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Wednesday, April 7, 1999 Published at 10:38 GMT 11:38 UK
World Health Day celebrates old age
Attitudes to the elderly need to change, says the WHO
The elderly should be viewed as active citizens with a positive contribution to make rather than as a burden, says the World Health Organisation (WHO).
It has made "active ageing" the focus of this year's World Health Day which is celebrated on Wednesday.
The organisation is seeking to dispel a number of myths about old age, including the idea that most elderly people live in the industrialised countries of the north.
Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, director general of the WHO, said: "The ageing of the global population is one of the biggest challenges facing the world in the next century.
"It is also potentially a great opportunity. Older people have a lot to contribute.
"Older people are often viewed as a homogeneous group from mainly industrialised countries, who no longer contribute to their families and societies, and may even be a burden. The truth could not be more different."
Fast growth rate
The WHO says more than 60% of elderly people live in developing countries.
There are currently about 580 million older people in the world, with 355 million in developing countries.
The rate of growth is extremely fast in some countries.
In China, for example, the proportion of elderly people is expected to double between the year 2000 and 2027 - from 7% to 14%.
In France, a similar increase took 115 years.
The rising numbers of elderly are a result of medical and social advances which have seen a fall in death rates from infectious diseases and improvements in sanitation, housing and nutrition.
The changes are predicted to cause a sharp increase in the numbers of chronic diseases in many countries.
The WHO says chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer are predicted to be "the main contributors to the burden of disease" in developing countries by 2020.
In many developing countries fertility rates are also falling, meaning that the proportion of older people is likely to exceed that of children and teenagers by 2050.
However, the WHO says better healthcare means a large number of these elderly people may enjoy many years of healthy active life.
It is encouraging people to change their attitudes to old age and says improving health is key to "active ageing".
"The right lifestyle, involvement in family and society and a supportive environment for older age all preserve well-being."
The WHO says elderly people have a lot to contribute to society.
In the US, for instance, over three million people aged over 65 take part in voluntary activities in schools and religious, health and political organisations.
It is estimated that more than two million American children are cared for by their grandparents.
The WHO says many countries in Asia and Africa perceive the elderly in a positive way as "people with knowledge".
But it warns that in some cultures these traditional values are in danger of being eroded.
Later this year - the International Year of Older Persons - the WHO is launching a Global Movement for Active Ageing, a network for all those interested in promoting active ageing.
It will provide models and ideas for programmes and projects for those working with the elderly. | <urn:uuid:02d08c4f-012b-4159-969c-a6f39636a99d> | {
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Enter the bearded fireworm, a bizarre sea creature closely resembling the
dreaded house centipede. These underwater creepy crawlies are so strange,
Bearded Fireworms, Hermodice carunculata - buy this stock photo on
Shutterstock & find other images.
The Bearded Fireworm is a species of marine bristleworm. This small predator is
endemic to the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Mar 26, 2016 ... Blane Perun's TheSea: The Bearded Fireworm – A Long, Hairy Creature
Crawling Around in the Shallow Waters The bearded fireworm is a ...
Jan 8, 2017 ... Marine creatures don't have to be big to deliver a nasty jolt. Consider the bearded
fireworm. It's generally no more than a few inches long, but ...
Sep 7, 2016 ... This sea worm might look brilliant under the water, but out on dry land, it's a
Bearded Fireworm - Download From Over 54 Million High Quality Stock Photos,
Images, Vectors. Sign up for FREE today. Image: 6395332.
Fireworms eat Octopus; Bearded fireworm; Hermodice carunculata.
Find and follow posts tagged bearded fireworm on Tumblr.
The bearded fireworm is in the Phylum Annedlida because it is a segmented ...
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EU indecision over gas as green investment imperils supply security – German utilities
The European Commission's draft rules for what counts as a green investment have reignited the debate about the role of natural gas on the way to climate neutrality. Whereas German utilities insisted that the country urgently needed gas power plants to complement intermittent renewables, environmentalists said the EU was right not to label gas as green and to instead postpone the decision.
According to the country’s utilities, the exclusion of gas from the EU proposal hinders the construction of power plants that burn the fossil fuel – and later climate-friendly gases – to guarantee a stable power supply. The Commission's decision to postpone the classification of gas until later this year "puts important energy transition investments at risk," warned Kerstin Andreae, head of utility association BDEW.
The taxonomy for sustainable finance is the EU's landmark classification system for helping investors who want to put their money into environmentally-friendly projects distinguish between "green" and "greenwashing." It is the world's first major labelling system with the aim of making the financial system more sustainable, and is therefore being closely watched. The current goal of making the EU climate neutral by 2050 will require massive investments, but the financial sector currently lacks clear rules on which activities count as sustainable. European finance Commissioner Mairead McGuinness called the proposal "ground-breaking," and said it will cover 80 percent of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.
Decision on labelling natural gas and nuclear power plants postponed
But the Commission has postponed the controversial decision of whether to label natural gas and nuclear power plants as green until later this year. The Commission's initial proposal would have ruled those out, but some member states have lobbied hard to declare them sustainable. Commission vice president Valdis Dombrovskis said gas still required "further work," adding that its use would be subject to strict legal limits. "We need to find a way forward while recognising the role of gas in switching from oil and coal," he said.
Germany and several Eastern European countries are at odds with other EU members over the future role of gas. They argue that the fossil fuel is an important energy source on the way to climate neutrality, as it causes fewer emissions than coal and oil when burned. Think tanks such as Agora Energiewende* have said that a number of small gas-fired power units will be necessary to guarantee supply security as Germany relies more and more on intermittent renewable electricity. The power plants would only run when needed at certain moments throughout the year, instead of supplying power continuously.
Germany is also under fire from most EU members and environmentalists for pursuing the controversial gas pipeline Nord Stream 2, which will transport gas from Russia directly to Germany once it is completed. On the other hand, Germany is about to exit nuclear power and lobbied against a green label for the technology, irritating France and other proponents.
Utilities say gas plants "decisive for energy transition success"
The head of Germany's association of municipal utilities (VKU), Ingbert Liebing, said the continuing uncertainty over the labelling of gas is delaying urgently necessary investments that are "decisive for the success of the energy transition and reaching climate targets."
Investments that are not included in the taxonomy are not prohibited. But they must not be labelled as "green," which rules out funding from dedicated support programmes and sustainable investment funds.
The BDEW's Andreae said Germany needs to build new gas power plants immediately because it is phasing out coal and nuclear plants, adding that excluding gas from the proposal means valuable time is being lost. "We need sensible rules that define gas as a transition activity under certain preconditions," Andreae said, adding that a lack of suitable gas plants could make the energy transition more expensive and harm the climate if coal plants have to stay operational longer. She also argued that new gas power plants will be ready to use green hydrogen in the future, potentially making their operation climate neutral. "New gas-based power plants must be able to switch gradually and as quickly as possible to completely CO2-free generation," she said.
Drafting the taxonomy is like walking on a tightrope. If the criteria for a "green" label are too lax and allow the greenwashing it was supposed to prevent, it will be useless. But an overly strict label could also rule out many investments that might be necessary on the way to climate neutrality.
EU resisted "massive pressure from interest groups" – NGO
In contrast to the utilities, environmental NGO Germanwatch welcomed the fact gas had not received a green label in the EU proposal.
"It was right not to classify these technologies as sustainable under massive pressure from the relevant interest groups and individual member states," said the NGO's policy director Christoph Bals, with a view to gas and nuclear power.
He added the German government, which had remained mum on the subject due to differences between various ministries, should take a clear position against labelling gas and nuclear as sustainable.
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John Metcalfe was CityLab’s Bay Area bureau chief, covering climate change and the science of cities.
This could be the last time you see the San Francisco — Oakland Bay Bridge not mired in godawful traffic.
Attention, Bay Area residents: Would you like to see the bridge on which you'll soon spend hours stuck in teeth-grinding traffic jams? Webcam company EarthCam obliges with this well-put-together time lapse of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge's eastern span rising over the past three-and-a-half years, a monumental engineering effort that's so far cost more than $6 billion. (The initial estimates amounted to one-third of that cash mountain, FYI.)
Lots of the expense of the project is coming from the way engineers are earthquake-proofing the span. The need to rebuild the eastern section arose after a big chunk of it collapsed during the 1989 Loma Prieta temblor; with scientists predicting a better than 50 percent chance of a "tectonic time bomb" exploding in the next couple decades, the bridge builders really want to make sure that their efforts don't turn into falling rubble.
To prevent that from happening, Oakland and San Francisco could have erected a brawny span so thick and durable that an earthquake couldn't knock it down. But that would've resulted in a colossal eyesore that would be visible for miles. So they chose a slimmer, more sinewy structure instead, one which fights against seismic lashings by swaying and sacrificing parts of itself.
The New York Times has detailed all the neat features of the new bridge designed to counter a major quake, including "deadman" anchors that will be used to straighten sagging girders, sliding steel tubes that break to preserve the larger structure, and long piles driven deep into the sea bed at reinforcing angles. There's also a suspension-bridge tower (shown in the second half of the video) loaded with "shear links," or special connecting plates that deform to absorb a quake's energy like a "bumper."
This fascinating footage encompasses a period of around-the-clock activity from April 2009 to November 2012. When the eastern span starts accepting drivers, potentially by late summer in 2013, its makers expect it to last for another 150 years before needing serious rehab work. (For closer shots of the construction, check out the Bay Area Toll Authority's webcam network or this worker's drive-over last year.) | <urn:uuid:3c81b853-07ab-4df6-9abe-6aa3854c592f> | {
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On Friday July 17th, a large Black and Indigenous Solidarity demonstration made a valiant but failed attempt to take down one of Chicago’s monuments to Christopher Columbus. The protest was met with intense violence from police. A number of Chicago’s socialist alderpeople–including Daniel La Spata–have spoken out against the police repression. Some members of the Italian American community have held press conferences about the protest attacking the demonstration and defending “their legacy”. La Spata, the alderperson of Chicago’s 1st Ward and Italian American himself, has been an ongoing critic of the cities celebrations of Columbus. This interview by Marco Rosaire Rossi was conducted right before Friday’s events. [editors]
Marco Rosaire Rossi: You are one of three self-identified Italian Americans on the Chicago City Council. Tell me about your experience with that.
Daniel La Spata: First, there have been a number of times when [Chicago Sun-Times journalist] Fran Spielman and others have reported on the two Italian American aldermen of the city council. I think I throw some of them off by being a member of the Latino Caucus as well. But yes, three of my four grandparents were immigrants from Italy. I had the opportunity growing up to know my mom’s grandfather who came from northern Italy. I never really knew my dad’s parents, who died before I was born, but I know they both immigrated from Sicily. My grandfather was actually born in 1879, which is crazy to think about. In one generation, my family goes back across two centuries. I am originally from New Jersey, where there’re a lot of Italian Americans.
Recently, there have been calls to take down several of Chicago’s Christopher Columbus statues and have the city recognize Indigenous People’s Day instead of Columbus Day. Historically, the Italian community has been defensive about reassessing Columbus’s legacy, but you have been supportive of these calls. Why do you think it is necessary to take these actions?
I understand what Columbus’s legacy brought to Italian Americans during the 1910s and the 1920s. They were searching for legitimacy. At the time, Italians were looking for a path to acceptance, which meant a path to whiteness. White privilege was as much of an issue then as it is now. Christopher Columbus, who could be seen as the “first American” created that path to legitimacy. So, this myth of Columbus had utility. Looking at where we are now, with a fuller understanding of who Columbus was and what his actions were, I feel like tying our cultural heritage to Columbus hurts a lot more than it helps.
Given Columbus’s destructive legacy, why do you think he has become such an important figure for so many Italian Americans?
For Italian Americans there has been such an attachment to Columbus, such a tight association, that people are simply reluctant to give that up. I think our generation has a much clearer sense of what Columbus means, but for our parents and grandparents—particularly if they see the criticisms coming from outside of the Italian American community—there is a lot more defensiveness. That defensiveness speaks to the way that white supremacy has permeated our sense of ourselves culturally. There are other aldermen who claim that if we no longer celebrated Columbus, Italian American culture would be made invisible. They say that this is about erasing cultural heritage. That strikes me as almost an impossibility. Italian American culture is so weaved into the culture of what it is to be American that you couldn’t erase it if you tried. So why do we need to hold on to what is literally the most toxic aspect of Italian American culture?
Lori Lightfoot has come out in defense of the city’s Columbus Day parade. She has claimed that it is a multicultural affair that shows respect to Italian Americans. Why do you think she is wrong?
I take issue with that because every community of color that I have a relationship with views the Columbus Day parade and Columbus as a symbol of white supremacy. I am much more willing to let Black and brown communities speak to me about what they consider to be an inclusive and welcoming space than to be told by champions of Columbus what inclusivity is supposed to look like. If another community says, “This parade is a celebration of an icon of white supremacy,” then that does not fit with what the mayor is saying about the parade. There is a real cognitive dissonance there. The real question is what is going to happen this October if and when we come to another Columbus Day? I am excited to see the movement for Indigenous People’s Day ramp up as we head into the fall.
Besides Columbus, Chicago has another controversial monument that many Italian Americans in the city defend. I am referring to the monument dedicated to the Italian fascist Italo Balbo and the street named after him. What is Balbo’s connection to the city, and why is he such a problematic figure?
The fact that we are still holding onto a street name and a statue of someone who never lived here and never was an American citizen but was a fascist who famously flew across the Atlantic Ocean sincerely boggles my mind. It doesn’t take long to look it up. We are a country that is only now reckoning the impact of twentieth-century fascism and the damage of colonialism. Balbo was one of the founders of fascism in Italy. He was someone who helped bring Mussolini to power. Balbo pushed forward Italy’s colonization of Africa. He stands for nothing of who we want to be in contemporary twenty-first-century America. He stands for none of our best values. Anyone—whether they are Italian, Black, white, Latinx—who understands the history should be incensed that we still have a street named after this person. It is as absurd as if German Americans were holding onto some kind of Himmler Boulevard in Chicago.
If the city takes down statues of Columbus and Balbo do you think it should replace them with other recognizable figures from the Italian American community?
I don’t have a strong feeling either way on that. I feel like Columbus is such an indelible part of our history, and I am fine with it going into a museum. For the Balbo monument, it is so archeologically significant that if you were willing to include a separate plaque that described the realities of who Balbo was, I would be comfortable with that. I also don’t want to make those decisions in a vacuum. I want to have a conversation with the activists who are leading this movement.
Do you have an idea of how those decisions should be made? If you don’t want those decisions made in a vacuum, then what would an inclusive process look like?
I would be interested in talking to Italian American heritage groups and those who are advocating for the visibility of the Chicago area’s Indigenous history. That seems like the most meaningful way to move forward. Now, is it the most equitable way to move forward? That is another question. But it is a starting point.
You play a unique role on the Chicago City Council in that the other two Italian identified aldermen, Anthony Napolitano and Nicholas Sposato, are both conservatives on the council. On your twitter account you referred to yourself as “the lone Italian for racial justice.” Why do you think Italian representation on the council tends to sway in such a conservative direction?
I can’t speak to the communities that Napolitano and Sposato came up in. I can only speak for myself. In that case, both my family and my faith drove me in this direction. My mother is someone who values service and compassion above all else. My faith has always taught me to work towards racial and economic justice. I look toward Italian heroes, icons like St. Francis of Assisi, who championed a sense of solidarity with the poor and radical sacrifices for justice. That was how I was raised. When I came to Logan Square and Humboldt Park after graduating from college, I was in communities that really helped me build a sense of shared struggle across class and race.
Throughout Chicago’s history Italians have had a complicated history. In many ways they were excluded from power and wealth in the city, but at the same time they took out their frustrations on other racial minorities, particularly African Americans. I am thinking specifically of the race riots around housing issues after World War II. Do you think there needs to be a reckoning within the Chicago Italian American community in how it instigated racial tensions with other marginalized groups in the city?
For sure. It goes to the resolution that we just passed [in the Chicago City Council] on reparations. I talked about this at council. I feel like it is on white Americans, and I would specifically call out Italian Americans, to be a part of that conversation. We need to recognize that we have all been complicit in the damages. It might not be us who are living here right now who did it, but we are part of a legacy. I think we can recognize how we were pitted against other marginalized people. That is what capitalism does. It pits marginalized communities and racial groups against each other as though we had to fight for limited slices of the pie. It prevents us all from achieving a more powerful sense of solidarity.
The area of the city that UIC [University of Illinois–Chicago] was built on used to be a vibrant working-class Italian neighborhood, that is before it was leveled by the mayor Richard J. Daley to make room the university. How do you think Italians in Chicago should deal with the fact that one of its most recognized institutions was created by destroying one of their communities?
We can reckon with that. We can talk about that and be honest about what that loss was. The question is: how do we commemorate that and how do we claim that history? We need to recognize that like every other immigrant group, Italians were viewed as being expendable. We don’t need to do that in a way that compares or tries to lessen the suffering of other racial minorities in the city. I have seen a lot of memes on this recently. Italians and Irish Americans trying to draw comparisons between the suffering that our parents and grandparents went through with the suffering that Black and Latinx communities experience today. It is a sort of All-Lives-Matter mentality. Not only is it not fair based on the actual data and the actual history of those groups, but it also destroys our ability to be viewed as both allies and coconspirators in the fight for racial justice. I think Italian Americans can recognize that history and that suffering without trying to use it to distract from the conversation that is happening right now.
Do you see parallels with what happened to the Italian neighborhoods in Chicago generations ago and what is happening with gentrification in Logan Square where your ward is today?
Yes. In both spaces there is a kind of cultural erasure happening. It is one of the reasons why we are pushing back on housing demolition. The first thing that happens to a gentrified area is that you remove the people. When you demolish housing and the built environment it is as though that community never existed in that space. That is one of the reasons pushing back against demolitions and preserving the housing stock—especially the useful and affordable housing stock—is one of the things that is a priority for me right now.
Throughout this interview we have discussed the need for marginalized groups to receive justice but at the same time not to exclude other groups in the process. You mentioned how capitalism pits groups against each other. How do you think we can move forward on these issues like gentrification, Black Lives Matter, immigration, without pitting one group against another?
It is tempting for me as a white progressive to say that it is really about identifying a joint critique of the economic system, that there is a shared oppression under a capitalist economy. There is a certain convenience to that, in that it is very unifying. But at the same time, if I do say that, it negates the fact that even under this shared system of oppression Black and Latinx people are experiencing specific and deeper injustices. That is the question that progressives are facing. How do we build a unifying narrative around what we are trying to achieve in terms of justice without negating the very real specific racial injustices that are happening right now?
Even when my family was growing up, we were genuinely low-income. The company my dad worked for went bankrupt. He ended up working as a night security guard into his sixties. My mother had to go back to work. We certainly struggled. I struggled a lot during my twenties. But I can’t say that suffering is equal to or the same as what Black Americans have faced for the last two hundred years. I can’t say that is equal to or the same as what Latinx folks have faced. That is the challenge. Being able to discern where there is solidarity and where we need to also highlight the distinct racial oppression that is happening in this country. | <urn:uuid:10f282b4-461b-41bc-983e-0d04d14a56e4> | {
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Archives and serializations are two ways in which you can create architecture-independent byte streams of hierarchical data. Byte streams can then be written to a file or transmitted to another process, perhaps over a network. When the byte stream is decoded, the hierarchy is regenerated. Archives provide a detailed record of a collection of interrelated objects and values. Serializations record only the simple hierarchy of property-list values.
You should read this document to learn how to create and extract archived representations of object graphs.
Organization of This Document
This programming topic contains the following articles:
Object Graphs introduces the concept of an object graph and discusses the two techniques for turning objects into byte streams: archives and serializations.
Archives describes the different types of archive and archiver classes.
Creating and Extracting Archives describes how to create and extract an archive.
Encoding and Decoding Objects describes how to implement the methods that allow an object to be encoded in and decoded from archives.
Encoding and Decoding C Data Types describes how to encode and decode C data types that do not have convenience methods defined in the archive classes.
Forward and Backward Compatibility for Keyed Archives provides some tips on how to make your classes more compatible with previous and future versions of your classes in keyed archives.
Subclassing NSCoder provides some tips on how to create your own coder classes.
Serializing Property Lists describes how to create and read serialized representations of a property list. | <urn:uuid:8d6d20ff-09ca-4c82-8061-46522f7181e7> | {
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What are the steps in the creation of a corporation?
The name of the corporation; 2. The specific purpose or purposes for which the corporation is formed; 3.
- Promotion. …
- Incorporation. …
- Formal organization and commencement of business operations.
Which law are corporations formed under?
A corporation is a legal entity created through the laws of its state of incorporation. Individual states have the power to promulgate laws relating to the creation, organization and dissolution of corporations. Many states follow the Model Business Corporation Act.
What was responsible for the formation of the corporation?
First in an ignoble line was the East India Company, set up by British merchant adventurers and granted the Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1600. Partners combined their personal stock, turning it into company stock to create the world’s first commercial corporation.
What is the history of company law?
Some scholars say the history of Company Law is traceable to the practice of Italian Merchants others say it is traceable to 13th Century England. Our discussion shall adopt the latter position. 13th -17th Century. The following endeavours were accorded “corporate” status during this period.
What are the types of corporation?
There are four major classifications of corporations: (1) nonprofit, (2) municipal, (3) professional, and (4) business. Business corporations are divided into two types, publicly held and closely held corporations.
What is the structure of a corporation?
Corporations can have many structures, but the most typical corporation organizational structure consists of the (1) board of directors, (2) officers, (3) employees, and (4) shareholders or owners. There is no limit — your corporation can have as many as are desirable or expedient to do business.
How do you tell if a company is a corporation?
If you need to know if a company is a corporation, there are a few indicators. Start with a basic search for the company’s official name. Names of corporations must end with either the identifier “Incorporated” or “Corp.” If one of these identifiers is present, then the company is most likely a corporation.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of corporation?
Advantages of a corporation include personal liability protection, business security and continuity, and easier access to capital. Disadvantages of a corporation include it being time-consuming and subject to double taxation, as well as having rigid formalities and protocols to follow.
What is the primary purpose of a corporation?
Society grants corporations unique privileges in order to harness their great capacities to serve its needs. Yet the current narrative of the business corporation tells a different story; corporations have the sole purpose of maximizing profits for shareholders.
What is an example of corporation?
The definition of a corporation is a legal entity with its own rights, privileges and liabilities separate from the members who created it. An example of a corporation is Apple Computer.
What were the first corporations?
The First Corporations
However, most historians note that the first important industrial corporation was the Boston Manufacturing Co. in 1813. Its business model was imported from Great Britain, where textile corporations helped spark the first Industrial Revolution some three decades earlier.
What is a corporation and how is it formed?
A corporation is created when it is incorporated by a group of shareholders who have ownership of the corporation, represented by their holding of common stock, to pursue a common goal. A corporation’s goals can be for-profit or not, as with charities.
Why do we need company law?
To ensure that there are no defaults that may disrupt the smooth functioning of a business enterprise, and to uphold transparency and accountability, we need company laws that provide an outline of the way in which a company must do business and be managed.
What is the recent development of company law?
Companies (2nd Amendment) Act 2017
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Digital Parenting: Engage
Digital parenting is one of the hardest parts about being a modern day parent; the possible dangers that come with digital interaction, especially when unmonitored, are well known thanks to news articles and TV specials.
To help parents raise their children, companies have produced plenty of products meant to keep children safe, from filters to site blockers to parental intelligence systems. Parents often develop their own systems to keep children safe online; they may put a limit of the amount of time a child spends online or prohibit the use of a computer in a child’s bedroom.
I believe that it is important for digital parents to avoid creating restriction upon restriction. According to Connectsafely.org, based on surveys of 25,142 families of 9-to-16-year-olds in 25 countries, researchers came to the conclusion that parents' active engagement with their kids' Internet activities works better than restricting them.
"For parents, talking to their child about the internet, encouraging them to explore alone but being nearby in case they are needed and talking to them about what they do online are all ways in which they can reduce online risks without reducing their child's opportunities," said EU Kids Online research director Sonia Livingstone in a press release.
This is not to say the resources available online should be ignored. However, perhaps before jumping to block every single site on the Internet, a quick conversation is all that is really needed. Calmly explain to your children that there are dangerous people online, and that nothing online is truly private. Motivate your children to think: Is this something I want people outside of my house to see? In short, teach them to use the Internet safely and responsibly.
Remember: giving children guidelines is more effective than enforcing restrictions; as tempting as it is to create rule upon rule for your children, encouraging open dialogue between you and your children will lead to a more trusting relationship for both parties, and as a result will let parents talk to and monitor their children with less resistance.
Related resources: uKnowKids Parenting Blog & Resource Center | <urn:uuid:a5b2d765-2434-4388-abc1-dba55b568b99> | {
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Practical example and current challenges
- In the manufacturing sector, the monitoring of industrial plant is crucial in order to ensure effective and sustainable operation. The maintenance that has to be undertaken can either be reactive or preventative. The choice is between accepting that machines will break down and production will come to a standstill, or to invest in new spareparts before they are needed and thus creating unnecessary costs.
- By detecting anomalies within data streams and processes, critical situations can be prevented before they occur. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be used to identify or even predict malfunctions. This enables action to be taken early on.
- However, when it comes to predictive maintenance and system optimisation, the problem is often insufficient stock of data or no data at all, and this is needed in order to use AI applications effectively.
What added value does the "GAIA-X project" offer?
- GAIA-X creates an overarching infrastructure that helps generate a generic data model from different data and enables the probabilities of plant failure to be calculated. The availability of data cross-company can increase the breadth of data available and improve the accuracy of predictions.
- Also, GAIA-X provides secure and autonomous data storage through a particular authorization management system whereby data for training ML models is stored separately from dedicated "decision data" for maintenance at the production plants.
- Furthermore, the GAIA-X infrastructures ensure that the ML algorithms are continuously trained, and the AI models are stored securely while ensuring data autonomy and control are maintained.
- Olga Mordvinova – incontext.technology
- Dr. Andrea Rösinger – FORCAM | <urn:uuid:24c0475a-156c-49a9-a97c-78b439cfde48> | {
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|THE ROBINSON LIBRARY|
|The Robinson Library
>> On This Day
On March 3rd...
links will open in a new window
1284 The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England.
1455 King Joćo II of Portugal was born.
1703 Scientist Robert Hooke died.
1791 The U.S. Mint was established by Congress.
1794 Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
1812 The United States passed its first foreign aid bill, to help Venezuela earthquake vicitims.
1813 The Office of Surgeon General of the U.S. Army was created.
1815 The United States declared war on Algiers for taking prisoners and demanding tribute.
1820 The Missouri Compromise was passed.
1831 Inventor and businessman George Pullman was born.
number of U.S. Supreme Court justices was increased from
7 to 9.
1839 Jamsetji Nasarwanji Tata, Indian industrialist and philanthropist, was born.
1842 The first U.S. child labor law regulating working hours was passed by Massachusetts.
Florida was admitted as the 27th state.
U.S. Post Office Department was authorized to issue
Department of the Interior was created by act of Congress
(as the Home Department).
U.S. Congress approved $30,000 to test camels for
forces under General Pope laid siege to New Madrid,
The U.S. Congress authorized a regular Army Signal Corps for the duration of the Civil War.
1865 The U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was established by President Abraham Lincoln to help destitute free blacks.
1871 The U.S. Congress
changed the status of Indian tribes from independent to
1873 The U.S. Congress enacted the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail.
1879 Belva Ann Lockwood became the first woman to be admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court.
1882 The New
York Steam Corporation began distributing steam to
1883 The U.S. Congress authorized steel ships for the Navy.
1885 American Telephone
& Telegraph was incorporated.
1887 Anne Sullivan began teaching Helen Keller.
1891 The U.S. Courts of Appeal was created.
1901 The National Board of Standards was created within the Department of Commerce.
1904 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany became the first person to make a sound recording of a political document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.
1905 The U.S. Forest Service was formed.
1911 Actress Jean Harlow was born.
1915 The U.S. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics was created.
1918 Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
1920 Actor James Doohan was born.
1923 The first issue of Time magazine was published.
1930 Ion Iliescu, two-time President of Romania, was born.
The Star-Spangled Banner was officially designated the national anthem
of the United States.
1952 Puerto Rico approved its first self-written constitution.
Pioneer 4 was launched into space from Cape Canaveral.
Track and field star Jackie Joyner-Kersee was born.
1966 Actor William Frawley died.
1980 The USS Nautilus, first nuclear powered ship in the world, was decommissioned.
1985 Willie Shoemaker became the first jockey to surpass $100 million in winnings.
1987 Entertainer Danny Kaye died.
1991 Dance school founder Arthur Murray died.
1993 Albert Sabin, developer of the oral polio vaccine, died.
1997 The scientific mission of Pioneer 10 came to an end.
1998 Fred Friendly, pioneer in radio and television news programming, died.
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Topeka A dispute of more than a century doesn't end cheaply.
A recent U.S. Supreme Court decision has cleared the way for Colorado to pay Kansas $29 million for depleting water from the Arkansas River that should have flowed to southwestern Kansas.
Kansas spent about two-thirds of that amount in legal bills related to the water fight.
State officials said the lawsuit was never about making money, but about Kansas getting its fair share of water from the river that has been called the "Nile of America."
"For the money invested, we'll get more than we put into it, plus the water," said David Pope, chief engineer of the division of water resources in the Kansas Department of Agriculture.
In the complex universe of water litigation, the Arkansas River dispute provided decades of headaches and expense.
Farmers on both sides of the Kansas-Colorado line started feuding at the turn of the last century over water from the Arkansas River.
The 1,450-mile river is the fourth longest in the United States and the longest tributary in the Mississippi-Missouri river system.
Starting near Leadville, Colo., the Arkansas flows east and southeast through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas. In Kansas, it runs through Garden City, Dodge City, Great Bend, Hutchinson and Wichita before heading south to Oklahoma.
|A look at the history of the dispute over Arkansas River water:1901-1943: Several claims and counterclaims between Kansas and Colorado on rights to water in the Arkansas River litigated to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court ruled against Kansas on two occasions and recommended the states settle their differences by negotiating a compact.1948: Kansas and Colorado sign the Arkansas River Compact, apportioning water in the river. The compact is approved by Congress in 1949.1985: Kansas sues Colorado, alleging it violated the compact and is depriving Kansas of much-needed water. In 1986, the Supreme Court appoints a special master to preside over the case.1987: The Supreme Court rules in a water rights case between Texas and New Mexico that monetary damages can be requested. Kansas amends its lawsuit to include monetary claims for economic damages.1995: Supreme Court rules Colorado took water belonging to Kansas, and remands the case to the special master. Colorado starts taking action to provide water to Kansas.1997: Special master determines Kansas may seek damages for depletion of 420,000 acre feet from 1950 through 1985. That is about 136 billion gallons of water.2004: Supreme Court rules against Kansas' attempt to get $53 million from Colorado. The court upholds an earlier ruling from special master to award Kansas $29 million.|
It is one of the most-used rivers in the country, providing water to irrigators across a vast swath of the Midwest.
By 1949, Kansas and Colorado had a congressionally approved pact on using water from the river, but Kansas alleged violations continued on the Colorado side.
In 1985, then Atty. Gen. Bob Stephan filed a lawsuit against Colorado; John Carlin was governor.
Nineteen years, two attorneys general, four governors and about $20 million in legal expenses later, the issue is near resolution.
Last week, the Supreme Court denied a move by Kansas to add $14 million in interest on the earlier amount.
In Colorado, the decision was hailed as a victory by Atty. Gen. Ken Salazar, but in Kansas, officials said that while they were disappointed the court didn't add the interest, the underlying ruling is that Colorado forks over $29 million and takes steps to make sure Kansas gets its share of water.
"We've won some impressive precedents in our fight that has helped win a good positive settlement on the Arkansas River," Kansas Atty. Gen. Phill Kline said.
A water win
Water experts said the court rulings had forced Colorado to change water policies, including limiting and restricting well use and forcing releases from John Martin Reservoir in southeast Colorado.
"It has improved the flows we have seen and will be more evident over time," said David Brenn, a water rights consultant from Garden City.
Brenn, who serves on a Kansas-Colorado board that deals with water issues, said the court decision would increase groundwater in Kansas by lowering depletion of the Arkansas River basin resource in Colorado.
Both states fought furiously for the water, driving up the expense of litigation, officials in both states said.
"We make out Colorado to be the bad guys, but I expect if the river had run the other way, we would be just as aggressive in trying to keep the water," Brenn said.
Outside legal costs
The issue of legal costs has been controversial in the past. Lawmakers ordered an audit in 1997 after some legislators complained costs were excessive.
But officials maintain that private attorneys who specialize in water cases, hydrological experts and the maintenance of a special master in the case all drove up the costs.
"It's extremely expensive, and it takes a long time. It is just sort of a fact of life," said Colorado first assistant Atty. Gen. Carol Angel.
She said, however, the costs of the Arkansas River litigation and others probably was a factor in Kansas, Colorado and Nebraska reaching a settlement "on the courthouse steps" on disputes involving the flow of the Republican River.
John Draper, a Santa Fe, N.M., attorney who is counsel of record for Kansas, said he didn't know how much he made in fees since representing the state in the case from the early 1990s.
"The states have been very economical about this," Draper said. And like Kansas officials, he said the benefit to the state from the lawsuit will be the water. "The money amounts the state receives are small compared with benefits that southwest Kansas will get," he said.
Of the $29 million Kansas will recover in the Arkansas River case, most will go into a state fund to pay for monitoring and enforcement of the court ruling, and for any future water litigation.
Of the remaining monies, two-thirds will go toward water projects in southwestern Kansas, and the rest will be dedicated to state water planning purposes.
It may be at least spring before Colorado writes a check, Angel said. The state is struggling through a budget crisis, but Angel said she was sure lawmakers would pay up.
"It squeezes an already tight budget," she said.
For Kansas officials, while the flow of money into state coffers is important, the biggest battle in the Arkansas River lawsuit was over the flow of water.
"It's real important for people to realize: Kansas won this case," Brenn said. | <urn:uuid:ee54ab57-a40b-4971-9b10-25a22b64c707> | {
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The gender ratio of the members of India’s parliament has always been off. The population’s gender ratio reflects on the parliament of the country and we’ve always invariably had more men in the governing body than women. Things, however, are changing for the better. In the 2019 elections, the numbers of women have increased considerably. The general elections held in eleven phases starting from April 11, 2019 ended on May 19, 2019 with BJP coming back in power.
Elections this year had the highest turnout, with over 67 per cent of 900 million eligible voters. There’s also an increase in the number of female voters and the same rise in number was witnessed in the number of elected female members. 17th Lok Sabha has the highest number of women ever. There are more female representatives in the governing system than the country has ever seen.
The figure, at 14 per cent doesn’t look all that great but it sure makes a very big difference. 77 out of 542 seats are held by women according to the statistics recorded on Lok Dhaba published by the Election Commission of India. This is a major surge when compared to the very first elections in 1952 which recorded a total of 5 per cent.
In total, we had 715 female candidates participating in the elections. Meanwhile, male candidates came up to 7,334. This is where the margin reflects the win for women: 10 per cent women who contested in the elections won as opposed to 6 per cent of men. This reveals the surprising fact that women had a higher chance of winning compared to men. Indian politician Priyanka Chaturvedi pointed it out, celebrating the moment women are having in Indian history.
17th Lok Sabha will have more women representation than ever at 14.4%! This election has broken another myth that women have lesser chances of winning...Their winning strike rate is better than the men!— Priyanka Chaturvedi (@priyankac19) May 25, 2019
राज तिलक की करो तैयारी, आगे बढ़ रहीं हैं महिलाएँ हमारी!
The statistics reflect the increasing margin, revealing Uttar Pradesh elected the most number of women. Here’s what the state-wise break up looks like:
In a report titled ‘Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Analysis of Criminal Background, Financial, Education and other Details of Women Candidates’ the Association of Democratic reform chalked down the details of the female winners. While we’re talking about the victory of gender ratio (700 plus female candidates), this isn’t exactly good news. Here's why:
- A little over half the candidates have a graduate level and above qualifications (looking at you, Smriti Irani). Number: 396
- Several candidates have a criminal record. Out of that number, 78 per cent had some serious charges to their name. Number: 110
This year, celebrity women also won big. Hema Malini reprised her seat from Mathura Uttar Pradesh, for the third time. She is a part of the major chunk (255) of crorepati women candidates. Perhaps, the biggest win was brought in by Smriti Irani who beat Rahul Gandhi right out of his home ground, Amethi. Pragya Thakur also won big and she’s a blast-accused so you know what we mean by this news not being all that great.
There are controversial wins among the 14 per cent and all candidates aren’t necessarily ideal. However, the 17th elections did go on to bust the myth of men having a higher chance of winning. It puts more women in the governing body of the country and that’s a first for India. | <urn:uuid:7bdec615-c898-4720-a522-e990350e28dc> | {
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Our future lies in the hands of our children. Just like once upon a time we were the future, we have become the present and therefore all responsibility for the sustainability of the Earth environmentally, financially and economically and otherwise will pass to our children. The now is all we have to deal with, and when the future comes along, we will have little role in it. It will then be the responsibility of our children to make the decisions, make exceptions and reservations about the resources at hand. The quality of the decisions they will make will depend on the size of the stake they have in that time. The size of the stake in that future will be also equivalent to the size of resources that we will bequeath to them and the level of emotional attachment and knowledge they will have to the resources.
There is an urgent need to prepare our younger generation for the task of taking a stake in the future. Now is the best time to correct the mistakes and omissions that the past and present generations have made, it is never too late. Their most important role right now is to learn the ropes of saving and management by doing, being involved and being accountable for the outcomes of the activities they are undertaking.
If children are allowed to manage and plan for the little money that we give them on a regular basis, this should be a good beginning for them to learn the art of managing resources. I am of the view that when their time comes the children should be able to make a psychological shift in their thinking from managing their own little portfolio to managing national or community resources with as much prudence. They would have learnt that resources are for the long term or inter-generational and therefore should be utilised in a sustainable manner. They will also have learnt that resources are tools and not an end in themselves for use at one goal for one purpose. Like money saved, it is not money to be used to buy things, but it is money as a resource that works for you. Then we will have achieved a fundamental step up to securing the next level.
When a child is enabled through learning and doing, he also learns to make wise decisions. Decisions related to the activities he is involved in. This could be decisions regarding saving something from whatever one earns, and nurtures it and eventually, grows in value. Such a child will immediately be entitled to an opinion on the matter. Saving by nature is painfully slow and also implies that one must forgo the benefits of your money now with the prospect/ belief that in future, things will be better. So we can say that there are 2 lessons to be learnt here.
- i) Forgone consumption i.e. the belief or promise of future benefit and
ii Confidence/ patience, while waiting for the outcome to reveal itself (risk management). When the time comes, they will have earned that entitlement through their contribution to the growth and value of that exercise. It would be a very unfair day when a parent completely sidelines a child who will have saved his money to a point where this money must start to work for him and the parent takes this money and walks away without an explanation or recourse. It happens! Similarly, when young people invest their time in acquiring knowledge and skills, the nation has a responsibility to ensure that the art of managing resources is inculcated in the minds of the young ones. Again, it is a sad day when young ones are sidelined for lack of experience from participating in the growth of the resources of their country.
The children will ask what happened.
If such an incident were to happen again and again, (it does) such children will get disillusioned and walk away; never to trust the father or the system again. It is equally disheartening for those parents who bequeath their hard earned resources to children totally unprepared for the task only to squander the resources for lack of knowledge/ skills or commitment. At the national levels it is equally frightening that successive generations have been unprepared to manage the built up and natural resources on a sustainable basis. Both situations are common in history and from now on maybe we can break the jinx.
This brings me to a comment made by Sylvia Masebo one day while being interviewed as Minister of Tourism about our attitude towards our natural resources. She said that ‘…Zambians were not utilising the local natural resources very well. She was worried that the rate at which the resources were being exploited was not sustainable’. She continued, ‘we face a future of extinction of various natural endowments.’ (Zambia National Broadcasting Cooperation)
She made specific reference to wildlife where there was an indiscriminate slaughter of species, some of which are seriously depleted and which, without active management, may actually be wiped out in the near future. She was making reference here to indiscriminate issuance of hunting licenses for hunting of the various species in the wild.
The point is, whether the decisions are to do with conservation and careful management of public resources or building a culture of saving in our children on a private level, we have to be very careful of our own actions. Honesty, trustworthiness, reliability, accountability, consistency, even frugality and commitment are critical. Many of us get excited at the sight of money especially money that does not deem to have an ‘owner’ and the temptation to spend it even to the detriment of a child (whose future should be secured) or indeed squander the money to fulfil our own immediate and short term plans is high. We see this in property grabbing incidences where people who have had no part in building assets and other resources turn up at the demise of the owner, and assume the responsibility of managing such resources. Invariably, the resources large and small are squandered. But the lesson is learnt by the one who is betrayed.
As parents we must walk the talk. If we want our next generation to exhibit strong attributes towards their own growth and development, we have to teach them now and our own behaviours must re-enforce what we want to see in them. To achieve financial freedom and other resource freedoms, we have to intervene. How? We must get involved and influence and complement their decision making. We must ask relevant and probing questions and we must be the ones to initiate and facilitate initiatives that will help our children to transform from spenders into savers.
How many of us take our children to our places of physical work, like farms and factories where the actual manual work is being done? Do we try to get them involved in the activities of the farm/ factory? I am tempted to ask because many parents these days are involved in weekend farming on quite an impressive scale. Others are building, others rearing goats, chickens running restaurants, salons, all on the side with a regular job. How many of these children are working side by side with their parents and appreciating what the work involves or entails. Getting their hands dirty like delivering manure, eggs or vegetables on behalf of mom or dad, in pursuit of the family wealth are but a few, of some of the things children should be encouraged to do.
Thereafter how many involve the children in counting of the money as it rolls in or accounting for the money for banking or paying creditors? While all that is going on, how many of us counsel or mentor our children to understand why certain things are being done and the final objective to be achieved? This way they may appreciate the whole value chain as opposed to only the outcome (counting the money). I believe such conversations with your child, apart from helping him understand the process, will also help conceive in them a respect and love for hard work and an understanding of the psychology of money and what it takes to make it.
Children will understand how money comes about and how hard do they have to work, for how long and what can money do for them. The dilemma therefore remains: not ‘what can I do with money’ but ‘what can money do for me?’ Note that the money question gives you 2 different thought processes. One broad i.e. ‘what can money do for me?’ and one individual focused: ‘what can I do with money?’
Money Pays the Bills
To pay the bills you need money but that is only part of the story. That is part of the story that most of us spend our lifetime pursuing; making money to pay the bills. The bills come up thick and fast as time goes on which means practically we are always behind the crest. The need to save is relegated to a side show to an ever expanding expenditure pattern. Saving is done after the bills are dealt with. No wonder we can only save so little. To achieve significant savings, the equation must be re-arranged. Savings must come first before any bills are paid. Savings is optional while bills are mandatory on our resources. The equation must change to include savings as mandatory too! This would have a positive impact nationwide. Consider this; Zambia, in the past few years has recorded some impressive GDP growth rates never before experienced. But what is evident is the rate of consumption consumption has also increased. This has left no positive changes in savings. Bills have held us hostage! We want to change this so that we can get the equation straight. Savings must determine how much money will be left to spend!
Let us make a resolution to start saving. That is the easy bit. Let us also change our behaviour to reflect the new resolution. This behaviour change will definitely include less expenditure and more savings. Let us feel the pain so much so often that we will forget what life was like without the pain. Change the clock and change your attitude. Change what you eat, what you wear. Savers think long term. Change your circumstances, set new goals.
The next step is to question or interrogate the resources under your control; now and in the future for you to achieve the goals.
I said earlier that you can only have control of something that you own or have a stake in. You can only have a stake in the future if you have invested in it. If you are dispossessed for whatever reason, because of mismanagement of your resources or lost opportunities, then you will have no influence or control. Your opinion will not count; your claim will not be valid. Like Sylvia Masebo observed, if the wildlife is dissipated for the next generation, there will be nothing there to claim or influence. It will all be gone.
Lost opportunities, what does it mean?
Each worker whether in the private or public sector has a minimum of at least 25-30 years of work in their lives. Imagine the number of opportunities one has to invest over quite an extended working life. Opportunities for loans, opportunities to take risks while leveraging on the name of the employer or other work related opportunities. By this, I mean banks will only give you a loan or group loan if the employer can guarantee or underwrite the facility. Salaried employees have much more opportunity than they care to admit. Many times these facilities are even at a concessionary rate. Calculated risk opportunities catapult one to try their hand at starting a business sometimes outside their normal areas of strength.
But alas, salaried employees generally are some of the most poverty stricken class of people at the end of the day. In urban high population areas especially, salaried people are targeted for loans and more loans. Many take advantage of these easy facilities for re-current consumption like school fees and very short term uses like car loans etc. Some however have been known to build houses, start small businesses of various types which have contributed massively to their cash flows and general financial well-being.
It can be argued that if one has sight of where they want to be in the future, such opportunities can be used as a road map towards arriving at that ultimate objective. Those that do not have such long term plans may be said to be the ones who end up in a negative cash cycle with loans that create more financial pressure. The difference in both cases is that one has a long term objective to which he also aligns his behaviour and the other has made no such adjustments. Every opportunity comes with it a set of behaviours required that will enable you to achieve the objectives. The desired behaviours include discipline, focus, planning, consistency, frugality and risk management.
The risk of long term plans is that circumstances change in the short term. One must sufficiently understand their objectives to be able to withstand minor disruptions without aborting the whole program. One must be able to change course when circumstances change and re-align plans. Plans do not necessarily work out according to the drawing board so one must have the discipline not to throw the baby with the bath water when plans don’t materialise.
It is the same with the savings function.
When interest rates go down and or inflation is up, the idea is to think creatively and think outside the box. Short of this there is the danger that all the savings will be wiped out in value by inflation. Savings must be evacuated and deposited or invested in assets that will give you positive returns to preserve the original value. In some cycles, the most one can do is just preserve capital. If one is solely bound to the objective of securing their future they will do their best to ensure that the objective is not dented in a ‘permanent’ way. I say permanent because it is agreed that in the short and medium term, there will always be diversions.
In conclusion, one must not let up in growing their assets in order for them to claim or influence the future. In the same way at national level, we can only claim or influence the future of the country if we invest in it through the proper management of public resources. Without personal or public resources we have no future. | <urn:uuid:e4327dbd-cdb0-49fe-a139-fc27bc4aa253> | {
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I guess it serves me right, since that entry ended: “What’s next? Sunlight bad for Earth? Babies shouldn’t have mother’s milk?”
Once again, the editors of the august science journal don’t come right out and say pollution is good. But a new study shows that the effect of controlling ordinary, everyday air pollution — which we’re doing a better and better job of all the time, generally speaking — has this unintended consequence of exacerbating global warming.
Unfortunately, Nature didn’t see fit to put its story on this study online, as it did with the one on tree planting. Maybe I should start laying down the $8 a month they want for a suscription? Anyway, you can learn a lot about it in two stories by the Christian Science Monitor here and here.
Basically, the idea is that air pollution helps shield the earth from the sun’s rays — kind of the way those visors people put under their windshields reflect light and heat away from their cars. It’s actually a little more complicated than that, having to do with a concept known as albedo, but that’s the essence of it.
And you might want to check out a story earlier this month by my colleague Lisa Stiffler exploring the travails of University of Washington scientists trying to explore the effects of pollution, other particulates and clouds on climate change.
Now I’ll go back to my reading and see what nasty things I can find out about mother’s milk. | <urn:uuid:d5d1e699-237d-4087-b867-3afcc7ce0a74> | {
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This week’s blog post is contributed by Sarah Dooling, Director of Research for TreeFolks.
Summer in Texas is brutal, and is especially hot in cities where buildings and sidewalks emit heat and where there are fewer trees compared to non-urban places. As cities develop and new buildings are constructed, trees are removed and distances between patches of trees increase. Cities become urban heat islands, where temperatures are intensified, especially in the hottest summer months. For children and elderly living in urban neighborhoods, heat stress can become deadly.
Planting trees is one way to reduce temperatures and transform urban heat islands into cooler places. As trees breathe, they release oxygen, which combines with hydrogen to create humid and cooler environments. Planting trees makes cities cooler.
Dallas is one of the fastest-warming urban heat islands in the country, just behind Phoenix. In 2017, Texas Trees Foundations, in collaboration with Georgia Institute of Technology, published a report that demonstrated that downtown Dallas and along Interstate 35 can be about 15 degrees hotter than rural areas. The report found that approximately 33% of Dallas is covered with concrete and buildings, which absorb and release heat slowly, making these urban areas hotter for longer periods of time.
The strategy outlined in the report calls for increasing urban forest canopy cover from 29% to 35% by planting an additional 600,000 trees while also maintaining the 14.7 million existing trees.
However, mitigating the effects of urban heat island requires more than planting trees. Trees must be properly planted and maintained. The development of planting priority areas would benefit from involving the public to ensure city-wide consensus that supports using green infrastructure to create cooler places.
You can get involved in TreeFolks’ efforts to reduce the impact of urban heat island effect through volunteering, contributing to support our work, or joining us at events from tree giveaways to trivia. Whatever you’re into, there’s a way to help, so subscribe to our newsletter and follow us on social media to stay in the loop! | <urn:uuid:72003675-d0c1-4550-851b-6f96c3d03d92> | {
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Figure of a Woman
3925, Figure of a Woman, Hellenistic Period; c. 300-250 B.C.
Culture: Greek; from Tanagra
Dimensions: h. 6 1/8 in 15.5 cm
This figurine represents one of the many small statues found in domestic settings, sanctuaries and graves at Tanagra, a Greek city that flourished in the fourth and third centuries B.C. Such figures were mass produced, but are still important because they give insight into daily life and demonstrate Hellenistic interest in individualism rather than idealism.
This statuette was made using a two piece mould, and the base was produced separately. The woman holds a fan and wears a sunhat, clearly prepared for the Mediterranean sun. | <urn:uuid:4d24c748-f2eb-4520-8437-7c58f9946182> | {
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by Dr. Jasper Konter, University of Hawaii at Manoa
The central Pacific Ocean basin contains only a few islands, and they are spaced apart over large distances. These islands generally were built as volcanoes on the Pacific Ocean floor, growing from three miles deep to the ocean surface or further. Some of these islands are geologically young, such as the Hawaiian Islands, and include features such as volcanic craters and cones. Others islands are tens of millions of years old, and these islands are usually no longer clearly volcanic in origin. Instead, these islands commonly consist of white coral sand islands in the shape of a large ring, surrounding a central lagoon. This type of island is known as an atoll, the volcanic base is entirely submerged and covered in coral and coral debris (including sand). The atolls were originally also young volcanic islands that subsequently experienced millions of years of subsidence and erosion.
Most of the young islands were created by hotspot volcanism. In the hotspot volcanism model, a tectonic plate moves over the top of a stable hotspot, creating a trail of volcanoes as the hotspot burns into the plate overhead. As such a volcano moves further away from the hotspot, eventually volcanic activity stops, and the once hot volcano cools down causing subsidence, while it also erodes to sea level. While the volcano is near sea level, a coral reef can develop that will attempt to keep growing near sea level. Meanwhile, below sea level, another indicator of age develops in a growing layer of iron-manganese (Fe-Mg) crust, which builds up at about one millimeter per million years. Combined, these processes generate a chain of volcanoes with progressive coral reef (near surface) and iron-manganese (submarine) cover, an as these volcanoes age along the chain they eventually disappear under water. In the central Pacific Ocean, one of such chains of volcanoes is the Line Islands, which includes Johnston Atoll.
The Line Islands, located between Hawaii and French Polynesia, contain a significant number of volcanoes that are partly visible as islands, but largely present as submarine volcanoes. Such volcanoes are known as seamounts. When viewed as a complete group of volcanoes, the islands and seamounts make up a more complicated chain of volcanoes than expected for a hotspot. The chain contains small groups or clusters of seamounts that trend across the main chain of volcanoes, which trend mostly north-south. Due to the remote location, the overall chain has only been sparsely sampled and characterized, and the exact origin of the complicated chain is still debated.
In addition to the presence of unusual cross-trending volcanoes, the age pattern observed is also far more complicated than that expected from the simple hotspot model. Some of the suggested models that might fit the complicated observations include creation of this chain of volcanoes through the presence of two hotspots that were erupting “downwind” or slightly offset but parallel from each other. This would generate trends following different directions of plate motion, related to the specific part of geologic time within which certain volcanoes were erupted and the specific plate motion direction of that time. More importantly, it would explain why there is no simple increasing age observed along the chain, but instead a more random pattern. As an alternative, extension along cracks in the plate underneath have been suggested, as these would still generate straight chains of volcanoes, but with no expectation of following a particular trend in ages.
With two general explanations for the existence of the Line Islands volcanic chain, further progress relies on a different approach to studying its volcanoes. Prior sampling has been mainly through dredging, and mapping has been very limited. New high-resolution mapping in the monument around Johnston has revealed many erosional platforms, particularly seamounts with flat summits known as guyots, which are not simply showing progressive subsidence. On top of these platforms, a number of the guyots show small cones that must have post-dated a major erosional period, and these cones and the platforms they sit on may provide a new way forward in the study of the Line Islands.
Davis, A.S., Gray, L.B., Clague, D.A., Hein, J.R., 2002. The Line Islands revisited: New 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronologic evidence for episodes of volcanism due to lithospheric extension. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst 3, 1–28. doi:10.1029/2001GC000190
Epp, D., 1984. Possible perturbations to hotspot traces and implications for the origin and structure of the Line Islands. J. Geophys. Res 89, 11273–11286.
Garcia, M.O., Park, K.-H., Davis, G.T., Staudigel, H., Mattey, D.P., 1987. Petrology and isotope geochemistry of lavas from the Line Islands Chain, central Pacific basin, in: The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics, and Volcanism, Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., pp. 217–231. doi:10.1029/GM077p0217
Schlanger, S., Garcia, M., Keating, B., Naughton, J., Sager, W., Haggerty, J., Philpotts, J., Duncan, R., 1984. Geology and geochronology of the Line Islands. J. Geophys. Res 89, 11261.
Winterer, E., 1976. Bathymetry and regional tectonic setting of the Line Islands chain. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 33, 731–748. doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.33.125.1976 | <urn:uuid:9aa405b8-ef76-4285-8c64-8fed39d95409> | {
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Animal hoarding occurs when an individual has a large number of animals but fails to meet the animals’ basic care needs (for example, failing to providing food and water, clean environment, and/or veterinary care). Animals in hoarding situations often live in poor environments, and suffer from malnutrition, severe overcrowding, and/or extremely unsanitary conditions. People who hoard animals often do not recognize the harm they are causing the animals. They may continue to acquire additional animals and/or strive to maintain their current number of animals despite the animals’ deteriorating health.
Animal hoarding may have similar symptoms to HD with regard to difficulty discarding and clutter in the home, and squalor conditions may be present in homes where animals are allowed to roam freely. However, it seems likely that animal hoarding results from different processes and responds to different kinds of treatment. Because different disorders require different treatments, it is important to make sure you receive the right diagnosis.
For more information and resources about animal hoarding, please click here.
In some cases, a person may appear to have HD when really they have obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This can occur when the apparent hoarding behaviors are the result of OCD symptoms. For example, contamination obsessions may prevent someone from touching things that have fallen to the floor, creating clutter in the home. A person who feels they must check and recheck documents may ignore piles of papers to avoid their checking rituals.
Here are some other differences between saving and clutter due to OCD and Hoarding Disorder:
- In OCD, the individual does not get any pleasure from saving things and the resulting clutter, which they find to be unwanted and highly distressing.
- Individuals with OCD are much less interested in the items they save. They have few sentimental attachments or beliefs about the value/worth of the items themselves.
- Excessive acquisition of items is rare among those with OCD-based saving and clutter.
Saving and clutter due to OCD is treated using the same treatment methods used for other types of OCD — exposure with response prevention (ERP) and/or medication. Click here to learn more about obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and to find treatment. | <urn:uuid:e6232dea-ce4a-4d28-9bd3-1cfc60ed9408> | {
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Solving the mystery of the vanishing bees
(PhysOrg.com) -- As scientists continue to be baffled over the recent decline in bee populations around the world, a new model developed by Dr Andrew Barron at Macquarie University in collaboration with David Khoury and Dr Mary Myerscough at the University of Sydney, might hold some of the answers to predicting bee populations at risk.
Since 2006 the rate of honeybee colony failure has increased significantly with a report released by the UN Environment Programme last month concluding that the disastrous decline in honeybees over the last few years is unlikely to stop without a better understanding of the reasons behind the decline.
Dr Barron says while an enormous amount is know about honeybee sociobiology, comparatively little is know about the social responses of bees to population stresses on a colony.
In this latest study Dr Barron has discovered links between rapid population decline and chronically high forager death rates, suggesting that by examining forager numbers in a colony this new model could help predict colonies under threat.
This research also looks into one of the most mysterious aspects of colony collapse disorder (CCD), the disappearance of bees from colonies leaving abandoned brood and food stores. On this Dr Barron says: Our model suggests that the response of bees in a stressed colony is to get outside and forage, but this just increases the stress on individual bees and makes the problem worse.
The model also suggests strategies to rescue failing colonies. Treatment strategies to restore failing colonies need to focus on supporting bees in the hive, and encouraging them to raise brood to boost the colony population. Were currently testing some ideas how to do this. said Barron.
According to the UNEP head Achim Steiner: "The way humanity manages or mismanages its nature-based assets, including pollinators, will in part define our collective future in the 21st century. The fact is that of the 100 crop species that provide 90 per cent of the world's food, over 70 are pollinated by bees.
This research aids better understanding of the multiple threats facing bees around the world which unless addressed could lead to serious long-term consequences for food supplies. By identifying colonies at risk, this research can help scientist better understand the process of catastrophic colony failure, and how best to intervene to restore failing colonies. | <urn:uuid:c4178936-bb84-4bb8-82a8-116efd15d7ba> | {
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Female Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine.
Many people associate incontinence with aging, but this is not necessarily the case. It is a common condition experienced by men and women of all ages. Most urologists classify incontinence by its symptoms or the circumstances in which it occurs. The most common type of incontinence is stress incontinence, in which urine leaks out during activities, such as walking, aerobics or even sneezing and coughing. Another common form of leakage is urge incontinence, also referred to as overactive bladder, in which a person has an uncontrollable urge to urinate but cannot reach the restroom in time.
Diagnosis of Female Incontinence
As with any medical problem, patient history and a physical exam are critical. Your urologist will ask questions about your habits and fluid intake as well as your family, medical and surgical history. Usually a urinalysis and cough stress test will be conducted during your first evaluation. A thorough pelvic examination will also be conducted to look for correctable reasons for leakage, such as impacted stool, constipation and hernias. If any findings suggest further evaluation, additional tests may be recommended.
Treatment of Female Incontinence
Some of the causes of incontinence are temporary and easily reversible, such as urinary tract infection, vaginal infection or irritation, medication, constipation and restricted mobility. However, in some cases, further medical intervention is necessary. Minimally invasive treatments (those that do not involve surgery) include the following options: fluid management, bladder training, bladder retraining, pelvic floor exercises and medication. If minimally invasive treatment fails, surgical treatment may be necessary. | <urn:uuid:84dba9f4-2c5e-4af5-b113-061745ecc0b2> | {
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Multilingualism should be welcomed and embraced in all classroom. Within DLI and bilingual classroom, multilingualism should be reinforced through a variety of activities. Also, I believe that it is valuable to discuss the many benefits of bilingualism with young people. Below you will find a couple of activities and resources to be utilized in the classroom.
Graphic organizers are an important strategy in DLI classrooms. The link below provides a variety of different graphic organizers in Spanish.
Article: "Learning Centers in an Immersion Classroom"
Learning Centers promote the use of the target language in immersion classroom. The article that is attached presents different learning
centers and their advantages. (Attached as a PDF)
Website: BrianPop en Espanol
Brian Pop is an educational website that offers a variety of short videos that can be combined with different lessons.
The attached link is the version in Spanish. While all videos are not available for free, there are some valuable resources.
Video: Famous Bilinguals
This is a wonderful short video that includes the name of famous people that are bilingual.
This video can be useful to use with young people to discuss the importance of being bilingual.
Word Reference - This is a useful website in a bilingual classroom as there may be times when you need a dictionary. This is an excellent dictionary with multilingual options. | <urn:uuid:ef2a23c3-ee69-442a-b6ef-89673991e832> | {
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The most important staple was corn, a crop that was so important to Aztec society that it played a central part in their mythology. Just like wheat in Europe or rice in most of East Asia, it was the food without which a meal was not a meal. It came in an inestimable number of varieties that differed in color, texture, size and prestige, and was eaten as corn tortillas, tamales or ātōlli, maize gruel. The other constants of Aztec food were salt and chili peppers and the basic definition of Aztec fasting was to abstain from these two flavors. The other major foods were beans and New World varieties of the grains amaranth (or pigweed), and chia. The combination of maize and these basic foods would have provided the average Aztec a very well-rounded diet without any significant deficiencies in vitamins or minerals. The cooking of maize grains in alkaline solutions, a process called nixtamalization, significantly raised the nutritional value of the common staple.
Water, maize gruels and pulque, the fermented juice of the century plant (maguey in Spanish), were the most common drinks, and there were many different fermented alcoholic beverages made from honey, cacti and various fruits. The elite took pride in not drinking pulque, a drink of commoners, and preferred drinks made from cacao, among the most prestigious luxuries available. Favored by rulers, warriors and nobles, they were flavored with chili peppers, honey and a seemingly endless list of spices and herbs.
The Aztec diet included a variety of fish and wild game; various fowl, pocket gophers, Green iguanas, axolotls (a type of water salamander), a type of crayfish called an acocil, and a great variety of insects, larvae and insect eggs. They also domesticated turkeys, duck and dogs as food and at times ate meat from larger wild animals such as deer, but none of these were a major part of their diet. They ate various mushrooms and fungi, including the parasitic corn smut, which grows on ears of corn. Squash was very popular and came in many different varieties. Squash seeds fresh, dried or roasted, were especially popular. Tomatoes, though different from the varieties common today, were often mixed with chili in sauces or as filling for tamales.
Most sources describe two meals per day, though there is an account of laborers getting three meals, one at dawn, another one at around 9 in the morning and one at around 3 in the afternoon. This is similar to the custom in contemporary Europe, but it is unclear if intake of ātōlli, maize gruel, was considered a meal or not. Drinking a good amount of the thicker kinds of ātōlli could equal the calories in several corn tortillas, and ātōlli was consumed on a daily basis by most of the population.
Many accounts exist of Aztec feasts and banquets and the ceremony that surrounded them. Before a meal, servants presented fragrant tobacco tubes and sometimes also flowers with which the guests could rub their head, hands and neck. Before the meal would start each guest would drop a little food on the ground as an offering to the god Tlaltecuhtli. As military prowess was highly praised among the Aztecs, table manners imitated the movement of warriors. The smoking tubes and flowers went from the left hand of the servant to the right hand of the guest and the plate accompanying the smoking tube went from the right hand to the left hand. This was an imitation of how a warrior received his atlatl darts and shield. The flowers passed out bore different names depending on how they were handed out; "sword flowers" went from left hand to right and "shield flowers" went from right hand to left. When eating, guests would hold their individual bowls filled with dipping sauce in the center of the right hand and then dip corn tortillas or tamales (which were served from baskets) with the left. The meal was concluded by serving chocolate, often served in a calabash cup along with a stirring stick.
Men and women were separated at banquets and, though it is not entirely clear from the sources, it seems as if only men drank chocolate. The women would more likely have drunk pozolli (maize gruel from finely ground maize) or some type of pulque. Rich hosts could often receive guests sitting in rooms around an open courtyard similar to Middle Eastern caravanserai (or han in Turkish) and senior military men would perform dances. Festivities would begin at midnight and some would drink chocolate and eat hallucinogenic mushrooms so that they could tell about their experiences and visions to the other guests. Right before dawn, singing commenced and offerings were burned and buried in the courtyard to ensure the fortune of the children of the hosts. At dawn the remaining flowers, smoking tubes and food were given to the old and poor that had been invited, or to the servants. As with all other aspects of life, the Aztecs stressed the dual nature of all things, and toward the end of the banquet the host would be sternly reminded by his elders of his own mortality and that he should not be overcome with pride.
The main method of preparation was boiling or steaming in two-handled clay pots or jars called xoctli in Nahuatl and translated into Spanish as olla ("pot"). The olla was filled with food and heated over a fire. It could also be used to steam food by pouring a little water into the olla and then placing tamales wrapped in maize husks on a light structure of twigs in the middle of the pot. There are several references to frying in the accounts of Spanish chroniclers, but the only specification of the Aztec type of frying appears to be some kind of cooking that was done with syrup, not cooking fat. This is corroborated by the fact that no evidence for large-scale extraction of vegetable oils exist and that no cooking vessels suited for frying have been found by archeologists.
Tortillas, tamales, casseroles and the sauces that went with them were the most common dishes. Chili and salt were both ubiquitous and the most basic meal was usually just corn tortillas that were dipped in chilis that had been ground in a mortar with a little water. Dough could be used to encase meat, sometimes even whole turkeys, before cooking. In major Aztec towns and cities there were vendors that sold street food of all kinds, catering to both the rich and poor. Other than ingredients and prepared food every imaginable type of ātōlli could be bought, either to quench one's thirst or as an instant meal in liquid form.
The Aztec staple foods included maize, beans and squash to which were often added chilis and tomatoes, all prominent parts of the Mexican diet to this day. They harvested acocils, a small and abundant crayfish of Lake Texcoco, as well as Spirulina algae, which was made into a sort of cake rich in flavonoids. Although the Aztecs' diet was mostly vegetarian, the Aztecs consumed insects such as grasshoppers chapulín /t͡ʃaˈpolin/ (singular) or chapulines /t͡ʃapoˈlimeʔ/ (plural), maguey worm, ants, larvae, etc. Insects have a higher protein content than meat, and even now they are considered a delicacy in some parts of Mexico.
Maize was the single most important staple of the Aztecs. It was consumed at every meal by all social classes, and played a central role in Aztec mythology. To some of the first Europeans, the Aztecs described maize as "precious, our flesh, our bones". It came in a vast number of varieties of various sizes, shapes and colors; yellow, reddish, white with stripes of color, black, with or without speckles and a blue-husked variant that was considered to be particularly precious. Countless other local and regional varieties must have also existed, but few were recorded. Maize was revered to such an extent that women blew on maize before putting it into the cooking pot so that it would not fear the fire, and any maize that was dropped on the ground was picked up rather than being wasted. One of the Aztec informants of the Spanish Franciscan missionary and chronicler Bernardino de Sahagún explained the practice in the following way:
|“||"Our sustenance suffers, it lies weeping. If we should not gather it up, it would accuse us before our Lord. It would say: O our Lord, this vassal picked me not up when I lay scattered on the ground. Punish him. Or perhaps we should starve."||”|
A process called nixtamalization was used all over America where maize was the staple. The word is a compound of the Nahuatl words nextli ("ashes") and tamalli ("unformed corn dough; tamal"), and the process is still in use today. Dry maize grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater. This releases the pericarp, the outer hull of the grains and makes the maize easier to grind. The process transforms maize from a simple source of carbohydrates into a considerably more complete nutritional package; it increases the amount of calcium, iron, copper, zinc that are added through the alkalide or the vessel used in the process and niacin, riboflavin and more protein already present in the corn that is not digestible to humans are made available through the process. The inhibited growth of certain mycotoxins (toxic fungi) is another benefit of nixtamalization. If the processed maize, the nixtamal, is allowed to ferment, further nutrients, including amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan are made available. Together with beans, vegetables, fruit, chilis and salt nixtamalized corn can form a complete and nutritionally satisfactory diet with no need for animal protein.
A great number of herbs and spices were available to the Aztecs in seasoning food. Among the most important, chili peppers come in a wide variety of species and cultivars, some domesticated and many of them wild. These included a great range of heat intensity depending on the amount of capsaicin present, with some being mild and others being very piquant. The chilis were often dried and ground for storage and use in cooking, some roasted beforehand to impart different tastes. Flavors varied significantly from one type to another, including sweet, fruity, earthy, smoky, and fiery hot.
Native species of plants used as seasonings produced flavors similar to Old World spices that often proved to be more easily accessible in cooking after the Spanish conquest. Culantro or Mexican coriander provides a much stronger flavor than its Old World parallel, cilantro, and its leaves can be easier to dry. Mexican oregano and Mexican anise likewise produce flavors reminiscent of their Mediterranean counterparts, while allspice has an aroma somewhere in between nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon. The bark of canella or white cinnamon has a soft, delicate flavor that might have eased the acceptance of the more pungent cinnamon of Ceylon into modern Mexican cuisine. Before the arrival of onions and garlic, subtler but similar wild plants such as Kunth's onion and other southern-ranging species of the genus Allium, as well as the fragrant leaves of garlic vine may have been appropriated. Other flavorings available included mesquite, vanilla, achiote, epazote, hoja santa, popcorn flower, avocado leaf, and a large array of other indigenous plants.
Many different alcoholic beverages were made from fermented maize, honey, pineapple, cactus fruit and other plants. The most common was octli which was made from maguey sap. It is today known as pulque, an Antillean term. It was drunk by all social classes, though some nobles made a point of not downing such a humble beverage. Drinking was tolerated, even for children at some occasions, but getting drunk was not. The penalties could be very stiff, and were stricter for the elite. The first transgression of a commoner would be punished by tearing his house down and sending him off to live in the field like an animal. A noble would generally not get a second chance and could be executed for overindulging in alcohol. Getting drunk appeared to have been more tolerated for elderly people, though the sources diverge as to the exact age. This did not prevent the occasional tragedy of nobles who became alcoholics and drank themselves into poverty, squalor and an early death. An informant of Sahagún told the sad story of a former tlacateccatl, a general and commander of over 8,000 troops:
|“||He drank up all his land; he sold it all. [...] Tlacateccatl, a valiant warrior, a great warrior, and a great nobleman, sometimes, somewhere on the road where there was travel, lay fallen, drunk, wallowing in ordure.||”|
Ātōlli (/aːˈtoːlːi/), maize gruel, accounted for a considerable amount of the daily calorie intake. The basic recipe for ātōlli was eight parts water and six parts maize with lime that was cooked until it softened and then ground. The mixture was then boiled until it thickened. There were many variations of ātōlli: a mixture of 1/10 maguey syrup made nequātōlli; adding chili ground with salt and tomato would make iztac ātōlli; letting maize dough sour for 4–5 days and then adding more fresh dough with chili and salt would make xocoātōlli. Beans, baked corn tortillas with the crust cut off, toasted maize, chia, amaranth and honey could also be added and there was pinolli, ground toasted maize that was carried by travelers in sacks which could be mixed with water on the road for an instant meal.
Cacao had immense symbolic value. It was a rare luxury and an import that could not be grown within the boundaries of the Aztec Empire. There are no detailed descriptions of how cacao solids were prepared, but there are a number of allusions to the fact that it was eaten in some form. Cacao beans were among the most valuable commodities and could be used as a form of payment, although of somewhat low value; 80-100 beans could be used to buy a small mantle or a canoe-full of fresh water if one lived on the salty part of the lakes around Tenochtitlan. Nevertheless beans were frequently counterfeited by filling empty cacao shells with dirt or mud.
Cacao was most commonly drunk as xocolātl /ʃoˈkolaːt͡ɬ/ ("bitter water", the origin of the word chocolate) and was the beverage of warriors and nobles. It was considered a potent intoxicant and something that was drunk with great solemnity and gravity which was described as something "not drunk unthinkingly" by the Spanish chronicler Sahagún. Chocolate could be prepared in a huge variety of ways and most of them involved mixing hot or tepid water with toasted and ground cacao beans, maize and any number of flavorers such as chili, honey, vanilla and a wide variety of spices. The ingredients were mixed and beaten with a beating stick or aerated by pouring the chocolate from one vessel to another. If the cacao was of high quality, this produced a rich head of foam. The head could be set aside, the drink further aerated to produce another head, which was also set aside and then placed on top of the drink along with the rest of the foam before serving.
The Aztecs stressed moderation in all aspects of life. European authors and chroniclers were often impressed by what they perceived as exemplary frugality, simplicity and moderation. Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the bishop of Puebla and viceroy of New Spain in the 1640s reported:
|“||I have seen them eat with great deliberation, silence, and modesty, so that one knows that the patience shown in all of their habits is shown in eating as well, and they do not allow themselves to be rushed by hunger or the urge to satisfy it.||”|
The primary meaning of an Aztec fast was to abstain from salt and chilis and all members of Aztec society engaged in fasting to some extent. There were no regular exceptions from the fast, something that shocked the first Europeans who came into contact with the Aztecs. Though fasting was common in Europe, there were permanent exceptions for the women and small children, the sick or frail and the elderly. Before the New Fire ceremony, which occurred every 52 years, some priests fasted for a whole year; the other priests 80 days and lords 8 days. Commoners engaged in fasts, but less rigorously. There was also a permanent contingent of fasters in Tehuacan. Along with various ascetic rigors like sleeping on a stone pillow, they fasted for periods of four years on just one 50-gram corn tortilla (about 2 ounces) per day. The only respite came every 20 days, when they were allowed to eat whatever they wanted.
Even rulers such as Moctezuma were expected to cut down on their otherwise luxurious lifestyle and did so with considerable conviction and effort. At times he abstained from luxuries and sex with women and ate only cakes of michihuauhtli and seeds of amaranth or goosefoot. The lord's chocolate was also replaced with water mixed from parched bean powder. This can be contrasted with the fasts of many European nobles and clergy that, while obeying the letter of the religious regulation by replacing meat and animal products with fish, were still luxurious feasts in their own right.
The Aztecs practiced ritualistic cannibalism. Victims, usually prisoners of war, were sacrificed in public on top of temples and pyramids by cutting out their hearts. The bodies were then thrown down to the ground where they were dismembered. The pieces were then distributed to the elite, which were mostly warriors and priests. The meat was consumed in the form of stews flavored only with salt and eaten with corn tortillas, but without the otherwise ubiquitous chili. In the late 1970s the anthropologist Michael Harner suggested that the Aztecs had resorted to large-scale, organized cannibalism to make up for a supposed protein deficiency in the diet. This idea gained limited support from some scholars, but has been shown to be based on unfounded assumptions about eating habits, agriculture and demographics, making it a highly unlikely scenario.
- Smith, Michael Ernest, The Aztecs Wiley Blackwell, 2nd ed. 2002, ISBN 978-0631230168 p.63
- Mursell, I. (n.d.). Aztec children's clothes. Mexicalore. Retrieved September 8, 2012, from link
- Coe, 111
- Coe, 74-81
- Coe, 109
- Coe, 36
- Coe, 149; 117-19
- Ortiz de Montellano, 102-106
- Coe, 89
- Quoted in Coe, 88
- Cambridge World History of Food, 108-110
- Coe, 84-87
- Quoted in Coe, 85
- Coe, 117-118
- The full list of cacao flavorers is very extensive, but some of the common ones were uei nacaztli (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum); teonacaztli (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon), which had the flavor of "black pepper with a resinous bitterness" and was commonly used at banquets; mecaxochitl (Piper amalgo), a relation of black pepper; yolloxochitl (the flower of Magnolia mexicana) which had the taste of ripe melon; piztle (the seeds of Calocarpum mammosum), with the flavor of bitter almonds; pochotl (the seeds of Ceipa spp.), described as "sweet and tasty"; and allspice. One of the most common recipes consisted of mecaxochitl, uei nacaztli, vanilla, softened maize and cacao mixed with tepid water, and was drunk immediately after preparation.
- Quoted in Coe, 83
- Coe, 83-84
- Coe, 70
- Ortiz de Montellano, 85-86
- Cambridge World History of Food (2000), 2 vol. editors Kiple, Kenneth F. and Coneè Ornelas ISBN 0-521-40216-6
- Coe, Sophie D. (1994) America's first cuisines ISBN 0-292-71159-X
- Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. (1990) Aztec medicine, health, and nutrition ISBN 0-8135-1562-9 | <urn:uuid:ff456c07-6e04-4826-8462-6cbafe388821> | {
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Space Debris Fingerprint Definition and Identification
By Yu Jiang
The amount of space debris is increasing, and the threat to normal human space activities is also increasing. The concept of fingerprints of space debris is proposed here. It is necessary to define the fingerprints of space debris, and identify different debris characteristics according to the fingerprints of the debris fragments. The definition of debris fingerprints depends on ground-based and space-based cameras, radars, laser ranging and other related data. By defining the debris fingerprints, based on the uniqueness and stability of the debris fingerprints, a space debris fingerprint identification technology is created to verify the identity of the debris. Fragment fingerprint features include global features and local features. The overall features include direct and easy-to-identify features, including track inclination, track height, size, volume, shape cusp features, and the number of fingerprint lines. The number of fragment fingerprint lines is defined as the number of connecting lines between the center of the fragment and the cusp of the shape. The local features of fragment fingerprints include the position, direction, curvature, area and other features of non-smooth points, bifurcation points, fractures, zigzags, etc. of space debris. | <urn:uuid:30105c0d-3215-4f8b-a888-eed048b14b0f> | {
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Taiwan researchers mixed seeds (genetic material) of pigs with seeds from jellyfish that glow in the dark ... to create truly green pigs! " They claim that while other researchers have created partly fluorescent pigs, theirs are the only pigs in the world is green and deep. The pigs are transgenic, created by adding genetic material from jellyfish into a normal
Transgenic pig expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein produced by nuclear transfer using colchicine-treated fibroblasts as donor cells
Chinese scientists have successfully bred partially green fluorescent pigs which they hope will boost stem cell research, Xinhua news agency said. A research team at the Northeast Agricultural University in Harbin managed to breed three transgenic pigs by injecting fluorescent green protein into embryonic pigs, Xinhua quoted Professor Liu Zhonghua as saying.
Scientists in Taiwan say they have bred three pigs that "glow in the dark". They claim that while other researchers have bred partly fluorescent pigs, theirs are the only pigs in the world which are green through and through. The pigs are transgenic, created by adding genetic material from jellyfish into a normal pig embryo. | <urn:uuid:236c6daa-54c4-46c6-aea3-d8da4efa4a99> | {
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Did you know that there is only one confirmed case of an American being hit by a meteorite? It’s true!
Back in 1954, 34-year-old Ann Hodges of Sylacauga, Alabama was taking an early afternoon nap on her couch. Out of nowhere, a meteorite crashed through her roof, bounced off a console radio, and struck her in the side, leaving behind a sizable bruise.
The meteorite was later described as a “fireball visible from three states” and went on to achieve worldwide fame, later becoming known as the “Hodges meteorite”, or the “Sylacauga meteorite”.
Hodges later donated it to the Alabama Museum of Natural History, in 1956.
Want to learn more about meteorites? Check out Meteorites, on Discovery Education Streaming Plus! | <urn:uuid:7df7fc00-c888-41ff-90f5-1050b91b11ef> | {
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Hacking cloud storage could net the online assailants nothing but a cache of meaningless encrypted code - with little indication of what was even being done with it - if researchers have their way. Working on a practical implementation of homomorphic encryption, a hitherto primarily theoretical system where encrypted code is worked on by software that produces already-encrypted results, Microsoft researcher Kristin Lauter and coder colleagues Vinod Vaikuntanathan and Michael Naehrig have come up with a proof-of-concept which, they reckon, would mean that both data and results would only be understandable with the user's decryption key.
"This proof of concept shows that we could build a medical service that calculates predictions or warnings based on data from a medical monitor tracking something like heart rate or blood sugar. A person's data would always remain encrypted, and that protects their privacy" Kristin Lauter, Microsoft Research
The limitation of homomorphic encryption so far has been the incredible amounts of processing power required to handle all that secure crunching. Lauter's system is currently limited to additions and multiplications, which means while it's not going to replace most cloud-computing installations, it's good enough for basic statistical shuffling of the sort that's done on health research data.
In their demo, a regular laptop could add together 100 numbers - each 128 binary digits in length - in 20ms, with both source data and the output being encrypted. Existing attempts at true homomorphic encryption calculations take more like 30 minutes.
While encrypted cloud data would present some difficulties - such as indexing and searching - it would also offer a new degree of security from hackers. Without the decryption key, even if a server was raided and data stolen, it would be considerably more difficult to make malicious use of it. The expectation is that partial-homomorphic encryption is likely to show up in federal and medical record keeping initially.
[via Technology Review] | <urn:uuid:210f4265-ca0d-4a07-a2c8-03380367aa58> | {
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As stated by Mary Reilly, “Man through the use of his hands as they are energized by mind and will, can influence the state of his own health.” The wrist is a crucial joint for our hands to be able to explore our environment and injuries can lead to serious functional impairments.
The wrist joint is comprised of three main joints: radiocarpal, midcarpal, and intercarpal joints. The main motion at the wrist joint is flexion/extension (movement of the wrist up and down) and radial deviation/ulnar deviation (movement of the wrist from side to side) which are accomplished via five primary movers and three peripheral nerves. Being aware of common conditions and causes of pain, how to treat them, and how to generally keep our wrists healthy, can be a key factor in preventing an acute injury from progressing to chronic, life-long pain.
While we may not think about how much use our wrist typically gets in a day, when we start to experience pain we definitely take notice of the importance of this joint. Injuries, arthritis, and other ailments can all cause pain.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – CTS is caused when the median nerve becomes compressed, or pinched. This compression is caused by swelling in the wrist; the wrist pain associated with this is due to the excess pressure on the nerve.
- Sudden (Acute) Injuries – Sprains, broken bones, and tendonitis can all cause pain in the wrist. Symptoms of an injury can include swelling, bruising, or disfigured joints near the wrist.
- Arthritis – Pain, stiffness, and swelling of the wrist may be caused by various forms of arthritis. Arthritis can be caused by many things, including overuse, aging, and normal wear and tear.
- Gout – When your body breaks down foods containing purines, uric acid is produced. A buildup of uric acid may cause gout, which can result in pain and swelling in the wrists, knees, ankles and feet.
While there are multiple conditions associated with wrist pain, some of the common conditions include:
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – CTS is a condition that causes numbness and tingling in the hand and arm. The syndrome is caused by a compressed nerve in the carpal tunnel, the narrow passageway on the palm side of your wrist.
- Strains – A wrist strain can occur when there is a simple overstretching of the tendon or the ligaments of the wrist bone, or it can occur when there is a partial or complete tear in the tendon or the ligaments.
- Sprains – A sprained wrist is an injury to any of the numerous ligaments which connect bone to bone in the wrist.
- Tendonitis – Tendonitis is an irritation and inflammation of one or more of the many tendons surrounding the wrist joint.
- Arthritis – Inflammation in any of the small joints in the wrist can be a sign of arthritis. Arthritis attacks your bones by destroying the cartilage, causing your bones to rub against one another.
Kristy Loose, DPT, OTR/L, CHT, gives us some tips to help prevent and rehabilitate wrist injuries:
- Watch Your Positioning – Keep your wrists straight or only slightly bent while performing activities. Avoid activities that bend or twist the wrists for long periods of time.
- Take Breaks – Take frequent breaks from typing or other repetitive activities to stretch your hands and wrists.
- Watch Your Grip – Whenever possible, use your whole hand to grasp an object. There may be less pain with gripping in a supinated (palms-up) position rather than a pronated (palms-down) position.
- Wear the Right Protective Equipment during Activities – When working with tools that vibrate (drills, sanders), use specially designed gloves that support the wrist and have vibration-absorbing padding. Take frequent breaks, and switch hands often.
- Pay Attention – Stop any activities that you think may be causing numbness and pain.
If you have pain in your wrist that isn’t going away, rehabilitation can help to improve functionality. During rehabilitation you will work on:
- Avoiding Gripping – Gripping increases carpal load.
- Considering Forearm Position to Minimize Carpal Load and Create a More Stable Wrist – In a neutral wrist position, 80% of the load is transmitted through the radiocarpal joint and 20% through the ulnocarpal joint. Pronation and ulnar deviation may increase ulnocarpal load up to nearly 40%, something to keep in mind when choosing your positioning for therapy exercises in those with ulnar sided wrist pain.
- Maximizing Range of Motion Is Not the Goal – The goal is for functional range of motion with good stability and no pain.
- Gradual Strengthening – Using isometrics, eccentrics, and concentrics.
- Stabilization – Extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, and hypothenar muscles will stabilize the ulnar wrist, while flexor carpi radialis will stabilize the radial wrist.
When weighing your treatment options for wrist pain and injuries, consider occupational therapy. ATI Physical Therapy offers a wide variety of treatment options including strengthening, stretching, and sustainable home exercise programs. Stop in or call any ATI location for a complimentary injury screen or to learn more about how we can help you overcome your elbow pain.
It’s all in the wrist! | <urn:uuid:cba1f2e6-5212-4398-9bd4-20efd1e2db8d> | {
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Peering through a peephole can bring flat images to life
Illustration: E. Otwell; photo inset: Ogphoto/iStockphoto
Rather than donning special glasses and paying extra to see a movie in 3-D, try sitting through a regular showing with one eye closed. A new study suggests that viewers can see flat images in three dimensions by peering through a small hole with just one eye, though its methods have drawn criticism.
Researchers have long thought that the immersive effects of a 3-D movie result from binocular vision. As far back as the 1830s, scientists knew that a picture could spring to life when presented as two separate images, one for each eye. The prevailing view is that this 3-D effect occurs when the brain merges the two slightly disparate images into one. Modern 3-D movies continue to capitalize on this phenomenon.
Scientists had previously reported 3-D vision using only one eye, but those findings were largely dismissed partly because the researchers themselves were the test subjects who saw the 3-D effect, says Dhanraj Vishwanath of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.
To better test whether monocular vision can yield a 3-D experience, Vishwanath and St. Andrews colleague Paul Hibbard presented 23 people with photographs depicting different objects or scenes. Twenty participants reported seeing a photo in three dimensions when peering through a pea-sized hole with only one eye, the researchers reportin the September Psychological Science.
Participants saw in 3-D only when the hole prevented them from seeing the edges of the picture. Vishwanath speculates that when viewing an entire picture with both eyes, the brain combines the eyes’ images to compute the distance between the observer and the flat surface of the picture. But when the eye can see only objects within the picture, the brain might instead try to figure out the distance between the pictured objects and the observer. This could create a 3-D effect, Vishwanath says.
Not everyone is convinced. “All of the experiments asked only subjective questions about perceived depth,” says Richard Born, a neuroscientist at Harvard Medical School who studies the visual cortex.
Lloyd Kaufman, a cognitive scientist who studies visual perception at New York University, agrees. He says quantitative measurements are needed to convince him a one-eyed 3-D effect is as strong as that achieved from two eyes.
But Vishwanath says that the 3-D effect is itself a qualitative phenomenon, and so it could not have been assessed in any other way. He says that researchers’ reluctance to ask observers what they see has hampered understanding of the phenomenon. Vishwanath and colleagues are now testing the monocular 3-D effect in people with a condition called strabismus in which the eyes don’t align properly and thus don’t form binocular 3-D images.
D. Vishwanath and P.B. Hibbard. Seeing in 3-D with just one eye: stereopsis without binocular vision. Psychological Science. Vol. 24, September 2013, p.1673. | <urn:uuid:6daf9d2f-eb55-4fc0-a196-37a994345154> | {
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||ESCOT Problem of the Week:|
Archive of Problems, Submissions, & Commentary
Based on a helicopter flight school theme, this four-page activity addresses the mathematical concepts of degrees and angles. Students are asked to find appropriate headings and distances in order to reach specific destinations.
If you are using the Escot Runner, you may use the link below to download and try this problem.
Want to try it?
Click here to download this problem
It is difficult to comment on how students dealt with the problem, because we had very few submissions. For the most part, it seemed that students could answer question one, but had difficulty on question two understanding how to find the complementary angle using the compass, and with question three in explaining how they got their answers.
Students enjoyed interacting with the first three pages of the problem. As they interacted with those pages they got an idea of how a compass works and how that relates to flying. Students did not have much trouble answering the first question, but when they got to the second question they still seemed to be thinking in terms of the simulation, not realizing that it was a simple question involving thinking about going around the circle in one direction (a certain number of degrees) and going in the opposite direction (three hundred sixty minus that number of degrees). Once I reminded the students that the question didn't necessarily have anything to do with flying the helicopter and that they should just think of a circle, they had an easier time thinking about the problem.
Students who had time to think about the bonus question were on the right track, but they weren't able to express themselves well enough to receive credit.
A great corresponding lesson would be to work on LogoWriter with the turtle turning right or left and the corresponding equivalencies to get the second idea across.
David D., age 13 - Issaquah Middle School, Issaquah, WA
Greg H., age 12 - Issaquah Middle School, Issaquah, WA
Jordan H., age 13 - Issaquah Middle School, Issaquah, WA | <urn:uuid:b1e098e7-7fcf-4c36-9606-66afef73288f> | {
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Defense mechanisms refer to behaviors used to protect oneself from unpleasant thoughts and emotions like guilt, anger, shame, and jealousy. Some people find these yucky emotions so unacceptable that they will unconsciously employ defense mechanisms to prevent themselves from ever having to acknowledge or experience them.
Sigmund Freud first proposed the concept of ‘defense mechanisms’ as an element of his influential theory of personality. For those of you who took Psych 101, think back to the Id, Ego, and Superego in which all elements, with the exception of the ego, reside in the unconscious. Since their introduction, the concept of defense mechanisms has been expanded quite a bit, and they are still used today to try to understand certain behavioral patterns.
Defense mechanisms are common, we all use them from time to time, often without realizing. Let’s take a look at a few common defense mechanisms to see if any look familiar to you.
[Of Note: There are many defense mechanisms, we will only mention a handful here. If you’re interested in learning more, a quick Google search will turn up quite a few reliable results.]
Denial is used to avoid acknowledging an unpleasant truth or reality; usually, because the reality is painful or threatening. In grief, we often hear ‘denial’ mentioned in the context of Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief. However, there is no end to the ways that a person can use denial in their grief. For example, by saying and believing things like – “I don’t need help.” “I’m fine.” “I don’t have a problem.” “Nothing needs to change” or “I’m over it.”
Who hasn’t had a good grief temper tantrum? I know I have. When a person uses regression they revert to an earlier stage of development and display what might look like immature and insecure behavior. A person engaging in regression in their grief might shut down or withdraw, become clingy with family and friends, or act childish.
Projection is when a person has thoughts and feelings that they believe are unacceptable, so instead of acknowledging them, they attribute them to someone else. For example, let’s say I’m mad at my husband, but I don’t want to admit that I’m mad so instead I project my feelings onto him by saying,“I know you’re mad at me. Why are you mad at me?”
Displacement is when a person has thoughts and emotions towards someone or something, but instead of directing them towards the appropriate source, they take them out on another person or object. This defense mechanism is often used when a person is unable to express their emotions towards the actual source because it would be ineffectual or have negative consequences.
Quite often grieving people have very strong feelings towards things like faith, illness, death, grief, the person who died, or the person they blame for the death. In many of these instances, they can’t take their emotions out on the source, so instead, they displace them onto someone else.
We’re definitely guilty of intellectualizing our grief here at WYG (I mean, have you seen our grief theory section?) When a person is confronted with painful or frightening emotions, they might try to intellectualize them, rather than actually experience them. In this way, they avoid making contact with their feelings by examining them from an arm’s length away.
When a person has behaved negatively towards someone or had unpleasant thoughts about that person, they may feel guilt. Afterward, they may try and undo their actions by engaging in opposite actions or thoughts. For example, if I said something hurtful to my best friend I may feel guilty and try to balance things out by paying her four compliments.
Undoing can play a role in grief in a number of ways. People commonly feel guilty for the negative things they said or did towards the deceased loved one in the past. However, relationships don’t suddenly become one-dimensional because a person has died; they often remain as multifaceted in death as they were in life. Also, people sometimes die before their loved ones have a chance to make amends, and after they die there are very few opportunities to resolve or undo, what has been said, thought, or done.
Sublimation is when a person channels their painful and threatening experiences into positive, or acceptable, outlets. We see examples of sublimation in grief time and time again when people use their experiences to create, educate, advocate, and support. | <urn:uuid:977e105b-f647-49b0-99f7-ae85f29c37db> | {
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This section is from the "The New Student's Reference Work Volume 5: How And Why Stories" by Elinor Atkinson.
The whole duty of a good clock is to drive the hour hand at a regular rate of travel around the dial, twice in twenty-four hours. So the barrel turns entirely over twice, letting down two coils of cord. In an eight-day clock the cord is wound around the barrel sixteen times. On the rear end of the barrel is fixed the hour wheel. Both turn together. The minute wheel and the second wheel are fitted there, too. All of these turn on other wheels and pinions. The axles of the pinions are extended and pushed through the dial to carry the hour, minute and second hands. So these hands just have to turn when the wheels turn.
Sometimes a clock goes too fast or too slow, and must be regulated. A grandfather's, or other pendulum clock, is regulated by pushing the "bob" of the pendulum up or down on the rod. The time it takes a pendulum to swing, depends upon the length of the rod. In a watch, or a spring clock, there is a key-stone shaped indicator plate right over the coiled spring. One side is marked S (slow) and the other F (fast). A movable pin over this plate regulates the swing of a fussy little wheel that rocks back and forth like a cradle.
Of course you have guessed that this rocking wheel in the watch is really the pendulum wheel. There is no room in a watch for a long pendulum rod and "bob" to swing. And there is no room for a cord and weight and big barrel to furnish power. The "engine" of a watch is a blue-steel coiled spring. The escapement, or little saw-toothed wheel and catch, is in the watch, just as it is in the clock. Ask your papa to open his watch at the back. Over these parts the plate is cut away, so you can find all of them.
Ask your papa to keep the back door of his watch open while he winds it up by the stem. Then you can see the loose, open coils of the main spring come closer together, so the spring fills less space. A clock is wound with a key that slips through a key-hole, over the axle of the barrel, in the dial face. The key winds the spring in a spring clock, or winds the cord around the barrel in a pendulum clock. The other key-hole in the clock face is to wind up the wheel that controls the striker. At the end of every hour, the hammer connected with this wheel is lifted to strike a bell, from one to twelve times. To put a wheel, a spring and hammer and a bell in so a clock could do its own striking, was a wonderful improvement. Once a town or a church had to keep a man to pull a bell rope, to make the big clock in the tower strike the hours.
A watch is the most wonderful little machine in the world. Packed away in mama's watch, that is no bigger around than a silver quarter and less than half an inch thick, are one hundred and fifty or more separate parts. There are wheels of many sizes and shapes, pinions, plates, screws, rivets, pins, springs and "jewels." Many of these parts are so small that watch-makers pick them up with tweezers or magnets, and find the places for them by screwing a magnifying glass in one eye. Wouldn't you like to go through a watch factory and see all these parts made and put together? | <urn:uuid:3ba3faf8-de88-4b4a-b900-bfb0187fdb40> | {
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Designing something with a great user experience requires to understand first what a user wants to get done. For this you need to understand the user’s goals, thought processes and the procedures she/he follows to accomplish those goals. Each user would have a different mental model so it’s about what users think about how something works.
Mental models help to shape actions and behavior, influence what people pay attention to in complicated situations, and define how people approach and solve problems.
Designing the mental model of users
Individual users each have their own mental models, and different users may construct different models of the same user interface. Further, one of usability’s big dilemmas is the common gap between the designers’ and users’ mental models. — Jacob Nielsen, Nielsen Norman Group.
One of the major reasons why products fail is because there is a wide gap between the conceptual model (mental model of the designer) and mental model of the end user. To overcome this, it’s essential that designers understand the users’ model to design something that works in the real world.
Designing an intuitive user experience is making sure that the conceptual model of your product matches, as much as possible, the mental models of your users. If you get that right you will have created a positive and useful user experience.
Designing conceptual model — A conceptual model that will fit in to the user’s mental model you can opt almost everything we do during a user-centered design process e.g interface design, iterations, validation testing, etc.
Understanding the users’ mental models— You can create multiple mental models of different users within user-centered design process with task analysis, observations, interviews etc.
What is a mental model in interface design?
In the field of user interface design, a mental model refers to the representation of something — the real world, a process, a device, software, etc. — that the user has in mind.
Users create mental models very quickly, often before they even use the software or device.
Users’ mental models come from -
- User’s previous experiences with similar applications or devices
- Assumptions they have
- Things they’ve heard others say
- From their direct experience with the product or device
Usability testing and other Research methods help reveal discordance between the designed experience and users’ mental models. Furthermore, gaps between mental models can be improved with interactive tours, careful onboarding, real-time feedback, and/or signifiers to assist in learning new product features and a new UI.
- Determine users’ existing mental models through user and competitor research.
- Mental models are built in a user’s brain and are based on what they know from past interactions with websites, mobile phones, and other interactive products.
- UX designers can use mental models to develop designs that will make sense to users.
- New usability innovations should be introduced sparingly.
- If a mismatch exists between users’ mental models and a product’s UX, it will result in mistakes and user frustration.
- If a mismatch exists between users’ mental models and a new UI, change the system to conform to users’ mental models or, if that’s not possible or desired, include instructions, tutorials, and demos to educate users about how the system works. | <urn:uuid:bfaf8a96-c920-44de-829d-4f5b6fd741f7> | {
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The speed of light is the fastest and it is believed that if we can travel faster than it, we can see the future. A team of researchers has joined hands with Stephen Hawking in building a nano- starship, StarChip.
The nano- starship is being equipped to travel at a one-fifth speed of the light. The ship is named StarChip. If the project becomes successful, the ship will able to travel to the Earth’s closest star system, Alpha Centauri, in 20 years.
Stephen Hawking first announced the Breakthrough Starshot project back in April, in collaboration with the team of researchers from Korea Institute of Science and Technology. The only doubt that remained with regard to StarChip is if it could survive twenty years long journey.
NASA then joined hands with the Stephen Hawking and team to help build a ship that could survive the two-decade long journey. The researchers claimed that the high- energy radiation in space could obstruct the functionality of the ship before it reaches its destination.
NASA thereby proposed few options to prevent withering away of the ship in-between the journey. Such findings that are to be incorporated at the developmental stage of the ship was presented by NASA at the International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco recently.
NASA initially proposed to adjust the route of the ship so as to avoid entering high- energy radiation areas. However, adopting such a measure shall increase the time of the journey.
Alternative idea is to built a protective shield around the ship so that it protects the electronic. Nevertheless, protective shield would increase the weight and size of the ship thereby, affecting its speed.
As a last resort NASA researchers have recommended to attach a silicon chip that would automatically repair itself. Nasa team member Jin-Woo Han stated, “On-chip healing has been around for many, many years,” in the presentation.
Hawking talking about this project explained, “The limit that confronts us now is the great void between us and the stars.” “But now we can transcend it. With light beams, light sails, and the lightest spacecraft ever built, we can launch a mission to Alpha Centauri within a generation.” Further he added, “Today, we commit to this next great leap into the cosmos because we are human, and our nature is to fly.” | <urn:uuid:aff41309-e339-4a4f-82ae-70ef9a39cb41> | {
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In recent years a cottage industry has sprung up around youth sports dedicated to addressing the behavior of parents and coaches and the overall "culture" of the sideline.
Youth soccer is no exception in this with scores of anecdotal observations available from all quarters in regard to the good, bad and ugly of what is happening at soccer fields during every season.
In addition, a scan of the headlines usually reveals negative stories about coach and parent action in youth sport.
Sorting through the reporting, the stories and perceptions to come out with an accurate picture of what is happening can be daunting.
Beyond that, taking steps to improve the experience for the children can seem a significant challenge for already over-taxed parents and coaches.
However, it is possible to scientifically understand the youth soccer culture, to consider the experience of all constituents, and to take practical and developmentally solid steps to do a better job.
At the same time, while educating and working to improve sideline behavior, it is possible to directly influence player performance to the good in ways more powerful than any number of training sessions.
Research conducted at Michigan State University in the 1970s has provided clarity in the reasons for children's participation in sport, the reasons for children dropping out of sport, as well as reasons why one sport is preferred to another.
The data, having been professionally collected and interpreted, points to the fact that players enjoy sport more if their experience is a "nurturing" one in which winning is important, but not at the expense of having fun, sensing improvement and feeling involved.
Indeed, winning is understood to be a likely result of the players' feeling cared about, feeling that they are improving, and feeling like their involvement is important.
If coaches and parents can understand intrinsic motivation, and how to foster it in the children, performance can and will improve.
So even the most hard-hearted coach or "involved" parent can see "gain" in the win/loss column by a balanced approach to the environment they create for the players.
When players can be encouraged to give full effort in tandem with being provided correct technical and tactical information, they will inevitably improve. Like an adult, a child will be inspired by improvement in their competence and will in turn give more effort.
Once the cycle of effort, good instruction, and identifiable improvement in skill and understanding is established, coaches and parents will see better performance.
How is intrinsic motivation fostered?
It is fostered by asking children what type of experience encourages them and then managing that environment. Short-term "success" can be achieved through extrinsic motivation, but is not sustainable if the only reason to try is based on external reward, because when the reward disappears the reason to try disappears too.
A collaborative effort between the Minnesota Youth Soccer Association and University of Notre Dame is trying to scientifically take on the challenge of identifying what youth soccer players want from their experience, what motivates them to do better -- and then to educate parents and coaches to meet the players needs.
The program, PACT (Parents and Coaches Together) asks athletes, coaches and parents about their unique experiences in youth soccer --and a baseline experience is understood.
Then coaches and parents receive a program of information that discusses player "needs," motivation and communication skills, conflict-resolution techniques, and concludes with an understanding of how to develop an adult team effort so that players' experience can be positively supported.
After the coach and parent information is delivered and a season of play has concluded, the program then asks the same questions, previously collected to establish the baseline, of athletes, coaches and parents.
This data, along with the collection and study of referee reports and red- and yellow-card numbers, is then studied to determine the efficacy of the information and the effort.
The experience in Minnesota is leading to quantifiable results that point to improved retention in player numbers for clubs, lower incidences of poor athlete and adult behavior, and improved competitive performance for clubs where the program has been delivered.
Where the program has been particularly strong is in capturing enough data to let us know how people are enjoying youth soccer. Simply put, we have found that despite the perceptions to the contrary, a vast majority of those involved are very satisfied with youth soccer.
At the same time, we know that a percentage of players believe it is acceptable to cheat to win, to injure another to win, or have felt physically threatened by an opposing parent or coach.
Formally identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the youth soccer experience has made it possible to educate adults to consciously and collectively change small details that improve how players enjoy their soccer and how they play.
We can do better, we can learn where we need to do better, and we can learn how to do better, but we have to want to.
For more on PACT (Parents and Coaches Together), go to: http://www.mnyouthsoccer.org/programs/pact.cfm
Ian Barker has been the Minnesota Youth Soccer Association's State Director of Coaching for the last decade and has been a Region II ODP coach for 15 years. He also coaches at Macalester College in St. Paul. | <urn:uuid:146eba67-22e4-4136-a860-2a25ab8d8bf3> | {
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Jeremy VanderKnyff, NPR
Data travel across the Internet in 'packets.' Currently, all packets get equal treatment. In the future, routers, which manage how data travels and ensure delivery, could act as traffic cops.
Jeremy VanderKnyff, NPR
See How Data Gets to the Fast Lane
The Internet is often described as a highway. But for this debate, it might be best to compare the Internet to the railways of the 20th century. The federal government may provide the right of way, but like railroads, large chunks of the Internet are owned by private companies.
As the Internet evolved from a communications tool to a commercial medium, the private firms that created the network infrastructure raised the possibility that they might start charging more for those who are willing to pay for faster delivery. They were responding to recent steps by the Federal Communications Commission that deregulated cable and phone providers that offer Internet access. That has led to calls for "net neutrality," a legal requirement for equal treatment of all information on the network. Here's the background on the debate, and what's at stake:
OK, so what exactly does "net neutrality" mean?
Well, for starters, it's not a "neutral" term at all. "Net neutrality" is language used by supporters of the concept, who believe that all data on the Internet should be treated equally (see illustration.) Companies that deliver services online want a guarantee that Internet service providers won’t offer cheaper prices to their allies, and use their power to squeeze out competitors.
The companies that oppose net neutrality are primarily cable and telephone companies, which maintain most of the private portions of the Internet. They see "neutrality" as a euphemism for government regulation designed to favor certain companies — Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, Skype, for example -– that use the Internet to deliver services but do not pay to build or maintain the network.
So is this a battle between big companies?
Primarily, yes. Telecommunications firms like Verizon and AT&T say they have little incentive to upgrade Internet connections if all the available space will get sucked up by companies like Google and Microsoft. They feel they should be able to charge what the market will bear. The telecom folks say they don't want to relegate anyone to the "slow lane" (are you getting tired of the transportation metaphors?) Proponents of net neutrality, like eBay, Google and Amazon.com, say they all started out small and were able to grow, in part, because of the standards that guarantee equal access.
I'm sorry, I'm confused. When I see ads about net neutrality, it sounds as if both sides are saying they stand for "innovation" and "consumer choice."
Good — that means you're paying attention. The folks who are for net neutrality say they're worried the Internet will become dominated by powerful companies that will encourage access to their own content, and to that of their business partners. A neutrality requirement, they say, will protect consumers by preserving the open structure that made the Internet popular and democratic.
Phone and cable companies argue that the Internet works well because it is relatively free of government regulation. They say net-neutrality regulations would require an "Internet police force" (probably the FCC) to enforce them. Companies would be leery of offering inexpensive Internet access if they feared government price restrictions. They also warn that government interference would discourage phone and cable companies from investing in upgrades to the Internet infrastructure, resulting in a slower Internet for everyone.
What's Congress proposing?
Democrats generally support net-neutrality language, but have not been able to entice enough Republicans, who have largely sided with the cable and phone companies, into their camp. Committees in both houses of Congress have passed telecommunications reform bills, but they have shot down efforts to attach net-neutrality requirements, and supporters are now hoping to stop these telecom bills from reaching the floor. If that doesn’t work, they plan to again try to add language that would limit the power of network providers. They also hope to introduce stand-alone legislation supporting net neutrality, but the Republican-led Congress could prevent such legislation from reaching the floor.
Will net neutrality pass this year?
Sorry, my crystal ball is cloudy today. It's always easier to block legislation than it is to pass it. In addition, there are a limited number of work days for legislative work, because lawmakers will start campaigning for re-election in November. So the issue may not go to a vote this year, but it will most certainly return. | <urn:uuid:28eeb7ad-32bd-4f9d-9730-eada62908f26> | {
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DNA from 2,000-year-old stallions is helping rewrite the story of horse domestication.
Ancient domesticated horses had much more genetic diversity than their present-day descendants do, researchers report in the April 28 Science. In particular, these ancient horses had many more varieties of Y chromosomes and fewer harmful mutations than horses do now.
Previous studies based on the genetics of modern horses concluded that domestication must have squeezed out much of the diversity seen in wild horses before the Ice Age. But the new findings suggest that the lack of diversity is a more recent development.
“Today, Y chromosomes of all horses are pretty much the same,” says evolutionary geneticist Ludovic Orlando of the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. As a result, scientists thought that ancient people started domesticating horses by breeding only a few stallions to many different mares.
“But when we look in the past — wow! — this is a whole new planet,” Orlando says.
Horses are thought to have been domesticated by about 5,500 years ago. Orlando’s group examined DNA from the bones of 15 Iron Age stallions from the ancient Scythian civilization: Two stallions were from a 2,700-year-old grave site in Russia and 13 were sacrificed in a burial ritual about 2,300 years ago in Kazakhstan. The team also looked at a 4,100-year-old Bronze Age mare from the Sintashta culture in Russia. Nearly all of the stallions had a different type of Y chromosome, Orlando says.
That finding challenges the idea that only a few stallions participated in the early stages of domestication. Loss of Y chromosome diversity among horses must have happened within the last 2,300 years, Orlando says, and maybe as recently as 200 to 300 years ago, when people started creating specific horse breeds. Read more at ScienceNews.org »
People like this woman in Kazakhstan (seen milking a horse) still drink horse milk, a practice that started more than 5,000 years ago. Genetic data from ancient Scythian horses indicates that more than 2,000 years of domestication caused changes in horse genes related to mammary gland development and milk production.
Present-day horse breeds have less genetic diversity than domesticated horses did around 2,000 years ago. Free image. | <urn:uuid:fffc0662-276c-459b-9e39-183cfe72f8df> | {
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Six fascinating facts about catnip — the feline drug that can be good for humans
A positive epidemic of catnip addiction has afflicted our feline friends for as long as anyone can remember, but this peculiar psychoactive plant has also been enjoyed by many humans. Far from advocating a War on Catnip, The Influence advises a just-say-know approach—and here are six things worth knowing about it:
1. Catnip comes from the same family of plants as mint.
The plant we call catnip is technically named Nepeta Cataria, native to Europe and Asia (though spread elsewhere), and closely related to mint. When crushed, it releases an oil called Nepetalactone that attracts cats and makes them act strangely, closely mimicking the way they behave when in heat.
2. All sorts of cats are affected by catnip—including tigers!
Catnip affects big cats as well as domestic ones. Intimidating as it is to imagine, lions and tigers also go nuts for the stuff. Props to the scientists who verified that hypothesis.
3. But some cats aren’t affected at all by catnip—and the difference is genetic
Forget the biopsychosocial model of addiction; when it comes to catnip, it’s apparently all about the bio. Cats are genetically predisposed to be either catnip-crazy or indifferent. A specific inherited gene seems to determine this, and it is estimated that up to 50 percent of cats are left cold by the plant.
4. Kittens aren’t affected by catnip until they reach sexual maturity.
There’s no need to launch some kind of Just Say No campaign for kittens; for the first six months of their lives, cats are entirely unaffected by catnip. Then, if they have the correct gene, they will start to dig it like hormone-filled adolescents. It is believed that catnip affects cats similarly to how pheromones create a psychosexual response.
5. Catnip was used by humans in the past and continues to have applications.
Catnip used to be brewed in tea and consumed by humans. There were many early medical applications for Napeta Cataria and the plant appears in English folklore. Tea brewed with catnip has similar ultra-mild calming effects to chamomile. It can even be smoked to produce this effect. Just as usefully, extracts from the plant can be employed to repel mosquitoes.
6. A catnip habit may lead to diminishing returns.
After getting buzzed on catnip, cats will generally have a period of around 30 minutes during which the plant no longer affects them. Apparently you can have too much of a good thing. | <urn:uuid:4f734ab2-d672-456b-8516-29a75c1a899d> | {
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What is Hoarding Disorder?
Have you ever watched an episode of any hoarding reality television series? They typically present people who live in extreme clutter, submerged by piles of paper, clothes, plants, food, and other objects accumulated over many years. These shows may give you and external glimpse into the possible severe outcomes of hoarding; however, there are typically underlying psychological fears at play. Hoarding Disorder (HD) is now a recognized mental disorder in the DSM-5. It is characterized by a persistent difficulty to discard and need to order possessions, without often considering their real value. In particular, the hoarders are afraid that they will later need a specific object in a catastrophic, but hypothetical, future situation; therefore, the simple thought of discarding is discomforting for hoarders. As a consequence, hoarders live in a congested and cluttered environment, which often impairs their social functioning as well. This is worsened by two other possible factors. Firstly, the presence of “excessive acquisition” behavior, which means living in a more congested living area. Second, a low level of insight; therefore, they don’t see their behaviors as problematic. In these cases, significant others and relatives may seek treatment or consultation about their family member because the hoarding has impacted their lives as well.
Is it possible to threat it? How?
Yes, it is possible to threat HD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), in particular, are evidenced-based and highly effective treatment interventions. ERP consists of purposely exposing an individual to his/her fear, without escape from them, until the distressing feelings decrease. In this way, individuals learn to tolerate distress. It is important to keep in mind that a common underlying fear for hoarders in discarding objects is worrying that they could need that object in the future, but not have it available. And as previously mentioned, level of insight may be low. Therefore, ERP for the treatment of HD should ideally begin with motivational interviewing and identifying a clear personal goal for the patient. This treatment is challenging; therefore, motivation is key. Next, therapists help patients develop a hierarchy of objects to discard and use an anxiety scale to measure their subjective level of distress during exposures. The hierarchy should be structured from the least distressing object(s) to discard to the most distressing object(s) to discard. The hierarchy is crucial in preventing patients from becoming flooded and feeling overwhelmed by beginning with highly distressing exposures.
What can you do to help friends and/or family members who hoard?
If you want to help your friend or relative effectively tackle their hoarding, it is important to remain patient, empathic and assertive. Change may not come easily or quickly; therefore, patience can encourage you and your loved one to notice small changes overtime and reinforce those changes without unintentionally instilling feelings of guilt or shame. Furthermore, empathy helps to foster understanding for your loved one’s distress. And if insight into their underlying fear is lacking, then frustration from friends and relatives could lead to further shame, sadness, or cause them to hide or collect in secret. Lastly, assertive communication helps in clarifying and continuing to motivate them. Remind the person of his/her goals, redirect them when those goals are forgotten, and continue to offer support in their efforts to attain those goals. | <urn:uuid:3da472b6-f3ad-4feb-8668-4976e89f8aaa> | {
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The amount of time we spend commuting between work and home can have a serious impact on our physical and mental health.
Lengthy commuting times have been linked to a wide range of health ailments, including hypertension and obesity. And research from a team of behavioral scientists has now linked time behind the wheel to lower life satisfaction.
To examine the relationship between commute time and well-being, University of Waterloo researchers Margo Hilbrecht, Bryan Smale, and Steven E. Mock analyzed data from 3,409 Canadians who regularly commuted to work by car.
Long commutes were tied to an increased sense of stressful time pressure. Essentially, long chunks of time spent on the road took time away from other stress-relieving activities, like spending time with family, exercising, and even sleeping.
“Results suggest workplace practices aimed at increasing opportunities for physical activity and government-led efforts towards more integrated solutions to reduce traffic congestion may help increase well-being,” Hilbrecht and colleagues write in World Leisure Journal.
Participants in the study kept a time diary in which they tracked their daily activities down to the minute.
They were then asked to rate their satisfaction with their life as a whole using a 10-point scale. Time pressure was measured using a 10-item index that assessed feelings of “time crunch,” including feeling trapped in a daily routine, worrying about not spending enough time with family and friends, or not having time for fun anymore.
The average amount of time spent travelling to and from work was 53.2 minutes per day. Longer commutes were associated with higher stress levels, and commuters who had to contend with particularly fierce traffic and unpredictable travel times reported the worst quality of life.
The researchers note that workplace policies may be one way to mitigate the negative relationship between commute time and well-being for staff. Their results showed that having flexible work hours was one factor associated with enhanced well-being. Other policies, such as offering telecommuting options, may be one way to help prevent the negative impacts of a long commute.
While telecommuting may alleviate the stress associated with slogging through a morning and evening commute, a new comprehensive report published in Psychological Science in the Public Interest suggests that people who work from home may not actually spend less time on the road.
The report highlights research indicating that telecommuters consistently take longer and more frequent daily car trips compared to regular commuters. On average, the research showed that telecommuters traveled 45 more miles per day in a vehicle relative to regular commuters.
Instead of stopping by the grocery store on the way home from work, telecommuters end up racking up extra miles in the car by making separate car trips for errands. However, increased flexibility can help ensure that people avoid the worst traffic, minimizing the frustration and mental toll of being stuck behind the wheel.
“In sum, research on this issue is inconclusive, but there does not appear to be robust evidence to suggest that telecommuting significantly reduces the number of vehicle miles traveled,” according to report authors Tammy Allen, Timothy Golden, and Kristen Shockley.
Allen, T.D., Golden, T.D., & Shockley, K.M. (2015) How Effective Is Telecommuting? Assessing the Status of Our Scientific Findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40-68. doi: 10.1177/1529100615593273
Hilbrecht, M., Smale, B., & Mock, S. E. (2014). Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults. World Leisure Journal, 56(2), 151-163. doi:10.1080/16078055.2014.903723 | <urn:uuid:569a149b-9d19-41ad-b3c6-7f013e47bdce> | {
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The issue of reparations for the sin of American slavery will work its way into the national debate this election year.
Instead of arguing how it is somehow ethical to tax a poor Mexican-American woman and give her money to Tiger Woods, let’s talk about reparations that could work if progressives would ever accept them.
We all know of the broken promise to give emancipated slaves 40 acres and a mule. Of course, this “promise” was never passed by Congress or by presidential executive order. It was a wartime military order by General Sherman. Still, the promise has worked its way into our collective lore of reparations.
It is fascinating that the image of “40 acres and a mule,” rather than a fixed sum of cash, has anchored itself as the accounting baseline for what enslaved families should have received. Sherman’s order never included a guaranteed amount of land per family and made no mention of a mule.
So, why is “40 acres and mule” rather than some dollar amount wedged in our national conscience? Because it pairs with our American value of empowerment through self-reliance rather than dependency.
“40 acres and a mule” represents opportunity, not an assured outcome. It only promises the very basic tools needed for an emancipated family to survive — fields to work with a mule to plow.
In this portrait there is no guarantee of cash or success, only a vague hope of the income a family needs after crops are successfully sown, tended, harvested and brought to market.
If there were to be a modern version of “40 acres and a mule,” what would it be? Certainly not a lump-sum payment, but instead some basic tools needed for a chance to thrive.
Let’s offer up a few modern substitutes.
Today’s obstacle for minority homeownership is no longer so-called red lining, the practice of denying loans to people in the “bad part” of town. Nor is today’s issue a lack of access to capital. Mortgage rates are at all-time lows and FHA loans allow low down payments.
Minority homeownership rates are low because home prices are so artificially high. That is a direct result of so-called smart-growth policies like urban growth boundaries and restrictive zoning, which limit the supply of homes and jack up the values of those of us who do own homes.
It’s why the few minorities who live in my oh-so-tolerant, lily-white hometown of Boulder are mostly in subsidized rentals.
There is no reason to cap home building except to artificially drive up prices and keep poor people from realizing the American Dream. Some 97% of land in the U.S. is undeveloped.
Reparations here are clear and achievable. “Smart-growth” and growth boundaries are racist. End them so descendants of slaves can own homes.
The promised mule was a means of locomotion in 1865, the way to transport oneself and one’s goods. The modern-day equivalent is a car or truck. Poor people don’t need a bus pass. They need a car.
People who are transit dependent are second-class citizens condemned to living and working only where government deems to provide their limited, slow and infrequent service.
Now is the time to disrupt this racist system of government-owned, one-size-fits-no-one mass transit.
The money that goes to transit should be given directly to transit-dependent people, mostly minorities, so they can purchase their own cars and trucks allowing them to live where they like, work where they like, deliver their children to the schools and doctors they like, you know, like white people do.
And speaking of schools, America’s greatest racist institution is government-delivered education. Education by zip-code might work if you’re in the nice zip-code. Minorities rarely are.
After World War II the GI Bill provided returning vets a college education, in the public or private institution of their own choice. It lifted families out of poverty. Poor families today deserve the same for their kids’ education. Real school choice, public or private.
It’s time for the reparations of home ownership, mobility and education by ending the barriers created by progressive governmental bigotry.
Jon Caldara is president of the Independence Institute, a free market think tank in Denver. | <urn:uuid:0efb75ba-6cf3-48ce-9a8a-25e5cf1384dc> | {
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The Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) was developed as the last line of automated weapons defense (terminal defense or point defense) against anti-ship missiles (AShMs or ASMs) and attacking aircraft, including high-g and maneuvering sea-skimmers.
The first prototype system was offered to the U.S. Navy for evaluation on the destroyer leader USS King in 1973 and it was determined that additional improvements were required to improve performance and reliability. Subsequently, the Phalanx Operational Suitability Model successfully completed its Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) on board the destroyer USS Bigelow in 1977. The model exceeded operational maintenance, reliability, and availability specifications. Another evaluation successfully followed, and the weapon system was approved for production in 1978. Phalanx production started with orders for 23 USN and 14 foreign military systems. The first ship fully fitted out was the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea in 1980. The Navy began placing CIWS systems on non-combatant vessels in 1984. | <urn:uuid:462fc6bb-4665-4596-acff-c78ac88a61f6> | {
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|Harvested wood, Michigan's Upper Peninsula|
Last week the National Legal Policy Center released a white paper on LEED and forestry.
Ninety percent of the FSC-approved forests are outside the United States. But hundreds of American cities stipulate LEED standards--which include use of FSC wood--on building projects. How will that wood get here? On ocean freighters mostly--which are powered by the fossil fuels environmentalists detest. And those FSC standards? They vary from nation to nation. And in some FSC forests--old growth trees are harvested.
More from Ken Boehm in Townhall:
Unfortunately, environmental activists and organizations such as the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) seek to enforce a framework where only Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified timber gets recognized as environmentally sustainable. The USGBC's "LEED" program uses a point-based rating system for buildings that awards credits to FSC-wood. This bias means that most wood products procured from land certified in the U.S. are severely disadvantaged; FSC recognizes only about one-quarter of North America's certified forests. The other three-quarters of certified forests – recognized by groups such as the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) and American Tree Farm System (ATFS) – are shut out of the competition, despite standards which are quite similar to those of FSC, and in some cases significantly better than the FSC standards.So what does this mean? The green mafia picks capriciously picks winners and losers. American taxpayers lose--as do domestic foresters--many of whom, as Boehm explains, are better stewards of the land than those foresters favored by the FSC. And the peace of mind Americans may enjoy by funding "good wood" projects will be illusory.
The anti-competitive nature of the LEED system becomes more apparent after taking into account that hundreds of cities require LEED standards in building projects. Advocates of the FSC standard influence government agencies to promote the LEED, using taxpayer dollars to favor one certification program over another.
Green energy waste: LEED's a loser
Technorati tags: government politics environment energygreen trees
A Primer of Forestry by Pinchot, Gifford [Paperback] (Google Affiliate Ad) | <urn:uuid:973228bb-4cdb-4938-9ae5-15d1775b7e3d> | {
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Welcome to the 24th Carnival of Mathematics!
24 dimensions is the home of the mysterious Leech lattice. The Leech lattice can be used to answer questions in 24 dimensions, such as the densest regular sphere packing or the kissing number. The answers to these questions are not known in any dimension larger than 8 other than 24. The Leech lattice can be used to construct other exotic objects in mathematics, such as sporadic simple groups.
Back here in three dimensions:
Mathew Needleman presents Kindergarten Math Skills Predict Future Success posted at Creating Lifelong Learners. Matthew comments on a study that shows that at the kindergarten level, success at mathematics best predicts future academic success.
Kevin OConnor presents Mental Maths Shortcut 5 squared Genius | MemoryMentor’s Blog posted at MemoryMentor’s Blog. Kevin shows how easy it is to square numbers that end in 5.
Denise presents 2008 mathematics game posted at Let’s play math!. The game consists of asking how many numbers can you make out of the digits of 2008 using basic math operations such as division and factorial.
Maria H. Andersen presents Animated Demo of Domain and Range Projections posted at Teaching College Math Technology Blog. Maria shows you how to animate your Powerpoint slides to show students how to find the domain and range of a graph.
Dave Marain presents M^2 – N^2 = 12…Prove there is only one solution in positive integers and much more and An Introduction to the Mathematics of Bingo – Part I: An Investigation for Grades 7-12 posted at MathNotations. The first post leads to a debate in comments as to whether the question is too hard for high school students. The second post illustrates the complexity of Bingo.
jonathan presents Gazinta – two remainder puzzles to kick things off posted at JD2718.
Brent Yorgey shows you an elegant enumeration of the rationals with Recounting the Rationals, part II (fractions grow on trees!) posted at The Math Less Traveled.
Blake Stacey is writing a series of posts Science after Sunclipse on supersymmetric quantum mechanics. The first post introduces the basics of superalgebra, while the second post uses this to solve some actual quantum mechanical systems.
Maurizio Monge points out that a new preprint has appeared at arXiv with the title Lindelof’s hypothesis is true and Riemann’s one is not. This paper has already been withdrawn by its author, so the Riemann hypothesis live to fight another day.
The next Carnival of Mathematics will be hosted at Walking Randomly. | <urn:uuid:f6ae4702-05cb-4a75-9100-2f0cef926403> | {
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The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) provides regulations to protect your manufacturing plant from fires, deflagrations, explosions, and other safety risks. According to NFPA reports, the risk is very real: more than 37,000 fires in U.S. industrial and manufacturing properties were reported each year between 2011 and 2015.
That works out to an estimated $1.2 billion in property damage annually. NFPA compliance is a complex, ongoing effort. But the potential cost to your plant and your operations — not to mention your employees’ health and safety — means it’s worth examining from every angle.
Rotary valves help or hinder your fire safety efforts, depending on how they’re made and maintained. Before you learn how valves impact NFPA compliance, it’s important to understand how fires and deflagrations start in a manufacturing facility.
Manufacturing and processing properties tend to be more prone to structural fires, and conveying systems are rife with combustible materials. Fires start when fuel, an oxidizer and an ignition source come into contact with each other. Deflagrations are more complicated — and more dangerous.
When a heat source moves over and ignites cold materials, it creates a form of combustion called deflagration. This is a fast-moving fire that can spread across manufacturing lines and consume more material as it progresses, creating a chain reaction that is difficult to contain.
Five key conditions must be present to start a plant deflagration:
1. Fuel, which comes in the form of combustible dust
2. An oxidizer, which often means too much oxygen in your system
3. An ignition source, such as friction or overheated material
4. Dust particles concentrated in one area
5. Dust particles confined to a small space
The latter two may take the form of dust clouds in the air or on your machinery.
Rotary valves play a big part in controlling these conditions. They manage fuel and ignition sources and limit the amount of oxygen feeding the flames. In other words, when a fire breaks out, valves act as isolation devices to stop the spread of flames along your conveying line. That said, an NFPA-compliant rotary valve has particular design and construction elements. It also needs regular maintenance and repair to keep it operating safely. To stay compliant, make sure your valve is outfitted with the right parts and watch for signs that your system needs attention.
Is Your Plant at Risk? Pay Attention to These Parts
When a rotary valve needs repair or maintenance, resulting issues can create a fire risk. Leaking material, for instance, is a source of combustible dust. Strange noises can indicate product buildup or increased rotor clearance — a key sign of a noncompliant valve.
Worn-out or damaged parts can increase the risk of fires, deflagrations or explosions in a plant. Keep a close eye on the following valve parts and equipment.
Rotor vanes. Rotors should have a minimum of eight vanes. To keep flames contained within the rotor pockets in the event of an explosion, at least two vanes must stay in contact with each side of the housing at all times, so a six-vane rotor won’t do. The vanes must be at least 3 mm thick.
Rotor tips. Rubber or plastic rotor tips can’t withstand the heat of a deflagration, so make sure your rotor is equipped with mild, stainless, or AR400 steel, depending on your application.
Shaft seals. Worn-down shaft seals often cause leaks, which increase the risk of fire as a source of combustible dust. Replace shaft seals and packing regularly to prevent the issue.
Dust collector filters. To prevent clogs and minimize issues with your dust collectors, including buildup of combustible dust, keep extra filter bags or cartridges handy.
Long radius elbows. Conveying long radius elbows degrade faster than most other parts, and wear can lead to a drop of pressure and leaking material. It’s useful to keep extra elbows in stock to fix the problem.
Rotor-to-housing tolerance. Proper clearances are imperative in an NFPA-compliant valve. You must regularly check your valve’s rotor-to-housing clearances, or tolerances, to make sure they stay at 0.0079 in. or below. If they get any larger than that, it’s time to replace your rotor.
If you are unsure of how to check clearances, use this step-by-step guide and video for a breakdown of the process: http://www.acsvalves.com/blog/read/title/are-your-valves-compliant-with-nfpa
Staying Safe: Precautions for Your Plant
Aside from regular repair and maintenance, you can take several precautions to ensure your rotary valves and conveying system comply with NFPA regulations.
On the valve side, the right outboard bearings will reduce material buildup (a fuel source) and prevent friction (a source of ignition). Specify metal bearings with temperature switches to detect excessive heat. The proper shaft seal assemblies should reduce heat and static electricity.
To keep your material from heating up or igniting, always run your rotors at speeds lower than one meter per second or 200 RPM.
It’s worth stocking up on the aforementioned valve parts to ensure you can quickly replace them when the time comes. You can order an NFPA Preventative Maintenance Kit for a replacement rotor, bearings and shaft seals here: http://www.acsvalves.com/landing-pages/nfpa-kit#intro.
If you need an entirely new rotary valve, it’s worth looking at options that are NFPA-compliant as a standard. Valves with a quick-clean option installed on a rail system makes it much faster and easier to check tolerances, clean the internals, and perform maintenance.
Rotary valves generally come with an explosion prevention system, and dust collectors should come equipped with an explosion release vent and passive isolation flap valve. Check all of these components regularly as part of your maintenance program. To make sure you are compliant with NFPA standards on that front, contact your dust collector provider for more details.
NFPA 652 requires all facilities that process combustible dusts to perform a Dust Hazard Analysis (DHA). Based on the plant and the material being conveyed, the DHA assesses the risks for fires and explosions in a plant, defines prevention methods, and provides training recommendations to keep staff safe from workplace hazards.
Always transport heat-sensitive bulk materials under appropriate temperature, humidity, and conveying gas conditions. Besides that, proper ventilation and regular plant housekeeping are critical. Make sure to stay on top of your preventative maintenance schedule and keep historical logs of everything you do.
Guidelines for a Safer Facility
The NFPA has guidelines on combustible metals (NFPA 484), sulfur fires (NFPA 655), and many more. See NFPA 69 for more information about valves as explosion prevention systems and NFPA 652 for details on DHAs and combustible dust: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=69; https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=652
Megan Thompson is president and COO, ACS Valves, Caledonia, ON, Canada. For more information, call 905-765-2004 or visit www.acsvalves.com. | <urn:uuid:5ade999e-614f-4f8c-9d3c-1cb57ca5a253> | {
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Transportation layer conventions utilize an idea of ports and multiplexing/demultiplexing to convey information to individual services listening on network nodes. These ports are spoken to by a solitary 16-bit number, implying that they can constitute a range of numbers 0-65535. This range has been separated by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) into several different segments :
- Port 0 is not used for internet/network traffic, but it’s sometimes utilized in communications going down between different programs on identical computer.
- Ports 1-1023 are alluded to as system ports. These ports speak to official ports for most notable system administrations and many common network services. HTTP usually communicates at port 80, while FTP at port 21. In most working frameworks/OS, administrative-level access is expected to begin a program that tunes in on a system port.
- Ports 1024-49151 are known as registered ports. These ports are utilized for a bunch of different network functionality and services that probably won’t be very frequently used as ones that are on system ports. A genuine case of a registered port is 3306, which is port that numerous databases tune in on. Registered ports are in some cases formally enlisted and recognized by IANA, yet this is not certain to always be case. On most operating systems, any client of any entry-level can run a program tuning in on a Registered port.
- Lastly, there is a range of ports from port 49152-65535. These are known as Ephemeral ports (or private ports). Ephemeral ports can’t be enlisted with IANA and are commonly utilized for setting up outbound network traffic and connections. All TCP traffic needs one destination port and one source port to establish a connection. At the point when a client needs to speak with a server, client will be appointed an ephemeral port to be utilized for simply that one connection, while server tunes in on a static system framework or registered port.
Not every single working operating system follows ephemeral port proposals of IANA. The ephemeral ports utilized for outbound associations comprise of ports 49152 through 65535. Yet, this range of ports can change as per operating system and framework you’re dealing with. Quite a few times registered ports are utilized, however, no modern operating system will ever utilize a system port for outbound connections.
Here are some commonly used ports for reference:
|7||Echo||Port just echoes whatever is sent to it. This feature can be used in many attacks, such as Smurf/Fraggle.||TCP and UDP|
|20 /21||File Transfer Protocol (FTP)||Port used by FTP protocol to send data to client||TCP|
|22||Secure Shell (SSH)||Used as secure replacement protocol for Telnet||TCP and UDP|
|23||Telnet||Port used by Telnet to remotely connect to a workstation or server(unsecured)||TCP|
|25||Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)||Used to send E-Mail over intenet||TCP|
|53||Domain Name System (DNS)||Port for DNS requests, network routing and zone transfers||TCP and UDP|
|67 /68||Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)||Used on networks that do not use static IP address assignment.||UDP|
|80||Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)||Used for browsing web-pages on a browser||TCP|
|110||Post Office Protocol (POP3)||Port used to retrieve complete contents of a server mailbox||TCP|
|143||Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4)||Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4) is a new protocol to read email with wider range of operations||TCP and UDP|
|194||Internet Relay Chat Protocol(IRC)||allows communication in form of text between multiple parties, one or more clients can connect to a centralized server.||TCP and UDP|
|443||HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)||Port used for secure web traffic||TCP and UDP|
|3389||Remote Desktop Protocol(RDP)||Port used by remote desktop to remotely manage other windows system||TCP and UDP|
The transport layer has a lot of ports to accommodate lots of various applications protocols simultaneously. The ports are dictated by the type of transport layer connectivity.
Also, remember that there are lots of protocols in the application layer but not all of them require port numbers (like TCP or UDP). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of them.
To become more familiar with ports, and to see a rundown of what ports have been appointed to different services, check out IANA Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry. A comparable list of ports and corresponding services is on Wikipedia, which is a rather brief and easier read. Check it out, as well!.
Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now. Get hold of all the important CS Theory concepts for SDE interviews with the CS Theory Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready. | <urn:uuid:b929043a-362a-4e08-8927-1ad64d4d8355> | {
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- Dwight D. Eisenhower
Shearouse, Susan. "A Vote For Consensus." MCS Conciliation Quarterly. Fall 1993. 2-3.
This Article Summary written by: Mariya Yevsyukova, Conflict Research Consortium
In the 1970s a riot took place in Rochester, NY schools. After that, a mediation between the coalition FIGHT, consisting of 58 black adult groups, and white conservatives was attempted. When choosing the decision-making process, white conservatives insisted on voting. The response of black groups was: "Every time you vote, we lose" (p. 2). In the caucus, white conservatives expressed their fear that they would lose control over the situation without voting. Then, the mediator explained another way of decision making, through consensus. Under this process control and power are distributed equally among the participants, and a decision will not be made until everyone agrees with it. In the mediation session, the first consensual decision of the two groups was to use consensus as a decision-making process. Next, they decided on who can play the role of mediator. Third, they were able to identify the issue in common to both groups: "safety in the schools" (p. 2).
Theoretically, a vote is appropriate when a decision should be made by a large group of people in a short time (election of a president) or when the issue is not significant and the time is limited. But if the decision touches significant issues and concerns everyone, voting can be damaging. Those who do not agree with the results can block their implementation.
Consensus is based on cooperation among the group members, but not competition; the decision is supposed to respond to the interests of everyone in the group. It does not mean that everyone should be completely happy with the decision, but that all group members are willing to implement it. In order for consensus to work, an atmosphere of trust and appreciation of different opinions should be created. There should be willingness to work through differences.
The consensus process can take long time, but it transforms conflict and the group toward inclusiveness and respect. A vote though can be added when agreement is impossible.
One important pitfall of this approach is "false consensus"; to avoid it, mediators should remember that silence does not mean agreement. | <urn:uuid:a77c235a-3e29-478a-9d8b-47b6e35445c9> | {
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Black and White Photographs
On the staircase are displayed the year photographs from 1921 to the present day.
There is also a photograph of William Greenhalgh, benefactor to the college, after whom this building is named.
The colour photographs displayed in the corridors represent the doctrinal themes of creation, redemption and regeneration. They were taken by Jane Leach.
On the ground floor the theme is the work of God in creation expressed in blue and green:
These natural images represent aspects of the creation story:
- Water: ‘and God said, ‘Let there be a dome in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters.’ [Genesis 1.7]
- Cow parsley: ‘Then God said, ‘Let the earth put forth vegetation: plants yielding seed, and fruit trees of every kind on earth that bear fruit with the seed in it.’ [Genesis 1.11]
- Moon: ‘And God said, ‘Let there be lights in the dome of the sky to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years, and let them be lights in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth.’ And it was so. God made the two great lights—the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night.’ [Genesis 1.14-16]
- Peacock: ‘And God said, ‘Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the dome of the sky.’ [Genesis 1.20]
On the first floor the theme is redemption expressed in red and gold:
These stark images represent aspects of Christ’s passion:
- Jesus is arrested: the image is of a barred window through which red light is reflected in the polished wooden floor
- Jesus is escorted by armed guard: the railing spikes echo the shapes of the spears of the Roman soldiers who led Jesus out of Jerusalem to be crucified.
- Jesus is crucified: the image is of a Benin bronze sculpture of the crucifixion. The Christ in this image holds his head up. The golden colours suggest that the cross is the victory of love over violence and death.
- Jesus is laid in the tomb: the tombstones caught in the evening light are at Kensal Green cemetery. The dead await the general resurrection with Christ.
- Jesus mystically offers himself to his followers in bread and wine: the Pelican is a medieval symbol of Christ’s self-offering in the Eucharist. This image is of the sundial at Corpus Christi College Oxford whilst it was shrouded for the quincentennial renovations in 2106
On the top floor the theme is regeneration expressed in orange and gold:
These images represent the work of the Holy Spirit
- The dove hovering over the waters: the spirit hovers over the water at creation and appears at Jesus’ baptism, ‘and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting on him’. [Matthew 3.16]
- Living Water: the water of life is promised by the Spirit in Revelation 22.17. This image is of running water at a Shinto Shrine in Miyajama, Japan, provided for worshippers to drink from the bamboo spoons pictured.
- Lights to the world: those who walk in the light of Christ bear this light for the world. This image is of a light installation on the South Bank of the river Thames in London.
- Dance: dance has been an image for the life of God in three persons, Father, Son and Holy spirit, since Patristic times. This image is of a flamenco dancer in Seville, Spain. It reflects the exuberance and energy of life lived in harmony with God’s perichoretic dance.
- Perspective: this detail of beach huts from Southwold focuses the attention ever deeper and further. Life in the Holy Spirit offers an eternal depth and cosmic perspective. | <urn:uuid:e8fee795-0574-41a8-bef3-e9acc9447994> | {
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You are to cite both textbooks, Canvas class lectures (weeks #1, #2, & #3), and Canvas class discussions (week #3). Outside sources may be used but in addition to the required citations (textbooks, lectures, class discussions). Outside sources must be academic sources. Asian Pacific America has been formed, informed, shaped and transformed by immigration and refugee policies from the first Asians to arrive in Hawai’i and California in the early 1800s to the most recent arrivals today in 2017. Professor Sucheng Chan at UC-Santa Barbara has argued that Asian Pacific Islander Americans have been group in U.S. history. Do you agree or disagree? If you agree with this assertion, what evidence is there of this claim? If you disagree with Professor Chan’s claim, discuss how discriminatory immigration policies and legislation have shaped Asian Pacific America (including citizenship, nationality, ethnicity, race, and identity of APAs.) Discuss the impact of the the , the , the , the on how Asian Pacific Islander Americans have been structurally excluded and/or incorporated into American society. How have these legislative policies informed APA identities? their citizenship? their “American-ness?” How have these laws contributed to the “abbreviated,” “truncated” and “disjointed” development of APA communities in the U.S.?
https://cheapessaywritingservices.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/whatsapp-logo-300x115.jpeg 0 0 Cheap essay writing services https://cheapessaywritingservices.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/whatsapp-logo-300x115.jpeg Cheap essay writing services2021-03-07 10:57:082021-03-07 10:57:08You are to cite both textbooks, Canvas class lectures (weeks #1, #2, & #3), and Canvas class discussions (week #3). Outside sources may be used | <urn:uuid:7bcb1d52-80a3-49b7-8047-f559bb79fa5d> | {
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The sunflower family, composed of an estimated 25,000–30,000 species, accounts for nearly 10% of all flowering plants. Global in distribution, the family occupies nearly every type of habitat on Earth and is marked by a complex inflorescence as seen in the North American sunflower, in which individual flowers are clustered to mimic a single large flower to lure pollinators. However, the origins, migration routes, and patterns of diversification that led to the family’s ecological success remain unclear. Asteraceae are clearly monophyletic, yet resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family has proven difficult, hindering our ability to understand its origin and diversification.
Using phylogenetic analysis of nearly 1,000 genomic locations in around 250 species, researchers found that the family likely originated around 83 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous Period in southern South America. The earliest diversification out of South America may have occurred around 56 million years ago, during a period of dramatic climate change.
Subsequently, the family rampantly diversified during the middle-to-late Eocene Epoch, 42–37 million years ago, a period marked by global cooling, resulting in more than 95% of existing species. Biogeographical analysis suggests that the family migrated to North America, south and central Africa, and Asia, with ancestral range estimates suggesting different possible dispersal routes out of South America.
Regardless of the actual route, the family’s prolific diversification and global colonization likely began once it reached Africa around 42 million years ago. The rapid mid-Eocene diversification is aligned with the biogeographic range shift to Africa where many of the modern-day tribes appear to have originated.
According to the authors, the findings illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying the wide reach and vibrant diversity of a major group of flowering plants.
Origin and diversification of sunflower family
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Speculative execution is one of the main techniques used by most modern high performance processors to improve performance. The concept behind speculative execution is that instructions are executed ahead of knowing that they are required. Without speculative execution, the processor would need to wait for prior instructions to be resolved before executing subsequent ones. By executing instructions speculatively, performance can be increased by minimizing latency and extracting greater parallelism. The results may be discarded if it is discovered that the instructions were not needed after all.
The most common form of speculative execution involves the control flow of a program. Instead of waiting for all branch instructions to resolve to determine which operations are needed to execute, the processor predicts the control flow using a highly sophisticated set of mechanisms. Usually the predictions are correct, which allows high performance to be achieved by hiding the latency of the operations that determine the control flow and increasing the parallelism the processor can extract by having a larger pool of instructions to analyze. However, if a prediction is wrong, then the work that was executed speculatively is discarded and the processor will be redirected to execute down the correct instruction path.
While speculative operations do not affect the architectural state of the processor, they can affect the microarchitectural state, such as information stored in Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) and caches. The side channel methods described in this white paper take advantage of the fact that the content of caches can be affected by speculative execution.
A side channel method works by gaining information through observing the system, such as by measuring microarchitectural properties about the system. Unlike buffer overflows and other vulnerability classes, side channels do not directly influence the execution of the program, nor do they allow data to be modified or deleted.
A cache timing side channel involves an agent detecting whether a piece of data is present in a specific level of the processor’s caches, where its presence may be used to infer some other piece of information. One method to detect whether the data in question is present is to use timers to measure the latency to access memory at the address. If the memory access takes a short time, then the data must be present in a nearby cache. If the access takes a longer time, then the data may not be in the nearby cache.
Intel has been working closely with the ecosystem, including other processor vendors and software developers, to identify mitigations for the side channel methods previously described. The mitigation strategy is focused on identifying techniques that can be applicable both for products currently in the market as well as for future products in development. Mitigations pursued address the attack method in question, as well as balancing that with other considerations such as performance impact and complexity of implementation. Enabling existing processor security features like Supervisor-Mode Execution Protection (SMEP) and Execute Disable Bit can substantially increase the difficulty of attacking a system. See the Related Intel Security Features section for additional details on these security features. Intel strongly recommends following good security practices that protect against malware in general, including always staying updated with the latest software patches and microcode and not installing untrusted software.
Intel has been working with OS vendors, Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) Vendors, and other software developers to mitigate these attacks.
As part of our normal development process, Intel may enhance the efficacy of these mitigations in upcoming processors.
Along with other companies whose platforms are potentially impacted by these new methods, Intel has worked with software vendors, equipment manufacturers, and other ecosystem partners to develop software and firmware updates that can protect systems from these methods. End users and systems administrators should check with their software vendors and system manufacturers and apply any available updates as soon as practical.
For malware to compromise security using these methods, it must be running locally on a system. Intel strongly recommends following good security practices that protect against malware in general. Doing so will also help protect against possible exploitation of these analysis methods.
The threat environment continues to evolve. Intel is committed to investing in the security and reliability of our products, and to working constructively with security researchers and others in the industry to help safeguard users’ sensitive information. Please see the Intel Security Center for more details. Intel is continuing to investigate architecture and/or microarchitecture changes to combat these types of attacks while maintaining high processor performance. | <urn:uuid:13318ea0-b2f0-45ea-b099-4b107e6ba4a3> | {
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2 Anonymous Asked: November 2, 20192019-11-02T12:07:55+00:00 2019-11-02T12:07:55+00:00In: Energy, Environmental ServicesIs fracking for shale gas really causing earthquakes/tremors or the ban is a publicity stunt of Boris Johnson’s government?2 Is fracking for shale gas really causing earthquakes/tremors or the ban is a publicity stunt of Boris Johnson’s government?gas ShareFacebook 1 AnswerOldestHaseeb 0 Questions 61 Answers 0 Best Answers 1,945 Points View Profile Haseeb Level 6 2019-11-21T22:15:39+00:00Added an answer on November 21, 2019 at Hydraulic fracturing refers to a technique that aims for the restoration of gas from shale rocks which are deeply bedded underground. The process includes millions of gallons of fluid (a mixture of water), sand and chemicals are injected at an extremely high pressure to break shale rocks.Waste and saltwater injections into the surface can cause small earthquakes, but some time may be large enough to be felt. Many injection wells for sewage are not correlated with felt earthquakes. In order to trigger earthquakes, a combination of various other factors is also mandatory for injection.In some EU countries, including France, Germany, Ireland, and parts of the UK (Scotland and Wales) fracking for shale gas is permanently banned. In the UK, fracking of shale gas has become controversial between recently. The Government had been aspiring for shale gas boom similar to the one which is being enjoyed in the US and could secure their energy independence. The UK believed that fracking has the potential to help reduce its imports of gas from Norway and Qatar. On the other side, the anti-fracking movement believes that fracking can result in earthquakes and immense damage to the countryside. The local residents and ecologists consider fracking it as a violation of the environmental policies and Parris agreement as it can cause not only earthquakes but also creates water pollution.The future of fracking is presently in doubt after Boris Johnson government banned shale gas explorations. The drilling was halted at the end of August after a magnitude of 2.9 earthquake triggered by Cuadrilla Resource operation at its Preston New Road facility in Lancashire.The British Geological Inspection concludes that the site of Cuadrilla contains approximately 2,300 trillion cubic feet of shale gas, which can support national energy requirements for over 100 years. In 2016, the Conservative government estimated that around 20 shale wells would become operational by the mid of 2017, but so far only three wells have been drilled. In 2018, the government survey found that 85% of British people support renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar and hydroelectric power alternative to fossil fuels and around 32 % of people in the country were in favour of shale gas. Boris Johnson’s government ban on fracking can be an election stunt ahead of December national election, where the environmental issue is expected to be strong. In the past, Boris Johnson was in favour of fracking in the UK. But suddenly he has turned his back on the shale gas industry. In preparation for the general election, Boris Johnson said that the ban would continue until new compelling evidence can be found for the safe extraction of shale gas. Jeremy Corbyn in a tweet said, “The Conservatives’ temporary pause of fracking is an election stunt to try and win a few votes.” 1Reply Share ShareShare on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare on WhatsAppLeave an answerCancel replyYou must login to add an answer. Username or email* Password* Remember Me! Forgot Password? | <urn:uuid:c960b485-4e04-40e1-92c0-7f05154e52ad> | {
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This article was taken from the February 2014 issue of Wired magazine. Be the first to read Wired's articles in print before they're posted online, and get your hands on loads of additional content by subscribing online.
Revolutions often come from connecting different branches of knowledge. Take space archaeology, a growing area of research that uses infrared satellite imagery to discover ancient buried cities. Or the use of micro-mechanical systems for high-throughput biological research, from medical implants to point-of-care diagnostic devices, a field that combines material sciences, medicine and engineering.
What if the same approach could be used to treat disease?
My team and I have been working on such a project at the Center for Bioengineering in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. We focused on a disease called diabetic retinopathy, one of the most common causes of blindness in the west.
The disease is defined by abnormal geometries of the capillaries in the retina, which disturb the hemo-dynamic forces inside the capillaries, leading to disease. It is difficult to study since the physics and mathematics that govern such complicated structures are themselves complex.
In our research, we used different areas of knowledge in order to find a critical threshold for the treatment of the pathological capillaries' structures using laser ablation. We used an analytical description of a simplified model as a starting point. Next, we generalised it using algorithms and verified our theoretical model using miniature models of those abnormal geometries, which were fabricated using nanoscience technologies. We then turned to biology to see how living cells react to such conditions and took our model to clinics, experimenting with human retinas to validate our findings. Our insights could have only emerged from bridging areas of knowledge.
But constructing disciplinary bridges is no easy task. Highly detailed and technically intricate concepts had to be abstracted to the point at which they were truly democratised. A course, which I recently developed at the Hebrew University, has confronted the discretised architecture of knowledge at that exact point. By promoting abstract thinking, open-ended assignments and student participation, we were able to deliver advanced trans-disciplinary concepts in mathematical programming such as network analysis, signal processing, module-oriented design and mathematical modelling to students of all disciplines.
For the course's first cycle, we chose 20 students from ten disciplines ranging from computer science and engineering to psychology. Students presented us with amazingly innovative projects spanning from 3D visualisation of clouds using links from Nasa satellites, to data-encryption and decryption using optical fibres.
These projects exemplify an up-and-coming revolution in the structure of knowledge: a trans-disciplinary revolution. Instead of the scattered old concrete buildings housing faculties of applied physics, chemistry or dance, which characterise academia, we'll erect buildings appropriated for the study of the origin of life or alternatives to a monetary economy. Instead of teaching high-school students classes in physics, biology and history, they shall be given, for instance, a class on the manifestation of consciousness.
Transdisciplinary learning also deals with classic education dilemmas. It tackles the dissolution problem of the disciplines of humanities by giving fields of study such as history, ethics and philosophy a key role in the integrative approach to our interests. It also highlights the fact that knowledge today is abundant and that the role of schools has to change accordingly by promoting curiosity toward the world and teaching just how bodies of knowledge can be integrated into new objects.
Specialisation is important, but it is not the only thing that matters. Disciplinary boundaries can be dissolved to the point where our challenges are reduced to modular design -- where curiosity becomes the meaning.
Elishai Ezra is a PhD candidate in bioengineering and a 2013 INK fellow. He lectures in mathematical programming at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. | <urn:uuid:e38488f6-22e2-4c65-9758-319b773f07e6> | {
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As the authorities struggled to get the power back on in Sandy-stricken areas of the northeastern United States last week, I couldn't help but think: Wouldn't it be nice if some of the infrastructure itself had its own power? Studio Roosegaarde, the Netherlands-based "international design laboratory," has a neat idea along these lines. Their Smart Highway project was awarded Best Future Concept at the Dutch Design Awards earlier this week.
The Smart Highway's brilliant central idea is that the road surface would have glow-in-the-dark elements embedded within it that would soak up sunlight during the day, allowing them to store up 10 hours' worth of illumination at night. There would also be graphic elements, like giant painted snowflakes that would appear in response to low temperatures, to indicate freezing conditions and warn drivers of slipperiness.
While the project won Best Future Concept, this isn't pie-in-the-sky; Studio founder Daan Roosegaarde has partnered up with a paint manufacturer that can actually produce the stuff, and with the help of Dutch infrastructure management group Heijmans, they'll begin applying it to a several-hundred-meter stretch of roadway in Brabant, Holland, sometime next year. "Heijmans and Roosegaarde," Daan told Wired UK, "are not going to wait any longer for innovations to find their way through the political system, but will start building this highway now." | <urn:uuid:dd69f914-93d5-4fe4-85c0-15ad3519bee1> | {
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Protein synthesis is your body's ability to absorb and utilise protein, and apparently it does have a limit. While your muscles do benefit from the nutrient, your body can only handle so much protein at once. Dr Doug Paddon-Jones, a professor of nutrition and metabolism at the University of Texas Medical Branch states:Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is maximized by 25 to 35 grams of high-quality protein during a meal.Protein synthesis allows your body to build and repair muscle. Essentially, the more exercise you do the more you inflict micro-tears on your muscle and it is protein's job to help that muscle heal as well as grow bigger and stronger. However, if you have fewer than 25 grams of protein in your meals, muscle pains will only persist as the body does not have the building blocks to repair the damage. But, on the opposite end of the scale, if you consume more than 35 grams of protein then the excess doesn't get used. Instead, this excess protein rather gets wasted... down the toilet.So, what does the magic 25-35 grams of protein look like in one sitting?The perfect protein portion size Getty ImagesPerfect protein portion sizes1 cup of cottage cheese has 28 grams of protein.1 cup of greek yoghurt and a handful of nuts gives you the bare minimum of 25 grams.A palm-sized portion of steak, fish or chicken leaves you with a whopping 28 grams of protein. 3 whole eggs, as well as an additional 3 egg whites, give you 27 grams of protein.1 scoop of whey-based protein powder is equal to 25 grams of protein.Protein powder is a good way to measure protein intake Getty ImagesSo, maybe eating a steak the size of your face really isn't what's best for you after all. In fact, if you find yourself piling up your plate with too much protein then you could be pushing out room for other key nutrients from healthier sources such as fruit, vegetables and nuts that could also help repair and grow your muscle as well as supply your body with a multitude of other good things. When is the best time to eat protein?Also, you may want to slow down when you get home from the gym instead of rushing to the kitchen to eat that chicken and rice. Your body's elevated protein sensitivity actually lasts 24 hours after a good session. One study conducted by McMaster University concluded that the body's elevated protein sensitivity could even last as much as 24-48 hours post-workout.What matters more than when you eat protein is instead, how much protein you eat over a day. Rather than aiming for a nice round 60 grams of protein a day, it may be better to aim for 25-35 grams of protein 4 or more times a day. Make sure that one of these meals are about 1-2 hours before and after your workout for maximum benefits. | <urn:uuid:d27487bb-46cc-4594-a975-8eb5d62063d0> | {
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I can create characters, point of view and conflict in a plot.
- 10 minutes Time to finish your personal 6 word memoirs
- Read Narrative Elements: Characterization together
- Together: Read 1st chapter of The Maze Runner and annotate; fill out character chart for Thomas
- OYO: Read 1st chapter of Looking for Alaska and annotate; fill out character chart for Pudge>>>>>Finish for Homework | <urn:uuid:dde1f70d-7697-4efc-9391-5cda3adb8098> | {
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May 18, 2013
Researchers Propose New Gravitational Wave Detector
John P. Millis, Ph.D. for redOrbit.com — Your Universe Onlinegravitational force is so much weaker than that of electricity and magnetism. Also, the force carrier itself, the gravitational wave, has never been directly observed. Observations of a binary neutron star system provided the first indirect evidence of gravitational waves. The authors of that study, Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr., were honored with the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.
However, if sensitive enough detectors could be constructed, then scientists could begin constructing a gravitational map of the cosmos. Andrew Geraci, University of Nevada, Reno physics professor explains, "directly detecting gravitational waves from astrophysical sources enables a new type of astronomy, which can give us 'pictures' of the sky analogous to what we have by using telescopes. In this way the invention of a gravitational wave detector, which lets us 'see' the universe through gravity waves, is analogous to the invention of the telescope, which let us see the universe using light. Having such detectors will allow us to learn more about astrophysical objects in our universe, such as black holes."
But now, researchers are proposing a new type of instrument that would detect gravitational waves originating from the distant edges of the Universe.
As Geraci notes, "Gravitational waves represent one of the missing pieces of Einstein's theory of general relativity. While there is a global effort already out there to find gravitational waves, our proposed method is an alternate approach with greater sensitivity in a significantly smaller device. Our detector is complementary to existing gravitational wave detectors, in that it is more sensitive to sources in a higher frequency band, so we could see signals that other detectors might potentially miss."
This new device, designed by Geraci and colleague Asimina Arvanitaki at Stanford University, would set a small, laser-cooled, tunable sensor floating in the center of an optical cavity. Since the sensor would lack any friction inside the vessel, the system would operate with greater sensitivity than other experiments.
"Gravity waves propagate from the remote corners of our universe, they stretch and squeeze the fabric of space-time. A passing gravity wave changes the physically measured distance between two test masses - small discs or spheres. In our approach, such a mass experiences minimal friction and therefore is very sensitive to small forces," says Geraci.
If successful, the detector proposed by Geraci and Arvanitaki could surpass the sensitivity of the other gravitational wave observatories on the horizon, particularly in the search for signals in the 50 to 300 kilohertz band.
Their paper, "Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with optically levitated sensors," has been published in Physical Review Letters, a publication of the physics organization American Physical Society. | <urn:uuid:89f4df65-b06e-4bd5-a5f5-ec34d2a2b711> | {
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Hochiminh cityJuly 15, 2014
Everpia distributors meeting 2014July 19, 2014
[toggle title=”Cotton materials”]
- It is spine from the fiber of cotton trees to produce fabric. Cotton is the favorable material worldwide as it most suitable material for garment since reasonable prices, durability, ventilation and appropriate in both winter and summer. However, there are many types of cotton: Cotton 100%, Egyptian Cotton, Jacquard, Cotton Silk, Mixed Cotton…
- Cotton is soft and easy to use, with high resistance, easy to sew, easy to wash, have high moisture permeability. Cotton fabrics are good air circulation that make we feel cool in hot weather and warm in cold weather.
- Cotton is the most popular material in bedding items because of fitting to any weather condition and bringing comfort feels to the user.
- However, it should be noted that cotton fabrics are very shrinked after washing. This is a normal phenomenon and fabrics will be beautiful flat back after being ironed.
- Polyester fibers are often added to cotton to form the CVC fabric to be more durable and smooth,
[toggle title=”Pattern printed fabric”]
- The fabrics are printed patterns onto the surface after weaving and printed fabrics are smoother than normal fabrics.
- Fabrics are pattern printed after weaving and dyeing. Some floral fabrics, fibers are dyed initially before woven into fabric.
[toggle title=”Egyptian cotton”]
- Egyptian cotton is the common name for long fiber cotton type originated from Egypt (currently, grown throughout the world). This type of cottons are natural gloss, more durable and much softer than other cottons. The long cotton fiber has long been considered the king of cotton types.
- Short fibers are removed completely during production process, ensuring superior quality of the fabric.
- Only long fibers cotton are used to produce satin fabrics. Other kinds of cotton are produced normal of twill woven fabrics.
[toggle title=”Jacquard fabrics”]
- Jacquard fabric or flowery textile fabric allows weaving sunk patterns on the surface of fabrics, so they are more luxurious and more expensive than flowery fabric.
- Jacquard fabric is the common name and also called cotton jacquard fabric, silk jacquard or artificial jacquard but the names doesn’t’ mean materials to be used.
[toggle title=”Some synthetic fabrics”]
- CVC Fabric is made by mixed cotton and polyester fibers in which cotton is major components (cotton has much more ratio than polyester). This would made up wrinkle-resistant fabric, faster color and more durable than normal cotton fabric.
- TC Fabric is made from cotton, polyester and viscose fiber in which polyester and viscose are major (35% of cotton, viscose and polyester are remaining). This made up a beautiful fabric, water resistant, very durable, fast color and wrinkle free. However, this fabric is not airy as CVC or Cotton. These materials are used a lot in cheap bedding items.
[toggle title=”cotton jacquard”]
- A type of pattern woven cotton on the fabric surface, made up a high aesthetic fabric.
- Cotton jacquard is single layer fabric. The patterns are created by modifying weave mode at a certain point on the surface of the fabric.
- This textile technology is more advanced and more complex than the usual so woven silk fabric (or flowery textile fabric) are also usually more expensive than ordinary fabric and flowery printed fabric.
- The fabric also called as “Silk Cotton” or “Fiber Cotton”. This called is a mistake that confusing the customer.
- A type of cotton is mixed with high-quality silk material to increase the comfort to the users and more durable but more reasonable price | <urn:uuid:5dffdd44-b93c-4107-b17d-479a094354e6> | {
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Basic metabolic panel
|Basic metabolic panel|
|LOINC||24320-4, 24321-2, 51990-0|
A basic metabolic panel (BMP) (also urea and electrolytes or U&E, or urea, electrolytes, creatinine, or UEC or EUC in some countries) is a set of seven or eight blood chemical tests and is one of the most common lab tests ordered by health care providers. The BMP provides key information regarding fluid and electrolyte status, kidney function, blood sugar levels, and response to various medications and other medical therapies. It is frequently employed as a screening tool during a physical exam.
The basic metabolic panel is a simpler version of the Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), which includes tests for liver function.
The version with seven tests is often referred to by medical professionals in USA as the "CHEM-7", or "SMA-7" (Sequential Multiple Analysis-7). Because it is such a common test, this term is commonly sprinkled into the scripts of popular American TV medical dramas, increasing public exposure to the term.
The seven parts of a CHEM-7 are tests for:
- Four electrolytes:
These levels, taken as a set, can be rapidly performed to indicate several common acute conditions requiring immediate specific medical treatment, such as dehydration/hypovolemia, water intoxication (which can present with similar symptoms as dehydration but requires the opposite treatment), diabetic shock (either ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia), congestive heart failure, renal failure or liver failure, various substance overdoses or adverse reactions, and others. A Chem-7 is thus a vital tool when attempting to stabilize a patient.
Calcium (Ca2+) is often considered part of the BMP, though, by definition, it is not part of the CHEM-7. A basic metabolic panel including calcium is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "CHEM-8". Calcium, as a light alkali metal, is also an electrolyte, but abnormalities are more commonly associated with malnutrition, osteoporosis, or malignancy, especially of the thyroid.
These lab values are often listed in a standard grid:
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003481
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003484
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003485
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003469
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003474
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003475
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003482
- "BASIC METABOLIC PANEL, SERUM". Retrieved 2007-08-26.[dead link]
- "Basic Metabolic Panel-Topic Overview". Retrieved 2007-08-26. | <urn:uuid:5ba0e633-e516-4134-8810-b4bc78cb478e> | {
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A Queen You Should Know
Njinga Mbandi was known under several names throughout her life and throughout history itself. Her several names were Nzinga Mbande, Dona Ana de Sousa, Zhinga, Ana de Souza, N’Zhinga, and Jinga (Confederation). Njinga got her name from her mother’s umbilical cord being wrapped around her neck at birth; “kujinga” in Kimbundu means to twist or turn (Confederation). Queen Njinga was born in the year of 1583 in Ndongo Kingdom; there is no month or day available of her actual birth. She was the ruler of the Mbundu and Matamba people of Angola for several years, even until her death in 1663; she was in her eighties and died peacefully (Snethen).
The Mbundu people created the Ndongo Kingdom in which was ruled by King Ngola at the time; the country’s name, Angola, derived from King Ngola (Mbundu). Mbundu is also known as “Kimbundu.” According to Britannica, they are the second largest ethnolinguistic group in Angola; the language spoken is Kimbundu, in which is a Bantu language. The Mbundu control more so of north-central Angola until this day (Britannica).
The Portuguese began exploring further into Central Africa to expand their colonization. They changed geographical direction due to the English and French threatening their monopoly of slave trading along the West Coast of Africa (Snethen). The African West Coast was the main trading center of enslaved Africans. The Portuguese were moving in to attempt to colonize Luanda. Luanda is the current capital of Angola, founded in 1575; it is located in the northwestern region of Angola.
In order to control Luanda, the Portuguese attacked the Ndongo Kindgom and many of their trading partners. This strategic move gave the Mbundu people nowhere else to turn except to the Portuguese (Engle). A Portuguese port was established in Luanda in 1617. This established settlement added fuel to the fire of anger and hostility. There was an attempt to calm the hostility between the Ndongo and the Portuguese. The Portuguese Governor, Joao Corria de Sousa, wanted to meet with King Ngola after running him out of his kingdom and taking thousands of his people prisoner (Snethen). King Ngola sent Njinga to the negotiation (Engle).
King Ngola was seen as weak to his people due to him falling to the Portuguese. He then committed suicide, in which left the kingdom to Queen Njinga in 1624. He only ruled for seven years (Confederation). “Other accounts claim Nzinga [Njinga] poisoned her brother, or murdered her bother’s son, the heir, after Ngola committed suicide, in order to seize power” (Engle).
One of the most talked about events during this time was Queen Njinga’s first meeting with the Portuguese. “In the first set of meetings Nzinga [Njinga] sought to establish her equality with the representative of the Portugal crown. Noting that the only chair in the room belonged to Governor Corria, she immediately motioned to one of her assistants who fell on her hands and knees and served as a chair for Nzinga [Njinga] for the rest of the meeting.”
Queen Njinga converted to Christianity and changed her name to Dona Anna de Souza to accommodate the Portuguese. It was said that King Ngola committed suicide due to the Portuguese demands of submitting to the slave trade business (Snethen). Queen Njinga refused the Portuguese’s demands. She then took over a nearby Kingdom of Matamba. She took Queen Mwongo Matamba’s army and joined it to the Ndongo Kingdom. She also welcomed runaway slaves captured by the Portuguese to join her army to help fight in the war against Portugal that lasted thirty years. Queen Njinga called upon all other tribes and kingdoms in Luanda that was controlled by the Portuguese(Engle).
Queen Njinga was known for her interesting army. “She kept consorts men who were required to dress as women, and she trained her ladies-in-waiting as warriors.” She also refused to be acknowledged as Queen, only as King (Engle). Njinga believed greatly in female empowerment and strength.
Another strategic move that she decided upon was reaching out to the Dutch, whom were in competition with Portugal. She proposed for them to join her army. Although Queen Njinga’s army grew greater and stronger, it was not enough to defeat the Portuguese. In order to defeat Portugal in a more strategic manner, she then started developing the Matamba and Ndongo Kingdoms as trading centers (Engle). Queen Njinga successfully resisted the colonization of the Portuguese through her military tactics and strategic maneuvers. She was the first female ruler of the Mbundu people and created a Kingdom of success.
I personally have never heard of Queen Njinga Mbandi, but I have heard of the Ndongo Kingdom and the Mbundu tribe due to me finding out that I am part Angolan from a DNA ancestry testing. Women who take charge as Queen Njinga did are truly inspirational to me. Her willingness to take leadership in the time of need for her people remind me of myself, minus the poisoning and murder of family in order to take that leadership role.
Queen Njinga took no disrespect nor did she allow herself to be belittled. In her first meeting with Governor Joao Corria de Sousa, she motioned one of her assistants to kneel on her hands and knees to provide her with a seat since the only seat in the room was for Governor Corria. In a way, this was challenging Governor Corria; she may have been proving a point that she had more power because she had the power to make one of her assistants to bow down to her authority. Governor Corria may not have had that power. Queen Njinga showed the Portuguese that she was nor would ever be inferior to them. She was a Queen and was going to be respected as such. Many women in today’s society have forgotten their power and entitlement as queens. Even after the death of King Ngola and his son, many including the Portuguese refused to acknowledge Queen Njinga as the ruler of the Ndongo Kingdom. She proved that she was the crown by overtaking the Matamba Kingdom and creating it as her own, as well as how she led her army. Njinga trained the women in her army as warriors; she held them to a higher position than she did for the men in her army. Men consorts were required to wear dresses and dress like women; this was her example of proving a woman was in power by belittling the position and ideology of what a man’s power and/or authority is supposed to be.
Until this day, Queen Njinga is one of the most respected rulers of not only amongst the Mbundu and Matamba people, but of the country of Angola. She was known to be a proud victorious woman from the meaning of her name. She also seen first hand how to rule a kingdom from her father favoring her and allowing her to sit beside him during important meetings; he even took her to war with him, where she learned effective military tactics (Confederation).
The success of Queen Njinga Mbande reassured my beliefs that women need to hold themselves to a higher standard. It is okay to lead and take charge regardless if this makes men feel inferior or lessens their ego. Women are strong enough to be the creators of life, raise the children that will then lead the nation, therefore women can lead a kingdom.
Britannica The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed.. 2016, Encyclopædia. “Mbundu.” Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2016. Web. 13 Sept. 2016. <http:// http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Mbundu.aspx>.
Confederation, Africa. “Kimundu History.” Untitled Document. Africa Confederation, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2016. <http://www.blackpast.org/gah/queen-nzinga-1583-1663>.
Engle, KeriLynn. “Ana Nzinga Mbande, Fearless African Queen.” AWH. N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazingwomeninhistory.com%2Fanna- nzinga-mbande-fearless-africa-queen%2F>.
“Mbundu”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 13 Sep. 2016
Snethen, Jessica. “Queen Nzinga.” Black Past. Black Past, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2016. <http:// http://www.blackpast.org/gah/queen-nzinga-1583-1663>. | <urn:uuid:acf91e2a-b930-4534-8489-8badb50d8f5c> | {
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Approximately half of cancer patients experience insomnia, and many are sleep problems that persist throughout the year.
Up to 10 percent of adults suffer from chronic insomnia and cancer patients are particularly susceptible to this, the researchers note in the edition of Sleep Medicine.
Despite the fact that sleep disorders are associated with worse consequences for cancer patients, studies to date do not give a clear picture of what the circumstances may affect the sleep problem.
For the current study, researchers examined data from 405 cancer patients in Germany who were 59 years old on average, and assessed their condition twice: at the beginning of the study and 12 months later.
The most common malignancies are breast cancer, prostate cancer or testicular, and colorectal cancer. Most patients, 83 percent were treated for cancer for the first time. The other had a relapse or secondary tumors.
At the beginning of the study, 49 percent of patients were insomnia symptoms, and 13 percent were serious enough trouble sleeping, according to Katharina Schieber, a researcher. A year later, 64 percent of patients were still suffering from the symptoms (53 percent of women and 39 percent of men). Both women and men the level of stress, depression and anxiety increased during the year.
The study was not a controlled experiment designed to prove whether the cancer cause insomnia or sleep problems may affect the results of the treatment. However, the results provide further evidence that insomnia is associated with cancer does not go away by itself.
"Insomnia can be a common cancer for several reasons - explain the researchers -. Firstly, the psychological effects of cancer diagnosis and the impact of treatment alone are enough to cause sleep problems But other behaviors may worsen or sleep, or increase the likelihood that. a short-term or a temporary problem with a dream will become chronic and prolonged disorder known as insomnia. "
To make matters worse, the cancer patients who are worried about insomnia, threatening the results of their treatment, are prone to develop even worse state. | <urn:uuid:7df9b140-4d53-40f3-80a2-298bb1e1bf78> | {
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Date & time
By 1920 thousands of New Guinea headhunting tribesmen of the Marind community had fallen sick with disfiguring, unexplained genital ulcers. The evolution of this extraordinary and unique epidemic can be traced from the opening up of the Pacific region in the 19th century, through the period of forcible pacification by the Dutch authorities and on to a remarkable campaign by an outspoken Flemish missionary to secure help from the outside world. Experts were sent to investigate and a German husband and wife medical team conducted an remarkable exercize in case finding and treatment to roll back the epidemic. The missionaries experimented with a new model village programme which successfully isolated uninfected young families and was later adopted by the government as a substantially more coercive blueprint for the entire population. Today’s Marind are marginalized by mass transmigration from other parts of Indonesia and a shocking land-grab by international agribusiness interests.
The semen practices of the Marind made them highly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. The suppression of headhunting and the epidemics which afflicted the Marind almost certainly intensified these practices at a time when they most needed to rein them in. Three different epidemics devastated the Marind, commencing with tubal infertility (due to gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia), then the eruption of donovanosis and then the highly lethal Spanish influenza of 1918. A new hypothesis is presented to explain the dramatic eruption of donovanosis which has no parallel anywhere else in the world. The conclusion made is that, unlike tubal infertility and influenza which were imports from outside, donovanosis was previously a sporadic endemic disease whose transmission was amplified dramatically by intensified semen rituals in response, firstly, to a severe and rising infertility which could no longer be offset by abducting infants during headhunting raids and, secondly to the devastating impact of the Spanish influenza epidemic.
About the Speaker: John Richens is a retired doctor born in and living in Cambridge, UK and son of Dick Richens who is credited with the invention of semantic networks for machine translation in 1956. He studied classics and then medicine at King’s College Cambridge and King’s College London. He worked as a general physician in Goroka New Guinea from 1984 to 1990 after studying for a Master’s degree in clinical tropical medicine at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. His interest in the tropical sexually transmitted infection, donovanosis, was sparked by the patients with this infection he encountered while working in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Following his return to the UK he worked and taught as an academic specialist in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases at University College London and overseas as a consultant to the World Health Organization and other aid agencies. | <urn:uuid:6fba99fc-5829-47ca-b35c-5ad8b6fd0ddc> | {
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Energy harnessed from the sun is predicted to displace fossil fuels by 2050 as the cost of solar cells plummets
Solar power will reach commercial “take-off” within a decade and displace fossil fuels to become the world’s biggest source of electricity by 2050, according to stunning new forecasts from the International Energy Agency.
The IEA said the cost of photovoltaic panels would continue to plummet, falling by a further 60 per cent for household rooftops and 70 per cent for power companies even after the dramatic gains of the recent years.
Solar has already achieved “socket parity” for consumers in a string of countries, including Australia, Germany, Italy, and Holland, chiefly due to a fall in the price of solar cells to US80c ($1) a watt from US$4 in 2008. The agency expects prices to reach US30c by 2050, though what increasingly matters is the rapid fall in “soft costs” for installation as solar goes mainstream.
The gains will happen just as carbon pricing pushes up costs for fossil fuels, creating a scissor action in the global energy market. “The take-off is around 2025 to 2030. By then the cost of solar will be US$100 per megawatt/hour and will compete with fuels facing carbon prices of US$50 a tonne,” said the agency.
The IEA expects carbon prices to climb as high as US$150 by mid-century. The key powers agreed last week in New York to draft a new treaty to cut greenhouse gases, to be completed next year.
China is already drawing up its own carbon pricing scheme in a drive to clean up toxic smog in its largest cities.
The IEA said the stock of installed solar power worldwide will reach 200 gigawatts (GW) next year as China and Japan add vast amounts of new capacity, five years earlier than expected.
“Things have changed very rapidly,” said the agency’s director Maria van der Hoeven.
The pace will then accelerate, reaching a crescendo of 200GW of extra capacity each year from 2025 onwards. This annual addition would be five times Britain’s current electricity use from all energy sources.
This assumes that the world can come up with US$44 trillion of fresh investment on plans to “carbonise the planet” by then. These are staggering sums. Spending on the entire fossil fuels industry is currently US$900 billion a year.
Van der Hoeven said it will take “clear, credible and consistent signals” from government to crank up the two forms of solar power. “Both technologies are very capital intensive: almost all expenditures are made upfront. Lowering the cost of capital is thus of primary importance,” she said.
The agency said “transitional policy support mechanisms” would be needed for a while to ensure that solar reaches critical mass in most markets.
If it all comes together, solar will provide 27 per cent of the world’s power by 2050, with the fastest catch-up in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
The biggest gains will be in off-grid regions covering 1.3 billion people, which will leapfrog the 20th century model of grid infrastructure just as mobile telephones have swept regions with no fixed lines.
The agency said the best zones for capturing solar rays is between latitudes of 15 to 40 degrees on either side of the equator, and best at higher elevations. Tropical regions tend to be cloudier.
Van der Hoeven said there would be “massive deployment” of solar thermal power after 2025 as utilities take advantage of in-built thermal storage which allows them to store electricity during peak sunshine and release it later at night.
These are typically huge arrays of solar panels in arid areas that concentrate the sun on to receivers. Spain is the world number one, led by Abengoa’s Solaben park in Extremadura.
A new trend is towards “solar-fossil hybridisation” under way in North Africa, Iran, and the US where a solar field is built around a coal plant, with surges of solar output used for steam pressure extraction. These “solar boosters” can cut costs and CO2 emissions at the same time.
The agency said growth of rooftop solar will start to peak once it has saturated power grids and driven down wholesale electricity prices. This assumes that there is no major breakthrough in battery storage costs, yet fresh research in the US and Japan suggests that this too could change very fast.
Organic flow batteries using quinones — abundant in rhubarb — may ultimately displace the current generation of high-cost batteries requiring rare metals.
Any such shift could lead to total self-sufficiency for households in warm dry climates, triggering a general stampede away from the grid.
For more stories from off-grid.net search here
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Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:027ff706-25b3-4706-872d-059be360d940> | {
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One major argument against the young-earth creationist position has been the apparent great age of distant galaxies. Those galaxies are so distant that the light that we see would have taken billions of years to reach us at its current speed. Therefore, the argument goes that they would have to be at least billions of years old. Obviously, this is not in agreement with the young earth/universe creation position. However, this argument is not valid if the speed of light was faster in the past.
"Deep time” is the underlying assumption behind the modern cosmological “Big-Bang Theory” and everything that flows from it in the modern scientific establishment, including geology with its millions of years of earth-history, and the modern biological theory of evolution that requires, we are told, millions of years to form life as we know it. Dr. Don DeYoung in his book Thousands not Billions defines “deep time” thus:
The redshift is an effect observed in astronomical data in which the color of light from distant objects is shifted toward longer wavelengths (the red end of the spectrum).
In this short article, we shall not try to examine thoroughly every attempted interpretation of the red shift, but we shall briefly examine a few generally well-known ones and primarily focus on a relatively new one.
The following are some well-known conventional explanations of redshift:
One problem for young-earth creationists (those claiming that God created the universe only thousands of years ago, rather than billions of years ago) has been the apparent great age of distant galaxies.
Scientists Travel U.S. Highway 441 Between Cherokee, NC and Gatlinburg,
TN to Test Hydrothermal Fluid Transport Model
for Polonium Radiohalo Formation
From time to time, new research results give additional insight into the Biblical flood. In fact, for one who understands the Biblical flood, many current discoveries are easy to understand. For example, a recent article in Science “calls for critical reappraisal of all mudstones previously interpreted as having been continuously deposited under still waters”. 1 Because mud sediments are “the dominant sediment type on earth”, this reappraisal has tremendous implications for our understanding of the entire geological column.
Good scientific theories are able to explain data and make testable predictions. For the Christian, a third element is required, that the theory be in harmony with the clear teachings of scripture. Some creation scientists even begin with scripture to formulate theories and hypotheses. In this essay, we will look at three predictions ultimately based on scripture, made by physicist Russell Humphreys of the Institute for Creation Research. The predictions deal with (1) the magnitude and dynamics of planetary magnetic fields, (2) the existence of a cosmic rotation axis, and (3) diffusion of helium through zircons. All of these predictions are in accord with a young earth interpretation of Genesis 1. As we will see, the data fit the predictions well.
D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.
For those who adhere to a literal interpretation of Genesis and believe in a young earth, scripture is the first, final, and unrivaled authority (sola scriptura) on the questions of the origin of the universe, the origin of life, the origin of man, and the age of the earth. Young Earth Creationists (sometimes referred to as “YECs”) believe that the Bible is inerrant and clear in its teachings about origins. Good exegesis based upon the grammatical-historical hermeneutical approach and comparing scripture with scripture leads to the conclusion that the earth was created in six 24-hour days in the recent past. Nature viewed through the lens of scripture lends support to the recent creation view.
Figure 1. Rounded quartzite gravel mixed with angular gravel within residual piedmont soil suggesting abrasion by water transport. Underlying weathered rock is not quartzite.
Young earth creation scientists who agree on what the bible teaches about creation may still disagree on the interpretation of natural phenomena. Such is the case with creation scientists Robert Gentry 1 | <urn:uuid:cc6722c1-c46d-4ee7-9ad1-404ad3c1d8e6> | {
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As concern about climate change has grown, nuclear energy — long a polarizing subject — has gained increasing favorability. Its low carbon footprint, reliable power supply and strong safety record convinced many critics that nuclear power should be a bigger part of our energy mix.
That newfound favorability suffered a setback on March 11, 2011, when an earthquake struck off the coast of Japan. The resulting tsunami damaged the backup systems essential to the safe shutdown of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power station. Over the next several weeks, as the Japanese people struggled to limit the extent of the damage, a slow-motion accident unfolded. While the world watched, radioactive cesium, iodine and other nuclides were released to the air and surrounding ocean.
Suddenly, the nuclear power renaissance seemed very much in doubt.
For more than 50 years, Oregon State’s Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics (NERHP) has been engaged in nuclear power plant design and safety research. Lately, our department has been in the spotlight because of our focus on creating safer and simpler nuclear technology, such as the NuScale small modular reactor. But Fukushima brought attention to a lesser-known competence at OSU: radioecology.
Oregon State is one of the last U.S. academic institutions actively doing research in this unique, interdisciplinary field, which focuses on the movement of radioactive nuclides and their impact on humans and the environment. We travel to places like Johnston Atoll in the Pacific to evaluate radiological risk and find strategies to clean up Cold War-era contamination. We study radionuclide uptake by plants and animals — findings that have been incorporated into environmental protection standards for the U.S. Department of Energy, as well as guidance by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
After Fukushima, we answered hundreds of calls from the public and media. In June 2011, we participated in a Woods Hole Institution expedition to the Fukushima coast on the research vessel Ka’imikai-O-Kanaloa with funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the National Science Foundation. We designed and built a radiological sampling system for seawater and helped collect and analyze marine organisms for contamination. We studied mechanisms of radiological contamination of tea plants in Japan. With Corvallis-based Earthfort, we tested the company’s proprietary compound for reducing the movement of radiocesium in soils in hopes that it might be used in Japan. And we joined the OSU Marine Council Action Coordination Team dealing with marine debris arriving on our coastline.
Our research has helped put Fukushima in perspective. The tragic accident caused a slowdown in nuclear power development worldwide. But today, scientists are reasonably confident that the radiation will have no measurable public health effects. And the best reasons for pursuing this energy technology remain: reliable power with minimal carbon emissions.
We will remain on the frontlines of reactor safety, radioecology and environmental protection. We will continue to advocate for more research and public education in radiation sciences so that as a society we can make informed choices about our energy mix.
Editor’s note: Higley’s expertise has been highly sought by news media covering the consequences of the Fukushima disaster. See her comments on the burial of radioactive wastes in the Nov. 5, 2012 Christian Science Monitor. | <urn:uuid:32ca1e4f-96d9-4e09-b24f-a6a87e90630f> | {
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Kilcolman Castle was the residence in Ireland of Sir Edmund Spenser, who served as secretary to Sir Arthur Grey, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, from 1580 until the end of his life in 1599. Here Spenser worked on his great epic, The Faerie Queene (Sir Walter Raleigh visited Spenser at Kilcolman in the late 1580's and reports that Spenser was composing the poem at this time). Parts of this great epic poem, particularly Book V, "Justice," can be seen as allegorical depictions of the need for a more stern rule of Ireland by the English. Spenser's prose work, A View of the Present State of Ireland (written in the early 1590's), was a clear call for a militant conquest of Ireland. Spenser's castle was destroyed and he was driven back to England during the Irish revolts in the 1590's, and only this shell remains, in the midst of a farmer's field and a bird sanctuary.
Approach to the castle remains--W&L students visible in right foreground.
The remains of Spenser's castle . . . and a classic Irish sky in the background.
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If you are interested in outdoor gardening, and if you do not have access to a greenhouse, you will need to know your plant hardiness zone to have a successful garden. Before you buy any plants or seeds, take a moment to research your plant hardiness zone, also referred to as a “growing zone,” or simply a “planting zone,” or “hardiness zone.” Especially if you are a self-taught, beginner gardener, knowing your planting zone will help you determine what plants and seeds you should buy.
What are plant hardiness zones?
Plant hardiness zones are different areas you can find on a Plant Hardiness Zone Map. A Plant Hardiness Zone Map divides different locations into different “zones,” based on how cold the location usually gets during the winter. These zones are calculated based on a location’s average extreme minimum temperature. It’s important to know your planting zone because certain plants will die if the weather gets too cold for them. Your planting zone will show you which plants and seeds you should buy, and which ones simply do not have a chance of surviving in your area.
The original Plant Hardiness Zone Map was created by the USDA in 2012, to help agricultural companies in the United States and Puerto Rico determine which plants to grow in different locations. The map has since been adopted by backyard and small-scale gardeners. Many gardening websites have the map, or slightly revised versions of the map, on their own websites as well.
You can find the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map here. Search by your address and you will find your zone, based on the color-coded map.
After you learn your plant hardiness zone
Once you know your plant hardiness zone, you need to know your “hardiness dates” or your “frost dates.” Frost dates are important because plants are vulnerable to cold weather, and they are more likely to survive if they are planted before the first frost date or after the last frost date.
For example, let’s say you live in Zone 9b. If you want to give your plants the best chance of survival, you will not plant them between December 15-ish to February 15-ish, because that’s when the weather is the coldest in your area.
Plant hardiness zones and hardiness dates are not exact science, but they are a great guide, especially for a beginner gardener.
Average frost dates by plant hardiness zone
|Zone||First Frost Date||Last Frost Date|
|3||September 15||May 15|
|4||September 15||May 15|
|5||October 15||April 15|
|6||October 15||April 15|
|7||October 15||April 15|
|8||November 15||March 15|
|9||December 15||February 15|
|10||December 15||January 30|
Note: Zones 1 and 2 are not found in the United States, and Zones 11-13 do not freeze.
After you learn your hardiness dates
For those who are buying seeds and plants online, once you know your plant hardiness zone and your hardiness dates, you can research which plants are able to grow in your zone. A simple web search such as “fruits and vegetables for zone ___” will guide you in the right direction.
PRO TIP for beginners: Your local nursery has seeds and plants for sale. The gardeners at your local nursery will more than likely be able to answer any questions you have regarding the best plants for your location and the best times to plant, as well as provide additional tips.
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Oeur Sokuntevy is a young Cambodian artist whose colorful and planar depictions of women references both traditional and Western art. Emerging from a culture torn apart by war and now rebuilding itself, the artist deals with the disparate values of traditional and modern culture. (scroll down to read more)
The traditional role of the Cambodian woman is one of subservience and dependency on the man. This idea comes from the Code of Conduct for Women (Ch'bab Srey) which was once heralded as the pinnacle of Khmer culture. This ideal is slowly being overturned by young generations in favor of a more assertive, independent, and sexually aware female.
The women depicted are in domestic or social settings. The conflict of the idealized Cambodian woman as distinct from its counterpart suggests there can be no reconciliation. The clearly outlined colors and shapes are immediately associated with traditional paintings-their composition and often flattened appearance are echoes of Cambodian murals and textiles that depict epic love stories from the Ramayana. Love is still the theme but the setting is the 21st century. Her folk art sensibility harkens back to the Western movements of Magic Realism and Primitivism.
In Sokuntevy's works there is a sense of alienation because in contemporary Cambodia the traditional woman is still heralded over the modern one. However at the core of the struggle to upturn entrenched views, lies the question: "Where do I fit in?"
Dana Langlois - Java Arts Gallery, Phnom Penh, Cambodia | <urn:uuid:490354ed-8982-4a63-8c78-8d7c1a2b7853> | {
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Now we know what is the real cause of heart disease according to a heart surgeon who recently wrote an article on the internet about this extremely important and delicate subject.
The author, Doctor Dwight Lundell is an experienced heart surgeon who claims he has gained an understanding of the underlying cause of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease by looking at the inside of patient’s arteries. He has seen with his own eyes how the food we eat damages the inside of our arteries and causes inflammation.
Lundell says: “I have peered inside thousands upon thousands of arteries. A diseased artery looks as if someone took a brush and scrubbed repeatedly against its wall. Several times a day, every day, the foods we eat create small injuries compounding into more injuries, causing the body to respond continuously and appropriately with inflammation”.
Thousands of people have read Dr.Lundell’s article on the internet. People like what he writes. Why is that? Is it because he is a bearer of the truth? Is it because he is a reliable scientist? Is it because he knows what has to be written to gain popularity? I leave it to you to judge for yourself.
News agencies around the world have presented Dr. Lundell’s article with the agenda that it’s about someone who had the courage to speak the truth. “Heart surgeon speaks out on what really causes heart disease.” People love to read about heroes and those who dare.
For decades scientists have been trying to understand the relationship between heart disease, cholesterol, and inflammation. Recent evidence indeed suggests that inflammation may be a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. However, the so-called inflammatory hypothesis has yet to be proven. There are several ongoing trials aiming to test it. Until we have the results, nobody can claim to know the answers.
How can Dr. Lundell see the cause of atherosclerosis with his own eyes in the operating room by looking at the inside of patient arteries? How about all the other surgeons who have had the same view? Why haven’t they had the same vision?
How about all the scientists in the laboratories around the world who are trying to understand and define the atherosclerotic process, the role of cholesterol, cholesterol crystals, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein particles, oxidation, cytokines, macrophages, and inflammation. Why haven’t they seen the same thing as Dr. Lundell by looking at the inside of the artery?
Going against mainstream is not easy, and you need a lot of courage to do it. People who dare think outside the box have often made significant contributions to medicine.
However, if you are going to challenge mainstream medicine and the current beliefs of the scientific community you must do it professionally. You must be sure you are standing on solid ground. You must have concrete arguments. Otherwise, your words will sound hollow and worthless. Unfortunately, Dr. Lundell sounds like a false prophet.
So, why do I feel Dr. Lundell sounds more like a false prophet than a scientist? Let’s take a closer look at his arguments.
Dr. Lundell touches on some important subjects in his article. And sometimes he’s probably spot on. For example, it is quite likely that cholesterol lowering drugs are overused in primary prevention. It is also possible that overeating of unhealthy, processed carbohydrates has contributed to the obesity epidemic. Maybe our emphasis on cholesterol and saturated fats has been too strong, and maybe saturated fats are not the enemy.
He starts his article by trying to convince the reader that he is trustworthy. His credibility is important if we are to believe his ideas about what is the real cause of heart disease. The reasons why we should believe what he says are twofold. Firstly, he is a heart surgeon with more than 25 years experience. Secondly, he is an honest person because he admits he was wrong in the past. So people may think: “Thank god. An honest doctor at last. Someone who dares who speak out”. But, revealing your honesty isn’t always honest. But I guess it means that if he turns out to be wrong, he will be the first one to admit it.
Dr. Lundell states: “The discovery a few years ago that inflammation in the artery wall is the real cause of heart disease is slowly leading to a paradigm shift in how heart disease and other chronic ailments will be treated.”
Although I think he is far ahead of himself, he actually touches on an important issue. Recent research indicates that inflammation may play an important role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in general.
There is tremendous research ongoing to understand the link between inflammation, cholesterol and heart disease. However, although inflammation seems to be an important component of atherosclerosis, it has yet not been proven that it is a causative factor. We still don’t know whether prognosis will be improved by inhibiting or preventing inflammation.
Dr. Lundell states that 25% of the population are taking cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins). I do not know of any country where the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs is that high. In the United States, the number of people taking these drugs is somewhere between 15-30 million. Although this is a very high number, it does not exceed 10% of the population. I wonder where Dr. Lundell gets his statistics from. It has indeed been suggested that among individuals aged 45 and older in the USA, about 25% may be taking statins. I will be the first one to admit that this is a high number.
Dr. Lundell writes that without inflammation, cholesterol might not be harmful at all. This time he might be spot on. In fact, cholesterol may play an important role in inducing inflammatory responses in the arterial wall.
Thus, without cholesterol, there would probably be no inflammation and no atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is quite likely that cholesterol and inflammation both play an important role in cardiovascular disease.
He writes: “It is inflammation that causes cholesterol to be trapped.” Here Dr. Lundell s certainly underscoring the importance of cholesterol. However, elsewhere in the article, he writes: “Since we now know that cholesterol is not the cause of heart disease….”.
The inconsistencies in his somewhat opinionated arguments are quite stunning. Maybe he should have written: “Since we now know that cholesterol is not the sole cause of heart disease…”
In fact, inflammation is very complicated. Scientists have for many years been doing ambitious and complex research to understand the mechanisms behind inflammation and atherosclerosis. Lately, we have been gaining important information about cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. These mechanisms are not simple.
Dr. Lundell says: “The injury and inflammation in our blood vessels are caused by the low-fat diet recommended for years by mainstream medicine.”
This is a huge statement. Where is the scientific evidence behind this serious conclusion?
Dr. Lundell claims there is a lack of evidence indicating that saturated fats promote heart disease and he could be right about that. There are however studies available showing that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats may be a healthier food choice than saturated fats.
His statement that polyunsaturated fatty acids are likely to cause inflammation is in my view an oversimplification. This subject is a matter of debate. Both omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats are important for health.
Finally, I tend to agree with Dr. Lundell when he recommends choosing the foods your grandmother served and avoid manufactured foods. Fresh, unprocessed foods are usually a better choice.
Dr. Lundell’s article has received enormous attention, and it has caught the eye of the news media. It touches on some important issues regarding cardiovascular disease in general.
To me, the article, unfortunately, appears like it is written by a preacher or a politician who has to sell a message whatever the costs. The article lacks the professional approach of a scientist who carefully examines available scientific data before drawing conclusions.
I can’t help but wonder what his motives are. | <urn:uuid:24fc8350-4600-4173-8543-bb708fce8ef6> | {
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Extended activities give pupils plenty of opportunities for problem solving and peer discussion. Audio-glossary in five different languages to cater for a wider-range of needs. Most of the booklets are 50 pages or more of concentrated explanations and exercises to practise. Unit objectives and detailed plans for the starter, main teaching and plenary make lessons easy to teach. Each concept is presented in a clear, relevant and engaging way, ensuring that pupils are inspired to succeed. A Resource Bank giving you everything you need to deliver the lesson: alternative explanations, 1,000 extra practice questions, extended tasks, worked solutions, and much more! Level Up Maths: Pupil Book Level 3-5 Level Up Maths : Amazon. | <urn:uuid:fdec0d4b-7ac4-4b4c-8bd7-b25ebe5696bc> | {
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Context: Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana worked closely together for several short episodes and wrote joint publications during the 1970s and 1980s. After that their respective paths in life diverged. Problem: What is the common ground and what are the differences between these two authors with respect to their lives and aims? Method: The author reconstructs their common history in the form of personal reflections and conversations with Varela. Results: The personal reflections reveal the intellectual path Maturana took to develop his way of thinking, in particular his fascination with explanatory processes and the phenomenon of life. The conversations with Varela portray him as a man of great “cognitive autonomy,” whose career started with the intention to study “psychism in the universe.” For Varela it seemed possible, through meditation, to reach transcendental reality as something that exists externally to the living of human beings and that can be known as such. Maturana, by contrast, claims that there is no way to refer to such a universal truth. Rather, human beings generate all the worlds they live in. Implications: While the two men collaborated in both teaching and writing, they eventually created two different constructivist approaches driven by a different set of questions. Constructivist content: Both Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela have decisively contributed to constructivist approaches.
Key words: Transcendental reality, truth, autopoiesis, formalization, perception and illusion
Maturana H. R. (2012) Reflections on my collaboration with francisco varela. Constructivist Foundations 7(3): 155–164. http://constructivist.info/7/3/155
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The results of spring math assessments are starting to come back, and in many cases, they are disappointing. Unfortunately, over 50% of children have not mastered their math facts, and this is one factor that holds them back when they begin to learn more advanced math concepts. There is a great need for easy-to-use practice apps like Early Math Plus. Not only does it provide the right kind of practice, but it allows parents to customize the app to meet the needs of their particular child.
Early Math Plus, developed by Brainstop, is available for the iPad. This free app is divided into three sections:
- a clearly organized multiplication table for numbers 1-10
- targeted practice on multiplication facts (1-10), presented in sets of 12, 24, 36, or 48
- randomly generated practice tests, available with one operation (+, -, x, or ÷) or in a mixed set.
The practice tests can be customized using the Options button on the home screen. A quiz timer will allow you to set time limits (60 seconds, 100 seconds, 160 seconds, 200 seconds) for completing each multiplication set. The difficulty level can be adjusted for younger or older children. There is also a layout option that presents the problems horizontally or vertically. Please note: This app contains ads with external links; this is what allows it to be free. Parents need to consider and discuss their expectations about appropriate usage with their children ahead of time.
What Fun Educational Apps Liked-
From a technical standpoint, Early Math Plus is very straightforward. The layout is functional, and easy to understand. Pacing is determined by the child’s ability, and it can be increased as the child’s responses become more automatic. One unique feature on the math practice section is a divided screen, with the top portion showing the problem, and the bottom portion providing a digital work space to write the problem out in order to solve it.
According to Common Core math standards, first graders are expected to add and subtract numbers 1-20. Third graders are expected to multiply and divide up to 100 (10X10); meeting these standards requires children to practice their math facts, and Early Math Plus is a good way to accomplish that. Teachers can tell which children have practiced their math facts; it gives them a solid foundation for math learning now and in years to come.
Early Math Plus is availabe for download via the iTunes App Store- iPad
RRP - Free but please be aware that the app does contains ads
At the time of this review, Early Math Plus contains no in-app purchases. It contains numerous ads and external links. Parents need to monitor their children when using this app.
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As the number of children in the United States who have a peanut allergy or other food allergy continues to rise, more schools are becoming "nut-free." Even children without peanut allergies are forbidden to bring school lunches or afternoon snacks that have nuts. The reason: fear of setting off serious, even life-threatening reactions in other children with nut allergies.
Indeed, tree nut and peanut allergy are two of the most dangerous types of food allergies. Most people with peanut allergies will have a reaction one of the first times they are exposed. And of all the food allergies, tree nut and peanut allergies are the leading causes of life-threatening anaphylaxis, in which swelling affects the whole body and can obstruct the airways.
The Rise in Peanut Allergies
From 1997 to 2003, the incidence of peanut allergy in children doubled. Why the sharp rise? "At this point in time, we don't have a clear answer," says Julie McNairn, MD, an allergist/immunologist in Cincinnati. It might have something to do with the fact that Americans tend to eat dry-roasted peanuts: "There is some suggestion that [during the roasting process], the [peanut] protein is altered, such that it will cause children who eat dry-roasted peanuts to have an allergy, as opposed to someone who eats boiled peanuts," explains Dr. McNairn.
The number of children with peanut allergies, however, is not the only issue. “The problem is even more than numbers," says Sami Bahna, MD, a professor of pediatrics and medicine and chief of allergy and immunology at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. “The severity of food allergies is going up." There has also been an increase in severe rashes, intestinal problems, and life-threatening anaphylaxis reactions. "People [with peanut allergies] used to react by eating the food, but there are many people who now react by touching or smelling the food," says Dr. Bahna.
What's more, a 2007 study published in the journal Pediatrics found that children are being exposed to peanuts and developing peanut allergies at an earlier age than they were a decade ago. The Duke University Medical Center team that did the study is now investigating whether eating small amounts of peanuts might help children who are prone to allergies mount an appropriate immune response.
Reducing Your Child's Risk of a Peanut Allergy
In 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advised pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to avoid eating peanuts to reduce their child's risk of developing a peanut allergy. They also recommended delaying giving peanuts to children younger than age 3 who are at higher risk of food allergies — for instance, those who have an immediate relative who's allergic to peanuts. But more recent research now suggests that there is no association between a mother's intake of peanuts during pregnancy or nursing and her child's risk of developing a peanut allergy. And the evidence about the best time to introduce peanuts is mixed.
The AAP now says that current evidence does not support peanut restriction during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and that there is no convincing evidence that delaying peanut-containing foods beyond 4 to 6 months of age will reduce the risk of peanut allergy.
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- Published: 27 April 2008
- Hits: 3051
Greg Fisher, age 11, of Helena, Mont., for his question:
WHAT IS A KOMODO DRAGON?
A Komodo dragon is the world largest living lizard. It grows to be 10 feet long and belongs to the most ancient group of lizards still alive.
The Komodo dragon is found on the island of Komodo and on other small islands of Indonesia. The creature has a long tail and rough skin. It is also covered with small, dull colored scales.
When the Komodo dragon opens its wide red mouth, it shows rows of teeth like the edge of a saw. The lizard hunts other animals during the day.
The Komodo dragon digs a cave with its strong claws and hides in the hole at night.
The giant lizard looks just about the way you would expect a legendary dragon to look. | <urn:uuid:56a74b4e-4f95-4224-8486-a70db9f44f7e> | {
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(b Venice, 5 Mar. 1696; d Madrid, 27 Mar. 1770).
Venetian painter, draughtsman, and etcher. He was the greatest Italian (and arguably the greatest European) painter of the 18th century, his work bringing to a glorious conclusion the Italian tradition of fresco decoration begun by Giotto 400 years earlier. His output was prodigious (his career is essentially a story of ceaseless work) and his services were sought from Spain to Sweden. He trained with the history painter Gregorio Lazzarini (1655–1730), but according to Lazzarini's biographer, Vincenzo da Canal (1732), Tiepolo soon departed from his master's ‘diligent manner, and, being all fire and spirit, adopted one that was rapid and free’. Initially he was influenced by the sombre and dramatic style of Piazzetta and worked mainly in oils. However, from the mid-1720s he turned increasingly to fresco and his palette lightened, with Veronese becoming an important influence on his style. He was described by his contemporaries as ‘Veronese reborn’ and he shared with his great predecessor a love of pageantry and sparkling colour (and he often used 16th-century costume in his paintings, even when it was historically inappropriate). However, whereas Veronese's work always has a Renaissance solidity, Tiepolo created exhilarating effects of airy space, particularly in his ceiling frescos, in which the central area often depicts open sky. For all its lightness, however, Tiepolo's work was always underpinned by superb draughtsmanship; it was this that allowed him to depict figures soaring overhead so fluently and convincingly.
In 1726–8 Tiepolo carried out his first major work outside Venice, the fresco decoration of the Archbishop's Palace in Udine, and this led to a string of commissions for various places in north Italy. By 1736 his fame was such that he was invited to Stockholm to decorate the Royal Palace—an invitation he declined because the fee offered was too small. Count Carl Gustav Tessin (1695–1770), the Swedish diplomat and art collector who tried to secure his services, was impressed by his ‘spirited and obliging’ character as well as by his ‘amazing speed. He paints a picture in less time than it takes another to grind his colours.’ Up to this time, Tiepolo's work had been predominantly secular, but from the late 1730s to the late 1740s he also produced a series of major religious paintings for Venetian churches, including a series of three huge canvases depicting scenes from Christ's Passion (c.1740) for S. Alvise (still in situ). These make ‘a tremendous emotional assault on the spectator’ (Michael Levey, Tiepolo, 1986) and are much closer in style to Tintoretto than to Veronese. After this period, secular decorative commissions once again dominated Tiepolo's output, although he continued to produce altarpieces throughout his career; he also occasionally ventured into other areas, as with the ravishing Young Woman with a Parrot (c.1760, Ashmolean Mus., Oxford). His most important secular work of the 1740s and perhaps the greatest of all his works in Venice was the decoration of the Palazzo Labia (c.1745), which includes celebrated frescos of the Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra and the Banquet of Antony and Cleopatra (their story was one to which he returned several times). Here, as in many other commissions, he was assisted by his expert in quadratura, Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna. | <urn:uuid:69b695a0-c9a0-4bee-b203-f58e9f04bc1c> | {
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The first thing to comprehend is the reason why zionism started. So, zionism is the nationalist movement of the Jews which was aimed at creating and supporting the Jewish national state in Palestine.
During the 16th and 17th centuries the so-called messiahs tried to persuade the Jews to return to their homeland in Palestine. In addition, the Jews were also urged to assimilate and become the part of the Western culture. It is quite obvious that the Jews did not assimilate completely. What is more, they started to promote the idea of creating a settlement of artisans and farmers in Palestine.
Zionism has begun to develop quicker when Theodor Herzl mentioned that the idea of assimilating is desire but is impossible to realize. The first Zionist Congress was organized by him in 1897 in Basel. Vienna has become the center of the movement later on. The idea that those Jews who live outside Israel are in “exile” has been popularized. However, the majority of Jews do not agree with it. If you want to read more on this issue as well as find out more detailed information on the subject of zionism, feel free to proceed to … Zionism
This is a great example of the way one should write a top-notch PhD level essay. Nevertheless, you may not employ the parts of this article into your piece of writing as your paper will appear as plagiarized. It is highly recommended to avoid the usage of free samples or any Internet content that cannot be cited properly. Using such information may threat you academic performance or even be a reason of expulsion. Therefore, a great idea is to turn to the online writing service, which provides the papers written from scratch by the professional writers. Our writers specialize in a great variety of subjects and grant 100% originality. Moreover, every order goes through the plagiarism detection software, which lets us spot the plagiarism before the assignment is sent to you and resolve the issue immediately. Get started now and you will never regret it! | <urn:uuid:ac9ce117-505c-4289-9abc-2a52840a7b34> | {
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|Lat: 17.9°S, Long: 108.2°E, Diam: 151 km, Depth: km, Rükl: (farside), Nectarian|
LPOD Photo Gallery Lunar Orbiter Images Apollo Images
- There seems to be some sort of confusion at the LPI's list of Apollo 12's orbital photographs of Hilbert. Several Hasselblad frames (of A12) show the caption Hilbert, while the depicted crater is, in fact, Einthoven (of which the location is 13 degrees northward of Hilbert).
- AS12-54-7961 is one of those so-called photographs of Hilbert (in fact, this photograph shows the southern half of Einthoven).
Research and discovery of error: Danny Caes
- Apollo 15's orbital Hasselblad AS15-88-11985 shows Hilbert at right, Kondratyuk at left. The crater in the upper right corner is Alden C. Looking south. The red and blue streaks near the lower left corner and the left margin are internal reflections. Research: David Woods (Apollo 15 Flight Journal) and - DannyCaes Dec 14, 2007
- Named for David Hilbert (January 23, 1862 – February 14, 1943), a German mathematician, recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He invented or developed a broad range of fundamental ideas, in invariant theory, the axiomatization of geometry, and with the notion of Hilbert space, one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied significant portions of the mathematical infrastructure required for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He is also known as one of the founders of proof theory, mathematical logic and the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics.
- Hilbert was among the long list of farside names approved by the IAU in 1970 and published in Menzel, 1971.
- In the planning for Apollo 8, the first manned circumlunar mission (1968), this crater (which did not then have an official name) was referred to informally as "Lovell", a name subsequently approved for use in connection with a completely different farside crater (see: Phil Stooke's LPOD).
- Don't confuse the name Hilbert with Gilbert (a crater on the moon's near side, at the eastern libration zone).- DannyCaes Aug 16, 2010 | <urn:uuid:466a9b08-5be1-4f8a-8e29-fed1b604ad87> | {
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We all know the importance of filtering drinking water, but what about shower water? Studies have revealed that unfiltered shower water can lead to serious health complications. Therefore, it is just as important to filter shower water as drinking water. So if you thought that shower filters were trivial components of shower heads, here are five reasons why you need to think again and install one:
Did you know that our bodies absorb more chlorine when showering than when drinking hard water? It's a hard pill to swallow, but it's true. Chlorine molecules are super light. Remember, when showering, your entire body comes into contact with hard water. This makes it easy for the chlorine molecules to penetrate your porous skin and enter your bloodstream.
The long-term effects of chlorine in the body range from cancer to other severe health complications. Therefore, you need to invest in a chlorine filter shower head to avoid these health risks.
A study revealed that showering with hot chlorinated water is riskier than with cold water. This is because the vapor you inhale from the chlorinated water enters your lungs and morphs into a chloroform concentrate. Chloroform is a form of trihalomethanes (THMs) which can affect you severely if the concentrate in your lungs exceeds a certain level.
This is where a dechlorinating filter comes in handy. It is a form of a showerhead filter that is designed to neutralize all traces of THMs in steamy hard water, thereby eliminating odors from the showerhead, which are among the leading causes of allergy and asthma attacks.
Norman Pace, a professor at the University of Colorado, uttered these famous words that you’re never truly alone when showering. His study of showerheads across the US indicated that millions of microorganisms live in your showerheads. In fact, 60% 0f the showerheads he tested contained a pathogen called Mycobacterium avium, which causes unpleasant illness as the pulmonary disease.
It is important to remember that water from any source contains these microorganisms. But maybe this is the wakeup call you needed to install an aqua showerhead.
In case you didn’t know, water filter shower heads have many cosmetic benefits on your nail, hair and skin connection. The sulfide minerals in hard water suck absorb moisture from your skin and disrupt the balance of the beneficial bacteria that live in your body.
Water filters remove fluoride and chlorine in your shower water and dramatically improves your skin, nail and hair appearance. Dry, itchy skin, dry, frizzy hair and an itchy, irritated scalp after showering are some of the signs that you need a shower filter system.
Two of the main fundamental reasons for showering is to freshen up and get revitalization energy. But if showering with hot chlorinated water, it is likely that a shower no longer provides you with the desired sensations and instead you’re experiencing physical and mental fatigue.
This is because your body takes in large amounts of chlorine through inhalation and skin absorption. When the chlorine enters your bloodstream, it lowers your body's immunity, which makes you more prone to allergic reactions and infectious diseases.
A hard water filter system helps eliminate harmful Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)such as chlorine molecules in your shower to freshen you up and rejuvenate your mind and body.
Apart from these five reasons, shower filters have many other short-term and long-term health benefits. There’s a saying, act the part, get the part; so if this post has done nothing for you, well and good, but if it has persuaded you to install a filter, you should consider the Captain Eco brand. You will get the best shower filters, and on top of this, you'll be supporting a green company. | <urn:uuid:591ce547-6e57-4654-82e1-1f92bdc2760d> | {
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Information Architecture is born in the late 90s, based on the classical principles of solid traditional Information Science (mainly from the discipline of the Organization and Representation of Knowledge). In a technical sense, it is a discipline (and at the same time a community of practice) focused on design principles and architecture of digital spaces in such a way that they comply with criteria of usability and information retrieval. In other words, it is a discipline that deals with structuring, organizing and tagging elements of informational environments to facilitate searching and retrieval of the contained information, thus improving the usefulness of information environments by users.
One of the main characteristics of the information architecture in an information environment (for instance, a web page) is that it is usually not recognizable by the users. In other words, such architecture is invisible to the user, though there are in fact a number of (not visible) articulated systems or structures, defining the information architecture of, for example, a web page. These systems or structures are called components of the Information Architecture of a web or also anatomy of the Information Architecture of a web. Among these systems or structures that build the information architecture there are systems such as: organization systems, labeling systems, navigation systems, search systems and controlled vocabularies.
Organization systems are classifications that allow structuring and organizing the contents of a website. The labeling systems, however, define the terms used to name the categories, options and links used on the web with a useful language for users. Navigation systems permit to navigate or move through a site to find the information we need; showing us where we are and where we can go inside the structure of a site. Search systems enable the retrieval of information within the website using tools such as indexes. Finally, in this context, controlled vocabularies are documental resources designed to articulate other systems and to facilitate information searches and retrievals.
How to quote this article:
New entry. Before doing a new entry, please, copy this line and the following ones and paste them at the column bottom. Next fill out the fields: 'name', 'date' and 'text', and delete this upper blue paragraph.
Emilia Currás (09/12/2009)
Vertical integration of sciences: an approach to a different view of knowledge organization
Journal of Information Science, 28 (5) 2002, pp. 397-405
Abstract: This article attempts to explain ideas regarding the integration of sciences as a systemic unity of greater complexity than may not have been considered before. It is also another way to create a different organization of knowledge. An ascending or descending vertical integration might help in interpreting questions posed by mankind and in providing answers that are urgently required. All aspect of the global ecology, in the widest sense, appear to be threatened, and the problems need to be freshly addressed as solutions are urgently needed. A study of the vertical integration of sciences, with all its complexity, might provide some clues to practical answered.
Descriptors (Key words): Vertical integration of sciences; Sciences Theory Horizontal integration of sciences.
Mario Pérez-Montoro (18/11/2009)
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A Utah mountainside collapsed 4,800 years ago in a gargantuan landslide known as a "rock avalanche," creating the flat floor of what is now Zion National Park by damming the Virgin River to create a lake that existed for 700 years.
Those are key conclusions of a new University of Utah study that provides the first definitive date for the landslide and estimates its size and dynamics, including a speed likely as fast as 180 mph. The study of the slide was published today and featured on the cover of the June issue of the Geological Society of America's journal GSA Today.
"The ancient Zion landslide would cover New York City's Central Park with 275 feet of debris," says Jeff Moore, the new study's senior author and an assistant professor of geology and geophysics at the University of Utah. "And you would need 90 times the volume of concrete in Hoover Dam to recreate the mountainside that failed."
The Sentinel rock avalanche also "would bury Salt Lake City's Liberty Park 2,340 feet deep, which is almost a half mile," Moore adds.
The huge landslide had a volume of 286 million cubic meters or 10.1 billion cubic feet -- 4.4 times bigger than Utah's 2013 Bingham Canyon copper mine landslide, one of North America's largest historic, nonvolcanic landslides, with a volume of 65 million cubic meters or 2.3 billion cubic feet.
The Sentinel, at 7,157 feet elevation on the west side of Zion Canyon, was bigger before the slide 4,800 years ago, "but a large portion of it is now gone," Moore says.
Computer simulations matched known landslide deposits and show the huge slide rushed southeast across Zion Canyon in about 20 seconds, with an average speed of 112 mph and a peak speed of 180 to 200 mph. "It was certainly moving more than 150 mph when the huge wall and peak crashed down," Moore says. Then, for 30 more seconds, the slide debris spread up and down Zion Canyon. "By a minute it was pretty much done."
"The original deposit was 2 miles long and just under a mile wide," with a maximum thickness of 650 feet and average thickness of 310 feet, he says, adding the landslide's lower end is at the road junction "right at the mouth of Zion Canyon."
"This catastrophic landslide of massive proportions had two effects," he says. "One was constructive -- creating paradise through cataclysm. More than 3.6 million people last year enjoyed the flat and tranquil valley floor of Zion Canyon, which owes its existence to this landslide. The other aspect is the extreme hazard that a similar event would pose if it happened today."
Moore says that "within the relatively small confines of Zion National Park, there is evidence for several deposits of large valley-blocking landslides," two within the past 5,000 years or so: The Sentinel slide and another, about one-fifth as big, in Hop Valley in the northern part of the park some 2,600 years ago.
Despite such severe, large prehistoric landslides, they are extremely infrequent and "we have no evidence that something like this is imminent," Moore says.
The 4,800-year-old landslide deposit still produces many smaller slides, including one in 1995 that damaged the road between the visitor center and the lodge, Moore says.
Dating a disaster
Moore defines a rock avalanche as "a very large failure of a solid-rock slope -- as opposed to soil -- with characteristic very fast, long and flowlike movement. Because of their large volume, they are relatively rare." Both the Sentinel and Bingham Canyon slides were rock avalanches.
Some people initially thought Zion Canyon was flat because of glacial debris, like Yosemite Valley in California. It is unclear when the Sentinel landslide was discovered, but it first was described in a scientific paper in 1945.
"We have conducted a rigorous and complete analysis of this landslide for the first time," Moore says. The study concluded the landslide most likely happened 4,800 years ago as single event, with a range of uncertainty so that it could have happened as early as 5,200 years ago or as recently as 4,400 years ago.
The method exploits the fact that after a landslide, boulders atop the slide have surfaces exposed to the sky for the first time. Particles from incoming cosmic rays begin to hit the boulder surfaces, creating beryllium-10. The longer a boulder is exposed, the greater the amount of beryllium-10, allowing scientists to determine when the boulder's surface first was exposed by the landslide.
With permission from the National Park Service, Moore and colleagues sampled 12 boulders from the landslide's surface, crushed the notebook-sized rock samples and analyzed their beryllium-10 content.
Moore says previous estimates of the landslide's date were from indirect methods, including radiocarbon dating of lake sediments that gave ages of 3,900 and 4,300 years. Another study estimated the slide was 7,900 years old.
Scientists don't know what caused the giant landside. "We found no evidence indicating there was an ancient earthquake at the time, but there's not a detailed record of paleoearthquakes in the Zion area," Moore says. "Rock avalanches frequently occur with an earthquake trigger but just as often occur with no apparent trigger at all."
The collapsed peak included sandstones from the Navajo and Kayenta formations, and the latter includes some weak shale layers that might have aided the slide.
Zion Lodge site once underwater
To determine the rock avalanche's volume of 286 million cubic meters, Moore and colleagues used a computer and "our best geological judgment to recreate what the canyon looked like before the slide." In a similar way, they then reconstructed the top surface of the landslide before it began to erode.
The landslide dammed the Virgin River, and "there was a lake in Zion Canyon for approximately 700 years," Moore says.
He calculates that if the river's discharge was similar to today's, it would have taken five to 10 years for the lake to fill. The long, narrow lake covered 2.4 square miles and extended from the north end of the rock avalanche deposit -- which is less than a mile south of present-day Zion Lodge -- northward almost to The Narrows. With the initial lake surface at 4,658 feet elevation, the site of the lodge was under 380 feet of water.
Then the lake breached the top of the landslide dam, the lake surface fell to 4,413 feet in elevation and the lake's area shrank to about 1.2 square miles, no longer extending to The Narrows but only 4.3 miles to the Temple of Sinawava.
Sediment amounts produced today by a nearby fork of the Virgin River suggest the lake filled with sediment in 700 years, give or take a century. By about 4,100 years ago, the lake had completely filled with sediment, forming the flat floor of Zion Canyon.
Moore calculates the Virgin River has eroded away about 45 percent of the original landslide deposit during the past 4,800 years. At that rate, in several thousand years Zion "will again be a steep, rocky, narrow canyon," he says.
So Moore calls the landslide "a minute with up to 10,000 years of consequences."
Moore notes that large landslides "create habitable land in otherwise steep landscapes around the world. People use flatter areas behind large landslide deposits for farming or to build a village" -- although they sometimes are at risk from future slides.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Utah. | <urn:uuid:8d1e19fa-6216-40f0-b21a-80523cf4918a> | {
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Young people around the world are working to clean up a dirty fashion industry.
The $2 trillion industry is responsible for 10% of the global carbon footprint, negative environmental effects including water pollution, the use of toxic chemicals and high levels of textile waste, and poor working conditions for millions of workers, primarily women.
The World Economic Forum’s Global Shapers community is taking a grassroots approach to address these issues on local and regional levels while promoting a global dialogue about how to encourage sustainable transformations in the industry.
“Fashion, as an overarching term for the apparel, footwear and textiles sector, is a huge global industry that touches us all (physically!) and employs millions of people,” says Holly Syrett, 32, a Global Shaper in the Amsterdam Hub. “But it is simultaneously a very dirty business that has long hidden how it works.”
This year more than 30 Global Shaper hubs worldwide are participating in Shaping Fashion, an initiative that organizes activities and projects during Fashion Revolution Week to raise awareness of the sustainability challenges of the fashion industry and empower local communities to pursue sustainable fashion solutions. The projects include clothing swaps, film screenings and roundtables – each designed to meet the local community’s needs and inspire sustainable fashion efforts year-round, says Syrett, who is a co-founder of the initiative.
For example, the Amsterdam Hub in the Netherlands is bringing together two groups, Sustainable Apparel Coalition and Fashion for Good, to discuss the importance of transparency in the fashion industry with members of the local community.
“It's important that we demand to know more about the brands that we buy from, the products that we buy and the circumstances under which they are made,” Syrett says. “Only with access to this kind of information will we be able to choose more sustainable products that meet our personal values and by doing so, reward the brands that create them.”
Have you read?
The Lusaka Hub in Zambia is organizing a thrift market to promote the consumption of second-hand clothing and a panel discussion to examine what sustainable fashion looks like in Africa. There is opportunity for the African fashion industry to draw from lessons around the world but also form a unique approach to sustainable fashion that honors each local community’s cultural heritage, says Sekayi Fundafunda, 29, a Global Shaper in the Lusaka Hub.
“Slow fashion, its part of our heritage,” she says. “The question today is: How can we build futuristic business that draw inspirations from that history?”
The Davao Hub in the Philippines is hosting a fashion and sustainability fair called Unstitch, which will feature workshops, talks and a pop-up shop filled with sustainable fashion brands. The idea is to create a conversation focused on how fashion affects Davao, says Yana Santiago, 27, a Global Shaper in the hub and co-head of the project.
“When people in Davao hear about the fashion revolution, it’s in the UK, so it’s not relatable,” she says. “We’re identifying and addressing the local problems, such as cultural sustainability. We’re inviting local tribes to tell us their stories and share their struggles.”
In the Dallas Hub in the US, the focus is on upcycling workshops to share the benefits of reusing materials and efforts like the Clean Clothes Campaign to improve working conditions in the garment industry.
“More and more people are getting aware of the issues with fast fashion and are looking into alternatives,” says Faye Francisco, 24, a Global Shaper from the Dallas Hub. “Dallas is a really big shopping hub, and there's so much potential for the impact to be huge.”
The Joinville Hub in Brazil is partnering with University Uniasselvi to hold presentations on the economical aspects of sustainable and ethical fashion, a screening of the documentary "The True Cost," and a clothing-swap event. Sustainable fashion is particularly important to Brazil, which is the fourth-largest textile and denim producer in the world and faces many of the negative effects of the fashion industry, including toxic materials entering the water supply and low-paid workers, says Livia Rudolph, 31, a Global Shaper from the Joinville Hub.
"Sustainable fashion should be the only way for our country," she says. "I would like to see more cooperation across industries for research and development of sustainable practices, upstream and downstream cooperation to implement these practices, and more information and education available to orient consumers."
The movement to promote sustainable fashion can also start on a personal level, says Simge Sandal, 29, a Global Shaper from the Dusseldorf Hub. Shaping Fashion suggest five steps for people who want to take part in the movement.
5 ways to promote sustainable fashion
- Step 1: Ask #whomademyclothes – demand more transparency from your favorite brand
- Step 2: Assess Your Closet – know and treasure what you own
- Step 3: Wash Smart – wash cool, use eco-detergent, air dry
- Step 4: Upcycle, Repair and Share – make each piece last
- Step 5: Shop Less and Buy Well – when you buy, buy second-hand, ethical, organic and only items you love and that will last
What is a Global Shaper?
The Global Shapers Community is a network of young people under the age of 30 who are working together to drive dialogue, action and change to address local, regional and global challenges.
The community spans more than 8,000 young people in 165 countries and territories.
Teams of Shapers form hubs in cities where they self-organize to create projects that address the needs of their community. The focus of the projects are wide-ranging, from responding to disasters and combating poverty, to fighting climate change and building inclusive communities.
Examples of projects include Water for Life, a effort by the Cartagena Hub that provides families with water filters that remove biological toxins from the water supply and combat preventable diseases in the region, and Creativity Lab from the Yerevan Hub, which features activities for children ages 7 to 9 to boost creative thinking.
Each Shaper also commits personally and professionally to take action to preserve our planet.
When Sandal recently received a wedding invitation, instead of buying a new dress, she purchased a second-hand dress from a neighbor and took it to a seamstress in her hometown, which allowed her to upcycle, keep a low carbon footprint and support a local business.
“Sustainable fashion is about more than buying new stuff from eco-considerate and socially responsible producers," she says. "It's also about organizing and cherishing cloth swaps, proactively lending items to one another, and sharing tips on how to repair loved items. It's about being proud to wear things second-hand. Because after all, it is beautiful to respect the planet and to value what we already have.” | <urn:uuid:2468139f-7915-40d9-b3f8-a1e4b209c049> | {
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Secondary transition services are the supports that public schools and adult service agencies are required to provide to young adults with disabilities so that they can understand and direct their movement from school to adult life. Secondary transition services should help students gain the knowledge, skills, and behaviors they will need to access and navigate the resources available to them through a variety of postsecondary education institutions, public agencies, and community organizations.
Collaboration between these institutions, agencies and organizations is important, because it is often challenging for individual students and families, as well as educators and schools, to navigate the many different systems that are in place. The field of secondary transition defines interagency collaboration as, “a clear, purposeful, and carefully designed process that promotes cross-agency, cross-program, and cross-disciplinary collaborative efforts leading to tangible transition outcomes for youth.”
SchoolTalk supports interagency collaboration by serving as a neutral resource for all stakeholders
- Program development and implementation from time limited projects;
- Technical assistance across a wide range of effective secondary transition practices including program development, student-led IEPS, and employment preparation;
- Training for parents, school personnel, and other special education stakeholders in secondary transition policies, procedures and practices;
- Facilitation of meetings between secondary transition stakeholders; and
- Forums for multiple stakeholders to come together to identify issues and work toward solutions.
Annual Voices of Change Conference
Purpose: To provide an opportunity for DC transition-aged youth with disabilities to get helpful information about community-based support services, to meet youth leaders who can shed light on postsecondary pathways to work, education, and independent living, and to explore artistic and creative ways to express their unique strengths, needs, and goals.
People Served: DC middle or high school students with an IEP, 504 Plan, or disability
Power with Partners: DC students, District of Columbia Department on Disability Services (DDS), District of Columbia Developmental Disabilities Council (DDC), District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE), District of Columbia Public Library, Institute for Educational Leadership (IEL), John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and The HSC Foundation and the Mitsubishi Electric America Foundation through the Youth Transitions Collaborative
DC Partners in Transition
Purpose: To strengthen the ability of youth with disabilities (ages 14-24), their families, and public and private service agencies in the Washington, DC metropolitan area to achieve positive employment, continuing education, and independent living outcomes. DC Partners in Transition provides regular opportunities for stakeholders to network, share information, and advocate for change and maintains an online resource for local secondary transition resources, through which partners are able to share information about transition-related activities, opportunities, and working groups. DC Partners in Transition also disseminates a bi-monthly electronic newsletter of transition related events and opportunities.
People Served: DC youth with disabilities and adults who support them personally and professionally
Power with Partners: DC RSA, The HSC Foundation, Inclusion Research Institute, Youth Empowerment and Advocacy Resource Center (YEARC), and The National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health
For more information, please visit: http://www.dctransition.org
Purpose: To provide DC youth with disabilities with the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for them to successfully complete the DC Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP) in inclusive workplaces, as well as to set and attain short- and long-term, individualized career goals. The JumpStart program provides each student who participates with individualized supports and services based on his or her unique interests, strengths, preferences and needs, by fostering a dynamic collaboration between students and their families, schools, government agencies, community service providers, and employers.
People Served: DC transition-aged youth with disabilities (16-21 years) and DC employers
Power with Partners: District of Columbia Department on Disability Services (DDS), District of Columbia Department of Employment Services (DOES), District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS), District of Columbia Public Charter Schools, District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE), and District of Columbia Secondary Transition Community of Practice.
For more information, please visit http://www.schooltalkdc.org/syep-jumpstart.
Rowe, D. A., Alverson, C. Y., Unruh, D. K., Fowler, C. H., Kellems, R., & Test, D. W. (2015). A Delphi study to operationalize evidence-based predictors in secondary transition. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 38(2), 113-126. Doi: 10.1177/21651434145266429 | <urn:uuid:2c50a14e-b5a1-431d-b5d7-55fff69c59f1> | {
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Why Multi-Layer farming?
The state of Maharashtra in India has been faced with severe drought conditions in several areas over the last few years. Agricultural productivity, and in turn farmer incomes in the state, have taken a hit. As a consequence, the lives of farmers have been affected to a large extent. Farmers shifted to cash crops and have resorted to purchasing food grain: this is more expensive. Now their purchases mainly satiate hunger (rather than nourish them), which compromises their family’s nutrition and health. In order to address the problem of insufficient food for the family and inadequate nutrition in the face of a changing climate, multi-layer farming was introduced.
The Process of Multi-Layer Farming-
A one-acre plot of land was identified to build the multilayer farm. Crops were selected based on their height and duration of growth to ensure adequate sunlight and different harvesting periods so that farmers have continued access to different kinds of produce throughout the year. Sowing was also done in a strategic manner so that multiple crops including fruits, vegetables and flower crops could be grown together in the small plot of land. The drip irrigation method, which uses less water, and organic farming practices were adopted.
Apart from these, there is a lot more science that goes behind the practice and activities that are part of multilayer farming. It needs to ensure that the process is sustainable, organic, and productive in the face of climate change and that family nutrition needs are eventually met. The produce can be old on a weekly basis; thus, some additional profit was also obtained from this process.
The benefits for farmers-
The purpose of the initiative was to make farmers more self-reliant, better-equipped and resilient in the face of recurring droughts – and climate change in general. Multi-layer farming incentivised them to switch to a more sustainable kind of farming and simultaneously meet the food and nutrition requirements of the entire family, while also generating income from cash crop production. Since the productivity was high and less water was required, a lot of the farmers said that they would like to start the farm.
Neem powder reduces alkalinity in soil, as it produces organic acids on decomposition. Being totally natural, it is compatible with soil microbes, improves rhizosphere micro flora and hence ensures fertility of the soil. We also care about soil acidity because of the way it affects plants and their growth. Some plants thrive in acidic soils, while others cannot tolerate acid and will prefer a basic environment. To reduce soil acidity and help neutralize its negative effects, we can add natural limestone, in a fine granular or powder form.
Limestone is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, but many contain small amounts of clay, silt and dolomite. The magnesium content of limestone is especially important if soils are deficient in this essential plant nutrient. If a soil test indicates low magnesium, dolomitic limestone can be used to correct the deficiency and properly adjust pH. In a nutshell, the addition of limestone is done primarily to reduce acidity but may also provide some nutrient value. Before starting with any plantation on the anti-bacterial feed (neem powder). We spread a mixture of 100 kg Lime (Chuna) dust and 50 kg neem powder on 1 Acre of land.
Farm Construction Story:
We treated the land and prepared the soil with 4 tons of cow dung. Cow dung was purchased from a local farmer. From one ton of cow dung, we prepared ghan-jiwamrit, an organic fertilizer to use while plantation time. We have completed all procurement of bamboo from local farmers. Now we were in need of additional hilly grass to cover the roof. Farmers usually burn this grass in summer times, so we were able to prevent this. Total 3 trollies of grass collected to cover the roof. We cut this grass with the help of local tribal people where we required a total of 18 man power.
Due to Covid-19, the Indian government announced lockdown for 21 days which got continued for the next 4 months. Because of this, we had to stop our agricultural activities. Later on, government permitted agriculture-related work and we were able to continue the work. Due to this crisis, local panchayat and public sealed the village border from going and coming from outside. The sealing time was from morning 9 AM to the evening 6 PM. Most of the tribal people are daily wage farm laborers and cover daily living expenses through farm work they do. Our farm is 15 km far from our place. For maximum benefits from this project, we needed to plant in April or May month. We were in hurry to finish the work, so we started going out of the village before 8 AM and came after 6 PM from the work. We completed our work in time and provided some income to tribal people in this crisis to cover daily living expenses. Again, our work stopped, due to which we were not able to buy GI wires from hardware shops. We purchased this wire from 2 to 3 shops on different dates and continued the work. At last, we still lacked for 18 gazes G.I. (Galvanized Iron) wire. Finally, we purchased S.S. (Stainless Steel) wire 50 km far from the farm location. We completed whole work with the help of more than 35 tribal of total 180 man power days.
After purchasing wire, we completed the remaining work of making a mesh of wire on the roof. We put dry grass and coconut branches on top and tied them with string. We bought a green shade net to cover 8 feet boundary wall to prevent insects, animals, hot airflows, cold airflows to come into the farm. Now the farm was ready to start a plantation and sowing.
– We planted 20 different types of crops to generate revenue throughout the year with all-season crops. The reason behind planting such crops was to have a sustainable income from farming throughout the year.
– We planted 3 types of rhizome crops – Ginger, Turmeric and Mango Ginger
– Five types of leafy vegetables – Fenugreek, coriander, spinach, amaranth, dill
– Fruit Vegetables – Guar, Tomato, Kanthari Chilli
– Climber vegetables –3 type varieties of indigenous Ridge gourd, Sponge gourd, Cucumber, Bitter gourd, Bottle gourd, French bean, Ivy gourd
– Fruit – Papaya
– Trap crop – Marigold
We did plantation with the help of local tribal women, we applied prepared organic fertilizer (ghan-jiwamrit) at the time of planting. After completion, we installed a drip irrigation system with the help of lateral pipes. We needed extra PVC and fitting materials to fix the drip irrigation system. Considering the hot climate, we also installed a sprinkler system into the farm for summer. We installed all the systems by ourselves and it was great learning to understand flow pressures of pipe and fixing system. It took a total of 30 women power days to complete whole plantation and weeding work.
After the drip installation, we started watering the crops and it was the time to spray organic liquid fertilizers to plants. We purchased electric spray pump to spray organic liquid fertilizers as well as organic pesticides. The next step was weeding work, which we did with the help of tribal women. We did all the weeding work step by step and according to the plant. As organic farming is a labour-intensive process, we did the weeding process 5 times in a total of 40 women working days.
We harvested all the leafy vegetables and currently, climber vegetable harvest is going on. To protect climber vegetables from fruit flies and insects, we have installed yellow traps and fly traps. We are serving more than 112 families; the number is increasing day by day. We are also delivering our organic vegetables to the Sahyadri school organization having 250 residential staff. Many people are demanding for our organic vegetables. Due to toCovid-19, it made difficult to sell our harvest because all markets were closed due to lockdown. Still, we are struggling to sell our harvest, but we are managing it with a good network. | <urn:uuid:1b85bd67-c56a-4cde-a7b9-974fd51bcec8> | {
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A new study by scientists from Maryland and Colorado using American kestrels, a surrogate test species for raptorial birds, suggests that they are at greater risk from poisoning from the rodenticide diphacinone than previous believed. The research, published in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, considers the threat posed by diphacinone as its usage increases following restrictions on the use of similar pesticides.
"Recent restrictions on the use of some rodenticides may result in increased use of diphacinone," said lead author Dr. Barnett Rattner from the US Geological Survey. "Very few controlled studies have examined its toxicity in birds so it is important to determine how lethal this chemical is to wildlife."
Surveillance programs have reported detection of rates of rodenticide in birds of prey across France, Great Britain and Western Canada, revealing that several second-generation rodenticides can result in non-target deaths, with possible population-level implications.
However, the global magnitude of non-target poisoning through the routine use of rodenticide, or through targeted eradication programs remains unknown, partly because the indirect fatalities go largely unnoticed and unreported.
The team tested kestrels and discovered the effects of diphacinone and the quantity required for a lethal dose. The results showed that birds that had ingested greater than 300 mg per kilogram of body weight died within 8 to 23 hours, while those ingesting a dose of 118.6 mg/kg survived 27 to 47 hours. At lower doses, nearly all of the birds survived.
Poisoned birds displayed some evidence of internal bleeding, although histological examination of internal organs revealed hemorrhaging over a wide range of doses. The results demonstrate that doses that reach or exceed 79 mg/kg body weight are lethal for kestrels.
"Our study, combined with previous research in hawk and owl species show that birds of prey are considerably more sensitive to diphacinone compared to species such as bobwhite quails and mallards," said Rattner. "Their protection requires more substantial safety margins than are afforded to species of game birds traditionally used in pesticide registration studies."
Using their results the team estimated how much poisoned prey a hawk or owl would need to consume before ingesting a lethal dose. Using a probabilistic risk approach, the team estimated that an endangered hawk or owl would be at risk if it consumed as little as 3 to 4 grams of liver from a poisoned rodent.
"Diphacinone was found to be considerably more toxic to American kestrels than previously reported in tests of other wildlife test species," concluded Rattner. "These data, in combination with similar measurements in Northern bobwhites, will assist in the development of a pharmacodynamic model and a more complete risk assessment of diphacinone for birds."
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Geometry::Primitive::Arc - Portion of the circumference of a Circle
Geometry::Primitive::Arc represents a closed segment of a curve.
use Geometry::Primitive::Arc; my $arc = Geometry::Primitive::Arc->new( angle_start => 0, angle_end => 1.57079633, radius => 15 );
The starting angle for this arc in radians.
The ending angle for this arc in radians.
Returns the radius of the arc.
Set/Get the origin of this arc.
Creates a new Geometry::Primitive::Arc
Given angle in radians returns the point at that angle on this arc. Returns undef if the angle falls outside this arc's range.
Returns the length of this arc.
Get the end point. Provided for Shape role.
Get the start point. Provided for Shape role.
Increases the radius by multiplying it by the supplied amount.
Cory Watson <[email protected]>
You can redistribute and/or modify this code under the same terms as Perl itself. | <urn:uuid:48de3662-4248-4ca5-8b37-13220f264287> | {
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The Real Jewish Geography
If demography is destiny, geography is the stage on which destiny is played out. A new series of high resolution maps, produced by geographer Joshua Comenetz of PopulationMapping.com for the Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, provide a view of American Jewish life that is seemingly familiar—but, beneath the surface, spread unevenly across the 50 states. What do these maps tells us about where the American Jewish future lies?
Earlier compilations were more limited. The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, for example, records languages like Yiddish and Hebrew and birthplaces like Israel, but not religion. Previous maps have relied on more general sources, like the American Jewish Year Book and surveys of communities that identify themselves as including Jews. But Comenetz, using sources like the American Community Survey and the North American Jewish Data Bank, along with his own thoughtful inferences, for the first time reconstructs the distribution of Jews across the United States down to the level of 3,200 counties. His picture of the Jewish population in the United States and Puerto Rico is a pointillist one.
At the most general level, the maps are familiar, reflecting well-known migratory history. Most Jews are clustered along the coasts, from Washington D.C. to Boston and from San Diego to San Francisco, with smaller populations around Portland and Seattle. There are clusters around the old industrial heartland: Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis. There are the more recent migrations, following the sun and new opportunities to Atlanta, Denver, Phoenix, Dallas, Houston and, of course, Florida. In all, there are 22 urban areas each of which has over 40,000 Jews; 13 have over 100,000. But is this really Jewish America?
Historical comparisons are revealing. In 1960 the American Jewish Year Book estimated the American Jewish population at 5.37 million. Comenetz’s present figure of 6.74 million will no doubt be controversial because it is so high—but the total U.S. population was 179 million in 1960 and grew to 310 million by 2011. At the broadest level, American Jews have very nearly chosen not to reproduce.
Beyond raw numbers, there is literal Jewish geography. In 1960 there were 110,000 Jews in all of Florida; today there are that many in Miami-Dade County alone. But what of the 22,000 Jews who lived in Kansas City, Missouri in 1960? Today in the four counties around Kansas City there are perhaps 5000 Jews. Or the 150 Jews of Ardmore, Oklahoma in 1960, whose Temple Emeth, founded in 1890, was the first synagogue in the state? Today there are only two Jews in the whole county; Temple Emeth was dissolved in 2004, its records transferred to the American Jewish Archive.
Thus, Comenetz’s maps and data invite a deeper look, transporting us into private realms—historical contingencies revolving around myriad individual decisions to come, stay, and move on. Lee Country in eastern Alabama has some 30 Jews, no doubt connected to Auburn University and Congregation Beth Shalom. But why does Barry County in western Michigan have no Jews, while there are some 1,500 in neighboring Kalamazoo County to the south? Why do Jews, tumbling across landscapes, accumulate in some places like grains of sand while others are swept nearly clean?
History can perhaps explain why Jews are live all across New York State, from 561,000 in Kings County—Brooklyn—to nine in Allegheny County in the state’s southwest. But what kinds of lives, Jewish and otherwise, do the 100 Jews in Livingston County, New York live, or the 50 in Stewart County, Tennessee? What do they bring to their neighbors and communities, as individuals or Jews? Conversely, what does it mean for Comanche County, Texas or Roberts County, South Dakota that there are no Jews at all? Such questions turn two-dimensional data into lives, communities, and politics that affect all Jews and Americans.
The issue is hardly just anthropological curiosity. For one thing, the data demand that we break free of American Jewish life’s stultifying emphasis on coasts and urban centers. American Jewish lives are everywhere, and the sparks of communal life are found in places that only the parochial find inexplicable. But the policy implications are equally significant: how often are Jews outside the populous centers considered, much less brought into the larger American Jewish conversation? Is it condescending even to ask why these Jews live where they do?
In a still larger sense, individual geography shapes collective destiny. There is, for example, the question of critical mass. Jewish culture cannot be easily sustained or reproduced indefinitely even by the most determined individuals or families. Social reproduction requires schools, synagogues, and kosher food. One can order kosher food from the Internet and perhaps, one day, participate in a minyan the same way. But over time, can individuals or tiny communities sustain Jewish distinctiveness? American Jewish history suggests not; but the population numbers suggest that this is not always the paramount goal of either urban or rural dwellers.
Then, there is the Jewish relationship with America and Americans at large. The fact that most Jews are essentially restricted to two dozen urban centers means they will remain out of touch with the rest of Americans, who will be equally ignorant of Jews. Perhaps there will be a renewed cycle of Jewish migrations to small town America, like those of 150 and 100 years ago ago—though this would run counter to the larger geographic trends that are emptying rural America. The more likely scenario is an ever more intense clustering of Jews in the pressure cookers of an expanding urban and suburban America, where some 80 percent of Americans now live. There, Jewish assimilation and intermarriage proceed apace, along with the ethnic balkanization and interest group politics of which Jews have a shrinking share.
The geographic data may also place the tired question of American Jewish politics in a new light. Norman Podhoretz famously asked whether liberalism was the new religion of American Jews. The geography, however, suggests that American Jews are liberal because, at least in part, they adopt the predominant values of the communities in which they live. Whether such extreme concentration is politically or spiritually healthy for Jews and for America is an open question.
There are no guaranteed formulas for Jewish survival in America. Such survival will be possible only if Jewish survival becomes a Jewish value that transcends geography.
Comments are closed for this article. | <urn:uuid:cefcf5ae-49cb-485f-8b29-a64c96a6706e> | {
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It used to be a common sight, when traveling the back roads of southern Wisconsin, to see beef cattle out grazing in a pasture. Now more and more beef farms are being replaced by houses, horses, and hops (well, ok, its really corn and soybeans), and the old barns stand empty. This series highlights six beef breeds you may still see as you're traveling about hunting caches.
The Simmental, a Continental breed originating in Switzerland, is among the oldest and most widely distributed of all breeds of cattle in the world. Simmental cattle, as a breed, tend to have larger, longer heads than British breeds of cattle, and substantially larger ears that are set lower on their head, a trait that can help identify Simmental and Simmental-cross cattle. The early breeders of this breed selected for a large dairy and draft animal, not for beef. They were originally white and light red, but the tend now is to breed for a more solid color rather than patches, and black Simmental now exist in the US. Simmental were reported as early as 1887 in Illinois, but didn't become popular in the US until the 1970's.
This is located on public hunting land. Please hunt this cache after 2:00 pm during Pheasant season (Oct. 20 - Dec. 31, 2007), and its always safest to wear blaze orange.
Many thanks to Mike Foy, Brooklyn Wildlife Area land manager, for giving permission to place this cache.
To get the coordinates for the final Herd cache you must first find the six breed caches. Underneath the top of the ammo can will be letter and its corresponding number.
The caches in this series are:
The caches in this series vary in terrain and difficulty, but all caches are .50 cal ammo cans. This wildlife area has some low, swampy areas, so you may want to bring along an extra pair of socks and shoes, just in case you step in the wrong spot. | <urn:uuid:f843bc25-d22a-455b-98f3-214a13f36f63> | {
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Coal ash is the second largest stream of industrial waste in the US at approximately 130 million tons produced per year.
According to EPA, coal ash is disposed in over 310 active on-site landfills and 735 active on-site surface impoundments. These are large facilities. Landfills average over 120 acres in size and 40 feet deep while impoundments average over 50 acres in size and 20 feet deep.
No matter how coal ash is stored, it is often mismanaged, and there is a lack of oversight by federal and state governments. The minimal existing oversight often does little to prevent the toxic components of coal ash getting into Americans’ lungs or water supplies, or to ensure that the dams retaining coal ash ponds do not suddenly collapse.
Wet Storage (Impoundment)
Wet storage of coal ash means that the ash is mixed with water and stored in large ponds like the one pictured at the right. These wet disposal areas are called “surface impoundments,” i.e. “ponds” or “lagoons.” In 2012, 80 percent of all ash that wasn’t “beneficially reused” was stored in onsite surface impoundments and landfills.
Toxic substances contained in coal ash can make their way into water tables nearby their impoundments. Dissolving and slowly seeping into the ground as “leachate” from landfills and lagoons, this invisible stream of heavy metals and contaminants can get into groundwater and aquifers, exposing fish and wildlife to dangerous substances like arsenic.
And contamination is sometimes even approved by environmental “watchdog” agencies! As is visible in the picture to the right, ponds can discharge millions of gallons of contaminated wastewater into rivers and streams (the light colored flow coming from the pond at right is a state-permitted wastewater discharge). Discharges like these can cause huge environmental damage, as happened in an infamous series of events at Belews Lake in North Carolina, which killed off 19 of the 22 species of fish in the lake and was still having major impacts a decade later.
Dry Storage (landfills)
At landfill sites, dry coal ash can be dispersed by wind and blown into neighboring plots of land as “fugitive dust;” this carcinogen-laden dust can be a major health concern when inhaled, affecting the lungs and bronchia.
Landfills are also dangerous to ground water, especially when they are not properly lined. Stormwater can seep through the dry ash, collecting toxins as it percolates down to the ground and into the water table.
Coal Ash Site Closure
As the Southeast’s aging fleet of coal plants retire, and coal ash disasters like the one at Dan River North Carolina make the case for closing out existing dumpsites, the question is now being asked, “How do we close these sites properly and safely?” Utilities’ favorite method of closure is to cap the ash in place and leave it right where it is. However, capping in place does not stop pollution from coal ash impoundments as groundwater water moves through the sites horizontally, not just vertically from falling rain. This is especially the case when coal ash dumps are built on top of existing streams, swamps, and other wetlands.
Research indicates leaching of arsenic and selenium is impacted by whether coal ash pits are aerobic or anaerobic environments (whether oxygen is present). When a coal ash pit is capped, it may become anaerobic which has been shown to increase the leaching of arsenic. EPA and state agencies seem to be completely ignoring this important variable when determining safety requirements and disposal recommendations for coal ash impoundments.
To stop legacy pollution from these sites, coal ash must be removed from old, leaking impoundments and moved to dry, lined storage away from rivers and other waterways. In South Carolina, two utilities are employing this solution across the state, and in some places will even restore the dumpsites to their former state as native wetlands.
The Jury’s Still Out On Coal Ash “Recycling”
Coal ash is commonly re-used in a number of ways. For example, it is used as structural fill or fill for abandoned mines; as a top layer on unpaved roads; as an ingredient in concrete, wallboard, and in school running tracks; as an agricultural soil additive; and as “cinders” to be spread on snowy roads.
48% of the coal ash produced in 2014 was “recycled” in what the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and industry call “beneficial re-use.” However, valid concerns exist around the safety of re-using unencapsulated coal ash, as it poses another route for human and environmental exposure. When these uses of coal ash are excluded, the percentage of coal ash recycled drops to around 20%.
See our Coal Ash Re-Use page for more information.
Create-Your-Own Coal Ash Report
Full control to create the report of your choosing listing coal plants with ash impoundments in the Southeast.
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How a Decade of War Has Changed Treatment
More than a decade of war has dramatically changed the way polytrauma (PT) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are treated in America’s veterans returning home with these life-changing wounds.
“In the 1990s, there were specialized centers for these types of injuries, but the network we have now didn’t exist,” said Dr. Ronald Riechers, medical director of the poly-trauma team at the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center.
Riechers explained that when the current generation of wars began, the VA developed a system of treatments based on the nature and severity of a patient’s injury. Patients are classified at levels one through three, with three being the most severe. As a patient recovers, the condition is downgraded to the next level with what Riechers calls a “warm handoff ” to the patient’s individually assigned liaison service officer at the next treatment center.
“The system-based care has been the biggest change regarding how we treat these injuries,” said Riechers.
Another change is the immediate treatment that often begins on the battlefield. In previous conflicts, the injured were evacuated to a treatment center. In recent wars, especially as bases were established and facilities erected, a patient could be moved from the point of injury to lifesaving care at full-spectrum medical facilities within the course of an hour.
“What the military did early on was place medical professionals down range, as proximately close to the fighting that was safe,” Riechers said. “Neurosurgeons were there early, and some were aggressive in performing surgery on wounds to the skull, as sometimes the pressure created by that kind of injury is what would be fatal.”
The early intervention has greatly increased survival rates.
“We can aeromedical evacuate a patient [to a treatment center] rapidly after they received surgery early,” Riechers said. “This reduced negative cognitive impairment and death. We have better survival rates than the civilian sector because of early intervention, and the ability to begin neurologic care at a tertiary medical facility is dramatic.”
Riechers said the future of PT/TBI injury care consists of integrating treatments for patients with both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a TBI. While the overwhelming majority of cases are mild, he said, TBI symptoms are often associated with a mild concussion and shouldn’t be overlooked.
“Coexistence of PTSD/TBI is extremely high,” he said. “What you will see moving forward is people who have PTSD/TBI being integrated into interdisciplinary programs and treatments.
“The challenge lies in identifying these injuries in these individuals who can’t necessarily describe their experience due to amnesia that sometimes comes with the extreme adrenaline rush that led to the injury in the first place,” said Riechers.
Any veteran who may have experienced even what might have initially been called a “mild” concussion is encouraged to see a specialist to ensure they are properly diagnosed—especially as some injuries can worsen over time.
“The stigma of asking for help, whether a veteran suffered a TBI-related injury and is still serving or has transitioned out of uniform, can and should be removed from our mindset as a veteran community,” said DAV National Adjutant Marc Burgess. “Anyone who has suffered an injury like this, even if they were initially told it was mild or didn’t report it, should absolutely see a medical professional.” Riechers agrees.
“There’s no IV drip to treat TBI and, unfortunately, there’s no pill, either,” Riechers said. “The cure comes from early treatment, rehabilitation or surgery, if required. It’s important to report head injuries and be evaluated.” | <urn:uuid:b6d19921-e35d-4b2e-a1eb-22c76cd280ed> | {
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A voice piped up, “What if you tried it with a bigger marble?” I was thrilled to hear the third grader’s suggestion. It was a great extension to consider in the group experiment we were doing, but it was bigger than that. It was that the student had been automatically considering the “what if” possibilities of science, unprompted by me.
Blue Bottle Experiment: Learning Chemistry without Knowing the Chemicals (available to subscribers) in the June 2017 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education highlights the “what if” possibilities, on both the instructor and student sides of the classroom coin.
To begin, it shows the results of JCE authors considering “what ifs” related to the classic blue bottle experiment. If you haven’t seen it before, a solution in a plastic bottle undergoes multiple cycles of turning from colorless to blue and back again, as it is shaken and left to stand. They have developed resources for the use of what is often a demonstration so that students can use it in the laboratory. While the authors designed it to use with undergraduates (mostly nonchemistry majors) as a first lab experiment, it would also be an accessible experience for high school students. Each experiment also has suggestions for alternative procedures connected with certain parts. For example, they describe three different ways that you might provide a solution that has no air present in its container to help students realize that it plays a role in the reaction.
The “what ifs” for the students come in the series of suggested experiments. Students investigate the bluing process itself, finding that an atmospheric gas plays a role, but can then take it further by considering the way the solution is stirred, its temperature, and finally, other variations of their own choosing in a student-designed portion. The entire series was originally offered in a four-hour lab. I appreciate that the authors give a variety of experiments, but also understand that not all teachers will be able to use all of them. They provide tips for how you might pick and choose, and a suggested progression. They also include ideas for what students might consider during the open-ended investigation. Online supporting documents are included in Word format, so you can edit to your selected pieces.
In the abstract, don’t let the phrase “reaction mechanism” scare you off. The authors use a simplified treatment of the reaction, not sharing the specific compound names during the process. What they describe as a “mechanism” is more of a description of what happens, in an equation-style shorthand. For example, going from colorless (a leuco form of the compound, "L") to blue "B", through the addition of air "A" is shown as
L(aq) + A(g) à B(aq)
I have my own “what if…” I am curious as to how some of the suggested procedures would work with the chemicals used in the 2003 JCE Classroom Activity Out of the Blue. It used reactants available in stores, such as vitamin C powder and methylene blue and copper found in aquarium store products.
More from the June 2017 Issue
This post highlights just one piece of this month’s issue. Don’t miss the rest! Mary Saecker offers her summary of the content in JCE 94.06 June 2017 Issue Highlights.
Want to share your own “what if” moment related to an experiment or activity you’ve tried from the Journal? We want to hear! Start by submitting a contribution form, explaining you’d like to contribute to the Especially JCE column. Then, put your thoughts together in a blog post. Questions? Contact us using the ChemEd X contact form. | <urn:uuid:508b9cb3-4f1f-40fe-b83f-6c8f321cc78b> | {
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Horse owners take their animal’s health very seriously. Designing the right diet, adding feed supplements and providing exercise – none of these are easy tasks, but they’re all necessary to keep your horse in prime condition. Yet how many horse enthusiasts can say they treat themselves with the same level of care? As it turns out, horses and humans have similar nutritional needs. Here are four health tips we can learn from our equine companions:
1. Eat mostly plants
There are a lot of fad diets that extol the benefits of eating only plant-based food or raw meals. Anecdotes aside, both horses and humans should rely on plants for the bulk of their diet, Health Fitness Revolution notes. According to the World Health Organization, a healthy diet for a human adult includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes. Meanwhile, the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion reports that diets low in meat and poultry reduce a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease. The nutritional benefits of meat – protein, for the most part – can be found in various plant sources.
Still, horses don’t get all the vitamins and minerals they need from such a simple diet. That is why owners often add equine supplements to their feed. This does not mean humans need to eat a boring mix of plain oats with fish oil capsules for breakfast, lunch and dinner, but you should eat a wide variety of foods to meet your nutritional needs.
2. Drink lots of water
The average horse needs between five and seven gallons of water per day, Dr. Nancy Loving told TheHorse.com. In hot weather, horses can drink up to 20 gallons. These numbers may seem like a lot, but they make sense when the large size of a horse is considered. Like people, their bodies are full of liquid, and they lose a lot of it during hot days and physical activity.
Doctors recommend adult humans consume two to three liters of liquid per day, depending on gender. Again, this looks like a lot, but keep in mind the size and mechanics of the human body. Don’t worry – one can certainly enjoy a can of soda every now and then, but making sugary drinks a habit could lead to serious health issues.
“Sodium helps transmit nerve impulses and relaxes your muscles.”
3. Salt is good for humans, but don’t go overboard
Neither humans nor horses can live without sodium. It is an electrolyte that helps transmit nerve impulses and relaxes muscles – without it, people experience headaches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness or confusion.
Unfortunately, due to the rapid rise of processed foods, most people eat far too much salt. The World Health Organization (WHO) found the majority of the population consumes nine to 12 grams daily. Consider how much sodium horses need – Horse and Rider recommends about 10 grams per day. Based on size alone, it is clear humans should n0t eat as much salt as they do. WHO recommends no more than 5 grams per day.
4. Do not neglect oral hygiene
Both humans and horses only get two sets of teeth during their lifetime. This makes proper dental care essential. Poor oral hygiene makes it harder for horses to grind their food into digestible pieces and could lead to other health issues, the American Association of Equine Practitioners says. Horses that cannot properly digest their food miss vital nutrients and become weaker over time.
The same is true for humans. According to the American Dental Hygienists’ Association, research shows periodontal disease is a risk factor for diabetes, premature birth, low birth weight, heart and lung disease and more.
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In order to protect the privacy of students, we do not store student email addresses in a retrievable format whenever they create an account on Code.org. Instead, we immediately create and store only a one-way hashed version of the email address (which cannot be converted back into the original address), and use it only for the purposes of login, account management, and password recovery.
Code.org's login approach to student privacy
We wanted to explain how this works, partly because curious teachers and students may learn something about Internet security from our description, but also to inspire other education sites to consider the same approach in order to better safeguard the privacy of students.
How login works on most web sites
On a typical web site, when you enter your email address and password—whether to create an account or to sign in to that account—the password you enter is never stored on the website server. On all secure websites your password is scrambled using a “one-way hash function”. The web site database only stores this scrambled version.
Each time you login, as long as you enter the same password you used to create the account, the one-way hash function generates the same scrambled version to confirm your identity. But the actual text of your password remains secure, so that if the web site is ever hacked, the hackers can’t steal your password to try it on other sites. (Of course, some web sites have famously skipped this secure step and stored passwords in plaintext, and hackers have published millions of email/password pairs that they stole from these web sites. Because of this, it’s always a good idea to use a different password on each web site you use, so that if any of them had this problem and was hacked, the hackers can’t steal your login information for all your other web accounts.)
How student login works on Code Studio
Just like any other web site, students on Code Studio can log in and create accounts using their email address and password. But as soon as a student enters this information, both the password and the email address are scrambled using a one-way hash function before being stored on our servers. This is very similar to the standard method for keeping passwords out of the hands of hackers—we’re simply applying the same protection to student email addresses. To take an extra step in the interest of student privacy, the scrambling of the email address is performed on the web browser, so Code.org servers never even receive the student’s Code Studio email address—they only receive the scrambled version.
Each time a student logs in, as long as they enter the same email address and password they used to create their account, the one-way hash function generates the same scrambled version to confirm their identity. But the actual text of their email remains secure, to protect their privacy.
This means that Code.org permanently loses the ability to email students based on their Code Studio accounts. This was not an easy trade-off, because every Web site values the ability to contact their “customers.” However, for a nonprofit focused on education, with over 10 million student accounts, this was the right trade-off to take extra caution to preserve their privacy.
Although Code.org is based in the U.S., many of the classrooms and students using our platform are outside the U.S., in countries with stricter privacy laws and a growing distrust of U.S. spying policies. By re-engineering our system to never even receive, let alone store, these email addresses, we believe we can better serve all our classrooms, and maintain the trust of educators worldwide. | <urn:uuid:b863ee79-95e0-45ec-81f6-569ecd82d650> | {
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King’s was the richest colonial college; its endowment, derived from province-sponsored lotteries, grants of land from New York’s government, and philanthropic gifts from its governors and others, reached 17,000 pounds on the eve of the Revolution, almost equal to that of all the other colonial colleges combined. Yet because of the cost of constructing and maintaining the college building, King’s found itself in constant need of operating funds and it launched numerous fund-raising campaigns, including a number in the West Indies. Many prominent New York merchants not only had business contacts in the Caribbean but owned property there and sent members of their families to live and handle their affairs. Few donations were forthcoming. Of course, those that were came from slaveowners.[i]
Most of King’s money came from New York. The College netted over 8,000 pounds from a bequest in the will of Joseph Murray, a well-connected, childless New York lawyer who served as a King’s governor from 1754 until his death in 1757. This was the largest single philanthropic gift in colonial America. Murray had acted as assistant prosecutor during the 1741 “slave plot” trials. He obtained convictions for two of his own slaves, Jack and Adam, the former of whom admitted that he planned to kill Murray and his family. Both were “transported” out of New York as punishment. These events may have made Murray think in new ways about the institution of slavery. In the will that gave his estate to King’s, he also freed two slaves and provided an annual stipend of 20 pounds for their support. Freeing slaves in a will was highly unusual in colonial New York.[ii]
Merchants, including “the wealthiest and most important men of their time” considerably outnumbered lawyers, ministers, and others on the board of governors. They donated generously to the College. The initial list of 66 “subscribers,” who donated a total of over 5,000 pounds to help launch King’s, included Atlantic slave traders John Watts, Nathaniel Marston, Adoniah Schuyler, and John Cruger, and many others engaged in commerce with the Caribbean. Apart from Governor Charles Hardy, who gave 500 pounds, the largest contribution, 200, came from Marston, one of the city’s merchants most actively involved in the slave trade from Africa. Most of the donors had a connection to slavery either via ownership or trade.[iii]
If King’s profited from its mercantile connections, some of the governors personally benefitted from their relationship to King’s. Augustus Van Horne, whose ancestors had accumulated wealth via the slave trade and who himself owned slaves (one of whom, Caesar, ran away in April 1786), became treasurer of King’s in 1779. At the request of the board of governors, he conducted an audit of the college accounts and discovered that a number of governors and graduates, as well as other prominent New Yorkers, some with no connection at all to the college, for years had used the King’s endowment as a source of credit, borrowing funds at below-market interest rates. The governors on the list included Leonard Lispenard, Van Horne’s predecessor as treasurer of King’s and a member of a prominent slaveowning merchant family; the previously mentioned Justice Hormanden; James Delancey, a slaveholding lawyer; and Henry Cuyler, a 1762 graduate who inherited his father’s sugar refining business and as late as 1800 owned four slaves. Access to credit was a persistent problem for merchants and others in late colonial New York. King’s’ endowment helped to subsidize the mercantile and other business activities of men who profited from slavery.[iv]
[i]. McCaughey, Stand, Columbia, 37-38; Humphrey, King’s College, 132-34; Columbia University, Early Minutes of the Trustees (New York, 1932), October 2, 1759, April 15, 1762, May 20, 1773; Schneider and Schneider, Johnson, 1: 226; 4: 55; Wilder, Ebony and Ivy, 96-97.
[ii]. McCaughey, Stand, Columbia, 37-38; Tyler Zimmet, “Joseph Murray, Edward Antill, and New York City's Interlocking Elite,” Seminar Paper, Columbia and Slavery, Spring 2015, 2-12.
[iii]. Harrington, New York Merchant, 33-34; “Subscription List” [December 1755], Columbia College Records, Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, Columbia University; Subscribers Names, who have agreed to pay Three Pounds yearly ... 1766, New-York Historical Society; Humphrey, King’s College, 96-97.
[iv]. Augustus Van Horne Account Book, i, 31-34; New-York Historical Society; New York Packet, September 4, 1786; Lorenzo A. Gibson, “Necessary Evil: Slavery and Columbia College’s Revolution Era and Post-Revolution Era Finances,” Seminar Paper, Columbia and Slavery, Spring 2015, 10-19. | <urn:uuid:2613a327-d1a5-4648-b891-2604e1743380> | {
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Peter Clements evaluates the thirtieth president of the United States, Calvin Coolidge.
‘Calvin Coolidge believed the least government was the best government; he aspired to become the least president the country had ever had; he attained that desire’ (Irving Stone). The man who achieved this back-handed compliment took over as president on the death of Warren Harding, in 1923. He served one term in his own right from 1924 to 1928, and departed the stage before the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 and concomitant depression. Coolidge was entitled to stand for a second term of office in 1928. Some critics have argued he decided not to do so because he saw what was coming. Others have blamed him in part for the depression because he did nothing to avert it and pursued policies that made it inevitable. Hence in his history of the USA, in a chapter on the 1920s entitled ‘Irresponsibility’, Hugh Brogan says of Coolidge:
As president, he thought it was his duty to mind the store while the republicans ran the country as they saw fit. He intervened in the economic process only to veto the proposals of more active men in Congress … He was almost equally supine in foreign affairs.
Irving Stone’s view, quoted above, dating from 1949, is typical of the way Coolidge’s presidency has been viewed for much of the time since his death. He has been seen as a chief executive who did nothing while, just below the surface, the signs were increasingly evident that the economy was in deep trouble.
It is a testimony to Coolidge’s apparent inactivity that so much has been written about his foibles and personality rather than his actual work as president. He was taciturn, known as ‘Silent Cal’; he enjoyed childish practical jokes such as buzzing for his bodyguards and then hiding under his desk as they frantically searched for him, presumably fearing him kidnapped. He was indolent: he liked to nap in the afternoons and would depart early to bed even at state dinners. He was difficult to please and had a fierce temper. His long suffering wife once wrote that if he came home in a foul mood, she was relieved that at least an employee had been spared his venom; if he come home genial he would almost certainly have lashed out at someone earlier in the day. Coolidge himself said that he was ‘hard to get along with’. These traits have been deployed by many over the years to explain his unfitness for the office of president.
However, Coolidge’s reputation as President is in the process of being reexamined. One cannot, for example, blame him for not foreseeing, in its severity, a depression few others foresaw either. The period of his presidency saw real improvements in the lives of many Americans. Although not universal throughout the country, ‘Coolidge prosperity’, while ended by the depression, was real at the time to those who could afford to buy their own homes - 11 million by 1924 – and to the 30 per cent of Americans who owned cars by the end of the decade. His presidency was the age of the Roaring Twenties, of ‘flappers’, prohibition and ‘speakeasies’, jazz music and movie stars. It saw a massive growth in consumer goods, particularly electrical appliances, which made domestic life much easier for millions, and motor cars, which facilitated both tourism and the growth of suburbs so that people could live away from the bustle of city centres and the pollution of the industrial workplace.
If Coolidge has been criticized severely later, he was not at the time. If not exactly popular, he enjoyed widespread respect and engendered a confidence that has led one historian more recently to call him an ideal leader for many Americans who wished ‘to explore the new land of materialism and self indulgence, but also feared the loss of traditional values’. The period of Coolidge’s presidency coincided with a period of dramatic changes in American life. The 1921 census showed that for the first time most Americans lived in urban areas. There was concern that these urban areas were centres of lawlessness and vice. Many people feared the diminution of religion and moral values, particularly among the young - although subsequent research has shown, despite these fears, that most young people shared the traditional values of marriage, family and work. The issue here, however, is that in these times of uncertainty, many Americans were relieved that such an unflappable figure as Calvin Coolidge was at the helm.
Calvin Coolidge’s background
Calvin Coolidge was born in the New England state of Vermont in July 1872, placing him very much in the nineteenth century. His father was a public official and farmer, but the son became a lawyer, showing his independence by setting up his own law firm by the age of 25. One commentator has argued that it was the Vermont background that in part made him so taciturn. According to this analysis, the state has extremes of climate with cold evenings in autumn and spring that make socializing difficult. It is a state where people work hard and have few luxuries, a state where people say what they think and don’t talk unnecessarily. Coolidge, however, took silence to extremes. ‘The things I don’t say’, he once said, ‘never get me into trouble’. Beneath the silence, however, there could be steely determination. He successfully wooed a vivacious girl whom many thought above him; many more would wonder how she put up with him over the years, although his private life was kept intensely private and they appear to have loved each other devotedly. Coolidge rose gradually but unspectacularly up the political ladder until he became Governor of Massachusetts. Here he came to national attention by his stern handling of a police strike where he fired the strikers and brought in the State Guard to maintain order. ‘There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, at any time’, he said as he refused to reinstate the ringleaders once the strike was over. It was this show of determination that probably won him the vice presidency in 1921, although under Warren Harding he did nothing to distinguish himself until he unexpectedly became president on the latter’s sudden death.
Coolidge’s presidential style
The means by which Coolidge learned of his elevation to the presidency set the tone for his administration. He was staying at his father’s home where there was no telephone and no electricity. A messenger delivered the news. His father, as a local notary, swore him in by the light of a kerosene lamp; he may have got the words of the oath wrong. This was a very nineteenth-century scene and Coolidge effectively operated a nineteenth-century presidency. His view of administration was that it should avoid harm rather than promote good. It was the job of the president to enforce the law as it stood not to change it. This led to his being what has been called a ‘minimalist politician’. He never did what someone else could have done instead. He said, ‘The way I transact the cabinet business is to leave to the head of department the conduct of his own business.’ Indeed when his Secretary of Labor, James L Davis, asked him to read some papers and offer his advice, Coolidge said to the secretary bringing them, ‘You tell ol’ man Davis … if he can’t do the job I’ll get a new Secretary of Labor.’ Coolidge held regular press conferences but they were small and he only accepted questions in advance. If he didn’t like the questions he wouldn’t answer them.
Coolidge’s reluctance to speak did make life awkward. He attempted to control Congress by holding working breakfasts but his silence made them self-defeating. Invited Congressmen left no wiser as to what was expected of them and indeed came up with more and more imaginative excuses not to attend - although when Coolidge had Senator Johnson’s claim that his barn had burned down investigated, it was found to be true! Similarly he received his appointees’ reports in silence and often sent them away without a word. They never knew whether he had listened or not, although perhaps months later they might recognise their suggestions in something he said or did as president.
Perhaps H.L. Mencken summarised best the Coolidge presidential style when he said Coolidge’s ideal day ‘would be one in which nothing happens’.
Issues faced by Coolidge’s administration
Much was happening both at home and abroad, and one must ask whether Coolidge’s policy of apparent inertia was really appropriate for a twentieth-century presidency. He once said that if ten troubles came along the road towards him, nine would fall into the ditch before they neared him. Others suggested that even if this were true, he couldn’t deal with the one remaining. There was initially much scepticism among his fellow politicians as to his ability to run the office of president,and - noting his reluctance to do anything but uphold the law - many felt he would be better sitting on the Supreme Court. However, Coolidge’s reputation was soon to improve. The USA did appear very prosperous, and while Coolidge could take no credit for this, the reputation of all leaders is enhanced when their country appears to be doing well.
He presided over what appeared, on the surface, to be good government but which, with hindsight, has been summarised as ‘minimum government regulations, tax cuts, balanced budgets, low interest rates and cheap foreign policy’.
Coolidge spoke in his inaugural address of problems such as lynching, child labour and low wages for women. Yet he did nothing to overcome any of these issues. His government saw successive tax reductions and yet a surplus of revenue. In 1925 the government received $677 million more than it spent, and in 1927 $607 million. The result was cutbacks in government agencies, with fewer investigators to research unfair practices and less money for government departments to do their work. The Interior department, for example, saw its budget fall from $48 million in 1921 to $32 million in 1928. The Federal Trade Commission, with responsibilities to root our unfair business practices, was given a new boss who had constantly opposed its work and spent much of his tenure restricting its powers.
Yet many problems were presenting themselves. Agriculture, for example, had not shared in the prosperity. More efficient farming techniques and the growth of bigger farms - ‘agribusinesses’ - introduced largely as a result of necessities during the First World War meant farms were overproducing. Prices therefore fell and inevitably it was the smaller farmers, for many of whom the cost of harvesting was greater than the revenue from the sale of their product, who suffered in the ensuing agricultural depression. In 1924, Congress proposed the McNary-Haugen Bill. By its terms an Agricultural Export Corporation would be set up to buy surplus farm produce to sell abroad. Coolidge vetoed the bill, arguing that goods should be produced at a profit not a loss. While this may seem eminently sensible, the banks took over farms whose mortgages could not be paid and people lost land their families had farmed for generations.
Abroad, Coolidge refused to give any leeway to countries having difficulty in repaying their loans. While he probably never actually said, ‘They hired the money, didn’t they?’, these were his sentiments – and those of many other Americans too. However, the policy was short-sighted because, in being so burdened by debt, foreigners could not afford to buy American goods, and increasingly firms needed to export to maintain their profitability.
Nevertheless Coolidge’s cautious approach sometimes appeared to work well, particularly in terms of foreign relations. In 1925 Chinese nationalism led to attacks on Americans in Shanghai and a call for the end to unfair privileges for foreigners in China. Coolidge agreed and gave the Chinese more or less what they wanted. This undoubtedly saved lives: in the Coolidge White House a show of force was not an option. Whether or not its main application was due to budget cutting, the use of negotiation in disputes rather than sending in the troops resulted in a higher opinion of the USA particularly in central and southern areas and presaged the ‘Good Neighbour’ policies of the 1930s. Hence civil war was averted in Nicaragua in 1926 through the good offices of American negotiator Henry Stimson, while better relations came about with Mexico and most disagreements between the two countries were defused.
The biggest criticism levelled against Coolidge is that he did nothing to avert the coming depression. Low interest rates encouraged unwise speculations particularly in stocks and shares and ‘Get Rich Quick’ schemes such as the Florida Land Boom. The Stock Market in particular seemed to be running out of control, with many investors buying their stock on the ‘margin’ - 10 per cent down and the rest in installments. This meant that even if the stock purchased should fall in value it would still have to be paid for at the original price. When Coolidge had been alerted in 1927 to the fact that the Stock Market was in danger of crashing, he had privately commented that anyone investing in shares was a fool. However, publicly he made reassuring noises, partly because he believed it was not the job of the government to get involved but also because he believed it was the job of the government to make positive and optimistic noises.
It is this attitude, coupled with the increasing severity of the problems the USA was facing, that perhaps gets to the heart of Coolidge’s presidency. Minimalism in government may be all right in the unlikely event that the country is facing no major problems, but on certain issues – whatever the philosophy of the chief executive – only the government can take the lead. Yet Coolidge would not countenance any idea of government intervention in the economy. He once famously said, ‘The chief business of the American people is business’. He believed that business and government were quite separate, and the less the government involved itself in business the more profitable business would become and the wealthier everyone would be. The job of government was therefore to do as little as possible: and if it cut taxes people would have more disposable income and become more self-reliant, while business would continue to make profits for the benefit of all.
Of course we now understand that the economy does not work like that, but Coolidge was too much a man of the nineteenth century to embrace twentieth-century economic truths - which indeed few in the 1920s did understand. In this scenario it is unlikely that Coolidge decided not to stand for the presidency again in 1928 because he foresaw the onset of depression in all its severity – although according to his wife he did foresee a downturn in the economy. Perhaps Coolidge, who had almost died of tuberculosis as a boy, knew that he was in poor health (he died in 1933) and judged that he couldn’t physically survive another four years at the White House. Perhaps he had lost much of what energy he did have after the tragic death of his son - although that was in 1924. More likely, with his background of inertia and inactivity, he had simply grown tired of being president – and, as he told Chief Justice Harlan Stone, ‘It’s a pretty good idea to get out when they still want you.’
Irving Stone overstepped the mark when he blamed Coolidge for the world depression and rise of the dictators in the 1930s. However, there is little doubt that with his ‘masterly inactivity’ in the face of approaching problems, Coolidge may have been the president many Americans wanted, but he clearly was not the president most of them needed.
Issues to Debate:
- What are the main criticisms that can be levelled against Coolidge as president?
- What are the main defences of Coolidge?
- What overall verdict would you pass on the presidency of Calvin Coolidge? | <urn:uuid:516185c8-b209-4725-810f-e57776805256> | {
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This spring, your student took the Michigan Student Test of Educational Progress (M-STEP). M-STEP assessments measure what students know and are able to do in relation to Michigan’s Content Standards established for each grade and subject. All students in grades 3-8 were assessed in Mathematics and English Language Arts. In addition, students in grades 5 and 8 were assessed in social studies.
M-STEP individual reports will be sent home today. This report provides an overview of your student’s performance on the M-STEP. Please remember that these assessments are only a snapshot of achievement.
For additional information on the M-STEP and Michigan Content Standards, please visit www.michigan.gov/mstep. For more information regarding how to read and interpret the 2018 M-STEP student scores, please visit Parent/Educator: How to Read M-STEP and MME Fall 2018 Report on Student Scores.
Michigan students are our most important resource. Parents/guardians, schools and teachers succeed when they work together to support and inspire student achievement. We appreciate the partnership we share, and encourage you to contact us should you have any questions or concerns.
Jennifer VanWagnen, Principal
Columbia Upper Elementary School | <urn:uuid:8aa3df0f-38e8-4dcf-85ff-abe4170822ca> | {
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Huang Tu-shui (1895-1931) was the first modern Taiwanese sculptor to study Western sculpture in Japan. After being selected for exhibition in the second annual Empire Exhibition in 1920, Huang’s work was subsequently exhibited in three consecutive Empire Exhibitions, but a boycott by members of the jury in 1925 forced Huang out, and he abandoned all future efforts to enter the exhibition. The sculpture world in Japan was still spellbound by Rodin and realism in 1915 when Huang was recommended for entry to the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, where he studied wood carving at the sculpture department. Influenced by the prevailing trends, Huang combined traditional woodcarving techniques with the classical realism of Western sculpture to create images that are uniquely Taiwanese in expression.
Though the works do not have strong textures or dynamic movement, they express a physical flow. One of the pair of right-facing cattle grazes with its head bowed while the other gazes away in the distance. A second other pair of cattle has their heads raised, as though seeing the others graze has evoked a longing in them to graze, too. A lone cattle looks off into the distance, and brings the viewers perspective into the distance. Between the two groups of cattle is a small calf with its face to the right, being stroked by a small boy – diffusing the strong symmetry while bringing a rich emotional sense to the scene. The depth of perspective and strong focal point is unique in this work that uses Western realism to depict a sentimental view of the countryside. It is a composition of a leisurely Taiwanese landscape.
In his youth, Huang Tu-shui often visited the religious idol shops around Dadaocheng with his uncle, where he was exposed to Fuzhou style buddist carvings. Both his father and elder brother were both carpenters, and Huang was interested in woodcarving from an early age. In 1911, Huang graduated from the Dadaocheng public school and successfully passed exams to enter the teacher’s training school. This represented a significant educational opportunity for the impoverished Huang, as tuition was completely subsidized by public funds. While at school, Huang received top marks in the subjects of “drawing” and “crafts.” He received accolades for his graduation woodcarving work, which prompted Huang to pursue further study in sculptural carving. In 1915, Huang was recommended by high ranking officials in the Taiwan Provincial Government for entry into the sculpture department at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts to study woodcarving. There he received an education in Western woodcarving styles. Though woodcarving was his main focus, he was also devoted to the study of other forms of sculpture, gleaning from the strengths that he applied to developing his own stylistic vocabulary.
|English title：||Taiwan Buffalos|
|Medium / Classification：||Sculpture|
|Life-span：||1895 - 1931|
|Collection Unit：||National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts|
|Contact method for authorization：||
Guide to the Use of Image Files and Data from the Online Collection Database
|Related Exhibition：||Unique Vision：Highlights from the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts Collection| | <urn:uuid:31eae776-f795-44f4-a6a5-6a0f318e775d> | {
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- February 16, 2015 /
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Underground water storage systems are used for the storage of waste water, drinking water, and underground rainwater. These storage systems provide water storage options for remote areas that do not have a typical utility service. More often than not, the water is stored in underground water tanks. These tanks are used as a separate alternative to traditional above ground water tanks.
They have many purposes and uses and more advantages than disadvantages. Read on to find out why underground water storage systems are used and what the pros and cons are to using them instead of other common systems. They have more uses than you would think and here at Free Water Systems, we provide only the best quality products and information to help you to make an informed decision.
Storage System Uses
There are many ways that you can use water storage systems underground. They are primarily used for storing the rainwater from harvesting systems. Underground water storage systems also provide a unique way for water to be stored from different sources to use in your household. It is also possible for them to be used for irrigation systems as water reservoirs. These water storage systems also provide a safe way for water to be stored underground for significant periods of time.
Not only can these storage systems be used for household purposes but they can also be used in certain professions. Firefighters have the ability to store water to help them fight fires more efficiently. Farms can also use these storage systems to store water for their livestock. As you can see there are a number of purposes for these types of water storage systems.
Advantages to Using Water Storage Systems
There are just as many advantages to using these types of water storage systems as there are purposes for them.
- They do not take up a lot of space and can even be placed in lawns or driveways.
- These water storage units are not very attractive to look at, the fact that they can be placed underground is a plus because not only is it saving space but you don’t have to look at it!
- If you were to experience a natural disaster your water will be safe underground for when you need it most.
- If any kind of emergency or civil unrest occurs, vandals and criminals cannot get to your water because it is safe underground.
- If you are a farmer you know that your animals have the ability to damage above ground tanks. Since these systems will be placed underground, your water is safe from any damage your animals my cause.
Disadvantages to Using Water Storage Systems
While there are some disadvantages to using water storage systems for underground purposes, many of these disadvantages can be eliminated by the right company. Here at Free Water Systems, we want nothing more to make sure you are getting exactly what you want, including the best prices. So don’t let these disadvantages fool you, there’s nothing that can’t be accomplished with the right company and product.
- In some cases, these systems that run underground can be a bit more expensive due to the construction that is required to make sure they are properly installed.
- Installation can be more costly, but it is important to use the right team if you can’t install it yourself.
- Pumps are required to extract the water from underground tanks. Again, the key is making sure the right professionals are installing your systems and for the right price.
Why Choose Free Water Systems?
In 1988, we began developing innovative new ways to store water underground. We obtained a patent and from there we began commercial production in 1994. Free Water Systems bring many years of experience to the table by using creativity and experience to insure your complete satisfaction in our products and installation.
Our website provides sample model layouts to give the client a better idea of what goes into underground water tank installation. You can contact us immediately for a free design quote and for more information on the entire process. We want to provide you with the best service imaginable so contact us today. | <urn:uuid:678ae8aa-63d6-4c29-9863-6b5864346135> | {
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Kids love the great taste of peanut butter, and school nutrition professionals love the protein and other key nutrients of this American staple. Some schools, however, struggle with managing peanut products due to concerns about food allergies. Others are unsure of how to use peanut butter as an ingredient in meals beyond the typical PB&J.
We sat down with two experts in K-12 school nutrition to get their insights on the importance of peanut butter in nutrition programs, advice on managing food allergies, and culinary tips to elevate school meals with peanut butter.
Garrett Berdan is a registered dietitian and chef who works with schools on both food allergy management and recipe development. When it comes to peanut butter, he says that schools can moderate risk of cross-contact of allergens when making peanut butter sandwiches by implementing effective allergen management practices. But he also sees the potential for peanut butter to be used as an ingredient in dishes other than a sandwich to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables.
When it comes to managing food allergies, what resources do you recommend for school nutrition pros?
Two main resources that I would recommend are the Institute for Child Nutrition’s training on food allergy management, and the Center for Disease Control and Preventions’ food allergies in schools toolkit. Also, resources that are available linked from PeanutAllergyFacts.org, including training videos for school nutrition professionals.
How can school nutrition pros leverage the culinary versatility of peanuts and peanut butter to help improve school meals?
If we can look at it as a protein component to serve on the side with some dippables, that's always a fun thing for especially younger kids to enjoy. That could be any variety of fruits that would withstand dipping into peanut butter. From apples and pears and banana, but also think of peanut butter as a dip for veggies like carrots and celery, and even bell pepper strips. That may be a draw, especially when served with colorful fresh crunchy vegetables.
I also see the flavor of peanuts as really being on trend right now in cuisine that we see outside of schools. Certainly, with Southeast Asian flavor profiles, peanuts and peanut sauce are an important flavor aspect of those cuisines. Those can be easily integrated onto a school menu with dishes like noodles with a peanut sauce, or maybe a chilled veggie and noodle salad. That definitely takes things beyond the peanut butter and jelly.
Get the volume recipe for the multipurpose peanut sauce here.
Dayle Hayes, MS, RD, is president of her own company, Nutrition for the Future. She has over 20 years of experience consulting with school nutrition professionals, and is also a social media maven with a popular blog, School Meals That Rock.
Her favorite mantra is, “it's only nutrition when they eat or drink it.” As such, she agrees that peanut butter is a tasty ingredient that can get kids to eat their fruits and vegetables. But she also recognizes the benefits of peanut butter for both a child’s nutrition, and school nutrition programs.
What nutritional benefits do peanuts and peanut butter provide for school aged children?
Protein is one of the most obvious nutritional benefits of peanuts and peanut butter for children. The good unsaturated fat plus the protein provides satiety in a meal or snack. Peanut products can offer an extended source of energy for children’s physical activity and for their brain activity too.
In addition to protein, there are three other nutrients that I always think about in terms of school-age children. One is potassium. Potassium is one of the nutrients of concern that health experts know we're not getting enough of for our everyday needs, and peanut butter has potassium in it. In fact, one serving (one ounce) of peanuts provides 6 percent of the daily value and one serving (2 Tablespoons) of peanut butter provides 5 percent of the daily value. Also, peanut butter pairs well with some other kid-friendly, high potassium foods like apples and celery.
Peanuts and peanut butter are also a source of fiber as well. One serving of peanuts contain 10 percent of the daily value and one serving of peanut butter has 8 percent of the daily value. Because most of the meat alternate foods do not have any fiber in them, this combination of protein, potassium, and fiber is great.
The other nutrient in peanuts and peanut butter I want to mention is iron, because in the recent Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the Scientific Advisory Committee called out iron as a nutrient of concern for girls and young women. One serving of peanuts provides 7 percent of the daily value and one serving of peanut butter provides 3 percent of the daily value. Any time we can find a source of iron that students like to eat it's a win-win situation in terms of their nutrition.
How does peanut butter help lower costs for school nutrition programs?
School nutrition programs are very limited in terms of overall food costs and often pennies per serving can make a difference in balancing budgets. For consumers and foodservice channels, peanuts and peanut butter are often always listed as one of the least expensive protein sources. It just compares so favorably when we think about some of the other proteins. When you reduce the cost of the meat or the meat alternate in the “center of the tray,” then you have more food dollars for fresh produce and other local items. Farm to School is one of the fastest growing areas of school nutrition programs and any money that directors have to spend in purchasing local products works to their benefit.
What is your favorite preparation for peanut butter being used in school meals?
The thing that I'm most excited about is what people are calling power packs or grab and go meals. The ones I've seen often include an individual container of peanut butter along with pita bread, pita chips, or whole grain crackers. Then some sliced apples, maybe some baby carrots or celery sticks, and often an added protein source like a cheese stick. | <urn:uuid:ca0fba38-21a9-4995-9bea-ecb94d69a4cf> | {
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Throughout our lives, we are bound to face numerous challenges that can deeply impact us, leaving us grappling with a rollercoaster of emotions. When confronted with significant losses, betrayals, terminal diseases, or even failures in exams, it is common to experience a range of emotions that can be overwhelming.
There are five stages of grief, according to psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, MD (On Death and Dying, 1969):
However, the later psychology experts’ models advocate two more stages, taking the total to seven. So now the seven-stage grief model is the most accepted model. This model consists of:
- Shock and denial
- Pain and guilt
- Anger and Bargaining
- The Upward Turn
- Reconstruction and walking through
Understanding the seven stages of grief can help us make sense of these complex emotions and guide us towards healing and growth. In this article, I will explore each stage of grief and give examples related to death, betrayal, terminal disease, and failure in exams.
- Shock and Denial: The first stage of grief is when the person is shocked and denies that the event occurred. This is more of a protective mechanism that our mind activates so that we can cope with overwhelming emotions. This lessens the impact of the loss to a certain extent for some time.
- Death: “They haven’t gone. They’ll be here any moment. Maybe it’s a fluke by the hospital.”
- Betrayal: “There must be some misunderstanding. They would never do this to me. It’s impossible.”
- Terminal Disease: “The doctors must be wrong. I feel fine. This can’t be happening to me. Maybe the report got mixed up with someone else.”
- Failure in Exams: “This can’t be my grade. I studied so much; it doesn’t make sense.”
Shock and denial work as temporary distractions. These lessen over time, and the individual transitions into other stages of grief.
- Pain and guilt: The affected would blame themselves and be intensely emotional. They will question their own actions or choices.
- Death: “If only I had spent more time with them,” or “I should have taken them to the doctor earlier.”
- Betrayal: “I should have seen the warning signs,” or “It’s my fault for not trusting my intuition.”
- Terminal Disease: “If only I had taken better care of myself” or “I shouldn’t have ignored the doctor’s advice for regular checkups.”
- Failure in Exams: “I should have studied more,” or “I’m a dumb person who can’t grasp the concepts taught to me.”
It is important to have a support system like friends, family, or a therapist to work through these emotions. It also helps to realise that these emotions are bound to come and are a part of healing.
- Anger and bargaining: The individuals feel that they have been given the short end of the stick. They might feel helpless and might direct their anger towards themselves, the person who caused the betrayal, or even God, the universe, or any higher power. They would bargain with themselves, others, or even a higher power to reverse the loss, making promises or offering prayers.
- Death: “Why did this happen to them? It’s not fair!” or “I’m so angry that they were taken away from us.” OR “Please bring them back, and I promise I’ll do anything,” or “If they could just have more time, I’ll dedicate my life to helping others.”
- Betrayal: “How could they do this to me? I’m furious!” or “I wish them to experience a horrible life and a gruesome death.” OR “If he would just apologise and promise never to do it again, maybe we can attempt to build our life together,” or “If he comes back to me, I would make sure to love him more.”
- Terminal b: “Why me? It’s not fair!” or “I’m so angry that my life is being cut short.” OR “If the doctor tells me that this can be cured, I’ll fast every Monday,” or “Please give me more time, and I’ll get regular checkups every year.”
- Failure in Exams: “I can’t believe I failed! I am so angry!” or “For this difficult exam, they should have considered giving extra marks.” OR “If I pass in revaluation, I will pay more attention in classes next year” or “If my teacher gives me extra credit for sports, I will pass, and I promise to offer 21 coconuts at the temple.”
Anger and bargaining are ways to express the frustration that comes with loss and helplessness. If the anger persists, it is important to consult a therapist.
- Depression and Loneliness: As the reality of the loss sets in, individuals may experience a deep sense of sadness, depression, and loneliness. This stage involves withdrawing from social activities and feeling disconnected from the world.
- Death: “I don’t want to see anyone. I just want to be alone,” or “I feel so empty without them; it’s like a part of me is cut out of me.”
- Betrayal: “I can’t trust anyone” or “I feel so alone without anyone to rely on.”
- Terminal Disease: “I don’t want to burden anyone with my illness” or “The thought of what lies ahead makes me feel so depressed and isolated.”
- Failure in Exams: “I don’t feel like talking to anyone. I’m so ashamed of my failure” or “I feel so lonely in my studies. Everyone else has passed already.”
Although during this stage the individuals might feel lonely and want to be restricted to aloofness, it is at this time that they would need their friends and family the most. The individual should find a support system and consider consulting a therapist. In extreme cases, individuals may require psychiatric treatment.
- The Upward Turn: In the upward turn stage, individuals begin to accept the loss and gradually move towards healing. They may experience hope at times and start to engage in activities that bring them satisfaction and peace.
- Death: The individual who has lost a loved one might begin an exercise regime to keep themselves fit. They might notice how the world has more to offer when observing the small joys of life.
- Betrayal: The individual who has been betrayed might start focusing on self-care and personal growth and might start to exercise, meditate, or cultivate hobbies they enjoy. They might start reconnecting with friends and rebuilding their trust in the world.
- Terminal Disease: The affected individuals start to think of ways to utilise the remaining time and might even turn towards spirituality to move on in peace. They might explore other options like alternative therapy or express themselves creatively through art, music, etc.
- Failure: The individuals make a plan for studying well next time or start to think of ways to explore additional avenues that might bring them closer to their ultimate goals.
The upward turn stage takes the individuals towards healing. They find positivity, hope, and growth amid the grieving process. Though they might still be experiencing pain, they start seeing the possibility of joy and satisfaction.
- Reconstruction and Working Through: During this stage, individuals actively work through their emotions and begin to reconstruct their lives. They may seek therapy, support groups, or other resources to help them navigate their grief.
- Death: The affected individuals would start to find ways to keep the good memories of their loved ones alive. They might create a memorial or just volunteer for something that was important to the deceased. They could find joy in small things like making dishes their loved ones liked and distributing them to the needy.
- Betrayal: Individuals who have experienced betrayal may begin to rebuild their sense of trust and make meaning out of the betrayal they faced. They could look at the betrayal and try to find out the mistakes they made to avoid a recurrence. At the same time, they might explore options to rebuild their self-esteem and look to improve their communication skills further.
- Terminal Disease: The individuals might start working on a bucket list and start looking for ways in which they can leave a legacy. They might start working for the betterment of society by educating others on the disease they have, its avoidance, the need for regular check-ups, and ways of treatment and therapy.
The reconstruction and working through stage is a time of personal growth, self-reflection, and making choices that align with one’s values and goals.
- Acceptance and Hope: The final stage of grief involves reaching a place of acceptance and finding hope for the future. It does not mean that the pain completely disappears; rather, individuals develop the strength to move forward with their lives.
- Death: The individual might start to focus more on cherished memories instead of the fact that the loved one is no longer with them. They might start looking for ways to carry on the legacy they left behind.
- Betrayal: The individual accepts that the betrayal happened but refuses to let it define their entire life. They might understand that there are people in the world who would not break their trust and might start to build relationships again. The resentment also fades, or they consciously decide to let it go.
- Terminal Disease: The individual might come to accept that their time is limited and shift their focus from seeking a cure to prioritising the quality of their remaining life. They may start spending time with loved ones, pursuing their passions, or travelling to places they’ve always wanted to visit.
The acceptance and hope stage involves recognising the reality of the loss or circumstances and finding a sense of peace, meaning, and possibility. It’s a stage of letting go of resistance and moving forward with a renewed sense of purpose, hope, and optimism for the future.
The journey through grief is unique to each individual. These stages of grief do not occur in a certain sequence. It is possible that one or more of the stages repeat themselves after some time. Knowledge of the stages of grief gives us insight into dealing with complex emotions whenever we face loss in life. They can also make us more compassionate and supportive of others facing challenging times. We have to remember that everyone heals in their own time. Time gives hope in the end. | <urn:uuid:d1e8e805-014f-4cd6-a3d7-46c01b8c5948> | {
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Off-the-grid is a system and lifestyle designed to help people function without the support of remote infrastructure, such as an electrical grid. In electricity, off-grid can be stand-alone power system or mini-grids typically to provide a smaller community with electricity. Off-grid electrification is an approach to access electricity used in countries and areas with little access to electricity, due to scattered or distant population. The term off-the-grid (OTG) can refer to living in a self-sufficient manner without reliance on one or more public utilities. People who adopt this lifestyle are called off-gridders.
Off-the-grid homes are autonomous; they do not rely on municipal water supply, sewer, natural gas, electrical power grid, or similar utility services. A true off-grid house is able to operate completely independently of all traditional public utility services. The idea has been recently popularized by certain celebrities including Ed Begley, Jr. who stars in the Living with Ed television show on the Home & Garden Television (HGTV) network. Actress Daryl Hannah promotes off-grid living and constructed her home in Colorado according to those principles, as does survival expert and Dual Survival co-star Cody Lundin, who lives in a self-designed, passive solar earth house in the high-desert wilderness of Northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities.
Electrical power can be generated on-site with renewable energy sources such as solar (particularly with photovoltaics), wind, micro hydro, geothermal; with a generator or Micro combined heat and power with adequate fuel reserves. Such a system is called a stand-alone power system or sometimes referred to as a Hybrid power system. In addition, it is possible to simply eliminate electric power such as in Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities.
On-site water sources can include a well, stream, tank, or lake. Depending on the water source, this may include pumps and/or filtration. Rainwater can also be harvested. Filters can be advanced running off an energy source of boiling and storage.
On 13 April 2006, USA Today reported that there were "some 180,000 families living off-grid, a figure that has jumped 33% a year for a decade," and cited Richard Perez, publisher of Home Power Magazine, as the source. Assuming the same rate of growth, there would be a quarter million off-grid households in the United States by late 2007. Because many Third World citizens have never had the chance to go on the grid, current estimates are that 1.7 billion people live off-grid worldwide. A wave of TV shows and articles came out after the publication of "Off the Grid, Inside the Movement for More Space, Less Government and True Independence in Modern America" by Nick Rosen in 2010.
The concept of a sustainable off-grid community must take into consideration the basic needs of all who live in the community. To become truly self-sufficient, the community would need to provide all of its own electrical power, food, shelter and water. Using renewable energy, an on-site water source, sustainable agriculture and vertical farming techniques is paramount in taking a community off the grid. A recent concept design by Eric Wichman shows a multi-family community, which combines all of these technologies into one self-sufficient neighborhood. To grow the community you simply add neighborhoods using the same model as the first. A self-sustained community reduces its impact on the environment by controlling its waste and carbon footprint.
The State of California is encouraging solar and wind power generation that is connected to the electrical grid to avoid the use of toxic lead acid batteries for night time storage. Grid-tie systems are generally less expensive than off-grid systems due to the lack of additional equipment like charge controllers and the batteries. However, some systems may mitigate this difference by using old car batteries that can no longer supply enough current to start a car.
It is often done to residential buildings only occasionally occupied, such as vacation cabins, to avoid high initial costs of traditional utility connections. Other persons choose to live in houses where the cost of outside utilities is prohibitive, or such a distance away as to be impractical. In his book How to live off-grid Nick Rosen lists seven reasons for going off-grid. The top two are saving money, and reducing the carbon footprint. Others include survivalists, preparing for the collapse of the oil economy and bringing life back to the countryside.
Environmental concerns in Canadian off-grid communities
Canada has about 175 aboriginal and northern off-grid communities, defined as "a community that is neither connected to the North American electrical grid nor to the piped natural gas network; it is permanent or long-term (5 years or more), and the settlements have at least 10 permanent buildings." Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada lists the following environmental concerns for these off-grid communities:
- Burning large amounts of diesel produces substantial greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes to climate change which negatively affects communities.
- Fuel must be transported long distances by airplane, truck or barge, leading to a greater risk of fuel spills.
- The transportation of fuel by trucks on winter roads impacts the environment negatively through high greenhouse gas emissions from the vehicles.
- Fuel spills may take place while the fuel is being transported and stored, posing environmental risks. Fuel tank leaks contaminate soil and groundwater ...
- Generators can be noisy and disruptive, especially in quiet, remote communities.
- Emissions from diesel generators could contribute to health problems in community members.
In situations where grid parity has been reached, it becomes cheaper to generate one's own electricity rather than purchasing it from the grid. This depends on equipment costs, the availability of renewable energy sources (wind, sun), and the cost of a grid connection. For example, in certain remote areas a grid connection would be prohibitively expensive, resulting in grid parity being reached immediately.
The photovoltaic off-grid market has been researched by international institutes, universities and market research companies. The cumulative installed PV capacity is estimated in 2010 between 1 and 2 GW depending on the source. The market research company Infinergia has gone further by mapping national cumulative installed off-grid PV capacity on 100 countries worldwide.
In Africa, small and inexpensive pico solar electric lights and solar home systems are becoming readily available. Inexpensive solar panels, lithium ion batteries and high-efficiency LED lights make the systems affordable.
- Autonomous building
- Back-to-the-land movement
- Battery charger
- Domestic energy consumption
- Distributed generation
- Electrical grid
- Rural electrification
- Simple living
- Solar charge controller
- Solar Guerrilla
- Stand-alone power system
- Wide area synchronous grid
- Zero energy building
- Vanini, Phillip (2014). Off the Grid: Re-Assembling Domestic Life. p. 10.
- Adey, Peter (2014). The Routledge Handbook of Mobilities. p. 117.
- Stanley, John (November 1, 2007). "Survival guide aimed at complacent urbanites". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
- Lundin, Cody. "About Cody Lundin". Retrieved 2012-08-07.
- Home Power Magazine
- USA Today
- Modern Ghana News
- Rosen, Nick. Off the Grid: Inside the Movement for More Space, Less Government, and True Independence. Penguin. ISBN 0143117386.
- California Solar Energy (PV) Rebate Information: The New California Solar Initiative Program
- African Town Gets Wind Power and Knowledge
- "Off-Grid Communities". Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- "IEA PV Roadmap" (PDF). IEA. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- "Photovoltaic off-grid map". Infinergia Consulting. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- VelaCreations - a documentation of a couple living off-grid for more than a decade
- Smithsonian magazine interview about living off-grid
- West Texas Weekly article on John Wells' life off the grid
- Off Grid World - a website dedicated to providing free information for those who wish to live off the grid
- Into the wild: the rebels living off-grid all over Europe – in pictures. "They’ve opted out of cities and started all-new rural lives, building their own straw homes, teepees and bath tubs. Since 2010, photographer Antoine Bruy has travelled from the Pyrenees to Romania tracking down urban refuseniks." The Guardian
- Offgrid Mazagine | <urn:uuid:138740ba-825f-417e-910a-c7331cf2e139> | {
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The National Science Foundation has awarded $4.4 million to an initiative led by the University of Illinois that will combine cyberinfrastructure, spatial analysis and modeling, and geographic information science to form a collaborative software framework encompassing many research fields.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software has been widely used for spatial problem solving and decision making applications since the 1960s. It has become an invaluable tool for geography-related fields, its uses spanning archaeology, disaster preparedness, public health, resource management, urban planning, and much more. However, conventional GIS software isn’t capable of handling the huge volumes of data and complex analysis required for many modern applications.
Led by Shaowen Wang, a professor of geography and also a senior research scientist at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, an interdisciplinary team of researchers will work to develop CyberGIS, a comprehensive software framework that will harness the power of cyberinfrastructure for GIS and associated applications. Computer science professor Marc Snir chairs the project steering committee.
“The overarching goal of this project is to establish CyberGIS as a fundamentally new software framework encompassing a seamless integration of cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial analysis and modeling capabilities,” Wang said. “It could lead to widespread scientific breakthroughs that have broad societal impacts.”
The project is part of NSF’s Software Infrastructure for Sustained Innovation program, which aims to promote scalable, sustainable, open-source software elements. In addition to the advanced problem-solving capabilities, the researchers hope that CyberGIS will enhance sharing among researchers and facilitate cross-disciplinary interaction through multiple-user, online collaboration.
“CyberGIS will empower high-performance, collaborative geospatial problem solving,” Wang said. “For example, it could dramatically advance the understanding of disaster preparedness and response and impacts of global climate change.”
The project involves partnerships among academia, government, and industry with an international scope. Partner institutions include Arizona State University, the Computer Network Information Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), Georgia Institute of Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (England), University Consortium for Geographic Information Science, University of California-San Diego, University of California-Santa Barbara, University of Washington, the U.S. Geological Survey, and Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing (Australia). The five-year project started in October. | <urn:uuid:14287ee2-97a7-4b1e-9f08-9627c3c15f34> | {
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