHP isn't thread safe. So it is no surprise the PHP Group doesn't recommend running PHP on Apache 2 in multithreaded mode. The bad multithreaded mode support of PHP is often seen as the reason Apache 2 still didn't catch on.
Read the discussion about this on Slashdot: Sites Rejecting Apache 2?.
The performance of PHP can be increased to 500% by using caching [benchmarks]. So why is caching not build into PHP? Because Zend, the maker of PHP is selling its own Zend Accelerator and of course, they don't want to cannibalize on their own commercial products.
But there is an alternative: APC.
Suppose someone creates a PHP-module that can read files. One of the functions in this module is called read. And someone else's module can read web pages and also contains a function read. Then it is impossible to use these modules together because PHP will not know which read function you want.
An easy solution to this is namespaces. It was a suggested feature for PHP 5, but unfortunately it didn't make it. Now, without namespaces, every function has to be prefixed with the module name, to prevent name collisions. This leads to terrible long function names like xsl_xsltprocessor_transform_to_xml which makes code harder to write and read.
Finally, since version 5.3 PHP has namespaces. Unfortunately, as as level seperator, it uses the backslash (\) character, normally used to escape other characters.
Many programmers are familiar with the date format characters known from UNIX and the C programming language. Other programming languages adopted this standard, but strangely enough, PHP has its own, completely incompatible date format characters. While in C, "%j" stands for the day of the year, in PHP this stands for the day of the month. To make things even more confusing: the function strftime and the date_format of Smarty, a PHP templating engine, do use the C/UNIX format characters.
You might think PHP is free and all PHP-modules in the manual are free too. Wrong. For example, if you want to generate a PDF-file from PHP you will find two modules in the manual: PDF or ClibPDF. But both come with commercial licenses. So for every module you use, you have to make sure you agree with its license.
Some function names consist of more than one word. There are three conventions for combining these words:
Most Languages choose one of these variants. PHP uses all of them.
For example, it you want to convert special characters to HTML entities, you use the function htmlentities (Words glued together). If you want to do the opposite, you use its little brother function html_entity_decode. For some reason the words are now separated by underscores. Why is this bad? You know there is a function named strpad. Or was it str_pad? Every time you have to look up what the notation is or wait for an error to occur. Functions are case insensitive, so for PHP there is no difference between rawurldecode and RawUrlDecode. This is bad too, because both are used and because they look different, they will confuse the reader.
Magic quotes prevents PHP-scripts from SQL injection attacks. That's okay. But for some reason, you can turn this off in the php.ini configuration file. So if you want to write a portable script, you always have to check whether magic quotes is turned on or off. So a "feature" to make programming easier, actually makes it more complex.
A website without a framework and that's growing, will eventually become a maintenance nightmare. A framework can make a lot of work easier. The most popular model for a framework is the MVC-model, in which layout, business logic and interaction with the database are seperated.
Fortunately, since this article was written, in 2004, a lot has changed. In 2004, frameworks where something obscure in the PHP community. Most programmers had to write something themselves. Now things are different.
Zend, the developer of PHP, created a framework Zend PHP Framework. Other frameworks, like CakePHP, CodeIgniter and Symfony are also very popular. Only the Zend framework is really object-oriented. The other frameworks support PHP 4 and thus can't be really object oriented.
With Unicode it is possible to use every language in the world, for example Chinese, Arabic and Hebrew. While every other serious programming language supports Unicode for many years, PHP still has a very hard time dealing with this. Unicode is planned for PHP 6 and we still have to wait a long time before PHP supports this trivial feature.
You think Java is slow? PHP is much slower! See this Computer Language Shootout. So how can PHP be used on all these popular websites with lots of visitors? Because of caching. These sites use memcached and APC to get performance. It doesn't proof anything about PHP, only that it's cachable.
Even Rasmus Lerdorf, the creator of PHP, admits this. In this interview from SitePoint, Rasmus is asked about how to make PHP fast. He answers "Well, you can't".
A slow interpreter wouldn't be a big problem if you could solve it by adding a couple of extra servers. How easy is that? PHP doesn't have threads and you can't share data between different PHP-processes. PHP-supporters call this the "Shared Nothing-architecture". Very smart to sell a shortcoming as an advantage. Just like any other system, you have to share data and in PHP, you do it through the database. Is moving this problem to the (already slow) database really the right solution? I don't think so.
A simple PHP script can become less than 100kB. But a single page in a serious system or in a CMS can easily become 15MB (yes: megabytes). For every request, this memory has to be initialized, which takes time. It also limits the number of concurrent connections. If you have 2GB available for PHP, you can only have 2000/15 is 133 simultaneous connections. Not much, really.
In the SitePoint-interview mentioned above, Rasmus also claims PHP doesn't scale.
Facebook is a nice case to proof this. Facebook is probably the biggest PHP-site. They have 2.3 billion visits per month. They also use 30 thousand servers. That's a lot. If you do some calculations, you'll find out, on average, one server handles only 104 visits per hour. That's really poor performance.
And it gets even more absurd. Last year Facebook doubled the number of servers. I doubt they doubled the number of visitors.
PHP has two advantages: it's very easy and it's widely supported by webhosting companies. But that doesn't make it a good language.
For very small projects, it can be a nice programming language. But for larger and more complex projects, PHP can show its weakness. When you search long enough, you'll find solutions (work arounds) to some of the mentioned problems. So when a solution is known, why isn't it fixed? And why are the fixes not mentioned in the manual?
It's good that an open source language is very popular. Unfortunately, it's not a great language. I hope all problems will be solved once (in PHP 6?) and we will have an open source language that's open source and good.
Until then, when you start a project larger than five scripted pages, you might also consider C#/ASP.Net or Java/JSP as a better solution. And if you want really good (distributed) performance, you can look at some initiatives which have been popping up the last couple of years. Just to mention a couple of them: Nginx, Couch DB and Node.js. They all blow existing systems away.
After I wrote this page, some people informed me about other, similar pages: | <urn:uuid:2b142e49-36be-42ac-b67c-fd12304b6fd2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://www.bitstorm.org/edwin/en/php/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928414.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00232-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9426230192184448,
"token_count": 1954,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire globe, requiring quick action from governments and the populace to stem the flow of transmission. With many in quarantine or lockdown, the pandemic has changed the daily way of life for many around the world.
This week, we spoke with members of the Mittal Institute team in India, Nepal, and Pakistan to get a firsthand look into the situation on the ground in South Asia, from recent governmental guidance and regulations to the response of the population and how it will impact society.
Sanjay Kumar, India Country Director, Mittal Institute
Life is not the same for people in India. A nation of 1.3 billion is up against an enemy that is invisible, and yet seems to be invincible. The present generations have never witnessed such fear of any pandemic in their lifetime. As India prepares its defense against local transmission of the virus, public health measures, community preparedness, and the practice of social distancing have become critical. The fight is not going to be easy. On the eve of March 24, the central government in India encouraged people to stay home by announcing a nationwide shutdown from midnight onwards. This will be crucial to help prevent transmission of the virus in the coming days.
The central government has invoked powers under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, to enhance preparedness and response efforts. With COVID-19 declared a notified disaster, the State Disaster Response Fund — constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 — is now available to state governments for response measures.
The first case of coronavirus in India was reported on January 30 this year. As of March 26, the Indian Authorities have confirmed a total of 694 confirmed cases, 44 recoveries, 1 migration, and 16 deaths in the country. The infection rate of COVID-19 in India is reported to be 1.7, which is remarkably lower when compared to the worst affected countries. The virus, which has literally brought the world to a halt, is set to impact India as well.
The outbreak of COVID-19 is equally dangerous for people from all sectors of society. Everyone is mandated to follow the protocol for social distancing. This pandemic will significantly affect workers in the informal economy in India, which consists of more than 93 percent of the workforce. As a result of social distancing and now with the lockdown, many informal workers will lose their wages during this time, and some are likely to go unemployed. Factory workers, small wage earners such as construction workers, domestic maids, street vendors, migrant laborers, and so on, will be the worst affected. Many of them will need to borrow money from informal financial institutions, such as moneylenders, to meet their expenses during this period of uncertainty.
At present, we do not have enough data to predict the number of people in India who will have a secured job once the pandemic is over. The entire Indian economy will be adversely affected, and businesses will require months to return to a normal cycle. On March 24, the central government declared several relaxations in compliances by extending deadlines and reducing fines, and is also planning a financial package to help the economy cope with these unusual circumstances.
During this deep crisis, there is a strong commitment to service among doctors, government officials, and the frontline workers who are risking their lives to provide essential services. Doctors who are treating COVID-19 patients are unable to see their families for days at a time. Policemen are bending over backwards to stop people from violating curfews and maintaining law and order to ensure smooth functioning of essential services. Officials and service providers are working day and night to ensure uninterrupted supply of services such as electricity, gas, and water. On March 22, at the behest of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, people across India expressed gratitude and appreciation for the selfless services of doctors and frontline workers by clapping from their balconies and rooftops.
In the fight against this deadly virus, government and people are together. It is going to be a long haul, and inevitably so. However, it could also be interpreted as a time and opportunity to explore alternative ways to work. Each country is putting up a fight against this pandemic in its own unique way, and so does India. Some academic institutions have started using Zoom and Blackboard Inc. to run their classes. Virtual press conferences are becoming a reality. Television sets, computers, and mobile devices have become the most important tools of communication and entertainment.
The next few weeks are going to be very crucial for India. People will have to follow the curbs imposed during the lockdown. With all the uncertainties about the length and breadth of the problem, it is one of the most challenging times for India — as it is for the world. As the second most populous country in the world, the response of Indian government and citizens is crucial to contain this deadly virus.
Pukar Malla, Nepal Programs Director, Mittal Institute
Nepal currently has three confirmed and one recovered cases, as of March 26, with 758 tests taken. Since March 24, the country has been in lockdown. The government took this critical proactive step, which has received public support, when only two cases had been confirmed. Since last week, most people have left Kathmandu Valley for their home districts, fearing the lockdown and a reduction in travel possibilities. The real number of cases can be significantly higher, given that the test rate is low and that many pre-lockdown travelers from various ports may not have strictly followed the government’s 14-day self-quarantine requirement.
Nepal has only one hospital, located in Kathmandu, that can conduct tests — but preparations are underway to increase testing capabilities in other hospitals. Our health system is weak and any outbreak can break us much faster than we can recover. While the world alarms arose over the past several weeks, most Nepalis did not appear to be practicing social distancing. Only once the government began announcing safety measures last week, and of course after the lockdown this week, did I begin seeing people behave differently. The government is taking active steps to increase temporary quarantine sites and hospital capacity across all provinces in preparation for further outbreak.
As we all anticipate that this lockdown period will lengthen, most Nepalis are worried about continued and effective availability of basic food and medical supplies. Looming large are economic issues for the daily wageworkers, as well as micro and small enterprise employees, who will lose jobs and market in the current and post-pandemic economic order.
Mariam Chughtai, Pakistan Programs Director, Mittal Institute
The situation in Pakistan is similar to other South Asian countries. However, since the government acted quickly and enforced a lockdown at an early stage, the number of diagnosed positive cases in Pakistan has only recently, as of March 24, exceeded 1,000. But a young doctor recently died, and the country is reminded of a healthcare system that is fragile due to decades of neglect.
People are afraid as the country and all industry comes to a halt. Given global patterns, deaths will increase sharply in upcoming weeks. People have not yet internalized the difficult realities of how burials of coronavirus patients may need to be managed, perhaps en masse and without traditional religious rites. It is very difficult to maintain much focus given the physical and emotional trauma that will unfold ahead. Universities and schools are shut down until May 31, and rapidly shifting to online learning. We anticipate the unrest will go well into the summer, creating learning gaps for millions of children and young adults. This is an opportunity for EdTech to demonstrate its potential, and some universities are taking the lead in this effort.
Prime Minister Imran Khan has committed to developing a food security plan before a formal curfew is announced. Almost 25% of Pakistan’s people live below the poverty line — about 87 million people. This means that the poor around me will either die of the virus or from the starvation that the halt to the economy and joblessness will create. Many people here are daily wageworkers.
The religious leadership in the country has cooperated with the government to discourage religious congregations, and people have largely complied. The Prime Minister is holding regular live sessions with the public and media, answering questions and providing guidance. These are watched live on TV and social media by millions — which has helped to develop a “name and shame” culture toward those who are not observing social distancing. Questions of class and privilege are being discussed, as the difference between being literate and being educated becomes obvious.
The collectivist culture in Pakistan gives me hope. Several initiatives have been taken up by civil society to provide food rations to underprivileged households and to those who typically live paycheck to paycheck. There is talk of a youth-led volunteer force, which will make sure food is delivered to every household at risk of hunger. That is a good model for a country with 64% of its people younger than 30 years of age, and an excellent education in social responsibility.
In the end, our greatest challenge will not be to survive the pandemic but to see how well our humanity thrives in the face of adversity. My prayers are with my colleagues across all borders.
Ejaj Ahmad, President and Founder, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center
Bangladesh registered its first case of COVID-19 on March 8, 2020, and the lives of its 168 million citizens haven’t been the same since. As of March 31, we have seen a total of 56 confirmed cases, 26 recoveries, and six deaths. Though these numbers are quite low in comparison to global figures, it is difficult to gauge the actual spread of the infection, as the country has barely been able to test potential cases.
The government has been prompt in taking measures to curb the spread of the pandemic. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, in a televised address to the nation on March 25, announced a 10-day general holiday through April 4, which was extended until April 11. To limit mass gatherings, restrictions were imposed on the movement of public transport. Most offices and shops, except essential services, were closed. The World Health Organization, however, has acknowledged that social distancing and home quarantine may have little impact in the packed slums of Dhaka — the nation’s capital, which houses 47,000 people per square kilometer — or the densely populated Rohingya refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar.
Beyond the health implications of COVID-19, a country like Bangladesh does not have the fiscal capacity for a prolonged lockdown. While the general holidays will help flatten the curve, there will be far-reaching consequences on peoples’ livelihoods. Over the past three weeks, the readymade garments (RMG) industry has experienced order cancellations or pauses in excess of USD 2.9 billion by western buyers. This will have a devastating effect on the economy, in a country where more than 80 percent of the export earnings come from the RMG sector. The government has presented a USD 588.5 million stimulus package, amounting to 0.17 percent of the GDP, to support workers in export industries, but this will not be enough.
As one of the top 10 remittance-earning countries in the world, Bangladesh’s rural economy will be hit hard. Declining oil prices will shrink the economies of major oil exporters, like UAE and Saudi Arabia — two of the most popular destinations for Bangladeshi migrant workers. Out of the country’s 10 million migrant workers, more than 650,000 have returned to Bangladesh between January and March of this year due to the spread of COVID-19. As the global recession deepens in the coming weeks and months, Bangladesh will see further decline in remittances, which will threaten the livelihoods of millions of rural families who depend on migrant workers.
The informal sector of the economy will also bear the brunt of the current lockdown. Of the total 60.8 million employed in the country, 85.1 percent work in the informal sector. The lockdown has affected their daily earnings, and many have become unemployed. Additionally, tens of thousands of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) throughout the country now face falling domestic demand. With continued lockdown and declining sales, most of these SMEs will struggle to survive unless they receive government support.
Overall, this will be a hard battle for Bangladesh to win, from both the economic and public health perspectives. Bangladesh’s health budget is only 4.9 percent of its total budget and 0.9 percent of its GDP. Given this limited budget for healthcare, it will be a challenge for Bangladesh to minimize losses as the virus spreads. The country has only 29 intensive care units available to fight COVID-19. The government recently allocated USD 29.4 million to help the health ministry take necessary measures to contain the spread and treat patients.
Despite all of this, citizens and organizations have come forward to overcome the crisis. BRAC, the largest NGO in the world, announced that it will provide food to 100,000 impoverished families for two weeks. Bashundhara Group has committed to building a temporary 5,000-bed hospital to treat coronavirus patients. Akij Group is building a 300-bed hospital in Dhaka. Many NGOs and factories are producing and distributing personal protective equipment to doctors and healthcare providers.
We are living in extraordinary times. And extraordinary times require extraordinary leadership. The current lockdown can help bring the trajectory of cases down, but an extended period is not sustainable. Production will have to resume — but when? For now, directing resources to ensure livelihood of the bottom half of the population may be a good strategy. Our bridges, metro rails, and expressways can wait a year or two. Saving our peoples’ lives can’t. | <urn:uuid:74e42474-241d-4127-b69c-0aca20c0ef3d> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/2020/03/covid-19-on-the-ground-perspectives-from-south-asia/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992721.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513014954-20210513044954-00546.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9616681933403015,
"token_count": 2824,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
} |
An AI enabled marketplace, Leverage Edu helps school students, college students and working professionals with career guidance and mentorship.
The introduction of AI in many daily and routine processes started years back. AI algorithms and data-driven programs are employed round the clock today, starting from determining how a customer thinks, what they prefer, and which product will likely suit their needs the best. However, this extensive use of AI in the not-so-high-stake decisions does not raise any eyebrows largely as it does not have a direct major impact on majority lives. That's starting to change though.
Using AI algorithms in college suggestion/selection process is one of the newest, most exciting, and large impact subjects. Employing various algorithms on data points like preference - country, city, subject, class size, faculty research areas; interests - across sports, music, geopolitics; objective parameters including grades obtained up till now; and work experience (part and full-time), of the aspirant, are just a few data points that go into helping them choose what's right.
"Using AI algorithms in college suggestion/selection process is one of the newest, most exciting, and large impact subjects"
The information provided produces a list of suitable career options /target universities or can give other desired outcomes, taking into cognisance millions of data points already in there against which the input data will be benchmarked. Another interesting aspect that has come out of this, is that when students 'think' and spend time on putting in course preference, program preference, or highlighting different aspects of their profile, they also get to do a self-assessment, and this, when combined with the results that the algorithms give out, also make the student more ambitious, providing them a ready tool to understand what gaps to fill.
Experimenting with AI is exciting but it presents its own challenges. According to Charlie Nutt, the executive director of the National Academic Advising Association, AI is not meant to be "used on its own without personal advising". He also warns that no matter the advancement, an AI algorithm cannot replace human advising. The aspect of human evaluation is pivotal, especially when talking about making life altering decision such as college selection and career paths. Hence, a counselor's expertise together with the AI tool in the pocket serves as the perfect combination.
Considering that these decisions have a very significant impact on a person's future, it is all the more important that any company attempting to help has to be careful enough to balance the AI-driven mechanism with experienced and empathetic career counselors. If these counselors are very large in number, and technology can be used here too, so as to match a student with the coach who is right for them, matched to their specific interests - then it makes the process even more comprehensive and complete.
AI has become popular not only because of the ease it provides in effectively evaluating large data in less time but also because it is cost affordable. AI in college advice is an option opted by millions today due to the fact that it is also easily accessible, and it gives students in cities which doesn't have much access today in terms of infrastructure, with resources, to be able to accelerate their careers and in turn lives.
The mere idea of introducing AI into major life decisions seems exciting and the success of the students who use AI to take the leap will not just help this space but also prove that the future of AI is promising! | <urn:uuid:3385c280-0349-4089-b8df-53b4f1b00dc3> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29",
"url": "https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/incubation-of-artificial-intelligence-in-the-college-selection-process-SDNC901621841.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00250.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9641953706741333,
"token_count": 698,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Bioelectronic Nose To Have Biomimetic Chemical Sensors
A team of based at the University of Pennsylvania have made significant progress on the path toward a bioelectronic nose that can be directly compared to biological olfactory systems.
(Olfactory receptor (OR) membrane proteins coupled with carbon nanotubes)
Our results suggest that the capacity of mORs to bind to nonbiological odorants is preserved when integrated with NT devices, maintaining the mOR’s ability to adapt to new analytes. This system thus has potential for the creation of chemical sensor arrays that would have the flexibility of the biological sense of smell; fabrication of such arrays using existing lithography and liquid spotting methods has already been demonstrated…Vapor response measurements demonstrate that ORs with known odorant sensing properties can be coupled to an electronic device and transfer many of those sensing properties to the device.
Science fiction fans have already seen uses for a bioelectronic nose. An electronic nose, or sniffer robot was featured in the 1985 movie Runaway, written and directed by Michael Crichton.
(Sniffer robot from the movie Runaway)
The mechanical hound from Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 was also able to detect scents by setting the "ticking combinations of the [hound's] olfactory system".
From Biomimetic Chemical Sensors Using Nanoelectronic Readout of Olfactory Receptor Proteins via megGadget.
Scroll down for more stories in the same category. (Story submitted 8/3/2011)
Follow this kind of news @Technovelgy.
| Email | RSS | Blog It | Stumble | del.icio.us | Digg | Reddit |
you like to contribute a story tip?
Get the URL of the story, and the related sf author, and add
Comment/Join discussion ( 0 )
Related News Stories -
Stick-On Tape Speakers, As Predicted By Bruce Sterling
Flexible tape speakers, someday.
Has Climate Change Already Been Solved By Aliens?
'I had explained," said Nessus, "that our civilisation was dying in its own waste heat.' - Larry Niven, 1970.
Skin Electronics 3D Printed
'June's body is a tracery of lambent lines, like some arcane capillary circuitry...' - Paul Di Filippo, 1985
Super-Resolution Microscopy Provides '4D' Views
View the magnified interior of living cells.
Technovelgy (that's tech-novel-gee!)
is devoted to the creative science inventions and ideas of sf authors. Look for
the Invention Category that interests
you, the Glossary, the Invention
Timeline, or see what's New.
Sleeep PRO Earplug For Maximum Rest
'Merton... placed the electrodes of the sleep-inducer on his forehead.'
Inspired By Japan, Nap Pods For Hajj
It's always a good time for a nap.
Amphibio 3D Printed Gill Shirt
'... we can descend and live down there at one of those year-round aquatic resorts.'
How Do You Put An Asteroid Into Earth Orbit? Carefully!
'...she would have to be coaxed by another series of pats into a circular orbit.'
PD Aerospace Space Plane By 2023
'The sleek, tapered space shuttle lay immobile upon the private landing field...'
Foldimate Folds Your Clothes Perfectly
Look ma, my room is clean! I can hear you now.
Robots Help People Get Dressed, As Predicted In 1931
Yes, people of the future, robots will dress you.
International Space Station Leak Plugged - With Finger
'These tag-alongs search out stray leaks.'
Robot Snake Flies, Fights Fires
Just a prototype, but still amazing.
IPAL Chinese Robot Babysitter
'But Nanny is different...'
ZKZM-500 LASER Assault Rifle
'The Iranian reached back into the locker and got a pair of laserifles.'
LA Subway Scanner, As Seen In 'Total Recall'
'I'm afraid to tell you this Mr. Quaid, but you have suffered a schizoed embolism...'
Sion Electric Car Covered With Solar Panels
'It drew its power from six square yards of sunpower screens on its low curved roof.'
PAL-V Liberty Flying Helicopter Car
'...lifted themselves to skimming flight upon whirling helicopters."
Space Drones - UK's Effective Space To Launch Rocket Tugs
'Twenty rocket tugs towed it from its Earth hangar out into space.'
DIY Autonomous Robot Detects Trash
'The search-bug detached itself and rolled forward.'
More SF in the News Stories
More Beyond Technovelgy science news stories | <urn:uuid:400c8c43-491b-4f66-a64e-6b31b530d9fe> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=3367",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158205.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922064457-20180922084857-00419.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8804178237915039,
"token_count": 1029,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The production of yet another outline history of English may seem to be presumptuous and pointless", wrote an author some quarter of a century ago. Yet such outlines are still being produced, as with this new offering from the professor of English language at the University of Sheffield.
A new history might be written because an author wishes to present the existing data in new ways, to incorporate recent findings, or to extend coverage in novel directions. All of these are true of the current book, even though it is largely written in a traditional way.
N.F. Blake's data presentation is new in that he divides the historical period differently from the norm. Most books adopt the divisions proposed in 1873 by Henry Sweet into Old, Middle and Modern English. In theory, these correspond to periods of full, levelled and lost inflections. In practice, political dates are usually used, since inflections do not show sharp chronological boundaries: Old English is generally taken to be prior to 1066, Middle English is assumed to end in 1485 when the Tudors took power, and Modern English is divided into Early Modern and Late Modern with a transition in the late 17th century.
Instead, this book splits the history of English into episodes which, Blake suggests, more accurately reflect the development of the variety known as Standard English.
Consequently, he dates the beginning of English from the ninth century with the establishment of the West Saxon variety as the standard. After a brief interregnun in the 13th century, he identifies a single form of English as emerging around 1400, based on that used in the Chancery in London, and notes that a unified spelling system was mostly in place by the end of the 17th century. He characterises the period which followed as one seriously concerned with the regulation of the language, and the attempt to establish "correct English".
He regards the year 1798 as the symbolic end date of this era, with the publication of the Lyrical Ballads, a collection of poetry which attacked the idea of a prescriptive language.
Finally, he describes the decades following 1914 as ones of fragmentation and uncertainty.
This novel way of dividing up the language reflects the second new aspect of this book, the inclusion in particular of the work of John Fisher (1996), who has demonstrated the process by which the standard spread. It was not just general osmosis, as assumed by some earlier writers, but the conscious adoption of the English used by the Chancery clerks between 1500 and 1700. The language was therefore standardised primarily by business and government, though some influential political figures were prominent also in the literary world, as with Jonathan Swift.
Blake's coverage is innovative also in that he deals both with the language, and with attitudes towards the language, a currently trendy topic, as documented in, for example, Richard Bailey's Images of English (1991).
These new directions are welcome, and focus attention on aspects of the language often ignored by historical linguists. Yet much of the text is in a well-worn format.
Discussions of major topics such as the Great Vowel Shift are handled atomistically with little reference to modern linguistic findings on change. No diagrams are included, just the occasional table. In addition, chunks of earlier English are quoted, though not translated.
Overall, the book's plan is commendable, and the first chapter is admirably clear.
Also useful is the lucid distinction between a written standard, and the "standardised" language to which it leads. But the pedestrian account of changes is disappointing. Any student is recommended to use this book as an outline, but to get the details from some more user-friendly and more linguistically sophisticated source.
Jean Aitchison is professor of language and communication, University of Oxford.
A History of the English Language
Author - N. F. Blake
ISBN - 0 333 60983 2 and 60984 0
Publisher - Macmillan
Price - £40.00 and £12.99
Pages - 382 | <urn:uuid:d152d62a-455f-4f0a-98ad-d152a9173c62> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/an-atomised-history-of-the-great-vowel-shift/159921.article",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156901.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921072647-20180921093047-00047.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9604616165161133,
"token_count": 826,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Photo 12 is structured similarly to Photo 11. It extends and builds on the concepts and skills previously learned. Learn how to take professional-looking portraits and stills using studio lighting techniques. Advanced alternative techniques such as painting with light, photo transfer, toning and double exposure will be explored. You will also experiment with different types of film, camera equipment, and photo papers. Field trips to galleries and photo shoots will be an important part of the course. Adobe PhotoShop will be used to create digital images and a CD ROM portfolio of your work will be produced. Photo 12 is essential for students pursuing a career in the visual arts. Students must be prepared to complete some photography and dark room assignments on their own time and purchase additional film and photo paper as necessary. Access to a 35 mm camera is recommended. | <urn:uuid:722b0055-7aef-42a0-ab8d-2a619f180ac2> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://www.sd43.bc.ca/school/riverside/StaffInfo/departments/fine_arts/Pages/Photography.aspx",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00875.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9456721544265747,
"token_count": 162,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
} |
November 2 offers a rich vein of dead presidential anniversaries. James K. Polk was born this day in 1795, and 70 years later, Warren G. Harding was. Both were the unexpected nominees of their parties in their respective election years, 1844 and 1920. The results of the 1844 election were the first ones ever transmitted by telegraph; the results of the 1920 election were the first one ever broadcast by radio (it was Harding's 55th birthday). Winning the West proved to be the focal point of the Polk administration; a place in the West called Teapot Dome set the tone for the posthumous reputation of Warren Harding and his administration.
In 1783, George Washington gave his farewell address to the Army, near Princeton, NJ.
On November 2, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood bills for North and South Dakota, one after the other. In which order? Harrison said he didn't look.
On November 2, 1983, Ronald Reagan signed a bill making Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday a federal holiday, starting in 1986.
Under the the standardization of presidential election dates, a scheme that Congress passed and President Polk signed in 1845, November 2 is the first possible date of the general election; November 8 is the last. Elections were held on November 2 in 1852, 1880, 1920, 1948, 1976 and 2004 thus far, resulting in the election or re-election (respectively) of Pierce, Garfield, Harding, Truman, Carter and G.W. Bush. | <urn:uuid:05bec3d3-8455-4075-ae26-b18273b9c6f5> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://deadpresidentsdaily.blogspot.com/2007/11/november-2-1795-1865-james-k-polks-and.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579564.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215192327-20171215214327-00151.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9742570519447327,
"token_count": 313,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Computer virus Sasser causes havoc worldwide
Discovered on the Internet on Friday night a new virus known as Sasser is causing disruption in homes and businesses from London to Australia.
Thought to have infected between 2,000 and 1m computers worldwide, Sasser spreads directly from the Internet, unlike viruses, which travel through e-mails and attachments.
It exploits a security flaw in recent versions of Microsoft Windows causing the computer to slow down, crash and reboot frequently.
The worm is not thought to cause lasting damage to the hard drive but is extremely inconvenient to users.
Staff at Britain's Maritime and Coastguard Agency were forced to work using pen and paper when a computerised mapping system was brought down by the worm.
Whilst in Taiwan, the postal service reported that Sasser had knocked out around a third of its branch offices’ computer systems.
Government departments and hospitals in Hong Kong were also affected and Reuters reported that, in Germany, the virus struck 300,000 post office computers, preventing staff from issuing cash.
Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant for Oxfordshire-base software security company Sophos, said home users were especially vulnerable.
"They are often not running the latest anti-virus protection, haven't downloaded the latest security patches from Microsoft, and may not be running a personal firewall," he added.
"If you don't have a firewall in place, there is a good chance you will be hit."
He said that an email had also emerged that appeared to be from an anti-virus company and warned people they had been infected with the Sasser worm, but if people opened the attachment their computers would be attacked by a new worm.
Although Microsoft warned customers three weeks ago about the flaw that Sasser exploits - a Windows function called Local Security Authority Subsystem Service - many computer owners had yet to apply the software fix the company released.
The worm can be prevented with a Microsoft security patch which is available, along with a guide to those afflicted, on its website page www.microsoft.com/security.
It is not thought that the worm will cause as much damage as last year's Blaster worm, in part because network operators have become more diligent about applying security fixes.
This time, many operators had updated security on the weekend, before employees returned to work.
Some Internet service providers were also able to filter out traffic generated by the worm.
Stephen Toulouse, a security manager at Microsoft, said four times as many people had downloaded the latest patches as they had fixes before last autumn. He said the company recorded more than 150m successful downloads before the weekend's outbreak.
Microsoft said it was working with the FBI and other law enforcement agencies in an attempt to track down the programmers responsible.
The latest news from virus experts is that a Russian programming team calling itself the Skynet Anti-virus Group is claiming for the worm.
The group is thought to have been behind a number of online attacks.
Sources: BBC Online, Guardian Unlimited
Return to internet news headlines
View Internet News Archive | <urn:uuid:9cf22f20-9b22-4aaa-90bb-5d395262df85> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"url": "https://www.ukfast.co.uk/internet-news/computer_virus_sasser_causes_havoc_worldwide.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832330.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219130756-20181219152756-00253.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9701462984085083,
"token_count": 627,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Math Stars: A Problem-Solving Newsletter Grade 1
Keep the skills of your young mathematicians up-to-date with this series of newsletter worksheets. Offering a wide array of basic arithmetic, geometry, and problem solving exercises, this resource is a great way to develop the critical...
1st - 3rd Math CCSS: Adaptable
Second Grade Adding and Subtracting
Reinforce addition and subtraction in your second grade class with a series of lessons that feature manipulatives, ten frames, spinners, and number lines. The unit is divided into three sections and includes concepts such as counting...
1st - 3rd Math CCSS: Designed
What Members Say
- Raven J., Social Studies Teacher
- Phoenix, AZ | <urn:uuid:bfddcda5-fcee-42b3-beba-f3058b8066b0> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/fractions-and-groups-k-1st",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717959.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00354-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9166437387466431,
"token_count": 158,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
} |
With the Greenland shark finally caught on video for the very first time, scientists and engineers are discussing the limitations of current marine monitoring technology. One significant advance comes from the CSAIL team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): SoFi, the robotic fish.
The untethered SoFi robot
Last week, the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) team at MIT unveiled SoFi, “a soft robotic fish that can independently swim alongside real fish in the ocean.”
Directed by a Super Nintendo controller and acoustic signals, SoFi can dive untethered to a maximum of 18 feet for a total of 40 minutes. A Raspberry Pi receives input from the controller and amplifies the ultrasound signals for SoFi via a HiFiBerry. The controller, Raspberry Pi, and HiFiBerry are sealed within a waterproof, cast-moulded silicone membrane filled with non-conductive mineral oil, allowing for underwater equalisation.
The ultrasound signals, received by a modem within SoFi’s head, control everything from direction, tail oscillation, pitch, and depth to the onboard camera.
As explained on MIT’s news blog, “to make the robot swim, the motor pumps water into two balloon-like chambers in the fish’s tail that operate like a set of pistons in an engine. As one chamber expands, it bends and flexes to one side; when the actuators push water to the other channel, that one bends and flexes in the other direction.”
While we’ve seen many autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) using onboard Raspberry Pis, SoFi’s ability to roam untethered with a wireless waterproof controller is an exciting achievement.
“To our knowledge, this is the first robotic fish that can swim untethered in three dimensions for extended periods of time. We are excited about the possibility of being able to use a system like this to get closer to marine life than humans can get on their own.” – CSAIL PhD candidate Robert Katzschmann
As the MIT news post notes, SoFi’s simple, lightweight setup of a single camera, a motor, and a smartphone lithium polymer battery set it apart it from existing bulky AUVs that require large motors or support from boats.
For more in-depth information on SoFi and the onboard tech that controls it, find the CSAIL team’s paper here. | <urn:uuid:b59c29df-8a06-4223-a8d7-b241b4576a42> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/robotic-fish/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381803.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308021603-20210308051603-00574.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9149081110954285,
"token_count": 505,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Although rates of childhood obesity among the general population are alarmingly high, they are higher still in ethnic minority and low-income communities. The disparities pose a major challenge for policymakers and practitioners planning strategies for obesity prevention. In this article Shiriki Kumanyika and Sonya Grier summarize differences in childhood obesity prevalence by race and ethnicity and by socioeconomic status. They show how various environmental factors can have larger effects on disadvantaged and minority children than on their advantaged white peers—and thus contribute to disparities in obesity rates.
The authors show, for example, that low-income and minority children watch more television than white, non-poor children and are potentially exposed to more commercials advertising high-calorie, low-nutrient food during an average hour of TV programming. They note that neighborhoods where low-income and minority children live typically have more fast-food restaurants and fewer vendors of healthful foods than do wealthier or predominantly white neighborhoods. They cite such obstacles to physical activity as unsafe streets, dilapidated parks, and lack of facilities. In the schools that low-income and minority children attend, however, they see opportunities to lead the way to effective obesity prevention. Finally, the authors examine several aspects of the home environment—breast-feeding, television viewing, and parental behaviors—that may contribute to childhood obesity but be amenable to change through targeted intervention.
Kumanyika and Grier point out that policymakers aiming to prevent obesity can use many existing policy levers to reach ethnic minority and low-income children and families: Medicaid, the State Child Health Insurance Program, and federal nutrition “safety net” programs. Ultimately, winning the fight against childhood obesity in minority and low-income communities will depend on the nation's will to change the social and physical environments in which these communities exist. (author abstract) | <urn:uuid:608b8b45-5942-4440-b2b2-5c007098a567> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://www.opressrc.org/content/targeting-interventions-ethnic-minority-and-low-income-populations%20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574159.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921001810-20190921023810-00444.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9472631812095642,
"token_count": 368,
"score": 3.40625,
"int_score": 3
} |
IV TCP/IP Encapsulation Protocols
Because of these new needs for running TCP/IP over dial-up lines, several new protocols, called TCP/IP encapsulation protocols, were developed to network over relatively slow dial-up lines as efficiently as possible, while also providing the needed authentication and compatibility negotiation (speed, features, etc.). They are referred to as encapsulation protocols because the TCP/IP packets are contained within outer packets which are used by these remote access protocols for signaling, control, error correction, data compression, etc. When the sending remote communication device receives a packet bound for the Internet, it adds the remote access protocol packet around it and transmits the new packet, which is then picked up by the receiving remote communication device which unwraps the packet and puts the senders original raw TCP/IP packet on the network, as if the sender was directly connected to the network.
To support virtual private networks, there are even protocols with built-in connection tunneling and encryption for data privacy, usable over dial-up connections.
Four encapsulation protocols are testable in the NETWORK+ test. They are:
Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us
CertiGuide for Network+ (http://www.CertiGuide.com/netplus/) on CertiGuide.com
Version 1.0 - Version Date: November 7, 2004
Adapted with permission from a work created by Tcat Houser and Helen O’Boyle.
CertiGuide.com Version © Copyright 2004 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site. | <urn:uuid:0f33eb4a-8f98-46fd-9125-ace4e6c7bea4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "http://certiguide.com/netplus/cg_np_IVTCPIPEncapsulationProtocols.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156096.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919083126-20180919103126-00151.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9071250557899475,
"token_count": 338,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
} |
(also killdeer plover)
- A widespread American plover with a plaintive call that resembles its name.
More example sentences
- Charadrius vociferus, family Charadriidae
- However, there were plenty of resident shorebirds hanging out in the lagoon as well, such as the American coot, killdeer, and American avocet.
- Mallards, ring-necked ducks, killdeer, marbled godwits, and peregrine falcons settle in for the fall.
- In addition, killdeer, pipits and some shorebirds visit the grassy areas of landfills.
mid 18th century: imitative of its call.
More definitions of killdeerDefinition of killdeer in:
- The British & World English dictionary | <urn:uuid:f6fce063-0a3c-4b21-ae44-0429044dcac8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/killdeer",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00219-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9020000696182251,
"token_count": 173,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
} |
- UCAR Home
- About Us
- For Staff
BOULDER—Schoolchildren, families, and citizen scientists around the world will gaze skyward after dark from October 20 to November 3, looking for specific constellations and then sharing their observations through the Internet. The Great World Wide Star Count, now in its second year, helps scientists map light pollution globally while educating participants about the stars.
The event, which is free and open to everyone who wants to participate, is organized by the Windows to the Universe project at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), in conjunction with planetariums and scientific societies across the country and abroad. Funding is provided by the National Science Foundation.
"The star count brings families together to enjoy the night sky and become involved in science," says Dennis Ward of UCAR's Office of Education and Outreach. "It also raises awareness about the impact of artificial lighting on our ability to see the stars."
Thousands of participants observed the night sky during the 2007 Great World Wide Star Count. For additional maps, click here. (©UCAR, background image courtesy Tom Patterson, National Park Service.)
The 2007 star count drew 6,624 observations taken on all seven continents, and organizers expect the number of participants to double this year. UCAR used last year's observations to generate maps of star visibility across the United States and around the world. The results show a strong correlation between development and a lack of night sky visibility.
Next year, the star count will be included in a cornerstone project of the 2009 International Year of Astronomy, a global effort initiated by the International Astronomical Union and the U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization to promote interest in astronomy.
How the count works
Participants in the Northern Hemisphere will look for the constellation Cygnus, while those in the Southern Hemisphere will look for Sagittarius. They will then match their observations with magnitude charts downloaded from the Great World Wide Star Count Web site (see below). The site contains instructions for finding the constellations and other event details, and it links to background about astronomy on the Windows to the Universe Web site.
Participants may make observations outside their homes or go to less developed areas where more stars are visible. Those in overcast areas who cannot see stars will be able to input data about cloud conditions instead.
Bright outdoor lighting at night is a growing problem for astronomical observing programs around the world. By searching for the same constellations in their respective hemispheres, participants in the Great World Wide Star Count will be able to compare their observations with what others see, giving them a sense of how star visibility varies from place to place. The observers will also learn more about the economic and geographic factors that control light pollution in their communities and around the world.
"Last year's results showed a strong correlation between dense development, where there is a lot of light, and a lack of star visibility," Ward says. "Without even being aware of it, many of us have lost the ability to see many stars at night. Part of our goal is getting people to look up and regain an appreciation of the night sky."
The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research is a consortium of 70 universities offering Ph.D.s in the atmospheric and related sciences. UCAR manages the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the UCAR Office of Programs (UOP).
The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research manages the National Center for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:e48f82ae-3702-438f-a3d7-e7022fab97be> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/news/913/great-world-wide-star-count-light-pollution-be-mapped-thousands-citizen-scientist",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00322-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9215233325958252,
"token_count": 751,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Indigenous languages Native American tribes What's new on our site today!
|Find Native American ancestors in your family tree|
Welcome to our Inuktitut vocabulary page! Inuktitut, also known as Inuit or Eskimo, is a Eskimo-Aleut language, related to other languages like Yup'ik and Aleut. We have included twenty basic Inuktitut words here, to compare with related American Indian languages. If you need to know an Inuktitut word that is not currently on our page, you can take part in our translation of Native American languages fundraiser or visit our main Inuktitut language site for more free resources.
|English (Français)||Inuktitut words|
Back to the American Indian Words homepage
Back to American Indian Culture
Back to the Indigenous encyclopedia
Native American crafts Pueblo Indian houses Indian mounds Alabama Hopi kachinas Zuni fetishes
Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? | <urn:uuid:ebef4305-2e45-4dde-9517-40a026a1d3cf> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"url": "http://www.native-languages.org/inuktitut_words.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530124450-20170530144450-00500.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8161535859107971,
"token_count": 218,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Appearance：Dark Green Powder
Certificate：EU Organic/USDA Organic/FDA/ISO/Kosher/Halal
Chlorophyll is a natural green pigment which is obtained through extraction and refining processes from natural green plants or silkworm feces.Chlorophyll is stabilized chlorophyll, which is prepared from chlorophyll by saponification and replacement of magnesium atom with copper and sodium. Chlorophyll is dark green to blue black powder, easily soluble in water but slightly soluble in alcohol and chloroform, with transparent jade green water solution without sediment.
|Part of Used||Leaf|
|Place of Origin||Shaanxi, China|
|Heavy Metal||≤ 10.0 mg/kg|
|Pb||≤ 2.0 mg/kg|
|As||≤ 1.0 mg/kg|
|Total Bacteria||≤1000 cfu/g|
1. Chlorophyll clears up odors of putrefaction effectively.
2. Chlorophyll play an important role on cancer prevention.
3. Chlorophyll has superior coloring strength and good stabilization in neutral and alkali solutions.
4. Chlorophyll has effect on liver protection, fastening healing of stomach ulcers and intestine ulcers.
5. Chlorophyll is the active ingredient in a number of internally-taken preparations intended to reduce odors associated with incontinence, colostomies and similar procedures, as well as body odor in general.
6. Chlorophyll has strong antibacterial action, which makes it useful in surgeries, ulcerative carcinoma, acute rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, chronic ear infections, inflammations, etc.
1. Pharmaceutical stuff, chlorophyll can be used for liver protection and other disease.
2. Food pigment, chlorophyll is widely used in cakes, beverages, sweets, ice-cream, etc.
3. Daily use chemical raw material,chlorophyll is used in green toothpaste and cosmetics(Like natural soap and cosmetics,mask).
4. It is also used for healthcare product.
You can contact us in any convenient way. We can provide 24 / 7 service by email. You can also use the quick
contact form below. We are happy to answer your questions. | <urn:uuid:60b0a294-609e-4c0f-aca6-05ac1ee12060> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://www.xasost.com/html/food_additives/36.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00658.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.809039294719696,
"token_count": 493,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
To identify man-made CVD synthetic diamonds was never easy. Lab-grown diamonds either produced by HPHT or chemical vapor deposition technology. CVD diamonds uses includes cutting tools, thermal conductors & consumer diamond gemstones. Even to tell if a diamond is real or fake is sometimes hard for the experienced jeweler.
However, Lab-grown diamonds are getting really popular as they are very much identical to the natural diamonds. There is very few information available on the web. Below are some sure ways to identify lab-grown diamonds.
Kindly note: Cubic Zirconia (CZ), Moissanite and lab-grown diamonds are all different.
7 Tips to Identify man-made CVD synthetic diamonds
- Use Microscope: Keeping stone under the microscope, you can observe some characteristic strain patterns which differ from natural diamonds.
- Use DiamondView Machine: DTC’s recently launched DiamondView machine. It is designed to detect synthetic diamond. CVD synthetic diamonds turn to strong red fluorescence under high-energy UV radiation in the DiamondView machine.
- Understand Inclusion Pattern: Some trustworthy laboratories says inclusions can show up in natural diamonds as well but tend to be more dispersed compared to synthetic diamonds.
- Spectroscopy Instrument: CVD diamonds can also detect using spectroscopy instrument. CVD diamonds are relatively strong photoluminescence emission at 737 nm due to trace impurities of silicon. Here the game becomes easy because silicon is not found in natural diamonds.
- Diamond Tester: Using a dual electronic diamond tester which that tests both thermal & electrical conductivity. hence helps you to make sure the stone you’re examining is a diamond.
- Check fluorescence: Examine the stone with an ultraviolet lamp that provides long-wave and short-wave emission. If the stone is fluoresced blue, it’s not synthetic. But natural diamonds fluoresces many colors some of the most common are blue, yellow and white.
Note: To identify man-made CVD synthetic diamonds you can even visit a local jeweler shop. However even expert finds hard to identify man-made CVD synthetic diamonds, thus we recommend to submit your stone to GIA or other Labs for verification.
We know it’s hard to identify cultivated diamonds from natural for consumers. The reason for sharing this article about “how to identify man-made CVD synthetic diamonds” is just to give the basic idea about lab-grown diamonds. We always advise visiting local jeweler or gem lab to understand more about your stone. | <urn:uuid:93fc9c0a-e0bf-4c99-b8a5-d6b74e151fe7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"url": "http://abluediamond.com/education/how-to-identify-man-made-cvd-synthetic-diamonds/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583857993.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122161345-20190122183345-00396.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9103299975395203,
"token_count": 531,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
What is Arterial & Venous Doppler Right Lower Limb?
Arterial & Venous Doppler of the right lower limb scan uses a high frequency sound waves to create a visual image of the arteries and veins to detect the amount of blood which flows in them. In this test, technician applies a warm gel and electronic device to the area to be scanned where arteries and veins are located. This painless test takes approximately 30-60 minutes for the whole process.
Preparation for Arterial & Venous Doppler Right Lower Limb
- No special preparation required
Why Get Tested for Arterial & Venous Doppler Right Lower Limb?
- To detect any location of the blockage or blood clot within the valves of the veins / arteries of the right lower limb
- To find out the condition of stroke due to decreased blood flow or blockage in the arteries and veins in the right lower limb
- To diagnose deep vein thrombosis (a clot formation inside the deep veins) and thromboangiitis obliterans (inflammation of the blood vessels of hands and feet)
- To evaluate thrombophlebitis (vein inflammation due to a clot formation) and arteriosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries which supplies blood to the leg)
Ghatkopar West, MUMBAI
Aspira Pathlab and Diagnostics is an inventive venture in quality healthcare and the pioneer in comprehensive reliance on technological automation. Aspira offers wide ranging diagnostic services which assist in mapping the entire journey of a patient’s prognosis, remission and eventual recuperation. | <urn:uuid:ac8d89e4-c0f3-4173-b631-7e3c11808a24> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"url": "https://www.1mg.com/labs/dombivli/diagnostic-centers/aspira-diagnostics-203/arterial-venous-doppler-right-lower-limb-31692",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209856.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815024253-20180815044253-00083.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8581570982933044,
"token_count": 344,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
} |
June 13, 2017 – NASA will send an international crew to the floor of the Atlantic Ocean this summer to prepare for future deep space missions during the 10-day NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 22 expedition slated to begin June 18. Colorado astronaut Kjell Lindgren will command the NEEMO 22 mission aboard the Aquarius laboratory, 62 feet below the ocean surface near Key Largo Florida.
NEEMO 22 will focus on both exploration spacewalks and objectives related to the International Space Station and deep space missions. As an analogue for future planetary science concepts and strategies, marine science also will be performed under the guidance of Florida International University’s marine science department.
Lindgren will be joined by ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Pedro Duque; Trevor Graff, a Jacobs Engineering employee working as a planetary scientist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston; and research scientist Dom D’Agostino from the University of South Florida and the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition.
“The close parallels of inner and outer space exploration will be clearly demonstrated during this undersea mission,” NEEMO Project Lead Bill Todd said. “The daily seafloor traverses, or extravehicular activities in space jargon, are jam packed with technology and operations concept testing, as well as complex marine science. In the interior of Aquarius, aquanauts and astronauts will tackle an array of experiments and human research related to long duration space travel.”
Objectives for the crew include testing spaceflight countermeasure equipment, technology for precisely tracking equipment in a habitat and studies of body composition and sleep. The crew also will assess hardware sponsored by ESA that will help crew members evacuate someone who has been injured on a lunar spacewalk.
The NEEMO crew and two professional habitat technicians will live in Florida International University’s Aquarius Reef Base undersea research habitat 6.2 miles (5.4 nautical miles) off the Florida coast.
Lindgren was born in Taiwan while his father was serving in the U.S. Air Force during the Vietnam War, and spent most of his childhood in England. Lindgren came to Colorado to study at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, where he earned a bachelor degree in biology. Lindgren then earned a master’s degree in cardio-physiology from Colorado State University in Fort Collins and his medical degree from the University of Colorado.
Lindgren began working as a flight surgeon at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston in 2007 before his selection to the astronaut corps in 2009. He was part of space station Expeditions 44 and 45 in 2015, where he spent 141 days living and working in the extreme environment of space. Lindgren conducted two spacewalks on his first spaceflight.
Lindgren will join an elite cadre of people, beginning with Scott Carpenter, to have both flown in space and lived undersea. | <urn:uuid:d015bef6-665f-4d56-a876-df0e908132d8> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "https://www.coloradospacenews.com/colorado-astronaut-kjell-lindgren-to-command-international-undersea-expedition-for-nasa/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141653.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217030027-20200217060027-00467.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415547251701355,
"token_count": 608,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
} |
Location: Soil Plant Nutrient Research (SPNR)
2013 Annual Report
Aim 1. Microbial characterization and root/tuber EST library development from field samples. Characterize rhizopshere soil and root-endophyte microbial communities (by 454 sequencing) from nine potato varieties grown simultaneously in potato-producing areas of Texas (hot, dry), Colorado (extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations, dry) and Oregon (warm, moist). These varieties are grown as part of the Western Regional Potato trials and have been selected based on successful agronomic characteristics.
Aim 2. Evaluate community-level plant-microbial interactions under controlled conditions. To better control the confounding environmental effects, the same nine potato varieties from Aim 1, but obtained from in-vitro collections, will be grown in a greenhouse in soils collected from six different geographic locations, some of which have grown potato and others that have never been exposed to potato. The varieties will be grown on each of the six soils under greenhouse conditions for two generations. We will conduct the following analyses: • Determine the composition of the rhizosphere and root- endophyte microbial communities (using 454 sequencing) at the end of each generation (harvest time). • Primary metabolite profiles of roots and root exudates (of in vitro grown plants) will be analyzed close to harvest time. | <urn:uuid:54d3cdce-c3c0-4119-b2d3-ea85404882a3> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=421568&fy=2013",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997859240.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025739-00147-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.895854115486145,
"token_count": 278,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
} |
Rheumatic patients often find inflammation decreases after eliminating gluten.
The existence of gluten sensitivity has been debated for many years due to the lack of a definitive testing method for a non-celiac form. However, more clarity on this issue could arise as the result of a presentation at the 23rd United European Gastroenterology Week in Barcelona, Spain, given by a research team headed up by Giovanni Barbara at the University of Bologna, in Italy. This team’s findings suggest that high levels of an inflammatory protein, called zonulin, is linked to inflammation and, while known to be elevated in celiac disease, is also produced by gluten-sensitive individuals.
“Zonulin is an inflammatory protein first discovered by Fasano and his team in 2000. It helps regulate leakiness in the gut by opening and closing the spaces or “junctions” between cells in the lining of the digestive tract. Zonulin is triggered by harmful bacteria, and offers important protection to the body: If you accidentally eat a food contaminated with salmonella, you rely on zonulin to help trigger diarrhea and flush out the bugs.”
Allesio Fasano, a gastroenterologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Boston, remarks, “No human being completely digests gluten. And in a small percentage of us, that undigested gluten triggers the release of zonulin.” The Italian research team’s findings concur with the discovery of high levels of zonulin in both celiacs and gluten–sensitive individuals and that those in the latter group who responded to a gluten-free diet were also found to have a genetic predisposition to celiac disease. Fasano further states, “This molecule is extremely important in a lot of illness, from Type 1 diabetes to other autoimmune diseases. Many illnesses link back to loss of barrier function in the gut.”
NPR, Eating and Health, December, 9th, 2015: A Protein In The Gut May Explain Why Some Can’t Stomach Gluten
In an MSNBC News Nation interview, on April 22nd, 2014, Dr. Allesio Fasano also reported that Ibuprophen May Contribute to Celiac Disease, mentioning that the use of this class of over-the-counter and prescription anti-inflammatory drugs can also lead to destruction of the protective mucous barrier of the gut lining. This barrier provides protection from infections but, when breached, leads to an inflamed and leaky gut.
Many rheumatic patients take ibuprophen on a regular basis for relief from painful inflammatory symptoms. New medications that can do the same job, without harming the protective lining of the intestinal walls, are needed, especially in light of the growing awareness that autoimmune patients seem to benefit from maintaining a healthy gut. | <urn:uuid:b08d635d-c266-422b-a285-de216488a758> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://www.roadback.org/blog/gluten-inflammation-leaky-gut-rheumatic-diseases/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869933.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020050920-20201020080920-00481.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9368848204612732,
"token_count": 580,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Zambia History, Language and Culture
History of Zambia
The original inhabitants of Zambia were nomadic San hunter-gatherers. The first people to introduce agriculture and copper mining were Bantu settlers who started arriving in the 4th century.
In 1855, Dr David Livingstone became the first British explorer to visit Zambia and ‘discovered’ the Victoria Falls (so-named in honour of Queen Victoria) on his famous exploration of the Zambezi River. The town of Livingstone was later named after him, and would serve as the capital for a time.
Cecil Rhodes and the British South African Company colonised Zambia in 1889, then in 1924 the company ceded administrative control to the British Crown, whereupon it became the colony of Northern Rhodesia and serious European exploitation of Zambia’s main natural resource, copper, began.
The colonial authorities ceded independence in 1964 and the country was re-named Zambia. The pre-independence elections were won by Kenneth Kaunda's United National Independence Party. Zambia soon became involved in the war in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Kaunda closed the southern border and gave safe haven to cadres from Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU party and its associated guerrilla army, ZIPRA.
Relations with the Zimbabweans improved after Zimbabwe became independent in 1980 and Kaunda's foreign policy focused elsewhere. However, a decline in global copper prices caused economic decline in Zambia throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
Meanwhile, Kaunda became a major regional statesman. He played a significant part in the initiatives leading to independence in Namibia and South Africa and, in the 1990s, chaired both the Organisation of African Unity and the 'front-line' group of Southern African states confronting the South African apartheid regime.
During 1990, domestic unrest, sparked by price rises, developed into demands for a more democratic system of government. The principal opposition, the Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) led by Frederick Chiluba, won a substantial majority in the ensuing 1991 election, which marked an end to single-party rule.
In the years since, Zambia’s inherently peaceful democracy has prevailed despite the occasional scare. In January 2015, Edward Lungu became the latest Zambian president, after his predecessor Michael Sata died in office.
Did you know?
• Iron and copper have been mined in Zambia for over 2,000 years.
• Zambia’s is one Africa’s most urbanized countries.
• In 2015, the Global Peace Index rated Zambia the most peaceful country in Africa.
Religion in Zambia
Around 30% of the population is Christian (Protestant and Roman Catholic), a smaller number are Muslim and Hindu, and a small minority have traditional animist beliefs.
Social Conventions in Zambia
Zambian culture, traditions and folklore remain prominent and long-standing tribal customs and crafts are practised throughout the country, particularly in the rural areas. These include rituals and ceremonies to mark rites of passage such as coming-of-age or marriage, and colourful annual festivals to commemorate revered ancestors celebrate the changing seasons. Most Zambian festivals feature traditional music, drumming and dancing.
Visitors to the more remote rural areas should expect to be met with curiosity. Shaking hands is the normal form of greeting. Gifts are often offered to visitors as a sign of gratitude, friendship or honour. One should never refuse a gift but accept it with both hands.
Same-sex sexual activity is illegal for both males and females in Zambia and social attitudes towards LGBT people are mostly negative.
Language in Zambia
English, Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Kaonde and Luvale are the official languages. Zambia also has over 70 local dialects. | <urn:uuid:fa350561-a5f2-410e-b291-58cc406da5f6> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/zambia/history-language-culture/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00472.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9572708606719971,
"token_count": 800,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
} |
Most often associated with engagement rings and special proposals, diamonds are a traditional symbol of love and status. However, modern couples are more socially responsible, opting for alternative stones or even lab made ones. There is a growing movement of people choosing laboratory grown diamonds instead of mined diamonds.
They are identical to mined diamonds in terms of their physical and chemical properties and brilliance. But lab grown diamonds are cheaper, have a smaller environmental impact, and are more ethical because there’s no possibility of them funding wars in Africa.
Lab grown diamonds can be produced in a variety of colors, which gives consumers more options when choosing an engagement ring or other piece of jewelry. With the help of celebrities like Meghan Markle increasing awareness of the impact of mining on the environment, lab grown diamonds will likely continue to grow in popularity in the years to come.
Lab grown diamonds, sometimes called lab created or man-made diamonds, are grown in a controlled laboratory using advanced technology to replicate the conditions in which natural diamonds develop.
Labs use a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to recreate the environment beneath the Earth’s crust. The HPHT method takes a tiny diamond seed placed inside a piece of carbon. The carbon is then pressurized to around 1.5 million pounds per square inch while being exposed to temperatures over 2,700 Fahrenheit. This process melts the carbon to form a diamond around the initial seed.
The CVD method places a small diamond seed inside a chamber filled with carbon-rich gases (usually hydrogen and methane) and heated over 1,400 Fahrenheit. The gases ionize into plasma, breaking down the gas’s bond, causing pure carbon to stick to the diamond seed, creating a new diamond.
While natural diamonds take billions of years to form, diamonds grown in a lab take only a few weeks or months to develop.
Because lab created diamonds are made from the same carbon atoms as natural diamonds and are arranged in the same diamond crystal structure, they are chemically identical to natural diamonds.
Before you buy a lab grown diamond, you might wonder, are lab grown diamonds considered real? Lab grown diamonds are considered real because they have the same chemical properties as real diamonds. Additionally, here is a helpful article that could assist you in determining if a diamond is real or not.
When first created, many people called lab grown diamonds synthetic because they are man-made. But because it’s impossible to synthesize an element (the carbon from which a diamond is made), a lab grown diamond cannot be synthetic.
In 2018, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that diamonds grown in laboratories are real diamonds. This ruling was based on the fact that lab grown diamonds share the same chemical, physical, and optical properties as natural diamonds.
In addition, the FTC found that lab grown diamonds are indistinguishable from natural diamonds to the naked eye. As a result of this ruling, lab grown diamonds can now be legally advertised as real diamonds. This ruling will likely significantly impact the diamond industry, as it could lead to more consumers opting for lab grown diamonds over natural ones.
To the naked eye, lab grown and mined diamonds look identical. But to a trained gemologist, such as those at the Gemological Institute of America, there are several ways to tell them apart. For example, natural diamonds tend to have small imperfections called inclusions, while lab grown diamonds are typically flawless.
In addition, each diamond has its own unique pattern of flaws, called a fingerprint. Examining the fingerprint under a microscope allows a gemologist to determine whether a diamond is lab grown or mined.
If they aren’t natural, are lab grown diamonds cheaper? That depends. Are lab grown diamonds less expensive? Definitely.
Diamonds grown in a lab are not as expensive as natural diamonds but aren’t necessarily cheaper, depending on how you look at it. The quality of lab grown diamonds is increasing, making them more popular. Some people even prefer them over natural diamonds because they are ethically and environmentally conscious.
There are a few reasons why lab made diamonds are real diamonds but more affordable than natural diamonds.
Now that we know diamonds grown in a lab are considered real while still being less expensive, some might wonder if diamonds are still as strong as diamonds. Unlike another popular diamond substitute, cubic zirconia, which is made from zirconium dioxide, lab grown diamonds are made from the same compressed carbon as natural diamonds and are equally as durable.
If you’re searching for an engagement ring, you might wonder are lab grown diamonds as good as real diamonds. Because a diamond lasts forever, take the time to learn about the benefits of a man-made diamond. Here are five reasons to consider a lab grown diamond for your engagement ring.
Lab grown diamonds are created in a controlled environment, meaning no mining is involved. The process of mining natural diamonds is very destructive to the environment, as it often involves clear-cutting large areas of land and can contaminate nearby water sources with chemicals.
Because lab grown diamonds are created in a controlled environment, they do not require the same amount of investment as natural diamonds. The cost of mining, shipping, and processing natural diamonds is passed on to the consumer, making them much more expensive than their lab grown counterparts.
The process of mining natural diamonds can result in human rights abuses, as workers can be paid meager wages and work in dangerous conditions. On the other hand, lab grown diamonds are ethically sourced, as they are created in a controlled environment where workers are paid fair wages and work in safe conditions.
Natural diamonds often contain impurities that can affect their appearance, but lab grown diamonds are purer and have fewer imperfections because they are created in a controlled environment.
Lab grown diamonds also tend to have better color than natural diamonds. The process of mining for natural diamonds can damage or destroy the delicate color balance of the stone, but lab grown diamonds retain their color purity.
There’s a lot that goes into planning the perfect proposal. But one of the most important things to keep in mind is the engagement ring. The ring symbolizes your love and commitment, and it should be something that she will cherish forever.
The Grooms Club has tips, advice, and ideas dedicated to engagement and wedding planning. If you’re searching for the perfect cut, clarity, color, and carat ring style for your soon-to-be fiancée, check out The Groom Club for the ultimate wedding and engagement content. | <urn:uuid:8c538691-1574-45a3-a363-eca5971ec08b> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://thegroomclub.com/are-lab-grown-diamonds-real/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100593.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206095331-20231206125331-00603.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9494922161102295,
"token_count": 1346,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Ice (cryotherapy) is a treatment for the inflammation which is secondary to the tendon injury its self. The inflammation is what usually causes the pain and can lead to additional compression injury of the surrounding tissue or chemical irritation of surrounding cells. With all of that said inflammation is a normal part of the healing process and should be controlled, not eliminated.
The way that ice treats inflammation is by numbing pain and constricting blood vessels to reduce the amount of fluid flow to the area thus decreasing the amount of swelling. There are risks to using ice as with any treatment. The risks being that of cold exposure such as frost bite, blisters, pain, etc...
To avoid this risk is not usually a matter of temperature (the goal often being a reduction of 10-15 degrees Celsius) so much as duration of exposure. It is true that the duration will vary based on the temperature, but when using ice in a clinical setting the temperature is usually 0 degrees because the ice is melting. To further reduce that risk it is often recommended that ice directly from a freezer never be placed directly on the skin, but should be wrapped because it could be colder than 0 degrees.
The general rule for cryotherapy is to apply ice until the area is numb or 20 minutes, which ever comes first. There is no definitive research out there regarding cryotherapy, and there are many different modalities and techniques used clinically. There is no target temperature that every clinic uses and measurement would not be cost effective. One target temperature goal cited was 10-15 degrees Celsius of reduced temperature.
"...the studies reviewed were inconsistent in
describing the changes in swelling, blood flow, heart rate, blood pressure,
intraarticular temperature, rheumatoid arthritis, monosynaptic reflex, and the
Additional information regarding magnitude of cooling with different modalities can be found here. | <urn:uuid:38044419-8aea-4f39-bf3e-38274b7a66ba> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/1995/applying-ice-to-tendinitis-how-cold-should-it-be",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00268.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9532294273376465,
"token_count": 377,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
} |
Sounding Out is project which explores the impact of music on deaf and hearing-impaired pupils. It is run by Creative Futures, one of our chosen charities in 2016. We asked Rimi Solloway, Creative Futures’ Communications and Information Officer, to tell us a bit more about this remarkable project.
Sounding Out is an ongoing project with deaf and hearing-impaired children, in partnership with the UCL Ear Institute and the UCL Institute of Education. It seeks to explore how learning music can enhance pitch perception and speech production in deaf and hearing impaired pupils.
Our Creative Futures practitioners visit two specialist schools in London every week to provide vocal, instrumental and creative music-making workshops to groups of young people aged 11 to 14 years old. All of them have aural impairment and a range of special educational needs. These weekly sessions explore pitch, rhythm, notation and timbre through a range of musical activities including singing, vocalisation, composition and playing a range of instruments.
Sounding Out is built upon findings from a long-term Creative Futures project at a primary school which suggest that specialist singing training improves pitch perception, production and speech perception for hearing impaired students, thus improving their access to and enjoyment of music; as well as their speech and communication skills in wider life. It also provides immersive instrumental music sessions at both schools so that students have opportunities to play a range of instruments and develop ensemble-playing skills.
Each term’s activity is structured around certain themes or topics (for example, World War II) and we work with the students to explore how music could be used to represent different aspects of the subject. Key to making music is good communication, and we are developing the students’ visual communication skills as well as using a range of visual cues such as ‘graphic scores’ (pictorial representations of the music devised by the students themselves).
The aim is not only to offer deaf and hearing impaired children high-quality musical opportunities and experiences, but also to enhance their self-confidence and social skills.
The principal funder of the project is the National Foundation for Youth Music which has pledged support over a three year period, including for the research element with our partners at UCL. Sounding Out is delivered by three specialist music-leaders every week, and we are training a further three each year as part of our commitment to providing training and mentoring opportunities for less-experienced workshop leaders.
Our first research findings from the project are not expected until summer 2017, although one collaborative paper has been published in the Cochlear Implants International journal. In the meantime project updates can be found on our website at www.creativefuturesuk.com. | <urn:uuid:aff45884-a001-4b88-bf75-65a360c4b7bf> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"url": "https://ingleshayday.com/features/sounding-out-with-creative-futures/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00165.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9527304768562317,
"token_count": 555,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Prosocial behavior occurs when people act to benefit others rather than themselves. Altruism, cooperation, and caregiving are a few examples of prosocial behavior.
Prosocial behavior is a central part of morality. As social psychologist Daniel Batson notes, much of interpersonal morality involves “giving weight to the interests and desires of others in situations in which our interests and theirs conflict.”
Research reveals that those who act prosocially tend to be happier, healthier, and live longer. Those who don’t act prosocially tend to suffer the psychological cost that comes with guilt.
Prosocial behavior is contagious. Studies show that people who see others act prosocially are more likely to do so themselves.
People also seem to have an innate preference for prosocial behavior. For example, in one study, even babies preferred to play with a doll that they saw act in a helpful way over another doll that they saw act in a selfish way.
Law professor Lynn Stout observes, “unselfish prosocial behavior is so omnipresent in American society that it often goes unnoticed.” Indeed, consider how frequently people help each other, donate to charity, and volunteer. For example, in 2014 charitable giving reached an all time high with more than $358 billion in donations. And overall, 45% of Americans volunteer, making the United States third in the world for offering time and talents to help others.
So, while prosocial behavior may often go unnoticed, it can be argued that it is the cornerstone of a just and decent society. | <urn:uuid:0b62c7cf-b5ed-4469-a35b-cf7152c6d58a> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/prosocial-behavior",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924140738-20210924170738-00021.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.947772741317749,
"token_count": 318,
"score": 4.0625,
"int_score": 4
} |
Families play a significant role in the support of their members with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities across the lifespan. However, that role is not fully recognized and supported in disability policy and practice. Over 75 percent of Americans with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities live in their communities without the benefit of publicly funded disability services, relying on their families for support. Over half of those who do receive services still live with their families and Iowa has many aging parents currently assisting their family members with disabilities. CDD is involved in the following initiatives focused on enhancing supports and services families may need to support their loved one.
Iowa Initiatives Assisted by CDD
- Family to Family Iowa – A network of trained family mentors and navigators assist families of children with developmental disabilities.
- Mental Health and Disability Services Redesign – Input from family members and disability advocates is needed as Iowa’s system transforms from a county based to regional system. Follow the redesign process and learn about opportunities to provide your input.
- Money Follows the Person – A program that provides individualized assistance to families and guardians when their loved one wants to move from facility based settings to community based services.
Programs Run by CDD with Funding from State or Federal Partners
- Applied Behavior Analysis Telehealth Research Project – Provides training and assistance to help families and their service providers to implement Applied Behavioral Assistance techniques to an individual on the autism spectrum.
- Assistive Technology Legal Project – Provides legal guidance for individuals having difficulty finding funding sources for assistive technology you need or experiencing problems repairing/replacing an existing device.
- Career Connections Transition Program – Families and their students in 11th and 12th grade explore future employment options and develop work skills through their internships.
- Challenging Behavior Training Service – In partnership with the Iowa Department of Education, the Center for Disabilities and Development (CDD) has formed the Challenging Behavior Training Service. The service is designed to increase expertise in functional behavior assessments across the state of Iowa to improve services to students engaging in challenging behaviors in the school setting.
- Disability Resource Library – Families gain knowledge about disabilities through collections focused on information for, by, and about people with disabilities. Materials come in a variety of formats - books, DVDs, training curricula, software, and assistive technology. About 60 percent of the materials in the DRL are not found in any other State of Iowa Library Organization library. Families can borrow materials in person or by mail.
- Iowa COMPASS – Families use this statewide resource to locate disability services, supports, assisted technology devices, and used equipment.
- Iowa Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Program – A statewide initiative to assure every child’s hearing loss is discovered early and they receive the necessary interventions.
- Iowa Program for Assistive Technology – Learn about assistive device loan lending libraries, in addition to information about various devices that improve an individual’s ability to live learn and recreate in the community.
- Living Well - Emergency Preparedness – Families can learn how to develop an emergency preparedness plan that encompasses the needs of their loved one with disabilities.
- Used Equipment Referral Service – A free statewide resource to sell or purchase used assistive devices, accessible vehicles or home modifications. | <urn:uuid:c2b02088-ea12-436b-83f3-1d3ab0b96369> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://www.uihealthcare.org/UCEDD/Family-Support/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00149-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9406891465187073,
"token_count": 664,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
} |
The job of traffic policemen isn’t easy. Not only do they need to be patient but also extremely mindful and conscious of their surroundings at all times. They need to pay attention to vehicular movement from multiple directions at the same time to successfully manage the frenzy that is Indian traffic.
Indian traffic policemen can deal with even the busiest roads because of what is termed as divided attention. Read on to understand the scope and definition of divided attention in everyday life and how it helps us multitask and navigate difficult situations.
Unraveling The Divided Attention Psychology
Most of us lead busy and fast-paced lives, making multitasking the only way to cope with our hectic schedules. Whether it’s work or at home, catching a break isn’t easy. Even when watching Netflix, we can’t stop scrolling our phone screens. The ability to balance so many activities at the same time is possible because of the divided attention psychology.
To put it briefly, divided attention refers to the brain’s ability to focus or perform two or more tasks at the same time. It is like simultaneously paying attention to different tasks. This ability is exhibited in our everyday lives, more often than we realize. This makes us more efficient as we’re able to do more in less time.
Here are some common and everyday examples of divided attention:
A restaurant attendant has to take and remember different orders from multiple tables and communicate them with the chef
Most cab drivers like to strike up conversations or engage in small talk. They drive, focus on the road as well as talk to passengers at the same time
A teacher needs to educate, train and connect with a classroom full of students
Divided attention has become an inevitable aspect of our professional lives, where we’re bound to juggle multiple tasks to meet all the demands. Let’s look at some examples of divided attention at the workplace:
Responding to emails during a meeting that has run unexpectedly long
Working on one project and simultaneously starting on another to meet deadlines
Speaking to clients or customers on the phone and entering their details in your system
Is Divided Attention Good For Us?
Divided attention has been a key topic of research in cognitive psychology. At its core, divided attention in psychology is our ability to multitask and it’s both a boon and a bane. Let’s explore the two sides of the divided attention theory and see how it’s advantageous and disadvantageous at the same time:
When it’s a boon
We can finish simple and everyday tasks in less time (for example, clean the house while cooking something)
It helps break the monotony as we can switch between tasks we like and focus on something else if we get bored
It helps us stay flexible and adapt to fast-paced lifestyles; adaptability is a core requirement for most modern organizations
When it’s a bane
Contrary to popular belief, multitasking is counterproductive, reducing efficiency and slowing down progress
As you focus on meeting multiple objectives, you tend to stress more, eventually tiring yourself out
You may feel busy when multitasking but you’re probably just overwhelmed by multiple activities
Divided Attention For The Win!
Divided attention may have its limitations but it can also be used to our advantage. You can train your mind to find effective ways to split up tasks and organize them in ways that help you to utilize your resources efficiently. Here are some powerful tips to improve your divided attention abilities:
Plan Your Day
You need to prioritize your activities to fulfill your targets effectively. One useful way to do this is by planning and organizing your day in advance. You can use to-do lists, organizers or calendars to split up your activities.
Since you’re already juggling multiple tasks, you should make sure that there are minimal distractions at the workplace. For example, you can’t work on multiple projects if you’re constantly interrupted by emails and phone calls.
A great way to sharpen your cognitive abilities is to meditate or practice relaxation activities. Not only does it improve your concentration power, but it also makes space for new information. You’re able to pay attention to details when you practice mindfulness.
If you want to utilize your divided attention abilities, you need to be aware of your environment. To effectively perceive, respond and interact with your immediate surroundings, look into Harappa Education’s Listening Actively course. The HARP (Hearing, Attention, Response and Perception) Equation will teach you everything about perceiving and paying attention to details. Even the smallest act can make the biggest difference!
Explore topics such as Types of Attention, How to Improve Your Attention Span, Active Listening, What Is Selective Attention & Sustained Attention from Harappa Diaries and learn to effectively perceive, respond and interact with others. | <urn:uuid:d30ffa90-2318-4b0f-91ab-706fa9939ae4> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/divided-attention-theory-and-examples/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577259.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524203438-20220524233438-00679.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9437457919120789,
"token_count": 1016,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
} |
The seventh grade students strive to be model citizens for the entire school and have accepted many leadership roles during the course of the year. With a focus on mature study habits, personal accountability and stewardship, they are encouraged to be more independent and expressive. Subject area teachers work closely together, providing cross-curricular learning all while focusing on the students’ Catholic identity and growth in Christ.
By Mrs. Rachael Androski, Art Teacher
In art class, the seventh grade students have been learning about form, the element of art that has three dimensions. They did an amazing job creating their sculpture assignments. Using wire, tin foil and Paper Mache, each student assembled a human form. They finished up their designs by painting their sculptures to represent the Hawaiian monarch from the Hawaiian Studies research project.
Can You Hear Me Now?
By Miss Elisa Nirei, Science Teacher
Last month, the seventh graders completed their Science Unit on sound. The students learned about the various types of waves, how we hear sound, musical instruments, and how sound travels. During class and in our discussions about sound, the students wrote up their doodle notes. By writing class notes as doodle notes, students are improving their attention during class and memory of the content.
As the students learned about wavelengths and how sound travels, they completed a phone cup lab. In their lab groups, the seventh graders strung their own phone cups, playing around with different material, distance, and tension of the string to self discover what plays a factor in sound traveling from one location to the next.
Then, at the end of the unit, the students crafted their own musical instrument with at least four different pitches. They brought their own materials at home and constructed their instruments at home. At the end of the week, the students presented their instruments, explained how it worked, and played a song for the class. The instruments ranged from drums to xylophones to ukuleles.
The students had a blast learning about sound and incorporating their learning into their love of music. | <urn:uuid:98d06d14-ba58-4882-9e5c-d4c54ee53b87> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "https://saintannhawaii.wordpress.com/2016/05/26/spotlight-on-seventh-grade-part-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106465.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820112115-20170820132115-00367.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9677212238311768,
"token_count": 425,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
} |
Typically complex; discusses intangible qualities like good and evil
Adjective: Dry and theoretical
In poetry, the stressed portion of a word
EX: "to BE or NOT to be"
Appealing to the senses. like artistic judgement.
EX: A kid who has a room filled with pictures of kittens ad daisies, with pink walls and listens to nothing but happy busic
A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself
Misplaced in time.
EX: If an actor in a play about Julias Caesar forgets to take off his wristwatch
A comparison involve two or more symbolic parts used to clarify an action or a relationship
In literature when intimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics, behavior or motivation
An action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect
Protagonist(main character) who is unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any umber of other unsavory qualities
Short and witty saying
EX: "Classic? a book which people praise and dont read"
The use of old fashioned language
EX: "Ye Olde Candle Shoppe"
A speech/short comment made by an actor to the audience as though momentarily stepping outside the action on stage
The emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene
Long, narrative poem, very regular meter and rhyme.
Please allow access to your computer’s microphone to use Voice Recording.
We can’t access your microphone!
Click the icon above to update your browser permissions above and try again
Reload the page to try again!
Press Cmd-0 to reset your zoom
Press Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom
It looks like your browser might be zoomed in or out. Your browser needs to be zoomed to a normal size to record audio.
Your microphone is muted
For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:b6bf1194-5508-4840-8a1d-6886f09c5e05> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://quizlet.com/4703064/terminology-1-15-flash-cards/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137046.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00324-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8763986825942993,
"token_count": 403,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
} |
On the Hoof: Ancient DNA Reveals Story of the Horse
PARIS - Scientists last Wednesday said they had unravelled the DNA of a horse that lived some 700,000 years ago, a record-breaking feat in the young field of palaeo-genomics.
The ancient find indicates that all horses today, as well as donkeys and zebras, shared a common ancestor that lived some four million years ago, twice as early as thought.
The breakthrough also raises hopes that many fossils deemed useless for DNA sampling may in fact be crammed with genetic treasure, researchers said.
Reporting in the journal Nature, the team said the tale began 10 years ago, with the discovery of a piece of fossilised horse bone in the permafrost at a location called Thistle Creek, in Canada's Yukon territory.
"It's a piece of metapodial bone" from the leg, said Ludovic Orlando, a French researcher at the Centre for Geogenetics at Denmark's Museum of Natural History.
"It's a fragment about 15 centimetres (six inches) long by eight centimetres (3.2 inches) wide."
Radiodating of the ground in which the bone was found indicates that the organic material there -- decomposed leaves and so on -- was deposited about 735,000 years ago.
The sample had been astonishingly preserved in the deep chill -- but time was bound to have damaged its cells and thus limit chances of teasing useful DNA out of it.
"It was a unique chance to push our technology to the limit," Orlando told AFP.
"To be frank, I myself didn't think it would be possible when we first tackled the idea."
These early doubts began to lift in the lab, when the researchers managed to pinpoint remnants of collagen -- the main protein found in bones, as well as biological markers for blood vessels.
What about cellular DNA?
At that point, disappointment came. Technology available at the start of the analysis three years ago fell far short of being able to take these tiny scraps of DNA and turn them into intelligible code.
"We were only able to get a piece of DNA sequence about once in every 200 attempts," said Orlando.
What changed things was a generational change in sequencing technology.
Exploiting an innovation in medical research, the scientists found a way of unravelling DNA molecules without having to "amplify" them in a sequencing machine.
This approach meant the precious sample was not wasted through endless failures, and risk of further degradation through handling and air exposure was minimised.
The outcome was a three-to-fourfold improvement in the success rate, which rose to a factor of 10 when the temperature and method of extraction were further tweaked.
"We went from one in 200 to about one in 20," said Orlando.
"What emerged from this were tiny scraps of sequences, which we then had to reassemble into a full genetic code," he said.
"It's like mending a vase which has broken into a thousand pieces -- only this one has billions of pieces!"
The result is the oldest genome that has been fully sequenced -- from an animal that lived between 560,000 and 780,000 years ago.
The previous record was held by the sequencing of an enigmatic human known as the Denisova hominin, who lived 70,000 to 80,000 years ago.
The horse sequence was compared against the genome of a horse that lived in the Late Pleistocene, 43,000 years ago, as well as those of five modern horse breeds, a Przewalski's horse (a wild equine species that diverged from the domestic horse), and a donkey.
"Our analyses suggest that the Equus lineage giving rise to all contemporary horses, zebras and donkeys originated four to 4.5 million years before present, twice the conventionally accepted time," the study says.
It also suggested that efforts to preserve the Przewalski's horse, by crossing it with domestic breeds, are genetically valid. There seems to be have been little genetic intrusion into the wild variant.
Beyond this immediate discovery, the scientists are confident their work will one day shed light on prehistoric animals or even our own forebears, through fossils whose DNA is conventionally considered too degraded for sequencing.
"In very cold conditions, roughly 10 percent of small-sized molecules have a good chance of surviving beyond a million years," said Orlando.
"We have opened a door that we thought had been closed forever. It all depends on technological progress, but we have loads of arguments for believing that the future will lead us to treasure, not a dead end." | <urn:uuid:68f0838e-9a9f-4e48-a73b-8ebf13215fa7> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "http://www.petmd.com/news/health-science/hoof-ancient-dna-reveals-story-horse-30530",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542246.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00474-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9735525250434875,
"token_count": 966,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.