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ืืืกืืจืื ืขื ืขืืืื 'ืืฉืื ืืฉื, ืืฉืื ืืืฉ, ืืฉืื ืฉืืื, ื ืืฉืื ืืืื โืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืืื? ืืคืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืคืฉืืื ืืืชืจ - ืืชืืื ืืฆืืจืชื ืืืชื - ืขื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืืกื ืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืข ืืื ืงืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืืืคืืข. ืืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืชื ืฉืงืืข ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆืืข ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื.
ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื. ืงื ืืช ืื ืฆืขื ืืื ืงืืืื ืขื ืืฆืขื ืชืช ืืืืืช, ืืคื ืฉืืฆืืขื ืืฆืจ ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจ - ืืืคื ืฉืืฆืืืช ืืขืืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฆืขืช ื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืชื ืขืืืง ืขืืืง - ื ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืืืืื ืืจืืืืก , ืืืคื ื ืืชื ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืชืืช ืืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืกืคืื ื ืืจืืคื ืืืฉืืช. ืืจืืข ืฉืืืืข ืืืื ืืขืจืื ืกืืืืจืื, ืจืืืื ื ืขืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืื, ืชืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืกืคืงื ืชืคืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื.
ืจืื ืขืื : 10 ืืงืืืืช ืืชืื ื ืืืจืืคืืืื ืขืืฆืจื ื ืฉืืื
01 ืฉื 09
ืืื
ืืืืืืืช Katikies Mykonos
ืืื ืืฉ ืืงืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืกืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืื ื ? Katikies Mykonos ืืฉ ืืช ืืฆืืขืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืืื ื, ืืื ืืชืื ื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืกืคืืจ ืฉืืืืืจื ืืงืคืื ืืฉืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืื.
02 ืฉื 09
ืคืืืจืืื
ืืืืืืืช ืงืื ืจื ืคืืจื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืฅ '
ืื ืจืง ืฉืืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื * ืืจืื ืืืฅ ' , ืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืงืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืงื ืงื ืงืจืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ื ืืฉืืช '- ืืื ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืช' ืืืฅ '- ืขื ืจืืฉื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืจืื ืืืงืก ืฉืืื. ืืืืฃ ื ืืจืื ืืืืขืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืคืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืงืืืืจืื ืืืขืื ืงืื ืจื ืคืืจื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืฅ ' ืฉื 20,000 ืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืื ืืื.
03 ืฉื 09
ืืืืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืคืจืฅ ืืื ืืื 'ืงืคืืืื
ืืื ืื ืืคืชืืข ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช? ื ืืคืจืฅ ืืื ืืื 'ืงืคืืืื ื ืืงืก ืืืฃ ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืช, ืืื ืืืช ืืฆืืง ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ - ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฆืคื ืขื ืืชืงืจื ื ืืชื ืื ื ืืฃ ืคื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืกืืื. ืืจืืจื ืฉืืืฉืง ืื ืขืชื ืืืื ืงืืืื ืงืคื'ืืืื ื ืืฆืืข ืืืืืืช ื ืืคืื ืืื ืชืืจืืช ืฉื ืื Waikiki ืื ืืฆืฆืื, ืืืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขื Diamond Head, ื ืืชืจ ื ืืคืฉ Turtle Bay (ืืคืืจืกื ืืืงืื ืืฆืืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืจื ืืจืฉื ื ืืืืง ืืืืื ืืงืืงืื ืืชืืจืืื ืืชืื ื ) ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืืืืฉืช ืืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืขืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืฃ ืืืกืชืืกื ืกืืื ืืืืฃ ืืฆืคืื ื ืืืืงืื ื.
04 ืฉื 09
ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืขืื
ืืืืืืืช ื'ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื
ืฉื ืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืจืืืืื ืขืืืฃ ืืืืืืืช ืืกืขืืืช ืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืงืืืืช 'ืื ื ืขืืฉื' ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ื ื'ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืงื ืืืืจืื ื ืืช ืงืคืืช ืืืชืื ื ืืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื, ืขื ืืืชืืช ืืืืืืช ืคื ืืจืืืืช ืื ืืฃ ืฉื 360 ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืืฆืืขืื ื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืจืืืชื. ืืื ืงืจืื ืืืืื, ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืคืื'ื ืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืืงืก ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืชืื ื ืคืื'ืื ืืช ืชืจืืืชืืช ืืขื ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืขื ืจืฆืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืคืกืืคื.
05 ืฉื 09
ืืืื ืืืจืืงื
ืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื
ืืฉื ื ืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช ืงืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืื ืขืจืื ืืืืืืช: ื'ืืืคืืจ ืืืืื, ืืฉืคืฆ'ืืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืื ืืฆืืคื ืืืืื ืื ืขืืฆืจื ื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืจืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืืชืืชื ืกืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืช . ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉ ืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื , ืืื, ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืชื. ืืฉืจืชืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื - ืืืืจืืืื - ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืืจื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืืืคืืช ืื ืืืชืื ื ืืคืืช ืืช ืืขืืจ ืฆ'ืคืฆ'ืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืฉืชืืืื ืืืงืกืืืื, ืื ืืืคืื ืืืงืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืงื ืขื ืืืฃ ืืื ืฉื ืืกืืืจื.
06 ืฉื 09
ืืื ืงื
ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืคืื ืืื ืื ืงืจืื
ื ืืืื ืืืจืืคืื ืืื ืื ืงืจืื , ืืืืฃ Larvotto ืฉื ืืื ืงื, ืชืื ืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืชืืื 'ืื ื ืื' ืฉืงืืข ืืื ืืฆืืื ื. ืฆืื 40 ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืืคืจื - ืืืชื ืืืืคืช ืฆืืืื ืืืฉืืคืืช ืืืืข ืืืคืืื, ืคืคืืื ืืืขืื ืื ื, ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืฆืืืช ืงืืื ืืช, ืื ืงื ืฆืืืื ืืจืืืื - ืืื ืขื ืฆืืืื ืื ืืงืฆืืขืืื ืฉืืืงืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ, ืฆืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืขืื. ืืฉ ืืคืืื ืืืืืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืงืื.
07 ืฉื 09
ืืงืกืืงื
ืืืืืืืช ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืฆ'ืืื ื ืืื
ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืขื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืื ืฉืคืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืกืืงื, ืืืจืืื ืืืืฃ ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืงืื ืืืก ืงืืืืก (ืฉื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืคื ืชืืช ืฉืืืชื, ืืขื ืืงืื ืืืืจืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืจืฆืื ืืืช), ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืคืืจืื (ืื ืงืืจืื ืคืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื ืื ืืก ืืืงืจืชื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื), ืืกืคืจื ืกื, ืืืกืฃ ืืชืจื ืื ืืคืฉ Auberge (ืืคืืืคื AIRE ืืืืฉื ืขื ืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืช ืืขื ืฆืืงืื ืืขื ืื ืงืืจืื ืขื ื ืืคืื ืงืืืืืืื ืคื ืืจืืืื) ื ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืฆ'ืืื ื ืืื, ืืืกืฃ ืืชืจื ืื ืืคืฉ Auberge (ืฉื ืืคืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืจืืื). ืืืืจื ืืืฃ ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื ืืื ืงืจืืืจืื , ืืืื ืื ืจืง ืฉืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืชืคืฉื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืชืืกืกืืช, ืืืงื ืืืืื ื ืชืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืขืื. ืืืืงืคืืืงื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืฅ ืงืืื ืืืจืงืก , ื ืกืืื ืืืื ืขื ืฆืืง ืื ืชืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืจืงืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืขื ืกืืคืื ืืืก ืจืืงืืก ืื ืืจืกืช ืื ืกืื.
08 ืฉื 09
ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื
ืืืืืืืช Zemi Beach House Spa and Residences
ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืืืฉ ืืงืจืืืืื, ืกืืืืจืกืื ืืก ืืจื ืื (ืฉื ืคืชื ืื ืืืืืจ), ืืฉ ืืช ืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืช ื'ืื ื ืขืืฉื 'ืืจืืคื: ืืงืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืื ืกืืฃ ืืขืืจืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉื 100 ืืืจ, ืฉืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืจืงืข ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืืืื. ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืงื ืืช ืืคืจืฅ ืืืจืืืื , ืฉืชืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืกืงืจ ืื ืื ืจื ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืืชืื ื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืงื ืืช ืืช ืื 13 ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืชืื ื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืจืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืงืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืก. ืืืื, ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืงืก ื ืืืช ืืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืื , ืฉืื ืื ืืขืฆื ืืืื ืืืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืงืื.
09 ืฉื 09
ืงืืืคืืจื ืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืจื ืื
ืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืงื ืืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืืคืืชื ืฉื ืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืคืฉืื ืืจืืื. ืืื ืกืื ืืื, ืฉื ืขืฆื ืืกืงืืื ืคืืืฉืื ืืช ืืื, ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืจ ืงืื , ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืืขืจ, ืงื ืืืฃ ืืืืกืคืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืฉืงืืคื ืขื ืืื. ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉ ืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืจื ืื ืขื ื ืืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืงืืืื ื, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืฉื, ืืจืคืกืช ืืื ืืืฃ ืืืชืื ื ืคื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื 900. ืืืฅ 'ืฉื ื ืืืคืืจื ืืชืจ ื ืืคืฉ ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืืืื ืืฉ ืืช ืืืจื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื 128 ืืืจ ืืฉื The Ambassador, ืืืชืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืกืืคืื ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืื 150 ืืืชืื ื, ืขื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืขื ืจืืืช ืจืืงืืืื ืืคืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืช.
ืืฉืื ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ืืืื: ืืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืฆืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ื ืฉืื?
ืืืืจืช ืืขืืจื
ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืืืก
ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืชืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืก ืื'ืื ืืจืืง ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืช ืชืืื ื ืฉืืจื ื ืจืืชื
ืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืืจื 'Jeopardy' ืืื ืื ืฉืืชืคื ืชืืื ื ืืืชืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืงืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื.
ืงืจื ืขืื
ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืชืืืช
ืืกืืืช ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืื ื ืืืืื ื
ืืกืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืชืงืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช ืื ืฆืคืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืื ืืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืจืชืืื ืฉื ืืงืืืืจืื ื ืคืืืจ ืงืืืืื
ืงืจื ืขืื
ืจืฉืื ืคืืคืืืจื
ืืื ืืฆืคืืช ืืืชืื ื ืืคื ืืช
ืืงืก ืื ืืจืื
ืืชื ืื ืืื ืคืฉืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืงืก ืืืื ืื ืืืคื ืืืืชืจ
ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืืืก
ืืืขืื: ื ืืงืื ืืจืื ืคืื ืืืืจื ืงืืืจืง ื'ืื ืืืจ ื ืฉืืืื! ืจืื ืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืชืื ืช ืืจืืงืจ-ืฉืืง ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืคืืื ืกืคืจืื ืืก |
ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืโื. ืืจืื, ืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืคืืฆืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืคืจืืืื ืืืืจ ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช. ืคืืฆืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืชืฉืืืืื ืฉืืืื. ืชืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืฆืืจื ืฉื ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืฉืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืืืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืงื ืืืืืจ.
ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืงืืืืช
ืื ืืชื ืจืืฆื ืืืืืฉ ืืงืฉื ืืืืืืื, ืขืืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื. ืื ืชืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืงืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืกืืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืฉ ืกืขืืฃ ืืคืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืื ืืฃ ืคืื ื ืกื ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืชืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืื. ืขืืืื ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืฉื ืคืฉืจื ืืคื ืืืจืืืชืื.
ืชืฆืืจื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืจืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืขืช ืืคืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืชืืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืื. ืืชื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืงืฉืช ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืข ืฉืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืชืงืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช.
ืืืฉืื
ืืืืกื ืืคืื ื ืกื ืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืงืฉืช ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืืงื ืืืขืจืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื. ืืขืืืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืืฉื 90-120 ืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืฆื ืฉื ื, ืืืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืชืืงื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืกืฃ ืชืื 45 ืืืื ืื ืคืืืช.
ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืงืฉืชื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขื ืชืืืื ืฉืืคืื ืื ืืื ืื ืงืฆืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ืขื ืกืืื ืืืืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืขื ืชืฉืืืื ืงืฆืื.
ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืช
ืขืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืกืื ืืคืฉืจื ืขื ืคืืจืขืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืื ืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืจ ืงืฆืื, ืืืชืื ืฉืชืฆืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืกืื. ืื ืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืกืื ืืคืฉืจื ืฉืื, ืืื ืชืงืื ืชืฉืืืืื ืืขืชืื. ืื ืืชื ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื, ืชืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืงืืจืืช ืฉืื ืชืืฉืืจ ืืื ืคืืข, ืื ืชืฆืืจื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืื.
ืจืื ืจืืืฉื ืืงืฆืื ืงืื ืื ืจืง 50 ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืื ืจืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืจืกืืช ืขื ืืืขื 100 ืืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืฉืืืืื. ืื ืืฆืืข ืืื ืืฃ ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจืืืืช, ืืืื ืืฉืงืขื ืื ืืก.
ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืชื ืฉืืงื. ืขืืืฃ ืืฉืืืจ ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืชืืชืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืช ืชื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืจืืืืช ืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืืง ืื ืื ืืฉ ืขืืืืืช ืืขืืืืช ื ืกืชืจืืช ืฉืื ื ืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื. ืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืชืืืื ืืชืขืจืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื.
ืืืืข ืขื ืชืืื ืืช ืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืฆืจืื ืื: ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืช ืฆืจืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืขืืจื?
ืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืก ืืฉืจืื: ืืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉืื?
Oktober 23, 2021 admin ืืืืืืืช Kommentar hinterlassen |
Discussing, debating, and defining masculinity based on movies, tv serials, books or half-baked discussions on social media can never be productive to use as a parameter for real life. The reason is simple: there are a lot of ifs and buts when movies,tv-series, books, or any medium take up the subject of masculinity. It is true when people say that in real life there are a lot of variations in how things happen which cannot be simply defined objectively.
After World War II, the world changed dramatically both for men and women. There were a lot of conscious efforts to give women space in a lot of spheres, which now even continues. India, after independence, also gave women rights at par with men at least in the Constitution of India, which directly translated into legal rights for women. Though how much of it has resulted in action is always debatable, women also have failed to rise to the occasion ( this subject is beyond the scope of the topic).
Despite the world achieving an unprecedented level of technological and scientific achievements, there are parts of the world that continue to be fully functional patriarchal. Here, fully functional patriarchy means men are in charge of all things and women having no voice at all even for small things.
What parts of the world are fully functional patriarchs? In the Indian subcontinent- Afghanistan, and Pakistan, beyond India- Syria, Iraq, Iran, or any country which is quite vocal about women should stay at home.
When discussing patriarchy flourishing in these countries, there are no half-baked truths about patriarchy. There is no confusion about how men operate when women have no dominant role. There is no dispute regarding what are the results of patriarchy. They are self-evident. What patriarchy actually looks like can be easily defined.
With the western world becoming more developed, these originally patriarchial countries/societies have turned into ultra patriarchial societies to defend themselves from western values. Then the big ultimate question is: What does the unadulterated and pure masculinity of patriarchial societies look like?
Before I start answering this question, I would like to warn men and women who always portray men as victims of circumstances will feel deeply offended. But here there will be no scope for counter-narrative because these societies are living breathing examples that cannot be falsified even if you want.
1. Masculinity here is extremely violent: Whether the adrenaline coursing through the body or the unchallenged power results in being violent is debatable, one thing is clear that the men clearly express their intent to be violent if things do not go their way. Any area whether the men of these ultra patriarchial societies feel challenged or disrespectful will not shy away from killing you and will find a way to justify it. In all, the violent tendencies can be exhibited even for small disagreements or offenses.
2. Family life is a portrayed focal point of life but filled with abuse and cruelty: Illustrating this point is pointless because scientific knowledge and research abound here, though such researches are always dismissed by men of ultra patriarchial societies. Marry against the wishes of the male member of the family and the concept of the family is thrown out.
3. No regard for the human life and the fundamental rights of the individuals: The men of these ultra patriarchial societies can kill their own let alone the stranger. The societies are self-evident of this. Nothing more can be said to describe the situation.
4. Women are weak, an excuse to not exercise self-control by men: Strong belief that men are more powerful than women results in the shifting of responsibility on women to not provoke men so that they are not raped or beaten or any kind of abuse. Donโt wear clothes which men prohibit, donโt talk loudly so that men feel angry are such examples.
5. Women by their birth and body are sex objects and cannot have any identity beyond that: Iranโs highest political leaderโs statement that women do not have the right to discard the role of wife or a mother is sufficient to say how important it is for a woman to provide sex to a man in the form of marriage. Even if she can refuse to have children depends on the rights of a man.
6. Weak people should not have free will: Women are weak, so they cannot demand even the slightest of respect from strong men. Women are weak, so they should follow the rules of the men discarding the free will and consciousness granted by the creator of the human beings. This also applies in the case of people who are not physically strong.
7. Only men suffer and women enjoy: There is always a faction of men in all religions of the world who would in a public shout that women only marry men for money. Some would say men work hard in their jobs, while women sit at home and spend money.
8. Marriage is treated as a form of slavery for women where they have to obey the husband.
9. Lastly, men are always the victims of their rules: Men donโt cry or men donโt take support from women have created a long line of troubled and mentally unstable men. Destiny does not allow all men to earn money or be rich. Similarly, not all women are on earth to be duty-bound to family only. But still, men have to earn for the family has always destroyed families in one form or the other even without divorce.
These are major characteristics shown by the patriarchy of any country. The minor characteristic of masculinity that deserves attention is polygamy. A major portion of the world has acknowledged the harmful effects of polygamy, but still religiously patriarchial societies treat polygamy as a full-blown expression of masculinity and virility.
The characteristics are shown by developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries in various proportions. The Western world (developed) from time to time shows a tendency to be masculine by taking up subjects like abortion, divorce, infidelity, and child custody.
The reason they (western societies) keep abandoning these masculine traits is because of two reasons. One is they value the social setup that has given them immense development which primarily depended on the all-inclusiveness of women in all spheres of life. The second is the Western societies are not deeply religious. They quickly discard ideas that have lost reason or have been proved wrong especially matters related to women.
India (a developing country) fluctuates between patriarchy and Shakti devotion ( women as Goddess). In recent years, the masculinity debate is getting prominence because of the resurgence of discussion around Indian culture. Though Indian culture has fair regard to women particularly in Shaivism, todayโs Indian men are more into their expression of masculinity.
Not only men, but Indian women are also equally into menโs supremacy. The momentum to portray the family as the central focus of Indian culture is bringing back masculinity in its pure form which existed till the Independence of India in 1947.
Indian men and women now spend time debating and enforcing women to wear sarees and salwar suits as a part of Indian culture. There is a whole league of Indian men who now discuss openly how women need to be controlled and they do not have rights beyond what man decides.
The underdeveloped countries have poor records of human conditions, let alone women. They are deeply patriarchial where the violence of any kind is rampant.
Call it natureโs rule or the balance created by nature, where ever men have single-handed rule without voices of women are disruptive, unstabilized, and prone to kill people among themselves very often. Letโs take up the example of China. After the one-child policy, China had shown a decline in the women population. It is now estimated that 34 million men will have no women to get married. The aggression of China towards the world in recent years has sometimes been attributed to more men than women resulting in dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
A similar case is with India where it is estimated that 37 million men will never find a woman to marry because of the skewed sex ratio. But India never acknowledges this problem to show itself as a reformed and advanced country, unlike China.
Whatever the circumstances may be when women do not play a dominant role the world always suffer under the constant threat of violent and human rights violation. Taliban in Afghanistan and terrorism in Pakistan are end products of unbridled and unchallenged patriarchy/masculinity.
Poverty and thoughtlessness are also common to countries where masculinity is practiced as a cult. People struggle for food and basic amenities because the countryโs focus is always on what women are doing, wearing, or thinking. The whole energy is spent in controlling women rather than thinking about necessary matters.
My main objective in writing this article is to shake Indian men and women. History is again repeating itself in India. India now faces multiple threats from its ultra patriarchial neighbors and countries which are deeply religious.
The problem is Indian men and women are still investing time in what womenโs roles should be, what should they wear from sarees to jeans, how should Indian women keep their husbandโs families together, or how women neglect family. India had been a majorly patriarchial society but has been failed miserably for the past two centuries. Letโs remember this.
From BJP to RSS to leaders like Owaisi, instead of looking for development in India, hours and hours are wasted in keeping women in check. India needs to keep its excessive masculine tendencies in check more now. Crying always in the name of women will not help the Indian future.
Indian men in past centuries have failed to keep India safe. Itโs time Indian men and women come together and start contributing in fields of defense, science, technology, economy, or social conditions to make India a powerful nation rather than spending hours to keep the focus on controlling women. The present scenario of India as a country requires immediate attention for all-around development so that enemies can be kept at bay.
Established in 1929, the Jatadhari Daw and grandsons petrol pump was the first petrol pump in Eastern India. The concept of petrol pumps was not even introduced at that time. The Jatadhari Daw and grandsons petrol pump was the only petrol pump in this part of the country before independence, and now it is the only pump in between Girish Park and Esplanade. Before Indiaโs independence, during the freedom struggle, Kanchan Dawโs grandfather decided to set up the first petrol pump. The concept of petrol pump had not even arrived in this part of India during that time.
Dawโs family had set up oil storage and used it to store imported gasoline from the seawater from the UK. The importers were then called Asiatic Petroleum. In the 1920โs they used to sell petrol from a small establishment in Kolkataโs China Bazaar Street. In the past, the hand-operated manual gas pump was used as it was not automated, said Narayan Saha, who has been working here since 1950.
When Kanchan Daw was around 10 years old in 1968, the petrol was priced at 90 paise per liter. Kanchan Daw, during his childhood days, used to hand out a change of 50 paise when somebody paid with a Rs 5 note for 1 gallon, or 5 liters. At present, Kanchan Daw along with his two brothers owns three petrol pumps in Kolkata. One on Jitindra Mohan Avenue and one at Ballygung Phari, apart from the pump on Central Avenue.
In 1976, when Bharat Refineries acquired complete ownership of Burmah-Shellโs interests in India, Daw had taken over control of the business from his father. According to Kanchan Daw, petrol was a luxury item during that time and now it has become essential. Previously, prices used to increase due to excise duties but now the government has to revise fuel rates due to various social objectives thatโs why globally the price has dropped but not in India. Among all the changes that the fuel station has witnessed, Daw said the price rise has hurt him the most.
The rise is hampering the business but they will continue with the business and the legacy that their ancestors had initiated.
BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. โ Michael Jacksonโs melodic inheritance never left, yet a sort of rebound is coming.
With a progression of court triumphs that carry the finish to genuine lawful emergencies, with a Broadway show starting and a Cirque du Soleil show returning after a long pandemic respite, the Jackson business is on the rise 12 years after the pop whizโs passing.
As of late, things looked dreary. The 2019 HBO narrative โLeaving Neverlandโ brought up youngster attack claims once again. The once-dead claims brought by the two men included in it had been restored by changes in the law. Also, a choice in the domainโs allure of a $700 million expense bill ai requiring a very long time to show up.
โI was consistently hopeful,โ John Branca, the amusement lawyer who worked with Jackson through large numbers of his greatest victories and presently fills in as co-agent of his home, revealed to The Associated Press in a meeting at his Beverly Hills home. โMichael motivated the planet and his music actually does. There was never any uncertainty about that.โ
The good faith was justified. A progression of court choices came. One informersโ claim was excused in October. The difference was thrown out in April. In May, a decision in the duty case sliced the bill drastically. The domain out of nowhere stands almost clear of twelve years of questions. That implies Branca expects that in the following year and a half it can at long last be removed from probate court and transformed into a trust for Jacksonโs three kids, who are all now grown-ups.
Also, the focal point of the home would now be able to move back to introducing Jackson to the world.
The primary goal is the restoration of the Cirque du Soleil show, โMichael Jackson: Oneโ at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas. It is scheduled to resume Aug. 19 after a Covid conclusion of almost 18 months, on schedule for a significant festival there made arrangements for Jacksonโs Aug. 27 birthday.
The Broadway show, โMJ: The Musical,โ will follow rapidly behind it, the first of a few arranged ventures.
Branca said the postponement of well longer than a year, as occurred for the entirety of Broadway, was โdisappointingโ yet he has reestablished fervor about โMJ: The Musicalโ and shared new subtleties.
โItโs anything but an ordered portrayal of Michaelโs life,โ he said. โItโs more impressionistic, roused by Michaelโs life and his music. It happens as Michael is getting ready for a visit and MTV needs to get a meeting. Michaelโs very press-modest, and gradually as they foster a relationship starts to discuss various pieces of his life that then, at that point get ordered in the show.โ
Double cross Pulitzer Prize champ Lynn Nottage composed the showโs book. Tony Award-champ Christopher Wheeldon is coordinating and arranging. Broadway newbie Myles Frost will star as Jackson after Ephraim Sykesโ exit. Practices continue in September, and reviews start in December.
Branca said heโs glad for the variety the show will bring to the stage.
โThe cast is clearly to a great extent Black,โ Branca said, โIn a time where that is woefully needed on Broadway.โ
Victories to the side, Branca feels waiting for sharpness about chief Dan Reedโs โLeaving Neverlandโ and what he felt were American news sources that โdonโt have the opportunity or the fortitude to examine to sort out whatโs actual and whatโs false.โ
Consequently, the domainโs last waiting claim, presently in private mediation, is one that it brought itself, and one Branca particularly needed recording, against HBO over the narrative.
โI was extremely furious at HBO and Dan Reed I actually because consider this: You can say anything you need about someone dead. Theyโre not here to secure themselves,โ Branca said.
The two men highlighted in the narrative are engaging the excusals of their claims. HBO has protected โLeaving Neverlandโ as a substantial piece of narrative news-casting.
Unexpectedly, the triumph gave to the bequest in its expense case came to some degree because the adjudicator accepted the worth of Jacksonโs picture and resemblance had been seriously lessened by such claims at the hour of his passing, regardless of his vindication at his 2005 preliminary for kid attack. It was one part of an inside and out triumph for the domain that is bringing a far more modest bill that is being determined at this point.
Under the direction of Branca and his more in the background co-agent John McClain, the domain has acquired $2.5 billion in income in the previous 11 years, and Jackson has stayed the top procuring expired big name each year since his passing at age 50 from a deadly portion of the sedative propofol.
Be that as it may, Branca says how Jacksonโs melodic heritage echoes through current craftsmen might be his most amazing inheritance.
โKanye West, Drake, Beyoncรฉ, Usher, Justin Timberlake, Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande โ they all point back to Michael,โ Branca said. โHis impact is truly colossal.โ
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep. ~ Robert Frost
Considered to be the worldโs foremost scholar on the history of Early India, Romila Thapar, has spent 60 years of her rich life teaching. She started her career as a Reader in Ancient Indian History at Kurukshetra University (1961-62), followed by a stint at the University of Delhi in the same position till 1970.
After which she joined the of late started Jawaharlal Nehru University as Professor of Ancient Indian History. Here Prof. Thapar created a curriculum for History at the postgraduate level, which would include discussions and debates, open for all ideas and intellectually vibrant. Thapar along with some early colleagues of hers is the sole reason for the glory the Centre of Historical Studies has seen.
In a conversation with Karwaan: The Heritage Exploration Initiative, Prof. Thapar said, โwith every branch of knowledge, it is essential to realize that you have to ask questions. That you have to question the existing knowledge and unless you question the existing knowledge, you cannot go any further.โ Thapar and her colleagues had envisioned a way to have a healthy tradition of public discussion and questioning. Tagging her just as a historian will be an understatement. She has been a public intellectual, activist, feminist, and dedicated practitioner of the historianโs craft.
Prof. Thapar was a student of English literature at Panjab University in Shimla before becoming the master of the historianโs craft. As a young girl, her father Daya Ram Thapar offered her to choose between dowry for her marriage or money for a degree; deciding to pursue higher education, she has never looked back. She wanted to join the University of Oxford, she sat for the entrance, but they said she was substandard and refused to admit her. She made her mind and joined the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and earned a Doctorate in History in 1958 under Dr. A.L. Basham titled โAsoka and the Decline of the Mauryasโ which came out as a book in 1961.
After she finished her Ph.D. in 1958, she was offered to stay on and teach at SOAS in a temporary position, which she took and then returned to India in 1961.
Thapar, above all her achievements, is a resilient, unapologetic, independent woman who challenged a patriarchal world, faced attacks on her scholarship from the extremists, not hindering her dedication towards doing an honest job as a historian โ asking questions relentlessly. Her work on Asoka as an Emperor challenged all the existing scholarships of the 50s and shaped the conversation of future works on Asoka.
She tried to reassess Asoka both as a statesman who inherited and sustained a large Mauryan empire and as a person who had strong beliefs in changing society through what seems to have been a concern for social ethics. Over these years as an academic, she has widened her research interests from understanding empires and the making of societies and cultures and their interactions to how history has been written and perceived, the historiography and most recently the contemporary past and the relationship of the Past and the Present along with the history of Dissent in India.
At 89, she is ever so elegant, graceful, and humble. I first saw Prof. Thapar at an event at the University of Chicago, Centre in Delhi, but interacted only when we invited her to deliver the Karwaan Distinguished Lecture in September 2020 titled โWriting the Early Indian Historyโ marking her six decades in academia. Her house is home to not just her humble being, but to an immeasurable collection of books, any reader would be fascinated by. As I conclude this article, I am reminded of a phrase by Khushwant Singh to perfectly introduce Prof. Romila Thapar to the readers, โshe is like the winter landscape in the mountains.โ On November 30, this year, Prof. Thapar will be completing ninety years of her rich life.
Feature Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons
What concerns the economists at present in the country is a high surge in the wholesale price-based inflation that has, according to them, touched a 30-year high leading to a very alarming situation.
Seeing no risk of hyperinflation the distinguished economist Kaushik Basu warned if the retail inflation follows wholesale prices, it might lead to an inflationary crisis. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) reflects changes in the average prices of goods at the wholesale level โ that is, commodities sold in bulk and traded between businesses or entities rather than goods bought by consumers.
Yet, he accepts that the inflationary situation is at a very risky bend adding that most commonly wholesale price inflation seeps into the retail price inflation thereby creating a very dire situation for the country because prices are rising quite instantly.
Intertwining monetary policy and fiscal policy is needed ultimately. A better curation of policy is not supposedly occurring between the Treasury, the Finance Ministry and the central bank for aptly dealing with the rising inflation.
How can another economist Arvind Subramanian differ from Kaushik Basu, as he was also very much afraid of the global situation that may turn a little bit more inflationary in the next one or two years?
Supervision over the resources are shrinking in the country and conflicts over the resources are rising very sharply. There is no vocation for the people hinting at shrinkage in the resources. If the resources do not grow rapidly, the conflicts will intensify with inklings of higher inflation.
Side by side the worrying aspect is that poverty has started rising again diring the past few years, though our countryโs economic growth in the last 30 years was driven by exports. Studying minutely such rude leanings, our economists had to point out that there was no economic model in the world where a country can grow 8-10 per cent without high exports.
In the meantime, the wholesale price-based inflation eased marginally to 12.07 per cent in the month of June this year as crude oil and food items noticed some softening in prices, while retail inflation slipped a tad to 6.26 per cent in the same month although it remains above the comfort level of the Reserve Bank for the second consecutive month in a row.
เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเคฐ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ
เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเคฟเคธเฅเคธเฅ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคฒเคค เคคเฅเคฎ เคนเคฅเคฟเคฏเคพเคเคเฅ เคจเคพ?
เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเฅ เคเคเฅ เคเคธเคเฅ
เคฆเฅเคฒเคค เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เค
เคชเคจเฅ เค
เคฎเฅเคฎเคพ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ
เคญเฅเคฒเฅ เคถเคเฅเคฒ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคพเคเคเฅ เคจเคพ?
เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเฅเคธเฅ-เคเฅเคธเฅ เคจเคพเคเค เคฐเคเคพเคเคเฅ เคคเฅเคฎ
เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคนเคจ-เคฌเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ
เคเคพเคฒ เคฎเฅเค เคซเคเคธเคพเคเคเฅ เคคเฅเคฎ เคฌเฅเคฒเฅ เคจเคพ เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ
เคฎเคฐ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฏเฅ เคธเคฟเคฒเคธเคฟเคฒเคพ
เคเคพเคฐเฅ เคฐเคเฅเคเฅ เคฏเคพ เคฌเคจเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เคฆเฅเคเฅ?
เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคเคฒเคคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคฟเคชเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคพเคคเคฟเคฐ
เคคเฅเคฎ เคเคฐ เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคนเคคเฅเคฏเคพ เคเคฐเฅเคเฅ?
เคจเคพ เคฐเคคเฅเคคเฅ เคญเคฐ เคญเฅ เคถเคฐเฅเคฎ เคจเคพ เคนเฅ เคฌเคพเคเฅ เคคเฅเคฎ เคฎเฅเค
เคจเคพ เคฆเคฐเฅเคฆ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคฌเคเคพ
เคฌเฅเคฒเฅ เคจเคพ เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเคฐ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฏเฅ เคธเคฟเคฒเคธเคฟเคฒเคพ
เคเคพเคฐเฅ เคฐเคเฅเคเฅ เคฏเคพ เคฌเคจเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เคฆเฅเคเฅ?
Indian food is very popular all over the world. The taste of most of us is not compatible with such spicy foods, but we enjoy eating Indian food. From a scientific point of view, our desire to eat grilled chicken and Indian tika spice is a reaction and outpouring of taste buds against the norm and moderation.
Our understanding of the taste of food is our bodyโs reaction to the molecules of the food ingredients. In Western cuisine, we are more in favour of foods that combine similar ingredients to create a combined flavour. Take cake, for example: butter, milk, flour and sugar have their own flavuors, but combining these flavours together does not change our taste buds.
Scientists at the University of Jahapur in India say that Indian food violates the rest of the worldโs laws of cooking when it comes to combining flavours and molecular assembly. They have analysed thousands of Indian recipes and mapped out the taste of each of these flavors. The flavour composition of Indian food ingredients such as cayenne pepper, the main ingredient in curry, hot masala, coriander and green pepper are all at a molecular level.
Their contrast is what makes these foods taste unique, but thatโs not the only reason. Remember, although the possibility of combining food ingredients seems endless, there are actually only 381 food ingredients in the world. In Western cuisine, on average, only 50 types of these raw materials are used.
Two or three types of these ingredients may be used in the preparation of a Western dish; foods like pasta and cheese, cheeseburgers and fried chicken. But more than 200 ingredients are used in the preparation of more than 200 Indian food. There is a large chain to create and combine delicious aromas and flavours. These flavours may be in harmony or deliciously contrasting.
Among all the local cuisines of the world, Indian cuisine is the most popular among other nations of the world. These two scientific evaluations show that in Indian food, not only do they use more spices than we do in their food, but they also combine them in new ways that surprise and delight our taste buds.
Why is it okay for the Tokyo Olympics organisers to ask for recycled items for use? Is it because only the recycled things can remove the tint of the scar of systemic industrial scraps? Is it so decided that they are fulfilling their purpose with the right sense and spirit? There is a very thin line between the brand new products and the recycled creations.
Do we know that several materials right from gold, silver and bronze medals to broad beds to rest are made of the recycled materials? It looks just the same as the bambooโs rep that stands as an eco-fibre. To put the point: the world, thus far, is confounded by the recycled materials. Why are winners made to wear such strong materials?
Why are they equating older things in a new form? This change is distinct from the use of the amazing days of inexplicably costly items. These might have created controversy but was always remarkable. However, it does not imply the organisers should need to renounce what is presented currently.
Undeniably, the Tokyo Olympics also brings into its use, recycled items. The process that renders bamboo fibre into fabric is similar to that of recycling electronic waste into the normal glittering medals for honouring the winners. Conventional rayon is enormously chemical-intensive but the recycled medals are supposed to be chemically free.
If the 2020 Tokyo Olympics is not ignoring the usage of the recycled products, it is for the first time in the long history of the Olympics that such an initiative has taken place. According to the news reports, nearly 80,000 tonnes of recycled electrical goods are being utilised to prepare the Olympic medals.
Besides, the parts of more than six million used mobile phones were also brought to use. The creation of the environmentally-friendly gold, silver and bronze awards are all part of an effort by deft organisers to make this yearโs competition as eco-conscious as possible.
The medalists will become the first in the history of the Olympics and Paralympics to win medals made out of recycled electrical goods. Only time will tell how far goes this yearโs games are in line with desired eco-friendly objectives.
Other recycled inventions include Olympic uniforms produced entirely from reused plastic bottles. Further, the iconic torch used to light the flame to mark the start of the Tokyo Games is among the items made from recycled aluminium generally used for earthquake shelters.
Again, the competitors staying in the Athletesโ Village are sleeping in recyclable cardboard beds. At least 18,000 of these beds have been provided for the village located at Tokyo Bay. It can be said if the stadium is devoid of spectators, the tonnes of the waste materials have been uniquely recycled for the sportspersons to confer wider recognition.
เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเค เคเคธเคพ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคนเฅ, เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคธเฅเคจเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคเค เคเคฐเคค เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคน เคเคพเคเคช เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธ เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคเคพ เคฎเคคเคฒเคฌ เคนเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคเคธเคพเคจเคฟเคฏเคค เคเฅ เคถเคฐเฅเคฎเคธเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคจเคพเฅค เคฏเคน เคฆเฅเคจเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคงเฅเค เคเคพ เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคเคฟเคจเฅเคจเคพ เคฐเฅเคช เคนเฅ, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคเคเคเคฒ เคฏเคน เคถเคฌเฅเคฆ เคธเฅเคจเคจเคพ เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคจเฅเคฏ เคนเฅ เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เค
เคเคฌเคพเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคฆเคฟเคจ เคเคนเฅเค-เคจเคพ-เคเคนเฅเค เคธเฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคฌเคฐเฅเค เคเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคเคช เคเฅเคตเฅ เคฆเฅเคเฅ เคฏเคพ เคจเฅเคฏเฅเคเคผ เคชเฅเคชเคฐ เคเคชเคเฅ เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคธเฅเคจเคจเฅ เคฏเคพ เคฆเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฎเคฟเคฒเฅ-เคจเคพ-เคฎเคฟเคฒเฅ, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคฌเคฐเฅเค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐ เคฎเคฟเคฒเฅเคเคเฅเฅค เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เค
เคฌ เคคเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคค เคเคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคเค เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคธเฅ เคเคฌเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคฒเฅเค เคฆเฅเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เค
เคเคฒเฅ เคฆเคฟเคจ เคญเฅเคฒ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคฏเคน เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคเคเคฒ เคฆเฅเคจเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคฐเคพเคฌ เคนเฅเฅค
เคฏเคนเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เค
เคฌ เคฎเฅเคกเคฟเคฏเคพ เคตเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคญเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคเคฌเคฐเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเฅเค เคซเคฐเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคชเคกเคผเคคเคพ, เคตเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคเคฌเคฐเฅเค เคชเคฐ เคคเคญเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคถ เคกเคพเคฒเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคเคฌ เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคคเคจเคพ เคฌเฅเคฐเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคตเฅ เคเฅเคฆ เคฎเคฐ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฏเคพ เคเคธเฅ เคฌเฅเคฐเฅ เคคเคฐเฅเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคฎเคพเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคจเคนเฅเค เคคเฅ เคเคธ เคเคเคจเคพ เคธเฅ เคเฅเค เคจเคพเคฎเคเฅเคจ เคเคฆเคฎเฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคคเคญเฅ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคกเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคธเฅ เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคคเคตเคเฅเคเฅ เคฆเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
เค
เคญเฅ เคนเคพเคฒ เคนเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคฎเคงเฅเคฏเคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคงเฅ เคธเฅ เคเค เคฆเคฟเคฒ เคฆเคนเคฒเคพเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคเคจเคพ เคธเคพเคฎเคจเฅ เคเค เคนเฅ, เคเคนเคพเค เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคญเคฏเคพ เคธเฅ เคญเฅ เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคฐเคคเคพ เคฆเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฎเคฟเคฒเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคฏเคนเคพเค เคเค เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคธเคพเคฎเฅเคนเคฟเค เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคฐ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเฅ เคนเคพเคฅ, เคชเฅเคฐ เคเคพเค เคเคฐ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเฅ เคเฅเคชเฅเคคเคพเคเค เคฎเฅเค เคชเคคเฅเคฅเคฐ เคญเคฐ เคเคฐ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเฅ เคถเคต เคเฅ เคเคฒเคพเคเคฐ เคธเฅเคจ เคจเคฆเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคซเฅเคเค เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพเฅค
เคตเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคตเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคธเคฎเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ เคคเค เคชเคฐ เคฆเฅ เคจเคพเคฌเคพเคฒเคฟเค เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคธเคพเคฎเฅเคนเคฟเค เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคเคฐเฅเคฎ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคฟเคธ เคชเคฐ เคเฅเค เคเคนเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฎเคฟเคฒเคพ, เคคเฅ เคตเคนเคพเค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคฎเคเคคเฅเคฐเฅ เคจเฅ เคเคนเคพ เคเคฟ เคธเคฟเคฐเฅเคซ เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคเคฟ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคฎเคพเคคเคพ-เคชเคฟเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคธเฅเคจ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคนเคฎ เคชเฅเคฒเคฟเคธ เคชเคฐ เคธเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคผเคฟเคฎเฅเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคกเคผ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคธเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคนเฅ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคนเคพ เคเคฟ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฎเคพเคคเคพ-เคชเคฟเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคฏเคน เคธเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคจเคเฅ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคฐเคพเคค เคฎเฅเค เคธเคฎเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ เคคเคเฅเค เคชเคฐ เคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเฅเคฎเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค?
เคเคเคฟเคฐ เคเคฌ เคคเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคฌเฅเคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคธเฅ เคฆเคฐเคฟเคเคฆเคเฅ เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ? เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฌ เคคเค เคเฅเคชเคเคพเคช เคฏเคน เคคเคฎเคพเคถเคพ เคฆเฅเคเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคธเคตเคพเคฒ เคชเฅเคเคจเฅ เคชเคฐ เคเคธเฅ เคฌเฅเคคเฅเคเฅ เคเคฐ เค
เคธเคเคตเฅเคฆเคจเคถเฅเคฒ เคเคตเคพเคฌ เคฆเฅเคเฅเฅค เคฎเฅเค เคตเคนเคพเค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคฎเคเคคเฅเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคธเฅ เคฌเคธ เคเคคเคจเคพ เคชเฅเคเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคฏเฅ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคคเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐ เคฐเคพเคค เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฐ เคฅเฅ เคคเฅ เคเคธเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคฏเคน เค
เคฎเคพเคจเคตเฅเคฏ เคเคเคจเคพ เคนเฅเค, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคเคจ เคนเคเคผเคพเคฐเฅเค เคฎเคพเคธเฅเคฎ เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเคพ เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคเคฟเคจเคเคพ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคจ เคเฅ เคธเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคฐ เคธเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฐ เคจเคฟเคเคฒเคจเฅ เคชเคฐ เคนเฅเค, เคฌเคพเคเคผเคพเคฐ เคเคพเคคเฅ, เคเฅเคฒเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคฏเคพเคคเฅเคฐเคพ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคธเฅเคเฅเคฒ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคธเคฎเฅเค เคเคฟเคธเคเฅ เคเคฒเคคเฅ เคนเฅ? เคเฅเคชเคฏเคพ เคเคช เคฎเฅเคเฅ เคฌเคคเคพเคเคเฅค
เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคฆเคฟเคจ-เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคฆเคฟเคจ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคฎเคฒเฅ เคฌเคขเคผเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เค
เคเคฐ เคนเคฎ เคธเคฟเคฐเฅเคซ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคงเคพเคจเฅ เคฆเคฟเคฒเฅเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคเคเคเคกเคผเฅเค เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคค เคเคฐเฅเค เคคเฅ เคฆเคฟเคฒเฅเคฒเฅ เคชเฅเคฒเคฟเคธ เคเฅ เคตเฅเคฌเคธเคพเคเค เคชเคฐ เค
เคชเคฒเฅเคก เคเคฟเค เคเค เคกเฅเคเคพ เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคคเคพเคฌเคฟเค, เคเคธ เคธเคพเคฒ 15 เคเฅเคจ เคคเค เคฆเคฟเคฒเฅเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค 1,23295 เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคฎเคฒเฅ เคฆเคฐเฅเคเคผ เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเฅค เคตเคนเฅเค เคชเคฟเคเคฒเฅ เคธเคพเคฒ เคเคธเฅ เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคเฅ 1,13855 เคฎเคพเคฎเคฒเฅ เคฆเคฐเฅเคเคผ เคนเฅเค เคฅเฅเฅค เคเคธ เคธเคพเคฒ 15 เคเฅเคจ เคคเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคฐเคพเคเคงเคพเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคจ เคเคฎ เคธเฅ เคเคฎ เคชเคพเคเค เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฐ เคเคน เคเคพ เคฏเฅเคจ เคเคคเฅเคชเฅเคกเคผเคจ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพเฅค
เคเคธ เคธเฅ เคเคช เค
เคเคฆเคพเคเคพ เคฒเคเคพ เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคธ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเคตเค เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฟเคค เคนเฅเค? เคตเคฐเฅเคคเคฎเคพเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคค เคเคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคเค เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคเคฐ เคธเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฐ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคธเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐ เคธเฅเคเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผเคคเคพ เคนเฅเคเฅค เค
เคฌ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคคเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคเฅเคธเฅ เคชเคขเคผเฅเคเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคเคเฅ เคฌเคขเคผเฅเคเคเฅ? เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคพเคค เคเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคถเคเฅเคคเคฟเคเคฐเคฃ เคเฅ, เคเคจเคเฅ เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐเฅ เคเฅเฅค เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคฏเคน เคนเฅ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคเคพ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพ เคธเคถเคเฅเคคเคฟเคเคฐเคฃ? เคเคฐ เคตเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเค, เคเฅ เคเคนเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคฎเคฐเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เคเคฐเคค เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐ เคนเฅเค, เคเคนเคพเค เคเคฐ เคธเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเคฐ เคจเคฟเคเคฒเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
เคฏเคน เคตเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคนเฅ, เคเฅ เคเคนเคคเคพ เคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฎเคฐเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เคเคฐเคค เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐ เคนเฅ เคชเคฐ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฐเคพเคฌเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคชเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคฎ เคเคธเฅ เคฒเฅเค เคนเฅเค, เคเฅ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเค เคธเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคตเคฐเคจเคพ เคฌเคพเคเฅ เคคเฅ เคฌเคธ เคเคธ เคซเคฟเคฐเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฐเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคฌ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคเคฐเคคเฅเค เคเคพ เคเคธเฅเคคเฅเคฎเคพเคฒ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคเฅค
เคชเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคธเฅเคเฅ ! เคเคช เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคเคฟเคฐ เคเค เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเฅ เคเคฐเคค เคคเฅเคฎเฅเคนเฅเค เคเคธ เคฆเฅเคจเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคฒเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ, เคคเฅเคฎ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคนเฅ เคเคธ เคฆเฅเคจเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคจเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฆเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคฏเคนเคพเค, เคฎเฅเค เคเคจ เคฎเคฐเฅเคฆเฅเค เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคพเคค เคเคฐ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคเคฟเคจเคเฅ เคธเฅเค เคเคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคช เคเคฐ เคเคชเคเฅ เคฎเคพเคจเคธเคฟเคเคคเคพ เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคเคฟเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเค เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคช เคฌเคกเคผเฅ, เคฌเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเค, เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเฅ เคญเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคกเคผ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเคพ เคธเฅเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคญเฅ เคคเฅเคฎเฅเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคฆ เคธเฅ เคเคฟเคจ เคเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค
. 5 เคฆเคฟเคจ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐเคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค 9 เคฎเคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพเฅค
. เคเฅเค เคฆเคฟเคจ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐเคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคกเฅเคขเคผ เคตเคฐเฅเคท เคเฅ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ 30 เคตเคฐเฅเคท เคเฅ เคเคฆเคฎเฅ เคจเฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค
. เคนเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคฃเคพ เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคตเคพเคกเคผเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเค 10 เคธเคพเคฒ เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคธเฅเคฎ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ 7 เคฒเฅเคเฅ เคจเฅ เคฎเคฟเคฒเคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคเคฐเฅเคช เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเคพ เคตเฅเคกเคฟเคฏเฅ เคฌเคจเคพเคเคฐ เคตเคพเคฏเคฐเคฒ เคเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค
. เคฎเคนเคพเคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐ เคเฅ เค
เคเคงเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเค 16 เคธเคพเคฒ เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฌเคพเคฒเคฟเค เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเฅ เคเคซเฅเคฐเคกเคฟเคเฅเคเค เคเคเคเฅเคเฅเคถเคจ เคฒเคเคพเคเคฐ เคเค เคธเคพเคฒเฅเค เคคเค เคฒเคเคพเคคเคพเคฐ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพเฅค
. เคตเคนเฅ เคเฅเค เคฎเคนเฅเคจเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคฌเฅเคเคเคฒเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคฌเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเค เคชเฅเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคจเฅ 10 เคธเคพเคฒ เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคธเฅเคฎ เคฒเคกเคผเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค
. เคเคคเฅเคคเฅเคธเคเคขเคผ เคเฅ เคฌเคฒเฅเคฆเคพ เคฌเคพเคเคผเคพเคฐ เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคฎเฅเค 7 เคธเคพเคฒ เคเฅ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคเคฐเฅเคฎ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเฅ เคเคพเคจ เคธเฅ เคฎเคพเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค เคตเคนเฅเค เคฐเคพเคเคจเคพเคเคฆเคเคพเคเคต เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค 15 เคธเคพเคฒ เคฌเคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคเคฐเฅเคฎ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคฏเคน เคธเคฌ เคฒเคฟเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฎเฅเคเฅ เคญเฅ เคฆเคฐเฅเคฆ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคฎเฅเคฐเฅ เคฐเฅเคน เคญเฅ เคเคพเคเคช เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคช เคเคฐเคพ เคธเฅเคเคฟเค, เคเคฟเคจเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคธเฅ เค
เคฎเคพเคจเคตเฅเคฏ เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคจ เคชเคฐ เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคฌเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ เคจเคพ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เค
เคจเคเคฟเคจเคค เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคนเฅเค, เคเฅ เค
เคเคฆเคฐ เคธเฅ เคเคคเฅเคฎเคพ เคเฅ เคเคเคเฅเคฐ เคเคฐ เคฐเค เคฆเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคฎเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคเคฟเคจเฅเคจเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคง เคเฅ เคเคคเฅเคฎ เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคธ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคง เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเคชเฅเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเฅเค เคเคธเฅ เคเค เฅเคฐ เคเคฆเคฎ เคเค เคพเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคคเคพเคเคฟ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคน เคเคพเคเคช เคเคพเคเฅค
เคฏเคฆเคฟ เคนเคฎ เคฌเคธ เคเคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคฆเฅเคเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคธเคเคพ เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ เคชเคฐ เคเฅเค เคธเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคงเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคฒ เคญเฅเคเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคคเฅ เคเฅเค เคธเฅเคงเคฐเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅ, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคซเคฟเคฐ เคตเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคงเฅ เคเฅเค เคธเคพเคฒ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฌเคพเคนเคฐ เคเคเคเคพ เคเคฐ เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเคธเฅ เคนเคฐเคเคค เคเคฐเฅเคเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคงเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคญเฅ เคฌเคขเคผเคพเคตเคพ เคฎเคฟเคฒ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคเคจเคเฅ เคฆเคฟเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคฏเคน เคฌเฅเค เคพ เคนเฅเค เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ-เคธเฅ-เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคเฅเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเคเคพ? เคนเคฎ เคฌเคธ เคเฅเค เคธเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเฅเคฒ เคเคพเคเคเคเฅเฅค
เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เค
เคเคฐ เคเคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคค เคฆเคฟเคจ-เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคฆเคฟเคจ เคฌเคฆ เคธเฅ เคฌเคฆเคคเคฐ เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคคเฅ เคฎเฅเคเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฒเคเคคเคพ เคเคฟ เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคเคฐเคค เคเคผเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเคพ เคฐเคนเฅเคเฅ, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเค เคธเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคเคพ เคฆเฅเคเคฐ เคเฅเคกเคผ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคจ เคธเคฌเคเฅ เคเคฎเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เคฎเฅเคค เคเฅ เคธเคเคพ เคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฆเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ?
เคเค เคฒเคกเคเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคฌ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคคเคฌ เคฏเคพ เคคเฅ เคตเฅ เคฎเคฐ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคคเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคฎเคพเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เค
เคเคฐ เคตเคน เคเคผเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเคพ เคฌเค เคญเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคคเคฌ เคญเฅ เคเคธเคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคผเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเคเฅ เคเคฐเคพเคฌ เคนเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคตเฅ เคเคผเคฟเคจเฅเคฆเคพ เคฐเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคญเฅ เคเค เคฎเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคเคธเคพเคจ เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเคจ เคนเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅ, เคซเคฟเคฐ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคค เคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅ เคฆเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ? เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเคจ เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคชเคฐ เคฒเคเคพเคฎ เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเฅเค เคเค เฅเคฐ เคเคฆเคฎ เคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคเค เคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅ? เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคฒเคกเคผเคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเคตเค เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅ เคเฅเคฆ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคฟเคค เคฎเคนเคธเฅเคธ เคเคฐเฅเคเฅค
เคเคช เคเคฐเคพ เคธเฅเคเคฟเค เคเคฟ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคเคเคผเคพเคฆ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคธเฅ เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เค
เคฌ เคคเค เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เคนเฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เค
เคฎเคพเคจเคตเฅเคฏ เคเคเคจเคพเคเค เคนเฅเคเค เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคฟเคคเคจเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคงเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคค เคเฅ เคธเคเคพ เคนเฅเค เคนเฅ? เคฏเคน เคเคกเคผเคตเฅ เคธเคเฅเคเคพเค เคนเฅ, เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคธ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เคเคนเคพเค เคเคฐเคคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคเคธเคพเคซ, เคเคเฅเคเคค, เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐเฅ เคธเคฟเคฐเฅเคซ เคธเฅเคถเคฒ เคธเคพเคเคเฅเคธ เคชเคฐ เคฆเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคตเฅ เคเคนเคฒเคพเค เคเคพเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคฎเคนเคฟเคฒเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฌเคฒเคพเคคเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคเคฟเค เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคธเคฐเฅเคเคฎ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเคพเคฒเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฆเฅ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคกเคฐเคพเคฏเคพ, เคงเคฎเคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคคเฅ เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเคญเฅเคฏ เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคเคชเคกเคผเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคธ เคเคคเคจเคพ เคเคนเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคช เคธเคฌ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคธเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคฐเคคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคเฅเคเคค เคเคฐเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคจเคเคผเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅเค, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคเคฌ เคคเค เคเคชเคเฅ เคเคจเคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคฆเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคจเคเคผเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฌเคฆเคฒเฅเคเคพ เคคเคฌ เคคเค เคธเคฎเคพเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคฐเคคเฅเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เค
เคชเคฐเคพเคง เคเคคเฅเคฎ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเคเฅเฅค
Trigger Warning: Mentions of Molestation.
Recently, a Japanese player pulled out of the French Open after organisers threatened to expel her for not honouring media commitments. Naomi Osaka, the four-time Grand Slam champion, withdrew from the French Open, citing mental health issues.
Another athlete, Simone Biles, a US gymnast, pulled out of the Olympics earlier this week due to mental health issues. This ignited a cultural and political firestorm on Wednesday after right-wing critics and trolls attacked her for letting down her team and nation.
Her choice to exit the competition came hours after tennis star Osaka, the face of the Tokyo Olympics, failed in the third round of the singles competition. The Japanese favourite, who lit the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony, also cited the mental toll of her profession as the cause for her early exit.
โI put my mental health first because if you donโt, youโre not going to enjoy your sport, and youโre not going to succeed as much as you want to,โ Biles told a media conference. โItโs okay sometimes to even sit out big competitions to focus on yourself because it shows how strong of a competitor and person you are.โ
Biles touched upon the extra stress brought about by the Tokyo Olympics, which got delayed by a year due to the pandemic and wreaked havoc with training programmes. โItโs been stressful, these Olympic Games. Itโs been a long week, a long Olympic process, a long year,โ she said.
This added pressure is showing even on some of Chinaโs athletes. In the montage of Olympic emotions, itโs not often you see the visuals of a teared up Chinese athlete. Itโs rare to see them submit to the pressure; rarer even for them to show it.
However, it happened, of all places, at the shooting range where Chinaโs players have created a reputation of being impenetrable in victory or defeat. But Wang Luyao, a Chinese rifle shooter likened to win a medal, surrendered to the pressure and finished 18th in the 10m air rifle competition.
Consumed in self-guilt, she wrote a short message for her followers: โSorry everyone, I admit I chickened out.โ Wang would not have foretold the storm that the Weibo post would provoke. She got threatened and abused, and finally, the South China Morning Post reported, China censors had to remove dozens of posts and deactivate at least 33 accounts that attacked the athlete.
โI have failed, and I will start from the beginning,โ Wang wrote again, in a new post, almost apologising for her apology.
There is a stigma surrounding the mental health of athletes. Showing emotions in a profession that demands physical strength is difficult.
This is one of the main reason why elite athletes with mental health issues donโt seek the help they need. This finding was published in a special issue of the British Journal of Sports Medicine devoted to the topic.
A poor understanding of mental illness, busy schedules, and gender stereotyping also play a part.
โAthletes fear, possibly rightly so, that disclosing mental health symptoms or disorders would reduce their chances of maintaining or signing a professional team contract or an advertising campaign,โ note the researchers.
Talking about it can help ease this stigma. And significant efforts are needed to overcome stigma and boost mental health literacy among elite athletes.
โCoaches could be important agents for supporting positive mental health attitudes within the elite athlete environment, including fostering an environment of mental health treatment-seeking,โ they concluded.
However, when coaches are like Larry Nassar, it can be for the worse.
Nassar was accused of sexually molesting hundreds of women gymnasts and was given life in prison. Moreover, US gymnasts were forced to perform even when they were injured. This all created a sense of fear and pressure in their minds. They were hushed and were not allowed to talk about this in public.
But, appropriate mechanisms can enable athletes to talk about mental health.
Michael Phelps, a swimmer with more medals than anyone in Olympic history has spoken candidly for years about his struggles with depression. Longtime NFL receiver Brandon Marshall has gone public with his mental health issues, as has 2012 Olympic silver medalist in high jump Brigetta Barrett.
There are a slew of other issues, such as eating disorders, extreme stress levels, and burnout, that havenโt even been brought to the publicโs attention yet.
Neha, 2o, a state-level football player has represented Delhi State U-18 team on several occasions. She feels that it was really brave of Naomi to come up about her mental health concerns so openly and take such a significant step that may have far-reaching consequences for her entire career.
โHer decision to withdraw from such a prominent tournament is also โrevolutionaryโ since now, people, board directors and team owners would recognise that a playerโs mental health is just as vital as their physical health. Right now, the best thing to do is to let her be, to allow her to heal in her own time, and to give her some space,โ Neha said.
She said that she has experienced anxiety off the field. Thereโs a lot on her mind during pre-season and tournaments. โDuring that time, my mood swings are intense. The night before matches, I barely get any sleep, and itโs become something of a pre-game ritual for me. Pre-game nervousness is just one of the issues I deal with during tournaments.โ
She added that she broke down after losing a finals match once, and it was as the team captain. Since she couldnโt handle herself after the struggle through the entire tournament, she stopped playing for 5 months.
โI couldnโt get back on the field because I was afraid of the taunts and the comments waiting for me. After that burnout, I went through a time of static performance stage where I couldnโt seem to motivate myself to perform better, and it took me about a year to pull up my socks and be myself again.โ
She also said that she has experienced a few anxiety attacks in the past, which were always dismissed as pre-game nerves.
She noted that everything can influence an athleteโs overall performance, from locker room conversations to the coachโs pep talk to the reaction of their fans and family. โEven the tiniest change can have a tremendous impact, yet most people are unaware of this.โ
She wanted people to know that it is extremely difficult to perform flawlessly without making any mistakes, and people are quick to criticise when an athlete loses, claiming that the athlete must not be practicing enough or that the athlete lacks talent.
โFans have no idea what itโs like to be under such intense pressure and expectation, so they resort to social media and question the playersโ ability, often urging them to retire, which only adds to the playerโs anxiety. These insults and comments make it difficult for them to concentrate and focus during regular practice sessions and then eventually in tournaments.โ
She said what helped her was her team mates. โThey knew exactly what I was going through because theyโd been there before, and they were there for me no matter what. My parents and coach did assist me. but it wasnโt much help in terms of results. It did take constant talking to peers, teammates, parents, my team coach and manager to help me eventually heal and get back on my feet.โ
Similarly, Kavya Sawhney, a lawn tennis player at the international level, feels that mental health is a huge aspect in any sport. โThere are two sides of it, physical and mental. If you feel great physically but horrible mentally and are struggling emotionally, itโs really hard to focus on one task and be able to play the sport peacefully. Specially for me in tennis if I am not calm and focused, I will make errors early in the game and get frustrated easily.โ
She too has experienced mental health issues. โThere was a low phase in my career where I felt that I wasnโt going to get better and I kept losing a lot of matches, even though they were matches that I could win easily. I realised that what had changed was only my mentality. I stopped believing that I could, lost my confidence and started being hard on myself and eventually started feeling like giving up.โ
What helped her was meditation. โAll I had to do is put in consistent work that would give me the confidence I needed again and I had to start believing in myself again. I started focusing on all my achievements and how far Iโve come and it wasnโt to give up. That worked best for me.โ
She feels one can be more mindful of mental health by questioning themselves whether they feel okay about something or not and recognise things that could potentially make them lose focus or their peace of mind. โMeditation has always helped me realise these things and helps me focus more on things that bring true purpose to my life.โ
However, there is still a long way for sports associations to realise this. It will take time but we will get there!
The aversion towards building a safe and inclusive workplace for employees in a workplace stems largely from a lack of knowledge. Corporate structures are unable to understand how diversity and inclusion mandates should be approached. This leads to them wholly ignoring the issue at hand.
Language plays an important role in building systems which are capable of being diverse and inclusive for employees in a workplace. Hence, a general understanding of the diversity and inclusion alphabet allows HR professionals and corporate structures to diversity and inclusion (D&I) mandates in a better way.
Starting conversations around diversity and inclusion helps organisations take on these issues head-on. Narratives that celebrate and incorporate differences among employees helps organisations attain an inclusive safe space while also optimising employee output.
Following are a set of diversity and inclusion alphabets that organisations must take note of to build a dynamic and growing working environment.
Ableism: This refers to the biased mindset that society harbours about an ideal structure for body and mind. This mindset plays into hiring practices as well as workspaces too where disabled employees face prejudice from recruiters. Moreover, a lack of accessibility also presents infrastructural hindrances to them.
Accessibility: Accessibility refers to spaces, resources and digital or physical environments that are not difficult to reach or use for everyone.
Affinity Bias: This refers to the bias that plays into everyday interactions. Affinity bias is when individuals choose to associate with those who are most similar to them. Moreover, this leads to a lack of accessibility to spaces of networking for minority groups within workplaces.
Affirmative Action: This refers to actions and policies taken by authorities that are in favour of groups and sections who face the brunt of discrimination.
Ally: Ally is a person who stands in solidarity with groups that have a clear lack of privilege compared to their own spaces of privilege. Allies take active part in building and rebuilding systems of oppression, sometimes at the cost of their own privilege.
Behavioural Diversity: This is how personal experiences help individuals unlearn orthodox belief systems. Individuals learn to acknowledge and make space for a diverse group of employees through their own interactions with those who are different from them.
Bias: These are a systemic belief system that comes into play while rationalising. With biases in place, an individualโs brain registers only presupposed judgements against certain groups. Consequently, this leads to unfair attitudes towards said group.
Cognitive Diversity: This refers to the different ways in which different individuals register information differently. Moreover, cognitive diversity also leads to different perceptions of information and situations for different people.
Conscious Prejudice: This refers to preconceived notions that are largely negative. Conscious prejudice acts against individuals who are part of larger groups and sections like social position, caste location or religious identity.
Corporate Social Responsibility: This refers to positive actions taken by corporate sectors for minority groups. This also refers to corporates going beyond profit generation to make impactful changes within their work spaces as well as for communities outside their work spaces.
Culture Fit: This refers to when an individualโs ideologies and values align with the larger organisationโs values and ideologies.
DE&I: Acronym for diversity, equity and inclusion.
Discrimination: While prejudice refers to the presupposed judgements one harbours towards a particular social group, discrimination refers to negative actions arising from the prejudice. Moreover, discrimination also refers to systemic behaviour that places certain social groups in a position of clear disadvantage.
Diversity: This refers to differences in cultural, behavioural as well as cross-functional knowledge.
Emotional Tax: This refers to an individual feeling out of place at work due to threats of bias. Moreover, this also refers to individuals feeling threatened for their gender identity, social position or ethnicity. Emotional tax also has effects on work output as well as general health and well-being for employees in workplaces.
Employee Resource Group: This refers to employee led volunteer groups that aim to create a diverse and inclusive workplace for all employees within the workplace.
Equality: Equality refers to giving same access and resources to all. This notions functions on the basis that everyone starts off on an equal footing. Moreover, equality also functions on the notion that everyone has access to equal opportunities while treating everyone in the same way.
Equity: Equity is referring to designing policies that acknowledge age old barriers still in place. This also means creating access and resources that are present to remove unique barriers. Equity functions on the notion that not everyone has the same kind of systemic obstructions in place.
Groupthink: This refers to a collective way of thinking that hinders individual thought processes. Groupthink also causes barriers to innovation within workplaces.
Inclusion: Inclusion refers to creating spaces and policies that provide access to resources and materials for individuals and groups belonging to diverse social categories. Moreover, inclusion also refers to empowering and valuing differences within workplaces and supporting said differences.
Intersectionality: This is when multiple identities exist in coalition. For example, a Dalit woman has intersections of caste and gender interacting in her experiences of workplace culture. Intersectionality also refers to acknowledging diverse identities while creating inclusive policies.
Microaffirmations: This refers to subtle gestures that are made to make an employee feel valued in the work they have done. Microaffirmations involve facial expressions, different tone of voice and so on that acknowledge an employeeโs work while creating a sense of belonging.
Microaggressions: This refers to subtle exclusions that negatively impact someone. These may seem harmless on the surface but interact with larger systems of oppression.
Neurodiverse: This refers differences in neurological functioning. Neurodiversity also highlights learning and developmental disabilities like ADHD and Autism.
Prejudice: This refers to conscious or unconscious suppositions against a group of people. Consequently, prejudice also refers to attitudes and feelings one harbours towards certain individuals on the basis of them being part of a larger social group or against said social groups themselves.
Stereotypes: These are once again presupposed representations of a particular group. Stereotypes are cognitive representations of certain traits associated with certain groups.
An understanding of the diversity and inclusion terminology can help workplaces adapt better to capacity building practices. Training and awareness programs that not only work towards educating workplaces about these terms, but also put positive affirmations into action, need to be conducted.
In a remote working environment as well as in a rapidly developing workforce, DE&I mandates help HR professionals build better and safer work spaces for all their employees.
เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคฎเคนเคพเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคฒเคนเคฐ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐเคพเคจ เคฎเคงเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคฆเฅเคฐ เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เค
เคเคเคฒเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคเคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคพเคซเฅ เคชเคฐเฅเคถเคพเคจเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเคพ เคธเคพเคฎเคจเคพ เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผเคพ เคฅเคพเฅค เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃ เคธเคฐเฅเคฆเฅ, เคเฅเคเคพเคฎ, เคเคพเคเคธเฅ เคเคฐ เคฌเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคธเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคธเคฟเคค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคตเคเฅเคฆ เค
เคธเฅเคชเคคเคพเคฒ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคกเคฐ เคฐเคนเฅ เคฅเฅเฅค เคเคจเคเฅ เคฎเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคฏเคน เคกเคฐ เคเคฐ เคเคฐ เคเคฏเคพ เคฅเคพ เคเคฟ เคเคนเฅเค เคกเฅเคเฅเคเคฐ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคจเคพ เคฌเคคเคพ เคฆเฅ เคเคฐ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เค
เคธเฅเคชเคคเคพเคฒ เคฎเฅเค เคญเคฐเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผเฅเฅค
เคเคนเคพเค เคธเฅ เคเคฟเคเคฆเคพ เคเคฐ เคตเคพเคชเคธ เคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคเคญเคพเคตเคจเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคฎ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเคเฅ เคฏเคนเฅ เคเคฟเคฆ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคฎเฅเคค เคเฅ เคฎเฅเคเคน เคฎเฅเค เคงเคเฅเคฒ เคฐเคนเฅ เคฅเฅเฅค เคเคธเฅ เคฎเฅเค, เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคคเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคฒเคนเคฐ เคธเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคพ เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคเคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคพเคซเฅ เคฎเฅเคนเคจเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคชเคกเคผ เคเค เคฅเฅเฅค เคเคธเคธเฅ เคฌเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเค เคจเฅ เคเค เคคเคฐเคเฅเคฌ เคจเคฟเคเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคฐ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเค เคจเฅ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคคเฅเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฐเค เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคฎ เคฒเฅเคจเคพ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ, เคเคฟเคธเคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคตเฅ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคค เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐเคจเฅ เคคเคฅเคพ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคธเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคต เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคถเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคคเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคพเคเคต-เคเคพเคเคต เคเคพ เคฆเฅเคฐเคพ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคฒเคเฅเค เคคเคฌ เคเคพเคเคฐ เคเคนเฅเค เคนเคพเคฒเคค เคฅเฅเคกเคผเฅ เคธเคเคญเคฒเฅเฅค
เคเคธ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคฌเฅเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคเคถเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคคเคพ เคเคเคเคฒเฅ เคญเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคฌเคคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅ เคนเคฎเฅเค เคชเคฐเฅเคถเคพเคจเฅ เค เคฐเคนเฅ เคฅเฅ, เคเคธเคธเฅ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคจเคฟเคชเคเคพ เคเคพเค? เคนเคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคธเคฎเค เคฎเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เค เคฐเคนเคพ เคฅเคพ เคคเคฌ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเค เคจเฅ เคฐเคพเคทเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเฅเคฐเคฎ เคธเฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเฅ เคธเคพเคฅเคฟเคฏเคพ เคธเคฎเฅเคน เคเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคฟเคค เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค เคเคธ เคฏเฅเคเคจเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคฃ เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคชเฅเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคธเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคฎเฅเคฐ 18 เคธเฅ 19 เคเฅ เคฌเฅเค เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคธเคญเฅ เคจเฅ 12เคตเฅเค เคคเค เคเฅ เคชเคขเคผเคพเค เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฐ เคฒเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคญเฅ เคฏเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐ เคเคธ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเฅเคฐเคฎ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเคเคฐ เคธเฅเคตเคเฅเคเคคเคพ, เคฎเคพเคนเคตเคพเคฐเฅ, เคเคจเคฟเคฎเคฟเค, เคชเฅเคทเคฃ, เคธเฅเคฐเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเคฆเคฟ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคเคฐเฅเคเคคเคพ เคซเฅเคฒเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคง เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคฃ เคฒเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคฅเฅ, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคฎเคนเคพเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐเคพเคจ เคเคจเคเฅ เคญเฅเคฎเคฟเคเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคฌเคขเคผ เคเคเฅค เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคชเคขเคผเฅ-เคฒเคฟเคเฅ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคฒเคคเฅ เคเคจเคเฅ เคเคชเคฐ เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคเคผเคฟเคฎเฅเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฅเฅเคเฅค
เคเคเคเคฒเฅ เคญเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคจเฅ เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฌเคคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เคตเคน เคเคจ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เคเคฐ-เคเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคพเคเคฐเฅเค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคเคพเคฎ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคคเคจเฅ เคชเคฐ เคญเฅ เคฒเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคฎเคพเคจ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคฆเฅ เคเค เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเคฆเคพเคนเคฐเคฃ เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคธเคฎเคพเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฎเคจเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคธเฅเคคเฅเคค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพเฅค เคนเคฎเคจเฅ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฏ เคเฅ เคฌเคคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เคฆเฅเคเฅ เคเคจ เคธเคฌ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพ เคเฅเคเคพ เคฒเคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคฏเฅ เคธเคฌ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฃ เคฐเฅเคช เคธเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคธเฅเคฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจ เคธเคฌ เคชเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคเคพ เคเฅเค เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคชเฅเคฐเคญเคพเคต เคจเคนเฅเค เคชเคกเคผเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคคเฅเคธเคพเคนเคฟเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคพเคฌเฅเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคเคถเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคนเคฟเคค เคฌเคคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคนเฅ เคชเคฐเคฟเคเคจเฅเค เคเคพ เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคง เคเฅเคฒเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผเคพ เคฅเคพเฅค เคตเคน เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคญเฅ เคเฅเคฎเคค เคชเคฐ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคพเคนเคคเฅ เคฅเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคจ เคธเคฌ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคเฅ เคเคพเคเค เคเคฐเคพเค เคเคพเค เคเคฐ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคพเค เคเคพเคเคเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคธเคฎเคเคพเคจเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเฅเคเคฟเคฎ เคญเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคฎ เคฅเคพเฅค เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคฎเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคค เคฒเคเคญเค เคนเคฐ เคเคฐ เคธเฅ เคเค เคฐเคนเฅ เคฅเฅเฅค เคเคฌ เคเคพเคเคต เคตเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคเฅเค เคเคฐ เคคเคฐเฅเคเคพ เคจเคเคผเคฐ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคฏเคพ, เคคเคฌ เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคฏเฅเคตเคพเคเค เคจเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเคพ เคถเฅเคฐเฅ เคเคฟเคฏเคพเฅค
เคนเคฎเฅเค เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคฌเคพเคค เคธเคพเคเคพ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคเคถเฅ เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคฌ เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เคตเคน เคเคฐ เคตเคพเคชเคธ เคเคเค, เคคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เคเคนเฅเค เคเคธเฅ เคฌเฅเคเคพเคฐ เคคเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เค เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเคเฅ เคนเคพเคฅ-เคชเฅเคฐ เคฎเฅเค เคฆเคฐเฅเคฆ เคคเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคชเฅเคฐเคญเคพเคต เคเคพ เคเคธเคพ เคเคฒเคค เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคนเฅ เคเฅเคเคพ เคฅเคพ เคเคฟ เคเคธเฅ เคเคคเฅเคฎ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฎ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคพเคซเฅ เคฎเคถเคเฅเคเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคชเคกเคผเฅเฅค เคตเคฐเฅเคคเคฎเคพเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคเคถเฅ เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเคพเคธเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคธเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคชเคฐ เคธเคญเฅ เคนเคฟเคคเคเฅเคฐเคพเคนเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเคพ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคนเฅ เคเฅเคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เค
เคฌ เคตเคน เคชเฅเคฒเฅ เคเคพเคตเคฒ เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เคเคฐ-เคเคฐ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคซเคพเคฏเคฆเฅ เคธเคฎเคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคเคธเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคฎเฅเคจเคฟเคเคพ เคญเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเฅ เคคเฅ เคเฅเคเคพ เคฒเคเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคค เคชเคฐ เคฎเคพเคฐ เคญเฅ เคชเคกเคผเฅ, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคตเฅ เคเคธ เคธเฅ เคฎเคธ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคธเคนเฅเคฒเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคเฅเคเคฆเฅเคฐ เคเคพเคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคพ เคฒเคเคตเคพ เคฒเคฟเคฏเคพ, เคซเคฟเคฐ เคเคพเคเคต-เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคเคถเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคคเคพ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคฒเฅ เคฒเฅเคเคฐ เคเคธ-เคชเคพเคธ เคเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคฐ-เคชเฅเคฐเคธเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคจเคฟเคเคฒเคจเฅ เคฒเคเฅเคเฅค เคนเคฐเคฟเคเคจ เคฌเคธเฅเคคเฅ เคเฅ เคฐเคนเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคจเฅเคจเคคเคฟ เคฎเคเคตเคพเคจ เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคฌเคธเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เค
เคญเฅ เคญเฅ เคนเคฎ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคเคเคฐ เคฒเฅเค เคเคฟเคช เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคฏเคพ เคญเคพเคเคจเฅ เคฒเคเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคเคนเฅเค เคนเคฎ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคธเฅเค เคจเคพ เคฒเคเคพ เคฆเฅเคเฅค
เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคค เค
เคญเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคธเฅ เคเคพเคฌเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคจเคนเฅเค เคเค เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคฎเคนเคพเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคคเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคฒเคนเคฐ เคฐเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฐเฅเคเคผ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคเคฐ เคธเฅ เคจเคฟเคเคฒเคเคฐ เคเคพเคเคต เคตเคพเคฒเฅเค เคเฅ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคธเคฎเคเคพเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเฅเคจเคคเคฟ เคฌเคคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคพเคฌเฅเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคขเฅเคเคฒ เคฌเคกเคผเฅ เคนเคฐเคฟเคเคจ เคฌเคธเฅเคคเฅ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคธเฅ 10 เคเคฟเคฒเฅเคฎเฅเคเคฐ เคฆเฅเคฐ เคนเฅเฅค เคตเคน เคเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ 10 เคเคฟเคฒเฅเคฎเฅเคเคฐ เคฏเคพ เคเคธเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคฒเฅเค เค
เคญเฅ เคญเฅ เคฎเคนเคพเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเฅ เคฌเคเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคเคคเคฐเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคเคจเฅเคจเคคเคฟ, เคฎเฅเคจเคฟเคเคพ เคเคฐ เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคเคถเฅ เคเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคชเฅเคเคพ, เคถเคพเคฐเคฆเคพ, เคธเคเคเฅเคคเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคฐเคฟเคถเฅเคฎเคพ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคธเฅเคเคกเคผเฅเค เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคธเฅเคฌเคน เคธเฅ เคเคพเคเคต -เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅเคฎเคเคฐ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคพเคเคฐเฅเค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคเคพเคฎ เคเคฐ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคตเคน เคธเคซเคฒ เคญเฅ เคนเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเคพเคธเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคพเคฌเฅเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคฐเฅเคฌ เคธเคตเคพ เคฆเฅ เคฒเคพเค เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคพเค เคเคพ เคเฅเคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเค เคฒเคพเค, 90 เคนเคเคผเคพเคฐ เคธเฅ เค
เคงเคฟเค เคนเฅเค, เคเคฌเคเคฟ เคฆเฅเคธเคฐเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคฒเคเคญเค 32 เคนเคเคผเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคธ-เคชเคพเคธ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคธ เคจเฅเค เคเคพเคฎ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเคฒเฅเคเฅเคเคฐ เคจเฅ เคเคจ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคถเคพเคฌเคพเคถเฅ เคญเฅ เคฆเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคจ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคเคธเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคตเฅเค เคญเฅ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เค
เคงเคฟเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคกเฅ. เคฐเคพเคนเฅเคฒ เคเคฃเคพเคตเคพ เคฌเคคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟ เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคธเฅ 40 เคเคฟเคฎเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐ เคฐเคพเคฎเคจเคเคฐ เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคเคธเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคฏเฅเค เคเคฟเค เคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเคเฅ เคธเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคคเคพ เคจเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเคพ เคเคพเคฎ เคเคธเคพเคจ เคเคฐ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคนเคพ, เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฒ เคเคฌเคพเคฆเฅ เคฒเคเคญเค 12 เคฒเคพเค เคนเฅ, เคเคจเคฎเฅเค เคธเฅ 7 เคฒเคพเค, 76 เคนเคเคผเคพเคฐ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคฆเฅ เคเคพเคจเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจ เคฏเฅเคตเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคคเฅเคธเคพเคนเคจ เคธเฅ เคฒเคเคญเค เคธเคตเคพ เคฆเฅ เคฒเคพเค เคนเคฟเคคเคเฅเคฐเคพเคนเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเค เคฆเฅ เคเคพ เคเฅเคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคนเคพ, เคฆเคฐเค
เคธเคฒ เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฏ เคเค เคธเคพเคฅ เคฎเคฟเคฒเคเคฐ เคฐเคนเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฐเคฟเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคเฅ เคฌเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคเฅ เคเคเฅ เคเคจเคพ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเฅ เคเคจเคเฅ เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคต เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคนเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคคเฅเคธเคพเคนเคฟเคค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคฌเฅเคฒเคเคพเคฒ เคเฅ เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคพเคค เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฏเคน เคคเคเคจเฅเค เค
เคชเคจเคพเคจเฅ เคชเคกเคผเฅเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคเฅ เคเคนเคพ เคเคฟ เค
เคญเฅ เคเฅเคฒเฅเค เคฌเคเคฆ เคนเฅเค, เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฆเคฟเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐ เคเคธเคพเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคฎเคฟเคฒ เคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคกเฅ. เคเคฃเคพเคตเคพ เคจเฅ เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฌเคคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เคชเคฟเคเคฒเฅ 5 เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคธเฅ เคฏเฅ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐ เคเคธ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเฅเคฐเคฎ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคกเคผเคเคฐ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคฌเคเคงเฅ เคเค เคฌเคพเคคเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคฎเค เคเฅเคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคฏเฅ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเคฏ เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคพเคคเคเฅเคค เคเคฐ เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคเคพเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคธเฅ เคธเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคจ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคธเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคต เคเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคฃ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ, เคเคฟเคธเคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคตเคเฅเคเคคเคพ, เคฌเคพเคฐ-เคฌเคพเคฐ เคนเคพเคฅ เคงเฅเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคคเคฐเฅเคเฅ, เคฎเคพเคธเฅเค เคฒเคเคพเคจเคพ เคเคฐ เคจเคฟเคถเฅเคเคฟเคค เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคฆเฅเคฐเฅ เคเฅ เคชเคพเคฒเคจ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ-เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคเฅ เคเคพเคเค เคต เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เค
เคจเคฟเคตเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคคเคพ เคญเฅ เคถเคพเคฎเคฟเคฒ เคนเฅเฅค
เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคเคเคฟ, เค
เคญเฅ เคญเฅ เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคจเฅเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคเคฎ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฌเฅเคเฅเคฐเฅเคเฅเค เคเคพ เคเคฌเคฐเคฆเคธเฅเคค เคตเคฟเคฐเฅเคง เคเฅเคฒเคจเคพ เคชเคกเคผ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคตเคน เค
เคญเฅ เคญเฅ เคเคพเคกเคผ-เคซเฅเคเค เคชเคฐ เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคตเคฟเคถเฅเคตเคพเคธ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฒเคพเคเคพเคช เคกเฅเคเฅเคเคฐเฅเค เคเคฐ เคญเฅเคฎเคเคพ (เคเฅเคจเฅ เคเคเคพ) เคเฅ เคชเคนเฅเคเค เคเคผเฅเคฏเคพเคฆเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคทเฅเคชเฅเคฐเคญเคพเคต เคเฅ เคญเฅเคฐเคพเคเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคเคคเฅเคฎ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคญเฅ เคฎเคฆเคฆ เคฒเฅ เคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคฌเคพเคนเฅเคฒ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคเคพเคฌเฅเค เคเฅ เคนเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคเคฎเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคงเคพเคฐ เคเฅเคธเฅ เคเค เคฆเคฐเฅเคเคจ เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฏเฅเคตเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคฎเคฆเคฆ เคฒเฅ เคเคพ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เค
เคเฅเคฒเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคพเคธเฅเคฅเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคฎเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคจเฅ เคธเฅ เคกเคฐ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคกเคฐ เคนเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคนเฅเค เคเคจเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเฅเค เค
เคจเคนเฅเคจเฅ เคจเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคพเคเฅค เคงเคพเคฐ เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคนเคเคฐเคคเคชเฅเคฐ เคเคพเคเคต เคฎเฅเค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคถเคพเคธเคจ เคจเฅ เคฏเฅเคฅ เคซเฅเคฐ เคเคฟเคฒเฅเคกเฅเคฐเคจ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคตเคฏเคเคธเฅเคตเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคคเฅเคฏเคพเคฐ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคเคจเคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคถเคพ เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคคเคพ เคเคฐ-เคเคฐ เคเคพเคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคพเคจเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเค, เคคเคพเคเคฟ เคชเฅเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคธเคเคเฅเคฐเคฎเคฃ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคค เคนเฅ เคเคพเค เคคเคฅเคพ เคเคจ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเฅ เคซเฅเคธเคฆเฅ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเฅเคเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคถเคพเคฎเคฟเคฒ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพ เคธเคเฅเฅค
เคฏเคนเฅ เคคเคฐเฅเคเคพ เคเคฎเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคผเคฟเคฒเฅ เคเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅ เค
เคชเคจเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคพ เคฐเคนเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคผเคฟเคฒเคพ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคธเฅ เคฒเคเคญเค 25 เคเคฟเคฎเฅ เคฆเฅเคฐ เคเคเคพเคถเคเฅเค เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคเฅ เคฒเคเคญเค 25 เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคฏเฅเคตเคพเคเค เคเคพ เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคตเคน เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคชเคฐเคฟเคเคจเฅเค เคเฅ เคญเฅเคฐเคพเคเคคเคฟเคฏเคพเค เคฆเฅเคฐ เคเคฐ เคธเคเฅเคเฅค เคเคเคเฅเคฒเคพ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ 30 เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเคฏ เคถเคเคญเฅ เคธเคฟเคเคน เคจเฅ เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฌเคคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคพเคฐ เคฎเฅเค เคเคธเคจเฅ เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเคนเคฒเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคชเฅเคฐเคพ เคชเคฐเคฟเคตเคพเคฐ เคเคพ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคนเฅเคเฅค
เคฌเคฟเคฐเคนเฅเคฒเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเคเคต เคเฅ 20 เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเคฏ เคตเฅเคจเฅเคฆเคพเคตเคจ เคธเคฟเคเคน เคเฅ เคญเฅ เคฏเคนเฅ เคเคนเคพเคจเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค เคเคพเคฐเฅเคฏเคเคฐเฅเคคเคพ เคธเคเคคเฅเคท เคเฅเคฎเคพเคฐ เคฆเฅเคตเคฟเคตเฅเคฆเฅ เคจเฅ เคฌเคคเคพเคฏเคพ เคเคฟ เคฏเคฆเคฟ เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคเคพ เค
เคงเฅเคฏเคฏเคจ เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเค, เคคเฅ เคฏเคน เคฌเคพเคค เคธเคพเคฎเคจเฅ เค เคเคพเคเคเฅ เคเคฟ เคเคฆเคฟเคตเคพเคธเฅ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคเคพเคเคฐเคฃ เคฎเฅเค เคฏเฅเคตเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เค
เคงเคฟเค เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคตเฅ เคนเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคเคพเคเคตเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคเคคเฅเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฐเค เคเฅ เคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคญเคพเคเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคธเฅเคจเคฟเคถเฅเคเคฟเคค เคเคฐ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเคเฅค เคฏเฅเคตเคพ เคเคฐ เคเคฟเคถเฅเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคพเคฐเคฃ เคนเฅ เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคฐเฅเคจเคพ เคฎเคนเคพเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคเคพเคฌเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคนเคพเคฒเคพเคเคเคฟ, เค
เคญเฅ เคญเฅ เคธเฅ เคซเฅเคธเคฆเฅ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเฅเคเฅ เคฒเคเคตเคพเคจเคพ เคเฅเคจเฅเคคเฅ เคญเคฐเคพ เคเคพเคฎ เคนเฅเฅค
เคจเฅเค- เคฏเคน เคเคฒเฅเค เคญเฅเคชเคพเคฒ, เคฎ.เคชเฅเคฐ. เคธเฅ เคฐเฅเคฌเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคจเฅ เคเคฐเคเคพ เคซเฅเคเคฐ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคฒเคฟเคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค
If the opposition is the culprit then the government of the day is also equally at fault for pushing itself back on important questions concerning the common and ordinary. Prime Minister Narendra Modiโs message to the BJP legislators to expose Congress for stalling the house doesnโt bode well for our democracy which is both argumentative and deliberative.
The opposition is within its rights to demand the issuance of a statement from the ruling dispensation bound by its constitutional duty and electoral mandate. Modi ji instead of deploying all sorts of ideological machinations against our opponents from dissenters to detractors it would be in your interest to hear the other side patiently and persuasively.
Maybe a special session of both the houses will do in clearing the commotion, chaos and confrontation in breaking the resolve. Who would want to show a big heart as for all the loud decibel slogans and slugfest on the floor of the house? Compassion and cooperation is all that gets counted.
เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟ เคเคฐ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคฃเคพเคฒเฅ เคเค เคฌเคฆเคจเฅเคฎเคพ เคฆเคพเค เคเฅเคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคเค เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคฆเคพเค เคเคนเฅเค เคญเฅ เคฒเคเคพ เคนเฅ เค
เคเฅเคเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคฒเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเฅ เคธเคพเคซ เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคธเคฒเคฟเค เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐเฅเค เคเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคคเคฐเคน เคเฅ เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐ เคเคฐเคจเคพ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคตเคฐเฅเคคเคฎเคพเคจ เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฎเคพเคฐเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคธเคพเคฎเคพเคเคฟเค-เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค-เคงเคพเคฐเฅเคฎเคฟเค-เคเคฐเฅเคฅเคฟเค เคเคฐ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคฟเค เคธเฅเคงเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคนเฅ เค
เคเคฐ เคธเคญเฅ เคเคฒเฅเคฏเคพเคฃเคเคพเคฐเฅ เคฏเฅเคเคจเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคเคคเฅเคฎ เคเคฐ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฐเคพ เคเคพ เคธเคพเคฐเคพ เคชเฅเคธเคพ เคธเฅเคงเฅ เคเคจเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคฌเฅเคเค เคเคพเคคเฅเค เคฎเฅ เคกเคพเคฒ เคฆเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคพเค เคคเฅ เคเคจเคคเคพ เค
เคชเคจเคพ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ เคเฅเคฆ เคนเฅ เคเคฐ เคฒเฅเคเฅเฅค
เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคฒเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคฏเฅเค เคเคธเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฟเคจเคเฅ เคฎเฅเคซเฅเคค เคเคพ เคตเฅเคคเคจ เคฎเคฟเคฒเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคเคจเคเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคคเคฐเคน เคธเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเคชเฅเคค เคเคฐ เคฆเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค เคคเคพเคเคฟ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคธเคเคฒ เคเคฐ เคเคฐเฅเคฒเฅ เคเคฏ เคคเคฅเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคเฅเคคเคฟเค เคธเคเคธเคพเคงเคจเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคนเคฐ เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคเฅ เคธเคฎเคพเคจ เคญเคพเคเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
เคเค เคเฅเคธเคพ เคเคพเคจเฅเคจ, เคธเคฎเคพเคจ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเคฐ เคธเคฎเคพเคจ เคตเฅเคคเคจ เคตเฅเคฏเคตเคธเฅเคฅเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเฅ เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคฒเคพเคเฅ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค เคเคฐ เคธเคญเฅ เคเฅ เคชเคพเคธ เคฎเคเคพเคจ, เคเคผเคฎเฅเคจ เคเคฐ เคฐเฅเคเคผเคเคพเคฐ เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคนเคฐ เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคธเฅ เค
เคฒเค-เค
เคฒเค เคเฅเคเฅเคธ เคตเคธเฅเคฒเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคเคพเคฏ เคธเคญเฅ เคชเคฐ เคเค เคนเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเคพ เคเฅเคเฅเคธ เคฒเคพเคเฅ เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค
เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคฌเคกเคผเฅ-เคฌเคกเคผเฅ เคฎเคเคคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ, เคเฅ เคตเฅเคคเคจ เคฆเฅเคคเฅ เคนเฅ เคเคจเคเฅ เคญเฅ เคเค เคฎเคเคผเคฆเฅเคฐ เคเฅ เคฌเคฐเคพเคฌเคฐ เคนเฅ เคตเฅเคคเคจ เคฎเคฟเคฒเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคเฅเคฏเฅเคเคเคฟ เคตเฅ เคฒเฅเค เคญเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเคฐ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคเคจเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคนเฅ เคเคพเคฎ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคฟเคจ เคจเฅเคคเคพเคเค, เคจเฅเคเคฐเคถเคพเคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคเคเฅเค เคเคพ เคเคฎ เคฎเคเคผเคฆเฅเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเคเคผเคพเคฐเคพ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เคญเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคจเฅเคคเคฟเคเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคเคงเคพเคฐ เคชเคฐ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคชเคฆเฅเค เคธเฅ เคเคธเฅเคคเฅเคซเคพ เคฆเฅ เคฆเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคตเคฟเคเคพเคธ เคฎเฅเค เคฌเคขเคผเฅเคคเคฐเฅ เคนเฅ เคธเคเฅเฅค
เคฆเฅเคถ เคฎเฅเค เคชเฅเคฐเคคเคฟเคญเคพเคถเคพเคฒเฅ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคฎเฅ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค เคเค เคเคฎ เคชเคขเคผเคพ-เคฒเคฟเคเคพ เคเคฆเคฎเฅ เคญเฅ เคนเคตเคพเคเคเคนเคพเค เคฌเคจเคพ เคธเคเคคเคพ เคนเฅ, เคเคธเคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคฆเฅเคฐเคพเคฏ เคจเคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค เคเคเคผเคพเคฆเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฆ เคธเฅ เคนเฅ เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเฅ เคจเคพเคฎ เคชเคฐ เคเฅเคตเคฒ เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ เคฎเคพเคซเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เคนเฅ เคฌเคขเคผเคพเคตเคพ เคฆเฅ เคฐเคนเฅ เคนเฅเฅค เคถเคฟเคเฅเคทเคพ เคเคฐ เคฐเฅเคเคผเคเคพเคฐ เคฎเฅเค เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เค
เคฌ เคคเค เคเฅเค เคซเคฐเฅเค เคคเคฏ เคจเคนเฅเค เคเคฐ เคชเคพเค เคนเฅเฅค เคตเคฟเคฆเฅเคฏเคพเคฐเฅเคฅเคฟเคฏเฅเค เคเฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคชเคขเคผเคพเค เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ-เคธเคพเคฅ เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคเคฐเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคตเคนเคจ เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคญเฅ เคเคฎเคพเค เคญเฅ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคคเคพเคเคฟ เคชเคขเคพเค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคพเคฅ เคเคจเฅเคนเฅเค เค
เคชเคจเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเฅเค เคชเคฐ เคเคกเคผเคพ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเฅเค เคเคฎเคเคผเฅเคฐเฅ เคฏเคพ เคชเคฐเฅเคถเคพเคจเฅ เคฎเคนเคธเฅเคธ เคจเคพ เคนเฅ เคธเคเฅเฅค เค
เคเคฐ เค
เคเฅเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคชเคขเคผ-เคฒเคฟเค เคเคฐ เคญเฅ เคเฅเค เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคฌเฅเคฐเฅเคเคเคพเคฐ เคฐเคน เคเคพเค เคคเฅ เคเคธเคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคธเคฐเคเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เคเคธ เคตเฅเคฏเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคเฅ เคเคผเคฟเคฎเฅเคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคเค เคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคฌเคพเคฐเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคธเฅเคเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค
เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เค
เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเค เคธเคพเคฒเฅเค เคธเฅ เค
เคจเฅเค เคฎเคพเคฎเคฒเฅ เคฒเคเคฌเคฟเคค เคชเคกเคผเฅ เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเคเฅค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เค
เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคธเคเคเฅเคฏเคพ เคฌเคขเคผเคพเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคนเฅ, เคฒเฅเคเคฟเคจ เคฏเคน เคเคพเคฎ เคญเฅ เคเค เคชเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเฅ เคคเคนเคค เคนเฅเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค เคนเคฎเฅเค เคเคธ เคชเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเฅ เค เฅเค เคเคฐเคจเฅ เคเฅ เคธเคเฅเคค เคเคผเคฐเฅเคฐเคค เคนเฅ, เคเคฟเคธเคธเฅ เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เคนเคฐ เคจเคพเคเคฐเคฟเค เคเฅ เคเคผเคฒเฅเคฆ-เคธเฅ-เคเคผเคฒเฅเคฆ เคเคฐ เค เฅเค เคธเคฎเคฏ เคชเคฐ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ เคฎเคฟเคฒ เคธเคเฅเฅค
เคนเคฐ เคตเคฟเคงเคพเคจเคธเคญเคพ เคฏเคพ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคเค เค
เคฆเคพเคฒเคค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค เคเคฐ เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏ เคฎเฅเค เคเคจเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคญเคพเคเฅเคฆเคพเคฐเฅ เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค เคฆเฅเคถ เคเฅ เค
เคฆเคพเคฒเคคเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เค
เคเคเฅเคฐเฅเคเคผเฅ เคญเคพเคทเคพ เคเคพ เคเคธเฅเคคเฅเคฎเคพเคฒ เคเคฎ-เคธเฅ-เคเคฎ เคนเฅเคจเคพ เคเคพเคนเคฟเค, เคคเคพเคเคฟ เคเฅเคฐเคพเคฎเฅเคฃ เคเฅเคทเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคธเฅ เคเคจเฅ เคตเคพเคฒเฅ เคฒเฅเคเฅเค เคเฅ เคเคธ เคตเคพเคฆ เคธเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคฌเคจเฅเคงเคฟเคค เคคเคฅเฅเคฏเฅเค เคเคตเค เคจเฅเคฏเคพเคฏเคพเคฒเคฏ เคเฅ เคจเคฟเคฐเฅเคฃเคฏ เคเฅ เคธเฅเคจเคจเฅ-เคธเคฎเคเคจเฅ เคฎเฅเค เคเคธเคพเคจเฅ เคนเฅ เคธเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคเฅ เค
เคงเคฟเคตเคเฅเคคเคพ เคเคฎ เคเคจเคคเคพ เคธเฅ เคฌเคนเฅเคค เคชเฅเคธเคพ เคตเคธเฅเคฒ เคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเค เคเคธเคธเฅ เคเคจ เคชเคฐ เคฒเคเคพเคฎ เคฒเคเคพเค เคเคพ เคธเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคตเฅ เคเคฎ เคเคจเคคเคพ เคเฅ เคฌเฅเคตเคเฅเคซ เคจเคพ เคฌเคจเคพ เคธเคเฅเคเฅค
เค
เคเคฐ เคเคฟเคธเฅ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ เคชเคฐ เคเคฟเคเค เคฌเฅเคเคจเฅ เคเคพ เคเคฐเฅเคช เคฒเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคตเฅ เคเคธ เคเคฐเฅเคช เคฎเฅเค เคฆเฅเคทเฅ เคชเคพเค เคเคพเค เคคเฅ เคเคธ เคฐเคพเคเคจเฅเคคเคฟเค เคชเคพเคฐเฅเคเฅ เคเฅ เคฎเคพเคจเฅเคฏเคคเคพ เคนเคฎเฅเคถเคพ-เคนเคฎเฅเคถเคพ เคเฅ เคฒเคฟเค เคธเคฎเคพเคชเฅเคค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคพเคฒเฅเคฌเคพเค เคจเฅเคคเคพเคเค เคเฅ เคธเคฎเฅเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฃ เคธเคเคชเคคเฅเคคเคฟ เคเคฌเฅเคค เคนเฅเคจเฅ เคเคพเคนเคฟเคเฅค
The capital Delhi becomes uglier every time with rains clogging the drains potholes in the roads. A perennial phenomenon occurring every time around monsoons making the city look messier with hardly anyone taking cognizance of it.
Passing the blame has become the favourite pass time of the authorities engaged and involved in ensuring maintenance and hygiene of the city. This tug of war has to be brought to an end with civic agencies PWD and MCD tasking themselves with their roles and responsibility for the better of the common and ordinary citizens of Delhi.
Getting over political differences of opinion is integrally important for the best offices of Centre and Delhi government aiding in improving the scenario and situation. Cooperation, collaboration and coordination between their agencies and departments will be quite a meaningful turning and translating Delhiโs fate and future.
There shouldnโt be a recap of the COVID scare with people breathing their last in want of oxygen and ventilators. So, instead of advertising and postering oneโs accomplishments, it would be ideal for Arvind Kejriwal and Narendra Modi to get back to the drawing board without a further delay as already a lot has gone by.
Kriti Sanon and Pankaj Tripathi starrer film, โMimiโ is the latest attempt by Bollywood to bring the taboo topic of surrogacy back in the mainstream, the last being โChori Chori Chupke Chupkeโ. The film showcases the story of Mimi, played by Kriti giving her career best performance, who wishes to become a heroine in Mumbai and for which she is saving money.
It is through a typical dance number (โBikaner ki chokri, Santre ki tokriโ) when an American couple wandering in India for over a year, John and Summer, the intended parents, see in โMimiโ a potential surrogate mother. Bhanu played by the enigmatic Pankaj Tripathi, plays the broker in here and convinces Mimi to be a surrogate and get compensated in return.
Considering the huge financial prospects involved, she agrees to it without much delay. The film is set in a small town of Rajasthan in the year 2013. The twist comes when the American couple abandons Mimi and the baby in the middle of the pregnancy and our surrogate Mimi is left all by herself. This tragic turn of events has been the harsh reality for many in India.
Legalised in 2002, India has become a hub of commercial surrogacy, so much that it has been called a โbaby factoryโ. Commercial surrogacy is legal in Russia, Ukraine and some States of the USA, but considering the cheaper costs, India becomes a preferable destination. A report estimates it to be worth more than $400, but the ethics of the practice has been largely questioned.
As in โMimiโ, the reference of โkhet, ganna, beejโ to the commercial surrogacy, the practice has led to the commodification of reproductive labour and womenโs body. It is accused of treating the child as a good, reproduction as a service to be traded and establishing control over womenโs bodies. Commercial surrogacy is likened to organ sale rackets.
There is also power dynamics involved where the rich try to rent the womb for themselves, the surrogates coming from the lowest economic rungs of society. Coming out of dire property, their consent to be surrogates can hardly be called informed. It is coercive since refusal is mostly difficult. Also, in majority of the cases, they are illiterate and barely get a copy of the contract signed. The broker keeps a major chunk of the compensation.
The commercial surrogacy in India has largely flourished because of absence of regulations and red-tapism. Come 2014 and the NDA government comes up with Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill which intended to ban commercial surrogacies over night. It allowed only altruistic surrogacy from close family members which would cover medical expenses and insurance and will be limited to Indian heterosexual and infertile couples, having completed five years of marriage.
This bill was passed by Lok Sabha in 2015 but could not steer through the upper house of parliament and was therefore, referred to a select committee. The Select Committee headed by Bhupendra Yadav, after consulting various stakeholders suggested that widows and divorced women be included, the five year marriage and infertility clause be removed from the bill. The bill accepting the recommendations is still pending in the Parliament.
But the bill has its share of shortcomings even now. It falls short of taking into account the rights of live-in couples and LGBTQ community who wish to start a family beyond the traditional nation of parents. The community has started to get legal recognition in India and their rights need to be protected.
Further the interests of surrogates have also been ignored as banning surrogacy straight away leaves them out of economic opportunities and their chance to improve their lot. As Dr Patel of Akanksha Hospital, Anand, Gujarat says, โBanning is never the solutionโ. The ban will give rise to an underground market for surrogacy which will only worsen the situation for poor women.
The movie in the end strikes the right chords by focusing on adoption as a viable option. As it is conveyed, โIf the orphaned children were to be a country, it would be the 7th largest in the world.โ You can watch โMimiโ on Netflix and Jio Cinemas.
By: Anuj Dahiya, a student of Political Science.
Instagram: @anuj__dahiya Twitter: @unujdahiya
With the pandemic in view, multiple educational institutions have shifted into an e-school. Children are spending more time than usual on the internet, which is resulting in an increased risk of cyber bullying and online child sexual abuse during the Covid-19 health crisis. Thus, Our Voix Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation, has launched a comic book on cyber safety on July 27, 2021. Our Voix had partnered with Tagore International School and PRATYeK to curate the comic book. The comic book has been curated after interactions with children from different states in India, the voices of children have been involved in the making of the comic book.
During the virtual launch, children, teachers and stakeholders from more than states had joined the virtual launch event and shared their views about the importance of knowledge about cyber safety. Megha Bhatia, Founder of Our Voix, talked about the statistics related to cyber bullying and abuse in India. She stated that โthis is not just a comic book but a revolution against cyber abuse.โ
After thjis, Mannat, a student of Sanskriti school, shared that โthe ongoing pandemic has affected the school going children the most as they are more vulnerable and present on the internet for maximum hours.โ She also reinforced the power of voice to speak up against abuse.
Vedica Saxena, Project Director, Tagore International School, emphasised on the importance of keeping childrenโs voice first and including such resources as a part of the school library. Tia, a student of Tagore International School, shared her views about the importance to start the conversation about cyber security, sexual abuse and bullying as it empowers students as well as makes them feel welcomed.
Tamanna, a Class 6 student from PRATYeK, shared that it is very important for adults to listen to children so as to understand their point of views. She also mentioned a beautiful line that, โbacche safe honge tabhi duniya badhegi.โ
Ayan, a student from PRATYeK mentioned that if he had a superpower, he would use it to protect and fight for the rights of children. He also wishes to engage in peaceful rallies to make children aware about their rights. Utkarsh, a student of Tagore International School, stated that we should always take safety measures while we are surfing on the internet. He also emphasised on the importance of cyber security for children as it is equally important as national security.
Mr Rakshit Tandon, Cyber Security Expert and Director/Co-founder, Hackershala, Consultant, IAMAI (Internet & Mobile Association of India) Advisory, Cyber Crime Cells, shared key points about cyber hygiene, information distancing just like social distancing, screen time, digital responsibility and safety. He believes that children should read comic books on cyber safety as such resources will empower them with knowledge about cyber safety.
The session ended with an abundance of love, support and appreciation from the participants. Indian children are the most cyber bullied in the world. During Covid, such comic books will be a great resource for parents and teachers to start a conversation with children about cyber safety in a chil- friendly manner. The comic book includes topics such as cyber bullying, stalking, impact of sharing morphed images or private pictures on social media, privacy, fake news, digital footprint, finding the right balance, the right to stay safe offline as well as online and many more informative topics to create a safe digital space for children.
You can get your very own copy of the comic book by clicking on the link, get your Cyber Safety comic book today
About the author: You may reach Our Voix at 9599860311 or by sending an email at [email protected].
This article contains phrases that can hurt the feelings of a nationalist.
We are taught to be nationalists right from our childhood. I remember drawing the Indian tricolour and how I used to feel this sense of pride about it. But today, I canโt even look at those three colours together for too long. It makes me feel sick.
The nationalist sentiment grew within me, but it always stayed hollow. So, it was easy to break through it with the resources I found because of my many privileges.
What is nationalism? Is it a love for oneโs nation, for oneโs country?
When you look at it, it seems quite justified, love for your own country. But what is โyour countryโ? Someone told me that it means โthe people of your countryโ. When I asked them about the people living beyond the territory of India, they said that they were talking about the country, not โthe stateโ.
What does country mean? The Nehruvian hokum we are taught? Unity in diversity? The amalgamation of different cultures? Oh, itโs the era of globalisation! The whole human society is an amalgamation of cultures. What is there to be proud of about being born in India?
If youโre going to talk about beauty, believe me, the whole cosmos is beautiful.
One may say that, โYeah, people speak in my first language and I feel comfortable around them,โ or that, โI feel comfortable in my own town.โ But, what about the whole country?
Okay, if you ask me about my patriotism towards my own culture: no, I donโt love it any more than any other culture around the world.
They teach us about aggressive nationalism and perverted nationalism, which are obviously bad. Look at Hitler, or look at Mussolini! But plain nationalism, on the other hand, is good. Alfred Zimmern said, โThe road to internationalism lies through nationalism.โ
I respectfully disagree! The nationalist song by Dwijendralal Ray, เฆงเฆจ เฆงเฆพเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆชเงเฆทเงเฆช เฆญเฆฐเฆพ (dhono dhanno pushpo bhora), has got a line saying: เฆธเฆเฆฒ เฆฆเงเฆถเงเฆฐ เฆฐเฆพเฆจเง เฆธเง เฆฏเง เฆเฆฎเฆพเฆฐ เฆเฆจเงเฆฎเฆญเงเฆฎเฆฟ . Loosely translated, it means: โMy motherland is the queen of all countries.โ But this isnโt aggressive, is it? Oh, it is!
You can say that you donโt consider your own country to be the best, or believe that other countries are inferior, but you just love your own country. Well, I can only ask you, where is this love coming from?
The class interests of the working class and that of the bourgeois class are internationalist. From a macro perspective, they donโt care about their nationalities. The capitalists have got the world market to compete for.
The workers are oppressed all over the world, so they have the whole world to win, eh?
Yeah, the petit-bourgeois (of or characteristic of the lower middle class, especially with reference to perceived conventionalism and conservatism), the middle class, they care a lot about their nationalities.
They are the ones who have surplus time to feel โprideโ and โloveโ for their races, nations or countries.
They influence others and this nationalism is useful for the bourgeoisie who use it to create a divide among the people. Thus, we are taught to be nationalists from our childhood.
Smash capitalism, globalisation and imperialism! โAnd the last fight let us face, the international unites the human race!โ
By the third win, one by one India strengthens its position in the second spot of six-team Pool A. It has so far three wins and one loss out of four games. It has to face Japan now. Hunt for securing its place for a quarterfinal berth is nearly narrowed down.
Undeniably, Indian hockey players put an impressive play after Australian pain. They remained aggressive and covered the field like fine players of the yesteryears. Putting pressure on the rival teams was exhibited by them in the field. They were not only running but also marvelled at sticks.
Will it pass through the tough test of the quarterfinals? The way they played against Argentina showed their luck to win. Though its mounting attacks helped them enter the rivalโs circle, it took 43 minutes to net the goal. The second came on a rebound and the third materialised in the nick of time. Varin, Vivek and Harmanpreet completed the goals.
Although India will play the next round, yet its encounter is supposed to be with a stronger hockey team. Will it break the ice of 41 long years to reach the final? The last gold medal was won in the year 1980. Will the coachโs four formulas work at Tokyo Olympics? It has certainly revived a positive hope.
Yes, it can be sort of doing directly a bit of the ratio coating on the earned points. Some performance allows them to share comparatively better play from the conventional. This is still way too cumbersome and seemingly useless. Handed out adequate space, the players should know they just took the match to a winning level and realise to automatically pop up the pick of packing the desired medal.
โBullshit Urbanismโ is a term coined by Dr Leon, who believes that wealth and power have made cities a joyless junk habitat that we canโt afford to support, and of which capitalism is a major cause. To learn more about Dr Leonโs concept and ways to break stratification of cities through material accumulation, the Centre for Habitat, Urban and Regional Studies (CHURS) of Impact and Policy Research Institute (IMPRI) organised a talk on โBS* Urbanismโ under #LocalGovernance.
Tikender S Panwar, Former Deputy Mayor, Shimla, and Visiting Senior Fellow, IMPRI, commenced the session with a question on why bullshit urbanism, and contextualised it by talking about the humongous number of inequities that exist in urban centres and the stark difference between rural and urban areas, evident from the Oxfam report on inequality.
He then introduces the speaker of the session Dr Leon A Morenas, Associate Professor, School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), Delhi. Dr Leon started his presentation by quoting his inspiration for the topic โBullshit Urbanismโ to originate from a term coined by American anthropologist and activist David Graeber in 2013 called โBullshit Jobsโ.
The term tried entangling the concept of employment as completely pointless, unnecessary and pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence, even though the employee feels obliged to pretend that this is not the case. Dr Leon finds this phenomenon fundamental and intuitive, which allows him to think that itโs not just jobs that are pernicious and unjustifiable, urbanism can be, too.
American writer James Howard Kunstler, in his book The Geography of Nowhere, examines how during the epoch of stupendous wealth and power we managed to ruin our greater cities, throw away small towns, and impose over the countryside a joyless junk habitat that we canโt afford to support. Dr Leon believed this was the beginning of the diagnose of bullshit urbanism.
He saw the vitiation of the public as an uncontrollable force that destroys conventional categories, distinguishing the urban from the rural. The massive hydraulics of the urban system untamable and bullshit jobs, as mentioned by David Graeber, then become life jackets keeping us afloat. However, the central concerns of his talk were not limited to material characteristics of the urban, but more importantly, the mutual construction of human beings and built environment.
He then talks about how during the pandemic, cities were not accommodative of caddies, delivery boys, labourers, loaders, cooks, painters etc. who are part of the same population that helps us run cities, yet, they had to head back to their villages barefoot.
He then explained how both authors Kunstler and Graeber diagnose contemporary capitalism as the cause of our predicament. They thought capitalism to be too efficient and yet, there was a proliferation of bullshit jobs, which cannot be justified by economics. Thus, Graeber saw the need of studying the moral and political ramifications of the same.
Dr Leon argues that bullshit urbanism is nothing but capitalism perpetuating itself by patenting space, which is not just driven by economic rationale, but also moral and political reasons.
He then discusses his doctoral work that looked at the technological undergirdings of the Delhi Master Plan, devised as a prototype for Indian development aimed at delivering spatial equality to Delhi citizens. However, he observes this spatial fix to have created a metropolitan dystopia of ever-increasing unevenness between the urban poor and metropolitan rich.
He then expanded his doctoral work to look into the social history of the smart city mission in India that examined claims about data being empirical and non-ideological and the premise that algorithms analysing data and smart cities are neutral, and objective demonstrating the fact that such arrangements and assumptions affect the poor disproportionately and deleteriously.
He emphasised how 0.1% of the population controls 50% of the wealth all without addressing any of the factors that people actually object to about such unequal social arrangements. For instance, some manage to turn their wealth into power over others or others ends up being told their needs are not important and their lives have no intrinsic worth. The latter is the inevitable effect of inequality, and inequality is the inevitable result of living in any large, complex urban technologically sophisticated society.
To view this problem from a historical lens, he takes us to a period before the invention of inequality. He states that homo-sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago and existed as small mobile units of around 40-80 individuals, who worked for some hours and there was no such formal structure of domination and thus, they existed as equals.
However, around 10,000 years ago, at the close of the last ice age, all changed. Neolithic farmers began cultivating crops as a result first settlement emerged. Then came private ownership of property, sporadic feuds and war ensued. Further, the production of surplus food allowed for the accumulation of wealth and influence beyond kinship groups and large concentrations of people, and the surplus of goods meant the natural emergence of inequality.
Anthropologist Marcel Moss, however, observed that our remote ancestors were behaving in broadly similar ways to the present-day social order, shifting back and forth between alternative social arrangements, permitting the rise of authoritarian structures during certain times of the year on the understanding that no social order was ever fixed or immutable.
He says that early homo-sapiens were not just physically the same as modern humans. They were our intellectual peers who were more conscious of societyโs potential than people generally are today, switching back and forth between different forms of organisations every year. Our previous ancestors confined inequality to ritual costume drama constructing gods and kingdoms as they did their monuments, then cheerfully disassembling them once again.
In the city of Mohenjo-Daro, most of its population around 40,000 residents lived in high-quality housing and lasted nearly 700 years. There is evidence that a majority of the cityโs residence appears to have lived comfortable lives in brick-built of the lower town with grid-like street arrangements and remarkable infrastructure for drainage and sanitation. With no evidence in the Indus civilisation, we find any accommodation of sharia-type values, no tradition of monumental representation of pictorial narrative celebrating the deeds of charismatic leaders, and so on.
Thus, he concludes his presentation by refuting the myth that slavery, capitalism and inequality were natural and inevitable features of human civilisation earlier and now bullshitisation of urban spaces perpetuates these misconceptions and recast them in benign terms of the planetary ilk.
Dr Tikender remarked how intriguing Dr Leonโs presentation was and posed a question asking how he correlate to SDGs released by the UN that aim at making cities more equitable and what various works of different authors suggest, which is democratisation or making resources accessible to everyone model.
Dr Leons states how the views of Harvey and Graeber are not compatible given their different political leanings. He views Marxism, which is about how you deal with the city without having to deal with the state. He then talks about the mode of production, a concept in Marxism, where if the proletariat were able to control the mode of production, then we could bring about real equitable change. Whereas, Graeber sees it not as a material production of the artifact but more about the social production of people and therefore, he advocates having an anarchist view and reimagine an urban scenario that is different and break the stratification of urban spaces through material accumulation.
Another question that was raised was: what is the role of technology in the new non-bullshit urbanism? And is it suitable and junctural to have a non-hierarchical world at this time and comfort?
Dr Leon answers by disagreeing that a non-hierarchical world is not suitable or attainable, and justifies it with Graeberโs view of how anything that you are able to make, you can unmake them and make them differently. Thus, views that there are no cast stone structures that cannot be remade.
On the role of technology, he takes work of Herbertโs marquis to explain how technology contours a personโs entire existence. He doesnโt see it as a tool or instrument, but something that should be approached with a larger vision and that cannot be pulled out in a cause-effect linear spectrum.
Dr Arjun Kumar, Director at IMPRI, asks how Dr Leon looks at the fast-paced urbanisation of Chinese cities and his views on the same. Dr Leon states how Chinese cities are fast-paced due to their capitalist nature and from an architectural standpoint. He argues there to be some formulaic applications and models of urban growth that, if applied with proper economic backup, can be a success.
He concluded his lecture by giving a gender perspective to the topic. He emphasided how urbanism put women behind in some harems and would like to break this inherently possessed inequality.
Acknowledgment: Nikitha Gopi is a Research Intern at IMPRI. |
Christmas โ Tis the Season to be Jolly. Christmas is often a time of celebration, joy, cheerfulness, and happiness. However, have you often stopped to wonder โ WHY? It is a time of gift giving and receiving, of friends and family, of rest and relaxation, and of food. It is a time when we are often grateful. Gratitude is often described as a sense of thankfulness and joy. It can be seen as a personal characteristic, a mood, an emotion, a strength or an attitude. No matter how you think of gratitude, it is consistently linked to personal and relational well-being.
Gratitude is associated with positive emotional experiences (e.g. happiness), helping behaviour towards others, social connectedness, and improved life-satisfaction and optimism. To thoughtfully and intentionally practice gratitude takes spending some time each day shifting your mind from focusing on what you lack to appreciating what you have.
A few practical ways to start practicing gratitude include:
- Counting your blessings: Pick a time each day or week to think about or write about what went right or what you are grateful for. And if you like, share some of the things you are thankful for with a loved one.
- Write a thank you note: Express your thankfulness and appreciation for a person on paper or in an email. And if you would like, share that gratitude with the person by sending or reading it to them.
- Make gratitude part of family life: Spend quality time with loved ones. Play with the kids that extra 5 minutes, cook a special meal for a loved one, or call a family member more often. And make sure you regularly talk about things to be grateful for.
So, what are you grateful for this Christmas?
Jessica Buster (M Clin Psych, Grad Dip Prof Psych, BA Psych Hons) is passionate about creating a caring and safe space to promote effective working relationships. Jessica applies evidence-based interventions in a client focused and collaborative manner to assist children, young people and their families move towards their goals of growth and wellbeing.
Jessicaโs clinical training and experience has equipped her with skills in the assessment and treatment for mental health issues. She has gained experience working in roles across non-profit, hospital and private settings. This has included working as an Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) Therapist and roles at Guardian Youth Care, Headspace, Westmead Childrenโs Hospital Psycho-Oncology, and Healthy Minds Happy Kids.
Across all her roles, Jessica has pursued her interest in working with children, adolescents and their families experiencing a range of mental health difficulties including anxiety, emotion regulation difficulties, behavioural difficulties, social difficulties, and disability. She has been able to promote understanding and engagement with these clients by integrating a sense of fun and creativity into treatment. |
Coffee is a popular beverage consumed all over the world.
People usually discard the grounds left behind after itโs brewed, but after reading this article, you may reconsider throwing them out.
Coffee grounds have many practical uses around the home and garden and can even help spruce up your beauty routine.
If you donโt make a lot of coffee at home, most coffee shops have an abundance of coffee grounds that they are willing to give away.
Below are 16 creative uses for used coffee grounds.
Most soil does not contain the essential nutrients needed for optimal plant growth.
Also, as plants grow, they absorb nutrients from the soil, ultimately leaving it depleted.
Thus, most gardens need to be fertilized to ensure that plants have the nourishment they need to survive.
Coffee grounds contain several key minerals for plant growth โ nitrogen, calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and chromium (1).
Whatโs more, coffee grounds help attract worms, which are great for your garden.
To use coffee grounds as fertilizer, simply sprinkle them onto the soil surrounding your plants.
Summary Coffee grounds make great fertilizer because they contain several key nutrients required for plant growth. They can also help attract worms and decrease the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil.
If you do not have an immediate need for fertilizer, you can compost your coffee grounds for later use.
Composting is a natural process that turns organic items such as food scraps and yard debris into a dark, rich material called compost or humus.
Adding compost to your yard or garden can help the soil hold onto more nutrients and water, thereby improving the health of your plants.
One study found that compost made with coffee grounds and kitchen waste was richer in nutrients than compost made with waste alone (4).
Another study compared four batches of compost containing 0, 10, 20 and 40% coffee grounds.
The batch containing 40% coffee grounds produced the fewest greenhouse gas emissions and best quality compost (5).
Other items to compost include grass clippings, leaves, bark, shredded newspaper, brush, herbs, egg shells, stale bread and fruit and vegetable trimmings.
You should avoid composting meat and fish scraps, dairy products, diseased plants, grease and oils.
Summary Adding compost to your garden can significantly improve the health of your plants. Coffee grounds can help increase nutrient levels and decrease the greenhouse gas emissions of your compost.
Because of this, you can use coffee grounds to repel bugs.
To use coffee grounds as an insect and pest repellent, simply set out bowls of grounds or sprinkle them around outdoor seating areas.
You can also keep pests out of your garden by scattering coffee grounds around your plants. They help create a barrier that slugs and snails do not like to crawl over.
Summary Coffee grounds contain compounds that are toxic to many insects. You can use your coffee grounds to repel mosquitos, fruit flies, beetles and other pests.
Fleas are a common problem in household pets, and treating them can be costly and time-consuming (10).
There are several flea-removal products on the market, but many contain harsh chemicals and can produce unwanted side effects.
Luckily, fleas donโt seem to like coffee, and you may want to consider coffee grounds as a natural treatment.
Simply rub the grounds throughout your petโs fur after shampooing. Then rinse them off and allow your pet to dry as usual.
Some say doing this may also add smoothness and shine to your petโs coat, but there is little to no research to support either of these claims.
However, coffee grounds may be less effective than a prescription product, so if your pet has fleas and this treatment does not work, you may want to contact a vet to discuss alternative options.
Also, coffee grounds should only be used externally. They can be toxic to dogs if consumed.
Summary Like other insects, fleas do not like coffee. Bathing your pet in used coffee grounds may help keep fleas at bay.
Coffee grounds contain nitrogen, which helps eliminate a foul-smelling sulfur gas from the air when itโs combined with carbon (11).
In other words, coffee grounds can help absorb and eliminate odors.
You can place a bowl of coffee grounds in your fridge or freezer to neutralize odors from spoiled or fragrant foods.
You can also fill old socks or pantyhose with coffee grounds and tie them off to make portable air fresheners.
Place these in your shoes, gym bag, bedroom drawers, under your car seat or anywhere else that may need some deodorizing.
You can even keep coffee grounds by the sink and use them to scrub your hands after chopping garlic or onions. The grounds will help remove the smell from your hands.
Summary Coffee grounds can help absorb and eliminate odors from your refrigerator, gym bag or smelly shoes. Using them as a hand scrub can also help remove lingering smells from onion or garlic.
Coffee grounds are abrasive and can help remove buildup on hard-to-clean surfaces. They may even help sanitize due to their antibacterial and antiviral properties (8).
If you like to avoid cleaning with chemicals, used coffee grounds might be worth a try.
Use them to scour your sink, polish your cookware or clean your grill.
Just be careful not to use them on any kind of porous material, as they can cause brown stains.
Summary Coffee grounds can be used as an abrasive cleaner. They can help sanitize and remove buildup from sinks, cookware, grills and other surfaces around the house.
The coarse texture of coffee grounds makes them ideal for scrubbing hard-to-clean kitchen utensils.
You can use them to scrape your dishes clean and remove caked-on food from pots and pans. Simply sprinkle the grounds directly onto your pots and pans and scrub as usual. Make sure to rinse thoroughly afterward.
Summary You can use coffee grounds to scour your pots and pans. Their abrasive texture helps scrape away caked-on food.
The coarse particles in coffee grounds work as an exfoliating agent to help remove dirt and dead cells from the skin.
Simply mix coffee grounds with a little bit of water or coconut oil and scrub them with your hands directly onto your face and body.
Coffee grounds can also be mixed with a small amount of honey and used as an exfoliating lip scrub.
Whatโs more, the caffeine in coffee grounds has potent antioxidant properties that can help protect the skin from sun damage.
It can also increase blood flow, which aids in overall skin health (12).
Summary Coffee grounds can be repurposed into an exfoliating scrub for your face and body. They help remove dirt and dead skin cells and promote overall skin health.
It occurs when fat deposits push through the connective tissue under your skin and is commonly seen in the buttocks and thighs.
When caffeine such as that in coffee grounds is applied topically, it may help break down this fat and increase blood flow to the area, thus decreasing the appearance of cellulite (12).
Simply mix grounds with water or coconut oil and scrub for 10 minutes twice weekly on any areas affected by cellulite.
Summary Coffee grounds may help reduce the appearance of cellulite by breaking down fat deposits and increasing blood flow to the affected area.
If youโve ever spilled coffee on a white shirt, you know that it can leave a stain.
By rewetting used coffee grounds, you can create an inexpensive and all-natural dye that can be used to color cotton, rayon, cellophane, linen and paper (14).
This is an easy way to give fabrics and paper a vintage look or disguise existing stains on your clothing and towels.
Coffee grounds can even be used to dye Easter eggs or deepen the color of dark hair.
Used coffee grounds make a great non-toxic alternative to traditional dyes.
If you've dyed a piece of fabric or yarn that will be worn or used for sewing or knitting, make sure to wash it in cold water with a very mild laundry detergent before using it.
Summary Used coffee grounds are a great natural alternative to harsh chemical dyes. Simply rewet them and use them to dye paper or fabric or darken brunette hair.
Cleaning ashes from a wood-burning fireplace can be an incredibly messy task.
By scattering used coffee grounds over the ashes, you can weigh them down and prevent smoke clouds from forming.
This not only makes the ashes easier to remove, but it also keeps dust from escaping and traveling to other parts of the room.
Summary Use coffee grounds to weigh down the ashes in your fireplace before cleaning. This makes for easier ash removal and less mess.
Meat contains muscle fibers and proteins that can give it a tough consistency.
Tenderizing meat helps break them down, resulting in a softer texture.
Salt, enzymes and acids are three natural types of meat tenderizers. Coffee contains natural acids and enzymes, making it especially effective at tenderizing meat.
The acidic nature of coffee can also help enhance the flavor of meat.
Simply add used coffee grounds to your favorite dry-rub recipe and apply the rub to the meat two hours before cooking.
The grounds will get cooked onto the meat and form a dark, crispy crust.
Alternatively, you can rebrew used grounds to make coffee, allow it to cool and use it to marinade meat in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours before cooking.
Summary Coffee grounds contain natural acids and enzymes that help tenderize meat and enhance its flavor.
Shampoos and styling products often leave residue behind that can dull and weigh down your hair.
Exfoliating your scalp with coffee grounds can help remove buildup and dead skin cells.
Before you shampoo, simply grab a handful of coffee grounds and massage them into your scalp and hair for a few minutes. Then wash and rinse as you normally would.
Do this one to two times per week, or as needed.
Summary Exfoliating your scalp with used coffee grounds can help remove dead skin cells and product buildup and may even speed up hair growth.
If you own wooden furniture, youโve probably noticed it can be easily scuffed and scratched.
Various products can help minimize the appearance of scratches, but before you run to the store, you might want to give coffee grounds a try.
First, make a thick paste with used coffee grounds and water.
Then rub the paste into the scratch using a cotton swab, allow it to sit for 5โ10 minutes and then wipe with a cotton rag.
This should help buff out the scratch and conceal it by dying the exposed wood a dark-brown color.
Continue to dab coffee into the scratch using a cotton swab until the desired color is achieved, waiting a few hours between applications.
Summary You can use coffee grounds to buff out scratches on wooden furniture and darken them to match your existing finish.
Mushrooms only thrive in specific conditions and are notoriously difficult to grow.
For starters, they do not grow in ordinary garden soil, as they require a substrate, or underlying substance or layer.
Used coffee grounds make a great substrate because they are packed full of nutrients that mushrooms like to grow on (21).
Whatโs more, they have already been sterilized during the brewing process, which would otherwise be an extra step in the growing process.
How to Grow Mushrooms in Used Coffee Grounds
- Collect about 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg) of grounds and moisten them using a spray bottle.
- Add a little over 1 pound (500 grams) of mushroom spore and sawdust mixture and mix well. You can look for this product at your local gardening store.
- Place resulting mixture into a filter patch grow bag, large freezer bag or bucket and fill until approximately one-half to two-thirds full.
- Cut four air holes, about 5 mm in size, into the sides of your container above the grounds. If you are using an open container, cover it with cellophane and poke with a few more small air holes.
- Lightly spray the grounds with water once daily or as needed to keep them moist.
- In about two to four weeks when you start to see dense white areas with little budding mushrooms, move the container to an area with lighter and fresher air.
- When the mushrooms become plump and their caps turn upward, you can harvest them.
You can use this method to grow just about any kind of mushroom, but shiitake and oyster varieties seem to be the easiest.
Summary When combined with adequate moisture, coffee grounds seem to be an ideal growing environment for mushrooms.
The skin surrounding the eyes is extremely delicate and contains very little fat tissue. Because of this, itโs one of the first places you might see signs of aging (22).
Many things can contribute to the development of dark circles and puffiness under the eyes, including fragile blood vessels, poor circulation and inadequate skin quality (23).
Coffee grounds seem to be a promising solution due to their high antioxidant and caffeine contents.
The antioxidants in coffee can also help fight free radicals, which contribute to skin aging (26).
Simply add water or coconut oil to your coffee grounds to form a paste. Apply the mixture under your eyes and let it sit for about 10 minutes before rinsing. Repeat this process daily or as needed.
Summary Coffee grounds contain caffeine and antioxidants. When applied to the skin, they can help prevent aging and reduce the appearance of dark under-eye circles and puffiness.
While it may seem safe to assume that consuming coffee grounds may yield similar benefits, many doctors caution against it.
Coffee beans contain compounds called cafestol and kahweol, which can increase blood cholesterol. These compounds are typically removed by paper filters when coffee is brewed but remain in the grounds.
One study looked at the effects of consuming about 0.25 ounces (7 grams) of coffee grounds per day. After three weeks, the blood cholesterol of participants increased by an average of 26 points (31).
Some recipes for baked goods, meat rubs and sauces call for coffee grounds. Using coffee grounds this way is probably fine as long as you donโt consume them often.
Summary Coffee grounds contain compounds that can raise blood cholesterol. Consuming small amounts on occasion is fine for most people, but they may be problematic if consumed in excess.
Most people discard the grounds left behind after brewing coffee. However, there are many great ways to reuse them.
The caffeine and antioxidants in coffee grounds may help combat cellulite, under-eye circles and other signs of aging skin.
Coffee grounds are also packed with nutrients that can nourish plants and deter pests in your garden.
Furthermore, their abrasiveness makes them a great cleaning scrub around the house.
Next time you brew yourself a cup of coffee, consider repurposing the grounds using one of the ideas in this article. |
E-Safety Resources for Students
To help you stay safe online there is a series that consists of six short films for students to help empower the use of social media safely and responsibly. The videos look at the ways in which the internet and digital technology can be used positively as well as identifying some of the most common issues you may face (or have already faced) when using the internet and social media.
As you are probably already aware, cyberbullying is any form of bullying that happens online. It can be something subtle, like being left out of a group chat to something more obviously nasty or threatening. It can also be very public and can happen at any place and at any time.
This video will give you tips and advice on how to take a step back, get things in perspective and deal with cyberbullying in a way that means you can still enjoy being online.
A digital footprint is the trail of information we leave behind us when we do anything online โ when we share, search, join groups or buy things. All of this information is stored somewhere โ sometimes we know about it and sometimes we donโt.
In this video, we will give you insights into how digital footprints are formed, why it is important to be aware of them, how you can manage your digital footprint and ways to make it work to your advantage.
Identity and Self-esteem
Most of us want to present ourselves in the best possible light online and with photo editing apps, we can tune our appearance any way we like. But if people like this stylised version of ourselves, how satisfying is that? What does it say about how we think about ourselves?
This video gives you some things to think about when it comes to how we present ourselves online as well as some tips and advice on how to avoid social peer pressure, remain confident and be true to yourself.
Relationships and Grooming
Social media is a powerful tool for connecting you to people you know and also for making new connections with people that you donโt. Unfortunately, it can also be used by less honest people to construct fake profiles in order to scam others or build romantic relationships.
This video has been created to give you information about how the people we connect with online donโt always have the best intentions, as well as advice on how to avoid the dangers.
Security and Privacy
We share so many aspects of our lives online โ from where we go out, to what we eat, to where we go on holiday. This is great for keeping up to date with friends and family, but sometimes this information can be used against us in the form of hacks, phishing scams or viruses.
This video gives you tips on what sorts of information you should to keep to yourself, trends we are seeing in this space and advice on how to stay secure online.
Sharing is such a big part of our online lives, and for most of us who share responsibly, itโs great. But for some it can be detrimental and sexting is one of the biggest problems. Sexting involves someone sharing any form of sexually explicit content, like a nude selfie, with another person.
This video has been created to encourage you to think about the risks of sexting as well as offering guidance on what to do if youโve either received sexually explicit content, or are thinking about sharing it.
The symbol on the โCEOP Internet Safetyโ button represents the Virtual Global Taskforce (VGT), a group of law enforcement agencies who work together to fight online abuse relating to children. If you click on the button you will be reporting a problem directly to someone at CEOP (the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Agency) You are then likely to be contacted by a social worker or a police officer, to talk through your report in more detail. They need to do this to make sure you are safe. It is also a good idea to talk to your parents about your report to CEOP, although if your report concerns a family member, CEOP will not make contact with them until an investigation has been completed. |
ืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืงื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืขื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืกืืื. ืืืงื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืชืืืช, ืืืืงื ืื ืชืืืื ืฉื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืฉืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช.
ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืขืฉืช ืืื ืืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืื ื ืคืืื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ, ืืื ืืืืงื ืืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืงืจื ืืชืื ืคืจืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื.
ืขื ืฃ ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืฆืืืฆื ืฉื ืชืืกืคืืช ืื ืืื, ืกืืืจืช ืืจืคืกืืช, ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืกืงืื ืืืกืขืืืช, ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืงืืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืกื ื ืืขืืื ืืงืืจื ืฉื ืขื ืฃ ืืื ืืื, ืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืจื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืื ื-ื ืืขื ืช.
ืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช ?
ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืื โ ืืืืงืื ืืืืื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืชืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืื.
ืืืืจืืช ืืืืฆืืข
ืืื ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืืงืจื ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืฃ.
ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืชื, ืืจื ืื ื, ืืืืงืช ืฆืืืชื ืขืืืื ืืขืื. ืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืช ืืื ืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืชืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืคืืขืืื, ืืืื ืช ืืืืจืื ืืื'. ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืืช ืืืกืืืช ืืืืืฆืข ื-50% ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืงืข ืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืืช.
ืืขืืืืช ืืืืฆืืข
ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฆืืข. ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืชืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืื. ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืฆืืข ื ืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืช. ืืชืจื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืงืช ืืื ืขืืืคื ืคืืช.
ืจืืช ืืืืืง
ืคืจืื ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื.
ืืื ืืื ืืชืืขืฉืช ืืฆืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืจืืช ืืืืง ืืจืืืช, ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืจืื. ืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืกืชืืืื, ืืจืง ืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืจืืฆืืคืื, ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืจืืืืื, ืขืื ืืืจื ืืกืชืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืืืช.
ืื ืืขืช ืคืืืขื ืืกืืืื
ืคืืืขื ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืคืืื ืช ืจืง ืืคืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืืช ืืืขืืงืจ ืฉื ืืฉืื ืื. ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืงืืช ืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ื ืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืช ืจืขืฉ ืืืืจืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืช ืืคืกืืืช ืืืคืื ื ืืืืชืจ.
ืืืืจื ืืื ืื
ืืคื ืฉืฆืืื ืชื ืงืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื. ืชืืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืง, ืฉืคืืืช ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืื ืื. ืืืืช ืืคืืืขืืช ืืื ืืง ืฉื ืืืงืื โ ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืื.
ืจืืช ืืืืื ืชืจืื ืืืงืืกืื ืืืืื
ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืงื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืงืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืืืช. ืืชืื ืืฉืจ ื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืจืืืืช ืืืงืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื. ืืชืื ืืื ืขืืืืื ืืคื ื ืคืืขื ืืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืคืจืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืืฉืื ืืช. ืืฉืคื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืงืืจืืื ืืืฆื ืื 'ืืคืงื ืืชืจืืืก'.
ืืฉืงื ืืืื ื
ืืื ืืื ืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืคืืื ืช ืืืื ื ืืขื ืืฉืงื ืงื, ืืขืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืงืื. ืืืชืจืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงื ืืฉืงื ื ืืืจ ืืขืืงืจ ืืืฆืืื ืฉื ืจืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืงืจืงืข. ืืื ืื ืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืจ ืืืชืจ ืขืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืขืืืืช ืื ืชืืื, ืฉืงืืขืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืขืืงืจ ืืคื ื ืจืขืืืืช ืืืื.
ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืฉืช ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืคืขื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืขืืจืช ืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืื.
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืชื ืชืื ืื ืขื ืืืจืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืืขืืฅ Second Opinio, ืืฉืจ ืืืืืง ืขืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืขืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื
ืืื ืืืขืืฅ ืื ืื, ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืื
ืชืืืืช ืืืชืืืช ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืชืืขืฉืช ืืืืคืืจ ืขืื ื โ ืืืช ืคืืืก.
ืชืืื ืืช : ืืืคืืจ ืขืื ื โ ืืืช ืคืืืก
ืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืคืื: <phone>
ืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืื
ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืืคืจืืื, ืืื/ื ืืช ืืคืจืืื ืืืืคืก ืืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืงืื
ืืืืชื? ืฉืชืคื!
ืชืืืืืช ืืคืืืกืืืง
ืชืืืืืช ืืคืืืกืืืง
ืงืืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช, ืื ืื ืืจืืงื ืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืื ืืชืงืืืช, ืืืชืจ ืื ืื, ื ืืืื ืืชืจ ืื ืื, ืชืื ืื ืืชืื ืคืจืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื, ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืืืืช ืืคืจืืช, ืืืจืืืืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืืจืืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืื ืื, ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื, ืืคืจืช ืืืืจื, ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืงืืกืื, ืืืืื ืชืจืื, ืืืืงืื, ืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืืช, ืื ืื ืงืื ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืจืืงื, ืื ืืื ืืกืืจืชืืช, ืื ืืื ืืชืืขืฉืช, ืื ืืื ืืชืงืืืช, ืื ืืื ืจืืืื, ืืชืื ืคืจืืืื, ืืจืืืืช ืืชืื, ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืืจื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืื, ืืืคืจืืืจื, ืืื ื ืืกืืจ, ืืื ื ืคืืื, ืืื ืื ืืจืืงืื, ืืืืจืื, ืื ืชืืื, ืืฉืื ืชื, ืกืืืจืช ืืจืคืกืช, ืขื ืฃ ืืื ืืื, ืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืคืืืขื ืืกืืืื, ืคืืขื ืืื ืืืืืจ, ืคืืื ืืงืช ืืืคื, ืคืกืืืช ืื ืื, ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืื ืืื, ืงืืื ื ืืืฆืืข, ืงืืื ื ืื ืืื, ืจืขืืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืคืืื, ืฉืงืืขืืช ืืื ืืืช, ืชืืืื ืืื ืืื, ืชืืกืคืืช ืื ืื, ืชืงืืคื ืืืืจื ืืช ื ืืืื ืคืืกืืื
ืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื ืืงืื ืงืืืช โ ืืืจื ืืฉืคืื
ืืื ืืฉืคืฅ ืืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ?
4 ืืืฉืืืช ืขื โืฉืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืื ืื โ ืื ืื ืืชืืขืฉืชโ
ืคืื ืืืืง: ืืืืก ืฉืื ื ืืกืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืื
ืคืื ืืืืง: ืืขื ืืืฉืืช - ืืืืข ืืื ืื ืืืจืืงื ืืื ื ืกืืืคืช ืืช ืขื ืฃ ืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ? - ืืคืจืช ืืืืจื - ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช
ืคืื ืืืืง: ืืขื ืืืฉืืช โ ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ? - ืืคืจืช ืืืืจื - ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช
ืคืื ืืืืง: ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ื ืืืืืช Pre-Fab Mobile Apartment - ืืคืจืช ืืืืจื - ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช
ืืชืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื
ืชืืืื
ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืจ
ืืื"ื
ืฉื
ืืขืจืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืจืฉืช
ืคืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช ืืชืื ืคืจืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช ืืคืจืืช
ืขืืฆืื ืืืช ืคืจืื ืงืืื ืืืช
ืขืืฆืื ืืืจืช ืกืืืืื ืงืื ื
ืชืื ืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืงืจื
ืงืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื
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ืืืืื (20)
ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื (57)
ืื ืื ืืจืืงื ืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืื ืืชืงืืืช (98)
ืืื ืื ืื ืืฃ (16)
ืืขื ืืืฉืืช (56)
ืืืชืจ ืื ืื (119)
ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืจืืืืืืช (64)
ืืจืืืืช ืื ืืื (41)
ืืืคืื ืืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื (131)
ืืืื (220)
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ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืงื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฃ ืืืจืืืืื ืืคืจืืก ืื ื ืืืจืืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืคืจืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืื ืืจืืงื ืื ืื ืืชืงืืืช ืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืืืช ืืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื ืืื ืืก ืืืื ืืขืฆื ืคื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืกืื ืื ืขืืฆืื ืขืืฆืื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืคื ืื ืขืืืืืช ืื ืื ืงืืื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืจื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืช ืชืื ืื ืืืช ืคืจืื ืชืงืฆืื ืื ืื
ื ืืฉืืื ืคืืคืืืจืืื
ืืฃ ืืืืช | ืชืื ืื ืืชืื ืคืจืืืื | ืชืื ืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื | ืืืขืืฅ ืืืจืืืื | ืชืืกืคืช ืื ืื ืืืืช ืคืจืื | ืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืช ืคืจืื? | ืชืื ืื ืืืืืช | ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืืช ืืงืืืืฅ | ืชืื ืื ืกืืืจืช ืืจืคืกืช | ืื ืื ืงืื | ืื ืื ืืชืงืืืช | ืื ืื ืืชืืขืฉืช | ืื ืื ืืืืจื | ืื ืื ืืืืืืจืืช | ืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื | ืืืกืคืช ืืขืืืช ืืืืช ืคืจืื | |
In case hydraulic fracking hasnโt been getting enough attention recently, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has decided to weigh in.
The hall of fame, based in Cooperstown, decided to support the Cooperstown Chamber of Commerceโs recent resolution opposing hydraulic fracturing, or โfrackingโ as it is commonly known. Fracking is a controversial method used by the natural gas industry where rig operators pump a mixture of water, sand and secret chemicals into the ground to extract isolated pockets of natural gas.
Cooperstown is located in central New York, in the heart of the of the gas-rich Marcellus Shale region. The sleepy town is a picturesque tourist destination for baseball fans around the world, and is even a growing retirement community.
A full transcript of the hallโs opposition to fracking was reprinted online over at pressconnect.com, and can be read below. The statement isnโt nearly as strong as the hallโs opposition to Pete Rose, but as far as I can tell, the natural gas has never bet on baseball.
Hereโs the statement:
โAs a member of the Cooperstown Chamber of Commerce, the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum supports the Chamberโs recent resolution that hydrofracking for shale gas in Otsego County could cause serious damage to the qualities that make Cooperstown a world-renowned tourist destination and a unique community.
The Hall of Fame is an internationally-renowned tourist destination whose brand is fully synonymous with Cooperstown. As an American treasure, and the cornerstone to this region since 1939, the Museum and county would undoubtedly suffer repercussions in the event of problems from hydrofracking โ or even the perception thereof. The natural beauty and quality of life are the essence of Cooperstown. Tourists, who view Cooperstown as a pristine and pastoral escape, would unquestionably consider other destinations unspoiled by the harmful ecological impact of hydrofracking. A significant drop in visitorship could severely impact the Hall of Fame on many fronts, from day-to-day operations to staffing levels, while also leading to a significant decrease in tourism-related revenue for the village, county and state.
Like the Chamber of Commerce and virtually every other area business, the Museum concludes that hydrofracking could present an unacceptable risk to the local environment, the economy and the quality of life for both local residents and tourists. As such, we believe that much more complete research and an understanding of the long-term impact of gas exploration and extraction is needed.โ
The opinions expressed by MNN Bloggers and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not reflect the opinions of MNN.com. While we have reviewed their content to make sure it complies with our Terms and Conditions, MNN is not responsible for the accuracy of any of their information. |
I will re post this.
CURES - Cures are used in sausage products for color and flavor development as well as retarding the development of bacteria in
the low temperature environment of smoked meats.
Salt and sugar both cure meat by osmosis. In addition to drawing the water from the food, they dehydrate and kill the bacteria that make food spoil. In general, though, use of the word "cure" refers to processing the meat with either sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate.
The primary and most important reason to use cures is to prevent BOTULISM POISONING (Food poisoning). It is very important that any kind of meat or sausage that will be cooked and smoked at low temperature be cured. To trigger botulism poisoning, the requirements are quite simple - lack of oxygen, the presence of moisture, and temperatures in range of 40-140ยฐ F. When smoking meats, the heat and smoke eliminates the oxygen. The meats have moisture and are traditionally smoked and cooked in the low ranges of 90 to 185ยฐ F. As you can see, these are ideal conditions for food poisoning if you don't use cures. There are two types of commercially used cures.
Prague Powder #1
Also called Insta-Cure and Modern Cure. Cures are used to prevent meats from spoiling when being cooked or smoked at low temperatures (under 200 degrees F). This cure is 1 part sodium nitrite (6.25%) and 16 parts salt (93.75%) and are combined and crystallized to assure even distribution. As the meat temperate rises during processing, the sodium nitrite changes to nitric oxide and starts to โgas outโ at about 130 degrees F. After the smoking /cooking process is complete only about 10-20% of the original nitrite remains. As the product is stored and later reheated for consumption, the decline of nitrite continues. 4 ounces of Prague powder #1 is required to cure 100 lbs of meat. A more typical measurement for home use is 1 level tsp per 5 lbs of meat. Mix with cold water, then mix into meat like you would mix seasonings into meat.
Prague Powder #2
Used to dry-cure products. Prague powder #2 is a mixture of 1 part sodium nitrite, .64 parts sodium nitrate and 16 parts salt.
(1 oz. of sodium nitrite with .64 oz. of sodium nitrate to each lb. of salt.)
It is primarily used in dry-curing Use with products that do not require cooking, smoking, or refrigeration. This cure, which is sodium nitrate, acts like a time release, slowly breaking down into sodium nitrite, then into nitric oxide. This allows you to dry cure products that take much longer to cure. A cure with sodium nitrite would dissipate too quickly.
Use 1 oz. of cure for 25 lbs. of meat or 1 level teaspoon of cure for 5 lbs. of meat when mixing with meat.
When using a cure in a brine solution, follow a recipe.
DO NOT MIX EITHER CURE #1 OR CURE #2 WITH MTQ |
A former IBM health researcher discussed why basing technologies like Watson on trials and guidelines would not work.
โAny doctor who could be replaced by a computer probably should be,โ Martin Kohn, MD, joked. The technology isnโt there yet, for several reasons.
Kohn used to be the chief medical scientist for IBM Research, and he worked on Watson for some time. Now an independent clinical informatics consultant, he said most of the current capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare are focused on clinical decision support, and they are limited. Had Watson or any other project had a profound effect yet, it would be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal somewhere.
Not that he puts too much stock in those. One of the limiting factors for Watson and other AI technologies is that their recommendations are based on all of the journal articles and guidelines they were fed from the start. As other speakers at the AI for Healthcare Summit in Boston, Massachusetts pointed out today, half of published research findings are inapplicable or false.
Journals used to be the gold standard for medicine, Kohn said, but now that innovations come faster and faster and healthcare has the capabilityโand the obligationโto personalize care, articles and studies are becoming less relevant. Studies almost always focus on patients with a similar disease, but given the uniqueness (like presence of comorbidities) in each patient, that may not be the most informative route.
Consensus guidelines, he said, are inhibitors to innovation: Less than a fifth are truly evidence-based. Kohn called the very concept of standard-of-care โan obstacle to personalized healthcare.โ
Medicine has to adapt and use the wide array of data it can gather about a single patient to treat that patient, rather than asking a machine to suggest ways that have worked for others. Medical school training has to challenge students to understand this shift.
โItโs a fundamental change in the concept of evidence,โ he said. โWe have to use AI on real-world data.โ When he began his medical education in the 1960s, the challenge was getting data. Now, thatโs no issue: The problem is analyzing all of it. That, he believes, is where AI will provide the most benefit. |
ืืืืืงื ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืืืจืฉ-ืืืื, ืืฆื ืขื ืืชื, ืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืฉืื, ืืกืืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืฆื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืฆื ืงื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืกืืจืืงื ืืขืืจ
ืชืืืืช
ืชืื ืืงืช ื ืฉืืื ืืจืื
ืืชืืืืฉืืช
ืจืื ืฉื ื
ืืื ืฉืืฉื, 25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2013, 13:15
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืคืืืกืืืง
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืฆืืค
ืฉืชืฃ ื general
ืฉืชืฃ ื general
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืืืจ
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืืืื
0 ืชืืืืืช
ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืจืื (ืฆืืืื: ืื ืืื ืืืง)
ืชืื ืืงืช ืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืฉืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื (ืฉืืฉื) ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืข ืฉืขืืช - ืืืฉืขื 8:00 ืืืืงืจ ืขื ืืฉืขื 12:00 ืืฆืืจืืื. ืืืืืงื ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืขืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืจืฉ-ืืืื, ื ืกืข ืขืื ืืืขืื ืืืกืืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ย ืืคื ืฉืืชืืืื. ืืจืืข ืฉืขืืช ืืืจ ืื, ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืชืืจืจ ืื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืืชื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืื ืืช.
ืืืืจืื ืืืขืืงื ืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืงืช ืกืืืืช ืืืชืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืงื. ืืื ืืืขืืจื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืกืืจืืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืืืขื ื ืืกืจื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืช ื ืกืืืืช ืืืืจืืข.
ืืื ืืืขืช (ืืงืืื)
ืืืืคืื ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืฆื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืื - ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืช
ืืืชืื ืืืืื
ืืคื ื ืฉืืืข - 4 ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืชื
ืืคื ื ืฉืืืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืจืืข ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืขื ืืืฉ - ื ืืจ, ืฉืจื, ืจืืื ืืชืงื ืคืืืคืื, ืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ื ืคืฆืขื ืืืืจื ืงืฉื.
ืืืงืจื ืืืจืข ืืฉืขืืช ืืืจ ืืฆืืจืืื ืกืืื ืืืคืจ ืชืจืงืืืื, ืื ืืฆื ืืืขืจื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืคืื ืืืืคืจ ืืืกืืง ืืืชืื ืืืืข ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืฉืืงื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืคื ืื. ืืขืืืจ ืฉืขืืช ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืื ืืฉืืื, ื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืื ืืจืืคืืื ื ืืืฆื ืืงืืืข ืืช ืืืชื. ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ืืช ื ืืกื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืืฆืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืง.
ืืืจืช ืืชืงืจืืช ืฉืื ืืชื ืชืื ืืงืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉืืื (ืฆืืืื: ืฉืืืื ืืืื)
ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืขื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืช. ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืกื ืืืืจืื, ืืช ืคืขืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืฉื ื ืขื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืคืจืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืขืงื ืืืงืื ืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืืืกืจ ืืืจื, ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืคืง. ืื ืืืฆืขื ืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืฆืื ืื ืืฉ ืืคืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืช ืืืคืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืกืืจืืงื ืืขืืจ, ืฉื ืืช ืืคืฆืขืื.
ืืืืืฉ ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืชืื ืืงืช ืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืข ืฉืขืืช ืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืคืจืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืขืงื ืืืงืื ืืืฆืขื ืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ื ืืืฆื ืืงืืืข ืืช ืืืชื. ืืืงืืจื ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืขืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืืื ืขืืืจื ืืืจื. ืืฉืืืืจืื ื ืืืข ืขื ืืืืจืืข, ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืฆืืข ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื. |
ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืจืช ืงืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืกืืืจืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืงืจืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืชืจืืคืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืคืื ืืกืืืจืช, ืืืื ืืื ืกืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืื ื-GLP-1. ืืื ืื, ืืืจืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืช ืื ืคืืืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืกืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืกืืืื.
ืืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืงืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืงืืืฆืช ื-TIMI ืืืกืื ืคืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช Harvard ืืืืกืืื ืฉืืืจื"ื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืงืจื ืขื ืง ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืฆืืื ืงืจืืื-ืืกืงืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืกืืืจืช ืืกืื 2.
ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืกืืืจืช ืกืื 1. ืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืืื ืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืงืจ ืขืฆืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื ืชืจืืคืืช ืืงืืืฆืช ืืขืืื SGLT2 ืขื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืื ืกืคืืงืช ืื ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื GLP-1 RA ืืืืื ืกืืืจืช ืกืื 1.
ืืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืกืืกื ืืกืืืจืช ืขืืกืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืคืจืขื ืืชืคืงืื ืชืื ืืืื ืืกืืืจืช ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืช ืืคืฉืจืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืคืืืื ืจืืจืืืืืื ืืืืื ืกืืืจืช ืกืื 1. ืืชืงืืืืื ืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืช ืืคืชืืคืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืกืืืจืช.
ืืงืจืื ืืืืืืืจืคืืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืจืคืืื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืฉืืชืืคื ืคืขืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช. |
The air conditioning industry is a big business.
Thatโs the conclusion of a study from consulting firm Towers Watson.
The firm says it was the first independent study of the industry, and it offers some interesting numbers.
The survey found that air conditioning business revenues were $2.7 billion in 2011.
The industry generated $1.7 trillion in total revenue.
This is the second year in a row that the industryโs total revenue was higher than the overall GDP.
That suggests a strong recovery in the industry.
The company says it used data from the American Airline Association (AAA), a trade association, to identify the regions where the highest volume of business was coming from.
There are several different kinds of business: air conditioning is an example of one.
This includes home use, residential and commercial, and industrial.
The main business that generated the most revenue was residential, with $2 billion.
Residential air conditioning was second with $1 billion, followed by industrial air conditioning with $800 million.
Other types of business accounted for $800 to $1 million of revenue.
The remaining $600 million came from business that was nonresidential, commercial, residential, or industrial.
Towers Watson estimates that the Air Quality Index (AQI) will rise in the United States as a whole from 2013 to 2024, due to more carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, transportation, and manufacturing.
In the US, air conditioning and air conditioning lines are considered to be among the leading causes of air pollution, according to the study.
Air conditioning is one of the most common forms of heating and air conditioners have been around for centuries.
Today, the majority of air conditioning units are owned and operated by private businesses.
Some manufacturers and retailers even provide free air conditioning.
However, the popularity of air conditioner air conditioning has exploded in recent years, thanks to the advent of electric cars, the introduction of air purifiers and other home appliances, and other advances in technology.
According to Towers Watson, the number of air-conditioning units has increased by almost 30 percent since 2000, and the number is expected to continue increasing.
The study also suggests that there is a large gap between what customers actually need to buy and what they actually spend.
The average consumer is paying between $800 and $1,000 a month for air conditioning; the average business is paying $1 to $5,000 per month.
The biggest culprit in the increasing air conditioning cost is rising demand for air conditioning products.
According to Towers, an average consumer spends between $600 and $800 a month on air conditionering, which is about double what they pay for the same item in other countries.
In fact, the average consumer in the US spends $4,000 on air conditioning per year.
Towers Watson estimates air conditioning purchases in the country totaled $6.5 billion in the first six months of 2012. |
ืืฃ ืืืืช ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืคืื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืกืฃ ืงืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืืชืื ื ืืืืื ืกืืคืืจืื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ
ืงืืืื ืืช ืงืืฅ 2016 ืืืืืจืชืื
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ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื
ืืฉ ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืจ ืืืืคืื, ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื, ืงืืืื ืช ืชืืืืจืื, ืืืื, ืงืคืืืจื, ืืงืืืื ืื, ืงืืกืืืช, ืกืืืจ ืกืงืื ืืขืื. ืืฉ ืงืืืื ืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืจืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงืืฅ. ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืงืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉ ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืคืืื ืืคื ืฆืืืขื ืืืืคืกื ืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชื.
ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื
ืืกืคืจ ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืกืืื ืงืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืคืืื ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืขืืจืื ืืืช ืืชืคืจืฉืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืชืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืช ืขืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืงืฉืช ืืืืืจืื. ืืงืืืื ืืช ืฉืขืืืืช ืืืืช ืฉืงืืื ื-2-3 ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืขื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืช ืืืฆื ืืฆืืจืืื ืืขื ืงืืืื ืืช ืคืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืคื ืฉืงืืื ืืืจืืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืืฆื ืืืืงืจ ืืขื ืืืช ืืฆืืจืื ืืืื.
ืงืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื
ืืฉืืืขืืื - ืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืกื ืืงืืื ืงืืืื ื ืืืืืื 3 (ืืคืฉืจื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืื+ ืืืขืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืงืกืืืื 6 - 7 ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืฉ ืืืจ ื ืจืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ!
ืืืคืจืืื ืืืืืื: ืืงืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืกืื ืช ืืฉืฃ ืืฆืขืืจ (ื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืืช), ืขืืืืืช ืืฆืืจื, ืืงืจืืช ืกืืคืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืคื ืื, ืืฉืืงืื, ืืืืื ืืคืขืืืช ืืขืื ืืื ืืคืชืขืืช!!!
ืืงืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืจืืืืช (ืืืงืจ, ืฆืืจืืื, ืืืขืืื ืืื"ืฆ ืคืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืคืขื).
ืืขืืืช ืืื 1,200 ืฉ"ื ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื + 60 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ื ืืกืฃ- ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืฉ.
ื ืืชื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื: ืจืืื <phone> ืืืจืฉืื ืืืืงืืืช
ืืชืจ: <url>
ืชืืืืืช ืืืืืฉืื
ืฉื:
ืืืืื: |
ืคืจืืืงื โืืืืจ ืืขืืจโ ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืคื ื ืืจืืืืืช ืืจืฆื, ืืืฉืื, ืืืกืคืื, ืืืืืช ืืคืชื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืฆื ืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืกืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื * ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืจ ืจืืืื: โืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืื ืชืืืืจื ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืืืืจืช ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืชืืืืจืชืืช ืืืื- ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืขืกืงืืโ.
ืฉืืจืื ืจืืื ืืจืฆื ืฉืืกืชืืื ืืืฆืืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืฉืืชื โืืืืจ ืืขืืจโ ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืชืืืืจื, ืขืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืจืช โื ืชืืื ืืืืืืโ. ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืจืืืงื, ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืขืื 16 ืจืฉืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืฉืืจืื ืืขืจื ืืชืืืืจื ืืฆืืืืจืืช.
ืขืืจืืืช ืืื
ืคืจืืืงื โืืืืจ ืืขืืจโ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืขืกืงืื. ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืคื ื ืืจืืืืืช ืืจืฆื, ืืืฉืื, ืืืกืคืื, ืืืืืช ืืคืชื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืฆื ืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืกืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื. ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืกืืืืช ื-6 ืงโื ืฉื ื ืชืืื ืชืืืืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืขืืจ ื-2.5 ืงโื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืขืืจืื ืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืืืืฉ ืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืง ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืืกืื, ืื ืืจืืช ืฉืืคืืจ ืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืชืืืจืืช ืขื ืคื ืฆืจืื ืืชืืฉืืื.
ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืื, ืขืโื ืืืืจ ืจืืืื: โืืชืื ืืืช ืืืคืืืช ืืืฆืืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืื ืชืืืืจื ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืฉืืจืื ืจืืื ืืจืฆื ืืืคืจืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืืืืจืช ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืขืกืงืื ืืขืืจ. ื ืืฉืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืงืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ, ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืฉืืชโ.
ืื ืโื ืืืืืืช ืืื, ืขืโื ืื ืืืืกื, ืฆืืื ืื โืฉืืจืื ืจืืื ืืจืฆื ืืขืืจ ืืืคื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืจืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืคืจืืืงื โืืืืจ ืืขืืจโ. ืืขืืืืืช ืืกืชืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืชืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืขืืืช ืืงืจืงืข ืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืงืื ืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื, ืฉืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืคืชื. ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืฆื ืงืืืื ืืกืื ืืื, ืคืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืชืขืกืืงื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ, ืืงืืช ืืชืื ืจืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืืง ืืจืืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืืโ.
ืงืืืฆืช ืืงืืืื ื
ืคืจืฉืช ืืฉืืืข: ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืฉ
ืื ืืกื:
ืืฆืืื:
ืชื ืืืื
ืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืคื
ืืืจ ืฉืืข
ืงืืืฆืช ืืงืืืื ื
ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ืืงืืืฆืช ืืงืืืื ื. ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืืืคืืจืกืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืชืจ.
ืืืชืจ ืืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืขืื ืืืืืืืืืช
ืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืช ืืืชืจ! ืืืืื ืื ืชืงืืช ืืืขืื ืื ื ืคื ื ืืืื ื!
ืืชืจื ืงืืืฆืช ืืงืืืื ื: | ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืชืืื ืืจืืช ืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉืืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืฆืคืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื | ืืืฉืืช ืืืคื ืืืื ืืจื ื | ืืืฉืืช ืชื ืืืื ืืืกืืืื |
Power turbines may be a mature business, but they are also a booming one. This year General Electric received record orders for jet engines, and because natural gas is currently cheap, worldwide demand is increasing for gas turbines used in power plants, says Jeffrey Immelt, GEโs chairman and CEO. To compete, the company is introducing new products based on innovations such as improved composites for fan blades and resilient alloys that allow for high-temperature, efficient operation. But at least as important from a competitive perspective are advances in the technology used to make turbines, which can lower costs and make new designs possible.
At GEโs global research headquarters in Niskayuna, New York, researchers are working on a new machining tool that uses a combination of a cutting disk and an electrical arc. The tool cuts through high-strength alloys three times as fast as the conventional alternatives, and it reduces energy consumption by 25 percent, bringing down manufacturing costs. Since it uses less force than conventional machining, the technology also makes it possible to conceive of new designs that might otherwise break during the process.
On the factory floor at a gas turbine plant in Greenville, South Carolina, GE has recently installed a machine that precisely cuts cooling holes in turbine blades using 50,000-psi jets of water. The holes allow the turbines to run at higher temperatures and efficiencies. The factory also uses relatively new, high-powered fiber lasers that can reduce four-hour welding jobs to less than a minute. And a new $170 million test facility generates mountains of data that can be used to improve manufacturing further.
At a factory in Durham, North Carolina, one jet engine assembler, Scott West, developed a system that suspends a jet engine and dolly weighing seven tons on a thin cushion of air, so that two to four workers can move the engines where the task previously required six. The technology is projected to save GE $156,000 a year. West is now extending the technology to other parts of the manufacturing line.
โWeโve always believed that GE can be a high-tech exporter,โ Immelt told workers at the factory in Greenville. โEvery unit that we manufacture in the site this year is going to be exported.โ |
Rare or threatened mammals of Moresby Range National Park
Total number of species: 1
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Rare or threatened includes species listed as extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or conservation dependent under either the Nature Conservation Act or Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act
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Nature Conservation Act
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act
This page should be cited as:
Rare or threatened mammals of Moresby Range National Park, WetlandInfo, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland, viewed 18 November 2018, . |
ืืฉืจื ืขืืจืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืจืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืช ืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืืืืช. ืืืจืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืชืจ ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื, ื ืื ืืืืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืืืืช ืชื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืขืื ืืงืืืืช ืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืงืฉืื ืืืคืขืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืฆืืข.
ืืชืจ ืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืจืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชืจื ืืื ืืจื ื, ืืืฉืชืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืฉื Accessible Poetry. ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืขืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืชืืฆืื ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืช ืฉืื. ืืืืืื, ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฆืืข ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืชืฆืืื ืืืชืจ. ืื ื ืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืคืืคื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืื ืืคืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืกืคืงืื ืืืชืจ ืืืคืฆืืืช ืชืฆืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืจ.
ืขืงื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืืชื ื, ืืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืง ืืช ืืืืืข ืืฆืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืจื ืืื ืืฉื. ืื ื ื ืขืงืื ืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืง ืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื.
ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืงืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืช, ืื ื ืฆืจื ืขืื ื ืงืฉืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืคืก ืืฆืืจืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืชืืืช ืืื"ื <email>
ืื ื ืชืืื ืคืชืืืื ืืืฆืข ืฉืืคืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืง ืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืืื ืื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืฆืจื ืงืฉืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืข ืืืชืงื ืืืช. |
Chapter 3 Section 3 Notes
Bellringer The pressure of gas depends on how frequently the particles of gas strike the sides of the container holding the gas. Use your experience and, after examining each of the pairs of drawings shown below, decide whether you think the pressure of the contained gas has increased, decreased, or remained unchanged. 1.The gas in the cylinder of an automatic engine undergoes the change shown below. Does the pressure of the gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged?
Bellringer, continued 2. The gas in the toy balloon expands outward, as shown below. After this expansion, has the pressure of the gas increased, decreased, or remained unchanged? 3. The temperature of the water vapor in the pressure cooker increases. Does the pressure of the gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged?
Objectives Explain how gases differ from solids and liquids. State and explain the following gas laws: Boyleโs law, Charlesโs law, and Gay-Lussacโs law. Describe the relationship between gas pressure, temperature and volume.
Properties of Gases Gases have unique properties. Some important properties of gases are listed below. Gases have no definite shape or volume, and they expand to completely fill their container. Gas particles move rapidly in all directions. Gases spread out easily and mix with one another. Unlike solids and liquids, gases are mostly empty space.
Properties of Gases (some important gas properties, continued) Gases have a very low density because their particles are so far apart. Because of this property, gases are used to inflate tires and balloons. Gases are compressible. Gases are fluids. Gas molecules are in constant motion, and they frequently collide with one another and with the walls of their container.
Properties of Gases Gasesexert pressure on their containers. The kinetic theory helps to explain pressure. Helium atoms in a balloon are constantly hitting each other and the walls of the balloon, as shown below. Therefore, if the balloon is punctured, the gas will escape with a lot of force, causing the balloon to pop.
Gas Laws - Boyles Boyleโs lawstates that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases its pressure decreases. Likewise, the volume of a gas decreases as its pressure increases. Boyleโs law can be expressed mathematically as:(pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2) ,or P1V1 = P2V2
Boyleโs Law โข At a constant TEMPERATURE: P1V1 = P2V2 where P1 = Initial Pressure V1 = Initial Volume P2 = Final (New) Pressure V2 = Final (New) Pressure
Math Skills Boyleโs Law The gas in a balloon has a volume of 7.5 L at 100 kPa. The balloon is released into the atmosphere, and the gas expands to a volume of 11 L. Assuming a constant temperature, what is the pressure on the balloon at the new volume? 1. List the given and unknown values.Given:V1 = ________ LP1 = _______ kPaV2 = ________ LUnknown: P2
2. Write the equation for Boyleโs law, and rearrange the equation to solve for P2. P1V1 = P2V2 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. Math Skills, continued โข P2 =68 kPa
Gas Laws - Charles Charlesโs lawstates that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature increases. Likewise, the volume of a gas decreases as its temperature increases. As shown below, if the gas in an inflated balloon is cooled (at constant pressure), the gas will decrease in volume and cause the balloon to deflate.
Charlesโs Law โข At a constant PRESSURE: V1= V2 T1 T2 where V1 = Initial Volume V2 = Final Volume T1 = Initial Temperature in KELVIN (K) T2 = Final (New) Temperature in KELVIN (K) โข NOTE: Temperature MUST be in KELVIN! Kelvin = _____ oC + 273 = _______ โข If temperature is 25oC, then Kelvin will be?
Math Skills Charlesโs Law A 250 cm3 sample of neon is collected at 44.0 oC. Assuming the pressure remains constant, what would be the volume of the neon at standard temperature, 273 K? Change temperature to Kelvin _______ oC + 273 = ________ 2. List the given and unknown values.Given:T1 = ________ KV1 = _______ cm3 T2 = ________ K Unknown: V2
2. Write the equation for Charlesโs law, and rearrange the equation to solve for V2. V1T2 = V2T1 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. Math Skills, continued โข V2 =215 cm3
Gas Laws - Gay-Lussacโs Gay-Lussacโs lawstates that the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of the gas does not change. This is why, if a pressurized container that holds gas, such as a spray can, is heated, it may explode.
G-Lโs Law โข At a constant PRESSURE: P1 = P2 T1 T2 where P1 = Initial Pressure T1 = Initial Temperature in KELVIN (K) P2 = Final Pressure T2 = Final (New) Temperature in KELVIN (K) โข NOTE: Temperature MUST be in KELVIN!
Math Skills G-Lโs Law A cylinder contain a gas which has a pressure of 125kPa at a temperature of 200 K. Find the temperature of the gas which has a pressure of 100 kPa. 1. List the given and unknown values.Given:T1 = ________ KP1 = _______ kPaP2 = ________ kPa Unknown: T2
2. Write the equation for G-Lโs law, and rearrange the equation to solve for T2. P1 = P2 T1 T2 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. Math Skills, continued โข T2 =160 K |
ืืคืืืช ืขืฉืจื ืืจืืืื, ื-47 ื ืขืืจืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืื ืขืืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืชืืืื ื. ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืคื ืืกืจื-ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืืกืืคืืช. |
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืชื.
ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืืื ืกืืจ ยท ืจืื ืคืกืืง ืื ืืืงืฉืจื ืืืืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืคืจืง
ืฉืื ืืชึพืจืืฉ ืืึพืขืืช ืื ืึพืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืึพืืืจ ืืืืืืชืื
ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืงืจื ืขื ืคื ืืืกืืจื ยท ืจืื ืคืกืืง ืื ืืืงืฉืจื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืคืจืง
ืขืืจื ยท ืชืจืฉืื ืฉื ืืคืกืืง ืืืืืง ืขื-ืคื ืืืขืืื
ืฉืื ืืชึพืจืืฉ ืืึพืขืืช ืื ืึพืืฉืจืื ื/ืืฉืคืืช/ื ื/ืืืช ืืืช/ื ื/ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืึพืืืจ ื/ืืืืืช/ืื
ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืืื ืกืืจ ยท ืจืื ืคืกืืง ืื ืืืงืฉืจื ืืืืืืจื ืืืงืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืคืจืง
ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืจื ืืืืืงืืืงืกื ืืื ืขื ืขื ืคื ืืชื ืื ืื ืื ืืจื (ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืจืช ืืืกืืืื ืกืืจ), ืืืฅ ืืืืืืจืช ืืืขืืื, ืฉืืื ืืคื ืืงืจื ืขื ืคื ืืืกืืจื. ืืคืจืืื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืงืืืงืกื:ืืงืจื.
ืืืืืจืื: ืืืคืจืฉืื ืขืื ืื ืืฉืืืืช โข ืืืืืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขื ืื ืืคืจืง โข
ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืช
ืขืจืืื
<< ยท ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื ยท ื ยท >>
ืืงืจื
ืืชืื (ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืืื ืกืืจ):
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืชื
ืื ืืงื (ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืืื ืกืืจ):
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืชื.
ืขื ืืขืืื (ื ืืกื ืืคืกืืง ืืคื ืืงืจื ืขื ืคื ืืืกืืจื):
ืฉืื ืืชึพืจืืฉ ืืึพืขืืช ืื ืึพืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืึพืืืจ ืืืืืืชืื
ืชืจืืื
ืืื ืงืืืก:
ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ืฉืชื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืขืืชืืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืชืืืื
ืืจืืฉืืื (ืืื ืชื):
ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืชืืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืชืืื:
ืจืฉ"ื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืืืฉืคืืชื โ ืืข ืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื.
ืืืืช ืืืชื โ ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจ โ ืืงืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื.
ืืืืืืชื โ ืขื ืืื ืฉืงืืื: "ืืงืข ืืืืืืช".
ืจืฉ"ื ืื ืืงื ืืืขืืฆื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืืืฉืคืืชื โ ืืืืข ืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื.
ืืืืช ืืืชื โ ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจ, ืืงืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื (ืขืืื ื ื"ื ืง"ื ืข"ื).
ืืืืืืชื โ ืขื ืืื ืฉืงืืื, ืืงืข ืืืืืืช.
ืจืฉื"ื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช: ืืคื ืฉืืขืชื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืขืฉืจืื ืจืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืขืื ืืขื ื ืืืืชืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืกืขืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื', ืืืื ืฆืื ืืง' ืืชืืืืช ืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืชื:
ืจืื"ื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
"ืื ืืืฆื ืฆืื ืืืฉืจืื" - ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆื ืืฆืื ืคืืืช ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืงืืกืืื ืจ ืืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืฉ"ื ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื (ืืืืช ื ืื) ืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฃ ืืื ืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืคืืจืืฉ "ืื ืืืฆื ืฆืื" ืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืขืจืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืชืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืกืืคืช ืขื ืชืงืจื "ืฆืื" ืืื ืืฆืื ืฆืื ืืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืขื (ืืืื ื ืื) ืืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืขืืืื (ืฉื ืคืกืืง ืื) ืืืจืืืช ืืฆืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืฆืืื (ืฉืืืช ืื ื) ืืื ืฆืื ืืฉืืื (ืืืืื ื ืื ืื) ืืื ืฆืืื ืฆืืืชื (ืืฉืขืืื ืื ืื) ืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืื (ืืืื ืื ืื) ืืืชืืืฉื ืืฆืื ืืืืืื (ืืื"ื ื ื) ืืืืจ ืืื " ืื ืืืฆื ืฆืื " ืืืจื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฉืขืจ ืขืืจื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื) ืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืชื ืฉืื ืฆืืืืช ืจืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืชื ืจืฉ"ื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืงืืกืืื ืจ ืืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืืคืื ืื ื ืชืืจืจ ืื ืืื ืืจืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ (ืืืื ื ืื) "ืคืงืื" ืืคื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ื ืืืจ ืื (ืืืื ืื ื) ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืจื ืจืื ืืืจืฉ ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืื) ืืฉื ืคืจืขื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืงื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ื ืชืชื ืืื ืชืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืชื ืืชืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืชืืื ืจืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ืื) ืื ื' ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฃ ืืื ืขืฉืืชื ืชืืื ืจืืฉ ืฉื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงืื ืื) ืืืจื ืงืจื ืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื ื) ืื ืชื ื ื' ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืื ืืฆืืชื ืืืืืจ ืกืื ื ืจืื (ื ื) ืฉืืืจื ืืืจ ืจืื ืคื ืืก ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ "ืจืืืื ืืช ืจืืฉ" "ืืืื ืืช ืจืืฉ" ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืงืืกืืื ืจ ืกื ืจืืฉืื ืืคืื ืืื ื ืชื ืจืื ืืืฉื " ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ " ืฉืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉื ืคืจืขื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืื) ืืฉื ืคืจืขื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ืขื ืขืฅ ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืคื ืืืื ื ืืชืคืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ื
"ืชืคืงืื ืืืชื" - ืขื ืื "ืคืงืืื" ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืื' ืคืงื ืืช ืฉืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ื) ืืืื ืคืชืจืื ื ืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืขืชื ืืื "ืคืงืืื" ืืคื ื ืฉืฉืืืจืชื ืืืฉืืืชื ืขืืื ืืืืฉืจ ืฆืื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ " ืชืคืงืื ืืืชื " ืืจืืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจื ืจืง ืฉืืชื ื ืืืคืจ ื ืคืฉื ืืืฆืืช ืืฉืงื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืงื ืืขื (ืื ื) ืื ืืืข ืืกืคืจื ืืคืงืืืช ืืืืคืจ ืื ืจืืืง ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ื ืื) ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฃ ืืคืงืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืชืขื ืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืช ืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื (ืืื"ื ืื ื) ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืงืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืขืชื ืืื ืืงืฆืฃ ืขืืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืช ืืืื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืขื ืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื (ืื ื) ืืืืกืฃ ื' ืืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืื' ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืืชื ืืืืืจ ืกืื ื ืจืื (ื ืื) ืจ' ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉื ืจ' ืืืกื ืื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืกืจื ืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืืกืจื ืืืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืจืฅ ืฉืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืขืื ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื ืจืฆืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืฉื ื ืืืขืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ื "ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืขืื" ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืคืจื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื' ืืืืขื ืืช ืืกืคืจื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ื) ืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉื ืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืืื ืืช ืจืง ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืขืื ืืฉืงืืื ืืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืื ื ื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืืชืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืจ "ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฃ" ืฉืืื ืืฉืงืืื ืฉืื ืืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืฉ ืืืืจ ืืืืชืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืฉื ืื ืื ืื) ืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืกืคืจื ืืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ื' ืืืจืืืช ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืงืฆืฃ ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืฆืฃ ืฉืืื ื' ืืคืฅ ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ื) ืื ืชืืื ืืกืคืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืชืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ื) ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฃ ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉ ืฉืืืฃ ืืจื ืืื ืขื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืฆืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ื ืฉืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืงื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืชืขื ืืฆืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืขืช ืืืจืฉ ืืืื (ืืจืืืช ืกื) ืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ (ืื ื) ืื ืื ื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืื (ืฉื ืคืกืืง ื) ืืืจื ืื ืกืคืจ ืืช ืืขื ืื ืืชืืจื ืื ื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืคืืจื ืืื ืื ืืขื "ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช" ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืคืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืคืจ
ืจืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืคืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืช ืจืืฉ, ืืืฉื ื ืืกืจืช ืืจืืฉ. ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืจ ืืงื"ื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืคืืื ื ืชืชื ืืื ืชืืื ืจืืฉ, ืืฉื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืชืืื ืจืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืื ื' ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฉ, ืืงืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงืื) ืืืจื ืงืจื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื) ืื ืชื ื ื' ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืกืจืช ืืจืืฉ, ืืืฉืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ื) ืืฉื ืคืจืขื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืงืืกืืื ืจ ืืจืื ืจืืฉืื ืืคืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืจืืื, ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืชืืง ืขืืืื.
ืืืืจ ืืืฉืคืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืชื, ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืฉืคืื.
ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช. ืื ืืืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืืืืจ ื) ืืฉื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืชื, ืืชืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืคืงืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืกืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืคืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืืขืื ืืงืืืฉ, ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ื, ืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืชืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืชืคืงืื ืืืชื ืืฆืืืืชื, ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืฉืืืช ืฉืืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉืจืื ืฆืืืืช ืืื ืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ื) ืืืืฆืืชื ืืช ืฆืืืืชื ืืช ืขืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื.
ืืืฉ ืืืชืืื ื ืืืชืื ืฉืืืจ (ืฉื ืื) ืืฆืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ื' ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื, ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืฆืื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืฆืืืืช ื' ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืื ืืชืืชืื ืื. ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืกืคืง ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืฉืืื ื ืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืฆืืืืช ืืจืืข ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืชื ืฉืืฆืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืืง ืื ืื ืืคื ืืขืชื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืงืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืืืืชื, ืืืืื ื ืขื ืฆืืืืช ืืื, ืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืืจืช ืืืืื ืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืฆืืืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืคืจ, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืจืื.
ืืืกืชืื ืขืื ืืืจ ืกืืืจ ืืืกืขืืช ืืชืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืคืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืืืืจ ื) ืืื ืคืงืืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืืืืชื, ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืื, ืื ืคืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืชื, ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืขืื ืฉืืจืืข ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ื.
ืกืคืืจื ื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
"ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ" ืืกืืจื ืฉืืื ืกื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคื ื ืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืงืฆืชื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืจืืฉื ืฉืขืืื ืืืจื ื"ื ืฉืขืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืืงืืงืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืกืืคื ืืฉืืข ืืืืืช ืืืจืข ื' ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืจื ืืืืจืืื.
"ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช" ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฆืืจืชื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืขืืชื ืขื ืืจื ืืืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืชื ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉืื. ืืขื ืื ืืืืืข ืฉืืืชื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืคืงื ืืื ืืืฉ:
ืืืื"ื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
"ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื", ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืื ืชืืืืชื ืจืง ืืืขืช ืืกืคืจื, ืืื ื ืชืืืกื ืื ืขื ืืฉืคืืืชื ืืฉืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืข"ื ืืื ื ืื ืชื ื ืฉืงืืืื ืืขืจืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืฉืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืื ืื ืื ืื"ืฉ ืฉืื ืืงืคืืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืจืชื (ืืืงืจื ืก' ืจื"ื) ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขืืช ื"ื, ืฉืืฉื ืขืื ืื ื ืงืจืื ืจืง ืืฉืืงื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืคื ืืงืคืื ืฉืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืขื"ื: "ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ืขืืช ื"ื", ืืืช ืฉื ืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ื ืชืืืกื ืขื ืืฉืคืืืชืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฆืื ืฉืืืื "ืืืฉืคืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืชื "ืฉืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืก ืื ืืื, ืืืชืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืชืืืกื ืขื ืืฉืคืืืชื ืืื"ื ืืชืืืกื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืชืืชืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืขืืืื ืืช ืืื"ื ืื ืืชื ืืืืืช ืืื"ื ืื ืืฉืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืื ืืคืจืืืช ืืืชื"ื (ืื ืกื' ื"ื) ืืื"ืฉ ืื"ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืืกืืช, ืืืคื ื ืฉืขืชื ืจืฆื ืืืฉืจืืช ืฉืืื ืชื ืขืืืื ืืงืืืขืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชืืืก ืืื"ืฉ ืื"ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืฉื"ืช ืืขื"ื ืฉืจืฆื ืืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืกืคืจื ืืืืกืื ืฉืืื: [ื] "ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช "ืฉืื ื' ืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืชืื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืืื"ื ืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉ: [ื] "ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืืชื "ืฉืืืฅ ืืื ืขืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืชื [ืืืกืชืื ื ืชื ื ืฉืงืืื ืื"ืฉ ืืกืืจ ืื ืชืฉื], ืืืืขื ืฉืืื ืกืคืืจื ืืคืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืื' (ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืชืืืื) ืืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืฉื ื' ืืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืกืชื ื ืื ืกืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืกื ืืืฆืจืื ื ืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืฉืืฆืื ืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฃ ืจืืื, ืืขื ืฉืื ืืจืื ื ืชืคืจืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ื"ื, ืจ"ื ืฉืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืฉืงืืฃ ืขืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืื ืคืจืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืจื"ื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืก"ื ืืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืกืจ ื' ืืื ืืจื ืืกืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืกืจืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื, ืืื ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืืื ื ืืคื ืืืฉืงืฃ ืฉืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืืง ืืืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืจื"ื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ื ืืคืขืืืช ืืืืชื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ื ืืืืืชื ืฉืืคืืื ืืฉ ืื"ื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืคื ืคืขืืืชื, ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืฆืืง ืืคืขืื ืฆืืงืืช, ืืขื"ื ืืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืฆืืื ืืคืขืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืฉืืืช, ืืขื ืืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืขื ืคืขืืืชื ื"ื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืงืจื, ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ื' ื ืื ืกื ืืื ืื, ืจ"ื ืฉืข"ื ืฆืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืื ืฉืืขืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืฉืื ืจืืื ืื"ืฉ ืืืจ"ื ื"ื ืืก' ืืืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืคืจืืืชื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืืฉ ื"ื ืชืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืคืจืืืช ืฉืขืค"ื ืืฉืืืช ื ืงืจืื,
ืืข"ื ื ืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืฉื"ื ืืฉ ืื ืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืื:
ืืื ืืงืจ (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื'. ืืขืค"ื ืฉืจืฉ"ื ืคืืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืงืืืช ืืฉืืื (ืฉืืืช ื ืื) ื"ื ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื, ืื ืชืฉื, ื ืฉื, ืื ืืฆื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืช ืขื ืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืจืื ืืื ืืงืฉ ืืื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืขื ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืคืจืืืช ื"ื ืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืจืฅ ืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืจืืืช ืืืคืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื"ืฉ (ืฉื ืื.ืื) ืื ืคื ืืื ื ืจื. ืืืคืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื ืจื ืืื ืข"ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงื"ื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื (ืืฉืขืื ื, ืื) ืืืืฆืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืจื. ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืื' ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืฆืืืงื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขื (ืื ืืื ืื, ื) ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื ืคืจืืืช. ืืื ืฉืืงืฉื (ืืืืื ืื:) ืงืจืื ืืืืื ืืชืื (ืืืฉืข ื, ื) ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ื ืืฉืจืื. ืฉ"ื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืื"ื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ. ืืคื ืืคืฉื ืืื ืื ืงืืฉืื ืื ืืฆื ืืงื"ื ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืกื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืงื"ื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืคืจืืืช, ืื"ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืกืคืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืื ืจืืืืื.
ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืืชื. ืคืืจืฉ"ื ืข"ื ืฉืงืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืืงื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืงืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืืชืจืฅ ืืื ืืืืงื ืืกืคืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืื ืข"ื ืฉืงืืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืฆืจืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืชืืจืืฅ ืื ืืืืง ืื"ื ืฉืืืื ืืขื ืืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืขืื ืืจืข ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืจื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืง' ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืืืงืชื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืจืข ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืฆื ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืง ืืืืฉ ืืืื, ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืชื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืข' ื ืคืฉ ืืจืื ืืฆืจืืื ืื ืชืืขืื ืฉืื ืืขืืฆืจ ืจืขื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืคืชืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืืกืคืจ ืจืืฉืื ืช"ืจ ืืืฃ ืืื ืืืฃ ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืขื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืฉ ืืขืื ืืจืข, ืืฉื"ื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืคืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืืงื ืืขื ืจื ืืขืฆืื, ืืข"ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืขื ืืฆืืช ืืชืืจื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืชื. (ืืืืื ื ืื, ื) ืืื ืฉืืฆืืช ืืฉืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ื"ื ืืืกืคืจ ืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืช ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืงืืื ื ืืง ืื ืขืื ืืจืข ืื ืืืจื ืืืืข ืืืืืจ, ืื ืืฆื ืืขืื ืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืงืจืื ืืืขืฉื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืฉืืคืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืข ืข"ื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืช"ืจ ืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืขืื ื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืื, ืข"ื ืืื ืฆืจืืืื ืื ืืืคืจื ืขื ื ืคืฉืืชื ืืืืฆืืื ืืขืื ืืจืข ืืฉื"ื ืืื ืืืกืคืจืื.
ืืืจ ืืืืื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืฉืื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื'. ืฆืจืื ืืืขืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื. ืืจืฉ"ื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืช ืฉืืื ืชื ืืชืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืชื ืข"ื, ืืื ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืืฉืื ืืคืฉื, ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืืื ืืืืฉ ื ืืกื ืื ืืืจ ืื, ืื ืืืคืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืื, ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืงืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืขืื ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืจืฉืช ืคืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ื' ืืืืช ืืืฃ ืื' ืืืคืื ืื' ืืืืช ืื ' ืฉืืฉ ืืืกืคืจ ืื ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฆืื ืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืช ืืืคืื ืื' ืืืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื' ืืื ื ืืืชืืช, ืืืคื, ืืจื ืื ื ืืื, ืืฉืงืืช ืืคืจ ืืขืื, ืืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ื' ืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื' ืจืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืกืืคื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืงืืื ืื ืืคืืื ืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืขื ืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืืคื, ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืืกืจืื ืื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืื ืขืกืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื:
ืืืืื ืืงืืฉืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืคืกืืงืชื (ืืืืจืชื) ืืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืื' ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืข ืืื' ืืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฃ ืืื' ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืกืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืจื ืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืช ืข"ื. ืืืจืืื ื"ื ืืคื ืื ืจืื ืจืืืงืื, ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืื ื ืจืืืื ืฉืืกืจื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืกืจื ืืืขืฉื ืืขืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืกืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื:
ืืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืฉืงืืื (ืฉืงืืื ืค"ื ื"ื) ืืื ืงืืฉืื, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืจืฉืช ืคืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืื ื ืื ืกื ืืืืื, ืืืขืชื ืืจื ืฉืืืกืืคื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืชืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ื ืจืืื ืฉืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืงืืื, ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืฉืจ ืฆืื ื' ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืฉืืืขื ื ืฉืงืืืื ืืืืจ ื' ืฉืฆืื ืฉืื ืืคืงืื ืืืชื, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืชืืื ืืจื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฆืืข ืื ื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืชืื ืขื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืงืืื ืืื ืชืืกืคืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืจื ืืคื ืื ืืืชืจืื:
ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจื ืืคืกืืงืชื ืืฆืืฅ ืืืจื, ืื ืื ืฉืืฆืื ื ืืฉืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ื' ืืฉืืคื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ื' ืืืกืคืจืืช ืื ื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืกืจืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ื, ืืืื ื ืชืืื ื' ืืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืฉืืช ืืช ืจืืฉ ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืื' ืืื' ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืข ืืืกืคืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืจื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืคืกืืงืชื ืฉืืืกืคืจ ืขืฆืื ืื' ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื' ืืื ืืช ื' ืื ืื ืก ืืืจ ืืืงืืื, ืืืืขื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืขืกืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืจื (ืืืจืื ื') ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืื' ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ ืฉืืืื ืจืฉ"ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืช ืฉืืื ืชื ืืชืืื ืืื' ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืขื ืื ืืืจ:
ืืขื ืืืืจืื (ืื ืืคืจืง)(ืื ืืคืกืืง)
ืขืจืืื
ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช. ืืชืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืก ืื ืืชืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืืืืืข ืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืงืจืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืชื: |
ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืื. ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืคืข ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืฉืื ืืช ืขืฆืื. ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืืื ืืคื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืขืจืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืชื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ื.
ืืืจืืก ืงืจืื
ืฉืืืืง, ืืืขืืฅ ืืกืืจืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืชืืื
ืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืช ืขืกืงืืช ื ืืืื ,ื ืืืื ืคืจืืืงืืื ,ืฉืืืืง ,
ืืืจืืก ืงืจืื
ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืืืืช ื ืืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืชื! ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ื ืืขืฆืื ืืืฉืืชืคืื ืืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืชืืืช, ืืืืจื ืืฉืืงื ื ื ืฉืื, ืกืงืจื ืืช, ื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฆืืจืชืืช ืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขืฆืืืช ืืืืฆืืื.
ืฆืืจืช ืคืืจืกื
ืืืืช ืืืจืชืืช, ืืจืฆื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืช
ืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืช ืขืกืงืืช ืื ืืช ืกืื ืืืช/ ืืจืฆื ,ืจืคืืื ,
ืฆืืจืช ืคืืจืกื
ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืืฅ ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืชืคืจืฅ ืืฉืชืฉืืงื ืคืืืฉืช ืืขืื.
ืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืื ืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืืช ืืฉืคืืขืืื ืืชืื ืจืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื.
ืืคืจืช ืืืืืืืฅ'
ืืืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืขืกืงื, ืื ืืืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืฉืืืงืื
ืืื ืืง ืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืช ืขืกืงืืช ,
ืืคืจืช ืืืืืืืฅ'
ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืฉ โIts All About Peopleโ, ืืื ื ืืืืจืช ืืขืืืจ, ืืงืื ืืืจืืช, ืืกืืืข ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืฉ ืืขืืื. ืืืืื ื ืื ืชืื ื, ืืชื ืืืืช ืืกืืืข ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืื. ืืชืคืืกืชื, ืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืงืจืืช ืงืืจื, ืืืขืืงืจ ืื ืคืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืืช.
ืืืื ืืกืืคืจืกืื ื
*ืฉื ืคืจืื
*ืฉื ืืฉืคืื
*ืืืคืื
*ืืืื
*ื ืืฉื ืืคื ืืื
*ืกืืืช ืืคื ืืื
ืชืืื ืจืื ืื ืคื ืืืชื.ื ืขืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืื ืฉืฆืืื ืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืงืื
ืืืืจ
ืืืจื ืืืชื ื
ื ืืืืืืจ
ืชืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืข ืขื ืืกืืคืจืกืื ืืช ืืืชืจ ื ืืกืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืขื ื ืืื ืืชื ืขืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืชืจ ืกืืคืจืกืื ืก ืืจืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืกืืคืจืกืื ืก. ืื ืืืช ืกืืคืจืกืื ืก ืฉืืงืืช ืื ืคื ืืื ืืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืืช ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืขืืืช, ืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืื. ืืืืฉืช ืืืืขืืืืช, ืืืฉืจืช ืืืืขืืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืื ืื ืืขื ื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ื/ืื ืื ืืืขืื, ืืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืชืจ ืกืืคืจืกืื ืก ืืืงืฉืจ ืื. ืืชืงื ืื ืืืชืจ |
'Falconโs Beyond Global' ืืฉืืงื ืืืื ืคืืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืคืืจืงืื, ืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ, ืืืื ืืกืืืจื ืืืืกืกืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื
โFalconโs Beyond Globalโ ืืฉืืงื ืืืื ืคืืชืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืคืืจืงืื, ืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ, ืืืื ืืกืืืจื ืืืืกืกืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื
ืืชืืื ื (ืฆืืืื GLOBE NEWSWIRE: ืกืงืื ืืืจืื, ืื"ืจ ืืื ืืื, ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืกืกืื ืืืคืืจื, ืื ื"ื, ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืช โืงืืื ืืโ ืืงื ืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืฉื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื, ืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ, ืกืจืื ืงืืื ืืข, ืคืจืงืื ืืกืืจืืช, ืืืฆืจืื ืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืขืืจ
ืืืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช Meliรก ืืกืคืง ืืืฉื ืื ืื"ื ืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืชืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ื-40 ืืืื ืืช
ืืืจืื ืื, ืคืืืจืืื, 7 ืืืืื 2021, (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) :
ืขื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืช ืืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืคื, ืฆืืืช ืืฆืืจืชื ืขืืืจ ืคืจืกืื, ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืงื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืื"ื ืืืขืื ืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื (Falconโs Beyond Global LLC) ืืฉืืงื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืขืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืชื ืืื ืข ืกืืคืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืืืืืื.
ืขื ืขืชื ืืืื ืื ืืืขื ืืืชื ืืคืฉืจื, ืขืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืื ื, ืืืฆืข ืคืจืืกื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืฉื ืืื, ืืืชืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืืกืกื ื ืืฉื.
ืืืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืืืกืก ืขื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื (Meliรก Hotels International), ืืืื ืืขืฆืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืืงืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืคืขืื ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืืจื ืื ืกืคืงืืจืื ืืืจื ืกืืืื - ืขื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืงืืืืจืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืจ ืฉืฉืืืื ืืืขืจื ื-440 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ.
ืืืื, ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืชืจ ื-390 ื ืืกืื ื-40 ืืืื ืืช, ืจืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืฃ ืืืืืจืื, ืืคืชืืช ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืฉื ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืขื ื ืืคืฉ ืื ืืกื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืช.
ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืคืื ืืืืฃ ืจืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืขืืฆืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืจืงืฆืืืช ืงืืืฆืช ืคืืงืื โืก ืงืจืืืืืืื (Falconโs Creative Group) ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืกืก ืื ืืฉืืื ืงืืืฆืช ืงืืื ืื (Katmandu Group).
ืฉืืืื ืจื ืขืืฆืื ืื ืืฆืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืืกืกืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืืคื ืกืืืืืื ื - ืืคืืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืขื ืจืืืฉืืช ืืชืจืื ืืืงืืช ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื; ืชืื ืื ืจืืฉื ืขืืืจ ืคืจืืืงืืื ืคืืืืื; ืขืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืงืฆืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืขื ืืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืืช; ืืื ืชืคืขืื ืืจืื ืขืืืืืช ืฉื ืคืืจืงืื ืืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ.
ืืจืืื ืืคืืชืื ืฉื ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื
ืืืืงืื ืืขืืงืจื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื IP ExpanderTM ืืคืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืงืืจื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืขืืืชื ืืืืื - ืฉืืืจ ืืคื ืืคืืคืืืจื ืืงืจื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืคืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืืคืืจืงืื ืืืืชืจื ืื ืืคืฉ ืฉื ืกืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืจืงื, ืกืคืจื, ืืจืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืชืืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืฉื ืืืื.
ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืืคืืจืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืืฉืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื - ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืช ืงืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืจืคืชืงืืืช ืคืจืืืืช, ืืขืืจืจืืช ืคืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืกืืืคืืช, ืขื ืืฆืืจืื ืืกืชืืจืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืขื ืฆืืืช ืืจืคืชืงื ืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืจืช.
ืืงื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื, ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืกืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืขืืืจ ืืจืืื ืคืืืืช. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืชืืกืก ืืช ืงืืื ืื ืืคืืจืง ืืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืืจืื ืขืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืชืงื ืืืืจืงืฆืื ืืืชืืื ืืกืืคืืจ ืืืจืืื "ืืื ืคืจืงืื ืืืืชื ืืืื", ืืื ืืงืืฉืจื ืืืืคื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืจื.
ืืคืืชืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืคืืจืงืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืชืจื ืื ืืคืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ืืคืื ืื ืงืื ื ืฉืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืงื ืืช, ืืื ืจืืฃ ืฉืืกืคืจื, ืืืขืื ืืชืจื ืชืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืื.
ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืฉืจื
"ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืกืืคืืจ ืกืืคืืจืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืืช ื ืื"ื, ืืืชืจืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืจื ืฉื ืงืืืืจืืืช", ืืืจ ืกืกืื ื. ืืืคืืจื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื ืฉื ืืงืืืฆื ืืืงืืจืืช ืคืืงืื โืก ืงืจืืืืืืื. "ืื ื ืืคืชืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืขืืช ืกืืคืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืืืจืืช ืืกืจืช ืชืงืืื, ืชืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืชืืจืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืคืชืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืกืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืฆืข ืืืช".
"ืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืฉืจื", ืืืจ ืกืงืื ืืืจืื, ืื"ืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืฉืืชืฃ ืฉื ืงืืืฆืช ืงืืื ืื. "ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืฉืื ื ืขื ืืืื, ืืฆืจื ื ืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืฉื ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืืืฆืืขืื โืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืขืช ืจืื ืงืื ืโ, ืืงืืืืืช ื ืืคืฉ ืขื ืืืฃ ืืื ืืขื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืจืืื. ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืช, ืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืื. ืืื, ืื ื ืืฆืืขืื ืืฉืื ืฉืคืฉืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืฉ ืืืืจืืช ืืคื ื ืื. ืืื ืืชืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืคืชืืื, ืงืืืฆืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืืืจ".
ืืฆืืจืช ืคืืจืงืื ืฉืืฆืืขืื "ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืขืช ืจืื ืงืื ื"
ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ื-2012 ืืื ืืืฉืืง ืืช ืืคืืจืง ืืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืื ืืฉืื ืกืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืจืงื, ืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉื ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืช "ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืื". ืืืืืช ืืงืื ืกืคื ืฉืืื ืืื ืงื ืืจืืฉ ืืคืืจืืคืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืกืื, ืืืื ื ืืืจ, ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืกืคืจ 1 ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช, ืืืืช ืืื ืก ืคืจืกื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืคืื. Trivago Global ืืืจ ืืคืืจืง ืืืชืจ ืื ืืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืกืคืจ 1 ืืกืคืจื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื. TripAdvisor ืกืืคืจ ืฉืคืืจืง ืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืคืืจืงืื ืืืืืืืื ืืกืคืจื, ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืจืฆืืคืืช, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืจืก Best of the Best ืฉื Travelers ื-2020.
ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืชืืื ืืขืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืืฆืืขืื "ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืขืช ืจืื ืงืื ื" ืขืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืชืื ืฃ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืืืชื ืืชืคืขืืืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจืช ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจืืชื ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืงืืช, ืืืจืืคื, ืืกืื ืืืขืืจ ืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืจื ืกืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืจื ื ืฉืืข ืขืืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืืืช ืขื ืคืจืืืงืืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืื ื-100 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืคืจืกื ืขืืฆืื ืจืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืงื ืืงื ื ืืืื ืขืืืื.
ืืืืคื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื-ืคืืจืงืื
"ืืื ืคืืจืงืื ื ืืฉืืืื" ืืกืืจืชืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืคืืืช 6-8 ืฉื ืืช ืชืื ืื, ืืืืืืจืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช, ืจืืืฉืืช ื ืื"ื ืงืฉืืช, ืชืฉืชืืืช ืชืขืืืจื ืืืฉืืช, ืชืื ืื ืืืจืื ื, ื-5-7 ืฉื ืืช ืื ืืื. ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืกืคืงืช ืืืืืคื ืืืคืื ืืช.
ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืจืงืฆืืืช ืืงื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืืงืื โืก ืื ืืจืื ืขืืืืืช, ืืขืืืื ืื, ืืื ืขื ืกืืคืืจ ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืคืื ื ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืคืืจืง ืืคืืจืงืื ืฉืืฆืืขืื "ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืขืช ืจืื ืงืื ื" - ืืืื ืคืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืชืงื ื ื ืืคืฉ ืงืืืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืฆืคืืคื. ืืคืืจืงืื ืฉื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ื ืืชื ืื ืืคืจืืกื ืืืื ืงืฆืจ, ืืืืื ืฉื 24-36 ืืืืฉืื, ืืขืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืื-ืคืืจืง, ืืฉืคืืงืื โืก ืืกืคืงืช ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืช ืืชืคืขืื ืืฉืืืฃ.
ืฉืื ืื ืืืืชื
"ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืคื ืืืืจืืื ืฉืื ื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื", ืืืจ ืื ืืจื ืโืจืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืชืคืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื. "ืืคืืจืงืื ืืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ ืชืืช ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืง ืืืื ื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืฉืื ื, ืืื ืื ื ืืจืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืชื ื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืจ ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืชืกืคืง โืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืืโ. ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืชืื ืื ืืกืื ืืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื".
"ืืืื ืืืคืขืื ืืกืจ ืืชืงืืื, ืจื ืืืืืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืืจ ื ืคืจืก ืฉืืฆืืขื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืืืืืจ", ืืืจ ืงื ืคืืืจ, ืืืืืืื ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืืืกื Epic Story Media, ืืืจืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืขืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืจืืช ืืื. "ืจืืื ื ืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืฆืจืช ืืื ืื ื ืืืฉ ื ืจืืฉืื ืืืงืืจ ืขืื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืคื. ืืฉ ืืืงืืฉ ืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืกืืื ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื ื ืืืจ".
ืขื ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืจืืื, ืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืืช ืกืืืคืืช ืืืืกืกืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื, ืืฉ ืืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืกืจืช ืชืงืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืื ืืืคืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืืืืช - ืืขืืจืจ ืคืืืื ืืงืจื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื, ืืืืฆืืข ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื.
ืืืืืช Falconโs Beyond Global LLC
ืืืืจื ืฉื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืคืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืชื ืจื ื ืืกืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื, ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืืชืืื ืืืจืืืช ืงื ืืื ืจืืื ื. ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืื ื ืืจืืื ื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉืืชืคืืช ืืฉืืืงืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืืจืงื ืฉืขืฉืืขืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ, ืืืจืงืฆืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืคืื ืืืืช, ืกืจืืื, ืกืืจืืช, ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืจืืฉืื ืืขืื. ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืคืจืกื ืขืืฆืื ืจืืื ืืกืืคืงื ืฉืืจืืชื ืขืืฆืื ื-39 ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืื: Falconโs Treehouse (ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืจืืชื ืชืื ืื ืืขืืฆืื ืจืืฉื), Falconโs Digital Media, Falconโs Licensing ื-Falconโs Parks & Resorts. ืกืืคืืจ ืกืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืคืืงืื โืก ืืืื ื - ืฉืืืคืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืืืืช. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ <url>
ืืืืืช Meliรก Hotels International
ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื (MHI) ื ืืกืื ื-1956 ืืคืืืื ืื ืืืืจืงื, ืกืคืจื, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-390 ืืืื ืืช ืคืชืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืชืืืืื ืคืชืืื, ืืืืชืจ ื-40 ืืืื ืืช. ืื ืคืืขืืื ืชืืช ืืืืชืืื Gran Meliรก Hotels & Resorts, Paradisus by Meliรก, ME by Meliรก, Meliรก Hotels & Resorts, INNSiDE by Meliรก, Sol by Meliรก ื-TRYP by Wyndham. ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืคืฉ, ืืื ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืจื ื ืืคืฉ ืืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืช ืชืจืืืช ืืคื ืื. ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืคืจืกืื ืฉื ืชื ืฉื S&P Global, ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืฉืืืช Most Sustainable Hotel Companies in the World (ืืืืืืช ืืืกืฃ), ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืฉืืืช Climate Leaders 2021 ืืืืจืืคืืืช ืขื ืืื Financial Times & Statista. ืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืจื ื-IBEX 35 ืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืคื ืืืจืื Merco. ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ <url>
ืืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ:
ืชืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืื ื ื-
*** ืืืืืขื ืืืคืฆืช ืืขืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช GlobeNewswire
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ืขืืื ืืืืช | ื ืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช | ืกืคืจืื | ืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ | ืืจืืืืช | ืืืชืืื ืขืืื ื | ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืฆืื | ืฆืจื ืงืฉืจ | ืืจืืืืช 2
ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช | ืจืืื ืืืืฆืืช 4 ืงืจืืืช ืืื ื 5545404, ืื': <phone> ืคืงืก: 1533-6026026 |
ืืกืืคืืจ ืฉื ืกืืื ืืฉืงื, ืฉืืชืืื ืืืฉืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืื ืืคื ืืกืืื ืึพโช ืืืืืจ ืื ื...
ืื ืขืืฉืื ืคื?
ืืื ืึพืืื ืชืืืื ืืืชืจืฉื ืืืืคืืืจืคืื ืขืืจืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืืืจืืืฉ ืคืื ืืื ืืืืืชืืื ืฉืขืืฆืื ืืืคืืืจืคืื ืขืฆืืืืื ืงืจืื ืขืื |
ืื. ืืืืงืช ืืคืืจืืงืฆืื ืฉื ืคืืกืืื ืืืืขืช ืืืืฆืจ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืชืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืงืื, ืืืื- ืกืขืคืืช, ืงืฉืชืืช ืืืกืชืขืคืืืืช ืืงืืืจ 250 ืืขื ืงืืืจ 800. |
ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืคืกืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืคืืคืืื, ืืืืืืื, ืืคืืคืืื, ืืืกืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืืงืื ืืืขืจืืืื, ืืงืคืืฆืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืืขืืื. |
ืืฉืืจืืจ ืื ื ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืชืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืื"ื ืฉื ืจืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืจืืื ืืจืืืชื. "ืืจืืจืืกื ืืจืืฆื ืฉืืืจืฉืข".
ื ืืฆื ืงืืืจ
ื"ื ืื ืืกื ืชืฉืข"ื 18:1620.04.17
ืื ื ืื ืื ืืื"ื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืชืช ืจืขื
ืื ืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฆืืืื: UN Photo/Rick Bajornas
ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืื (ื') ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืงืจื ืื ืฆืื ืืคืืกืืื ื ืืืืดื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื.
ืื ืฆืื ืืคืืกืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืดื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืชืช ืจืขื ืฉื ืืืขืื ื-1000 ืืกืืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืงืฉืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืข ืกืืืืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืืคืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืณื ืื. ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืจืืืชืืด.
ืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื, ืื ื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืฆื: "ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืืืชื, ืืจืืจืืกื ืืจืืฆื ืฉืืืจืฉืข ืืจืฆื ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืฆืข ืขืฉืจืืช ืคืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืืจืืื ืชืืืืื." ืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืฆื ืืช ืชืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืื"ื ืืืืจ: "ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืจืฆืื ืืื ืงืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืชื. ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืจืืจืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืืืชื ืื ืจืง ืืจืืืงื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืจืื ืืชืื ืืืคืื ืืคืฉืข."
ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืชืืงืคื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื. "ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืจืง ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืืืืชืื, ืืื ืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืฆืืข ื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื".
ืื ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืื "ืืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืกืชืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชืืื. ืจืง ืืคื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื 'ืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื'.
ืืฉืืจืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคื ื ืืืจื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืื ''ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืจืืจ ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืืจืื, ืืืจื ืฉืืชืคื ืืืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ื ืฉืงืื ืืชืื ืืกืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื, ืืืขืื, ืืืืืก ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืงืื ืืืืคืืจ ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ".
ืืฆืืชื ืืขืืช ืืืชืื ืื ืคืจืกืืืช ืื ืจืืืื? ืืืืื ืื ื
ืคื ื ืืืื ื
ืืืืืช ืชื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืฉืืช ืคืจืกืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื English Russian english
ืืืืจืื ืคืชื
ืืืืจืื
ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื-ืืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืืื ืืฉืคื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืข ืืขืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืคื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืืจืคืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืชืจืืืช ืืคื ืื ืคืจืกืื ืืฆืื ื ืกืคืืจื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชืืืืช |
A hurricane named โSandyโ struck the eastern coast of the United States on October 29. The storm has caused an immense amount of damage in some areas in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and some other states. Sandy brought winds with speeds of about 80mph (130kph) and created waves that were over 12 feet (3.5 meters) tall. Winds could be felt up to about 500 miles (800 km) from the center of the storm. Sandy has been referred to as a โsuperstormโ.
The hurricane caused flooding, destroyed homes, uprooted large trees, and led to power outages. Some roads looked like rivers. There were parts of the underground train system in New York that were flooded as well. Schools, businesses, and the public transportation system were shut down in some areas for a few days. The government has estimated that the repairs are going to cost over US$10 billion. Before hitting the United States, Sandy had already caused damage in a few other countries including Cuba, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Haiti. In Haiti there is concern about food shortages because Sandy destroyed a large percentage of crops. Here is a video of Sandy.
Hurricanes are very large storms with winds swirling around at a very fast speed. The center of the storm is called the โeyeโ of the storm , and is actually quite a calm area. The wind rotates around the eye of the storm in one direction, causing a large amount of water to pile up at the center. This water (called a tidal surge) is carried by the storm and is eventually dumped on land causing flooding.
Whatโs the difference between cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons? Not much! They are all the same type of storm โ the only difference is what part of the world the storm strikes. In Australia and the Indian Ocean, they are called cyclones. In the Western Pacific Ocean, they are called typhoons. In the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Pacific Ocean, they are called hurricanes. |
ืืกืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืืขื ืืื - ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืขืืืจื! - ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืฉืืืช EIP - ืืขืืฅ ืืฉืืืช EIP! ืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉื, ืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, ืืืืื ืืืฉื, ืืืืื ืขืกืงื ...
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ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ!
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ืืกืคืจ "ืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื"
ืืกืคืจ "ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื"
ืืกืคืจ "ืืืืืช ืืืืืื"
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ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืืงื
ืืขืืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืกืื ื ืืืื ืขืกืงืื ืืจืืืช ืืคืืืื ืืคืจืขืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช ืืฉืื ืข ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืกืฃ ืืืฆืืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืขืืช ืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืืื...
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ืงืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืืฆืื ืขืืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืชืืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืื!
ืืืื ืืืืื! 1 ื 150 2 ื 200 4 ื 250 <phone> ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื - ืืืื ื!
ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื - ืืกืคืจ ืขื: ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืขืฆืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืขืช ืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืขืืช ืงืฉื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืคืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื? ืืืืืื? ืืขืก ืืขืฆืืื? ืืืขืงืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืืฉ? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืคืฉื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืกืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืชืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืงืคื ืืจืื ืืคืื ืืงื? ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืกืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืืข? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืื ืืคืืกื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฅ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืฉืื ื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืกืกืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืช / ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื / ืคืจื ืืืืช / ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื / ืืคืจืขืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื OCD / ืืคืจืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืชืืช / ืืืืกืกืืืช / ืืชื ืืืืช ืืคืืืชืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืขืฆืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืคืจืกืื ืืขื ืืฆืื ืจืื ืืฉืชื ืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืฉ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืงืื ืืคืื ืืื / ืคืื ืืืชืืื ืขื ืืืืจืืช / ืคืื ืืืฉืชืืข / ืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื / ืืจืืช ื ืืืฉื / ืคืื ืืืืฉืืื / ืคืื ืืืืช / ืคืื ืืืืืืช / ืคืื ืืงืื ืืืืื / ืคืื ืืืืืืืืช / ืคืื ืืืืืื / ืคืื ืืืกืื / ืคืื ืืืืื ืื / ืืจืื ืืืืืช / ืคืื ืื ืืืืข / ืคืื ืืคืืืืจืื / ืคืื ืืืืืจืืช / ืคืื ืืืฆืืื / ืคืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืขืื...
ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื - ืืกืคืจ ืขื: ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืฉืื? ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืขืืืื? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืฉืื? ืืื ืืฉืื ืข ืื ืฉืื ืืืงืืืืช? ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืืื ื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืืืช? ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื? ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื? ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืชืจ ืืกืฃ? ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืจ ืืืงืืืืช? ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืื? ืืื ืืืคื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืงื? ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืช? ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื? ืืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืชืืื ืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืจืขืืช? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืืืจืื? ืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืืื? ืืื ืืคืชื ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืจืชืืช? ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื? ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืชื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืกืกืืืช ืืืชืืืจืืืืช ืืขืื...
ืืืืืช ืืืืืื, 2 ืืืงืื - ืืกืคืจ ืขื: ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช? ืื ืืจื ืืช ืืืืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืจืข ืืขืืื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืืื? ืืื ืืืงื ืืคืืืืงื ืืคื ืฉืื? ืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืงืืืื ืืงืืืืื? ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืงืื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉ ืชืืืขื? ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืช ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจื? ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืืงืก? ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืืื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืจืฆืื ืืช / ืืืฉืืืช / ืจืืฉืืช? ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืขืช ืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื? ืืื ืื ืืืชืืื? ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ? ืืื ืืฉ ืจืข ืืกืื ืืขืืื? ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืืืืงื? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืื? ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืื...
ืืกืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืืขื ืืื - ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืขืืืจื!
ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019
+ ืคืจืงืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื
ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืื (2 ืืืงืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019 - 336 ืคืจืงืื - 656 ืขื'), ืืืจืชื ืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืืืช, ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืคืฉืจืืช, ืืื ืื ืกืืืืื, ืฉืืืืช ืืืืชืืช, ืคื ืืืืช, ืฉืืื ื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืืช, ืฉืื ืืกืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืข ืืชืืืฉืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ื.
ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืืฉื, ืืืืืข ืืืฆื ืฉื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืฉืืชื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืืง ืืื ืฉืืชื ืจืืฆื, ืฉืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืงืืจื ื ืื ืจืฆืื ื, ืฉืืชื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืงืืจื ืื, ืฉืืชื ืฉืื ืขื ืื ืื ืฉืงืืจื, ืฉืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืืืฉ, ืฉืืชื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื, ืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืชืืช.
ืืกืคืจ, ืขืืกืง ืืื ืชื ืืขืืืง ืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืืฆืืืืช ืฉืื ื. ืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื, ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืจืข, ืืืช ืืฉืงืจ, ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช, ืืขืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืช, ืืงืืืื ืืงืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืืื, ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื, ืืื ืืฉ ื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืขืื.
ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืจืฆืืช ืืืขืช ืืื ืืขืืช ืืฉืืื! ืืื ืฉืื ืกืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืฆื ืืืจื! ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืช ืื ืืกืืืืช ืืขืืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืื: ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉ ืชืืืขื? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช? ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจื? ืืื ืืฉ ืจืข ืืกืื ืืขืืื? ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืงืื? ืืื ืืืงื ืืคืืืืงื ืืคื ืฉืื? ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืืงืก? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืช ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืงืืืื ืืงืืืืื? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืื? ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืืืืงื? ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืืื? ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืขืช ืืื? ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช? ืืื ืืฉ ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืช? ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืขืืื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืจืฆืื ืืช / ืืืฉืืืช / ืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื.
ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืจืฆืืช ืืืขืช, ืขื ืขืฆืื / ืขื ืืขืืื / ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืฉืืช ืขืืืื ืขื ืขืืฉืื. ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจื ืืืช, ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืฉืืืืช, ืืช ืืืืคื, ืืช ืืืืื, ืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืื ืืืื, ืฉืืฉ ืืืฆืืืืช ืฉืื ื, ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืฉืจ ืืืฉืื! ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืื? ืงืจื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ...
ืืืืืจ: ืืืืขื ืืื, ืืืขืฅ ืืืจืฆื ืจื ืชืืืื, ืืขื ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืงืช ืืืื. ืขืืจ ืืืืคื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืจืืชืืื, ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืขืกืงืืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืขื ืคืจืกื, ืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฆืืืช ืืจืชืงืืช, ืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืื ืจืืื, ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื.
ืชืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื: 336 ืคืจืงืื - 656 ืขื'
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ืื ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืกืคืจ?
ืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืขืืกืง ืืื ืืกืคืจ:
ืืืฅ ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืคืจืงืื ืืืืื! โ ืกืืืชืืืช - ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืื ืกืืคืืืช - ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืื ืกืืคืืช โ ืืืื ืืืืืืืืช - ืืืื ืฉืงืืืืช ืชืืื, ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช โ ืืฉืืืืช, ืืงืืื ืืืฉืืื - ืืื ืงืืื ืืืฉืืื? ืืืืืข ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืื? โ ืืฆืืืืช - ืืื? ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช / ืืฆืืืืช ืืคืฉืจืืช / ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืช โ ืจืืคืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืคืืื ืจืืื ืืื - ืืืคืฉ ืืช ืืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื โ ืืชืจืืงืืช ืฉืืื ืืชืงืจืืืช - ืืื ืืืชืงืจืืืช, ื ืจืืืช ืืืชืจืืงืืช? โ ืืื ืื ืขืื - ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื? โ ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช - ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช? ืื ืืชื ืืืืช? โ ืจืืฆื, ืืื ืงืฉื - ืื ืืขืฉืืช? โ ืจืืื ืืืช / ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืืชื ืจืืื ื ืื ืืฉืขืช ืืฉืื ื ืืืชืื ืืืืืืืช? โ ืืืื ืืืืืชื - ืืืื? โ ืืืืขืืช ืขืฆืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืื - ืืื? ืืืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื? โ ื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืชืื ืืืื, ืฉืฉืืืขืืช ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืช โ ืกืืฃ ืืืจ - ืืคืจืง ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ โ ืืืืื ืกืคืง ืืืืช - ืืื ืืืืช, ืืฉ ืื ืกืคืง *ืืืืชื*? โ ืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืืช - ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืจื ืจืืื ืืช, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจืืืคื ืืืืจืืช? โ ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื - ืฉืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช โ ืืืค ืืงืจืืื ืืกืคืจ - ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืื ืกืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ? โ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืื ืืืืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืคืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช? โ ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืขืช ืืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืขืฆืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืฆืืืืช? โ ืกืื - ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืฆืืจืืช ืืกืื ืฉืื, ืืืงืื ืืืคืฉ ืืช ืืฉืืืืช? โ ืืืฉืจ - ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืจืง ืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืืฉืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืื? โ ืืืืืงื - ืืืจืื ืืืืกืืืืช ืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืืชืืช โ ืืื ืืจืข - ืจืฆืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืจืืืฉ ืจืข โ ืืืื - ืืกืคืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืืช / ืืืื ืืช / ืืฉื ืื ืืฉื โ ืืืจืื ืืขืฆืื - ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืฆืื - ืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืจืื? โ ืืื ืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฆืืืืช - ืืื ืืื ืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฆืืืืช? โ ืืืืขื, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื. ืื ืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช โ ืจืฆืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืืื - ืืื ืฉืืจืฉื? โ ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื - ืืืืฆื? ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืช? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ! โ ืฉืืืืช - ืืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช, ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ? โ ืืืื ื - ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขื? โ ืืื ื ืฉืืื - ืืืฆื ืชืืืืง, ืืช ืจืืช ืืืื ื ืฉืื? โ ืืืื - ืืื ืืฉืื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ? โ ืืืจืืืฉ, ืืช ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืข - ืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืืจืืืฉ ืืืืช โ ืคืื ืขืืฉื ืจืง ืืื - ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืฉืขืืฉื ืืคืื? โ ืจืฆืื ืืกืืื - ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืืฅ ืงืฆืช, ืืชืืืฅ ืืจืื - ืืื ืื ืื... โ ืืืฉืืจื ืืจืขื ืืืืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืช - ืืคืืชืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืช โ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื - ืืืืืจ ืืืง ืืืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืจืื ืืกืคืจ โ ืืืฉืจ - ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืชืืื ืืฉืื? ืืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืฉ? โ ืืจืืฆื ืืืืฆืืืืช - ืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืจืข. ืืืืฆื? โ ืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื - ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช โ ืื ืฉืืฆืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืื ืืืจืืช ืื ืื ืื - ืืืืืข ืฉืืื ืฉืงืจื โ ืืืืฅ - ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืชืืื ืฆืืืง? ืืืื ืืืืฅ ืื ืชืืื ืขืืืจ? โ ืืืจื ืจืืื ื ืืืืชื - ืืืื? ืืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืชื? โ ืืืืื / ืืืื / ืื ืจืื / ื ืจืื ืื - ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื โ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืืื - ืืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืชืืช โ ื ืคืจืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช - ืืืืืจ ืื ืคืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช โ ืฉืงืจ - ืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืช โ ืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื - ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช, ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืืช ืืืชื โ ืฉืืืืช - ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืื ืืืจ, ืื ืืืืข ืืืคืฉืื ืืืชื? โ ืืื ืื ืืืื - ืืฉืงืจ ืฉื ืื ื ืื ืืืื โ ืจืืงื ืืช, ืฉื ืืืขืช ืืืชืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืช - ืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืช โ ืืืืฆื ืืขืฆืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื - ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืื ืจืข? โ ืขื ืืืจืช ืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืืชืื ืื ืฉืื โ ืกืื ืืืืื - ืืฉืงืจ, ืืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืกืื - ืืืกืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ โ ื ืคืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืืืช - ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืคืจืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืช? โ ืืืื - ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืกืคืจืื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืื? โ ืืืืืช / ืืฆืืจืืช - ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืจืืช, ืื ืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ!
ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019
+ ืคืจืงืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื
ืืกืคืจ ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื (ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019 - 119 ืคืจืงืื - 304 ืขื'), ืืืื ืื ืื, ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื. ืขื ืคืชืจืื ืืื ืืืืืชื, ืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืคืื ืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืืจ. ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืื: ืืืฉืจ ืืืืชื, ืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืืืชืืช, ืจืืืข ืืืืชื ืืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืื ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื ืฉืืื? ืงืจื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ...
ืืกืคืจ ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื, ืืจืื ืื ืืจื ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ืืืื: ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืชืืช, ืื ืกื ืื, ืืืืกืกืืืช, ืืชื ืืืืช ืืคืืืชืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืฉ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืงืื ืืคืื ืืื, ืคืื ืืืชืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื / ืืืจืื, ืคืื ืืืฉืชืืข, ืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืจืืช ื ืืืฉื, ืคืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืคืื ืืืืช, ืคืื ืืืืืืช, ืคืื ืืงืื ืืืืื, ืคืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืคืื ืืืืืื, ืคืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจืข, ืคืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืจืื ืืืืืช, ืคืื ืื ืืืืข, ืคืื ืืคืืืืจืื, ืคืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืคืื ืืืฆืืื, ืคืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืกืื ืืื ืืืชืืขืืข? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืกืกืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืขืฆืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืชืงืคื ืืจืื ืืคืื ืืงื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืฉืื ื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืคืจืกืื ืืขื ืืฆืื ืจืื ืืฉืชื ืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืขืฆืืืช, ืืืืืื, ืืืขืงืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืืฉ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืขืืช ืงืฉื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืชืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืื ืืคืืกื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฅ, ืืขืก ืืขืฆืืื? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืคืฉื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื, ืคืจื ืืืืช, ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื, ืืคืจืขืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืขืช ืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉ? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืช ืืคืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืคืจืขืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื ืืจืืืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืกืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืื? ืืขืื ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจื ืืืช, ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืื: ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื!
ืืืืืจ: ืืืืขื ืืื, ืืืขืฅ ืืืจืฆื ืจื ืชืืืื, ืืขื ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืงืช ืืืื. ืขืืจ ืืืืคื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืจืืชืืื, ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืขืกืงืืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืขื ืคืจืกื, ืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฆืืืช ืืจืชืงืืช, ืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืื ืจืืื, ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื.
ืชืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื: 119 ืคืจืงืื - 304 ืขื'
ืงืืขืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ...
ืืืืฆืืช ืขื ืืกืคืจ...
ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืื ืืืคืืฅ ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืขืืกืง ืืื ืืกืคืจ:
ืืืฅ ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืคืจืงืื ืืืืื! โ ืืฆืืื / ืืืฉืืื / ืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืช - ืืื ืืืคืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืืื? โ ืคืื ืืืคืื, ืคืื ืืคืืืืจืื, ืื ืืคืื ืืืคืื, ืืฆืืช ืืื ืืจืื - ืืื? โ ืชืกืืื ืื ืืกืืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื / ืืชืงืคื ืืจืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืคืจืขืช ืืจืื - ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื? ืื ืกืืื ืืืคืจืขืืช ืืจืื? โ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืกืื? ืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืื? ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืืืช? โ ืืจืื / ืคืื / ืืืืืื - ืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืฉืจื? ืืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืฉืืืขืช ืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉ - ืืื ืืืคื? โ ืืืื ื ืืืจืืื / ืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืื - ืื ืืงืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืื? โ ืืจืื ืจืขื, ืืจืื ืืืื - ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช โ ืคืื ืื ืืืืข / ืืจืื ืื ืืจืืจื - ืืื ืื ื ืืืขืื? โ ืจืืืื / ืืขืืืช ืจืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืื? โ ืืจืื ืืืืืช / ืืชืงืคื ืืจืื - ืืื ืืคืจืขืช ืืจืื ืืืืืช? โ ืืืืืื / ืขืฆืืืช - ืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช? โ ืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื / ืืืืื ืฉืคืืืช / ืคืื ืืืฉืชืืข - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืจืืืช - ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืคืืืื ืืืจืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืจ? โ ืืืคืื ืืืจืื - ืืืืืืช ืจืืฉืืช, ื ืืชืืง ืจืืฉื, ืืืกืืฆืืืฆืื โ ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื - ืืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืชื? ืืืื ืืืืง ืืืชื? โ ืืจืืืื / ืคืืกื ืืจืืืื, ืฉืืืฆืจืช ืคืืืื ืืืจืืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืจืื ืืืจืชืืช / ืคืื ืงืื / ืืืืฉื ืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืคืจื ืืื / ืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืคืจื ืืืืืืืช / ืคืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืจืืืื / ืคืจื ืืืืช / ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื / ืคืืกื ืืจืืืื / ืคืจื ืืื ืืจืืืืืืช โ ืฉืขืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืฉืขืืื? ืืื ืืืฆืื ืขื ืืื? โ ืืจืืืื / ืคืืกื ืืจืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืคืืกื ืืจืืืื? โ ืืจืื / ืคืื - ืืื ืืจืื? ืืื ืคืื? ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืคืื? โ ืคืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื - ืืื ืื ืืคืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื? โ ืืื ืื ืืืืื - ืืจืื / ืคืื ืฉื ืืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืจืื / ืคืื - ืืื ืืืคื ืืืคืจืขืืช ืืจืื, ืขื ืืื ืคืืจืืง ืืจืฆืื? โ ืืื ืื ืืืืื / ืืคืจืขืืช ืงืฉื ืืจืืืื ืืฆื ืืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืืฉืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื? ืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืื? โ ืืืจืืื ืืืจืื / ืืืคืืฉ ืืืฉืจ - ืืืคืื ืืืจืื - ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืื? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ! โ ืืจืืืช / ืคืืืื - ืืื ืกืืจ ืืืืื, ืขืืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืคืืืื? โ ืืื ืื ืืืืื / ืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื - ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื? โ ืชืจืืคื ืืืจืื / ืืืคืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืื 100% ืืฆืืื! โ ืคืื ืืืจืื - ืืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืคืื ืืืืจืื? ืืชื ืืฉ ืคืื / ืืจืื? โ ืืคืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืืืคืฉื - ืืื ืืจืื ืจืฆืื ืืช ืืคืื ืจืฆืื ื? โ ืฉื ืื ืขืฆืืืช / ืืขืก ืขืฆืื - ืืื ืื ื ืืืขืื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื? โ ืืืืืืช / ืคืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืื ืืคืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช? โ ืืืืื ื ืคืฉื - ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื? ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืืื? โ ืืืืช / ืคืื ืืืืืืช / ืงืืืฉืช ืืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืคืื ืืคื ื ืืฆืืื / ืคืื ืืืฆืืื / ืืืจืืช - ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืืืืืช / ืืืจืืืฉ ืืืื - ืืื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืชื? โ ืืืงืืจืช ืืื ื / ืืืงืืจืช ืฉืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืืฆืืจื ืืขืืื? โ ืืืืืื ืืืจืื / ืืืคืื ืืืืืืื / ืืื ืื ืืืคืจืกืื / ืขืฆืืืช / ืืืขืงื โ ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืชื - ืขื ืืืจืช ืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืืชืื ืื ืฉืื โ ืืจืื ืืืงื / ืคืื ืืืง - ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจืื? โ ืืืคืื ืืืจืื - ืืื ืืืคื ืืืจืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช? โ ืืืค ืืงืจืืื ืืกืคืจ - ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืื ืกืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ? โ ืืจืื ืงืืืืืช / ืืจืืช ืืืืช / ืคืื ืืืฉืชืืข / ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ โ ืคืื ืืืืช ืขื ืืกืืฃ / ืคืื ืืืชืืกืจ / ืคืื ืืืชืืืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื - ืคืกืืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช - ืื ืืื ืืื? โ ืืืฉืจ / ืืฆืืื - ืืืจืืฃ ืืืจื ืืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื? ืื ืงืืจื ืืกืืฃ? โ ืืืืกืกืื / ืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืชืืช / ืืชื ืืืืช ืืคืืืชืืช - ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืืืื? โ ืืจืืืช ืืฆื ืืืืื / ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืจืื / ืืคืืฆืช ืืชืืช ืืืืื โ ืจืืืื ืืืจืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืจืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืจืืืื ืจืืืื? โ ืืกืฃ / ืืืืืช / ืืื ืืก ืืื ืง - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืื? โ ืืืฅ ื ืคืฉื / ืคืื ืืืฉืชืืข / ืืืืื ื ืคืฉื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืกืื? ืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ? ืืื ืื ืืืชืืขืืข? โ ืืืืืฉ ืืขืฆืืืช / ืืืืื ืชืงืืื / ืืฉืืจ - ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืื? โ ืืจืืช ื ืืืฉื ืืคืจืืื / ืชืืืช ืจืืฉืืช / ืืจืื ืงืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ!
ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019
+ ืคืจืงืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื
ืืกืคืจ ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 2019 - 111 ืคืจืงืื - 296 ืขื'), ืืืื ืื ืื: ืืฆืืื - ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื. ืืืื - ืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืกืืืืชื ืืฉื ืกืืืืชื ืืืคืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื - ืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื? ืงืจื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ...
ืืกืคืจ ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืขืฉืืจ ืืืชื ืืขืืืง ืืื ืกืืคื, ืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืื: ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืชื? ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืขืช ืื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืื ืื? ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืกืกืืืช ืืืชืืืจืืืืช? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืฉืื? ืืื ืืฉืื ืข ืื ืฉืื ืืืงืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืืืช? ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืจ ืืืงืืืืช? ืืื ืืืคื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจื? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืขืฆืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืงื? ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืืชืืื ืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืขืืืื? ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื? ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืืื ื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืฉืื? ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืจืขืืช? ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืช? ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืืืืช? ืืื ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืืืจืื? ืืื ืืคืชื ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืจืชืืช? ืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื? ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืชืจ ืืกืฃ? ืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืืื? ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื? ืืขืื ืืขืื. ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจื ืืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืื: ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื!
ืืืืืจ: ืืืืขื ืืื, ืืืขืฅ ืืืจืฆื ืจื ืชืืืื, ืืขื ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืงืช ืืืื. ืขืืจ ืืืืคื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืจืืชืืื, ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืขืกืงืืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืขื ืคืจืกื, ืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืฆืืืช ืืจืชืงืืช, ืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืื ืจืืื, ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื.
ืชืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื: 111 ืคืจืงืื - 296 ืขื'
ืงืืขืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ...
ืืืืฆืืช ืขื ืืกืคืจ...
ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืื ืืืคืืฅ ืืช ืืกืคืจ?
ืืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืขืืกืง ืืื ืืกืคืจ:
ืืืฅ ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืคืจืงืื ืืืืื! โ ืชืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช - ืืื ืืืฆืื ืชืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืชืฉืืื? โ ืืืจืืืฉ ืืื, ืืืจืืืฉ ืจืข - ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืืฉ ืจืข, ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืืฉ ืืื โ ืืืค ืืงืจืืื ืืกืคืจ - ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืื ืกืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ? โ ืฉืืื - ืืืืื ืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืงื - ืืืืื ื? โ ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื - ืขื ืืืจืช ืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืืชืื ืื ืฉืื โ ืืกืฃ / ืืืืืช / ืืื ืืก ืืื ืง - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช? โ ืืฆืืื - ืืจืฆืืช ืืืฆืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืฆืืื - ืื ืืืชืจ ืืื? โ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช / ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช - ืื ืืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืกืจืื ืืช? โ ืืืื - ืืื ืืืื? ืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืื? โ ืืฉืืง ืืืืื - ืชืืื ืฆืืคืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืง ืืืืื โ ืืืื / ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืชื? โ ืฉืื ืืข - ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืขืืื ืืืฉืืชื? ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืื? โ ืืืื ืขืฆืืืช / ืฉื ืื ืขืฆืืืช - ืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื / ืืฉื ืื ืืช ืขืฆืื โ ืืืคืฉ ืืืฉื / ืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช / ืืืืจืช ืืืจืืช - ืชืืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืืืืจ! โ ืฉืื ืืข / ืฉืชืืืช ืืืฉืืืช - ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืืืช? ืืื ืืืชื ืกื ื ืืื? โ ืืกืฃ / ืชืฉืืงื ืืืกืฃ - ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืฃ? โ ืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืืช / ืกืืจ ืืืืื - ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืชืืื ืืืฉื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื? โ ืืจืืื ืื / ืื ืืื ืืื ืจืข - ืืจืืื ืื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช, ืฉืืคืืืืืช ื ืืืืจืืืช โ ืืจืืื ืื - ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื? โ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช, ืืืคืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื - ืืขื ืื ื ืื? โ ืืฆืืจืชืืืช - ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืฆืืจืชื? โ ืืืื / ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช / ืืืกืืช? ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืืื? โ ืฉืืืงื ืืขืืืื / ืืชืืืฉืืช - ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื? โ ืฉืืื / ืขืฆืืืช - ืืื ืื ืื ืืจืืฉื - ืืื ืืื ืคืืขื? โ ืฉืื ืืข - ืืื ืืฉืื ืข ืืงืืืืช ืืงื ืืช ืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืื? ืืืืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจื? โ ื ืืืืจืืืืช / ืืขืืช ืงืืืืืช / ืืืื ืืช / ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืฉืืื / ืืืืืืงืืืืืืช โ ืืืื / ืืืชืืื - ืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืื - ืืช ืื ืืืช ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื? โ ืืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื - ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืืืจืื? โ ืฉืื ืืข / ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืคืืื - ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื, ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืจืื? โ ืืืืื / ืืืคืฉ ืืืฉื / ืืจืืช ืืืฉืงื - ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืชืืื ื ื ืืื ื? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ! โ ืืืืืืช / ืืืืจืืช - ืื ืชืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืจ! ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืื? โ ืืืฉืจ - ืืื ืืืฉืชืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ? โ ืืืืืจืื / ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื - ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจืื? โ ืฉืื ืืข / ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืคืืื - ืืื? ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืืฆืืจื ื ืืื ื? โ ืืฉืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืขืืื - ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืืฅ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืช? โ ืืืฉืจ - 3 ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื - ืื ืืืืืง ืืชื ืืืคืฉ? โ ืฉืื ืืข / ืืืืจืืช - ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืฉืื ืืข ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ? โ ืืืืฅ / ืื ืื - ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืชืจ? ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืืชืจ? โ ืฉืขืืื / ืืืกืจ ืขื ืืื - ืืื ื ืืืข ืฉืขืืื? ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืฉืชืขืื? โ ืืขืืืืช / ืืชืืืขืืืช - ืืื ืืขืืื ืืฆืืจื ื ืืื ื ืืืืกืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืชืจ? โ ืืืื / ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืืืื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจืช ืืืื? ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืื? โ ืืขืืืืช / ืืชืืืขืืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืขื ืืืขืฉืืช ืืืจืื ืืฆืืจื ืืขืืื? โ ืืืื / ืจืง ืืืืื - ืืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืื - ืืื ืืฉ ืืืจ ืืื? โ ืฉืงืจ ืืืืช / ืืขืจืืืช ืืืกืื - ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืืืืช? โ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืกืืื - ืืื? ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืจ ืืื? โ ืืืื ืขืฆืืืช - ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืช? โ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช - ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืช? ืืืื *ืฆืจืื* *ืื* ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช? โ ืืืืกืกืืืช / ืืชืืืจืืืืช / ืืคืจืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืชืืช - ืืื ืืืชืืืื? โ ืืืืื / ืืื - ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืจืข? ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื? โ ืืืคืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช / ืคืกืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช - ืื ืืื ืืื? โ ืืืฉืจ - ืฆืจืื ืื ืจืืฆื - ืืืืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจื - ืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืื ืื ืขืฆืื? โ ืืืืืืช - ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืคืฉ? ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืกืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช? โ ืืืคื / ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื - ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืฉืืืืืืช? โ ืืืืืืช / ืืืื - ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจ, ืืืชืืื ืื / ืืืืื ืืืชื? โ ืฉืื ืืข / ืืืืจืืช - ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืจ? ืืื ืืื ืืช ืชืกืจืื ืฉืืื? โ ืจืืงื ืืช / ืืืขืงื - ืืฉ ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื - ืืื? โ ืืืฉืจ - ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืช, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื? โ ืืืืืืช - ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช / ืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช - ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื? โ ืืืจืืฉืื - ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืจื ืคืจืืื ืืืืืช? ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจ!
ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืื - ืืืจืกื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช
1 - ื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉื ืืืงืจืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกื ืืืืืืืืืช
2 - ื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉื ืืืงืจืืื ืืืจืกื ืืืืคืกืช (ืืจืืื ืงืฉื, 624 ืขื')...
ืืจืืืฉืช ืืืงืจืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืกื ืืืืงืืจืื ืืช ืฉืื, ืืจื ืืืืื - ืืืฅ ืืื...
ืืจืืืฉืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืกื ืืืืคืกืช ืฉืื (ืืจืืื ืงืฉื, 624 ืขื') ืืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ...
ืืฉ ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ ืืืืคืื <phone>
ืืจืืืฉืช ืืืงืจืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืกื ืืืืงืืจืื ืืช ืฉืื, ืืจื ืืืืื - ืืืฅ ืืื...
ืืจืืืฉืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืกื ืืืืคืกืช ืฉืื (ืืจืืื ืงืฉื, 624 ืขื') ืืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ...
ืืฉ ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ ืืืืคืื <phone>
ืืืื ืืืืื! 1 ื 150 2 ื 200 4 ื 250 <phone> ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื - ืืืื ื!
- ืชืฉืืื ืืคืฉืจื: ืืืขืืจื / ืืืฉืจืื / Paypal / ืืคืงืื / ืืืืืื / Paybox / BIT / Pepper
ืืืืจ ืืชืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืืืฆืืค ื <phone> ืืืกืคืจืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืคื ืืืืื!
ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืชืฉืืื:
ืืขืืจื / ืืคืงืื ืืืฉืืื:
ืื ืง: ืืคืืขืืื - ืกื ืืฃ: 773 (ื ืืื ืจื) - ืืฉืืื: 11-99-32 - ืืคืงืืืช: ืืืืขื ืืื.
ืืื"ื: Swift Code: POALILIT 127730119932 IBAN: IL96-0127-7300-0000-0119-932
ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืกื ืืืฉืจืื - ืืืืฆืขืืช PayPal:
ืชืฉืืื ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช Paybox / BIT / Pepper - ืืืืคืื: <phone>.
ืื ืืชื ื ืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื... ืืืื ืฉืชืจืื ืืช ืื...
ืืคื ืื ืืืง ืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืชืจ... ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชื?
ืืขืืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืกืื ื ืืืื ืขืกืงืื ืืจืืืช ืืคืืืื ืืคืจืขืืช ื ืคืฉืืืช ืืฉืื ืข ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืกืฃ ืืืฆืืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืขืืช ืจืืื ืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืืื...
ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืืงื
ื ืืฉืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืขืืื ื... ืื ืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืขืชืื? ืืจืืฉืช ืืงืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืืคืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจืื ืจืง ืคืื ืืืฉืืคื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืฉ ืคืื ืื ืืืืื ื? ืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื? ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืชืจืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืงืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืชื ืคืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืงืกืืช ืืกืื ืืืชื ืืคืืืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืืืงืกืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืื ืฉืคืืืข ืื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืื ืจืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืงืฉืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืช ืืืขืืื ืืชืช ืืืืข ืืืงืื ืืฉืงืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืจืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืฉืืข ืืช ืืืฉืืืข ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื ืชืืจืฉืชื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืงืก ืืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืงืกืืช ืืคืจืืขื ืืืชืงืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืื? ืชืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืฉืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืฉ ืจืง ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืจื ืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื? ืืืจืื ืืกืฃ ืืืจืืฆืคื ืืืคืงืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืง ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉ ืืืืืจื ืฉื... ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืฉ ืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืช... ืืืื ืขืกืงื ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉ ืืืื? ืขืื ื ืืฉืืื ...
ืืื ืขื ืืื, ื ืืชื ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ
ืืืืฆืืค <phone>
ืืืฅ ืืื
ืืงืืืช ืขืืืื ืขื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืฉืื
ืขืืืื ืื ืื ื: YouTube ืืงืืืฆื ื: Facebook
RSS ืื ืื ืืชืจ / ืืืื - ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ
ืืืชืจ <url> ื ืืชื ืื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืงืืืฆ'ืื ื ืืืฉื, ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืกืงืืืค ืืขืื ืืืคื ืชืื ืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื - ืืื ืืืืื! ืืงืืืขืช ืคืืืฉื ืืืฉืืช / ืืืขืืฅ ืืืคืื ื ืืืฉื / ืืืื ืช ืืกืคืจืื - ืฆืืจ/ื ืขืืฉืื ืงืฉืจ: <phone> |
Views of Paris that tell the history of photography will meet in one exhibit at the Ayala Museum.
The exhibit of the history of photography featuring Paris is a fitting tribute to the city where the art of photography was born.
The earliest known photographic image, taken in 1826 by French inventor Joseph Nicephore Niepce, took eight hours to expose. This breakthrough was followed by the development of the daguerrotype, which was first used by Louise-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, who also worked with Mr. Niepce.
Photography has long since evolved and prime pieces tracing its history are currently on view at the Ayala Museum. As part of the French Spring Festival, Alliance Francaise de Manille has brought images from the French capital to Manila in the show called Objectif Paris.
The exhibit presents Paris as seen through the eyes of its famed photographers like Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Doisneau, Andre Kertesz and Brassai.
The exhibit features 86 images from "cliches" or stereotypes or metal printing plates.
Catchy images include a ground shot taken from the top of the Eiffel Tower, as well as a colored photo of sunbathers on a rooftop.
There are also disturbing ones such as the photo of a butcher carrying a freshly halved body of cattle.
One can also see the development of Paris as a city with three sets of "before and after" photos taken by different photographers.
The photos on view come from the renowned public collections of the Bibliotheque Historique de la Ville de Paris, the Musee Carnavalet, the Musee d'Art Moderne, the Maison Europeenne de la Photographie, and Fonds Municipal d'Art Contemporain.
Objectif Paris is part of the three-month celebration of French Spring in Manila, which celebrates cultural exchange through the five senses.
News stories provided by third parties are not edited by "Site Publication" staff. For suggestions and comments, please click the Contact link at the bottom of this page. |
In this two-part essay, we first cover the concepts of pretotype vs prototype and hypothesis-based entrepreneurship. In the second part, Use case: Social ethnodroids for pretotyping in language learning, we are going to apply this approach to the design of childrenโs language learning toys using an ethnographic robot called a social ethnodroid. See also another pretotyping experiment Hypothesis-driven: Nordstromโs โflash buildโ for app development
Design entrepreneurs never commit the fundamental error of going straight to the full-blown business plan. If you do, you may assume too many things that are untrue โ unless and until you have proven/validated them.
The best way to quickly test your assumptions is by using a three-step process called PVP:
What is pretotype, validate, pivot?
And what is the difference between pretotype vs prototype? PVP is a set of experiments, tools and metrics that helps you build a solution that people will actually want to use. Remember Savoiaโs famous phrase: โMake sure you are building the right it before you build it right.โ[i] This process makes sure you have found the right it. Today we call it hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship.
Pretotyping (basically โpretend-prototypingโ) is the tool that allows you to cheaply and quickly put your idea into a form to see if it achieves product-solution fit. This way, product developers can churn through many ideas at a low cost and with minimum time investment (even overnight).
Basically, you create a series of low-fidelity mock-ups (virtual or physical) that you can use to see if they solve a userโs problem. A pretotype allows you to simulate the core experience of your idea with the smallest possible investment of time and money to see if customers will use it. Pretotyping helps you to fail fast enough and cheaply enough that you have time and resources to try something different. For more on Pretotyping see this endnote.[ii]
How does this fit into hypothesis-based entrepreneurship
Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship tests an identified opportunity using hypotheses and experimental tests to validate whether to persevere with an existing product or to pivot. Pivoting is a โcourse correctionโ in product development when the design team decides to change one or another aspect of the innovation while keeping other aspects constant. This is all part of the process of validation, a scientific method that helps developers cheaply and quickly test (sometimes risky and unproved) assumptions about customers, product, and market. One experimental technique of validation is known as pretotyping.
For these experiments, we use pretotypes. What is pretotype vs prototype? โPretoโ comes from the word โpretendโ. So a pretotype is a โpretend prototypeโ. An actual prototype is something you produce right before you begin large-scale, costly product. The pretotype is a preliminary version. It may fail or not even work, but it gives us information from potential customers so that we can create a better one, one that satisfies more customer needs.
As Alberto Savoia, the father of pretotyping, says, a pretotype helps you to โmake sure you are building the right โitโ before you build it right.โ Using validation through pretotyping, one can verify whether the problem exists for potential customers, whether the product has the functionality to satisfy customer expectations, and indeed whether there is a market of people willing to buy or use it.[iii]
Understanding the difference between preto versus proto
There are a couple of great historical examples that illustrate the process of pretotyping. One is the famous PalmPilot (see Figure) from the late โ90s. It seems so obvious today that it was amazing no one thought of it sooner: a shirt-pocket-sized computer that keeps track of phone numbers, addresses, calendar appointments, a to-do list and memos.
To test his concept, entrepreneur Jeff Hawkins first created the deviceโฆ out of wood! Today, we call it the Pinocchio test because Jeff was โtelling a lieโ that everyone knew. He brought out his fake PalmPilot at meetings and tapped it with his wooden stylus (a chopstick!), saying โWhen can we get together, let me put it into my device.โ He used different design interfaces and various button configurations made of paper glued on to the wood, and he carried his pretotype around for months pretending it was a computer. Only much later, after he had identified huge interest, did he build the prototype, which actually worked, but was much too big (see Figure 7.2). After much iteration, pivoting, validation and pretotyping, the device was market-ready in 1997.[iv]
Another famous historical example of pretotyping is IBMโs speech-to-text transcriber.[v] Back in the mid-1980s, engineers had the idea for a speech-to-text computer where you could dictate into a microphone and the text would miraculously appear on the screen. The prototype phase would obviously have cost millions. Before investing huge sums, to see if they had the right it, IBM asked focus group customers to try out a pretotype. The trick was that their words were being transcribed to screen by a typist sitting the next room. Users were amazed and initially thought it would solve a great pain they had: dictation. But the surprises were equally astounding. IBM learned that even though the customers were astonished, they did not like the solution for reasons that had not even occurred to the IBM team. The customers got sore throats, and they were concerned about privacy (they wanted a sound-proof booth!).[vi]
This is now called the Mechanical Turk testafter a fake chess-playing machine constructed for Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.[vii] The mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent, but in truth there was a Turkish chess master hiding inside to operate the machine. It is also called the Wizard of Oz test because we โpay no attention to the man behind the curtainโ.[viii]
What is the difference between pretotype vs prototype?
An actual prototype is something you produce right before you make the product. A pretotype is a preliminary version (first image). It may sound counter'intuitive, but you should put an unpolished pretotype in front of potential customers as soon and as often as you can. If you have truly targeted a real pain, then users will recognize the potential of your idea and want to know more. You need to show it to the real users that you identified in the opportunity identification phase, whose actual pains you understand and are trying to solve. Even if you are embarrassed by your pretotypeโs appearance, it is important to engage with the users as soon as possible. Listen to their experiences and problems. Especially important is to find out the minimum number and type of features required to solve their pain points.
Savoia's simple pretotyping questions
Get your customers/stakeholders to answer Savoia's simple questions:
- Does this solve problems that you have?
- Is it better than alternative solutions?
- Would you and others use it?
- Would you buy it? How much would you pay?
Pretotypes and prototypes answer different questions.
What is the difference between pretotyping and prototyping?
|Is this the right thing to build? Should we build it at all?||Can we build it?|
|Would people be interested in it?||Will it work as expected?|
|Will people use it as expected?||Will it continue to work and not fail?|
|Will people continue to use it?||How will people use it?|
|Can we build a stripped-down mock-up?||How fast can we make it?|
|Will people pay for it?||Can we create a version as close as possible to the final product?|
|What are the minimum features to solve the pain?||Can we show all the features the product will have?|
|How can we design it to fail fast and cheaply?||Can we produce it fast or cheaply enough?|
|Many, many iterations before the final product||Functional and close to the final product|
|Cost and timeframe very low||Takes months or years and can cost millions|
|Will people use it at all?||What will people use it for?|
Now that you understand the difference between pretotype vs prototype, you have finished the first of a two-part essay on pretotyping and hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship. Now to to part two [[Pretotyping a social ethnodroid to test childrenโs learning progress]] to apply this approach to the design of childrenโs language learning toys using an ethnographic robot called a social ethnodroid.Excerpted from Asia-Pacific edition of Entrepreneurship Theory Process Practice (Melbourne: Cengage, 2019)
[ii] For more on pretotyping, AnyShape (2017). Pretotyping โ Fake it before you make it. AnyShape. Retrieved from https://makeanyshape.com/pages/what-is-pretotyping ; Hayden, R. (2017). Pretotyping โ Pretending to prototype. Blender โ Product Design & Development. Retrieved from https://www.blender.nz/2017/05/pretotyping-pretending-prototype/ ; Pretotyping โ Techniques for building the right product. (2017). Startup Commons Global. Retrieved from http://www.startupcommons.org/1/post/2014/09/pretotyping-techniques-for-building-the-right-product.html ; Prevett, R. (2016). At a glance โ Pretotyping. Disruption. Retrieved from https://disruptionhub.com/at-a-glance-pretotyping/ ; Rees (2012). The end of our Kodak moment; Savoia, A. (2010). Pretotyping: My favorite pretotype story. Pretotyping. Retrieved from http://pretotyping.blogspot.mx/2010/08/one-of-my-favorite-pretotype-stories.html ; Savoia, A. (2011). Pretotyping: A different type of testing. Google Testing Blog. Retrieved from https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/pretotyping-different-type-of-testing.html ; Savoia, A. (2015). How is pretotyping different from prototyping? Quora. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/How-is-pretotyping-different-from-prototyping ; Savoia, A. (2017). Introduction to pretotyping. Pretotyping. Retrieved from http://www.pretotyping.org/historical-artifacts.html ; Singh, M. (2015). What is pretotyping? Agilious. Retrieved from http://agilious.com/what-is-pretotyping/ ; Zangrando, L. (2016). The pretotype innovation process. Pretotype Matters. Retrieved from https://medium.com/pretotype-matters/pm-weekly-the-pretotype-innovation-process-8f234062a544 .
[iii] Savoia, A. (2011). Pretotype It: Make sure you are building the right it before you build it right. Alberto Savoia. Retrieved from http://www.pretotyping.org/uploads/1/4/0/9/14099067/pretotype_it_2nd_pretotype_edition-2.pdf; Savoia, A. (2011). Pretotyping: A Different Type of Testing. Retrieved May 7, 2017, from https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/pretotyping-different-type-of-testing.html; Savoia, A. (2014). Pretotype It. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from https://www.jamasoftware.com/blog/pretotype/; Savoia, A. (2015). How is pretotyping different from prototyping? - Quora. Retrieved May 7, 2017, from https://www.quora.com/How-is-pretotyping-different-from-prototyping; Savoia, A. (2016). How ethical is pretotyping? Retrieved May 15, 2017, from https://www.quora.com/How-ethical-is-pretotyping; Savoia, A. (n.d.). Introduction to Pretotyping. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from http://www.pretotyping.org/historical-artifacts.html;
[iv] Jeff Hawkins (2017, February 19). Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hawkins&oldid=766274071; Savoia (2010). Pretotyping: My favorite pretotype story; Jackson, D. S. (1998, March 16). Palm-to-palm combat. Time. Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987979,00.html.
[v] Kelley, J. F. (1983). An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 193โ6). New York, NY, USA: ACM; Kelley, J. F. (1984). An iterative design methodology for user-friendly natural language office information applications. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 2, 26โ41.
[vi] 16 Hammer, S. (2016). How IBM saved millions by thinking small. LinkedIn Pulse. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-ibm-saved-millions-thinking-small-sebastian-hammer ; Savoia (2014). Pretotype it.
[viii] Akers, D. (2006). Wizard of Oz for participatory design: Inventing a gestural interface for 3D selection of neural pathway estimates. In CHI โ06 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 454โ9). New York, NY, USA: ACM https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1125451.1125552; Hรถysniemi, J., Hรคmรคlรคinen, P., & Turkki, L. (2004). Wizard of Oz prototyping of computer vision based action games for children. In Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Interaction Design and Children: Building a Community (pp. 27โ34). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1017833.1017837 |
Watching/Reading โ Reactive Design Patterns โ Cont.
Continuing to read the book and additional notes are,
- Asynchronous interfaces helps decoupling modules and provides horizontal scalability.
- Location transparency โ By writing the application in a distributed manner, even for the local processing, your application can become resilient to the failure. It makes writing tests easier too.
- Akkaโs Actor systems (http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/snapshot/scala/actors.html) provides simple interface for message passing between components. It provides simple interface and it makes it easier to tests through stubs/mocks on the interface.
- You need to work with non-determinism in distributed systems. One approach is explicitly synchronize for avoiding ordering issue. The other is to avoid/isolate computations which will be affected by the computation order.
- Back-pressure and flow control becomes required between components. Reactive stream (http://www.reactive-streams.org/) is one way to control flow.
- Netflix is building Chaos Monkey which randomly disabled production instances for ensuring system resiliency (https://github.com/Netflix/SimianArmy).
This book covers various concepts and methodologies for building solid system in a distributed manner. Also, the examples written with Scala is relatively simple and good to understand.
Also, the following coursera courses covers similar topic and would help gaining knowledge on this topic too. |
ืจืืฉืืืืืืก ืคืื ื ืกืืื ืืืืชืจืืชืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืชืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืืืืืืืืืืื ืื''ื ืืชืฉืชืืืชืฉืืืืง ืืคืจืกืืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืจืืืฉืคืืืืืืง ืืืืข ืืงืืื ืืกืืืืืืขืืชืืืืื Gืืื ืกืืจืื ื'ืืจื ื
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ืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืื:
ืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืืชื. ืืชื ืฉืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื
ืืชืจืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชื
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ืจืืืฉืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืก ืืคืขืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืก ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืฆืื ื ืชื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืช ืคืจืืืืช
ืื ืงืจืืืช ืืืืชืจ
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ืืขืืช ืงืืฆ'ืืง ืืืืื ืช ืืื ื ืืืืฆืจ ืืคืชืืขื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืื
ืืืืขืื ืืืืืฆื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืขืื ืืืจื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ื"ื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืคืื โ ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืื ืืงืฆืืขื ืืขื ืืื ื - ืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืื ืืืืืช
ืขืืืจื ืืจืงืช 02.01.2018
ืจืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ?
ืืืืฆื ืขื ืืกืืื ืชืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืชืื.
ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืชืื ืฉืฉืืจืช, ืืฉ ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืกืจืื ืืขืืืื
ืืื ืชื, ืชืืื!
ืจืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ?
ืืืืฆื ืขื ืืกืืื ืชืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืชืื.
ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืชืื ืฉืฉืืจืช, ืืฉ ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืกืจืื ืืขืืืื
ืืื ืชื, ืชืืื!
"ืืฉ ืืงืืืข ืืืขืืจ ืืืงื ืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ื"ื ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื" ืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืขืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืื ื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ.
ืืืืขืื, ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืกื ืงืืฆ'ืืง, ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืื ื"ืื ืืืฆืจ ืืฉืขืืจ: ืืืจืื ืคืืื, ืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืขืกืงืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ื"ืจ ืืจืืจ ืฉืืจืื.
ืืืืืฆื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืงื ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืฆื ืืืืฆื ืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืฉืืจืช ืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืง ืืขืืื ืฉื ืื ื"ื ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืืื ืืืืคืืฃ ืืืื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืฉืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืืฆื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืืก ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืกืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืฉืงืื ืืงืืช ืืืขืฆื ืคืืกืงืืืช ืืืืืืง ืืืจื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืืืฉืจื.
ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืื ืฆืคืืืืช ืืืืชืงื ืืชืืืื ืฆืื ื ืช ืืฆื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืกืคืงื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืข ืืจืืฉืื, ืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืขื ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืขืื. ืขื-ืคื ืืชื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืขืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืืืง ืืช ืืื ื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ื"ื, ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืกืื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืื ื"ื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืกืืจ ืื ืืฉ ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืคืื ืขืฆืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืคืืคืื ืืื ื"ื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืื. ืืขืช ืืงืืช ืืืืขืื ืกืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืชืืืืชื ืืืืคืืฃ ืืช ืืืฃ ืืชืงืฆืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืืฅ ืืื ื ืืืจืจืื ืืืฉืจื.
ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืฉืืขื ื-30 ืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืืืจื ืืืืขืื ืืืกืงื ื ืื "ืืฉ ืืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืขื ืื ื, ืืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืฉืงืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืชื ืืืืกืื". ืขื ืืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืืื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืจืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ื"ื. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืช ืืื ื"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืืงืืช ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืืฉืจื, ืื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจ. ืืืืขืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืฉืชืคืขื ืชืืช ืื ื"ื ืืืืฆืจ ืืชืกืืืข ืื ืืงืืืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืชืืืื ืขืืืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืืฆื ืืืืขืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืืคืช ืฉื ืืืืคืื, ื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืงืืคืืช ืืืงืื ืืืฆื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืชืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจื.
ืืืืขืื ืืืืืฆื ืขื ืชื ืื ืกืฃ ืืืฉืจืช ืืื ื"ื ืืืืฉืจืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืืืืืื.
ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืืขืฆื ืคืืกืงืืืืช ืฉืชืคืขื ืืฆื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื.
ืืืฉืื ืืืกืงื ืืช - ืจืง ืืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืื
ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืกืจื ืื ืขื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืขืืช ืงืืฆืณืืง ืืืืื ืช ืืื ื ืืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ, ืืืืืข ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืื"ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืืืืง ืืขืื ืื ื"ื ืืืฉืจื - ืืืฉืื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืขื ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืื.
ืืืืจื ืืื"ื: "ืคืขืืชื ืืืงืืช ืืืืขืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืงืฆืืขื ืืืขืืืง ืืช ืกืืืืืืช ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืก ืืกืืืืืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืืฉืจื, ืืขื ืื ืช ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจื. ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืฆืืจื ื ืืื ื. ืืืื ืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืืืืง ืืขืื ืืื ื"ื ืืืืจืชื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ื ืืงืืื ืืคืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืืื - ืืืฉืื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืื. ืื ื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืขืื ืืจืื ืืจืืื, ืืืจืื ืคืืื, ืืืื ืฉื ื, ืืจืืจ ืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืกื ืงืืฆืณืืง ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืืคื, ืขื ืื"ื ืืงืฆืืขื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืฆื ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืกื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืขื ืชืจืืืชื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื".
"ืืืชืืื ืืืื ืกืืืจื ืฆืจืืืื ืืขื ืืื; ืืงืื ืืจืื ืคืืืง ืืงืืืืืืจืื"
ืืืกืคื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชื
ืืืกื ืงืืฆ'ืืง
ืืฉื ืืืืื
ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ
ืฉื ืืื"ื
ืจืืฆื ืืืชืขืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืชืื?
ืืืืฆื ืขื ืื ืืฉื ืชืืกืืฃ ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืืช "ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชื", ืฉืื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืชืคืจืกืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืฉื.
ืืฆืคืืื ืืืชืืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื, ืืฉ ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืคืชืืจ ืืกืจืื ืืขืืืื
ืืื ืชื, ืชืืื!
ืขืื ืื ืืฉื
"ืคืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืชื ื ืืฉืืืื - ืงืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืฉืงื ืืชื ื ืื ืืื"
ืืืกืจ ืืืงื
ืืืกืคื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชื
ืืืกื ืงืืฆ'ืืง
ืืฉื ืืืืื
ืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ
ืฉื ืืื"ื
ืจืืฆื ืืืชืขืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืชืื?
ืืืืฆื ืขื ืื ืืฉื ืชืืกืืฃ ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืืช "ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชื", ืฉืื ืืชื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืชืคืจืกืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืฉื. |
Hans W. Guesgen, Jochen Albrecht and Stefi Grundner, University of Auckland, New Zealand
In recent years, fuzzy logic has been applied successfully to a wide range of problems. This paper shows how it can be utilized in the area of spatial reasoning, in particular geographic information systems. The problem that we address here is the prediction of erosion from factors such as slope, annual precipitation, etc. These factors are represented as maps in a GIS. The maps are converted into fuzzy sets and then given as input to a fuzzy rule-based system, which produces an erosion map as output. |
The ecological niche of jellyfish has remained largely unchanged for more than 600 million years. Jellyfish are carnivorous and live on plankton, small crustaceans, fish eggs, fish and other jellyfish. In turn, they are preyed on by tuna, sharks, sea turtles, swordfish and salmon.
Some regions, such as the Caribbean and Hawaii, experience incursions of invasive jellyfish species with few or no natural predators. Jellyfish use their tentacles as drift nets to capture food. When fish or other creatures make contact with the tentacles, the tentacles respond by firing paralyzing toxins into the prey. The jellyfish then uses its tentacles and smaller growths known as oral arms to move the paralyzed prey to its mouth. |
Introduction to Apache Maven | A build automation tool for Java projects
What is Maven?
Maven is a powerful project management tool that is based on POM (project object model). It is used for projects build, dependency and documentation. It simplifies the build process like ANT. But it is too much advanced than ANT.
In short terms we can tell maven is a tool that can be used for building and managing any Java-based project. maven make the day-to-day work of Java developers easier and generally help with the comprehension of any Java-based project.
What maven does?
Maven does a lot of helpful task like
- We can easily build a project using maven.
- We can add jars and other dependencies of the project easily using the help of maven.
- Maven provides project information (log document, dependency list, unit test reports etc.)
- Maven is very helpful for a project while updating central repository of JARs and other dependencies.
- With the help of Maven we can build any number of projects into output types like the JAR, WAR etc without doing any scripting.
- Using maven we can easily integrate our project with source control system (such as Subversion or Git).
How maven works?
Core Concepts of Maven:
- POM Files: Project Object Model(POM) Files are XML file that contains information related to the project and configuration information such as dependencies, source directory, plugin, goals etc. used by Maven to build the project. When you should execute a maven command you give maven a POM file to execute the commands. Maven reads pom.xml file to accomplish its configuration and operations.
- Dependencies and Repositories: Dependencies are external Java libraries required for Project and repositories are directories of packaged JAR files. The local repository is just a directory on your machine hard drive. If the dependencies are not found in the local Maven repository, Maven downloads them from a central Maven repository and puts them in your local repository.
- Build Life Cycles, Phases and Goals: A build life cycle consists of a sequence of build phases, and each build phase consists of a sequence of goals. Maven command is the name of a build lifecycle, phase or goal. If a lifecycle is requested executed by giving maven command, all build phases in that life cycle are executed also. If a build phase is requested executed, all build phases before it in the defined sequence are executed too.
- Build Profiles: Build profiles a set of configuration values which allows you to build your project using different configurations. For example, you may need to build your project for your local computer, for development and test. To enable different builds you can add different build profiles to your POM files using its profiles elements and are triggered in the variety of ways.
- Build Plugins: Build plugins are used to perform specific goal. you can add a plugin to the POM file. Maven has some standard plugins you can use, and you can also implement your own in Java.
Installation process of Maven
The installation of Maven includes following Steps:
- Verify that your system has java installed or not. if not then install java (Link for Java Installation )
- Check java Environmental variable is set or not. if not then set java environmental variable.(link to install java and setting environmental variable)
- Download maven (Link)
- Unpack your maven zip at any place in your system.
- Add the bin directory of the created directory apache-maven-3.5.3(it depends upon your installation version) to the PATH environment variable and system variable.
- open cmd and run mvn -v command. If it print following lines of code then installation completed.
Apache Maven 3.5.3 (3383c37e1f9e9b3bc3df5050c29c8aff9f295297; 2018-02-25T01:19:05+05:30) Maven home: C:\apache-maven-3.5.3\bin\.. Java version: 1.8.0_151, vendor: Oracle Corporation Java home: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: Cp1252 OS name: "windows 10", version: "10.0", arch: "amd64", family: "windows"
Maven pom.xml file
POM means Project Object Model is key to operate Maven. Maven reads pom.xml file to accomplish its configuration and operations. It is an XML file that contains information related to the project and configuration information such as dependencies, source directory, plugin, goals etc. used by Maven to build the project.
The sample of pom.xml
Elements used for Creating pom.xml file
- project- It is the root element of the pom.xml file.
- modelVersion- modelversion means what version of the POM model you are using. Use version 4.0.0 for maven 2 and maven 3.
- groupId- groupId means the id for the project group. It is unique and Most often you will use a group ID which is similar to the root Java package name of the project like we used the groupId com.project.loggerapi.
- artifactId- artifactId used to give name of the project you are building.in our example name of our project is LoggerApi.
- version- version element contains the version number of the project. If your project has been released in different versions then it is useful to give version of your project.
Other Elements of Pom.xml file
- dependencies- dependencies element is used to defines a list of dependency of project.
- dependency- dependency defines a dependency and used inside dependencies tag. Each dependency is described by its groupId, artifactId and version.
- name- this element is used to give name to our maven project.
- scope- this element used to define scope for this maven project that can be compile, runtime, test, provided system etc.
- packaging- packaging element is used to packaging our project to output types like JAR, WAR etc.
Maven repositories are directories of packaged JAR files with some metadata. The metadata are POM files related to the projects each packaged JAR file belongs to, including what external dependencies each packaged JAR has. This metadata enables Maven to download dependencies of your dependencies recursively until all dependencies are download and put into your local machine.
Maven has three types of repository :
- Local repository
- Central repository
- Remote repository
Maven searches for dependencies in this repositories. First maven searches in Local repository then Central repository then Remote repository if Remote repository specified in the POM.
- Local repository- A local repository is a directory on the machine of developer. This repository contains all the dependencies Maven downloads. Maven only needs to download the dependencies once, even if multiple projects depends on them (e.g. ODBC).
By default, maven local repository is user_home/m2 directory.
example โ C:\Users\asingh\.m2
- Central repository- The central Maven repository is created Maven community. Maven looks in this central repository for any dependencies needed but not found in your local repository. Maven then downloads these dependencies into your local repository. You can view central repository by this link.
- Remote repository- remote repository is a repository on a web server from which Maven can download dependencies.it often used for hosting projects internal to organization. Maven then downloads these dependencies into your local repository.
- Maven can add all the dependencies required for the project automatically by reading pom file.
- One can easily build their project to jar, war etc. as per their requirements using Maven.
- Maven makes easy to start project in different environments and one doesnโt needs to handle the dependencies injection, builds, processing, etc.
- Adding a new dependency is very easy. One has to just write the dependency code in pom file.
- Maven needs the maven installation in the system for working and maven plugin for the ide.
- If the maven code for an existing dependency is not available, then one cannot add that dependency using maven.
- When there are a lot of dependencies for the project. Then it is easy to handle those dependencies using maven.
- When dependency version update frequently. Then one has to only update version ID in pom file to update dependencies.
- Continuous builds, integration, and testing can be easily handled by using maven.
- When one needs an easy way to Generating documentation from the source code, Compiling source code, Packaging compiled code into JAR files or ZIP files.
Practical Application Of Maven
When working on a java project and that project contains a lot of dependencies, builds, requirement, then handling all those things manually is very difficult and tiresome. Thus using some tool which can do these works is very helpful.
Maven is such a build management tool which can do all the things like adding dependencies, managing the classpath to project, generating war and jar file automatically and many other things.
Pros and Cons of using Maven
When should someone use Maven?
One can use the Maven Build Tool in the following condition:
Reference- Apache Maven DocumentationMy Personal Notes arrow_drop_up |
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ื ืจืชืืง ืืขืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืง, ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืง. ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืกืืจ ืคื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืชืืื , ื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืงืื! ืืืืจ :PVC ...
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ื ืจืชืืง ืืขืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืง, ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืง. ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืกืืจ ืคื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืชืืื , ื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืงืื! ืืืืจ :PVC ...
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ื ืจืชืืง ืืขืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืง, ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืง, ืืืืกืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืคืืืืจ . ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืกืืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืจืืช, ื ืืืจืืช ,ืืกืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืขืืช ! ืืืืจ :PVC ืืืืืช: 25 *35 |
ื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืฆืืืช ืืขืกืง. ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืขื ืืจืืืืื ืจืืื. ื ืืืื ืืงืืืื, ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืคืืงื ืฉื ืืขืกืง โ ืืืืคื. ืืฉืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืช,, ืืงืืืข ื ืืืื ืืจืืจืื, ืื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืืืฆืื ืกืืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฆืืจ ืกืืืืช ืขืืืื ืคืจืืืืงืืืืืช.
ืืงืืืข ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช
ืื ืืฉืจื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืงืืืื. ืขืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืคืขืื ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืชืงื ืื ืืขืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืคืขืื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืช ืืืืืืช ืืฆืืจืชื ืืฉืฆืจืื, ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงื ืืกืืก ืืืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืฉื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืช:
ืชืืืง ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืกืืืื
ืืขื ื ืืชืขืืืฃ ืฉื ืืืืืื
ืกืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืขืืืคืืืืช
ืืืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืข ืืฉืืืืช
ืืชื ืืืืช ืืื ืกืคืงืื, ืคืจืืื ืกืจืื ืื ืืชื ื ืฉืืจืืช
ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืงืืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืืจืืช
ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืงืืืข ืืขืฆืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืขืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืขืืืื. ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืกืืจืช ื ืืืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืชืื ืข ืืืืก ืืื-ืืื ืืช ืืชืืืขื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืฉืืืคืช ืขืฉืจืืช ืืื ืื.
ื ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ืื ืืืื ืกืืกืืืื
ืืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจื. ืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืืืกืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืขื ืกืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืกืืกืื ืื ืงืื ืคืืืงื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืฆืืืช, ืืืืืฅ ืืืชืืจ ืืคืชืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืคื ืืงืืืื. ืกืืกืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืขืืืืื ืืขืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืจื, ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืฉืง ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืชืคืืงื. ืื ืฉืื, ืืฉืื ืื ืืกืฃ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืฆืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืฆืืืช ืฉืืชืจืื ืืฆื ืืกืืฆืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืืข ืืขืืืื ืขืฆืื.
ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืขืจืืช ื ืืืื ืืฉืจื
ืงืฉื ืืืคืจืื ืืืฉืืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช CRM ืืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืขืกืง. ืืื ืฉืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืข, ืืืืงืืช ืืขืืืืื, ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืื. ืืขืจืืช ื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืืข ืฉื ืืขืกืง ืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจืื ืืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืื, ืฉืืืฃ ืืขืืื ื. ืืื ืืกื ืืจื ืช ืืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืืข. ืืขืืจืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืืืืข ืืืื ื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืขืืืืช. ืืืช ืืจื ืืขืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืกืงืืช ืืื ืื ืฉืงืืจื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืื ืืื ืฉืืชืขืืื ืืื ืืจืฃ. ืืขืจืืช ื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืขืืช ืืืฉืง ืงื ืืคืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืช ืืชืืืขื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ ืืช ืืชืคืืงื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื.
ืืืืฆืื ืกืืืืืืช
ืืืฆืืช ืกืืืืืืช ืขืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืคืืงื. ืื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืขืฆืื โ ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืชืืฆืข ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืฆืืช ืกืืืืืืช ืขืืืจืช ืืืขื ืืง ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืขืืืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืคืจืืืืงืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืกืืจืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจื. ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืื, ืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืขืื ืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชืคืืงื.
ยซ ืคืืกื ืงืืื
ืคืืกื ืืื ยป
ืืฉืืจืช ืชืืืื
ืืืืื
ืฉื:*
ืืืืืื*
ืืชืจ:
ืชืืืื
ืืืืจืช ืืขืืจืืื
9 ื ืืจืฅ 2020 ืืื ืกืืืื
ืื ืชืฉืคืจื ืืช ืืืืืืจื ืืขืกืง ืฉืืื
ืืืฆืืืืช ืืขืกืงืืช ืืืื ืืืช, ืืืืืจื ืืืชืืืขื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ื, ืื ืืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืฉืืงื ืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืฉืง, ืจืง ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช, ืืฉืงืืขืื
9 ื ืืจืฅ 2020 ืืื ืกืืืื
ืืชืืืช ืืชืืืจื ืืขืืฆืื ืืขืกืง ืฉืืื
ืืชืืืช ืืชืืืจื ืืขืืฆืื, ืืืืคื ืืืืืืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืขืกืง ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืชืืืจื ื ืืื ื, ืืืืืชืืช ืืืกืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืืคืช ืฉื
27 ื ืคืืจืืืจ 2020 ืืื ืกืืืื
ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉื ืืขืฆื ืชืขืฉืืืชื
ืขืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืื ืขื ืชืชื ื ืืฉืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช โ ืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืชื, ืืจื ืขืืฆืื ืืจืคื ืืืื ืืขืืฆืื
12 ื ืคืืจืืืจ 2020 ืืื ืกืืืื
ืืืจืื ืืืงืืช ืขืกืง
ืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืขืกืง ืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืฆืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืช ืืคืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืช
6 ื ืคืืจืืืจ 2020 ืืื ืกืืืื
ืื ืชืืกืื ืืจืื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืคืืื ืฉืื ืืื
ืืืคืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืกืืคืืจ ืื ืืื. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืคืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืื ืืื, ืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืฆืขืื ืืฉืงืืขื ืืช
ืขืฉื ืื ื ืืืืง
ืืืืืช
ืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืจ ืื ืกืืืื โ ืืืจืื ืืขืกืงืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืื & ืืจืืกืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืืืจืื, ืืืจืืืื, ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืงืฆืืขื ืขื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืื ืื, ืขืกืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืืงืฆืืข. ืืืืืข ืฉืชืงืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืขืืืื, ืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืฉืื. ื ืฉืื ืื ืชืืฆืื ืืขื ื ืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจืืฉืืช ืฉืืื. ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืจืฉืืชืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืชืืืขืฆืืช. |
The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are small, muscular hinges that connect our jaw (mandible) to the temporal bones located just in front of the ears. These joints are used constantly throughout the day as we talk, eat, yawn, and breathe! From time to time, however, problems arise within or around this joint that can cause serious discomfort. Collectively, these problems are known as temporomandibular joint disorders or, simply, TMD.
What Are the Symptoms of TMD?
Although the TMJ is a tiny part of the body, soreness within this joint can cause extreme discomfort throughout the body. Symptoms of TMD can include:
Trouble opening and closing the mouth
Clicking or popping of the jaw
Tenderness in the jaw
Increased tension in the shoulder muscles
Rare cases, such as tinnitus
Those who suffer from TMD typically experience amplified symptoms as the day goes on and the jaw is continually used. Although the muscle soreness is usually localized to the lower face, symptoms such as headaches, earaches, and tinnitus are a distraction in every facet of daily life.
What Causes TMD?
Currently, there's no single answer as to what causes TMD, but dentists have identified many contributing factors. These include:
An uneven bite caused by ill-fitted crowns and bridges
High stress, which can lead to clenching and facial muscle tightness
Any kind of trauma, including whiplash
Arthritis of the TMJ
Can TMD Be Treated?
The good news is that your friendly Valencia dentist is fully equipped to treat TMD! Every case of TMD is unique and requires special attention. Some minor cases can be treated with plastic night guards to protect against grinding, while more severe cases may require crown replacement or surgery. Consult with your dentist to find out which treatment is right for you! |
In an area largely void of surface stone, and with timber being at a premium for ship building, the resourceful and pragmatic Ozians came up with what was at the time, a novel solution to their building problems. The built their homes out of mud and clay.
The oldest regions are built up on large hills, the remnants of softmud sun dried bricks. These bricks only lasted about 30 years before succumbing to the elements. The old structures would collapse on their own, or would be demolished, with a new building being lifted on the pulverized remains of the old. It isnโt known when, but eventually the brick makers learned how to fire the bricks in kiln, using the thick peat extracted from the swampy lands close to the city.
This turn of technology put the brick well ahead of stone in availability and in cheapness. Stone was still used, and its prevalence is obvious in the facades of the noble palaces and other important structures of the city. Under the stone, however, is a core of brick. Most new structures not owned by the church or the nobility are made of these pressed and fired bricks. The brick-makers even had a secret salt based mixture that was added to surface bricks that repelled water and lasted two to three times as long as a regular fired brick.
The Build and the Guild
The Guild began as an interesting compromise between several brick-laying work gangs, and the largest of the brick kilns in the city. working exclusively with bricks from the one kiln facility, the gang, known as Brick Brothers gained reliable brick supply since the kiln could run constantly and not worry about the demand for brick at that very instant. Stockpiles could be built, and the Brick-Brothers could keep up with building demands, be they high or low. This eventually pushed the other brick gangs to either find new employment or joining the Brick-Brothers.
It was sometime during the middle of the Imperial Age when the Guilds act, now largely forgotten established the rules and bylaws of guild organizations. The Brick Brothers became a formal Guild, in concert with the Kilnmeisters, and though the offer was extended, neither carters, or the peat-cutters were inclined to join the guild in favor of their own. It is worth noting that even though many social structures, and building, and even nations and entire races perished in the Nightmare War, the Guild system fostered by the empire survived, though it currently bears little resemblance to its founding state.
The guild today has two major operations, the prime being in Ozea and based around the massive brick fired kilns that turn the sandy red clay into the pressed ochre bricks that lend Ozea its almost trademark sandy-red color. The second operation is in Sangreal itself and works to maintain the brick based Haven wall as well as building the cheaper brick cores for important structures in the city.
Actually the Guildmaster of the Brick-Brothers, the Baker is the title given to the master of the kiln operation and leads to some confusion with foreigners. The Bakerโs Ward is the actual site of the brick kilns, and the brickyards where the finished goods are stacked and stored until being used. The current Baker is a well known and generous man, but is also known for his rather excessive taste in wine and whispered rumors of being a follower of the Via Mortus following the death of his wife in a brick related accident.
The sundry and general store of the Bakerโs Ward, also the meeting hall of the Brick-Brothers guild. The store has a large brick face, and aside from selling the general goods one would find in such a location (tools, flour, etc) it also carries artwork produced from fired clay, making brick statues and the like as a big of skill demonstration. The operator of the store is a smaller cabal of the Guild that is made almost entirely of bricklayer and kiln-stokersโ wives.
The Peat Smokers
A step above beggars, the peat smokers and unskilled laborers who are paid a penny a day to carry bricks for the Brick-Brothers. They are known for smoking peat-leaf, a plant related to tobacco that is responsible for laying down the massive peat beds in the area. Some hope that they might be initiated into the ranks of the Brick-Brothers and become craftsmen. This happens, but only very rarely.
Boss of the Achelandage Crew, Kirpich is known for his hands being smeared with brick dust from working right along side of his brothers in the guild. A bear of a man with hands like baseball gloves and a chest like an ox, few would quarrel with him. some see him as the next Baker, but in truth he will likely stay with his crew, working the market district and occasionally going out to work on some of the walls on the north side of the city.
Kirpich is a likeable man with a short beard, also often stained with brick dust. He likes to drink in his off hours and curses virulently about local politics, and the nobles and their squabbling with the clergy over power and authority. Despite his rough looks he is a well connected man and has friends in the merchants guild, and in the clergy of the Cathedral of Ozea.
Scene Dressing - More as background material, the PCs have to go through an area that is being repaired/reconstructed or being built to reach their goal. Perhaps they have to find a way into such and such building before the next full moon to find that it is being refaced with new glazed bricks and the work crews are almost constantly present, toting bricks up and down scaffolding, smoking peat pipes, and making a racket.
Guild Matters - An old guildmaster took a secret to his grave, but once exhumed his corpse has a single clue in it, a golden trowel he was awarded for building an important building. To find the clue the PCs have to determine the building he was awarded for, find the hollow space/secret compartment and find the dingus. Are the Brick-Bothers going to stand by while grave robbers disturb one of their own, or let them break through a wall put up 450 years ago?
Have Brickโฆ - a PC wants to build something like a castle, manor house, etc. Stone is soooo expensive! The Brick-Brothers make him an offer he would be a fool to refuse.
Brothers in Arms - With organized labor comes organized crime, could the Brick-Brothers be a front for the Ozian Made-Men? The mafia-like criminal underworld of the city? (Weak option, but I had to put it out there) |
Suppose you realize that the table you painstakingly created and completed with details really is unnecessary and your information would be better in simple paragraph format. You could take the time to copy and past the information outside of the table but that is unnecessary if you use Word table conversion feature.
Lets try a simple practice set. Open a word document and replicate the table shown below:
| Place your insertion point somewhere within the table. |
Select Table | Convert| Table to Text
|The table to text dialog box will be displayed. The table to text dialog box provides for a simple conversion to text.|
Typical of the MS Office program, the dialog box will guess which indicator is appropriate to use in making the conversion. You can choose to separate the text by paragraphs, commas, tabs or other. Make sure you look at your data to determine whether Word's default suggestion makes sense for your data. In our example, Word suggests to separate by tabs as it interprets the table row indicators as a tab. After choosing how to separate the text, click on OK. Your table will not be displayed as text outside of a table with each row of the table in the table in a separate line/paragraph.
Let's try a second example:
This table is a little bit different then the 1st example because it has only one column. Each of the cells contain several lines of text.
|In this example the Table to Text dialog box chooses paragraph marks as the appropriate delimiter for the conversion. When you accept Word's suggestion and click on OK, the questions in each of the table cells appropriately convert to separate text paragraphs.|
Take the time to experiment with different types of tables. |
Ruanda-Urundi Sections Article Introduction & Quick Facts Additional Info More Articles On This Topic Contributors Article History Home Geography & Travel Historical Places Ruanda-Urundi historical territory, Africa Print Cite verifiedCite While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Select Citation Style MLA APA Chicago Manual of Style Copy Citation Share Share Share to social media Facebook Twitter URL https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruanda-Urundi More Give Feedback External Websites Feedback Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Feedback Type Select a type (Required) Factual Correction Spelling/Grammar Correction Link Correction Additional Information Other Your Feedback Submit Feedback Thank you for your feedback Our editors will review what youโve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! External Websites How Stuff Works - History - Ruanda-Urundi By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica View Edit History Date: 1922 - 1962 ...(Show more) Related Places: Burundi Rwanda ...(Show more) Full Article Ruanda-Urundi, twin territory in central East Africa that was administered by Belgium from 1922 to 1962 and which thereafter became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi (qq.v.). After World War I, in 1922, with an adjustment of frontiers, a slice of what had been formerly German East Africa came under Belgian control and, in 1924, became the mandate of Ruanda-Urundi, under League of Nations auspices. After World War II, in 1946, the twin territory was reconstituted as a United Nations trust territory. Throughout its history it was administered under a vice governor-general as an integral part of the Belgian Congo, but with a separate budget. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Rwanda: Rwanda under German and Belgian control โฆadministered as the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi until the end of the Belgian trusteeship in 1962. By then, however, the two states had evolved radically different political systems. Rwanda had declared itself a republic in January 1961 and forced its monarch (mwami), Kigeri, into exile. Burundi, on the other hand, retainedโฆ Rwanda Rwanda, landlocked republic lying south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: โland of a thousand hillsโ). The capital is Kigali, located in the centre of the country on the Ruganwa River.โฆ Burundi Burundi, country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundiโs population is Hutu, traditionally a farming people. Power, however, has long rested withโฆ History at your fingertips Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! Email address By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Thank you for subscribing! Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. |
ืืืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืจื ืืขืจื (ืืืืฉื) ืืืืฉืืช 13 ืื โืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืฆื โ ืืชืืืื ืชืงืืืช ืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืืฉืโ.
ืื ืื ืงืืืืืฆืงื
ืืคืื ืื ื
ืืืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืจื ืืขืจื (ืืืืฉื) ืืืืฉืืช 13 ืื โืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืฆื โ ืืชืืืื ืชืงืืืช ืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืืฉืโ. ืขื ืคื ืืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช, ืขื ืกืคืืืืจ ืขืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื 17 ืืืฃ ืืืืืชื ืงืืจืื ื ืืืืื.
ืืืขืืช ืืืืกืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืชืจืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืื ื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืืืืฉืคืืื ืืืฆื ืงืฉื ืืืืื 40-59. ืขื ืคื ืืชืจืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืชื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ื 40+: ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉื -70% ืืืืืงื ื-90% ืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืงืฉื ืืื ืืื ื-27.08 ืชืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืช ื-60 ืืงืจืื ืงืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืื.
ืขื ืคื ืชืจืืืฉ ืืืคืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืชืืื 90% ืืื ื ืืืืืงื ื-937 ืืืืื ืงืฉื ืืืื 50 ืืงืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ื-20 ืืืืืื ื-1.10 |
The Difference Between "Insure," "Ensure," and "Assure"
Guest writer Charles Carson answers,
The verbs insure, with an I, and ensure, with an E, derive from the Latin word securus, meaning "safe" or "secure," which itself derives from se, meaning "without," and caru, meaning "care"โliterally "without cares or worries." Also derived from securus are the English words sure, assure, secure, and security. On its path from Latin through French and into English, securus became simplified and took on a variety of prefixes, thus leading to the confusingly similar English verbs assure, ensure, and insure.
The verbs assure, ensure, and insure all have the general meaning "to make sure," and even though some argue that they are interchangeable (1,2), many maintain that their usage is dependent on context (3,4,5,6):
Assure is something you do to a person, a group of people, or an animal to remove doubt or anxiety, as in Squiggly assured Aardvark that he'd come to the party early. You can remember that assure can only be used with things that are alive (and both assure and alive start with a). Only things that are alive can feel doubt or anxiety, so only they can be assured.
Ensure is something you do to guarantee an event or condition, as in To ensure there'd be enough food, Aardvark ordered twice as much food as last year. You can remember that guarantee has those two e's on the end to help you remember that to ensure (with an e) is to guarantee something. (ๆฅๆบ๏ผ่ฑ่ฏญไบคๅ http://friends.englishcn.com)
Insure can be done to a person, place, or thing, but it's reserved for limiting financial liability, most commonly by obtaining an insurance policy, as in Aardvark wondered if the caterers were insured against loss. You can remember that we take out insurance to protect our income if we become unemployed, disabled, or injured in an accident. Both insure and income begin with -in.
Finally, the related verb secure is used when you take possession of a thing or place, as in Aardvark secured a beautiful hall for his party, or when you make something stable or safe, as in Aardvark secured the welcome banner to the wall.
Quick and Dirty "Ensure," "Assure," Insure" Tip
So the quick and dirty tip is to use assure for things that are alive (remember that a is for alive), ensure to guarantee events and conditions (remember those two e's at the end of guarantee), secure for things and places, and insure for all of the above in financial contexts (remember the i is for income).
What About "Reassure"?
But wait, there's more. English has added its own prefixes to generate new words. The verb reassure is largely used interchangeably with assure, but it should be reserved for situations in which the assurance is repeated or ongoing. Reassure can also be used when a previously held belief is later doubtedโthat is, a person who was once sure of something can be reassured if they later experience doubt. For example, one might say Tom's faith in the justice system was tested by the proceedings, but the judge's final decision reassured him.
How About "Assurance," "Reassurance," and "Insurance"?
Then there are the noun forms. Assurance, reassurance, and insurance follow the same rules as their verb counterparts; use assurance and reassurance when eliminating doubt or anxiety in things that are alive, and use insurance (with an i) in financial contexts.* Unfortunately, there is no word ensurance (with an e), so writers must work around it with phrases like attempts to ensure, as in Despite Aardvark's attempts to ensure there'd be food for everyone, he forgot that Squiggly doesn't eat bugs.โ
Thanks to Charles Carson, managing editor of the journal American Speech, for guest-writing this episode; and thanks, Christine, for your question.
*Although usually used only for formal policies underwriting financial risk, insurance is sometimes used euphemistically in criminal situations involving money, such as cases of bribery or extortion, as in |
Sure, studying is great. But when you canโt decide between โDโ and โC,โ here are seven tips to help land an โA.โ We all know that the best way to ace any exam is to study and attend class. But, there are also some tips and techniques that can help you succeed at a tricky multiple choice exam
- Read very carefully. Take the time to carefully read each
- question and answer choice. Use a highlighter to ensure you catch words in the question like โnotโ and โexceptโ that could easily trip you up. Many students choose the answer that is the opposite of the correct response simply because they miss a word, misread the question, or forget what the question is actually asking.
- Come up with your own answer. Once you understand what the question is asking, think about what the right answer should say or contain. Use that ideal answer as a yardstick to measure the available choices. This can help you avoid falling into a trap.Look for common types of wrong answers
- Look for common types of wrong answers . It is hard to write a good multiple choice exam, so instructors often fall into patterns, particularly when formulating wrong-but-attractive choices. If you learn to recognize frequently used options, they will be easier to eliminate. Some common wrong answers include: reversals (for instance, the answer may feature an error in chronology, characterizing the first event as the second, or a detail that is the exact opposite of the truth), true but irrelevant (the information in the answer is true, but not relevant to the question posed), too extreme (the answer takes a fact that is true but exaggerates it to an extreme. For instance, it will insist that it is โalwaysโ true, when in reality it is only sometimes true), and getting one detail wrong (the answer is oh-so-perfectโฆexcept for one little detail that you will spend way too long obsessing about and rationalizing away).
- Eliminate answers in two rounds .The process of elimination is central to success on multiple choice exams. In general, you want to conduct your eliminations in two rounds. During the first round, eliminate anything that is flat out wrong: the answers that contain false information, that are irrelevant to the question, etc. In a perfect world, this would lead you to one correct answer. More often than not, this leaves you with two options, over which you are likely to agonize. This is where the second round of elimination comes in. Before you obsess over your remaining answer choices, re-read the question. Remind yourself what you are looking for in a correct response. Then, compare the remaining responses. If you cannot find a difference between them, then it is likely that neither is correct and you have eliminated the correct response earlier. Usually, you will be able to find a few differences among the remaining options. So, which answer corresponds most with the course material and the question posed?
- Do not obsess over your choices. Excessive vacillating between two answer choices is usually a waste of time. If youโre down to a couple of options, you have a 50% chance of choosing the right answer. Compare your remaining choices, isolate similarities and differences, and make a choice. Usually, multiple choice exams have lots of questions, and they are all worth the same amount. Donโt waste time obsessing over a hard question, when an easy question does just as much to raise your grade.
- Manage your time. Before the exam begins, look at how many questions there are in the booklet and divide your time into segments. Tell yourself: โI will have completed 50 questions by the x minute mark, 70 by the y minute mark, etc.โ When those time markers arise, check to see how many questions you have completed. If you are behind, start to push yourself to make quicker decisions once youโve narrowed your choices down to two. Do not check the time after every question! This is a waste of your time. However, you need to be cognizant of the clock in order to ensure you get to all of the questions. As mentioned, usually questions are weighted equally on these types of tests, so there is little benefit to completing hard questions rather than easy ones.
- Answer every question. If you have not completed all of the questions when there are only a couple of minutes left, pick a lucky letter and guess on all remaining questions. Depending on how many options there are for each question, you have a 20-25% of guessing correctly! And a guessed correct response is worth just as much as one that is based on careful reasoning, time management, and studying.
Source: MACLEANโS CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES GUIDEBOOK- 2018 EDITION |
ืืืื ืงืืื ืกืืืืจื, ืฉืืืงื ืืช ืืฆืืคืื ืืืฆืฆื ืื ืืืืงื ืืื ืืืชืจืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืขืจืืื ืืขืืื.
ืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจืคืช, ืืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืืช ืืขืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืขื ืืืคืื ืืืืืื, ืืืจืขืืชืื ืืืชืจืื ืืชืื, ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืฉืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืืืจืืกืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืฉื ื ืืงืฉื ืฉืขืืจื ืขื ืืืื ื.
ืืืืง ืกืืขืจ, ืืฆืืืง ืขื ืืืขืืช ืขื ืขืืืืช ืื, ืืืฆืขื ืจืืืื, ืืืจืืคืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืคืชืืข ืืืขืืจืจ ืืืฉืื !!!!
ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืฉืืงื ืื ื ืคืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืืก ("ืืื ืื", "ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฅ ืืืชื "), ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืฉ ("ืงืืคื ืจืืฉืืช ") ืื ืื ืกืืืืกื ( "ืงืืคื ืจืืฉืืช", "ืืชื ืืืื" ), ืืงืื ืืืจ ("ืฆืืืช ืืืืจ") , ื ืชื ืงืืืืจ ("ืืืืื"), ืืืื ืืจืืจ, ืื ืื ืขืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืกืข ืืืืืจืืกืื, ืืจืชืง ืืืฆืืืง ืขื ืจืงืข ืชืคืืืจื ืืจืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืคืื.
ืืืืืงื: ืฉืืืืืง ื ืืืคืื.
ืขืืฆืื ืชืืืืฉืืช:ืืคื ื ืคืจืฅ.
ืขืืฆืื ืชืืืจื: ืงืจื ืืจื ืง.
ืชื ืืขื: ืชืื ืืคืืืืื
ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืจืืื ืื ืฉืืจื
ืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืืข ืืช ืืืื ืืืืคืขืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืืข ืืืงืืกืืืงื ืืืฆืืืื ืช ืฉืื, ืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืื - ืืืืก ืืืืฉื ืื ืืชื ืืืืงืจืื.
ืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืชืืืืจืช ืืกืืืคืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืืงืืื ืืช ืคืกืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืฆืืื โ ืคืกืืืื ืืืืกืืงื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืก ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืืช, ืคืกืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืข"ืฉ ืกืคื ืจืืืืื ืืขืื.
ืจื' ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื 16 ืช.ื 1264 ืจืืฉื''ืฆ 75110 <phone> <email> ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืฉืืช ื.ื.ื ืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื |
Children get headaches and migraines just like adults. Causes of most child headaches include illness, cold, infection, or fever. If a headache worsens over time, you should see a doctor. More serious causes of child headaches could be depression, abscess, tumors, trauma, or bleeding in the brain. Common headaches are treated with medications and lifestyle changes. Follow the links below to find WebMD's comprehensive coverage about why kids get headaches or migraines, treatment options, prevention, and much more. |
In 1935, the avant-garde photographer Man Ray opened his shutter, sat down in front of his camera and used a penlight to create a series of swirls and loops. Because of his movements with the penlight, his face was blurred in the resulting photograph. As a self-portraitโtitled Space Writingsโit seemed fairly abstract.
From This Story
But now Ellen Carey, a photographer whose working method is similar to Man Rayโs, has discovered something that has been hidden in plain sight in Space Writings for the past 74 years: the artistโs signature, signed with the penlight amid the swirls and loops.
โI knew instantly when I saw itโitโs a very famous self-portraitโthat his signature was in it,โ says Carey, a photography professor at the University of Hartford. โI just got this flash of intuition.โ Her intuition was to look at the penlight writing from Man Rayโs point of viewโwhich is to say, the reverse of how it appears to anyone looking at the photograph. โI knew that if I held it up to a mirror, it would be there,โ Carey says. She did, and it was.
โThis makes perfect sense if you understand that throughout his career, Man Ray did many artworks based off his signature,โ says Merry Foresta, who curated a 1988 exhibition of his work at the National Museum of American Art (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum) and decorates her Washington, D.C. office with a poster of his iconic Tears image.
Man Rayโs mischievous gesture is typical of his work. He was born Emmanuel Radnitsky in Philadelphia in 1890, but he spent most of his youth in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. In 1915, he met Marcel Duchamp, who introduced him to the modern art scene; the pair were involved with the Dadaists, who rejected traditional aesthetics (Duchamp, for example, displayed a urinal titled Fountain as part of his readymades series), and, later, the Surrealists.
In 1921, Man Ray left for Paris, joining Duchamp and serving as the unofficial photographer for the cityโs art elite, including Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali. When the Nazis invaded Paris in 1940, Man Ray left for Hollywood, where he worked as a fashion photographer. He returned to Paris in 1951 and created photographs, paintings, sculptures and film until he died, at age 86, in 1976.
It was in his early years in Paris that he developed a technique for creating photographic images by placing objects directly on light-sensitive paper and then exposing the assemblage to light. โRayographs,โ he called them. Although he often included images of handsโmain, the French word for โhandโ is pronounced like men with a swallowed โnโโand other symbolic references to his name, Space Writings is one of only a few works in which he is known to have left a literal signature.
He created the image around the time he was preparing to return to New York for โFantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism,โ a 1936 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art. This was the first exhibition to bring Dadaist and Surrealist art to the United States, and it included many of his works. Foresta, director of the Smithsonian Photography Initiative, speculates that he was hoping the show would provide a great re-entry into his home countryโbut also worrying about leaving the city that had become his artistic home. โThis was really a turning point in his career,โ she says. โHe was about to lose his identity as an important artist.โ
Adding his signature to Space Writings, she says, might have been his way to declare himself to a new audience.
But itโs still not clear why he chose to have the writing reversed in the image. โI think it mattered to Man Ray to be known as a mysterious inventor, an alchemist,โ Foresta says. โHe can see it, but to us, itโs still an abstract image.โ |
ืชืื ืื ืืืคืฉื ืืื ืขืกืง ืจืฆืื ื. ืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืฉืช. ืฆืขืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืจืฉืช, ืืจืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืืชืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืช ื ืกืืขืืช, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืงืจืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืื, ืืืืฆื ืขืกืงืื ืืชืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืชืืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจื ืชืืืจืืช.
ืืขืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื:
ืืืงืืืืช ืืจืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืขืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื ื ืคืืฆืืช ืืืื. ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืืืืื ืืชืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืขืช, ืืชืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืช ืขืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืงื ืืกืคืืง. ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืจ ืคืฉืื โ ืืชื ืชืจืฆื ืฉืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืืืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ.
ืืืื ื ื ืื ืฉืืืืจ, ืื 23, ื ืชืงื ืืืขืืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืจืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืืืจืช ืืืืงืจ. ืื ืืืชืจ ืกืืืจ ืฉืืขืฉื โ ืืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจ ืืชืจื ืชืืืจืืช, ืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื? ืืื ืืืคื ืืชืจ ื ืกืืขืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืขืื, ืืคืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืื? ืฆ'ืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช.
ืฆ'ืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืชืืืจืืช ืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืช ืืขืืื. ืืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืฆ'ืืืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืคืืื ืืืงืืืืช ื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืื ื"ืืืคืืฉ" ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืชื ืื:
ืฆ'ืืืืื: "ืืื, ืื ืฉืืืื? ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืืกืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืจืื?"
ืืืืจ: "ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ื[ืขืืจ]."
ืฆ'ืืืืื: "ืชืืื ืืืงืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืชืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉื ื?"
ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืช ืชืืจืืื ืืฆ'ืง ืืื ืืืฆ'ืง ืืืื.
ืฆ'ืืืืื: "ืื ื ืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ื[ืขืืจ] ืืชืืจืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืืจ."
ืืืืืจ ืืฉ ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืฆืจืื ืชืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจ, ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืฆ'ืืืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืฉืืฆืืข ืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืื ืืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืช ื ืกืืขืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจืืช ืฆ'ืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืขืืืจ ืืชืจ ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืคืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืงืืืืช.
ืืขืืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืช:
ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืจื ื ืกืืขืืช ืืืคืืืงืฆืืืช ืกืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจืืช ืฉืืืืืืช ืขื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืฉืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืืช ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืคืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืชื ืื ืืืชืจืื ืงืฆืจื, ืืืืืื ื ืกืชืจืื ืืชืืกืคืืช. ืคืืชืื ืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืชืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืฆืืืืช ืื. ืืืืืื ืื "ื ืืืืจ ืงืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืจ ืื ืงืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืงืจ โ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืกืื ืื ืขืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืฆืื.
ืืื ืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืืชืจื ื ืกืืขืืช. ืชืืืืช ืืื, ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืข ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืกืืช ืืฉืืจืืชืื ื ืืกืคืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื. ืืืืืื:
"ืืื ื[ืืืื 1] ืืฉ ืืจืืื?"
"ืืื [ืืืื 2] ืืฆืืข ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืจืืืช ืืืื?"
"ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื [ืชืืจืื 1] ื-[ืชืืจืื 2]?"
"ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืข ืฉืืจืืช ืืกืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื?"
ืืจื ืื ืงืื ืืืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืคืขื ื ืืืื ืคืืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืืืืคืืฉ ืืืื ื, ืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืื ืืืฉืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืื.
ืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืื:
ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืคืฉืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืจืฉืช, ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืืืืื. ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืขืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืคืฆืืคื ืืชืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืจื ืืื, ืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฃ ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืืื ื, ืฆ'ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืคืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืื.
ืืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืชืจื ืกืืื ืืืืช ื ืกืืขืืช ืื ืื ืจืง ืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืคืง ืืช ืืืืืข ืืจื ืืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืขืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืชื. ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืช โ ืชืฉืืืืช ืื ืืืกืืช ืืืืืืงืืช ืขื ืืกืืก ืงืืืข. ืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืกืืื ืืฉืขืื, ืืืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืคืืชืื ืืฆ'ืืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจืช ืกืงืจืืคืืื ืฉืืฉืืืจืื ืจืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืืงืจืื.
ืืืคืืื ืืช ืืืืชืืืช ืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืืจืืช ืืืชืจ:
ืชืืื ื ื ืคืืฆื ืืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช, ืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื "ืืืืชืืืช ืืงืื ืืช" ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืชืืกืคืืช ืฉืื ืชืืื ืืจืืจืืช. ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ืฉืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืืจื, ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ื ืืื ืืื ื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืคืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืช ืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ. ืืืจืืข ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจืืงืืช ืืืืืคืช ืืงืืืืช ืื ื ืืชื ื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืขืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืจืื ืืืชืจ.
ืกืืื ืืืืช ื ืกืืขืืช ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืืื ืช ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืฆ'ืืืืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืช ืฉืืื, ืฉืืืืื ืชืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื
ืืื:
"ืื ืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื?"
"ืืชื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืื?"
"ืืืืื ืืืจืฆื ืืขืืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืงื?"
"ืืืืกื ืฉืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืืืก?"
ืืื'. ืขื ืืื ืืชื ืชืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืคืฉืืืืช, ืฆ'ืืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืื. |
Arsenic is a metalloid meaning that it has characteristics between a metal and non-metal. It is number 33 in the periodic table. The references to arsenic go back to ancient times with numerous cultures using arsenic compounds, it is rarely found in a pure state. Our name comes from the Greek. Zosimos, the Greek Alchemist, (circa 300 AD) describes working with arsenic. Alchemical records show that it was recognized as a poison, but also it was used medicinally in small doses. It was the poison of choice for the royalty in medieval Europe and had the title of the, โPoison of Kings and King of Poisons.โ
Although some references state that arsenic is used in the human body, I could not find any clear evidence that this is so. It has been added to the feed of commercial meat producers to increase weight. Poultry producers have used it extensively; the birds arenโt going to live that long anywayโyuck! It is mostly used industrially, as a semi-conductor- when you throw away that phone chances are it contains arsenic. It shows up in treated lumber โ donโt use treated lumber for play structures or raised vegetable beds! โ food, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and drugs. Because of this, most of us have measurable arsenic in our bodies. It is especially prevalent in water. I just couldnโt find much to commend this element for humans, plants or animals. |
By: Christos Terzis
This needs to be addressed as an accumulative case. Many factors contribute to answer the claim.
An ancient historical work is authentic if it gives substantial truthful account of the events it reports.The genuineness also needs to be addressed.
So here it is:
1 โ NAMES
1a- If one is to pick a name to give credibility to a Gospel, then why not pick one of the big ones?Why pick Mark for instance? What was his reputation? He failed to finish his first missionary journey and caused a split between Paul and Barnabas. How does attaching his name to a Gospel give it credibility?Why not pick Peter or James? Even Luke was a minor figure. As a matter of fact the only real big name in the 4 gospels is John.
1b- Pseudogospels appeared eventually with those names (Peter, James etc)โฆ.but they came out during the 2nd centuryโฆwhen all the disciples and most of the disciples of the disciples had diedโฆ Exactly because no one could have published anything in their name while alive.
2 โ TITLES
2a- Letโs suppose the Gospels circulated anonymously for the first 100-200 years. That means that many people had copies of the gospels but knew not who wrote them. So as is the case each person would put the copy in their library and name it as he wished i.e. the Gospel according to John, Peter, Sanavalat.
One today would expect to see a variety of titles on them.But in fact the titles on manuscripts of the Gospels are strikingly uniform. โThe Gospel according to Matthew, The Gospel according to Luke etcโ.
Martin Hengel writes that โthe uniformity of this unusual form of title strongly suggests that the titles were not secondary additions but part of the manuscripts as they originally circulated.โ They were not added to the gospels secondarily
2b-The titles are said to be unusual because the normal way to name a book would be to put the name of the author first and in the possessive/genitive form, e.g. Platoโs Republic. It shows that the way of titling was set early on and then followed by those who made the copies.
3 โ ATTESTATION
3a- Augustine in his โAgainst Faustusโ gave the measure by which we can tell not only how the Gospels, but also how any book can be attributed to the one whose name it bears.
Why for instance is there no doubt about the genuineness of the books by Hippocrates? โBecause there is a succession of testimonies to the books, from the time of Hippocrates to this day, which makes it unreasonable either now or hereafter to have any doubt on the subject.โ
โHow do we know the authorship of the works of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Varro and other similar writers, but by the unbroken chain of evidence?โ
The following is just a handful of information on the matter. Just the tip of the tip of the iceberg.
Some early attestations of authorship, far nearer to the day than we are:
Tertullian of Carthage (207)
โThe Gospels were written by Matthew and John who were Apostles and Luke and Mark, who were โapostolic menโ. Markโs Gospel is the record of Peterโs preaching.โ
โThey tell the basic facts about Jesus including his virgin birth and his fulfilment of prophecy.โ
โThey bore the names of their authors from antiquity and the ancient churches vouch for them and no othersโ
If one should say that Tertullian was wrongโฆ.then one should consider that he writes 150 years after these events and thatโs about the time between us and the industrial revolutionโฆor the American civil warโฆ Too close to be disputed.
Yet we have othersโฆeven closer to the events.
Clement of Alexandria (180)
โMark wrote his Gospel, by request, from his knowledge of Peterโs preaching at Rome.โ
โMatthew and Luke were published first; they are the books containing the genealogiesโ
โJohnโs Gospel was the last to appear and it was written at the urging of his friendsโ
Irenaeus of Lyons (180)
โMatthewโs Gospel was the first one written. It was originally written in the โHebrew dialectโ.
โMark, a disciple of Peter, handed down in his Gospel what Peter had preachedโ
โLuke, a companion of Paul, recorded in a book the Gospel preached by himโ
โJohn, the disciple of the Lord published a Gospel while living at Ephesus in Asiaโ
Lets go even further back.
Justin Martyr (150)
โThe Christians possessed โmemoirsโ of Jesus which were also called โGospelsโ
โThese were written by Apostles and by those who were their followersโ
โThey tell us of such events as the visit of the magi at Jesusโ birth and his agony in Gethsemaneโ
Justinโs pupil, Tatian, produced a harmony of the 4 Gospels, called the Diatessaron/ฮฮนฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮฌฯฯฮฝ.
This fact is VERY interestingโฆ.since beginning in the 19th century some โtheologiansโ insisted that the Gospel of Johnโฆhadnโt even been written yet! Yet we see here that it was written and interweaved with the other three in the Diatessaron by Tatian.
The reason being that the Diatessaron was lost and not discovered until 1888โฆ.yet many modern โtheologiansโ capitalise on the older writings ignoring the fact. And this explains the position of many today.
Papias of Hierapolis (125)
This is about a century before Tetullian and the stories are essentially the same. It was Eusebius who presented Papias work in his own.
โMark, having been the interpreter of Peter, wrote down what Peter had preached accurately, though not necessarily in orderโ
โMatthew wrote the โฮฯฮณฮนฮฑโ (ฮracles), a reference to his whole Gospel in the Hebrew languageโ
Notice that all 5 of the above scholars lived many hundreds of miles from each other, yet said essentially the same things! It means that on all four corners of the Roman world the authors of the Gospels were taken as fact and not something that was cooked afterwards. Christians everywhere agreed.
-So the attestation of authorship is not only significant and early, itโs also geographically diverse, coming from every corner of the Roman Empire.-There is no rival tradition of authorship of any of the four Gospels. No one contests the authors at this early time, anywhere.
We also have early use of the Gospels. This goes to dispute that they are not from Godโฆ.since people who were almost contemporary with the events used them.
-Polycarp, Letter to the Philippians 2:3 mentions Luke 6:20, Mathew 5:3,10 and others.
He doesnโt give verses but he sites his writings in a way that he expects his readers to recognise what heโs saying and the books heโs using. Not only when quoting the NT but also the OT. That means they already had in their possession a written accountโฆthat was in 108 ADโฆ!
Ignatius in his letter to Polycarp 2:2, 107 AD sites Matthew 10:16.
Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 46:7-8, 95 AD sites Matthew 26:24, Mark 14:21, Luke 17:1-2. Interestingly Clement in this epistle names Fortunatusโฆ.who is also mentioned in Corinthians by Paul. SO FAR BACK!
The following is a very interesting chart. It shows the 4 Gospels and below them a bunch of Gnostic Gospels (fakes).
On the horizontal line we have the Church Fathers.
Every blue checkmark represents a distinct usage of the Gospels or the fakes. Dots indicate no information available that there was ever any recognition of that.
The authorities cross the top are in turn Clement of Rome (heโs left of the red line because heโs first century), Ignatius, Polycarp, two heretics in red, Marcia and Valentinus, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, the Morian Canon, then Tertullian, Codex Sinaiticus, Athanasius, the Vulgate and others.
A look at the post chart says it allโฆ
Thereโs moreโฆโฆJustin Martyr writesโฆ
โAnd on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; . . .โ โFirst Apology, chapter 67
Notice he puts the writings of the Apostles in the same level as the writings of the prophets. So they have a high standard among the believers. The same standing as the Old Testament which was accepted by all as the Word of God.
For the Gospels to be read as Scripture in weekly services, they must have been extremely highly regarded and well known to Christians throughout the world. Such high regard takes time to filter through a community.
Early Use: Summary of the Facts
The 4 Gospels and Acts are copiously used by the church fathers. Even early heretics tacitly acknowledge theyโre genuine, which they would not have done if they could help it.
None of the Apocryphal so-called โgospelsโ are even remotely so widely used. And this concludes the evidence albeit just by scraping the top of the matter.
Type of Evidence: Evaluation
Names: Unlikely to be invented
Titles: Too consistent for anonymity
Attribution: Strong, Widespread and Consistent
Early Use: Overwhelming |
Traveling by air seems unsaved to a fairly large number of people due to what they see, hear or read. News on plane crashes make a big noise in the world, such news naturally stays longer in the mind of many fliers or people. In fact, it is a mind-blogging to many people. This may explain why the flying fear still remains in the heart of some people. Therefore, you may think that traveling by air is riskier than traveling on the road, but truly speaking; traveling by air is safer than traveling on the road. However, it is interesting to note that, traveling by air is safer than traveling on the road. Why? It is because safety is the major concern of every airline industry and thereโs no any other mode of transportation that does it better than air line industries. In fact, there is no other mode of transportation that can be fully monitored, investigated and scrutinized as we have in aviation industries. Truly speaking plane crashes are so rare when you compare it to road transport accidents. According to World Health Organization, road traffic injuries caused an estimated 1.24 million deaths worldwide in the year 2010. With this estimation, it seems one person is killed in every 25 seconds. It is very rare or difficult to have this kind of estimation in air transport within a year. Why? It is because safety in aviation industries is not negotiable. It is a core value of any aviation industry in the world. Furthermore, I wonder how some motorists drive recklessly on the road, reckless driving is a common habit among the motorists, but in air transport it is uncommon to see a reckless pilot, in fact, it is very rare if not impossible to see pilots showing a reckless disregard for the safety of others. A good airport control also creates a better safety environment in aviation industries. Movement-detection monitors in airport, show every vehicle on runway, taxiway, and terminal gate, this helps the controllers to receive warnings of potential collisions. Therefore, a good airport traffic control helps to prevent unwanted collision in the airport. From the above reasons, I hope you will also agree that traveling by air is safer than traveling on the road. |
In January, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake shook up Southeast Alaska, and it sent scientists scrambling to study the fault where it originated before the seismic activity subsided.
Emily Roland is a geophysicist with the US Geological Survey, based in Anchorage. In April, she and her team placed a dozen seismometers on the ocean floor, in a long line starting just below Baranof Island and stretching south for 100 miles along Southeast Alaskaโs Queen Charlotte โ Fairweather faults.
The goal was to record the aftershocks from Januaryโs earthquake โ and the sensors, called seismometers, picked up something interesting.
โWhereas the land-based array recorded about five or so aftershocks that were magnitude 2.5 to 3,โ Roland says, โWe have recorded a lot more earthquakes that are much smaller magnitude.โ
A lot more: about 500 earthquakes in the space of a month. These were small earthquakes, as small as magnitude .5. But even small earthquakes can tell researchers a lot. And right now, there are a lot of things scientists donโt know about the Queen Charlotte โ Fairweather fault system, which runs just off the coast of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia. Roland says the fault is similar to its southern, much more famous, cousin, the San Andreas fault in California. But unlike the San Andreas fault, the Queen Charlotte fault runs primarily offshore, underwater and out of reach of sensors on land.
โIn terms of basic research, and understanding how faults work, Southeast Alaska is a really exciting place to work,โ Roland says.โThereโs so many questions about the fault that we really donโt understand.โ
Roland hopes the project will help researchers better map the fault system, and better predict what kind of earthquakes we might see in Southeast, how big those quakes might be, and where they might hit hardest.
One of the biggest questions is what kind of movement happens on the fault. The Queen Charlotte is primarily a strike-slip fault, where two plates are sliding past each other, grinding their surfaces together.
โI think of an earthquake as a quick failure, a quick slip thatโs happening on a fault surface, between two surfaces of rock,โ Roland says. Somewhere, thereโs a crack in the rock, โbut itโs locked in place by frictional forces. Shear stress along the plane eventually exceeds the strength of the rock, and it breaks very quicklyโ and that break is the earthquake.
But some parts of the Queen Charlotte system operate differently. Theyโre so-called thrust faults, in which one plate is being thrust up and over the other. That kind of movement caused A magnitude 7.8 earthquake in October, 2012 near Haida Gwaii. Roland wants to know if that kind of movement happens anywhere else in the system, in part because a thrust earthquake is more likely to cause a tsunami.
To figure this out, Roland and her team dropped the 12 seismometers down to the ocean floor. The instruments are sealed inside glass spheres, each about two feet wide, which are attached to an anchor, and dropped off the side of a ship.
โWe really just drop them,โ Roland says. โWe set them up, we tell them what we want them to do, and we drop them off the side of the ship, and they sink.โ
โWithin a few hours of being deployed, they actually have a pretty interesting leveling device. The seismometer itself is contained within a box that has a kind of viscous fluid in there, and it has a little thing that unlocks itself, levels itself and locks itself again, so theyโre kind of fancy in that regard.โ
The seismometers have to be recovered after a month; the batteries only last that long. And thatโs an adventure in and of itself.
โWe go over the instrument with the ship, and we send some acoustic signals down to it, that tells it to release itself from an anchor,โ Roland says. โThe way that works is it sends voltage through a little filament, that causes the filament to burn, and disintegrate on the sea floor. Then a little hook raises itself, and the instrument releases itself from anchor, and becomes buoyant, and kind of slowly floats up to sea surface.โ
Itโs a complicated process, and a lot can go wrong.
โTheyโre small things,โ Roland says. โTheyโre these little two-foot spheres in the big oceanโฆEveryone does a little thank you dance, I think, every time you really find one floating in the water and youโre able to recover it.โ
Rolandโs team recovered seven of the twelve. Another three have been found by people around Southeast, and two are still out there.
The project depended on the cooperation of the Coast Guard, which volunteered ship time.
โIโve spent a good little bit of time working on large ships doing this type of work,โ Roland says. โAnd of all of the crews Iโve worked with, I think the Coast Guard deck crews, I think they were the best.โ
The Sitka-based Coast Guard cutter Maple helped deploy the instruments, while the Cordova-based Sycamore retrieved them.
Roland is now analyzing the data โ and she hopes there will be plenty of earth-shaking discoveries to come. |
ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช ื' ืืืจ ืกืืคืจ: "ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืชืคืจืง ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืฃ ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืจืืข ืฉื ืจืคื ืคืจืฅ ืื ืื ืืืกืจ ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื ื ืฆืืืืจืืช". ืืื ืืืกืืฃ: "ื ืืื ืืืคืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืืช โ ื ืกืืืข ืืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืกืืืข ืื ืชืงืืฃ ืืืคื ืฉื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ".
ืืฆืืชื ืืขืืช ืืืชืื ืื ืคืจืกืืืช ืื ืจืืืื? ืืืืื ืื ื
ืคื ื ืืืื ื
ืืืืืช ืชื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืฉืืช ืคืจืกืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื english
ืืืืจืื ืคืชื
ืืืืจืื
ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื-ืืืื ื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืืื ืืฉืคื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืข ืืขืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืคื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืืจืคืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืชืจืืืช ืืคื ืื ืคืจืกืื ืืฆืื ื ืกืคืืจื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืชืืืืช |
ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืงื ืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืฉื ืืจื ื"ืง ืืืื"ืจ ืจืื ื ืืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืื"ืข ืขื ืขืืืื ืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืืช ืืคื ื 50 ืฉื ื
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืืงื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืชืืจื ืืขืืจืช ืืฉื: <phone> ืืืืกืืจ ืขื ืืคืื ื ืืจืืช ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืจื ืืืื"ืฆ ืจืื ืืฉื ืฉืืจื ืืื
ืกืคืจ ืชืืืจื ืื ืฉืื ืืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืช ืืฉื ื (1)
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืืกืืืืช ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืชืืืจื ืื ืฉืื
ืืกืืืช ืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืช ืืคืขื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉ 1:48 ืขืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืจืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืชืืชืืช ืืจืฉืืื ืืืกืฃ/ืขืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืงืืข ืืชืืื ื ืืืืืขืจืช ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืกื ืืคืขื ืืช ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืฉืืขืืจืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืขื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืคืื ืืขืืืื ืืจื
ืืคืขื ืืช ืืื ืืคืขื ืขืืฉืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืขืจื ืจื 62 ืืืช ืืคืขื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉ 0:57 ืขืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืจืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืชืืชืืช ืืจืฉืืื ืืืกืฃ/ืขืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืงืืข ืืชืืื ื ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื- ืืจืฉื ืืืืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ- ืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืขืจื ืจื 1-11 ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 84 -Modesty and supper 1-11 The Admor Holmin Glowing gleam rate Lashon HaKodesh Page 84 and moreโ
ืฆื ืืขืืช ืืขืจื ืจื 1-11 ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 84 ืืขืื โ Modesty and supper 1-11 The Admor Holmin Glowing gleam rate Lashon HaKodesh Page 84 ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 384 -ืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืื"ืจ ืืืืืืื ื' ืืฉืื ืชืฉืข"ื โ Glory to Zohar The Holy- Rachel our mother Admor Holmen
ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 384 -ืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืื"ืจ ืืืืืืื ื' ืืฉืื ืชืฉืข"ื โ Glory to Zohar The Holy- Rachel our mother Admor Holmen Glory to ZoharThe ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจ -ืืืคืืข ื- 40 ืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืื ื- ืืืจื ื"ื ืืืื- ืืจืืื ืืืืืจ ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืช ืขื ืืชืขืืจืจืืช ืืื ืืืฉืื
40 ืืื ืขืืื ืืฉ ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืชืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืคืืข ืขืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืคืืข ืืืจืื ืืื ื: ืชืืคืขื ืืืืืื ืชืืขืื ืข"ื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืจืืืืืช ืกื ืืืื. ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืกืชืืจื ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 59 ืกืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืชืฉืจื ืชืฉืขื
.... .... ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฃ 59 ืกืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืชืฉืจื ืชืฉืขื . <url> ืืืืจ ืงืืฆืื ืืฆืืจืคืื
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืืืฉ! โ ืกืคืจ ืืืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืขื ืืชืืจื- ืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืงืจืื ืขืืื ืืื- ืืงืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ื!
ืืืฉ! โ ืกืคืจ ืืืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืขื ืืชืืจื โ ืืืงืืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืขืื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืชืคืืืืช โ ืื ืื ืฉืืงืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืื (5 ...
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืืื
ืขืืื 31 ื- 185ยซ ืขืืื ืจืืฉืื...1020ยซ293<phone> ยป 405060...ยป ืขืืื ืืืจืื
3 ืื ืืืืืจ 2020
29 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020
25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020
25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020
23 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020
ืชืืืืช
ืืืื"ืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืคืฆื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืชืืืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืจืืช ืืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืจ ื"ื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืกืืจืืช ืืืืช ืงืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืคืขื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืจื ืขืจื ืจื ืคืื ืคืื ื ืืจืืช ืคืกื ืคืชื ืืืืื ืฆื ืืขืืช ืฆืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืื ืงื ืืืฉืจ ืจืื ื ืขืจื ืจื ืจืืื 2000 ืจืฉืื ืฉืืช ืฉืืืื ืขืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืชืืงืื ื"ื ืชืืงืื ื ืืืืืจ |
The environment near the surface of airless bodies (asteroids, comets, Moon) is electrically charged due to Sunโs photoelectric bombardment. Charged dust is ever present, even at high altitudes (dust fountains), following the Sunโs illumination. We envisage the global scale exploration of airless bodies by a gliding vehicle that experiences its own electrostatic lift and drag by its interaction with the naturally charged particle environment near the surface. This Electrostatic Glider (E-Glider) lifts off by extending thin, charged, appendages, which are also articulated to direct the levitation force in the most convenient direction for propulsion and maneuvering. It thus carries out its science mission by circumnavigating the small body, and it lands, wherever it is most convenient, by retracting the appendages or by thruster/anchor.
Around airless bodies, the objects in space that range in size from asteroids to either small moons or large space stations, you can reliably find a sort of haze of dust, caused by the solar wind as well as solar illumination imparting energy to the surface which results in dust particles โfountainingโ up. This energy transfer also causes the dust to become electrically charged, with the illuminated side of the body exhibiting a positive surface potential and the dark side of the body accumulating electrons which results in a negative surface potential. The terminator (the area between the dark side and illuminated side) can have an electrical potential of several hundred kilovolts per meter, while on average, the surface of an asteroid could exhibit electric fields of around 1 kV/m.
Usually, dusty and variably electrically charged environments are something that spacecraft do their absolute best to avoid, but JPL thinks that there may be a way to leverage this kind of environment to propel a spacecraft. A field of 1 kV/m has enough electrical potential to โliftโ a small vehicle weighing about one kilogram. The vehicle would use 1-meter-diameter metal โwingsโ for electrostatic (rather than aerodynamic) flight, articulating them to move through ambient electrostatic fields. The energy to do this comes from the solar wind by way of whatever body the vehicle is next to, giving the craft maneuvering fuel that wonโt run out until the sun shuts down (at which point you likely have bigger problems).
SOURCES โ NASA, NIAC, Quadrelli, IEEE Spectrum
Brian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.
Known for identifying cutting edge technologies, he is currently a Co-Founder of a startup and fundraiser for high potential early-stage companies. He is the Head of Research for Allocations for deep technology investments and an Angel Investor at Space Angels.
A frequent speaker at corporations, he has been a TEDx speaker, a Singularity University speaker and guest at numerous interviews for radio and podcasts. He is open to public speaking and advising engagements. |
ืื ื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืกืข ืืืื ืืืืืฉืจ - ืขื ืฉืงื ื ืคืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื 5 ืขื 17. ืืคื ื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืขืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืืื.
ืืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืืง ืืช ืืขืฆืืช ืืืชืงื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืคื ื ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืืื.
ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื?
0 - 4 ืฉื ืื
ืืืืื ืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ื ืจืฉืืื ืืืืก ืืื. ืขืืืื ืื ืกืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืื ืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืื ืขืช.
5 - 11 ืฉื ืื
ืืืืื ืืืืืื 5 ืขื 11 ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื. ืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืขืจืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืจืืื.
12 - 17 ืฉื ืื
ืืืืื ืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 ืจืฉืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืจืืืก ืืืืืืจืื ืืขืฆืื, ืื ืืืชืื ืฉืชืขืืืฃ ืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื. ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 ืืื ื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืช ืงืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื ืืชืืช ืืืื 18 ืืืจืฉื ืืืืืช ืชืื ืืงืืช ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืื.
ืืงืฉื ืืขืช
ืืื ืืืืืื
ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืืื
ืืืฉ ืืืคืก ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืจืืช ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช
ืื ื ื ืืฉืจ ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืชืื 24 ืฉืขืืช ืื ืืงืฉ ืชืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 - ืืืืจ ืื ืืื 100 ืืืืจ ืืจื"ื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืื 150 ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืกืืช ืืืฉื
ืืืคืืกื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืืคืก ืืืงืฉื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืชืื
ืืชื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืชืงืฉืจ ืื ืืจืื ืืงืฉืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืืฆืืข ืืืื ื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ.
ืื ืชืฉื ื ืืช ืืืกืช ืืืื, ืชืฆืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืงืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื. ืืงืคื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืืคืืืช 24 ืฉืขืืช ืืคื ื ืืืกืช ืืืื - ืืืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืื ืชืืงืฉ ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื. ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 ืชืชืืงืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืง ืื ืชืขืืืจ ืืืืกื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืกืช ืืืฉื.
ืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืขืช
ืืื ื ืืืืกื
ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืชื ืืืคืก ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉ ืืช ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืขืืจืชื.
ืฆ'ืง-ืืื
ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืข ืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืคืืืช ืฉืขืชืืื ืืคื ื ืืืกืชื. ืื ื ืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืขื ืืืืกืชื.
ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื
ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืชืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืขืืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืก ืืืืืงืช ืขืกืงืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื.
ืืืืกื
ืฆืืืช ืืชื ืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ื ืืื ืืืืคืืช. ืขื E-BOX ืืืืืืช ืคืขืืืืช, ืืฉ ืืจืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืขืืืจื. ืืืจื, ืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืคืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฆืคืืช ื-E-BOX ืืืืืกื A320 ืื A321 ืฉืื ื.
ืืืกืืช ืืืฉื
ืืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืืกื ืืืจืช ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืจืงืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืื. ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืกืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืชืขืืคื ืืืจืืช.
ืืืืขื
ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจื ืืืืจื, ืงืืืช ืืืขื ืืืืก. ืื ื ืคืืืฉ ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืกืืช ืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืืื ื ืืืืกืชื - ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืขืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื.
ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืืื
ืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืืฆืข ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืื / ืืืืจืื / ืืืกืืฃ ืคืจืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืช?
ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ! ืคืฉืื ืืงืจื ืืืฃ ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืคืก ืืืฉ ืืืงืฉืช ืฉืืจืืช 'ืงืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื'.
ืืงืคืืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉื ืืืฉื ืื ืืคืืืช 24 ืฉืขืืช ืืคื ื ืืืกืช ืืืืื - ืืืชืื ืฉืชืืืืื ืื ืชืืงืฉ ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื. ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 ืชืชืืงืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืง ืื ืชืขืืืจ ืืืืกื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืกืช ืืืฉื.
ืื ื ืฆืจื ืืืชื ื ืงืฉืจ ืื ืืชื ืืงืืงืื ืืขืืจื ืืืฉืื.
ืืืื ืืฉ ืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื?
ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืืืคืงื ืืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืฉืื ื. ืขืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืขืช ืืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืืืืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืขื ืืืืกืชื.
ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ?
ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืกืข ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืจืื, ืงืฆืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืขื ืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื. ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืช. ืคืจืืื ืืื ืชืืฆืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ื.
ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืื?
ืื! ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืขืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืช ืขื ืฉืขื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืกืื. ืืืจืช, ื ืงืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืคื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ื. ืจืื ืืช ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืฉืื ื.
ืืก ืืืื ืื ืืกืข ืืืืืืจื (APD) ืืืจืืื ืื
ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืช ืืก ืืืืื ืื ืืกืข ืืืืืืจื (APD) ืืืืืื ืืืืืื 12 ืขื 15 ืื ืืกืขืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื.
ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืืืื ื ืืืชืจ etihad.com ืืืืืืช ืืืก APD, ืื ื ืฉืื ืืื"ื ืื <email> ืขื ืืืคื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืชืง ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ื-APD ืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืฆืขื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืงืืจื ืฉืืื.
ืื ืืืื ืชื ืขื ืกืืื ื ืกืืขืืช, ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืกืคื.
ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื 12 ืขื 15 ืืืื ืื ืกืืขื, ืืขืื ืืจืืืก ืชืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืฉืื ืชืขืืคื ืืืจืืื ืื.
ืืืืื ืื ืืกืขืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืื ืืื ื
ืืืืืงื ืืขื ืืื ื ืคื ืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืจืฉืช ืืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืช ืืืื 18 ืื ืืกืขืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืื ื. ืืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืกืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืขืช ืืืฆืืข ืืฆ'ืง-ืืื.
ืืชื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืงื ืืขื ืืื ื ืคื ืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืืคืื โ0800 60 11 90โโ (ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื) ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืื.
ืงืืื ืื ืชืืฉืื ืกืคืจื ืื ืืกืขืื ืืืืฅ ืืกืคืจื
ืืืจืื ืกืคืจื ืืชืืช ืืืื 18 ืืืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืฆืืจืช ื ืกืืขื ืืชืืื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืฅ ืืกืคืจื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืคืืืจืืคืืกืื ืืืงืืื. ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืฉ ืืืฆืข ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืจืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืฉืืจื ืืกืคืจืืืช, ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืชื ืืืฉืคื, ืื ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืชื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืงืื ืกืืืืืช.
ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืกืคืจื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืช ืืจืืื ื ืืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืื ืกืืขื ืชืงืคืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ. ืืืืง ืชืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืช ืืชืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืื ืกืืขื.
ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื (ืืืืืื 5-11 ืฉื ืื)
ืืืืื ืืืืืื 5 ืขื 11 ื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื (UM).
ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื 5 ืขื 11 ืื ืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืขืจืืฃ ืืืืืจ, ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืคื ื ืืืืขื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื. ืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืืกืืจ ืืจืืฉ, ืืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื.
ืืขืชืื, ืืชืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืืื ืื ืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืกืคืง. ืฆืืืช ืืชื ืืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืกืืืข ืืฉืืจืืชืื, ืืชืช ืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื.
ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืคืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืขืชื ืืคื ืฉืืฆืืืื ืืืืคืก ืงืืื ืืืชื ืืืืื.
ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืช ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืขืชื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืืืืจ ืืืืคืก ื- UM.
ืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืืืืืช ื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืช ืืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉ ืืช ืื ืืืคืกืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืฉ ืืืฆืข ืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืคืืืช ืฉืขืชืืื ืืคื ื ืืืกืช ืืืืื.
ืงืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืกืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื, ืืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืขืืื ืขื 8 ืฉืขืืช.
ืืกืืจ ืื ืกืืข ืืืกืืืื ื ืกืืขื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืชืขืืคื ืืืจืืช ืขืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื.
ืงืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืื ืจืคืืืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืจ ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืจืคืืื ืืืืจืื ืืจืคืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื (EAMC).
ืงืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืฉืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื.
ืื ืืืืื (ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืื) ืื ืืกืขืื ืขื ืืืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืชืืืืกื ืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื.
ืฉืืจืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืชื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื.
ืงืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืกืขืื ืืืงืชืืช ืคืจืืืืื (ืจืืฉืื ืืช ืื ืขืกืงืืืช) ืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืจืงืืื ืืจื ืฉืืืช ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืชืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืจืงืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืชืขืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืื. ืื ืืืจืงืืื ืืื ื ืืืคืขื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืคืืงืื ืืจืืช ืืืืคืื, ืืืื ืื ื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืืืจื ืืืชืืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืฆ'ืง-ืืื ืืืืขื ืฉื ืงืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฉืขืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืืก, ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืงืืื.
ืืจืงืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ื 3 ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืจื ืืืขืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืื.
ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืคืก ืงืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืื ืกืืขื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื.
ืืฉ ืืืขืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืคืืืช ืขืืชืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืคืก ืืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื.
ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืขืืจืื (ืืืืืื 12-17)
ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืขืืจืื (YP) ืืืืืืื 12 ืขื 17 ืืกืืืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืืื.
ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืขืฉืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชืืืจืช ืชืฉืืื. ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืขืืื 100 ืืืืจ ืืจื"ื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืื 150 ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืกืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืจืืช ืืื ืืื.
ื ืืกืขืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืจืฉืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืกืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื, ืืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืขืืื ืขื 8 ืฉืขืืช. ืืกืืจ ืื ืกืืข ืืืกืืืื ื ืกืืขื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืชืขืืคื ืืืจืืช ืขืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืขืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื.
ืื ืืขืืืืช ืขื ืงืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืช ืืืืืจ.
ืืขืชืื, ืืชืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืกืขืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืขื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืืืืื ืื ืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืื ืขืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืกืคืง. ืฆืืืช ืืชื ืืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืกืืืข ืืฉืืจืืชืื, ืืชืช ืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื.
ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื 12-17 ืืื ื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืช ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืจืื ืืืงืืื ืืชืืช ืืืื 18 ืืืจืฉื ืืืืืช ืชืื ืืงืืช ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืื.
ืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืืช ืชืขืืคื ืฉืืชืคืืช
ืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืคืขืืืช ืืืชืืืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืืืืง ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืกืืช ืืชืืฆืขืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืฆืืข ืืืืื ื.
ืืืจืืช ืชืขืืคื ืฉืืชืคืืช
ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืขืื
ืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืกื. ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืจืืงืืืจืืช ืฉืื ื ื-E-BOX, ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืช ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืืืช. |
ืืืฉืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื 1402 ืืฉื ืช 2016
ื"ืืื ื ืืืืื
ืืืืื ื'ืืื ืืืกืื
ืืืกืืื ืกืขืื
ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก
ืืืื ืืืื
ืืืกืฃ ื`ืืืจืื
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื
ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื
ืคืจืืืืงืื
ืคืจืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืช ืืขืื
ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื-ืืฉืืืฉ
ืืื ืกืช
ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช
ืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื
ืคืจืืืืงืื ืืก' 3
ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช
ืืื ืฉืืืฉื, ื' ืืชืืื ืืชืฉ"ืฃ (23 ืืืื ื 2020), ืฉืขื 12:00
ืกืืจ ืืืื
ืืืฉืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื 1402 ืืฉื ืช 2016
ื ืืื ยถ
ืืืจื ืืืืขืื: ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก โ ืืื"ืจ
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื
ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ยถ
ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื
ืืืืื ื'ืืื ืืืกืื
ืืืื ืืืื
ืืืกืืื ืกืขืื
ืืืืื ืื ยถ
ื ืืฆื ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ - ืจ' ืื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื
ืฉืจืืช ืคืจืฅ - ืจ' ืื' ืืืงืจ ืื"ืค ืืืืืืืกืืืช, ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื
ืฉืจืื ืฉืื - ืจ' ืื' ืืืงืจ ืื"ืค ืืืืืืืกืืืช, ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื
ืฉืืชืื ืืจืืจืฆืืง - ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืจืื, ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื
ื ืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืื - ืืจืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืข ืฉื ืืื ืกืช
ืืืจืืช ืกืจืคืืก - ืื ืืืช ืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืฉืช"ืค ืืื ืืืืจื
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื - ืจืืฉ ืขืืจืืืช ืืื
ืืืืื ื ืกืืจ - ืจืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืจืฆื ืืจืืฉื ืจืฉืืืืช ืขืจืืืืช
ืืืื ืจืืื - ืืืขืฅ ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจ, ืืจืื ืืืื
ืขืืื ื ื'ืื ืืืกืฃ - ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื
ืืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื ยถ
ืขืืื ืื ืืฆืืง
ืื ืืืช ืืืืขืื ยถ
ืืช ืฉืืข ืคื ืืกืื
ืจืืฉืื ืคืจืืื ืืจื ยถ
ืก.ื., ืืืจ ืืืชืจืืืื
ืืืฉืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื 1402 ืืฉื ืช 2016
ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืฉืขื ืืงืจืืื ื ืชืืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืื 1402 ืืืืคื ืืื ืขืืืืช. ืื ืื ื ืืขืืื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืื ื ื ืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืขืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืืขืื ืคืจืืื ืืจืืช ืื ืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืชืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืืฆืืช ืืืืจ ืืขืื ืชืงืืคื, ืื ื ืืงืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืื.
ืืืื ืจืืืขื, 24 ืืืืืฉ, ืืขืืช ืืื ื"ืืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืขื ืจืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืืช. ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืงืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืชืงืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืกืื ื"ื ืืืืขืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช. ืืืจื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืคื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืื ืกืื ืื ืชืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืื ืืชืขืกืงืื ืขื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืชื ืฉื.
ืืืื ืจืืื ยถ
ืืชื ืจืืืช ืชืื ืืช?
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื. ืืฉ ืืกืื. ืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืชื. ืื ืื ื ื ืืฆืืื ืืงืื ืืงืกื ืืกืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืืชืจ. ืืืืื ืฉืขืืจ ืืืฉืจ ืงืืืื ื ืืช ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืื ืชืื ืืืช, ืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืชืชืงืฆื ืืืชื ืื ืฉืืชื ืืชืงืฆื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืจ.
ืื ืื ื ื ืืฆืืื ืืคืืงืืก ืืกืืื, ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื, ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืคื ื ืืฉืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืฉืขืืจื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืช 1402 ืืื ืื ื ืืงืจืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืคืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ื.
ืืืจืื, ืื ืื ื ืืชืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืืืืงื ืฉืขืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืฉ ืืืืืืชืืช, ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืขืฆื ืืืชื ืืืจ, ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืชืืงื ืืจืืข ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืช 1402 ื-2016. ืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืืขืช ืืขื ืืื ื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืื ืื ืงืฉืืจื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืชื ื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืข ืืขืืืืช ืืืืขืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืงืืขื. ื ืงืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืืื, ืืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืชืืงืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืื', ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื, ืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ื-2016 ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืืงืืืฉื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืง ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฆืข.
ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืขื ืชืื ืืช, ืืื ืืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืคื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช. ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉ ืชืื ืืช ืืืื ืชืื ืืช, ืืืืืจื ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืืช ืืืจื ืืืฉื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ื ืืงืจืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืกืขืืคืื ืฆืืืขืื ืืืืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืื.
ื ืืจืืช, ืืช ืจืืฆื ืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืชืื ืืช 1402?
ื ืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืื ยถ
ืืฉืืื. ืื ื ืืฆืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืฉ, ืืืขื ืืคืจืืืืงืื, ื ืืจืืช, ืืจืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืข ืฉื ืืื ืกืช.
ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืจืช, 1402, ืชืืื ื ื ืืืืืฉื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื, ืืื 2016 ื-2020, ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉ ืฉื ืชืืช, ืืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืจืง ืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืชืงืฆืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืงืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ.
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืืจื ืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืคืกืงื.
ื ืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืื ยถ
ืืืจื ืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ื ืงืืข ืชืงืฆืื ืืกืืืจ. ืขื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืกืืคืจ ืฉืืื ืงืืฆืืฆืื ืชืงืฆืืืืื, ืื ืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืงืืฆืืฅ ืจืืืื ืฉื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืกืืจืช ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืจืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช ืงืืฆืฆื. ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืจืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืื ืืช? ืคืจืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื, ืื ื ืงืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืขืฉืจ ืชืื ืืช, ืืชืืื ืฉืืข ืืืฆืขื, ืฉืืื ื ื ืงืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืชืืื ืืจืืข ืืืฆืขื, ืืืฉืจ ืืขืฆื ื ืคืชื ืคืขืจ, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืจืื, ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืงืื ืืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืื ืื ืขืจืืขืจ. ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉ ืคืจืืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืื ื ืขืฉื, ืืืืชืจ ืคืจืืื ืขื ืื ืืคืจืง ืืืืืืจ ืืืกืื ืฉืื ื.
ืืืฅ ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืขื 2,600 ืชืงื ืื. ืื ืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืื ืืชืืืืฅ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืก 1,613 ืืืคืืขื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืกื 1,231, ืืืช ืืืืจืช ืื ืืขืฆื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืก ืืืฉืืจื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืืืก 600 ืชืงื ืื ืืืกืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืืกื, ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืืชืจ ื-460 ืฉืืืจืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืคื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉืืฆืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืจืื ืฉืืคืืขื, ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืื ืขืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืคืืขื ื-2019 ืืื ืืืฉืืจื 338 ืชืงื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืช 2015. ืืืช ืืืืจืช ืื ืจืื ืฉืืืง ืืืืกื ืืืืชืื ืฉืืืง ืขืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืกื ืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช ืืื ืื - - -
ื ืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืื ยถ
ืกื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืคื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืกืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืคื ืฉืชืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืงืืจืืช. ืืืืืจื ืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืชืืกืคืืช ืชืงืฆืืืืืช, ืืคื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืกืฃ, ืืชืืืื ื ืืืงืฆืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื ืฉืงืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืกืืก ืืชืงืฆืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืขืฆื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืขืืจ.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืืืข ืื ื ืืื ืืืขืืจ?
ื ืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืื ยถ
ืื ืฉืืืขืืจ, ืฆืจืื ืืืขืช ืฉืืกืืืืื ืืืกืืก ืืชืงืฆืื ืืฉ ืืฉืคืขื ืืฆืืืจืช, ืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืคืขื ืื ืขื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืื ืื ื ืกืชืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืกืฃ 1,376,000 ืืืคืืขื ืืชืืืกืคื 15% ืคืืืช ืืื, ืืืช ืืืืจืช 1.1 ืืืืืืจื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืืงืื. ืืจืฉืืชืื, ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชืืกืืฃ ืืืจืื, ืชืืืจ ืืช ืขืื ืื ื ืขื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืื ื ืฉืืข ืืช ื ืืฆื ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืืจ ืื ืืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืงืืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ื ืืฆื ืขื ืืงื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืก ืืืชื ืืชืื ืืืืื. ืื, ืขืืื.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืจืง ืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืจ?
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืืชืื ืืช.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ื ืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืจื - - -
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืื ื ื ืืืจ ืขื ืื, ืืืจืื.
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืื ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืืจืื, ืืื ืงืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื? ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืืง ืื ืชืคืืกืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื, ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืืฆืืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืชืื.
ืขืืื ื ื'ืื ืืืกืฃ ยถ
ืชืืื ืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืฉื ืื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืืช ืืขืืชื ืื ื ืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืฉื ืช 2019 ืืืงืื ืชืื ืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจื ืืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืจืืืงื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืขืืื ืฉืื ืฉืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืฉืคืืข ืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืฉื ืขื"ืก ืืฉืืจื, ืฉืืื ืชืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืื"ืค ืืขืืฉืื ืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืง ืงืืืืชื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืฉ 40 ืขื"ืก ืืฉืืจื, ืจืง 11 ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืชืงื ืืื ืฉื ืขื"ืก ืืฉืืจื.
ืื ื ืืฉื ืืฉืงืืคืืช ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืฉื ืชืื ืืกืืืืกืื ืืฉื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื ืฉืืฆื ืืคื ื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืกืงืจืื ื ืขืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืกืงืจ ืืืคืื ื, ืืฉืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืฉืกืงืจ ืืืคืื ื, ืืฉืืชื ืืจืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืืฉืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืชืคื ืคืขืืื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืขืืฉื ืืช ืืกืงืจ ืคื ืื ืื ืคื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืจื. ืื ืขืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืื ืขืืฉื ืืช ืืคืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืืช 'ืื ืืืืื' ืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืข ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืชืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื.
ืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืจ ืฉืืขืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช, ืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื, ื ืืฆืจื, ืืืกืืื ืื ืขืื ืฉืืจืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืชืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื. ืืืฉืืจื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืขืื, ืืืืืข ืฉืืืืจ ืืชืช ืื ืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืข ืฉืืกืชืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื.
ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืขืื ื ืงืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืงืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืขืจืืืื. ืืืง ืืจืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชื ืฆื ืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืคืื ืืช, ืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืขืช ืกืืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืื.
ืื ืืฉ ืขืื ืืื ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืชืืืืก - - -
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื, ืืืงืฉืชื ืืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืช.
ืขืืื ื ื'ืื ืืืกืฃ ยถ
ืืกืืจ, ืื ื ืืงืืืช ืืช ืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ื ืืฆื ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ื ืืฆื ืืืชื ื? ืื. ืฉืืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืืฆื.
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืฉืืื. ืืื ืฉืืคืฉืจืชื ืื ืืืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกืืืจ ืืื ืขืชื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืคืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืช ืขืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืขื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ื - - - ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืชืงื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืงืืื.
ืงืืื ืื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืื ื ืืื ืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืคืืืื, ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืงืืื.
ืืืจ ืื, ืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืืงืื ื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช. ืืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืช ืชืืงืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืขืืืื, ืืฉ ืืงืืืืช ืฉืืฉ 100% ืขืืืื, 50% ืขืืืื, ืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืงื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืคืจ ืงืืกื, ืขืืืื ืฉื 50% ืืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ื ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช. ืื ืชืื ื ืฉืืืืืจื ืฉืืืืืืืช ืื ืขืืชื. ืืื ืื ืคืื, ืขืืืื ืฉื 33% ืืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืงืจืื ื-70%.
ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืขืืืจืืช ืจืฆื, ืืฆืขืจื ืื ื ืชืืื ืืชืงืฉื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืคืจืื ืืจืฆื, ืืจืืข ืจืฆืืืืช ืืื ื-2019 ืืืื ืื ืคืื, ืืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืฉืจ ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืข, ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ื ืืชืืืงืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืคื ืฉืืฉ ืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืชืืื ืืช, ืื ืืืจ ืืชืืื ื ืื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืช ืืฉืืจื ืืื ืื ื ืืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ื ื ืฉืื ืื ื ื ืืื ืก ืืขืืื ืืงืืจื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ื ืืฆื ื'ืืื, ืืงืฉืจ ืืืชืื ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืื ืืฉ ืชืื ืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืืจืชื ื ืืืฉ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืงืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื ืชืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืืืจ ืกืคืฆืืคืืช ืขื ืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืจืช ืฉื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืฆืืื ืืคืขื ื ืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืืืืืืฉ ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืฆืืจ ืืจืชืขื, ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืื ื ืชืื ืกืคืฆืืคื ืืื ืชืืงืื ืืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืืืฉืชื?
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืืืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืืืืืฉ-ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืื ืกืคืง, ืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื.
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื 19' ืืื 18'. ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืช 2018, ืืงืืฉื ืืืขื ื ื-18% ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืจืฆื. ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืกืืช ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืกืืื ืฉืืืื ื ื-54%. ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ื 54% ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช 18%, ืื ื ืืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืงื ื-19', ืืื ืฉืืชืืืงื ื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, 50% ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืจืฆื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื-2019 ืืืืจื ืืืื?
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
54%, ืื ื-19' ืฉืื ืื ื ืืชืืืงื ื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช. ื ืชืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืื ืคืื ื-18' ืืื ืฉืืข ืจืฆืืืืช ืืฆืขืจื, ืฉื ื ืืงืจืื ืคืืขื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืจ ืื, ื-19' ืืื ืืจืืขื ืืงืจืื ืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื. ืื ืื ืืืขืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืข ืืืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืฉืื.
ืขืื ื ืงืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืชื, ืื ื ืืฆืืขืจ ืฉืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืื, ืฉืฉืืืจ ืจืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื. ืืืืคื ืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืื? ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืฉืชืืืื ืืืฉ"ื, ืืชืื ืืช, ืฉืื ืฉืืงืื, ืืจืื, ืืฉ ืืจืืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืขืจืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื? ืื ืืืฆืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืคืืื ืืืคืจืืืืงืื, ืืช ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืื.
ืืืืจืชื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ื ืืขืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช. ืฉื ื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืืืืจืชื - - -
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืฉ ื ืชืื ืืื ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืื ืชืื ื ืืชืืื ืืช?
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืืขืืืื ืื ืชืื ื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืขื 50%. ืื ื ืื ืืคืจื ืื ืืช ืืชืื ืืช, ืืขื 50% ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืืคืจ ืงืืกื ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืคืจ ืงื ื, ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืชื, ืืืืคื ืืืฆืืื ืืช ืื ืชืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืจืฆื? ืื ื ืชืืฉื ืืคืจ ืงื ื, ืื ื ืื ืืกืชืืจ, ืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืชืื ืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืคืก ืืงืจื ืจืฆื. ืืืืคื ืื 1.8, ืื ืืืืข ืื ืื. ืื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชืื ืื, ืชืชืืืขืฆื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืชืช ืืื ืืช ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืื ืืกืชืืจ ืฉืื ืืืจ.
ืืขืืืื ืื ื ืืืืจ, ืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืฉืืขื. ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื, ืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืกืืืืืืฅ, ืฉืื ืขื ื, ืื ื ืืขื ื ืืืงืืื, ืืฉืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช, ืืขื ืชืฉืข ืฉื ืื ืืืืชื ืขืืืื ืจืฆืืคื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืฆืืื ื ืืคืฆื. ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืจืื - - - ื ืืจืื ืืืชื. ืื ืฉืืจืืื ื ืืคืฉืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืชื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ื ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื ื ืืงืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืคื ืืื. ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืจืืฆื ืฉืืคืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืืืงื ืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืขืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืื ืืช ืืชืืฆืืืช.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ื ืืฆื ื'ืืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื 1402, ืืืคื ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื? ืืฉ ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื, ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืชืงืฆืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืช, ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืืขื ืฉืจืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืงืืฆืฅ ืืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืื ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืจื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ื ืืฆืืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืคืขื ืื ืืงืจื ืจืฆื, ืืืฉืช ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ื-2019, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื, 2019, ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืช ืฉืื ืืืงืจื ืืจืฆื, 94 ืื ืฉืื ื ืจืฆืื ื-2019 ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืชื ื ืืื ืชืืื ืืฉ ืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืงืจื ืืจืฆื, ืืื ืื ืืฆืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืฉื ืชืื ืืช ืฉืืคืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื 1402. ืื ืชืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืื ืืฉื ืืื.
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืื ืกืืจ, ืืฉ ืื ืืฆืขื, ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืืื ืก, ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืฉืืืข.
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืชื ืื ืืืฆืืข ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืช. ื ืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ื ืืืื ืืขื ื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืื ืชืฉืืข ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืืื. ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืชื ืชืงืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ. ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื.
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืืืืื ืช ืงืืฆืืฆืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืง, ืงืืฆืฆื 470 ืืืืืื ืฉืงื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืชืื ืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืชืื ืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืกืืฃ - - -
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืืกืืื ืืืงืืจื ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืช ืชืืืฉื ืืืืคื ืืื?
ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ยถ
ืืกืืื ืืืงืืจื ืืื 1.2 ืืืืืืจื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืฆืฅ ื-470, ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื. ืื ืื ื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืืื ื ืืคื ืืชืื ืืช ืืขืฉืืช, ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืงืืฆืืฆืื, ืืืจืืช ืฉืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืืืืง ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืืฉื ืชืื ืช ืขืจืืขืจ ืื ืื, ืืฉืืงืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืงืฆืื ืืชืื ื ืืืืช, 112 ืชืงื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืงืฆืื ืืืงืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืื ื ืืช ืื. 112 ืชืงื ืื. ืชืื ืช ืจืื, ืฉืขืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืงืช ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืขืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืืกื ืืจืื, ืฉืื ืืืงื ืืคืืืช ืฉื ืชืืื-ืฉืืืฉ, ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืจื ื ืื. ืืืชื ืืืจ ืืืืจื, ืืืืจื ืจืง ืืืืืฉ, ืืคืชืืื ืืืืืืืช ืชืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืืฉ, ื-30.6, ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, 100 ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืื ื ืขืฆืืืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืคืชื. ืืื ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืื ืคืืขื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืคืืขื ืืชืื ืืช, ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืคื ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื-2020 ืืื ืืืืืง ืืฉืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืฉืืขื.
ืื ื ืื ืืชืืืง ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืืคืฉืืขื ืืฉื ืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืื ื ืขืืื ื ืืืกืคืจ ืืชืื ืืืฉืื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืข ืืืกืคืจ, ืื ืื ื ืจืฆืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืงืคืื, ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชื ืคืขืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืขื ืืืกืืฃ ืื ืฉืง, ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืชืคืกืื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืื ื ืฉืง, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ื ืฉืง, ืืืืชื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืฆืืืืื ืืืื ืืก ืขืืจืืื ืื ืืืจ ืกืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืชืขื ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื.
ืืฆืืื ืขืื ื ืงืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ืจืฆืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื. ืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื, ืื ื ืงืืจื ืืืืื, ืื ื ืืืืข ืฉืืชื ืคืขืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื, ืืฉ ืกืืกืืืื ืฉืื - - - ืืืชืืืช ืขื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืจื ื ืื ืกืื, ืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืกืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืืืจืืืข ืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืกืืืกืืืช ืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืกืืืกืืืช ืืคื ืืคืืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืคืืขืืื ืืชืืื. ืจืื ืืจืฆืืืืช ืฉืืื ื-2019 ืื ืืกืืกืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื. ืื ืื ื ืื ืืงืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืื ื ืืคืฉืืขื - - - ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืจืืืืื ืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืคืฉืืขื. ืงืฆืช ืกืืื ืืช, ืื ืืืงื ืืื.
ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืืข ื-600 ืฉืืืจืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืกื ื 480 ื ืืื ืืขืืฉืื, ืืื ื-480 ืืืื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืขืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืช. 482, ืืืืืืง. ืืฉ ืื ื ืืืืก, ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื, 51 ืฉืืืจืืช ืืืกืืืืืช ืฉืขืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉ"ื, ืืชืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืฉืืื ื ืืชื ื ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืคื ืืฉืื ืืืจ.
ืื ืื ื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืื ืืช, ืืงืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช, ื ืืืฉ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืื ื. ืื ื ืืงืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืื ืืช, ืืชืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืฉืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืขืจืื, ืืืืืง ืืชื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคืฉืืขื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืื, ืืืืืช ืืคืฉืืขื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืง ืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืืคืฉืืขื, ืืืคื ืืงืืืืชื, ืืคื ืืฉืืจืืชื, ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืงืื ืืืชื ืืื ืคื ืื ืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฉืืจืืช ืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ื ืืฆื ืืืจืืฉ, ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืชืื ืืืช ืืขืชืืืืืช ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืชืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื. ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืชื ื ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืื, ืืืืจ ืจืืืื?
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืื, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจ?
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืคืฉืจ, ืชืฆืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืงืืื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืฉืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืข ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ื ืื ืืืืชื ืื ื"ื ืืขืืจืืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื, ืื ืฉืืขืฉืจ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื. ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืกืืง ืืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื, ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืฉืจ, 12 ืฉืขืืช ืืืื ืื ื ืขืกืืง ืจืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืืก ืืืืจื ืชืงืื ื.
ืขืืฉืื ืืืจืชื ืืืฉืืืช ืขืืืื ืืฆื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืขืืืจืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืืกืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืืฉ ืคื ืืจืืจ ืคืืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืฉ ืืืขื ืื ืขืจื ืืืจืืข ืืจื. ืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืคืขื, ืฉืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืจื ืืฉืืื ื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืืื ืืชืขืืื ืืืืืฆืคื ืฉื ืืขืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืงืื, ืืืืจืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืื ืืืช. ืื ื ืจืง ืจืืฆื ืืืจืืืช ืืื, ืื ื ืืงืืื ืฉืจืืืื, ืืืช ืืคื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืฉืกืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืง ืืืื ืืจื ืืืงืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืงืืืข. ืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืขืืืืืื, ืื ืจืง ืืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจื. ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช, ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื, ืื ืืฆืืืขืื ืืจืืืืื ืคืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืชืืืืืื. ืื ืื ื ื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืืืกืืืื, ื ืืฆืจืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืฉืืืจืื ืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืขืจืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืช ืืืืืงื ืืืืช ืชืขืืื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ื ืืื. ืืชื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืจืื, ืื ื ืจืง ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืชืื. ืืฉืืืข ืฉืขืืจ, ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืชืืื ืืช, ืชืกืชืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืืชืื ืืืช, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืกืขืืืช ืืฉืืช ืฉืื. ืื ืืชืจืืก. ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืง ืืืื, ืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืื, ืืืจ, ืขืื ืฉืืืข, ืฉืืืืชื ืืคืื ืืคืฉืข, ืืจืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืงืจื ืืืคื. ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืคื. ืื ื ืืืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืฆืขืจื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืช ืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืงืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืชื ืขืืฆืจืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืื ืขืืฆืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืคืืื ืืื.
ืื ื ืืืืข ืฉืืฉ ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื. ื ืืฆื ืคื ืืืชื ื ืื ืืจ ื'ืืื ืืืจืืฉ, ืื ืืฆื, ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืขืืจ, ืืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืคื ื ืืืฉ ืื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืื, ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืื ืกืช, ืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉืืฆืืคืื ืืช ืื.
ืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืกืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืคืฉืืขื, ืืืื ืื ืืจืืข ืืงืืงืชืืช ืฉืืคืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืืช. ืืืจืืข ืืืงืืงืชืืช ืฉืืคืืืืช, ืืชืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืคืืจ ืืฅ ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืืืคืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจื. ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉ ืืขืฉืจ. ืื ื ื ืืชืืชื ืืช ืจืื ืคืกืงื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืฉืง ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช, ืืคื ืื ื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืงื ืืชืื ื: ืชืคืกื ื ืืืจื, ืชืคืกื ื ื ืฉืง, ืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืชื, ืงืืืื ื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืคืขืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืจืื, ืื ืคืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืคื. ืคืขื ืืื ืืืืข ืฉืืืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืช ืฉืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืคืช ืื. ืืฉืืืข ืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื, ืขืฉืจืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืขืืฆืจ ืื ืืื, ืืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืืช ืืืกืื ืื ืฉืื.
ืื ื ืืืืจ, ืืืจืื, ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืง ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื. ืฆืจืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืืจ ืืขื ืืฉื. ืืชื ืืืืืงืงืื, ืชืืงืื ืืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืฉืื ืืชืืืฆื ืืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ, ืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืชื ืื, ืืฉืืคืืื ืืชื ืืืื, ืืืฉืืจื ืจืืื ืืชื ืืืช, ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืขืจืืช, ืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืช, ืื ืฉืืืจื ืฉืืืืข ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื.
ืื ืืจืืข ืืืช. ืืืจืืข ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืข ืืืืืืืช. ืื ืฉืื ืืกืชืืืืื, ืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืจืืื ืฉืจืฅ ืืชืืื, ืจืฆืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืืง ืืืง, ืืฉ ืขืืฉืื ืืื ืืืคื ื, ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืืื. ืืชื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจ? ืื ื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืงืื ื ืืืชืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืื, ืื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืคืจ ืกืืคืืช ืฉื 200 ืฉืงื, ืชืจืื ืืื, ืืฉ ืคื ืืืืืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืื. ืืื ืกืืคืจ. ืื ืฉืืืข ืื ื ืืงืื ืกืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื, ืืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืชื ืืกืืฃ ืงืื ืื ื ืฉืงืื, ืจืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืืื. ืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ. ืืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืคืืงืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืืืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืื ืก ืคื ืืืง ืืื ืืืฆืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื, ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืฉืื ืืชื ืชืฉืื ืื, ืืืืคืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืคืฉืื, ืืืืจืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืง ืืขื ืขื ืืฉื ืืื' ืืื', ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืคืฉืืขื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืืฉืืชื ืฉืชืืืจ ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืืืื, ืชืขืฉืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืืจืืฉ ืขืืจ ืฉื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืคืฉืืขื, ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืขืืจืืื ืชืคืชื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืฉื, ืขืจืืื ืขื ืืจืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืคืชืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืคืฉืืขื ืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืฉืืืืจ. ืฉืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืขืืจืืื ืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืฉืื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืชื. ืืฉ ืคืกืืง ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืกืืจ ืืจืข ืืขืฉื ืืื, ืงืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืื ืงืืช ืืช ืืจืข, ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืช ืืขืฉืืช ืืื. ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืชื ืื ื ืขืืื ืงืฉื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืกืืื ืกืขืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื, ืชืจืืืช. ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืื ืืจืืจ, ืื ืคืฉืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื - - - ืื ืคืืืช ืคืฉืืขื. ืืฉ ืื ืชืฉืชืืืช, ืืฉ ืื ืืชื "ืกืื, ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืื, ืื ื ืืกืืื. ืื ืืกืืื, ืืื, ืฉืืชืืื ืื ื ืืืคืชืขืชื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืืืืืช ืืก ืจืง ืืขืื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจืืื ืกืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืง. ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืืืชื ืืขืืจ. ืืกืืื ืืืชื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืชืืื ืื, ืื ืื ื ื ืชืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืืฉืคื ืืืจืื ืืกืืื. ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืจ, ืืฉืืจื ืื ืืฉืื, ืืืฉืื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืื, ืืฉ ืืช ืืฆืืข ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืืงืืืื. ืื ืืงืืืื, ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืขืจืืืช, ืื ืชืขืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฉื, ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืขืืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืง, ืืจืื ืคืขืืื ืื ื ืฉืืืข ืฉืื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ื, ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืขืืืื. ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืจืข. ืฆืจืื ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืจืืฆืื ืื ืงืืช ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืคืฉืืขื ืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ื, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืจืง ืืืืื ื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืื ืกืคืง. ืชืืื ืื, ืื ืื ื ืืชืืืงืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืขืจืืืช, ืืื ืกืคืง, ืื ื ืืจื ืืื ื.
ืืืืจ ืจืืืื ยถ
ืชืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืงืฉื.
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืจืฉืืชื, ืืืื ื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ, ืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื. ืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืขืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืื ืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืจื. ืื ืืชืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืขืืฉื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ. ืืงืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืขืื ืชืงื ืื, ืื ืื ืขืืืจ, ืขืืืื, ืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืขืืืืชืืช ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืขื 40 ืืจืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืฉื ื.
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
42, 43. ืืฉื ื ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ืืืื ื ื-33. ืืืช ืืืืจืช ืขืืืื ืฉื 20% ืืืงืจื ืืจืฆื. ื ืกืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืื 130 ืืจืืืื ืืขืืืช ื-100 ืืจืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืขืืจื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืื ืืื ืก ืฉืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืื ืื ื ืืคืืขื ืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืคืื ืืคืฉืืขื. ืืืืื ืืืืชืืช ืื ืื ืขืื ืชืงื ืื ืืขืื ืชืื ืืช, ืื ืขืืืื, ืืืงืื, ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืงืื ืฉื ืคืชืื ืืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืื ืื ืขื ืืคืขื ืื? ืื ืขื ืื ืฉืง ืฉื ืืฆื ืืฉืคืข ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช? ืื ืขื ืืจืฆืืืืช, ืื ืขื ืืจืชืขื? ืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืื. ืื ืื ืื ืืงืจื ืฉื ืคืฉืืขื ืืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืข, ืืืขืืืช ืคืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืืื ืฉืืคืชืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืฆื. ืกืชื ืืืืื ืื ืกืชื ืกืืกืื ืืืคื ืืจืฆื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืกืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืคื. ืื ืืกืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืช. ืืื ืชืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืคื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช. ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช, ืื ืจืืฆืื ืขืื ื ืชืื ืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืงืืื ืจืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืคืจ ืืจืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช. ืชืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืชืืื ืืืื ืก. ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืื.
ืืืื ืืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืชืืื ืจืื. 94 ื ืจืฆืืื ื-2019, 45 ืขื ืื ืืฉื ื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืง ืืืขื, ืืื ืื ื ืืขืจืื ืฉ-90% ืืืืขืื ืงืฉืืจืื ืื ืืคืฉืข ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื X ืืืจืืื Y. ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืจืื ืื ืจืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืื ืคืฉืขืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืคืฉืข ืืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ื, ืขื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืจืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืืช, ืืืืขืืช ืืืขืงื, ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืื ืืก"ื ืคืจืื, ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืืืคื. ื ืืื, ืืฉ ืืืืช ืงืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืชืืช, ืืืกืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืจืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืขืจืื, ืืื ืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืช, ื"ืืื, ืจืืฉื ืจืฉืืืืช, ืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื, ืืชื ืกืคืจ, ืืื ืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื. ืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืขื ืื ืืชืจืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืชืจืฉืืื ืืจืื, ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืืจืช, ืืืืื, ืืคืืืื, ืคืจืืืงืฉื, ื ืฉืง, ืกืืื.
ืื ื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉืืชื ืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืขืืจืืืช ืืื ื ืื ืก ืืชืืื ื ืืืื ืืืขืง. ืฉืืชื ืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืงืืืขืื ืฉื ืื ืกื ืืืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืช. ืื ื ื ืื ืืงืืืขืื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืื ื ืืืชื, ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืกื ืืงืืืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืช ืืืขืงื ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืงืื, ืืืืื ืืืืง ืืืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืคืขื ืื. ืืฉ ืคืขื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืขืจืืื, ืื, ืืขื ืืืกืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืจืืฆืื, ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจ, ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื ืืจืขื ื ื, ืืืคืจ ืงืืกื, ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืื ืืืืข, ืืฆืขืจื ืืจื, ืืื ืื ื ื ืืขืง ืขืื ืคืขื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืื ื ืืกืืื, ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืงื ืืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ. ืชืืื ืจืื.
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืื ืืื ืจืืฆื, ืืืืืง.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืชืืื ืจืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืื. ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื, ืืืงืฉื.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืชืืงื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืื, ืฉืืื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืคืฉืืขื, ื ืืฉื. ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืชืืฆืื. ืืืืื ืืชืืฆืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืขืืื ืืขืืืื ืืคืฉืืขื, ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืื ืฉื ื ืจืฆืืื ื-2019, ืืฉื ื ืืืกืืช ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ืืฉื ื ืืงืืืืช ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืื ืจืฆืืื ืฉื ื-30%, ื ืืื, ืืืืื?
ืืืืื ื ืกืืจ ยถ
ืืืกืืช.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืืกืืช, ืืืืื. ืืชืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืกืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืืฃ ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืืืง. ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืชื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืชืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืขืจืืืื. ืืฉ ืชืืืฉื ืฉืืืืืจืื ืืกืืืืื ืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื. ืื ืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืขืฉืจื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืจืื, ื ืืื?
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืืืชืจ.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืืชืจ, ืจืง ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืฉืืืขืืช ืืืืจืื ืื. ืื ืื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืื. ืืืฆื ืฉื ื, ืืืงืื ืืจืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืชืื ืืช ืืคืขืืื ืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืืืื ืืืฉ ืขืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื, ืจืืืื ืคืืคืืช, ืืืฉ ืคืืคืืช. ืื ื ืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืขืื ืืงืืช, ืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืขืื ืืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืฆื ืฉื ืืืจืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืฆื ืจืืื? ืื, ื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืขืื ืื ืฉื ืฉืคื, ืฆืขืืจืื ืขืจืืื ืืืืืืื 20 ื-30? ืืื ืื ื ืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืืคืืคืืช ืืืืืื.
ืขื ืื ืืืืื, ืื ื ื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืขื ื ืฆืืื ืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืคืืขื ืื ืงืืจื ืืืื. ืื ืืฉืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืชืงืฆืืืื ืื ืื ืกืขืืฃ ืืฆืจืื ืชืงืฆืืืื, ืืืขืืงืจ ืื ื ืืืืืฉ ืืกืขืืคืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืืกืขืืคืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืืฆืืงื - - -
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื.
ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืชืงืฆืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืขืืฉืื? ืฉืื, ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืืข ืขื ืืงืฆืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืจืื ืฉืื ืื ื ื ืฆืืจื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืื ื ืืกืืฃ ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ื. ืื ืชืืืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืืช, ืืคืื ืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืจืืจื, ืฆืจืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืคืขืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืกืืกืืืืช.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืชืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืกืฃ ื'ืืืจืื. ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ื ืขื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืื ืคืชื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืขื ืืฉืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ื ืขืืฉืื.
ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืชืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ. ืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืงืืื, ืืืกืฃ, ืืืื ืืืืื ืก. ืื ื ืจืง ืืืกืืฃ ืคื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืคืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืคืฉืืขื. ืื ื ืืืืข ืืืืงืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื', ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืจ ืืขื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืขืื ืฉ ืงืืืงืืืื ืืืคื ืืขื 7,000 ืชืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืื'. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืงืง ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืคืขื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื.
ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืื, ืืกืืคืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื, ืืฆืขืจื ืืจื ืืฉ ืชืื ืช ืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืจืง ืืืจื ืฉื. ืืื ืคืืขืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืช? ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืืืช ืืืจืืจืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืคื ื ืงืืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืช, ืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืขืืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืฆืขืจื ืืจื, ืื ื ืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ, ืืืงืจื ื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืชืงืื ืืจืื, ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืชืงืื ืืจืื ืขืืจืืื ืื ืืจื ืขื ืจืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ื ืืื ืื, ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืืฉ ืืช ืื ืฉืืจื, ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืคื ื ืงืืืชืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืจืืจืืืช ืืืชืคืืก ืืช ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืืืงื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืฉืืจื? ืืืชืจื ืืช ืฉืืื ืช ืืืชืงืื ืืจืื, ืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืฆืื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืงืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืงื ืกืืช ืืืฆืจื ืืฆื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืงืจื ืืงืืืื ื ืื ืืืฉืืจื.
ืงืจืืื ยถ
ืขืื ืฉ ืงืืืงืืืื.
ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื (ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช) ยถ
ืขืื ืฉ ืงืืืงืืืื. ืื ืงืจื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืชืงืื, ืื ืงืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื', ืงืืจื ืขื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืจ ืืืื', ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืจืจ. ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืงืืืงืืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืคืฉื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืื, ืืื ืืฃ ืืื ืฉืืคืจืืข ืืื, ืืืืคื, ืื ืืืคืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืฉืื ืจืืฆืื. ืชืืื, ืืืื ื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืชืืื, ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืกืขืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืชื ื?
ืืืจืืช ืกืจืคืืก ยถ
ืื, ืื ื ืืื.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืฉืืื ืงืฆืจื. ืื ืืกืืืืก ืฉื ืชืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืืื ื"ืืื, ืืืคื ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืขืืฉืื?
ืืืจืืช ืกืจืคืืก ยถ
ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืฆืื ืืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืื ืืกืืคืืื ืืคื ื ืฆืืืช ืืื ื"ืืื ืืืืจื ืืกืื ืืช ื โ ืื ืื ื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืขืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืงืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืคืจืกื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืฆืืช.
ืืื"ืจ ืื ืกืืจ ืขืืืก ยถ
ืืืงืื, ืชืืื ืื.
ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืื ืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืคืชื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช.
ืืืฉืืื ื ื ืขืื ืืฉืขื 13:00.
ืงืื ืืืงืืจ ืฉื ืื ืชืื ืื
ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉืง ืื ืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืข ืคืจืืื ืืจื ื ืืืฉ.
ืื ืชืื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืืืกืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืงืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืจืืืืงื knesset-data-pipelines
ืืฃ ืhtml ืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืชืืจืื 15/07/2021 ืืฉืขื 06:37 GMT ืืืืฉื ืืฉื pipelines-5677f85c77-5r66w
ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ืืืงืืจ ืืคื ืฉืื ืืืคืืขืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืข ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืฉืง ืืืืข ืคืจืืื ืืจื ืืืื -
ืืฉืืื
ืืกืคืจ ืืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืื:
ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื:
ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืกืช:
ืงืื ืกืื ืืืฉืืื:
ืชืืืืจ ืกืื ืืืฉืืื (ืคืชืืื, ืืกืืื, ืกืืืจ):
ืคืชืืื
ืงืื ืืืืขืื:
ืงืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืกืช:
ืงืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืกืช:
ืชืืจืื ืืชืืื:
ืืขืจื:
ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื
ืชืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืื:
ืฉื ืืืืขืื:
ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช
ืืขืื
ืงืื ืืืืขืื:
ืฉื ืืืืขืื:
ืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฉืืขื ืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช
ืงืื ืืงืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืขืื:
ืชืืืืจ ืืงืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืขืืืช ืืืงืืืช ืืืืฉ. ืืฉืื ืงืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืงืืืืจืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช. ืืืฉื ืืงืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืืื "ืคื ืื" ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื. ืื ืืขืืืช ืืืฉื ื ืฉื ืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืงืืืืจืื ืฉืื. ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช. : |
Creating a permaculture in Minnesota
Creating a culture that provides energy and nutritious needs while sustaining the environment. Hunt Utilities Group created a campus in Pine River that is working towards that goal based on Australian permaculture expert Geoff Lawton.
Hunt learned how to designed building to use a more sustainable heat source. One of their buildings captures heat from the sun and channeled it to charge sand in the basement that can heat the building.
Lawton also suggests having a garden to supply food. He says itโll cut down on energy and create a healthier lifestyle. He says being energy efficient and having a garden with worth the initial effort to implement.
Lawton visited Huntโs campus in part of a film heโs making about how different sites have adapted the permaculture ideas as well as talk about other sustainable practices. |
ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืขืกืง, ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืชื ืืืงืฆืืขื. ืืื ืืชืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืื ื ืืชื ืืฉืืืง ืืืงืื ืืช ืืขืกืง. ืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืฃ ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืขืกืง ืืืื ืืืฆืืข, ืืฉ ืฆืืจื ืืืฉืงืืข ืืชืืื ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืจืื ื. ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ [...] |
ืืจืืจื ืืจืืขืื ืืจืื (Drori Aroeti Berman) ืืื ืืฉืจื ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืจืืื, ืคืจื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืจืกืื ืืจืืจื ืฉืืืื BBDO ืืืฉืจื ืืคืจืกืื ืืจืืขืื ืืจืื GPS. ืืฉืจื ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉื ืืืชื BBDO ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืืืืงื ืื ืืืช ืืืืงืฃ ืฉื ื-25% ืืืจืืจื ืฉืืืื. ืื ื"ืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืกืื ื"ื ืืงืจืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืคืืืจ. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืืจ ืืฉืจื ืืคืจืกืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืื ืืจืืค ืฉื ืจืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืคืจืกืื ืืจืืจื ืืจืืขืื ืืจืื. ืื ืฉื ืืืคืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืคืจืกืื ืื ืืืจื ืืจืืจื, ืืืืืช ืฉืืืื, ืืืกื ืืจืืขืื, ืืืื ืืจืื.
ืคืืกืืื ื ืืกืคืื
ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืื
ืชื ืืื, ืฉืงืืคืืช ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืค
ืชืคืจืื
ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืื
ืชื ืืื, ืฉืงืืคืืช ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืค
ยฉ 2006- ืืืืื ืืจืืค | 2021 ืืืืื ืืฉืืคืืฆืืืฉื ืฉืื 2
ืืฆื
ืชืคืจืื ืืืืช
ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืื
ืชื ืืื, ืฉืงืืคืืช ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืค
ืชืคืจืื
ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืืืื
ืชื ืืื, ืฉืงืืคืืช ืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืค
ืงืืืืจืืืช ืคืืกืืื
ืงืืืืจืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืืจืช ืงืืืืจืื MUST READ snaps ืืืืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืคืืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืืื ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืจืกืื ืืชื ืฉืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืืช ืืืงืืจืช ื ืืงืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืขื ื ืืื ืกืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืขื ื ืคืืืกืืืง ืืืจืื ืขืืืื ืคืืืกืืืง ืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืคืืคืืืกืงื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืขืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืกื ืฆืืืืจ ืืจืืืกื ืืืงืืจ ืืชืืืช ืจืืฉืืืช ืืืจืืกื ืืืขื ืืงืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืคืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืง ืืชืจืืืื ืื ืืชืืช ืืงื ื ืืกืืืืื ื ืืืืจืงืื ื ื ืืชืื ืงืืคืืื โ ืขืืจื ืืืืจ ื ืชืคืก ืืจืฉืช ืกืคืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืกืคืืคืื ืืืืืง ืืืฃ ืขืืฉืื ืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืคืืกื ืืืจื ืคืจืื ื ืคืจืกืืืืช ืืืื ืคืจืกืืืืช ืืกืจืืื ื ืจืฉืช ืคืจืกืืืืงืก ืฆืืืงืื ืฆืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืฆืจืื ืืช ืงื"ื ืงืืืื ืืช ืงืืื ืืข ืงืืืืงืก ืงืืคื-ืงื ืงืืคืืจืืืืื ื ืงืืคืืื ืืฉืืืข ืจืืื ืฉืืืืง ืืจืืื ืฉืืืืง ืืืืืชื ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืืืืงื ืชืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืกืื ืชืืงื ืขืืืืืช ืชืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืชืงืืื (ืืฉืคืื) |
ืืืืืจ ืขื ืขื"ื ืกืคืจืื ืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืฉืจ ืืกืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฉืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืฃ ืืื"ื.
ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืงืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืื ื ืกืคืจืืืช. ืขืืืจ ืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ื ืืฆืืจื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืคืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืืืช.
ืื ืืืืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืจืืื ืกืคืจืื?
ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืคืจืืืช ืืขืืืคื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืกืืืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืืฉ ืืฉืืขืืช ืจืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืงืืืืช.
ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืจืื ืืืืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื. ืจืง ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืจ ืกืคืจืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืคื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืืื.
ืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืื ืกืคืจืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช?
ืืืืคื ืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืกืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืกืืจืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืคืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืคืจืืืช.
ืืกืืืื ืืฉืคืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืงืื ืืชืจืืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืขื ืื ืขื ืขื"ื ืกืคืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืืชื. ืขื"ื ืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืคืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืช ืขืืืช ืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืจืช. |
Why Enter a Race?
A Third Way
Without participating in a race, you cannot win or lose. This meditation suggests if a free-minded individual refuses to compete on societies precepts: happiness, security, and wealth become functional aspects of oneโs existence. An open-minded individual understands the rules of life, and after careful considerations, weighโs up the balance of any situation. And even if the scales of truth are weighted against oneโs hopes and inspirations: an open-minded person makes the right and sometimes difficult choice based on reality rather than emotional desire.
Open-minded thinking sometimes causes temporary isolation during transitional periods. Friends and family fail to accept open-minded assessments and the move from illusion to reality. The possibility of losing friends causes resistance from the emotional mind: Remember initial setbacks include: Closure of friendships, relationships, and moving away from established situations. Readers or listeners are reminded of significant changes to oneโs relationships are difficult for an emotional mind to accept: and this is why a moving account will resist the idea of becoming none competitive.
From the beginnings of the first comprehensions of life: we are encouraged to be competitive. We see parents, compete with family, friends and neighbours, fathers follow favourite teams and talk of promotion and work and money. Parents offer suggestions of superiority with comparisons. Proving their superiority with comparison to others less fortunate. โlook at that heap of junk, look at that terrace house, how can they live like that?โ These are the phrases of superiority. An unfortunate child has grandparents who reinforce attainment ideas: talk of the university, good jobs and qualification. The child is being locked into a system.
Furthermore: teachers over-see tests: school classes are competitive with two main factions: either: best and smart and fast OR weak and unintelligent and slow. Inevitably achievers gain attention: failures become punished, ignored or branded as trouble makers. Later in life, there are extremes with the top of the class becoming a successful professional. The bottom of the class becomes a successful criminal. The majority watch and understand nothing other than conformity.
Injustice seeps into the system: Adoration for attainersโ and dislike of the failures: The tragedy is we are rarely guided to reference personality or character. How many times have you listened to a cruel comment: Something like โHeโs a hard worker, but heโs just plain stupidโ? How do we explain this cruelty? Consider the character Forest Gump to discover the seed of an answer. Do you know why the film is so popular? It is because millions of people can relate to Forestโs character. They know they have more to give; however, their belief is they have no purpose. Consider the message that Forest does not have a purpose: episodes of his life are flowing and without a defined purpose. Chance meetings dictate his fortune. Truth is Forestโs prosperity is down to chance and luck of empathetic connection to reality. He has no fear because his mind only knows how to run! This is his initial life lesson: His mind knows it must keep running and moving on and is life like a box of chocolates? No more than it is a bowl of cherries. Life is harsh, unfair and without compromise.
The free mind asks why people adore the arrogant success story and ignore a kind and caring non-achiever. Who would you prefer as a friend and associate? I know my preference never waivers: A kind, caring, transparent and honest person wins my heart every time. My friends range from compassionate wealth: too will โo the wisp spirituals. Only one gauge matters, the question: โDo I enjoy my friendโs company?โ Incidentally, Iโm thankful for their patience and graciousness, and these are two character assets needed to put up with my strange attitudes and thoughts.
I do not believe who we associate with restricts our lives: Many sages suggest we become our associatesโ same mindset. Not if we follow the third way: you see the third-way guides one not to judge or compete. Therefore if there is no competition to gain or attain friends, it becomes easy to separate oneself from those who cause hurt, pain or unhappiness.
For most, lifeโs potentials and promise become set in the mould of conformity toward the end of teenage rebellion. As the renegade disappears in shadows of hopelessness: Social protocols and societyโs master plan takes over. Poor relationships, children, marriage, divorce, joy, happiness, failures, houses, apartments, jobs, cars, debts, loans, anguish, sorrow, occasional celebrations are expected and accepted. The cycle begins again when children grow up and follow the plan taught by parents and teachers. Millions are caught in this net of perceived normality.
Every race is won when it is run alone. Having no interest in the successful, the failures or middle-grounders frees the inner being from all competition levels. The winners, losers and the indifferent minds all have their level. And most of them unknowingly choose to be in their place. The free-mind seeโs people enter daily races even though theyโll lose or not finish. Races of ambition, wealth, possession, academic attainment are never won outright. Jack will have more money than Jill. Branson will have more money than your neighbour who lives in the mansion. Einstein has more genius than university lecturer. There are few outright winners and of what importance is another humanโs victory to you? Admiration for another manโs endeavour acknowledges competition and winning. The fact he has the accolade should be the end of any interest. Closed minds follow the idea that winning and attainment demonstrates success. An open mind sees beyond this idea setting its standards, ethics and ethos.
Before one can follow the third way, there is a need to understand the truth of entering the race. Attempting to see the reality means being brave enough to see entering the competition is an illusion of dreams and hope and false promise. Those who enter the race become fit to become a winner. And the fitness is harnessed by those who organise the race. When ten men strive to become the top salesman, the company wins from everyone who has entered. Even the salesman who makes the least sales has contributed to the companies profits. The race is designed to benefit the organisation, society or government, not those who compete.
We can win every race if we compete with personal standards. Setting personal standards is easy to think about and difficult to establish: Today, you choose to save your wages and begin to pay off your bills and tomorrow you see the item of illusion you must have! A simple phrase helps the mind be free: To be free, every debt should be satisfied. Many will find the idea almost impossible to comprehend. Allow me to cast a spell of wellbeing: being without obligation will make you happier than any other state of mind. In other words: To be free, every debt should be satisfied.
To be within debt is means you have nothing: There is no need to have any more than needed. How much do you need? Use this formula: add up your monthly outgoings: rent or mortgage, utility bills, car and travel and food. Add twenty per cent to the figure. This is your actual financial need. If you save everything earned above this figure you will be rich. Use the savings to pay off the mortgage early. Then you will be wealthy.
Setting the mindset sets the desire, set this objective: choose only to enter a race you can win. To be free, think of the freedom of being without debt. Consider the idea for hours; write about the feeling of freedom. All one needs to do is divert excess into the money you owe. Do you say you have no savings? There will be no excess where there is waste. Fast food, bottled water, excess of pleasures all lures to debt. Two bottles on Friday, three on Saturday and the takeaway meal total the costs. Understand the waste, and youโll discover the ways to become debt-free.
In time, following the third way becomes empowering. The free mind needs no-one, its power and best friend is security. Nothing comes close to the freedom. Money accumulates, and soon the home becomes oneโs own. Without debt, there is freedom.
And while I talk about money, remember two aspects of capital:
You are money. You earn it with your life hours. You convert your work into tokens used to buy your home, warmth, water, food, and clothes. You are money: And secondly: when you spend cash, thank it for its ability to turn life hours into security. The more you respect your money, the higher your ability to see how to use its power and see it grow. When you appreciate the money, you recognise your life hours.
Here is a harsh and challenging consideration: People who do not earn their money have no respect for themselves or life. They borrow and enter into debt because they are selfish. They want everything and do not like to exchange their life hours for the thing they wish to own. When you borrow money for pleasures, you are selfish and impatient. And there is no respect for the purchase. When there is no need for excess, borrowing or debt one becomes free because, by default, one accumulates savings and security. Never waste money earned with your life-hours: remember you are money: every penny wasted is a waste of your life hours.
Here is an example:
My nine-year-old MacBook, eight-year-old interface and twenty-year-old microphone are used to make this recording. This equipment is my conduit of wealth, the microphone, interface and Mac allow me to sell my thoughts. And life is good because many minds have an interest in my thoughts. I mention this to suggest we do not need the newest or the best to achieve reasonable goals. The thinking mind learns how to use every possession to best advantage. An important consideration is the thinking mind, understands how to see the truth of all situations realistically.
The Third Way is a paradox:
It seems to be to do, but it hard to keep on track. So before considering the possibilities of the third way. A thinking mind should train itself to be intellectually biased. Emotional considerations have already enjoyed free rein and caused havoc on many occasions: A moving account is supported by illusion and desire: A thinking mind understands the wisdom of reality and active communication. The emotional mind resists being set aside and will play all manner of psychological tricks to reign supreme. The thinking mind asks one question โAre these thoughts needs, illusions, possibilities? If the answer is yes: the dream is emotional.
Do not worry:
Remember worry is manifest from the emotional mind. The intellectual mind looks and listens for clarity, honesty, integrity and ethos.
The Third Way changes life: and dissolves the past. Learning about the third way takes time: to help you with Third Wayโs idea, think of yourself as a gardener of the mind. See your view as a ground which needs clearing. Brambles and weeds of issues, hurt, and poor memories require burning and uprooting. Think in this way: Soon, the garden will be ready to plant seeds of great thoughts and trees of strength. You can grow a garden of will which cannot be affected by the winds of change or storms of despair. In time the garden will become a forest of security, and the paths of the third way will lead to the centre of intellect.
The intellectual mind understands sure pearls of wisdom:
It is impossible to repay debts owed to people you have hurt. You cannot make amends to those you have betrayed: face the reality people never forget, and trust is not a fallen wall which can be rebuilt. No way you can change the truth of the darkest moments.
Does the intellectual mind consider the meaning of acceptance? One has to think and understand aspects of why acceptance is key to a golden gate of freedom. For examples: can you accept you are often wrong, assume you will not always be liked, accept failure, loss, and the fact life is not fair? Most important, can you recognise you are responsible for your life.
No one needs a know-all, guru, life-expert all tell a different tales: one of unconditional love and forgiveness. And yet in our societies: Murderers are electrocuted, social media groups demonstrate hatred, people take revenge. Where is the marker between acceptable or not? Consider the idea of a clean sheet: bankrupt your failures, mistakes and wrong-doings. Say today โthat was yesterday. Those lost to my life are gone, will not return, and they are better without my presence. Today is new: Iโll work hard to live and be happy and be thankful for those who are part of, and contribute to my life.
All one needs is standard. What is the standard? It a way of living which meets a predetermined agreement with oneselfโknown as a standard of how to live. What could more natural than a: warm home, happy relationship, content family. And this standard is not the easiest to attain, and yet, it is all one needs. Why would the standard be challenging to achieve or maintain? Because it is simple and does not require competition or attainment. An emotional mind finds this aspect impossible to accept.
When a situation or objective or anything is simple: many cannot believe it to be true. Too good to be real: too simple to be true: so good it is hard to believe: Few accept that something easy to attain has worth. And this is why many people are unhappy: they are seeking pipe dreams, illusions, the need to win the race, instead of meeting an easy to attain the standard.
Once one understands and sets the standard, the battle of life becomes easy. Battle of life? Yes! Think of yourself as the standard-bearer who marches ahead of the soldierโs on a battlefield. But consider the image differently. Know that your standard protects you from the opposition, the enemy whose sole desire is to take from you and help you into a life of hard work for no reward. The net of debt is the enemies most effective ordinance. The enemy does not desire to take your life: their objective is to enslave you, to their will.
When one lives free and outside the chase: there is no need for excess: nothing more than basic qualifications will earn a living. A driving licence, simple vocational levels of education, and a determination to work and live within oneโs means will provide an adequate lifestyle. And all the better if the effort is shared with another. There is no need to become involved with outside influence. By living solo one wins the race. Set a standard, attempt to meet or exceed the standard during every moment of life, and the competition is won.
These ideas are the third way:
And the direction of least resistance: the practice of non-competition: the power of acceptanceโthe course of the free mind. I accept the idea raises many questions and will be considered as selfish. I have no interest in critics: they are welcome to their opinion. I do not write to make friends. My words are cathartic exercises and reflect my mindset. Lifeworks for me: there is no debt and money flows into my life. Cash and in the pocket and the card in my wallet are an extension of my โbeingโ they are energy which lightens and lights the path of life.
Once I lived a life of deception and illusion, and I was poor. Now my existence is ethical and real, and I am wealth. Am I happy? Of course, Iโm surrounded by friends and business associates. I respect them and enjoy seeing them prosper and find happiness, love and security. Life is good. My mind is free.
See You One Day. |
ืืื ืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืฆื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืจืื ืืืชืคืืื. ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืืช ืืื ื ื, ื ืืืืฅ ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืขื, ืืื ืชืฉืืงื. ืงืืจืื ืืจื ืขืืืืช
ืงืืจืื ืืจื
ืืื ืืืืฉื, 14 ืืื ืืืจ 2021, 08:11
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืคืืืกืืืง
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืฆืืค
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืืืจ
ืฉืชืฃ ื ืืืืืืื
ืฉืชืฃ ื general
ืชืืืืืช
ืชืืืืืช
"ืืื ืืืืื": ืืื ืืจ ื ืืฉืคืช ืืืื ืืืืคืืจ (ืจืฉืช 13)
ืืืืื, ืืชื ืื ืฉื ืื.
ืืืฉืื ืฆืจืื ืืืกืืืจ ืื, ืืืืฉ ืืงืื ืืื ืจืื ืืื, ืฉืชืืคืขืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืชื ืื ืคืขืืืช, ืืืชืืคืฉืจื ืขืงื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืืชื ืฉืืื, ืืชืื ืื ืืืืจืกืืืช, ืื ืืขืื ืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืชื ืืืืชืืช ืืฉืืชื ืืืืืช. ืืืืืื, ืืฆื ืฉื ื, ืืฉ ืจืง ืืชืงืคื ืืขื, ืืืื ืจืื ืืจืื ืื ืืชืงืคื ืืืกืืจืื. ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืฆื ืืื ืืจืืข ืฉื'ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ื, ืืืคืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉืื, ืืืจืืช ืืจืืื ืืช ืืขื ืงืืช ืฉื ืฉื ืืื, ืฉืขื ืขืืฉืื ื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื.
ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืจ ืืจืื, ืื ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืงื ืขื ืืคื ืื"ืื ื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืฉืื ื ืจืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืจืืืื", ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื. ืืคืจืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืชื ืืื ื, ืืืืืจ ืขื ืกืงืก ืืื ืืืืื ืืช - ืืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืกืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืจืืฆืื ืืื ืืคืืืื. ืชืขื ืื. ืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจืก ืืื ืืฉืืงื ืืืื ืืจ ืืช ืืืืคืืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืืืช "ืื, ืื, ืืืฉ", ืืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื. ืืืจ ืืืชื. ืคืืฃ.
ืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืจืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ. ืืื ืืืืจื ืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืงื ื ืฉื ืคืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืืช ืื. ืืืฅ ืืื, ืืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจืื ืืจื (ืืคืจื ืขืืื) ืืืื ืขื ืฉืขืจื ืืืืื ืื. ืืื ืืื ืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืง ืืช ืืคืจืกืื ื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื, ืฉื ืื ืฉืฆืจืืื ืกืงืก ืคืขืืืื ืืืื. ืืืขืฉื, ืืืจืืข ืฉืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืค, ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืจืง ืืืืืช. ืื ื ืืชืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื. ืคืชืืื ื ืคืืื ืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืืืชืืช, ืืืช ืฉืืืืคืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืคืืจ ืืื ืฉืจืืื, ืืืช ืฉื ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืจ (ืื ืจืง ืขื ืืคื ืื), ืืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืืฉื ื ืืจื ืืืืขืจืช.
ืขืื ืืืืืื!
ืืื ืงืืืืื ืงืืจืขืช ืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช: 7 ืืจืืขืื ืฉืืคืื ืืช "ืืืจืืช" ืืกืืจื ืื ืื ื ืคืืื
ืืืชืื ืืืืื
ืืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื ื ืขืื. ืืื ืืจ, "ืืื ืืืืื" (ืฆืืืื ืืกื ืจืฉืช 13)(ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืกื, ืจืฉืช 13)
"ืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืฉ ืืขืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืืื" ืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื. "ืื ืจืข ืื ืื ื ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืช ืืฉืืชื ืืืืืืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืขืกืช ืื ื ืืืืืงื ืกืืืจืื. ืื ืื ื ืคืืืขื ืื ื ืืชืืคืจืช." ืจืง ืืช ืืืฉืคื 'ืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืฉืืงืช ืืืชื ืืืืืช ืกืงืก' ืืื ืื ืืืจื. ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืข ืืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืขืืืง ืฉืืคืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจืช, ืืื ืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืขื ืกืงืก. ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืช ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืืจ ืขื ืกืงืก ืืืืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืื, ืืื ืืงื ืคืจืื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืืืคืจืื ืจ. ืขืฆื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืจื ื"ืืจืื ืืช", ืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืืืืืจ ืงืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฃ.
ืืื ืื ื, ืืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืฉืืจืืืฉื ืื ืื ืจืข ืขื ืขืฆืื ืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืชืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจ ืคืืชืื ืืื ืืืช ืคืชืืื ืืืฉืืืจืจืช. ืืืจื ืืคืืืืืช ืืืืคืืจ ืคืชืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืฉืื ืืคืจืกืื ื ืืืืช ืฉ'ืฆืจืืื ืืื ืกืงืก' ืืื ืคืืจืืง ืืืืื. ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืฆืจืืื ืคืขืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืงืช. ืืื, ืืฉืื ืข ืืืฉืื ืฉืืช ืกืืคืจ ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืชืืืจ. ืืื ืืกืืกื.
ืขืื ืืืืืื!
ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืื: "ืืืคืฉืช ืชืฉืืื ืขื ืงืืจืื ืืืขืื" ืขืืกืง ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืจ
ืืืชืื ืืืืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืช, ืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, "ืืื ืืืืื" (ืฆืืืื ืืกื ืจืฉืช 13)(ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืกื, ืจืฉืช 13)
ืื ืืื ืืจ ืืกืงืกืืช ื ืขืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืกืงืจื, ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืชืงืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืจืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืืืขืืช, ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืชื, ืืื ื ืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืื. ืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืื ืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืชืืืจืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืจืืฆื, ืื ืฉื ืืืืฅ ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืื.
ืืื ืืขื, ืืื ืชืฉืืงื. ืืื ืจืื ื"ืชืืืืงื ืืืชื ืชืืืืงื ืืืชื" ืฉืืื ืื ืขื ืจืื, ืืื ืืกืชืืื ืืืืช, ืชืืงืฃ ืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืืช, ืืืชืืคืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจ ืขืืืง ืืชืื ืืืืฅ. ืืืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืืืืก ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืคืืื ืขื ื'ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืชืืขืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืช, ืขื ืฉื ืืชืจ ืจืง ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืคืืืช ืืชืจืืฉ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืฉ ื ืืืชืืช ืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืื ืจืฆื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืขืืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ืคืื ืฉืืืื ืืืชื, ืืื ืื. ืืืงืจืช ืืชืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืชื ืขื ืืขืชื, ืืืืคื - ืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืืื-ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉืชืชืช ืขื ื ืืื ืืช ืกืื-ืฆืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืื, ืฉื ืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื "ืืื".
ืขืื ืืืืืื!
ืกืืชื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืจื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื? ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืช
ืืืชืื ืืืืื
ืืชื ืื ืฉื ืื. ืืืืื, "ืืื ืืืืื" (ืฆืืืื ืืกื ืจืฉืช 13)(ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืกื, ืจืฉืช 13)
ืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืช (ืื ืืจืืข ืฉืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืงืื ืื ืืื): "ืืื ืืื ืื ื, ืืื" ืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืขื ืฉ' ืืืจืืฉ ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืื, ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืชืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืช. "ื'ืืื ืงืฆืช ืืชืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืื. ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืจืง ืฉื ืื ื". ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืกืคืจ ืงืืืฉ - "'ืืืืื ืืื ืืงืจื ืืืฆืืขืืชืื ืืืืืื', ืืื. ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืื. ืงืืจืฆื ื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ, ืืื". ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื, "ืื ืื ืื ื ื ืื ืืืื, ืืื. ืชืืืืจ ืืช ืืืจื, ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืฉืื. ืขื ืืกืืฃ. ืขื ืฉืืขืืคื ืืืชื ื. ืืื".
"ืชืืืืจ ืืช ืืืจื" ืขืืง. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืง? ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืืืืช? ืื ืื ืืจืืืขื ืืืชื ืขืื ืจืืข ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืกืชืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืก. ืื ืืื ืชื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืจืืืื ืืืชืจืชื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืจืืืืืื, ืฉืืืืจื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืขืืืืช ืืคื ื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืชื ื' ืืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื.
ืื ื ืืืืขืช, ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืื, ืืื ืื ืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืื? ืืืืื, ืฉืืชืืคืกื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ, ืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืืช. ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืื ืืฉ ืจืืฉื ื ืืืชืืช ืืืจืชืืื ืืืขืืืช ืจืืฉืืืช, ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืฉ. ืืืืื ื ืจืื ืืคืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืืคืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืื ืกืงืื ื ืฉืืข ืฉืืื ืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืคืื ืื. ืืขืื ืืืจ ืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืคื ืื - ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืชืืื ืืืืื. ืื ืื, ืขืืจ ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืข, ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืฆืืืข ืื. |
According to the Arts Education Partnership which was created by the National Endowment for the Arts and the U.S. Department of Education, every young person in America deserves a complete and competitive education that includes the arts. As the country becomes more diverse, the world more interconnected, and the workplace more oriented around technology and creativity, arts education is key to ensuring studentsโ success in school, work and life.
Thatโs why art education is central to the mission of the Gibbes Museum of Art. The museum offers a wide variety of educational opportunities throughout the year, and when school is out for the summer, we host six weeks of camp. This is one of my favorite times of the year because the campers are so excited to learn, and watching them engage with the art reminds me of the value of arts education.
Each camp session includes artist demonstrations, hands-on, and take-home projects using many different mediums and materials. This summer the themes include All About Animals, Exploring Nature, and Art Through the Ages for ages 4-12. Local artist Kristen Solecki has taught summer camp sessions for two years and works to impart her expertise to budding artists.
โThis week at camp was all about animals! We learned about animal structure and anatomy as well as how to sketch and create our own animals. We started off the week with relief printmaking. We learned about printing editions, types of ink, and the effects of various types of mark making. On Tuesday, we created large scale 16ร20 inch animal paintings on watercolor paper using acrylic paints and charcoal. We learned about drawing with gesture and the detail that goes into large scale work. On Wednesday, we started a two day project: sculpting animals using air dry clay. We learned about the coil method and how to stabilize this medium using different tools. On Friday, we are learning about the sgrafico method. We painted wood birch panels and coated them using oil pastels. We used stylus to scratch away our drawings,โ explains Solecki.
Campers visit the museum galleries at least once during the week to learn about artwork from both the permanent collection, and the special exhibitions John Westmark: Narratives and Beyond the Darkroom: Photography in the 21st Century. Parents are invited to an art show every Friday to view the camperโs collection of work from the week and are encouraged to visit the museum at their leisure. Camp will end August 8, and currently that is the only week remaining with a few openings!
โRebecca Sailor, Curator of Education
To register, please visit gibbesmuseum.org/events or call Rebecca Sailor at 843.722.2706 x41 |
The Ethernet controller drivers are also called device drivers or software driver. They are small computer programs that are very important in the operation of computers. All the computer hardware including the Ethernet card has a device driver that constantly communicates with the computerโs operating system.
The Ethernet Controller drivers let the operating system use the Ethernet card which in turn let you to use the Ethernet card as well. If you need to install a device driver specifically Ethernet controller driver on your computer with Windows XP as you operating system, you must know which driver to choose and how to install it.
First is to determine the make and also the model number of your Ethernet card. You can find the details on the original userโs manual included when you first bought your computer or from the company website of your computer brand or by opening the computer case and finding your Ethernet card.
Next is to open your browser and go to the website of your computerโs Ethernet card manufacturer. For example, you found out that your Ethernet card is Dell so basically Dell is the manufacturer. You must go to the main website of Dellโs Company. Ethernet controller drivers depend on the manufacturer of Ethernet card or computer operating system.
At the search box on the website of the manufacturer, type in your Ethernet cardโs model number. Click the โSearchโ and the product page for your Ethernet cardโs make and model will be displayed on the monitor screen. Scroll down and look for the section of downloads.
Click on the newest version link of the device driver of your Ethernet card and your operating system.
Download that file to your computer. Wait for the download to finish. Once it is done, exit your Web browser.
Find your downloaded file on your computer and right click it. Open it and click the extract from the box that will open on your screen. This process will install the Ethernet controller driver on your computer. Depending on the Ethernet controller drivers, you will be asked to restart your computer. Restarting your computer will allow the Ethernet device to function well.
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Public Transportation Coordination
For all Montanans, transportation plays an important role in life. Regardless of age or ability, people need to be able to get around in their community so that they can spend time with family, shop, get to appointments and live a complete life. Reliable and accessible transportation is key to a fulfilling that goal. One way Montanans meets those needs is through one of the 40 public transit agencies across the state.
A bridge between Montanans and their options is the Transportation Coordinator for the Department of Public Health and Human Services. The Coordinator's job is to look at all public and private aspects of transportation and assess if they are meeting the needs of traveling Montanans. The Coordinator works with agencies within DPHHS and across the state to improve transportation, and works with consumers to explain their transportation options. |
Fear is a response to any threatening stimuli in the immediate present e.g., an out of control lorry is hurtling towards you. This is normal fear. Neurotic fear, on the other hand, is a response to anticipated, future dangers; something that might never happen. This neurotic fear is called anxiety. If the anxiety is mild and continuous, it is termed โworryโ; if the anxiety is very intense and occasional, it is โpanicโ. โPanic attacksโ are a very common presenting problem. In reality panic attacks are episodes of negative trance states. The interpretations and possible future consequences of these episodes utilise a lot of disturbed thought processing.
โPatients often present to primary care settings with a complex mixture of anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms. However, relatively little is known about how somatic symptoms fit into existing dimensional modelsโ (Simms et al. 2012). โAnxiety is a psychological experience, separated from syndromes with prominent physical symptoms. Yet it has long been known that internalising disorders often present with unexplained physical distress โ(Gone, J, & Kirmayer, L. 2010).
Patients often present a mixture of both anxiety and depression. It is not known which is primary and which is secondary (Golberg, D. & Goodyer, I. (2005).
The name Generalised Anxiety Disorder has been re-named in DSM-5 as Generalised Anxiety and Worry Disorder (GAWD). This takes into account worry about events that are unlikely to happen. GAWD is not a precise diagnosis and has high levels of co-morbidity with phobias, depression and substance abuse (Stein, 2001).
The slight adjustment to the criteria in DSM-5 may mean in increase in โincidenceโ.
Psychoanalytic theory states that anxiety is caused by intrapsychic conflict, and we protect ourselves from this anxiety by developing defence mechanisms. Unfortunately, these mechanisms are not all that efficient and produce their own sets of problems. One defence mechanism is โrepressionโ. When repressed, fear is transferred to a particular object (e.g., a spider) or situation (e.g., being in a lift), the resulting fear is called a phobia. All phobias are seemingly unreasonable fears.
A specific phobia may not lead to serious dysfunction. Consequently psychiatrists and psychologists rarely see individuals suffering from phobias.
Wittchen et al. (2010) addressed three core questions. โFirst, what is the evidence for agoraphobia as a diagnosis independent of panic disorder? Second, should agoraphobia be conceptualized as a subordinate form of panic disorder as currently stipulated in DSM-IV-TR? Third, is there evidence for modifying or changing the current diagnostic criteria?โ He came to the conclusion that โagoraphobia should be conceptualized as an independent disorder with more specific criteria rather than a subordinate, residual form of panic disorder as currently stipulated in DSM-IV-TR. Among other issues, this conclusion was based on psychometric evaluations which show that agoraphobia can exist independently of panic disorder, and the impact of agoraphobic avoidance upon clinical course and outcome. . . The apparent advantages of a more straightforward, simpler classification without implicit hierarchies and insufficiently supported differential diagnostic considerations, plus the option for improved further research, led to favouring the separate diagnostic criteria for agoraphobia as a diagnosis independent of panic disorderโ.
One change in DSM-5 is the removal of the requirement that patients who suffer from phobias regard them as irrational.
Wakefield et al. (2005) raised the question as to whether the high prevalence of social anxiety and shyness meant that it was too widely defined. He stated โSome social phobias are clearly genuine mental disorders. However, in just 2 decades, social phobia (or social anxiety disorder) went from โrareโ (in the DSM-III) to โcommonโ, amidst changing criteria and concern about caseness thresholds. The evidence suggests that social anxiety is a normal, species-typical, designed response to specific triggering situations, one that is roughly normally distributed in temperamental intensity. This raises the question, Is temperamentally high but nondisordered social anxiety being mislabelled a disorder? We argue that many, perhaps most, people whom the DSM-IV potentially classifies as suffering from social phobia are probably not โฆโ
Lane (2007) even suggested that social phobia was invented specifically to market medication to a large number of people who were previously considered to be normally shy.
Paris (2000) considered the extent to which PTSD is a reaction to trauma, as opposed to the uncovering of a temperamental vulnerability to stress. He stated โIt is well established that most people exposed to trauma, even severe trauma, never develop PTSDโ.
โThe diagnosis of PTSD remains controversial 30 years after its ratification in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This is perhaps because, unusually among the anxiety disorders, PTSD implies categories of victim and perpetrator that often entangle moral and scientific discourse. When someone develops PTSD, there is usually someone to blame. When someone develops panic disorder, there is no one to blame. This entangling of the scientific, the political and the moral ensures that the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder remains controversialโ (Rosen, 2004).
โThe authors of the PTSD diagnosis assumed that a circumscribed set of extraordinary stressors uniquely possessed the capacity to cause the symptomatic profile of the syndrome. These stressors were not merely the routine difficulties of everyday life. Rather, they were members of a class of events that fell outside the perimeter of usual human experience, causing distress in nearly anyone. The text provided examples of canonical traumatic stressors, including combat, rape, natural disasters, and torture. It also disqualified stressors falling within the ambit of ordinary life, such as simple bereavement, marital discord, or developing a chronic illness.
Yet surely establishing the stressors that do or do not possess the capability of causing PTSD is an empirical matter, not a conceptual one. In fact, many studies have reported that people can develop PTSD-like symptoms after exposure to stressors that fall short of the DSM definition of trauma (e.g. Mol et al., 2005). However, a person who meets all criteria for PTSD, but whose stressor does not qualify as traumatic, cannot receive the diagnosis. Concerns in the USA about denying these sufferers the diagnosis, and hence reimbursable treatment for PTSD, motivated a dramatic expansion of the concept of trauma in later DSM editionsโ (McNally, R. 2010).
However as Shephard (2004), the distinguished British historian of military trauma, concluded, โAny unit of classification that simultaneously encompasses the experience of surviving Auschwitz and that of being told rude jokes at work must, by any reasonable lay standard, be a nonsense, a patent absurdityโ (p.57).
โThe more we broaden the concept of trauma, the less convincingly we can award causal significance to the stressor itself, and the more we must emphasise vulnerability factors in the aetiology of PTSD. To put this issue in perspective, we must distinguish between risk for PTSD in general, and risk for PTSD among those exposed to trauma (i.e. vulnerability factors). The severity of the trauma itself is often the most important predictor of PTSD in general, as the dose-response effect impliesโ (March, 1993).
Exposure to trauma is more than a mere risk factor; it is logical requirement for the syndrome to emerge. Without a stressor to re-experience, one cannot suffer from re-experiencing symptoms, for example. This is why we cannot dispense with Criterion A1 entirely. Although exceptions abound, the more severe the trauma, the more likely someone will develop PTSD (McNally, R.2003).
โConceptual bracket creep in the definition of trauma does not occur in the ICD-10 PTSD diagnosis. The ICD-10 conceptualises a traumatic event or situation as one that is โexceptionally threatening or catastrophicโ and one that โis likely to cause pervasive distress in almost anyoneโ. Importantly, ICD-10 requires a person to be present at the scene of the trauma to qualify as a trauma survivorโ (McNally, R. 2010).
Clinical and epidemiologic studies have established that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly comorbid with other mental disorders. However, such studies have largely relied on adultsโ retrospective reports to ascertain comorbidity. . . These data suggest PTSD almost always develops in the context of other mental disorders. Research on the aetiology of PTSD may benefit from taking lifetime developmental patterns of comorbidity into consideration. Juvenile mental-disorder histories may help indicate which individuals are most likely to develop PTSD in populations at high risk of trauma exposureโ (Koenan, K. 2008).
McMally (2010) however comments โIf risk factors overwhelmingly account for the emergence of PTSD in response to minor stressors, this seems to undermine the rationale for having a diagnosis of PTSD in the first placeโ.
Spitzer (2007) stated โAt the very least, a person should be physically present at the scene of trauma to qualify as a trauma survivor. As in ICD-10, the person should be either a direct recipient of trauma or a personal witness to the trauma of another. Indirect exposure (e.g.via the media) should not certify someone as a trauma survivor. Anyone who does develop PTSD-like symptoms via such indirect exposure should receive a diagnosis of either anxiety disorder NOS (not otherwise specified) or a new V code diagnosis for acute nonpathological reactions to a stressorโ.
Can Wittgenstein illuminate the concept of trauma? Attempts to provide necessary and sufficient criteria for defining the concept of trauma presuppose that we can formulate criteria for a unitary concept of trauma. Yet as Wittgenstein (1953) argued, โMost concepts resist definition in this way, instead having overlapping attributes with no single defining feature. At best, we may clarify correlated attributes often shared by traumatic stressors (e.g. life-threat, physical presence at the scene of trauma). Ultimately, facts may compel us to abandon the unitary concept of traumaโ.
Roberts et al. (2012) considered the stressor criterion for DSM. He concluded that โThe stressor criterion as defined by the DSM may not be informative in characterising PTSD symptoms and sequelae. In the context of ongoing DSM-5 revision, these results suggest that criterion A1 could be expanded in DSM-5 without much consequence for our understanding of PTSD phenomenology. Events not considered qualifying stressors under the DSM produced PTSD as consequential as PTSD following DSM-III events, suggesting PTSD may be an aberrantly severe but nonspecific stress response syndromeโ.
The trauma is required to be exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence.
The exposure needs to be:
There are four groups of symptoms that categorise the syndrome:
a) Intrusion (re-experiencing the trauma)
b) Avoidance (avoiding situations that elicit memories)
c) Negative alterations in cognition and mood
d) Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity
The duration of symptoms needs to be more that one month (if it is less โ consider acute stress reaction).
Another very common presenting issue these days is that of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). An โobsessionโ is a persistent, conscious idea or desire that the individual does recognise as being irrational. Such an individual is frequently heard to say: โI know itโs crazy, but I just canโt stop doing (or thinking) itโ. The obsessed neurotic will often try to offset a frightening thought by a particular action, and this action is then a โcompulsionโ. This condition leads to significant dysfunction.
This is a condition that is difficult to treat (Stein & Fineberg. 2007).
Obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts, when explored therapeutically, are often found to be about normal, natural, but socially taboo subjects, such as sexuality, excretion and aggression.
OCD clients can be divided into โcheckersโ and โwashersโ. Checkers check the switches of lights and other electrical appliances, doors, locks, over and over again, one hundred times may not be enough. Hours can be spent on producing unimportant symmetry, e.g., one woman kept plucking her eyebrows, and in an attempt to get each eyebrow exactly even, she eventually plucked out the final remaining hair. Washers may wash their hands over and over again until they are raw and bleeding, or they may repeatedly shower, or sit in a bath for up to two days. It is as though they cannot trust their own judgement. In fact, it could be seen that they are on the borderline of losing touch with reality.
OโLeary and Wilson (1975) proposed the superstition hypothesis to explain OCD. A behaviour has been associated with past success, e.g., putting a sock on inside out. The person then continues with the behaviour and feels anxious if this behaviour is prevented. Behaviourists believe that anxiety reduction is a strong reinforcer and explains why the behaviour is maintained. Therapists need to break the association between the compulsion and anxiety reduction.
โOCD lies in a spectrum that includes body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, stereotypic movement disorder (tics), pediatric auto-immune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS), as well as obsessive-compulsive personality disorderโ (Fineberg et al. 2010).
The decision to add a new diagnosis of โhoarding disorderโ has attracted controversy (Maitax-Cols et al. 2010). Hoarding is common and may affect as many as 5% of the general population (Samuels et al. 2008). However to diagnose a mental disorder, patients need to be functionally disabled.
Some therapists find OCD easy to work with, others find it very difficult (or choose not to). Where do you fit on this continuum? What are your thoughts about the reason for this? Post a message to the forum.
DSM-5 does not show any categorical difference between substance use and addiction.
Paris (20130 states: โWhat determines the boundary between use and addiction? DSM, in its various editions, has focused on maladaptive patterns of use leading to โclinically significant impairment or distressโ. But that concept lacks a precise definition. Less sensitive criteria such as โcommitting illegal actsโ have been removed, and a new criterion of โcravingโ has been added to the definition. Even so, deciding what is or is not clinically significant requires a judgment call. Does impairment depend on losing oneโs job and/or losing intimate relationships? Can one be sure that these outcomes would not have happened anyway? One is on safer ground in focusing on the physical effects of substance abuse. But those sequelae only emerge after years of abuseโ.
Kessler (2005) stated that in the USA 13.2% met lifetime criteria for alcohol abuse and a further 5.4% for alcohol dependency. The total was more than 18%.
DSM-5 defines a substance use disorder as a maladaptive pattern leading to clinically significant impairment or distress for at least 12 months. Clinicians are also asked to specify whether physiological dependence is present.
Paris (2013) goes on to state โThis brings us back to the same basic problem: the absence of a clear boundary between using too much and having an addiction problem. Everything depends on assessment of impairmentโ.
Substance abuse is considered within the framework of ego growth, with a particular focus on developmental deficits and compensatory actions. Alcohol, food, and drugs all serve as attempts to minimize the impact of ego deficits. In this regard, the function the substance serves is more crucial than the specific substance abusedโ.
Kessler (2008) quoted results from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. These showed 78.4% reported lifetime gambling, 2.3% showed at least one Criterion A symptom of Pathological Gambling (PG) and 0.6% had PG.
Gambling problems have a similar form and function to substance abuse. There is an attraction to addictive behavior, resulting in failure to perform major role obligations, as well as continuance despite negative consequences. DSM-5 has moved โDisordered Gamblingโ from the DSM-IV group of impulse disorders to the substance group, re-naming it as โPathological Gamblingโ
Brisman (1984) stated: โThere has been an epidemic rise recently in the number of women evidencing bulimia, an addictive cycle of binge eating and purging of food. A significant number of bulimics are reported to abuse alcohol and drugs as well. There is a need to account for the serious problem of symptom substitution in substance abusing populations.
Self-harm, common in borderline personality disorder, can be addictive because it provides immediate relief for dysphoric symptoms (Linehan 1993).
Its characteristic feature is a weight loss to at least 15% below standard norms, accompanied by a pursuit of thinness (Grilo & Mitchell 2010).
Sullivan (1995) stated that: โThe aggregate estimated mortality rate for subjects with anorexia nervosa is substantially greater than that reported for female psychiatric inpatients and for the general population. The aggregate mortality rate was approximately 5.6% per decadeโ.
This was characterised by binge-eating, loss of control, and compensatory behaviour such as purging, at least twice a week for 3 months. DSM-5 has reduced the criteria of frequency to once a week.
This was in the appendix of DSM-IV but has now been moved into DSM-5. Wonderlich (2009) postulated that eating disorders lay on a spectrum with BED at the milder end.
A diagnosis of gender dysphoria describes people who, since childhood, have wanted to belong to the opposite sex (Zucker. 2010).
DSM-5 defines it as an incongruence between experienced gender and secondary sex characteristics, with a desire to be rid of these characteristics and to be the other gender (Manners. 2009).
DSM-I and DSM-II classified homosexuality as a mental disorder. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) meeting in San Francisco was interrupted by protests from the gay community. In 1973 the APA removed the category by a vote. The author presented the DSM-III controversy and a reformulation of the issues involved in the diagnostic status of homosexuality. He argued that what is at issue is a value judgment about heterosexuality, rather than a factual dispute about homosexuality (Spitzer. 1981). Almost everyone today agrees that diagnosing same-sex attraction as a mental disorder was a mistake.
Up to now, no one has seriously contemplated declaring pedophilia to be a normal variant. The obvious reason is that it is a crime, with victims who cannot consent. The same principle applies to exhibitionism. Yet fetishism, which hurts no-one, remains in DSM-5 (Paris. 2013).
Frances (2010) recommends that unusual sexual fantasies that affect no one but the person experiencing them should never be considered as mental disorders. DSM-5 fails to distinguish between paraphilias that present a social danger to other people and those that cause personal distress.
Autism was first described by Kanner (1943). The illness starts before the age of 3 and severely reduces social and cognitive functioning. It took years to establish that autism was heritable and associated with functional brain abnormalities (Mcgregor. 2008).
Aspergerโs Syndrome is a variant of autism. In 1944 Hans Asperger described children with poor social functioning and stereotyped behaviors (Szatmari. 2004).
DSM-5 links autism and Aspergerโs and uses the label โautistic spectrumโ
This is a popular diagnosis because this diagnosis leads to treatment by medication that is effective. โADHD is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs social, academic, and occupational functioning in children, adolescents, and adults. In patients with ADHD, neurobiologic research has shown a lack of connectivity in key brain regions, inhibitory control deficits, delayed brain maturation, and noradrenergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in multiple brain regions. The prevalence of this disorder in the United States is 6-9% in youth (i.e., children and adolescents) and 3-5% in adults. Prevalence rates for youth are similar worldwide. . . Drug therapy is effective for all age groups, even preschoolers, and for late-onset ADHD in adults. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, are the most effective therapy and have a good safety profileโ (Dopheide 2009).
Fortunately long-term treatment with stimulants are much less serious (Cooper 2011) than for antipsychotics, a group for which prescriptions for pre-school children has increased (Olfson 2010).
โThe essential element of a PD is that it is not an episodic condition in an otherwise well-functioning individual. Rather it is a chronic dysfunction that begins early in life and is slow to changeโ (Paris 2013).
Personality disorders account for 25% of attendances at psychiatric out-patient clinics (Zimmerman 2005).
Paris (2008) stated โThe objective of this review is to examine clinical trials of the treatment of personality disorders (PDs). . . There is good support for well-structured methods of psychotherapy, mainly in borderline personality disorder (BPD), but evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy is weak. Research on other PD categories is sparseโ.
Only 6 names disorders are listed in DSM-5.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterised by manipulativeness, deceitfulness, callousness, and hostility, as well as by disinhibition (Robins 1966). These clients are not treatable at present.
Such individuals show a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. Most criminal behaviour is perpetrated by those who could be diagnosed as having this disorder.
Schizotypal personality disorder has a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behaviour.
It has long been known that patients can have psychotic-like symptoms without crossing into psychosis. However Siever stated (2007) โNew studies of the boundaries of schizophrenia suggest that schizotypal personality disorder is biologically and genetically related to schizophrenia with alterations in brain structure/function related to deficit-like symptoms and increased dopaminergic function to psychotic-like symptomsโ. He goes on to say โBut because this condition rarely progresses to schizophrenia it is kept in the PD group rather than the psychosis groupโ.
Avoidant personality disorder. There is little research on this disorder. It has similarities to โanxious personality disorderโ and also a strong overlap with social phobia. Such individuals demonstrate a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
โObsessive-compulsive personality disorder should not be confused with OCD. It is associated with compulsivity (rigid perfectionism) and negative affectivity (perseveration) but may not present with any symptoms that are recognised by patientsโ (Paris 2013). These individuals show a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, and control.
โBorderline personality disorder clients have dramatic behaviours that demand attention (e.g. cutting and taking overdoses). They have mood swings that are rapid, are environmentally sensitive. They demonstrate a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships. This disorder does not respond well to pharmacological treatment.
It is not widely known that about half of BPD patients have quasi-psychotic symptoms, hearing voices under stress, suffering from depersonalisation, or showing paranoid thinking. Thus BPD is a complex disorder that reflects multiple endophenotypes and trait dimensionsโ (Paris 2013; Paris 2007)
Narcissistic personality disorder is again included in DSM-5. This is associated with excessive need for approval, a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and also poor empathy and intimacy. These characteristics make NPD patients uniquely difficult to treat.
The disorder had been dropped but has now been reinstated. (Russ 2008) stated that it remains a useful concept and that his study may help to bridge the gap in clinical research.
Each personality disorder is made up of between five and nine โtraitsโ rather than symptoms. We all have some of them. It is unusual to encounter a pure prototype of personality disorder. People more often present as a mix of at least two or three personality orientations.
Individuals with either Borderline or Narcissistic Disorder have the most fragility in their makeup and anyone with a โfragile sense of selfโ needs very careful and skilful therapeutic intervention. Every therapist needs a thorough working knowledge of all the โtraitsโ, in order to work effectively with clients by choosing the right approach. As therapists we are often called upon to carry out what is often referred to as: โBrief and Focal Therapyโ, but some clients are so โdamagedโ that what they really need is a long-term, healing and reparative relationship with an experienced and effective therapist, who has worked through his or her own pathology. Given that the client is willing to stay in therapy for a considerable time with a therapist, having the right qualities and skills, then it is possible totally to transform and become a complete, integrated, healthy, self-actualising personality.
This is a new label created by DSM-5. Neurocognitive disorders are by no means restricted to older adults (Ganguli 2011). This allows a broader and more neutral view about the course and disability than the previous label of dementia. For the diagnosis to be made there needs to be decline in one or more cognitive domains, confirmed by psychological testing, and deficits that interfere with independence.
The most common causes include:
b) Vascular disease
c) Fronto-temporal degeneration
d) Traumatic brain injury
e) Lewy body disease
g) HIV infection
h) The effects of substance abuse
i) Huntingtonโs disease
j) Prion disease
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) were previously described as โhysteriaโ โ a term used since the time of Hippocrates. Freud used the term โconversionโ.
a) Chronic fatigue
b) Chronic pain
c) Constant worrying about being sick (previously hypochondriasis)
This disorder no longer include the statement that psychological conflict lies behind these symptoms.
These are uncommon โ so uncommon that they may not even exist (Lynn 2012). He states โConventional wisdom holds that dissociation is a coping mechanism triggered by exposure to intense stressors. Drawing on recent research from multiple laboratories, we challenge this prevailing posttraumatic model of dissociation and dissociative disorders. Proponents of this model hold that dissociation and dissociative disorders are associated with (a) intense objective stressors (e.g., childhood trauma), (b) serious cognitive deficits that impede processing of emotionally laden information, and (c) an avoidant information-processing style characterized by a tendency to forget painful memories. We review findings that contradict these widely accepted assumptions and argue that a sociocognitive model better accounts for the extant data. We further propose a perspective on dissociation based on a recently established link between a labile sleep-wake cycle and memory errors, cognitive failures, problems in attentional control, and difficulties in distinguishing fantasy from reality. We conclude that this perspective may help to reconcile the posttraumatic and socicognitive models of dissociation and dissociative disordersโ.
In the 1970s a theory that dissociation into multiple personalities results from child abuse was popularised in the best-seller โSybilโ (Schreiber 1973). It was believed that this book was, at least partly, responsible for an epidemic of diagnosis of multiple personality disorder and that dissociative identity disorder is an artifact brought on by suggestive therapy techniques (Piper & Merskey 2004). They stated โIn this second part of our review, we continue to explore the illogical nature of the arguments offered to support the concept of dissociative identity disorder (DID). We also examine the harm done to patients by DID proponentsโ diagnostic and treatment methods. It is shown that these practices reify the alters and thereby iatrogenically encourage patients to behave as if they have multiple selves. We next examine the factors that make impossible a reliable diagnosis of DIDโfor example, the unsatisfactory, vague, and elastic definition of โalter personalityโ. Because the diagnosis is unreliable, we believe that US and Canadian courts cannot responsibly accept testimony in favour of DID. Finally, we conclude with a guess about the conditionโs status over the next 10 yearsโ.
It was subsequently shown that the case history of Sybil (real name Shirley Mason) was a fabrication (Rieber 2006; Nathan 2011).
These are particularly of interest to those who run sleep clinics. They include:
a) Primary insomnia
c) Narcolepsy/hypocretin disorders
d) Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea disorder
e) Central sleep apnea
f) Sleep-related hypoventilation
g) Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
h) Disorder of arousal
i) Nightmare disorder
j) Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
k) Restless leg syndrome
l) Substance-induced sleep disorder.
Adjustment disorder is an exaggerated response to stress. However adjustment to stress is not an illness. The use of this category runs the risk of medicalising life itself (Paris 2013). |
โAMBIENT MUSIC, BEGINNINGS AND IMPLICATIONS.โ
by Chris Melchior (1995)
Ambient music has arisen recently out of many diverse roots in music and the arts, and has implications that are varied and interesting because they overlap with so many fascinating concepts in art, science and philosophy.
DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS: Music, fractals, ambient:
From Websterโs 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language, unabridged, the definition of music is โthe science or art of incorporating pleasing, expressive or intelligible combinations of vocal and instrumental tones into a composition having definite structure and continuity,โ or alternatively :- โVocal or instrumental sounds having rhythm, melody or harmony.โ i.e. music is defined as only consisting of vocal or instrumental sounds, and it is implied that it has linear rather than fractal structural qualities (see the definition of fractals, below). Given this definition of music, is John Cageโs 4 minutes 33 (see below) music, as it doesnโt necessarily have any vocal or instrumental sounds, or linear structural qualities?
The word fractal has no exact definition, but is defined in terms of the characteristics of fractals. They have self-similarity, fractional dimension, a simple definition representing an infinite amount of data (because of recursion), and unpredictability of the exact outcome of any point on the fractal yet predictability of the fractal attractor (the attractor being the overall shape of the fractal). An example of a fractal is a cloud as opposed to a cube, which is a linear object. Linear objects have properties that can usually be measured in discreet steps, whereas the properties of a fractal object are mostly mapped by a continuous range of values. The property of self-similarity is very important to fractals. For example, this means that if you zoom in and look at a small piece of a cloud, it will have the same types of swirling patterns as the whole cloud. In general, self-similarity means that you get the same types of features at many different resolutions of the same fractal. Fractional dimension means that the dimension of a fractal is not a whole number. For example, a line is one-dimensionnal, and an area is two-dimensional. If you imagine a line that has curves in it, and the curves have curves and so on (the fractal property of recursion), then the line will begin to fill up an area, and will have a dimension somewhere between one and two.
The definition of โambientโ from Websterโs is :- โto go around, surround, encompass. An encompassing environment, or atmosphereโ . If one combines the above definitions from Websterโs , ambient music would be vocal or instrumental tones having linear structural qualities, and creating an encompassing environment. This is clearly not a good definition of ambient music, as ambient music does not necessarily have any linear structural qualities or instrumental or vocal tones. So, attemting to reach a definition of ambient music by combining the definitions from Websterโs of music and ambient, is not proving to be successful.
Ambient music may be defined as music in which in which fractal qualities are more important than linear ones, i.e. sound is more important than notes (see below). Also it is important to note that ambient music overlaps a lot with visual art work, i.e. it is multi-media.
According to Paul Gaverold, a top London ambient DJ., ambient music is โmusic where the rhythm is less importantโ . Brian Eno (one of those who started ambient music) says that a piece of pop music can usually be identified from one fifth of a second of the music . This means that the sound itself is most important in pop music, rather than other compositional factors; hence ambient music is taking the focus of pop music further, as other less important factors than the sound are given even less prominence to the extent of sometimes hardly existing.
Cutting-edge ambient music takes even more of the rhythmic and note concepts away from the experience of sound as sound, for example David Toop and Max Eastlyโs album Buried Dreams. A sound may not necessarily be a note, for example the sound of a waterfall does not have the properties that define a note :- it doesnโt have a defined pitch, length, or starting time. Many other fractal sounds do not have the linear features that might define them as a note, such as the sound of wind, rain, leaves rustling, an air conditioning unit in opperation, or a snake hissing.
Working directly with sound rather than symbolising sound as notes is a very different process, and leads to very different results e.g. musique concrete (see below). This is because a symbol can never contain as much data as the object itself, as a symbol is, by definition, a generalisation. Also, to some extent all sounds are fractal in nature, for example an organ pipe can be thought of as making sound which begins with air hitting an edge, which creates turbulence, a fractal sound, which is then resonated by the pipe. So by symbolising a sound as a note, one not only loses most of the data, but also replaces fractal properties with the linear ones of a note. This difference will be further explored during this paper.
THE BEGINNINGS OF AMBIENT MUSIC
There are many things which can be said to have led up to the beginnings of ambient music, the most important ones being the progression through disco, techno and rave; the introduction of any sound as being usable in music; the advent of the technology which makes sampling (see below) easy; and the experiments in sound made by progressive rock composers.
The most obvious route to the beginning of ambient music is through disco, techno, and rave, to ambient (see below). This means that there is a progression through dance forms to ambient music, which is a way in a dance form as in public it is often listened to as a contrast to rave dance, and overlaps somewhat with rave/trance music, (which is music to dance to).
The progression is as follows:- techno lost most of the melodic content of disco, emphasizing the rhythmic aspects and new sound qualities, the harmonic content tended to be simpler and less conventional which went along with sounds being used a little more for their own sake rather than always as notes in a harmonic and melodic context. Following on from this, rave lost most of the vocal content, lyrics and most of the remaining melodic and harmonic content, and ambient lost the predominance of rhythm as well as almost all melody, lyrics, harmony and the importance of notes as the conceptual basis,. i.e. ambient music went beyond the linear concept of notes and more into the realm of fractals (see definitions, above). This progression went along with the changing possibilities offered with technology and to some extent loosely paralleled a similar progression in โclassicalโ music recently, from linear, note based music to composition that may not have linear concepts as a basis.
Another route to ambient music is to think of music history as a whole as a progression of gradually widening the sonic possibilities that are allowed in music. At first only octaves and fifths were used in music, then more and more intervals became acceptable:- fourths, thirds, sixths, etc. which progressed all the way to twelve-tone music in which any interval is equally acceptable. Obviously, all this progression is still firmly within the linear concepts of notes with discreetly defined pitch and starting time. The obvious progression from these linear systems is to fractals, from finite information storage to infinite. This property of fractals comes from their recursive definition (see definitions above), which means that although a fractal is usually defined mathematically by a very small amount of data, the fractal that this data represets can be litterally infinte in detail. Also, fractals are the principle way our brains relate to the universe (as the universe consists mainly of fractal objects), hence fractal based music will make sense to our minds, particularly to the right hemisphere of our brain, a concept which will be covered in more detail in the section on the implications of ambient music.
Far back in history, some musical events could be considered to be leading towards ambient music, or maybe as actual ambient music themselves. One such example is the instrument called an aeolean harp, such as the one mentioned in Homerโs Oddessy. This is, in a way, environmental ambient music. The aolean harp is an instrument that is hung outside, often from a tree, and is played by the motion of wind across the strings. Also, the first church organ recitals could be regarded as ambient music, as their purpose was to occupy the audiences attention and help to define the atmosphere of the church between sermons, rather than to present music to be listened to. This way of presenting music is used to change ones state of being, and is heard in a very different context to the concert hall or private chamber music recital. Thus, ambient music is listened to in a different way than many other forms of music.
Moving closer to the present time in music history, we have the concept of sound mass, which minimizes the importance of individual notes, regular discernible rhythms, pitches, and melody, and concentrates on the texture, thus confronting the boundary between music & noise. The use of sound mass starts with composers such as Mahler and Stravinsky and progresses to a point where composers such as Ligeti use it as a major focus in their music. This musical concept presents sound in a very different way from how it has usually been presented in the past which is as clearly perceptible notes having easily audible pitch and duration. The music of composers such as Ligeti is often still written as notes and played on conventional instruments or voices, yet for example there is often a different note for all thirty-two violin players of an orchestra. This leads to the individual notes becoming part of the whole sound (the sound mass) rather than being audible as discreet entities. This sound mass concept also relates to the composer Xenakis amongst others, who worked with the idea of creating musical compositions from the concept of sound grains, each of which is too short to be clearly perceptible on its own (usually five to forty milli-seconds), but which together can be used to define any possible sound .
Another recent movement in music history that had its influence on the beginnings of ambient music was futurism. The futurists were an Italian group of composers , who used โnoisesโ as instruments, almost without any success and approval, yet were influential in opening up the possible sounds that could be used as music. The sampling and manipulating of sounds by musique concrete composers, which was made possible by electronic recording media, is clearly another very important factor leading to the beginnings of ambient music. Anti-music was a concept which furthered the expansion of music toward including all possible sounds, and John Cageโs piece 4 minutes 33 introduced the idea that the sounds occurring in the world around us can be heard as music, which at the time was somewhat difficult for an audience to relate to. This piece and the concepts it presented was a very important step towards ambient musicโs use of any sound as music, and also a step away from linear organization of compositional structure towards the type of structures that occur in natural sounds, which are often fractal.
Messian created piano music from transcriptions of bird song , taking further the imitation of natural sounds, particularly bird song, in music, which had obviously been attempted by such composers as Haydn in his Lark quartet. Messian actually recorded bird song and slowed it down, enabling him to transcribe the pitches and durationโs of sounds in the bird song. Doing this transcription process obviously came closer to recreating the sound of a birds song than Haydn who simply imitated the trills in a larks song, but at the same time, transcribing a birds song to the piano obviously limits the pitches to discreet levels, and misses the timbre changes which are part of the birds song, whereas ambient music, like the progressive rock bands mentioned below, would simply sample the birds song to present it in all its beauty, subtlety and fractal complexity.
As mentioned before, musique concrete, along with computers and other electronic technology, led to the concept of sampling, which is taking a recording of anything from the world around us to be played back and manipulated to use in the creation of music. This meant that anything, including other music, could be used as a sound source. This concept had already existed in a way, as baroque composers often used another composers material in their works. Samples are usually altered in some way from the original. Ambient music can be created entirely from the work of another composer. For example The Orbโs ambient remix of Mike Oldfieldโs Tubular Bells created a new piece entirely different from his material. Ambient music further develops the idea of the artist as a manipulator of what exists rather than always creating it himself.
The mellotron was an early electronic musical instrument which used short pieces of pre-recorded magnetic tape which were played back when the musician pressed a key on a piano type keyboard. This was one of the first versions of the electronic instrument called the โsamplerโ, which plays back sounds recorded from elsewhere. Although the first samplers were used to play back mainly conventional acoustic instrument sounds, people soon realized that any sound source could be used to create interesting sounds in this way, which opened up a vast range of new sonic possibilities. Sound sampling technology began out of the very traditional attempt to reproduce the sounds of conventional instruments as sound synthesizers mainly did, and mostly still do today, but the technology soon opened up to musicians possibilities not easily available before, which in turn led to the exploration of new artistic possibilities.
I general, electronic music presents a lack of visual interest in the concert hall. An audience is used to having plenty of visual stimulation from instrumental players and conductors, and electronic music often provides little of this. Ambient music, on the other hand, includes visual material as an important part of the performance, thus rectifying this deficiency.
Ambient music can also be traced back to minimal music , with its slow gradual changes, and the fact that some of the material not necessarily being perceived consciously, which are important parts of the ambient philosophy. This concept will be explored more thoroughly in the โimplications of ambient musicโ section (below).
Groups such as Pink Floyd, Yes and other progressive rock bands used the sounds of birds, planes etc. in their music , so ambient music is also in some ways coming out of the progressive rock direction. This way of using sounds also relates to the philosophical point that these progressive rock bands and to a greater extent, ambient music, are presenting sounds that are literally taken from the world outside of sounds created for a musical purpose, which is a relatively new concept in music. In a way, this could be seen as an extension of the earlier musical concept of โprogram musicโ, which is music that represents something in the physical world.
From the above comment of Brian Enoโs, that pop music is primarily about sound quality, ambient music can also be thought of as an extension of pop music, further developing of the importance of sound itself as opposed to other compositional factors.
Another event which led to ambient music being composed happened when Brian Eno was ill one day. He was too ill to move from his bed but asked a friend to come round and put some music on his stereo for him to listen to. He was listening to harp music on an old stereo which was very quiet, with rain making a lot of noise outside. The fact that the music was too quiet to hear very much frustrated him at first, but after a while he started to find something very interesting in the way the music blended with the natural sounds of the rain and wasnโt distinctly audible much of the time so he decided to compose music that worked in that way .
Muzak is used to relax and soothe people i.e. to change ones state of being rather than to be consciously listened to as art. This is an example of background music which is heard without being actively listened to, which is a different way of listening to that which is usually applied to traditional music.
Another way in which music is used which is important in relation to ambient music is the use of music in movies. This use of music creates a mood without obscuring the focus of the movie, and shouldnโt be something that you are conscious of much of the time, yet strongly affects your state of being, which is a different use of sound to the concept of music for the concert hall.
As you can see, there was no one specific starting point for ambient music, but rather it developed out of many things through music history, some going far back in time. Now we will move on to discussing some of the implications of ambient music.
The implications of ambient music are many and varied. Here are two quotes from David Copeโs book New Directions in Music which apply to new music, including ambient:- โThe concept that previously unacceptable sounds can be used as music has disturbed the musical worldโ, and โthe 20th Century is the age of revolution in musicโ. These two quotes are about the effect that new concepts had on the world of music, which is a very important consideration in thinking about ambient music and its conceptual implications. One of the most important points with regard to the understanding of the concepts in this paper is that they link very strongly to one other. The implications of ambient music should be seen as a whole as the concepts and ideas are all very much interdependent, as will be demonstrated by how clearly the concepts link together as they are presented here.
Most music (in the Western art tradition) is based upon notes. Even in the oral tradition the concepts that the music fundamentally depended on were notes. All traditional acoustic instruments produced notes, defining discretely at least pitch, start-time, or length. This type of sound is very different from many of the sounds that occur in nature such as a waterfall, wind, or rain, which donโt have these features and are fractal in nature rather than linear. If you take a recording of the sound of a waterfall and slow it down considerably, it will still sound like a waterfall, whereas if you do that to any instrumental or vocal sound it will sound very strange. This feature is an illustration of self-similarity, one of the definitions of a fractal (see definitions, above), in sound. Ambient music does not necessarily contain any notes, regular rhythms, linear structures, conventional scales, or other discreetly defined things, which makes it different from most music that has come before. These new concepts were introduced by some of the other types of music that led up to ambient music, as presented in the above section of this paper.
โEach aspect of sound (in modern music), frequency, amplitude, timbre, duration, is to be seen as a continuum, not as a series of discreet steps favored by convention.โ John Cage made this comment that illustrates one important difference between music based on fractal patterns and that based on linear patterns. He made the statement about what he defined as โmodern musicโ . Ambient music, consisting of predominantly fractal rather than linear patterns, is an excellent illustration of this point, which does in one way distinguish modern music, including ambient, from most of the music that has come before the twentieth century. The note as a concept is of course defined in discrete terms, and musicโs obsession with notes and their symbolization has been one of the main factors that has caused music to be mostly concerned with linear objects for so long. Breaking free from this need to symbolize music in terms of notes is one of the steps forward that modern music has taken. This can be said to be a step forward because it liberates music from a major limitation, which is what progess, in a very real sense, is all about.
This step forward was important to the musique concrete composers as one of their main aims was to make music โconcretelyโ on tape rather than by using abstract symbols of music notation. The progression from linear concepts to fractal ones also parallels to some extent the recent progression in science and technology from being based almost entirely upon linear concepts, to now starting to include some fractal concepts such as the modelling of such turbulent systems as the weather, and quantum science which go beyond the linear.
It is generally agreed that the organization of our brains functions are usually divided into two halves, the left hemisphere which mostly deals with the linear, language-based, sequential things, and the right hemisphere which deals with the fractal, intuitive, holistic concepts . Ambient music has more relevance to the right hemisphere of our brains than most other types of music, as it is more about the fractal, holistic, non-symbolized things, compared to โclassicalโ music, which, being symbolized in notes, is obviously represented by linear structural qualities.
โThe effect of conventions in cultural tradition is to limit the individual to experiencing the range of emotions which the signs symbolize or evoke.โ This quote by Morse Peckham is very much related to what ambient music can be said to do when it presents a fractal-based structure rather than a linear one, as the way in which the left hemisphere of our brain symbolizes things does not happen in the fractal patterns presented by ambient music. This use of fractal structure of course allows us to break free from some of the usual conventions of our perception of music, and leads to the possibility of a new and different experience.
Synthesized or recorded โnaturalโ sounds are sometimes played in peopleโs homes to try and bridge the gap between living in a man made structure and the perceptions available in the world of nature. Examples of this concept are new age sound tapes of rain, wind, sea etc. These sounds can lead one to a different mental state, because they are more fractal in nature than the traditional music we listen to, and as such, can allow us to some extent to change over from our usually left-hemisphere dominated thinking, to a quite different state where our right hemisphere is allowed to experience the world. There is a very interesting exercise presented in the book Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain by Betty Edwards which allows one to experience the change over from left to right hemisphere thinking. This book presents this alternative way of thinking as being very important in the development of a person as a visual artist, and it can be said that this new learning could also be a very important step in ones development as a creator of, or even listener to, ambient music, as well as helping in many other aspects of life. This exercise consists of drawing the profile of a face on one half of a piece of paper, while metally labelling all the parts (such as nose, forehead, upper lip, etc.). Then one draws a mirror image of the profile by simply mirroring the line itself, and not thinking of the labels of parts. One can feel the distinct difference in using the left brain hemisphere in the first part of the exercise, compared to working with the right brain hemisphere in the second part. One the goes on to do different exercises which show how much more beautifully one draws if one responds with ones right brain hemisphere to what actually exists, rather than looking at it, symbolising the object, and drawing a symbol. That is the way that childeren draw:- they look at a face, decide that that is a face, then look away and draw a symbol of a face. This clearly leads to a very different result than an experienced classical portrait artist who will draw by looking at what is actually there and drawing it, not by symbolising it. This applies very clearly to ambient music because it is about working with the sounds themselves rather than by symbolising sounds as notes.
Experiments have been done on music that show that the most pleasing spectrum for the spread of the pitches of notes is that of a noise spectrum that has a frequency distribution of one over frequency . This means that the larger the interval between successive notes, the less likely it is to occurr. This spectrum gives the longest โmemoryโ to a sequence of notes, as the next interval depends as much on the last ten intervals as on the last one hundred etc . Indeed, if the pitches of most types of Western art tradition music (one notable exception being Stockhausen) are analysed, they will be very close to this statistical spread. This is said to be because this spectrum has the property of self-similarity. As you will remember from the definition of the word fractal (see definitions, above), self-similarity is one of the important properties of a fractal, and so the use of fractals to generate music should naturally lead to music that has a frequency spectrum that exhibits this property of self-similarity, and is thus pleasing and interesting to the ear. So, as in many other ways, ambient music is further developing one of the important perceptual factors in music by removing many factors that can be considered less important to the essence of the perceptual experience of sound, such as notes. This follows because notes are symbols of sounds, and, as symbols, they cannot contain as much information as the objects they represent, and so cannot present as much detail to be percieved as the sounds itself. Also, because sounds are percieved more by our right brain hemisphere than our left (notes being percieved more by the left), they will be perceived as a more direct experience than notes (because notes are symbols, and as such must be one step removed from the objects they represent).
โMusic lets us know something that we cannot put into wordsโ. This is a quote by Diana Raffman, from her book Language, music and mind . The concept presented in this quote probably means that music is in some way affecting the right hemisphere of our brain, and therefore possesses fractal as well as linear qualities, because she says that music does something that the words, the symbols that our left hemisphere uses to categorize the world, cannot express. She makes this quote about very traditional music, in which case ambient music is in this way, as in many other ways, taking further one of the things that she is saying is most important in music, which is musicโs fractal quality that moves us in a way that cannot be put into words. This quote is a typical nineteenth Century remark, yet, as shown above, has implications beyond that context.
Ambient music is essentially a multi-media art form, even though it is often listened to without other media. For example, the well known ambient group Future Sound Of London created a piece called Lifeforms, but this composition includes images and is sold as a video rather than primarily as a purely music recording. This concept relates in part to the idea presented in the section above, that early electronic music presented very little visual interest to the audience. It also relates to the fact that in ambient music there is not necessarily one focus of ones conscious attention while experiencing it, and also to the use of electronic recording technology to sample things from the world, which helps different media to be more easily integrated.
Technology, especially the computer, treats data as a generalization, as it is all represented by the same binary system which stores all data as ones and zeros. Sound, MIDI , images, text etc. can all go through similar transformations and be worked with in much the same way on a computer, hence the skills one needs to work with different types of data are much more generalized. One can then work by simply experimenting and developing further the results that one finds interesting from ones exploration rather than studying a traditional way of planning the work in advance which necessarily symbolizes the material thus removing the artist from the moment of creation. This new way of working with data brings artistic creation with far less of the pre-knowledge that would necessarily fix the scope of the artists exploration somewhat. This concept enables art to progress far faster than has been previously possible, as art has done in the 20th Century. Obviously, every human is brought up in the context of the art and artifacts that he is exposed to and this is bound to influence his early works. Indeed many artists copy the work or style of others before exploring the possibilities of their own; but now this can happen almost immediately upon deciding to play with data, and so progress can be much quicker than before when one had to spend many years learning the skills necessary to work with the media. It also means that someone who has learned how to work with sounds on a computer can easily apply most of the same concepts and skills to working with images, for example, or vice versa. Sampling using electronic media relates to concepts such as the internet where anyone can find images, sound, text, and other data from all over the world, very simply and quickly. This technical possibility gives the artist much easier access to a wide variety of starting material that he might not have had until recently, which can lead to art being made from data the artist has found rather than being predominately made from the beginning by the artist. An example of this concept is Pachelbelโs Cannon in D, used as a sound source by Future Sound of London in their album Lifeforms.
People that make ambient music are not necessarily trained musicians; they may be electronics or computer experts, visual artists etc. For example, Future Sound of London let members of the audience create images by using their equipment during a live performance. This example, and others, postulates the concept that anybody can create art, which has interesting parallels with the internet in the way that it can bring people to the same level. For example, on the internet the president of America and a street bum in San Francisco cannot necessarily be distinguished by other users so that what they say can sometimes have equal weight. Of course this fact may be frowned upon by trained musicians who have spent decades of their life learning how to produce โartโ. But which is more important, art or the artists? In the visual arts, David Hockney, amongst others, has shown that the artist is not necessarily the one who practically creates the work; for example his Marilyn Monroes are screen prints which are decided upon by Hockney but produced by other technicians, yet it is still his art. This way of thinking also relates to the photographer as an artist, because while most of the time he cannot be thought of as the one who either creates the subject he photographs, or the physical photographic print itself, he is still the artist as he chooses what to present from near infinite possibilities. It is the same with a creator of ambient music, who might sample all his source material from elsewhere, yet is still the one who chooses what to present to the audience and this can be said to make him an artist. This concept of the artist as one who decides upon but does not necessarily create a work of art also relates to music such as John Cageโs 4 minutes 33, in which John Cage decides some aspects of what will happen, such as the overall time structure, but does not specify any of the sounds that will be heard as the content of the music.
Ambient composers sometimes use specially constructed equipment, for example custom designed precision digital filters for the Orb, and a CD-ROM player adapted for graphics as used by Future Sound Of London. Yet they can also use very conventional equipment, for example the โcutting-edge ambientโ album Buried Dreams by David Toop and Max Eastly, which was created mostly from sounds generated using their own sound sculptures and specially constructed musical instruments. Also something like a fountain in a garden could be thought of as making ambient music and could certainly be listened to as such. This means that although ambient music has in many ways come about because of the possibilities that new technology has made available, the concepts it has developed go beyond the technology itself.
In Taoism, an Eastern philosophical system , there is a beautiful example of the way people perceive the world that relates very strongly to concepts which are important in ambient music. This example is as follows:- when you are young you see a bird flying past and event captures your entire attention for a while, you are entirely open to perceiving all that is there. Later on in life someone tells you what the bird is called and the next time that bird flies past, you say to yourself โah โ thatโs a sparrowโ and walk on, not really seeing the bird in all its beauty any more, but just labeling it. This story illustrates very well how most adults, especially in the Western world, perceive very little of the world around us, because we tend to symbolise objects (as in the above example), which necessarliy removes us one step from the direct perception of reality. This is because the symbol โa sparrowโ contains less information than any particular sparrow, which is the whole point of a symbol. If the symbol contains less information, then one who symbolises will percive less than one who doesnโt. One might suggest that one would be percieving both the reality, and the symbol, but this is not usually the case, which is very obvious from the results you get if you ask an average person in the Western world to draw an object that is in front of them (you get drawings of symbols, which are far less interesting than the objects themselves). Another example of this difference is that the sounds that are around us all the time, like the sound of the wind, rain, or a car going past, are not consciously perceived by most people. One thing ambient music does is to present sounds like that as being worthy of hearing, which is very similar to the Taoist concept of being truly open to the perception of all that occurs in the world. Ambient music is in many ways concerned with oneโs perception of the world, and of presenting sounds that one might not normally be aware of, or that one might not normally consider as music. This concept also relates to the fact that ambient music is presenting predominately fractal objects to our perception rather than the traditional linear objects of the music of the past, which leads to more direct perception, because fractal objects donโt get symbolised by our minds in the same way that linear ones easily can.
โThere is no such thing as silenceโ said John Cage after standing in an anechoic chamber and hearing sounds that he later found out were the sound of the circulation of his own blood, and the brownian motion of air molecules against his eardrums. This realization means that even in the absence of external sounds, we are always in an acoustic environment generated by our own bodies, and that every external sound we hear is to some extent affected by this fact. Ambient music, especially when played at a barely perceptible level, which it often can be, takes this concept much further by including the sounds of the listeners environment as being important to the perception of the music.
Music is sometimes said to derive from an innate โnatural languageโ. For example, the uses of rhythm in music follow typical language structures, such as the Eastern European use of five and seven times, the Western Worldโs typical four time, the Viennese three time, etc. In this way, ambient music could be considered even more natural as it deals with fractals that we more fundamentally relate to than the linear concepts developed by science in the last few centuries (because the natural world that we are part of is predominately made of fractals). Music is sometimes said to derive from the patterns of language used when vocalizing while doing physical labor, and from imitating or fitting in with the sounds of machines working around us. To some extent this statement can be said to be true, but music also derives from being a practical aid to meditation as in plainsong, some Indian music, mantra , and much other Eastern music. This route to the beginning of music relates to ambient music, which is in some ways a stream of consciousness, rather than being based on the usual emotional curve as most Western music has until recently .
In minimal music it can be said that the act of listening itself creates the music. When listening to minimal music, the listener begins to lose awareness of the constant factors in the music and becomes aware of the things that change. This concept means that what the listener actually hears as the music is very fundamentally affected by the act of listening itself. Other more traditional western music presents changes to the listener as the foreground. The only thing you can perceive is change, as any of our senses will lose awareness of any constant factor after some time. This idea relates to ambient music because ambient music does not necessarily present itself to our conscious perception, and as such is involving the listeners perception more than his thoughts, in the music. Also, ambient music does not usually present as much density of change and things to be focused on as more traditional music does.
Morse Peckham says that โart rehearses one for enduring uncertaintyโ, This way of being is a contrast to the way that we live usually which is by classifying and attempting to predict everything that occurs. He goes further to say that art presents a safe environment so that one can drop ones perceptive defenses. The use of unpredictability in music can make the listener ignorant as to what may follow, causing uncertainty. This characteristic of art can actually open an individual to change and self-development, which can be said to be a very worthy goal. Ambient music presents many new concepts and perceptual possibilities to the listener, which is, as Morse Peckham says, opening ones mind to not knowing and classifying as one usually does to obvious linear structural qualities, but to actually perceiving what is occurring.
By all means understand and think about ambient music, but it can be suggested that the experience of it must be had while letting go of all intellectual processes, as the experience itself rather than the intellectualization is what ambient music can be said to be about. This idea relates very strongly to many philosophical concepts, such as a phrase from the book Dune by Frank Herbert, โlife is a reality to be experienced, not a problem to be solvedโ, and also to most self-development processes, including meditations, Yoga, Tai-Chi etc. The fractal concepts presented in ambient music make this way of thinking easier than with music that is more linear, as does the way ambient music presents an environment to perceive, rather than obvious changes to catch ones conscious attention as more traditional music does.
One of the things that ambient music can do is to make people aware of perceiving the world around them, which is similar to some of the goals of the life-meditation and many other practices such as Taoism, Yoga, Tai- Chi, and the Zen philosophy that influenced John Cage etc. In life-meditation one simply does one thing at a time, in contrast to the way that most people in the Western world are always thinking about something else, whatever they are doing. For example, one would simply walk down the street, rather than walking down the street thinking about what one is going to have for lunch that day, or being annoyed because itโs raining. The way of being embodied by this meditation, and may other self-development processes, has been recomended for many thousands of years as a way of making worthwhile progress in ones life. Obviously, when one is thinking about something else when one is doing something, the thing one is thinking about is not about present time. If one is avoiding being in present time (which is obviously the only time in which we have actual contact with the universe), then one is putting a barrier between oneself and reality, and the definition of self-development, or progress, can be said to be the removal of barriers. Most Westerners actually spend very little of their lives in present time (which is the only time in which one can actually take action to affect ones life), which is why they feel that the things that happen to them are someone elseโs fault, or โfateโ, rather than being responsible for their own lives. Presenting something that may lead a listener to move towards this way of being can be a valid artistic goal. Ambient music presents sounds from the world around as music, thus developing our perceptions of the world around us, as well as our perception of what can be appreciated as music, and also presents fractal concepts that are not so easy for us to spend our time defining in words rather than actually perceiving.
The production of ambient music can be thought of as a personal and perceptual, rather than an intellectual, exploration of the world by the artist. In the course of this exploration, the artist inevitably builds up his own context or โlanguageโ. This may be considered to be the fine art concept idealized, as one must react to the products of ones experimentation rather than to some pre-defined reality defined by the conventions in ones head. This idea comes from a definition of the concept of fine art as being a process whereby ones work progresses because of ones development of interesting factors that one perceives as one is creating successive stages of art work 27].
โArt is Made, it doesnโt just happenโ. This is a quote from Thinking about Music by Lewis Rowell . Ambient music is blurring this boundary, as it takes things which do โjust happenโ and presenting them as art. He also says that art is created from a vision of the whole, which again is challenged by ambient music among other forms, as much ambient music is created in a way that uses a โstream of consciousnessโ and as such the whole cannot be envisioned until it has already happened. Also the fractal nature of many of the sounds used means that, from the definition of a fractal, the details of the sound cannot be predicted ahead of time. This concept also relates to the fact that ambient music relates to the right hemisphere of our brains rather that the left hemisphere that is usually involved in constructing music in a predefined structural way.
Ambient music is often listened to as a background or as not being the primary focus of conscious perception. For example there is a playing instruction on the Buried Dreams album by David Toop and Max Eastly which asks for the music to be played at โa barely perceptible volumeโ. Is this to be distinguished from the identical playing instruction on Tavenerโs The Last Sleep of the Virgin? The Tavener piece wouldnโt necessarily be categorized as ambient music, yet in a way it could be thought of as being so because the effect is that the music itself fits into, rather than dominating, the environment around it. This idea obviously blurs the definition of music as being separate from โnatureโ, in a way which contrasts to the Western Art Tradition of concert hall music. The same thing happens with the ambient concept of multi-media, as there is no one conscious focus of perception, but rather an overall experience of an environment.
Sound can be listened to as the textural qualities of an environment. This statement can be taken to mean that ambient music is concerned with landscape which indeed relates to the definition of โambientโ given above, and also relates to the use of fractal qualities by ambient music because the world of nature is one made up mostly of fractals, compared to our man-made world which is mostly constructed of linear objects. Ambient music can also be said to be a landscape with the figure left out. This idea relates to the progression from real to abstract in the visual arts, the turning point of which may be said to be Turner, who would paint a beautiful abstract texture, but still feel the need to fit into the conventions of his past by including some small identifiable object such as a ship somewhere in the painting to define in as a real environment. Artists one generation later than Turner would have left this โfigureโ out of their environment, resulting in abstract work which can be still very much a landscape as an abstract painting by Rothko would be said to be .
Leonard Meyer presented the opinion that most music of the past has not represented any real object, as opposed to other arts which often do represent objects in the universe . Ambient music is obviously changing this concept somewhat as it presents sonic objects which are sometimes perceptibly as real things from the world around us. This change could be thought of as arising out of the sampling concept which started with musique concrete.
It is possible to perceive music in the way that you would a painting in your house, which is always there, yet you donโt mind if you walk past it, you notice it bit by bit over time. This way of perceiving obviously contrasts greatly with the usual way of thinking about concert hall music. This thought also suggests that ambient music blurs the boundary between spacial and temporary art. Paintings exist in space and donโt change through time, whereas Western music exists more as changes in time than in space. Ambient music, being concerned with landscape and ambiance, is about spacial qualities as much as temporal ones. This concept could also be said to link ambient music to the music of other cultures, as the music of some Eastern cultures tends to exit as a state which doesnโt necessarily change though time, and in this way has less temporally structural features than most traditional western music.
People can relate to the environmental sounds used in ambient music. This is an example of perceptual affinity, a very important concept in music. Recognition and definition are fundamental to our left-hemisphere perception, and this relates the listener to the sounds, thus involving the listener more intimately with the music which in a way contrasts to the way that ambient music appeals more to our right hemisphere than our left, but as most people living in the western world cannot go for very long without something present for their left hemisphere to relate to, this aspect of ambient music can provide that stimulus to our left hemisphere.
As ambient music is often listened to not as the foreground of our perception, in a way every time one listens to the same piece of ambient music it is a different piece, as it is heard in a different context of other environmental perceptions. This is in contrast to most other types of music, especially when listened to from a recording, as most music attempts to be the sole focus of our attention when we listen to it, it is the same music every time. This statement would not have been so true before recorded music became the main medium of experiencing music, as a live performance will always be to some extent unique.
John Cage said, โThe responsibility of the artist consists in perfecting his work so that it may become attractively disinterestingโ . Ambient music, in the way that it is not usually listened to as the sole focus of our conscious attention, yet is enjoyed by many, can be said to fulfill this quality of being attractively dissinteresting. โAn artist does not lead us to a new reality, he presents a way of escaping from some conventions.โ This quote by Morse Peckham provides us with an interesting conceptual way of looking at ambient music. Rather than saying that ambient music presents a new musical reality, we can say that ambient music gives us a way of escaping from some of the conventions that are embodied in other types of music. Examples of such conventions, that ambient music can be thought of as presenting a way of escaping from, are music as the conscious focus of our attention, music as being heard much as distinct from the ambient sounds of an environment, and music being made up of linear structural entities.
Having said all of the above points, I donโt listen to ambient music for any of these reasons, I listen to it because I find it beautiful and fascinating.
Ambient music came from a variety of starting points, including the route through disco, techno, and rave, from the developments begun by John Cageโs 4 miutes 33, and from progressive rock composers such as Brian Eno.
The implications of ambient music are many and varied, including the step forward to using fractal concepts in many aspects of the music rather than the linear concepts used before, the opening of peopleโs experience to include really appreciating more sounds in the world around them, and a new way of listening to music in the way that one might view a painting.
This discussion of ambient music has presented some observations and opinions about ambient music, which relate particularly to the category of music which is sometimes defined as โcutting-edge ambientโ. Some major concepts are common to many of the points mentioned, and these include fractal structures, a different way of perceiving music, sampling objects from the world around us, and the importance of sound quality rather than relationships between notes. However, none of the points mentioned are meant as statements of fact, they are simply concepts to be explored and developed, and any reality or truth discovered for oneself. This idea means that there are no conclusions as such to this paper, there are instead many questions that can be explored further to find ones own perception of what is around us, in the same way that ambient music itself presents an environment to be perceived rather than facts to be categorized and distanced from.
Read this paper and these questions with the attitude suggested by Morse Peckhams quote, โAn artist does not lead us to a new reality, he presents a way of escaping from some conventions.โ . Think of some of the conventions that this paper, and ambient music as an art form, have presented a way of escaping from.
Some of the questions from this paper that can be explored further are :-
Can sound that has not been organized in linear patterns, be considered as music?
Has ambient music done anything to change our perception of music, sound, or the world in general?
Do you prefer listening to notes or sounds (i.e. symbols or reality)?
What conventions has ambient music offered a way of escaping from?
Can you gain more by really perceiving a reality rather than, or in addition to, symbolizing it?
Can you gain something by learning to make more use of your right brain hemisphere?
Will your life be richer if you perceive more of what occurs around you rather than categorizing things which leads to symbolising rather than perceiving them?
Is the more immediate, experimental way of working with sound and other data on a computer beneficial to art?
Should listening be part of the way in which a musician creates music, as opposed to reading symbols and doing pre-defined actions? Also how would you find a way of teaching music that would lead to the former?
Does an artist necessarily have to be the craftsman that creates the starting points of the realities he works with?
Does music always have to be in the foreground of our perception?
Is escaping from our usual conventions something worth doing, and if so, what are the benefits of doing so, and how would one go about doing so?
I will not suggest what one may learn from these questions or from this paper, as that must be up to the individual reader to decide, and one will learn more from formulating ones own further explorations from this paper than from having them given. It is the experience of learning and being individually responsible for drawing ones own conclusions that is important here because, as Morse Peckham says, art can be a way of leading one away from any existing conventions, whether they are ones own or someone elseโs.
Definition from Websterโs 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.
This quote was given orally to me in 1993.
See Korner, Anthony, Aurora Musicalis, Artforum USA. Volume 242. (summer 1986), 76-79. An excellent article concerned with ambient music and Brian Eno, very interesting philosophically and practically, well written.
Xenakis wrote about granular synthesis starting on page 43 of Xenakis, Iannis. Formalized Composition, thought and mathematics in composition. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press, (1971).
The futurists included F. B. Pratella (1880-1955), and Luigi Russolo (1885-1947), working with ideas that were introduced by the writer F. T. Marinetti (1876-1942), that intended to make a type of music suitable for the industrial age.
Musique concrete was an experimental genre, developed by a group of composers in Paris in the late 1940โs. The composers included Pierre Shaffer and Pierre Henry, and they were concerned with creating music โconcretelyโ on tape rather than abstractly by notation, as well as with using sounds found from the world around them.
John Cage wrote the composition 4 minutes 33 in 1952. He was a composer strongly influenced by the philosophies of Zen.
Messian, a Parisian composer, wrote catalogue dโoiseaux for piano in 1958, from transcriptions of bird song. Most of his other compositions were strongly religious in nature.
Minimalism is a compositional idea that radically reduces the range of compositional materials, and makes extensive use of small motivic cells. It repeats patterns many times causing the focus to shift to the small changes in the motive and to the sound quality itself. It is related to meditation and non-Western thought processes, and the genre includes composers such as Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and Michael Nyman.
For example, on the album The Wall, by Pink Floyd, there are sounds of larks, planes, and a helicopter, amongst others.
This anecdote was taken from the article:- Korner, Anthony, Aurora Musicalis, Artforum USA. Volume 242. (summer 1986), 76-79.
Muzak is a description of the kind of music that is played over the public address system at a restaurant. It is characterized by low volume, consistent mood, no abrupt changes, and not being the focus of attention.
See Cope, David. New Directions In Music. Wm. C. Brown Company Pub. (1976).
See Cage John. Silence: lectures and writings. Cambridge: The MIT Press (1966).
See Edwards, Betty. Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, New York: dist. by Martins Press. (1979).
See Peckham, Morse. Beyond the Tragic Vision; the quest for identity in the nineteenth century. New York, G. Brazillier, (1962).
Edwards, Betty. Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, New York: dist. by Martins Press. (1979). An excellent book giving practical exercises by which one can actually feel the change over from using the left to the right hemisphere, and learn to apply this very productively to visual arts.
See page 290 of Dodge, Charles. Computer Music. New York: Schirmer books, London: Collier Macmillan, (1985).
See Raffman, Diana. Language, Music and Mind. Cambridge Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press (1993).
MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, and is a digital protocol for exchanging information about musical events, such as the start of a note or the change of a tempo.
Taoism is a religious and philosophical system, started by Lao-Tzo in the sixth Century BC, and includes the practice of Tai-Chi, a therapeutic meditation in movement, which itself can lead to very powerful systems of self-defense.
An anechoic chamber is a space designed to have as little as possible in the way of echoes and reverberation, by using acoustic damping on all possible surfaces. It is used to make acoustic measurements.
Mantra is a use of sounds as meditation. An example would be repeating the word โOmโ many times, for the purposes of spiritual gain.
Most Western music has an โemotional journeyโ embodied in its structure, with a start, one or more climaxes, and an end, etc. This is different from some modern music, or the music of some other cultures, which does not have these features.
See. Peckham, Morse. Beyond the Tragic Vision; the quest for identity in the nineteenth century. New York: G. Brazillier, (1962).
Taoism is a religious and philosophical system, started by Lao-Tzo in the sixth Century BC, and includes the practice of Tai-Chi, a therapeutic meditation in movement, which itself can lead to very powerful systems of self-defense.
This definition of fine art was given orally to me by the head of the Foundation Art Course at Middlesex Polytechnic, London (a very highly regarded art course), in 1988.
Rowell, Lewis. Thinking About Music. University of Massachusetts Press (1983).
This idea of a Rothko painting being about landscape comes from an oral quote, given to me by a member of staff on the Foundation Art Course at Middlesex Polytechnic, London (a very highly regarded art course), in 1988.
See Meyer. Leonard B. Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1956).M-J
See Cage John. Empty Words. Middletown Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. (c1979).
See Peckham, Morse. Beyond the Tragic Vision; the quest for identity in the nineteenth century. New York, G. Brazillier, (1962).
COMPOSERS TO LISTEN TO
David Toop and Max Eastly โ โBuried Dreamsโ,
Future Sound of London,
Cage, John. Empty Words.
Middletown Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. (c1979).
A very interesting book which draws ideas from a very wide variety of contexts, and presents a clearly graspable whole. Includes โtextual artโ.
Cage, John. Silence: lectures and writings. Cambridge: The MIT Press (1966).
A very interesting book with many fascinating ideas. The writing jumps around to a wide variety of related topics, but produces good intelligibility of overall concepts, and how they link to so much else.
Cope, David. New Directions In Music.
Wm. C. Brown Company Pub. (1976).
A well presented, clear, easy to understand book, giving a general idea of the subject with some good detail.
Dodge, Charles. Computer Music.
New York: Schirmer books, London: Collier Macmillan, (1985).
An excellent book covering many practical and theoretical aspects of computer music in a way that gives good detail yet is clearly understandable to someone without too much specialist knowledge of the area. The concepts are well presented with real practical examples. Contains some mathematics, but this is usually explained verbally which is a good thing.
Edwards, Betty. Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.
Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, New York: dist. by Martins Press. (1979).
An excellent book giving practical exercises by which one can actually feel the change over from using the left to the right hemisphere, and learn to apply this very productively to visual arts.
Hopkins, Gerard Manly. The poems of Gerard Manly Hopkins.
London, New York: Oxford University Press. (1967).
Poems about the senses and emotions. Interesting, but not a use of language that appeals to me in any way, and I do not find that it relates to this topic.
Korner, Anthony, Aurora Musicalis.
Artforum USA. Volume 242. (summer 1986), pp. 76-79.
An excellent article about ambient music and Brian Eno, very interesting philosophically and practically, well written.
Langer, Suzanne Katherina Knauth. Philosophy in a New Key.
Cambridge Harvard University Press. (1957).
Presents some interesting concepts but written using language that mostly acts to obscure the meaning of the concepts, which makes it not easy for me to understand.
Lanza, Joseph. The Sound of Cottage Cheese.
Performing Arts Journal, USA. Volume XXXIX/3 (Sept, 1991) pp 42-53.
A good article presenting its ideas about background music and muzak, clearly and well.
Meyer, Leonard B. Emotion and Meaning in Music.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1956.
I find this book very difficult to gain any understanding from. The concepts are presented in a way I found very confusing and not very well thought out. Very โacademicโ.
Peckham, Morse. Beyond the Tragic Vision; the quest for identity in the nineteenth century.
New York: G. Brazillier, (1962).
A very interesting book, presenting fascinating concepts and insights, and an unusual viewpoint that is well worth experiencing. Presents its profound concepts in an understandable way. Well written.
Raffman, Diana. Language, Music and Mind.
Cambridge Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press (1993).
Well written, clear, presents its interesting ideas about music and linguistics well.
Rowell, Lewis. Thinking About Music.
University of Massachusetts Press (1983).
Very interesting philosophical ideas, clear and easy to follow.
Sadie, Stanley. ed. The Norton/Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music,
New York, London: W. W. Norton & co.
This very useful encyclopedia is clearly written and includes many brief descriptions of important topics in music.
Taruskin, Richard. Does Nature Call The Tune?
New York Times, Classical Music, (Sept. 18th, 1994), p28.
A clear and well presented article.
Webster 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.
The place to look up a definition of any word in the English language.
Xenakis, Iannis. Formalized Composition, thought and mathematics in composition.
Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press, (1971)
An interesting book, containing many useful and thought provoking concepts and ideas. It has many examples of his compositions to illustrate the concepts, and many mathematical formulas which are explained clearly in the text.
Young, John. Sign Language: Source recognition of environmental sounds in electronic music.
Canzona, New Zealand. V XIV/34 (1991). pp 22-27.
The abstract gave a good understanding of the ideas, which were very interesting. |
ืฉืืืื ืืชืืื ืขืฉืื ืกืืจืืคืื ืฉื ืขืฅ ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื, ืจืืื ืืจืื, ืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืขืฉืืืืช ืชืจืืก ืืฉื. |
- Tree nuts are a superb source of protein and provide necessary nutrients
- People who eat legumes daily have a 22% lower risk of heart disease
- Diets high in saturated fat boost blood cholesterol levels
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States -- a respectable reason to show your heart some love and attention. To keep your ticker in tip-top shape, add these best foods to your daily health routine -- and kick the worst to the curb.
Tree nuts are a superb source of protein and provide nutrients necessary for your heart's health. The nourishing unsaturated fats help to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and boost HDL (good) cholesterol.
Furthermore, nuts are rich in arginine, an amino acid that makes nitric oxide. This gas relaxes blood vessels and supports blood flow. Still not convinced? Crunch on this sweet statistic: Devoted nut eaters are 25% less likely to die from heart disease than those who don't eat nuts.
How to enjoy: To satisfy a need for crunch, sprinkle nuts atop a salad. When snacking, try fruit slices dipped in a creamy nut butter or a shot glass-size serving of whole nuts.
Recent studies have shown that those who consume legumes on a daily basis have a 22% lower risk of developing heart disease than those who rarely do. And here's why: Beans are packed with cholesterol- and blood pressure-lowering soluble fiber, and contain heart-smart nutrients such as folate, a vitamin that helps reduce blood homocysteine (a biomarker for heart disease). And let's not forget how easily beans stand in for animal protein, which is often loaded with saturated fat.
How to enjoy: Use hummus as a condiment in potato salads, or get creative by adding garbanzo-bean flour to cake, cookie and muffin batters.
Not that we need another reason to indulge in dark chocolate, but: Cacao contains flavonoids (metabolites that promote healthy blood circulation and supple arteries) and polyphenols (antioxidants that reduce inflammation and risk of atherosclerosis). It's also a good source of magnesium, a mineral essential for normal heart function.
Take note, however: All chocolate is not created equal when it comes to nutrition. Be sure to select products that are at least 70% cacao.
How to enjoy: For breakfast, add cacao powder to a green smoothie, or end dinner with a one-ounce square of dark chocolate.
Worst: Added sugars
Because sugar increases blood pressure and triglyceride levels and leads to weight gain, a sugar-laden diet increases one's risk of heart disease. "Also, diets high in sugar usually aren't rich in important nutrients -- like fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains -- that help prevent heart disease and keep your heart healthy," notes upwave reviewer Tammy Lakatos Shames, a registered dietitian.
Sugar-sweetened beverages, cookies, cakes and pastries are obvious no-nos; sneaky sources of sugar can also include yogurt, ready-to-eat cereals and pasta sauces.
How to avoid: Satisfy your sweet tooth the natural way by savoring a fruit-based dessert. Break a soda habit by drinking sparkling water with a shot glass-size splash of fruit juice.
Worst: Saturated fat
Diets high in saturated fat boost blood cholesterol levels, which in turn can lead to atherosclerosis. This artery-clogging fat is present in dairy-based butter, sour cream, mayo, fatty cuts of meat, cocoa butter, palm oil, coconut oil and coconut milk.
The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends limiting saturated fat so it comprises less than 7% of your total daily caloric intake. The key here is moderation: A juicy steak or a dollop of sour cream on a baked potato is fine on occasion.
How to avoid: Instead of butter, spread creamy avocado on whole-grain toast. When making burgers, replace half the ground beef with mushrooms, which provide the same texture and an umami flavor. Meat eaters, why not shift the focus of meals to plant-based proteins or fatty fish, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids?
Note: Yes, trans fat is even worse for you than saturated fat. Luckily, the FDA is working with manufacturers to phase it out of foods.
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease, and one in three Americans currently suffers from hypertension. High-sodium diets may be to blame, since excess sodium holds fluid in the body, thereby placing added burden on the heart. How much sodium is too much? The AHA recommends consuming no more than 1,500 mg per day.
How to avoid: Instead of reaching for the salt shaker, enhance the flavor of your food with spices. Skip processed and fast foods and consume potassium-rich (aka blood-pressure-lowering) foods such as potatoes, beans and greens instead.
This article was originally published on upwave.com. |
'''ืืืืจื ืงืืจืกืืืจืก ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคื ืกืืืืืืืืจ''' (ื[[ืื ืืืืช]]: '''Amar'e Carsares Jehoshaphat Stoudemire'''; ื ืืื ื-[[16 ืื ืืืืืจ]] [[1982]]) ืืื [[ืืืืจืกืื]] [[ืืืจืืงืื]]-[[ืืฉืจืื]]ื, ืืืฉืืง ืืขืืืืช ื[[ืคืืืืจ ืคืืจืืืจื]] ืื[[ืกื ืืจ (ืืืืจืกื)|ืกื ืืจ]] ืืงืืืฆืช [[ืืืื ืืืขื ื ืคืฉ ืชื ืืืื (ืืืืจืกื)|ืืืื ืคืืืก ืชื ืืืื]]. ืกืืืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืง ืืืฉื 14 ืขืื ืืช ื[[ืืืืช ื-NBA]], ืืื 8 ืขืื ืืช ื[[ืคืื ืืงืก ืกืื ืก]].
ืกืืืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืจื ืฉืื ืืคืื ืืงืก: ืืื ื ืืืจ ื[[ืจืืงื ืืฉื ื ื-NBA]] ื-[[2003]], ื ืืืจ ื[[ืืืืฉืืืช ืืขืื ื ื-NBA|ืืืืฉืืืช ืืขืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ื]] ื-[[2007]], ืืจืืข ืคืขืืื ื ืืกืคืืช ืืืืืฉืืืช ืืขืื ื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืฉืฉ ืคืขืืื ื[[ืืฉืืง ืืืืืกืืืจ ืฉื ื-NBA]]. ืืื ืืืคืืข ืื ื[[ื ืืืจืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจืกื|ื ืืืจืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช]], ืขืื ืืื ื[[ืืืืืืช ืืจื]] ื[[ืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืชืื ื (2004)|ืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืชืื ื]], ืื[[ืืืืืืช ืืื]] ื[[ืืืืคืืช ืืืจืืงื ืืืืืจืกื 2007|ืืืืคืืช ืืืจืืงื 2007]]. |
New generation bionics - wireless and touch-sensitive
- 14 March 2012
- From the section Health
A new generation of bionics which can connect wirelessly with the nervous system and feel are under development.
Animal tests have already been conducted in which devices are implanted directly into the nerve to process and transmit signals wirelessly to an external device.
Other researchers are developing prosthetic skin which might wrap around a bionic limb and feed back sensory information to the nervous system, in theory enabling users to detect and feel objects.
The current generation of bionic hands can pinch or grasp using two or more electrodes fitted inside the portion of the prosthetic which fits over the stump.
These electrodes are positioned to pick up signals from the user's peripheral nerve system that are naturally amplified by muscles in the stump.
Progress is almost continuous. German company Otto Bock has developed a hand incorporating multiple electrodes which can drive wrist flexing and rotation.
While Scottish company Touch Bionics builds hands which use software to control individual finger movement, so that the hand can clasp around objects.
Thesurgical rewiring of nervesin an amputee can also offer a great deal, enabling those with no arm at all, for example, to drive bionic arms with elbow and hand movement.
But there are problems. Sweat on the skin or any movement in the prosthetic can disrupt the signal to the bionic limb. The prosthetics can also rub against the skin and cause discomfort and sores.
The next generation of bionics will try to overcome these problems and offer some sensory feedback to the user.
Researchers in Britain have already developed theIntraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP), a rod screwed into the bone of an amputee onto which prosthetics can be fitted directly and securely, be they hands, legs or fingers.
The rod means higher loads can be carried than with traditional prosthetics which fit over the stump of an amputee like a glove. It also avoids friction between the prosthetic and the skin.
Scientists such as Prof James Fawcett, of the Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, are meanwhile developing neural interfaces whereby prosthetics will communicate wirelessly with implants fitted directly into the nerve fibres in the stump.
"People have produced very sophisticated prosthetics which will do very sophisticated things, but in almost every case the thing that people are struggling with is to link it up successfully to the nervous system," he says.
"A lot of soldiers who have lost limbs apparently have given up using these devices and gone back to a simple hook, which at least is reliable.
"The device we're producing is for recording sensory impulses in a nerve and gets inserted into the limb nerve itself."
Once the device is inserted into the nerve, nerve fibres grow through it. Nerve signals associated with particular movements are then selected, and these signals transmitted wirelessly to a receiver in the prosthetic.
So far the device has been tested in mice and rats for up to 12 months. While the researchers do have some concerns that scarring within the device could strangle nerve fibres and disrupt signals, no such problems have been detected to date, says Prof Fawcett.
"We have a programme which will develop a prototype interface in about three years' time and that will then be taken forward through the legislature for human safety and toxicity trials," he predicts.
Researchers in Italy are also working on wiring bionics to the peripheral nerve system, andhave already conducted trialsin which electrodes temporarily connected to the nerves were used to drive an unattached prosthetic hand.
Elsewhere, researchers are looking to make more responsive prosthetics with many looking to flexible electronics or "prosthetic skin" to do the job.
"We're looking into putting electronics onto surfaces that can be deformed, flexed but also stretched like a rubber band," says Stephanie Lacour of Switzerland's Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne.
"The idea with the prosthetic skin would be to have some kind of a glove like a latex glove which we could fit around the current prosthetic limb but that would be full of electronic sensor function that would mimic the sense of touch we have in human skin."
Eventually, such sensors might feed information back to the brain via neural interface devices, but in the meantime there are other options.
Otto Bock are working on simpler devices whereby electronic sensors on a prosthetic detect information about objects and temperature which is fed back to the user via vibrations or pressure applied to the adjacent skin.
The surgical rerouting of sensory nerves in the stump (or chest muscles where an entire arm is replaced by a prosthetic) could enhance the effect, by creating areas of skin which feel what fingers would once have felt.
A new generation of bionics could also enhance the lives of individuals who are paralysed from the neck downwards or who have conditions like Locked-In Syndrome.
Last year,a paralysed US man made headlinesafter temporary electrodes placed on his brain were used to control a remote prosthetic hand which he used to stroke his girlfriend's hand.
Back in Switzerland, researchers are testing athought-controlled wheelchairwhich uses electrodes placed on the skin in a skullcap to drive the chair.
Prof Fawcett says such machines will be "a very exciting technology for the future" but says there are big problems to overcome.
"The issue with electrodes which record from the brain is bandwidth. You can transmit very little information and it's slow.
"The electrodes also have to be very localised so you can only record from one bit of the brain and at the moment the electrodes are very unreliable and tend to produce inflammation and this stops the electrodes working.
"The other issue is that the electronics which you have to add are very complicated and you have to attach large structures to these skulls." |
On August 14, 1889, Thomas Edisonโs third day in France, he and his entourage arrived at the Paris Exposition Universelle at 9 a.m. to ascend the worldโs tallest structure. โLike everyone else Iโve come to see the Eiffel Tower,โ the Wizard of Menlo Park declared. When Parisians had first seen Gustave Eiffelโs design for his 1,000-foot tower, they hurled no end of insults and lawsuits, denouncing his winning entry for the fairโs centerpiece as โa black and gigantic factory chimney, crushing [all] beneath its barbarous mass,โ a dangerous and hideous โscaffoldโ even โAmerica would not have.โ
But by late summer of 1889 when Le Grand Edison arrived to experience this monumental wrought-iron wonder, even Eiffelโs worst critics had conceded the towerโs originality and grace. The few hold-outs consoled themselves that the tower would mar their beautiful city only for twenty years, when Eiffel would have to dismantle it.
From the day the tower opened to the public on May 15, 1889, it was mobbed. The Prince and Princess of Wales, the Shah of Persia, Lily Langtry, Annie Oakley, a shepherd on stilts, minor royalty of every stripe, politicians, scientists, artists, tourists from the farthest corners of the globe, everyone had to ascend La Tour Eiffel. On the cool August morning when Edison ascended, the famous inventorโs party emerged from the elevator to find an unlikely group of fellow American sightseers: Chief Rocky Bear and several dozen Sioux Indians from Buffalo Billโs Wild West show, one of the great sensations of that Worldโs Fair summer. The Indians, their long hair entwined with feathers, rushed over, whooping a welcoming chant to a startled Edison, who gathered his wits to ask how was Chief Sitting Bull?
Gustave Eiffel, away at a spa in Evian, missed Edisonโs first visit. Subsequently, Eiffel hosted a festive champagne luncheon on the tower for the American inventor, his wife Mina, daughter Dot, and a few French engineers. Afterwards, all repaired to Eiffelโs private apartment atop the tower, where Edison demonstrated his new improved talking phonograph, one of the other huge sensations of the fair. Eiffel, who had spotted Charles Gounod dining at a nearby table in the Cafรฉ Brebant, invited the composer of Faust to join them. High above Paris, Gounod serenaded Edison and played the piano until late into the evening.
Edison was one of the most famous men of his day and he was full of enthusiasm for Gustave Eiffel and his tower. So from the moment I learned of their meeting, I anticipated finding a photo of the two men together. At the Eiffel Archives at the Museรฉ dโOrsay in Paris, I worked my way through the many boxes of century-old photos and charming souvenir menus, but found no such image. Was it possible that Edison and Eiffel, two celebrated men who so admired one another, never posed for a photo together? Especially since there was a photo of Edison posing with Adolphe Salles, Eiffelโs son-in-law and partner in their global bridge-building business. Had the Eiffel family perhaps chosen not to pass the photo along when they gave Gustaveโs papers to the archives? Just one of those little puzzlements.
Sadly, I had no better luck at the vast and wondrous Edison Archives at Rutgers University or at the National Park Serviceโs Edison Historic site at West Orange. They had no photographs at all of Thomas Edison at the Paris Worldโs Fair of 1889, one of the high points of his professional career. And so, I settled for next best, the great inventor with his talking phonograph in 1892. |
CDC May Authorize Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine for Kids Next Week
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has scheduled an 'emergency meeting' on May 12, 2021, without disclosing the agenda.
Various media reporters believe the ACIP will discuss the Pfizer - BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine's use for adolescents aged 12 to 15 years.
On May 4, 2021, New York-based Pfizer Inc. published its 'Key Near-term Potential Milestones for COVID-19 Vaccine Program (2021)' on slide #7 within its financial report. This slide indicates Pfizer's plan to obtain an Extended Use authorization during April 2021.
Pfizer and BioNTech SE announced on March 31, 2021, a Phase 3 trial in 2,260 adolescents 12 to 15 years of age with or without prior evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the BNT162b2 vaccine demonstrated 100% efficacy and robust antibody responses and was well tolerated. On April 9, 2021, Pfizer requested that the current Emergency Use Authorization be amended to include teens between 12 and 15.
Furthermore, this slide indicates Pfizer anticipates receiving a U.S. FDA Biologics License in May'21 for its mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for people 16 and older. The experimental Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was issued the first FDA Emergency Use Authorization for a vaccine to prevent COVID-19 on December 11, 2020.
Pfizer Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in New York City and is named after its co-founder, Charles Pfizer. |
ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืคืืฃ ืฉืื ืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืคืืฃ ืืงืืืคืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื, ืืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจ. |
The possibility of life on Mars has long been of great interest in astrobiology circles, largely because of the Red Planetโs similarities to our own planet.
Whether there ever was, or can ever be life on Mars, which is more than 95 million miles away, remains a mystery. But scientific study has nudged us closer and closer to the idea that, yes, Mars probably had life at one point. Whether it still does seems less likely, though far from impossible.
In this latest episode of The Abstract podcast from Inverse, we explore the idea of life on Mars.
Our first story is about SpaceX CEO Elon Muskโs ambitious plans to build a city on Mars by 2050. However, in order to bring his vision to life, SpaceX needs to figure out one key challenge first โ orbital refueling in space for the long journey. Could perfecting โgas stations for spaceshipsโ help SpaceX come one step closer to a city on Mars?
Our second story attempts to answer another crucial question: Was there ever life on Mars to begin with? The latest research says scientists are finally coming closer to figuring out Marsโ water history โ which always includes the somewhat likely scenario that if Mars had water, Mars had life.
Read the original Inverse stories here:
- SpaceXโs Mars city has come a step closer after a series of NASA missions
- A Martian meteorite may solve the planetโs ancient water mystery
Where to find us:
- Subscribe to The Abstract wherever you listen to podcasts: iTunes | Spotify | TuneIn | RadioPublic | Stitcher
- Follow Mike Brown on Twitter
- Follow Passant Rabie on Twitter
- Follow Inverse on Twitter.
- We're hosted and produced by Tanya Bustos.
Right now, facts and science matter more than ever. That's part of the reason for The Abstract, this all-new podcast from the Inverse staff that focuses exclusively on science and innovation. Three new episodes are released a week, and each covers one theme via two related stories. Each features audio of original Inverse reporting, where the facts and context take center stage. It's hosted by the Tanya Bustos of WSJ Podcasts. Because we're Inverse, it's all true but slightly off-kilter. It's made for people who want to know the whole story. โNick Lucchesi, executive editor, Inverse |
Price : Free
Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Endodontology (pdf)
Author : Rudolf Beer, Micheal A. Baumann, Syngcuk Kim
Endodontology is the field of dental medicine that treats the inside of the tooth, including the soft tissue, the pulp, and the surrounding hard tissue. The ATLAS OF ENDODONTOLOGY is the first atlas that covers a large number of endodontic cases with images illustrating all stages of the treatment. Photographs demonstrate the general practicability of the methods using the successful step-by-step concept of the Color Atlases of Dental Medicine, giving the practicing dentist a useful guide to performing the operations.
|Added : 17-09-2012||Views : 5219||Downloads : 1475| |
ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ื ืขื ืืคื, ืืฆื ืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืืืืช ืขืฉืืืืช ืชืืืืช ืขืฅ, ืืืกืคื ื ืงืฆืช ืืงืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืงืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืฉืขืืฉื ืืฉืง ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืื. ืืืขืฆืืช ืืื ืฆืืง ืืฆืืื: ืื ืืคื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื
ืืื ืฆืืง | living | ืคืืจืกื 05/02/15 09:12
ืืืคืกื
ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืื ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืื ืืืืงืจ | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืื, ืืื ืื ื ืจืื ืืืจื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืชืืจ ืชืื ืื ื ืืชืงืฆืืื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-30 ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืจื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืืช ืฉืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืชืืงื ืืจืืช ืื. ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืจื ืืืืช ืืฆื ืืข ืืืคืืืชื ืื ืขืื ืืืืืจืื, ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืงื ืืคืจืื ืฉืืื - ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื.
ืืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืื ืกืื ืืชืื ืื ืืงืื. ืืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืฆืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืื ืขืืืก, ื ืืื ืกืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืฃ ืฉื ืคืจืืืื ืื ืงืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืกืคื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื, ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืชืื ืฉืชืคืงืื ืขื ืชืงื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืคืื ืืงืืืขืื ืืงืืจ ืขื ืชืืืืช ืงืฉ, ืฉื ื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืชืืฆืื: ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืืกื ืชืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืข. ืื ืขืืฉืื? ืืฉืืจืืื.
ืืืขืฆืืช ืืื ืฆืืง ืืฆืืืช ืขืืืืื ืืฆืืืฆื ืื ืืืืฉืจ ื ืจืชืื ืืืฉืืื: ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืฆืื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืืืขื ืืื, ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืจืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืชื ื ืืื. ืื ืื ืืชืงืฆืื ื ืืื ืฉื ื-2000 ืฉืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื 48 ืฉืขืืช.
ืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืคืฉื, ื ืขืจื ืืืืคื ืฉืืื ืชืื ืื, ืคืื ืื, ืชืืงืื ืื, ืฆืืืขื, ืชืคืืจื, ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืงืืช.
ืฉืื ืืืื ืงืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืื
ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืชืืื ื ืืืืฉ, ืืืืื ืขืืจื ืืงืื, ืฉืืืช ืืืืชืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืคื ืชืืืืช ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืช ืืขืฅ. ืฆืืคืื ื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืคื, ืืืฉืืจืืืช ืืืคื ืงืืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืืจ. ืืืคืื ื ืืืงืกืืื - ืืืืื ืืืฉ ื ืชืื, ืืฆืขืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืื.
ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืคื ื. ืกืื ืืชืื ืื ืืงืื | ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืืชื
ืคืจืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ืื | ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืืชื
ืขืืืก ืืื ืงืฉืืจ | ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืืชื
ืฆืืืื: ืฆืืืื ืืืชื
ืืกืงืืฆืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืจื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืช:
14 ืคืจืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืกืืืื
ืืืจืช ืงืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืงืืืื ืืจืืงืช ืืืคื
12 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืขืืืื ืืชืืืื ื
ืืืืจ ืืืืืง
ืืฆืืขืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืคืืจ, ืกืืืื ืืขืฅ ืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืกืืกื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ: 0027P Home Sweet Home ืฉื ืืืืืจ, ืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืื ื ืฆืืข ืืืืื: 1515P Behind the Clouds ืฉื ืืืืืจ.
ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืช ืฆืืคืื ื ืืืคื ืื ืื, ืืืจื ื ืืืคื ืขื ืืงืกืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืคืฉืชื ืืคืืจ ืขื ืจืงืข ืืื. ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืงืืช ืงืืจ โ walli ืืขืืืช ืฉื ื- 230 ืฉืงื ืืืื ืืืชืืช ืืื ืืืืงื.
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืฉืืจืื ืืจืื: ื ืคืืืืช ืืืคื
ืืืืืจืื: ืืคื (ืจืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืืืื), ืกืืื ืืืชืื, ืืืืืช ืืื, ืฉืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฆื, ืืืจื.
ืฉืืื ืขืืืื:
1. ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืขืืจืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืฉืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืง.
2. ืืืืืื ืืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื.
3. ืืงืืคืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืคื (ืื ืืืืืง ืืขืืืื โ ืืืฆื).
4. ืืืืืงืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืชืืื ื.
5. ืืืืจ ืืงืืืืข ืืืืคื ืืงืืคืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืช ืืืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืคื ืืฉืื ืืื 30 ืก"ื
6. ืืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืืจ (ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืคื) ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืคื "ืืจืืฅ" ืขื ืืืืื.
7. ืืขืช ืืคืฉืจ "ืืจืืฅ" ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืช.
8. ืืื ืืื ืกื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืขืืจืช ืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืืกืืง ืืืขืืช ืืืืืจ.
9. ืืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืคื ืืชืืชืืช ืืืจืื โ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืืื.
10.ืืงืคืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืช ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืงืื ืืืคื ืืช.
11.ืืืืชืืช ืืฆืืคืืช โ ืืขืืจืช ืืฉืืจืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืื ืืช ืฆืืงื ืืืจืื.
12.ืืืฉืคืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืงืื.
13. ืืฉืืจืืืช ืืืคื ืืชืื ื ืจืฆืืขืืช ืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ืขื ืืงืืจ.
ืืืืืื ืืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืฉืืืื 2,3 ื-4 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืืจ (ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืคื) ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืคื "ืืจืืฅ" ืขื ืืืืื. ืฉืืืื 5,6 ื-7 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืื ืืื ืกื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืขืืจืช ืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืืกืืง ืืืขืืช ืืืืืจ. ืฉืืืื 8-12 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืืจ: ืฆืืข ืืืืืกืื ืื
ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืืื ืกืงืืฆื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉ.
ืืืืืจืื: ืจืฆืืขืืช ืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ื-2 ืก"ื (ืืฉืชืืฉื ื ืืฉืืจืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืื), ืกืืื ืืืชืื, ืกืจืื ืืืื, ืืืจ, ืขืืคืจืื ืืกืืืื/
ืฉืืื ืขืืืื:
1. ืืืชืืื ืจืฆืืขืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืื ืฉื 2 ืก"ื.
2. ืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืื ืขื ืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืจืืงืื ืืจืฆืืืื ืืืจืื (ืื ืื ื ืืฉืชืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืง ืืงืกืืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืื ืืขืืคืจืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืงืืจ). ื ืกื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ.
3. ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืช ืจืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื (ืืชืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื).
4. ืืืืืจืื ืืช ืจืฆืืขืืช ืืืืืกืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืกืืืจืช ืืขืืื ืื.
1 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
2 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
3 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
4 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
5 | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืช ืื ืืืื: ืฉืืืืช ืฆื ืืชืืืืช ืขืฅ
ืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืฃ ืืชืืืืช ืขืฅ ืฉืืื ื ืืื. ืืืขืฉื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืคืื ืืชืืืืื ืขื ืกืื ืืงืฉ ืืฉืืืช ืืืืชืื ืืืืืคื ืืชืืืืช ืขืฅ ืืงืกืืืืช ืืืืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืงืืื ืืืชืื ืืฆืืจื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืช ื ืืฆืื ืืงืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืก ืขืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืงืื. ืกืื ืืงืฉ ื ืื ืกื ืืชืื ืืชืืืืช ืื ืืกืคื ืื ืืงืกืกืืจืื, ืกืคืจื ืงืจืืื ืืื ืืจืืช ืงืจืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืงืข ืืชืงืข (95 ืฉืงื ืืืืืื).
ืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืฅ ื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉ ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืจืืฉ. ืืื ืื, ื ืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื MDF ืืืงื ืขืฅ ืืืจื ืืื'. ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืงื ืืืจืฉ ืฆืืืขื ืืืืืงืช ืชืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืขื. ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืขืฅ. ืืืื ืช ืืชืืืืช ืขืืจ ืืืกื ืื ืืจ. ืขืืืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช ืืชืืื ื-100 ืฉืงืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืชืื (ืืืืจ ืขืฉืื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืื). ืืฉืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืกืคื ื ืฉืชื ืชืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืฉืืฉืืช ืื ืืกืคืกื ืืื ืืืืกืื.
ืืืืืจืื: 4 ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืฆืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืจืืืืงื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืชืืื, ืืื ืขืืืื - ืืืจืื/ืืืจื, ืืกืืจ ืืฉืืื, ืืจืืื, ืคืืืฉ, ืกืืื ืืืชืื, ืืกืืจืื, ืืืง ื ืืจืื/ืืืข, ืืืืกื ืชืืื ืืืืง ืืืืคืื ืืืคื ืืช
ืฉืืื ืขืืืื:
1. ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืืชืื.
2. ืืขืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืฉืจื (ืืฉืื ืืืงืคืื ืขื ืื). ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืกืืื ื ืื ืืืจืืขืช ืืืคื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืื.
3. ืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืกื ืืฉืืืืื, ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืชืื ืื ืืืืืืฉ.
4. ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืกืืื ืืืชืื.
5. ืืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืืชืื ืื ืืืืืืฉ.
6. ืืขืืจืช ืืงืืื ืงืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืชืืืื ื ืืกืคืช (ืจืฆืื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืืืืจื).
7. ืื ื ืจืื ืืืกืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืจืื.
8. ืืืงืืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืื (ืืืื ืืืง) ืืืขืืจืช ืคืืืฉ ืืืกืืจืื ืืงืืขืื.
ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืืช ืืขืฅ
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืขืฅ | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืงืกืืื ืฉืขืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืืืื
ืืื ืกืช ืืงืกืืื ืขืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืฆืื ืื ืืงืจ, ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืงืกืืื. ืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืืฆืจ ืืจืื ืจื ืืจืืื ืื ื ืชืคืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื (ืืืืื ืืช ืื, 300 ืฉืงื ืืืืื). ืืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืก ืืืจ ืืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืจืืื.
ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืก ืืืจ ืืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืจืืื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืื ืชืคืจืื: ืืืื ืื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืื
ืืื ืืืจืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ื ืื. ืืืจื ื ืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืคืืจ/ืืืื ืืืืืชื (389 ืฉืงืืื ืืืืื, 500 ืืืืื) ืืืฉืืืืื (ืืืื!!!) ืืื (129 ืฉืงืืื) ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื, ืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืื. ืืช ืืจืืืช ืื ืื ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืชืคืืจื, ืจืืฉืชื ืืืื ืืฆืืขืื ืืืช ืืชืืืื.
ืืจืื ืคืขืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืจื"... ืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ื ืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืช ืชืคืืจื.
ืืืืืจืื: ืื ืืืชื ื/ืจืืคืื ืืืืื ืืจืฆืื, ืืืง ืืืืจืื ืืืืื (ืขืืื ืืืืืกื), ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืื (ืขืืืฃ ืืกืคืจื ืื), ืืืืฅ, ืกืจืื ืืืื, ืขืืคืจืื ืกืืืื
ืฉืืื ืขืืืื:
1. ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื 50/50 ืก"ื ืจืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืขื 60/60 ืก"ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืืกืคืืง ืฉืืืืื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืืงื. ืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืช.\
2. ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืคืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืคืื ื ืืืื ื, ืืกืื ืื ืืขืืจืช ืขืืคืจืื ืืกืจืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืจืืช โ ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืจืืืืข ืฉื 50/50 ืก"ื ืืืฉืืืจืื ืฉืืืืื ืืกืืื (ืกืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ).
3. ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืฉื ืขื ืืืง ืืื ืืืื โ ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืกืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืืืงื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจื.
4. ืืืืจื ืืงื ืืืกืืื ืืจืง ืขื ืฉืืืฉ ืคืืืช ืืจืื ืืืง ืื ืืืืืช. ืืฉืชืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืื ืื ืืชืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืฉืืื ืืคืื ืืืืงื ืืืื.
5. ืืืฉืืจืืช ืื ืืชืจืช ืฆืจื ืืขืื ืืืก ืืืืืืงื ืจืง ืืงืฆื โ ืืื ืืชืืื ื, ืืื ืืืก ืืกืืืจื ืืืจืืช. ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืกืจื ืกืืืงื (ืืืจ ื ืงืื), ืืคืชืืจืื, ืชืืงืชืงืื, ืจืืืกื ืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืืืก ืคืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฆืืคื.
ืืืืจืื
ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืกืืฃ ืืืจ: ืจืฆืืฆืื ืื ืืจืืฆืื
ืืืืชื ืืช ืืชืืฆืื? ืืฉืืืชื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืื. ืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืชืืืฉืช ืกืืคืืง ืืืชืจืืฉืืช ืจืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืจ ืชืื ืื ื ืืชืงืฆืืื - ืืคืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขืืืก ืืืืจ ื ืขืื ืืืืืื, ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืื ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืื ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืจืช ืืืฆืจืื ืคืฉืืืื, ืงืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืขืฆื ืืืจ ืคืฉืื, ืืคื ืืืืคื. ืืืืชื? ืขืืฉืื ืชืืจืื.
ืืืืจืงื ืืื ืืกืคืกื ืืคืชืื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืช | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืชืืฉืื ืืืืฅ ืืงืืคืกื | ืฆืืืื: ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื
ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืืืื: ืขืืฆืื ืืกืืืืืื ื - ืืื ืฆืืง; ืฆืืืื - ืืืืื ื ืคืืืืื; ื ืืจืืืช ืืืกื ; ืืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฆืืข ืืฉืืคืืฆืื โ <phone>; ืืืืืจ; ืืืืงืืช ืงืืจ โ walli; ืืืืื ืืช ืื; ืืจืืื ืื; ืฉืงืข ืืชืงืข ืชืืืจื. |
ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืชืืงื ืชื. ืืชืืงืื ืื ืืืืข ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ื. ืืื ืื ืงืืฉื ืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืื. ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืื...
ืื ืืืจืกื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืงืช.
ืืืจ ืื ืชืืงื ืชื, ืื ืืืจื ืืชืืงืื:
ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืชืืงืื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืจื, ืืฉืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืืฉ ืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืื.
ืื ืื ืฉืืชืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืื:
ืืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืงืช, ืืืืขื ืฉืื.
ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืฉืืืื, ืื ืชืืืื ื ืคืฉื ืื ืงื. ืื ืกืชื ืขืฆืืืช, ืขื ืฉืืืขืชื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืขืืื ืขืื.
ืื ืกืืคืจ ืืฉ ืื ืขืืจื, ืื ืื ืฉืฉืงืืข ืืืฆืืจื ืืื ืืฆื ืืคื ืื ืืืืืข ืืืคืขืืื ืงืฆืจ ื ืฉืืื, ืฆืจืื ืขืื ืขืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืฉืชืืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืฆืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืขืืจื ืื ืืจืืืช ืฉืฆืจืื ืขืื ืืกืชืืืืช ืืืืืงื.
ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืคืืชืื ืืืืคื ืืชืื ืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืืฉืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืขื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืื.
ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืจืืช ืฉืชืื ืืงืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืืืช, ืืืืงืงืช ืืืืืจื. ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืช ืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ื. ืืฆื ืืืืืจืื ืื ื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืงืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืืจืืืฉ ืืช ืื, ืืฆื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืื ืคืืืช ืขืืื). ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืคื, ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืจืื.
ืืืืข ืืฆืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืงืฉื ืืฆืืืจ ืชืื ืืงืืช ืจืืื. ืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืื ืจืง ืืืื ืฉืคืช ืืืืฃ ืฉืืื, ืจืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืงืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืื-ืชืื ืืง. ืืื ืืืขื ืคืืจืืจืืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืฉื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉืืฆืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืื ืืฉืื ืขืื ืืืขืื ืขืืืง ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืขื ืื ืฉืืฆืืืืจ.
ืืืฅ ืืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืื. ืืฉ ืื ืจืงืข ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืืกืื. ืืืืืชื ืืช ืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืืช. ืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ืฉื ื ืชืง.
ืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืขื ืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืคืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจืช, ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจื ืชืืื ื ืืืืช ืื ืงืืืช ืืชืืืืกืืช ืืืื ืืฉืคืืข. ืืฉ ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืื ืคืชืืจืื ืืื ืืขืืืืื.
ืืืจืกื ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืงืช. ื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืขืืืชืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืขื ืื. ืืขืช ืจืฆืืชื ืคืฉืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืื ืืืืงื ืืชืงื ืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืคื ืื ืคืืืช ืืืจืื. ืจืง ืืฉืืืช ืขื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื.
ืื ืื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืขืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืื. ืกืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืฃ ืืงืกื. ืื ืื ื ืขืื ื ืืืข, ืคืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืขื ืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืงื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื, ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืจ ืขืื. ื ืืฆืจืื ืขืื ืขืืืื ืืืกืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื.
ื ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืช ืื ืืฆื ืืืคื ืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืคืื ืช ืืืชืจ ืขื ืคืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืชืืจ ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืื ืืฉืื ื ืขืฉื, ืืืืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืคืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืืื.
ืืฆืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืืืชื
ืฉืชืฃ
ืืืืจ ืืืงืืจืื ื
ืืืืืืจ
ืคืืืกืืืง
ืืืืืืจ
ืคืื ืืจืกื
ืืืืชื
ืืืืชื ืืืขื...
ืืืืืช nirstern
ืืฆืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืฉื nirstern โ
ืคืืกื ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืงืืืืจืื ืืืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืข ืืฉืืจืืช ืืคืืกื ืื ืขื ืงืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจ.
ืืืื 1 โ ืืฆืืืจ 2016 โ
2 ืชืืืืืช ืขื ืฉืจื'ืื ืืืื (ืืชื ืื ืืืชื) โ ืื ืืืจ 2017
ืืืจืื ืืืื:
8 ืืืื 2018 ืืฉืขื 9:40
ืืฆืืชื ื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืื. ืืื ืฉืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืขืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืจ. ืื ื ืจืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืื ืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืจืง ืืจื ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช. ืืฆืืืจ ืคืืืก ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืจ. ื ืจืื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืกืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืื. |
Posted by ESC on August 04, 2005
In Reply to: The wood-pile posted by Sylvia Butler on August 04, 2005
: I just found this website and find it fasinating.
: I was always told the phrase "Nigger in the wood-pile" meant that there was someone of Black ancestry had mixed in a white family but in was unspoken of as not to let anywone know, they wanted to keep it hidden, sometimes the phase is said if someone white has very very curly hair and or very full lips and tanned very dark.
I can see how someone might use it in that manner. In my reading, I came across the "saying" that "a drop of black blood brings out the beauty."
Here's what was posted previously:
NIGGER IN THE WOODPILE (OR FENCE) - "Some fact of considerable importance that is not disclosed; something suspicious or wrong; something rotten in Denmark. The sayings with 'fence' and 'woodpile' developed about the same time and about at the period 1840-50, when the 'Underground Railroad' was flourishing successfully. Evidence is slight, but because early uses of the expressions occurred in Northern states, it is presumable that they derived from actual instances of the surreptitious concealment of fugitive Negroes in their flight north through Ohio or Pennsylvania to Canada under piles of firewood or within hiding places in stone fences." From "Heavens to Betsy" (1955, Harper & Row) by Charles Earle Funk.
A second reference agrees with the time period when this expression "appeared." ".nigger in the woodpile, a catch or hitch in a situation, a flaw, dates from 1852." From "I Hear America Talking" by Stuart Berg Flexner (Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1976).
A third source, a novel, indicates that meaning has to do with a black person being killed and buried on a property:
"One time I told Will (that) Fox Run was a beautiful place. He said, 'Don't let it fool you. All these places got a nigger in the woodpile.' I wasn't sure what he meant, though.' He tilted his head inquisitively, waiting for me to speak, as if somehow we were old friends.
'So Vidrine repeated a racist remark that confirms what you already knew,' Helen said in her office an hour later, 'Maybe a convict was killed on the LeJeune plantation fifty years ago. Or maybe not. We didn't find a body, bwana.'..." From "Last Car to Elysian Fields" by James Lee Burke (2003 Simon & Schuster, New York), Page 262. |
Like most pregnant women, Sophie Power was devoted to the health of her unborn child. โI was eating my fruit and vegetables, I was doing everything, and then I came across a study on air pollution,โ she says. What she discovered horrified her. She realised that her daily walk down Euston Road, one of Londonโs main arteries, had exposed her son to pollution that could shrink his lungs by 5-10%. She recalls thinking, โI have to do something about this.โ So she founded AirLabs, a startup dedicated to improving human health by creating clean-air zones in cities.
Scientists have devised a number of ways to remove pollutants from air. Foam and fibreglass filters can strip out small particles. Absorbent materials like activated charcoal can trap odours, fumes and chemicals such as sulphur dioxide on their surface. But no consumer technology has so far proved capable of removing much nitrogen dioxide, which is known to cause a range of respiratory problems. AirLabs believes that it has found a solution by combining traditional methods with a new proprietary filter that uses carbon nano-particles. Scrubbed air from units inside products, such as garden furniture, create clean-air zones outside โ useful if you want to eat al fresco near a busy street. Cars, too, are prone to accumulating high levels of contaminants while drivers are idling in traffic, so the firm has developed Airbubbl, a unit that will work inside the cabin, removing 95% of the pollutants. It will go on sale in May.
AirLabs is also exploring ways of integrating its technology into everyday items such as scarves or masks. There is a pressing need to deal with the threat of air pollution. Many large cities across the world are suffocating in smog. Particles with a diameter of less than two-and-half microns โ about one-thirtieth of the width of a human hair โ are known as PM 2.5s. They are capable of burrowing deep into the respiratory tract. In November, schools in Delhi were closed thanks to concentrations of PM 2.5 particles that peaked at more than 30 times the maximum level advised by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Residents of cities such as London, Beijing and Madrid suffer seasonal problems. All told, air pollution around the world is causing an increased risk of an enormous number of maladies, from lung cancer, respiratory infection and stroke, to cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Staying indoors can be worse because of harmful chemicals given off by cooking, candles and cleaning products.
The market for anti-pollution technology is growing fast. It is getting much cheaper to manufacture sensors at high volume and low cost. According to IDTechEx, a market-research firm, the market for gas sensors, worth $361m in 2017, will exceed $2.4bn by 2022. These will be embedded everywhere: in windows and mobile phones, in wristwatches and bracelets.
One nifty idea comes from Velux, the window-maker, which is developing automated roof windows, blinds and shutters in collaboration with Netatmo, a smart-home company. Air pollution sensors will monitor the air inside and outdoors; if the air outside is cleaner than indoors, the windows will open. Patent applications by Apple and Samsung show that these companies are interested in inserting air-quality sensors into mobile phones, a feature that will make the brands particularly attractive in China.
It is not just the wealthy who can benefit from this technology. The Grameen Trust, a not-for-profit organisation, has developed, in conjunction with Intelโs charitable arm, a cheap, smart bangle with an integrated carbon-monoxide detector. When it detects dangerous levels of this toxic gas, a red LED flashes and a recording warns the wearer to open the doors and get outside. This inexpensive jewellery could save countless lives, especially those of women in developing countries at risk from dangerous cooking fumes.
Unsightly, room-dominating air purifiers are being challenged by discreet, portable models. Wynd, a California based startup, has produced a purifier the size of a water bottle that weighs less than half a kilogram (more than 30 times lighter than Blueairโs Classic). Smaller purifiers have tended to struggle with processing large volumes of air. Wyndโs engineers solved this by designing a filter with 42 pleats, which keeps the purifier compact while maximising the amount of air passing through it. Cowayโs Mighty, meanwhile, weighs only 6kg but can clean rooms up to 528 square feet in size, thanks to a four-stage filtration system that uses an ioniser alongside the standard HEPA filter. David Pugh, a technology analyst with IDTechEx, notes that air purifiers sold by Dyson and Philips also monitor air quality, so users can see whether the air they breathe is getting cleaner.
Increased awareness of the treacherous quality of much of our air may be terrifying but, in the long run, it will provoke demand not just for devices that clean the air but also for technologies such as electric vehicles and solar power that generate less pollution. Outrage at the smog that fills our lungs should thus allow future generations to breathe more easily.
They'll take your breath away
Wynd: $199. Coway Mighty: ยฃ180/$229. Blueair Classic 505 for the office: ยฃ627/$799.99. Dyson Pure Cool Link desk purifier: ยฃ349.99/$485. Philips AC2889/60 for medium to large rooms: ยฃ400/$399.99 |
The most prolific ethnographic filmmaker in the world, a pioneer of cinรฉ ma vรฉ ritรฉ and one of the earliest ethnographers of African societies, Jean Rouch (1917-) remains a controversial and often misunderstood figure in histories of anthropology and film. By examining Rouch's neglected ethnographic writings, Paul Stoller seeks to clarify the filmmaker's true place in anthropology. A brief account of Rouch's background, revealing the ethnographic foundations and intellectual assumptions underlying his fieldwork among the Songhay of Niger in the 1940s and 1950s, sets the stage for his emergence as a cinematic griot, a peripatetic bard who "recites" the story of a people through provocative imagery. Against this backdrop, Stoller considers Rouch's writings on Songhay history, myth, magic and possession, migration, and social change. By analyzing in depth some of Rouch's most important films and assessing Rouch's ethnography in terms of his own expertise in Songhay culture, Stoller demonstrates the inner connection between these two modes of representation. Stoller, who has done more fieldwork among the Songhay than anyone other than Rouch himself, here gives the first full account of Rouch the griot, whose own story scintillates with important implications for anthropology, ethnography, African studies, and film.
Publisher: The University of Chicago Press |
ืคืจืืคืื ืืืฆืจื: ืืืจืช mastercool ืืื ืืฆืจื ืฆืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืกืคืง ืฆืืื ืืงืฆืืขื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืงืืจืืจ ืื"ื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ื-25 ืฉื ืื.
ืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืช ืืงืฆื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืง, mastercool ืืืืื ืขื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืกืคืงืช ืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ื-60 ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื.
ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืจื ืืคืชื ืืืืืฆืจ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืชืืื, ืืืฉื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืง ืืขืื ืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืฆืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืชืื ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืงืคืื ืืช ืืืชื ืคืืงืืก ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืืืช ืคืืจืฆืืช ืืจื. ืืืืจื ืืฃ ืงืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืจืืื ืขื ืืคืื ืืื ืืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืืชืืื. |
In the warm, moist summer of 1842, bread from army bakeries in Paris was spoiled by massive growth of an orange mold. A commission was set up by the minister of war to investigate the cause of the infestation and to make recommendations. Their report (Payen 1843) includes a colored plate which shows mycelia, conidia and colonies of the "Champignons rouges du pain" (called Oidium aurantiacum). I have translated one passage which concerns the effects of illumination:
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Perkins, D. D.
"The first published scientific study of Neurospora, including a description of photoinduction of carotenoids,"
Fungal Genetics Reports:
Vol. 38, Article 12. |
dangerous dogs of targeted and effective measuresA position paper with proposals
of the dangerous dog Working Group
1.1. dog bite Accidents: The Risk to Public Health a study published in 1998 by Matter . of the Federal Office of Public Health (data collected in 1995) estimates the frequency of dog bite injuries treated by family physicians at 192 for
100,000 inhabitants per year. A study conducted in 1984 (Matter HC, University of Bern, unpublished), at in which 851 households in the canton of Berne with dogs were interviewed by telephone, revealed 1,098 dog bites per 100,000 inhabitants per year, ranging from simple pinch to injury serious. it is estimated that 80% of dog bite injuries are caused by a dog known to the victim and that 60% of the victims are children.
This is above all a private sector issue whose development cannot be assessed, because the
figures are incomplete. accidents are most often caused by a lack of knowledge of the behaviour of the dog both on the part of the animal owner and the potential victim. They can also be caused by dogs that, regardless of their breed, have an attitude that does not correspond not to the requirements and expectations of our society, or for reasons related to a genetic predisposition
(lineage), insufficient breeding and socialization, or inadequate education and care, or even
sometimes irresponsible, or for reasons related to a disease (of behaviour).
1.2. Fears and insecurity of the population
Some circles of people have raised and trained dogs as fighting dogs. The fights of dogs, as well as dog training for this purpose, are prohibited in Switzerland. In specific environments,
the dog is used as a weapon, to attack people or to intimidate them. These groups of dogs and
holders are a priority crime problem.
The media provided an "advertising platform" for dogs and dog owners in these environments;
some dog breeds have thus acquired an image of dangerousness and invincibility. Just as there are some years Lassie's films conveyed a false anthropomorphic image of the Collie, the reports
media, which invariably give the Pittbull and other related breeds an image of a dog of combat, have rooted in the minds that these animals belong to dangerous dog breeds. For many people
of individuals, they are a source of great fears and insecurity, for others, they become welcome support from their intentions.
A trend has developed on the image of power and invincibility linked to certain types of dogs, which has led to an increase in the number of breeds incriminated, particularly in some urban areas.
1.3. Sense of responsibility and respect for others on a daily basis More and more people are living in increasingly cramped environments. In addition, there is an increasingly individualized: everyone would like to be able to meet their needs freely and without being disturbed. The few green spaces and easily accessible relaxation areas are shared by walkers, cyclists, skateboarders, scooter users, riders, riders, holders of dogs with their companion(s) and many others. It is only through mutual respect, tolerance and a developed sense of responsibility that social cohabitation is possible in such a context.
Everyone must be able to comply with certain Community rules: if a dog keeper leaves the droppings of his dog lying around without regard to his dog's droppings animal, if he does not keep his dog under control or does not keep him on a leash where propriety, respect for others and the established rules require it, then a parameter is added to all the problems of life in society.
Final considerations: the vast majority of dog bite accidents occur in the private sector. On the other hand, the media consuming population considers this issue as a security issue public. both aspects reflect the development of our society: the dog as a social partner of the human being has gained in importance; a dog's behaviour adapted to all situations imposes strong constraints on both the dog and its owner. Life in our society is also characterized by a increase in violence and by the development of a sense of insecurity and fear. In addition, population growth is accompanied by increasing individualization and decreasing social responsibility.
2. Situation to date: legal provisions at federal and cantonal level
2.1. At the federal level
The legal bases available are as follows
2.1.1. Article 118 of the Constitution: Protection of health:
Article 118 of the new Constitution describes the Confederation's tasks in terms of protecting the
health as follows:
Within the limits of its powers, the Confederation takes measures to protect health.
It legislates on:
a. the use of foodstuffs as well as therapeutic agents, narcotic drugs, organisms, substances and substances
chemicals and objects that may pose a health hazard.
All living beings (plants, animals, humans, microorganisms; see different dictionaries)
are considered to be organizations. The article of the Constitution is generic and universal. A report of the Federal Office of Justice and Police of 5 September 2000 concludes that dogs can be considered as bodies that may endanger health; this article could, therefore, enable the Confederation to legislate.
2.1.2. Civil and criminal law
In the event of damage caused by an animal, the person who holds it is liable, unless he proves that he has it kept and supervised with all the attention required by the circumstances or that his diligence would not have prevented the damage to occur (Damage to persons and property, Art. 56 of the Code of Obligations). The animal as an instrument of its holder is subject to criminal law, which means that bodily injury and threats caused by an animal are considered an offense by the keeper, who is already in possession of it.
2.1.3. Law on epizootic diseases
At the end of November, the Federal Veterinary Office received the mandate from the Federal Council to develop, through an amendment of the Law on epizootic diseases, the basis for the obligation to identify by means of microchips. An obligation identification of all dogs and the centralized registration of dogs and their owners could provide the opportunity to record reported cases, observations and actions taken. In this way, it would be possible to track the dogs concerned and their owners. The dog's responsibility lies with the registered holder. These measures could also be used to trace back to farmers and traders of the dogs concerned and to control imports. in addition, such a record would provide the data missing to date concerning the canine population and would allow monitoring of their development.
2.1.4. Animal Protection act
The Animal Protection act protects animals against human-induced damage in
the framework of the relationship, keeping and use of the animal (but not inbreeding). The modification of the Animal Protection Act (article on animal husbandry) as part of the Gen-Lex package must make possible prohibition of breeding methods related to pain, suffering, damage or injury behavioral problems and must make it possible to control the importation of animals reared under these conditions.
Final considerations: the Confederation's legislative possibilities have not been exhausted. An article on livestock farming in the new version of the Animal Protection Act offers opportunities to meet the lack of legislation on animal husbandry, education, and detention.
The obligation to identify by means of microchips can be used to set up and record incidents reported in a database of central data. The latter would make it possible to identify problem dogs and follow their tracks. |
ืฆืขืืจืื ืจืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืงืจืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืจืช, ืืจืฆืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืขืืืื ืืืขืช ืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืชืงืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืืข ืืื, ืืชืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืฉืืื. ืื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจ ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืชืืื ื ืื ืฉืกืืื ืืช [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืช
ืืืื
5 ืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ื
feng | ื ืืืืืจ 16, 2020
ืืจืืื ืืชืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืคืฉืื. ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืืืืื ืืืชืืชื, ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืื ืจื ืืื ืืขื ืืกืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืืจืืื, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืจืืข ืืจืฉืื ืืืืชื ื ืฉืื. ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืฉื ืคืขื ืืืืื, ืืืืชืจ ืื ืชืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืชืืื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื 5 ืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ื
ืืืื
ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื โ ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื
feng | ืืืงืืืืจ 15, 2020
ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืจื ืงืืืกืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืขื ืขืืืืชื ืืจืฆื ืื ืืงืืืื ืกื ืงืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื. ืืื ืืืชืืื, ืืืืื ื ืขืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืคืขืื ืจืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืฆื. ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื โ ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื
ืขืกืงืื
ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื โ ืืื ืื ืืชืืื?
feng | ืืืงืืืืจ 15, 2020
ืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืโื ืืคืืคืืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืืื. ืืชื ืขืกืง ืืขืฆืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืื, ืืืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจื ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืืชื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืขืืืืชื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืืช ืงืื ืืืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืืื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื โ ืืื ืื ืืชืืื?
ืืืื
ืืืคืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืขืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืขืื
feng | ืืืงืืืืจ 15, 2020
ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืง, ืืืจื ืืื, ืืฉื ื ืกืืืื ืขืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืื. ืืขืืจ ืืืืืงื ืขื ืคื ืขืื ืืช ืื ืขื ืคื ืคืจืืืื, ืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืืืื-ืืื ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืจืืขื ืขืจื ืืืืจืืขืื ืืืจืื. ืืื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืืคืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืขืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืขืื
ืืืื
ืงืืจืก ืืืืืฃ ืกืืกืื โ ืื ืขืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขื
feng | ืืืงืืืืจ 15, 2020
ืืื ืืืงืืจืกืื ืืคืืคืืืืจืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืงืืจืก ืืืืืฃ. ืืขืื ืฉืจืืื ืคืื ืื ืืงืืจืกืื ืฉืืชืขืกืงืื ืืืืืืฃ ืืืืื, ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืคืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ, ืืืืืฃ ืกืืกืื ืืืืืช ืืงืฆืืขืืืช. ืงืืจืก ืืืืืฃ ืกืืกืื, ืืื ืงืืจืก ืื ืคืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืฉ ืืจืื ืืืื ืกืืื ืืช, [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืงืืจืก ืืืืืฃ ืกืืกืื โ ืื ืขืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขื
ืืืื
ืขืโื ืืื ื ืขืืืื โ ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืชืืื
feng | ืกืคืืืืจ 30, 2020
ืงืืืืืช ืชืืืขืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืขืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืคืืขืืช ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช. ืืฉ ืืขื ืื ืขื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืคื ืืช ืื ืขืโื ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืข ืืื. ืืืจื ืื, ืชืชืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืกืืืขื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืชืืื ืขื ืคื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืขืโื ืืื ื ืขืืืื โ ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืืืชืืื
ืืืื
ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฆืืื ืืืงืคื ืืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืื ืจื?
feng | ืกืคืืืืจ 30, 2020
ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืชืื ืืืคืกืช ืืกืื ืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืืชื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืื ืืืื ืฆืืื ืืืงืคื ืืืขืืื ืืขืืืช ืฆืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืขืืื. ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืฆืืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืคืกืช? ืืืื, ืชืืืืงืช ืืืคืกืืช ืืกืืื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื
ืกืืืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฆืืื ืืืงืคื ืืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืื ืจื?
ืืืื
ืืืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืช ืืฆืืจื ืืกืืืขื ืฉื ืขืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ื-21
feng | ืกืคืืืืจ 22, 2020
ืืื ืื ืืชื ืฆืจืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืคืื ืฉื ืขืโื ืืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืช, ืืชื ืชืฆืืจืื ืืืขืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื. ืื, ืจืืข ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืช ืขืืจื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืคืื, ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืขื ืขืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ื-21, ืืืฆื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืฉืชื ืชื [...] ืงืจื ืขืื |
Chief Rabbi of Rome and leader of the Italian Jews, Elio Toaff, passed away this Sunday. Rabbi Toaff, after surviving World War II, focused on rebuilding Jewish schools and strengthening Jewish education in Rome. He was especially famous for inviting Pope John Paul II to pray with him in Romeโs central synagogue. Pope John Paul II was the first Pope to ever visit a synagogue. This visit was a landmark moment in bridging the divide between Catholics and Jews since the โNostra Aetate.โ
The โNostra Aetateโ was a historically significant document produced in 1962-65 by the Vatican Council. This document rejected the belief that some Roman Catholics had that the Jews were collectively responsible for the death of Christ. |
ืื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืคืกืืืืืื ืงืืื ื ืืืคืชื ืฉืืืช ืืืืคืื "ืชืืจืช ืื"ื ืืืืืคืื ืื ืคืฉื", ื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆื ื-53 ืฉื ืฆืขืืจื ืื"ื ืืืืจ: "ืื ืื"ื ืฆืจืืื ืคืกืืืืืื, ืืื ืคืกืืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืื"ื". ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืขืืงืจ ืฉืืืชื - ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื. ืืื ื ืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืฉ ืจืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืขืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืข ืืจืข ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืชื ื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืืข ืื ืืชื ืืืคืฉ ืืชื ืื ืขืืฆืจ ืืื ื ืจืชืข ืืืืจื, ืขื ืืืฆืืืช ืขืฆื ืื ืคืฉ ืฆืคื ืืืืืื ื+ ืฉืืื ืืืชืขืืืช-ืจืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆื ื-53 ืฉื ืืกืืื ืื"ื
ื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืื โ ืฆืืืื: ื. ืืืื ืงื โ ืขืจืืืช ืืืืื: hassidout.org
ืื"ืจ ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืคืกืืืืืื ืงืืื ื ืืืคืชื ืฉืืืช ืืืืคืื "ืชืืจืช ืื"ื ืืืืืคืื ืื ืคืฉื", ื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆื ื-53 ืฉื ืฆืขืืจื ืื"ื ืืืืจ: "ืื ืื"ื ืฆืจืืื ืคืกืืืืืื, ืืื ืคืกืืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืื"ื". ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืขืืงืจ ืฉืืืชื - ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื. ืืื ื ืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืฉ ืจืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืขืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืข ืืจืข ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืชื ื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืืข ืื ืืชื ืืืคืฉ ืืชื ืื ืขืืฆืจ ืืื ื ืจืชืข ืืืืจื, ืขื ืืืฆืืืช ืขืฆื ืื ืคืฉ ืฆืคื ืืืืืื ื |
At the New Orleans exposition, space allotted to exhibitors from the United States occupied the entire eastern portion of the 33-acre Main Building, with sections under the north and south galleries, covering a total of approximately eight acres. The building was laid-out with a unique numbering and lettering system, which allowed for easy location of any particular exhibit. Support posts running from south to north were numbered, 1 through 63; while posts running from west to east were lettered, A through V. In order to avoid accusations of partiality in the allotment of space, Chief of Installation, Samuel Mullen, made all the aisles in the building a uniform width of fourteen feet. Space was allotted in units of four-feet square, and every exhibitor was able to request display space based on multiples of those units. Another idea put forth by Mr. Mullen was not to place exhibits of similar types side-by-side, but to separate them within the areas assigned to each class. Therefore, exhibits of carpeting, draperies, and linens were intermixed with those of bronzeware, vases, and lamps. This idea allowed the area to attain a varied visual effect, especially when viewed from the upstairs galleries surrounding the building. Within the vast space occupied by the United States exhibitors were displays of almost every type and description. The aisles were filled with hundreds of exhibits.....consisting of stoves, furniture, mattresses, pottery, china, carpets, fabrics, thread, baskets, jewelery, watches, clocks, pianos, organs, tobacco, perfumes, food products.....in addition to countless other items of American manufacture and sale. A separate building for the exhibit of furniture was also erected to the north of the Main Building. The 180-foot square cross-shaped structure was named the Grand Rapids Furniture Building, and contained furnishings produced by manufacturers from Grand Rapids, Michigan. |
The Valley of Fear, the fourth and final of the Sherlock Holmes Novels, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 โ 1930) is embossed in Braille as we promise before. We are proud to bring out Braille versions of all these four novels โ A Study in Scarlet (1887), The Sign of Four (1890), The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902), The Valley of Fear (1915). Three of these novels, except The Hound of Baskervilles, have double plots. The second plots may be described as stories because they directly relate to the protagonists of the story. These stories are not subject of Sherlock Holmesโs investigation. Rather they open up at the en of the investigation as a confession.
Another important feature of the second plots is that they are all flashback episodes. They also occurred outside England. In The Sign of Four, Jonathan Small relates his adventure in India. In A Study in Scarlet, an in The Valley of Fear, the canvass is America. Obviously Conan Doyle was closely following American life and literature.
The Valley of Fear deals with industrial relation a labour trouble at Fermissa Valley, a coal mining district near Chicago. It tells stories of fulfillment of contract, promise, friendship and commitment.
Holmes met Watson in A Study in Scarlet. In The Valley of Fear, Watson is Dr. Watson, famous as a writer, rousing hope in the heart of a police inspector, โwhen the time comes weโll all hope for a place in your book.โ John Douglas, the central character of the novel, hands over his manuscript to Watson and assures him, โYouโve never had such a story as that pass through your hands before, and Iโll lay my last dollar on that.โ
Holmes solves the murder mystery in the first part, โThe Tragedy of Birlstoneโ. In the second part, โThe Scowrersโ, Holmes forces out a confession in the form of a manuscript in which John Douglas explains how had tackled a group of gangsters in America. The second story has suspense and tension, one action leading to another, ultimately leading to the climax.
The Valley of Fear has a unique distinction in its link to the Professor Moriarty series. Holmes suspects from the very beginning the hand of โThe famous scientific criminal, as famous among crooksโ in the Tragedy of Birlstone. Douglas manages to escape the hands of the Bodymaster and the Scowrers. But he dies, in spite of all warning from Holmes, at a โstage-managedโ accident in South Africa. It is a crafty piece of work on the part of the Professor. As Holmes puts it, โwhen he read in the reports of the failure of this agent, he would step in himself with a master touch.โ
Once the job of tracking down Douglas was assigned to Professor Moriarty, his doom was sealed for certain. The story ends on an optimistic note as Holmes answers to Barkerโs question, โDo you tell me that we have to sit down under this? Do you say that no one can ever get level with this king-devil?โ
โNo, I donโt say that,โ said Holmes, and his eyes seemed to be looking far into the future. โI donโt say that he canโt be beat. But you must give me time โ you must give me time!โ
And we all have to wait for โThe Final Problemโ for the finale.
This Braille version is completed in three volumes and will cost INR 260. Students in India may get it for INR 20 only. Visit our Braille catalogue for details. |
ืืืืื ืืืชื ืคืขื ืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืื ืืืคื ืืจืืืืื ื ื'ืืื ืืืืืก ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืจืง ืชืจืฆื: ืืืืื'ืืื ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืกืื ืืืืคืื ืืขื ืืืกืืืช ืืฉื ืืืงืจืจืื.
ืคืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืจืง ืกืคืจืื, ืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืขืื, ืืืฉืืจื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืื ืคืืขืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืกืคืงืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืื ื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืื ืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ?
ืืื ืขื ืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืขืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืคื ืืืืืื, ืืฆืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืื.
ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืงืืืืืช?
ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืขื ืง ืืืช ืขื ืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืืช, ืืืืืงืืช, ืกืื ืืช ืืขืื. ืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืคืจื.ืฉื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืกืกืื ืืืช ืชืกืคืืง ืืืืื. ืืจืกืืืช ืืื ืืช ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืงืื ื ืืืฉืจืืื ืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืจืกื ืืืืจืืงืืืช amazon.com ืืืืจืกื ืืืจืืืืช โ amazon.co.uk ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืชืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืช.
ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืงื ืืช ืืืฆืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืขืฉืืช?
ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืชืจืื ืืื ืืื. ืื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืงื ืืช ืืคืืืค ืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ, ืื ืกื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืกืืกืืจ ืืืคืืืคืก ืืงืืจืื ืืืงืืจืืช. ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช, ืืขืชืืงื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืจืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืขืืจืืช. ืืืืจ ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืฆืขืื ืืืจืฅ.
ืืืค ื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืงื ืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืจืง ืขื ืืกืืืื prime ืืฆืืข ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืขืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืืช ืืืืฆืจ
ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื?
ืืืฉืจ ืืชื ืงืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืขืจื ืฉื ืืขื 75$ ืืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืกืื ืืืขืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืกืคืื ืืืืืจ.
ืืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืคืจืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืืืืช, ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืืคืืฉ ืืกืื Prime ืืื ืฉื ืืืืฆืจ.
ืื ืื i-parcel ?
ืืืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืขืืืืช ืืืชื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืชืื ืื ืชืืืจืฉื ืืืฉืืืจ ืคืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืชืขืืืช ืืืืช. ืืืืจื ืืฉ ืืชืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืชืขืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืจืืข ื ืชืื.
ืื ืื ืืืืื ืคืจืืื Prime?
ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ ืืกืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืื ืคืจืืื ืื Prime ืกืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืคืจืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืจืืืฉ ืจืง ืืืฆืจื Prime ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืฆืจ ืคืจืืื.
ืืช ืจืื ืืืฆืจื ืืคืจืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืืฉ ืืืืคื ืืืคืฉื ืืฉื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืกืืืื Prime ืืื ื ืืชื ืืงื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืชื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืื ืืืื ื ื-30 ืืื ืงืืฉืืจ ืืื
ืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืขืืืคืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืืฆืขืื ืืงืกืืืกืืืืื ืืื ืืืื
ืื ืงืืจื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืคืืืื ืื ืืกืจืื ืืืงืื?
ืืฉ ืกืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืงืืจืื ืืฆืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืงืจื, ืืชื ืืืืกืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืืจ. ืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืฃ ืืื ืฉืงื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืฉืืฆืืข ืื ืืืืื, ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืช. ืืชืื ืื ืชืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืื.
ืืืคืืข ืื ืื ืืืฆืจ ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืื ืืืจืฉืช ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืชืฉืืื, ืืื?
ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืคืจืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื"ื. ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืฆืจืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืจืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืงืื ื ืืฆืืจื ื ืืืจืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช.
ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืจืฃ ืืงื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืฆืจ ืืงืจ ืฉืชืืื ืชืงืคื ืื ืืืฉืจืื?
ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืฆืจ ืชืืื ืชืงืคื ืืื ืืชื ืชืืืฅ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืจ ืืื"ื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืกืืจืื ืืื ืืืื.
ืชืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืื?
ืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืฉืืื. ืืืขืื ืืงื ืืื ืชืงืืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืืขืจืช ืืชื ืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืชื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืืืืื.
ืืฆืืชื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืชืจ?
ืืคืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืข ืืชืจืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืขืืจืืช.
ืืื ื ืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืคื?
ืคืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืขืกืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื.
ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืืฆืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื?
ืืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืคืืจื ืืขืืกืง ืืืืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืืง ืฉื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืชืืฆืขืช ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืงืืฉืืจ ืืื
ืชืืืืืช ืคืืืกืืืง
ืฉืืชืืฃ
ืืขืจืืฅ ืืืืืจื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืคืืืกืืืง ืื ืืจืืืื
ื ืืฉื GeekBuy
ืงืืื Xiaomi YI Erida โ ืืจืืคื ืืจืืงืืคืืจ ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืฉืืืืื
ืืื Minix Neo U1-ืืกืืจืืืจ ืฉืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช โ ืงืืคืื ืื ืื
ืืชืืืช ืืืืืฆืืช
ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืชืงืฆืื ื ืืื
ืืืืื ืคืจืืื ืืื 2018 โ Amazon Prime Day 2018
Gearbest โ ืืืจืืกื โ ืืืคืื ืืจืืงืื ืงืืคืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ
ืืืืง ืื ืืช ืื
ืืื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืชืฉืืื ืืืก? ืืืจืื ืขืจืขืืจ ืืืก
ืขืจืขืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืชืฉืืื ืืืก? ืืืจืื ืขืจืขืืจ ืืืก โ ืืืืก ืจืืฆื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืื ...
ืืชืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื
ืืฉ ืืืชืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืชืื ืชืืืื.
ืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง
ืืืืจืื ื
ืคืืคืืืืจื
ืชืืืืืช
ืชืืืช
ืฉืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืจืฆืคืืช ืืืืืื Jimmy HW8 Pro โ ืกืงืืจื ืืืื
ืืืงืืืืก ืงืืืกื 2 โ Oculus Quest โ ืกืงืืจื VR 2020
ืฉืืื ืืืง ืืืืืื โ ืืจืืื Dreame V11 โ ืกืงืืจื
ืฉืืื ืืืง ืืืืืื โ Dreame V10 ืกืงืืจื
ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืจืฆืคืืช ืืืืืื โ Hizero โ ืกืงืืจื ืืืื
Chuwi Hi10 pro โ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืคืจ, ืื ืืืืืืื?
+Rii i8 ืืงืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจืืช-ืกืงืืจื+ืืืืื
ืืืฆืขื ืืืื ืืืืืฅ โ ืงืืคืื ื ืื ืื! ืืืจืืกื-ืืืงืืืื ื-ืืื ืืื ืขืืืื 3.1.17!!
ืืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืจืืคื ืืืืืก
Chuwi hi12-ืกืงืืจื ืืืืื
ืืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืจืืคื ืืืืืก | ืืืงืืื: [...] [...]...
ILIFE A6 - ืืง ืืืชืจ ืืฉืงื ืืืชืจ ืกืงืืจื,ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืงืืคืื ืื ืื | ืืืงืืื: [...] ืืืจืื ืืืืจืช ืฉืืื ืืืง ืจืืืืื ืงืืฉืืจ ืืื [...]...
Hubsan X4 H501C - ืจืืคื ืขื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืช ื-GPS ืกืงืืจื. | ืืืงืืื: [...] ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืช ืจืืคื ืงืืฉืืจ ืืื [...]...
ILIFE A6 - ืืง ืืืชืจ ืืฉืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืงืืคืื ืื ืื | ืืืงืืื: [...] ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืฉืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ื-A4 ืื-X5, ืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืงื ืืืฆ...
ILIFE A6 - ืืง ืืืชืจ ืืฉืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืงืืคืื ืื ืื | ืืืงืืื: [...] ืืืืง ืืจืืืืืืื, ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืฉืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ื-A4 ืื-X5, ืืืืื ืืขื ... |
Mapmaking has helped government agencies tell better stories
In the late 1800s, Charles Joseph Minard created a map charting the losses suffered by Napoleonโs army in their attempted conquest of Russia in 1812. Edward Tufte, world-renowned expert in data visualization, refers to Minardโs visualization as โone of the greatest ever.โ Minardโs chart is a great example of the power of storytelling through data visualization.
The visualization shows how at the beginning of the war, the French army boasted a formidable army of nearly 422,000 soldiers; by the end of the failed invasion the army was reduced to 10,000 soldiers.
On the far right of the map, you see Moscow and a thick black bar depicting the number of soldiers in the French army. As you progress to the left following the bar, you see the bar diminish in weight, graphically showing the lives lost as Napoleon retreats from Moscow. The lower half of the visualization also shows the temperature, highlighting the harsh climate that the French army faced while returning to France.
There is a certain power to this map. It tells the grisly story of Napoleonโs retreat from Moscow, and the horror that plagued the French soldiers. The map connects time, location, weather to tell a narrative through data.
Just like Minard, Esri, the leader in global geographic information system (GIS) technology, is helping to tell stories through geography. During an interview with American Public Mediaโs Marketplace podcast, Jack Dangermond, Esri president, highlighted the power of maps:
โWhen I look at a map I am hunting for a story. What is the map trying to tell me? The stories of maps range from simple things: where I am, how do I get there, what elevation are we at, descriptive kinds of stories, context stories to analytic maps- like the best place to locate a store, hotspots for biodiversity, this is where the diseases are spreading, these are stories. Good cartographers can actually craft good stories, using mapping as [their] story telling framework.โ
Dangermondโs compelling take on maps could not be more accurate. Maps are fundamental to understanding our world, and when you leverage emerging technology like GIS, you can bring data to life and work to improve public sector decision-making.
At GovLoop weโve created many resources that are showing the power of GIS and helping us to better understand our world. Below are some of my favorites, in case you missed them on the first round.
- Throw Out the Playbook, To Win the Super Bowl You Need Maps!
- 10 Steps to Create More Resilient Communities
- Decision Making with Real-Time Data
- Creating a Stronger Democracy: GIS on Capitol Hill [Infographic]
- Tailor-Made: How GIS is Powering Innovation for Global Aid
- Protecting and Preserving Our Natural Resources With GIS
What strikes me as amazing is the diversity of GIS applications. With GIS, subjects like public safety, public health, transportation and global aid have been transformed.
Everything in government is tied to location, from permits, housing codes, delivery of health care programs, education programs โ all have an element of geography to them. By understanding the connections between geography and service delivery, agencies can gain new insights to improve the efficiencies on their programs.
Government is faced with complex challenges and must learn ways to unlock innovation from data. With GIS, agencies are given a solution to better understand our world, and transform communities through improved decision making.
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|When Esri was founded in 1969, it realized even then that geographic information system (GIS) technology could make a difference in society. GIS helps people to solve problems at local, regional, national, and global scales. Access maps and apps at ArcGIS.com. Be sure to check out all the GIS resources produced by Esri and GovLoop.| |
Many adults out there will know how relaxing and comforting a hot bath can be, especially after a long day at work. Some may even add some Epsom salts and use this as a form of post-exercise recovery to prevent muscle soreness the next day. But what many people may not fully understand is why this simple task can be so beneficial and what the science behind this suggests.
For example, one study found that men who bathed for an hour in hot water saw that they burned the same amount of calories as a half an hour walk and that their peak blood sugar levels after eating were 10% lower than if they instead exercised. Furthermore, the same study found that there was an anti-inflammatory response which may suggest that baths aid with reducing inflammation which is often present with diseases such as type 2 diabetes. With so much interesting research out there, it only makes sense to start implementing this simple therapy on a regular basis.
How you can use hot baths as a way to promote sleepiness before bed
With so many people out there who have their smart devices glued to them at all times, it isnโt really a surprise that there are so many people who struggle to get to sleep. Not only do they have an easy distraction to stop them from putting the phone down but their body can also easily release stress hormones when people see something distressing online e.g. someone has blocked them or a triggering news article. On top of all of this, studies have shown that blue light interrupts the bodyโs natural sleep cycle which can lead to ongoing issues such as circadian rhythm disorders.
Thankfully, there are some things that people can do in addition to having healthy sleep hygiene surrounding their phone usage. For instance, when people take a hot bath for a minimum of twenty minutes, this can aid with relaxing the muscles as well as release tension in the muscles which can aid with feeling heavy and sleepy before bed. Furthermore, some research suggests that if some of the bodyโs heat can be releasing through bathing, then this can help the natural sleep cycle kick in as the body is supposed to naturally cool down a few hours before bed. The body may also begin to associate bathing with bed time and will automatically start to become sleepy.
Hot baths may also be beneficial when it comes to reducing headaches
Some suggest that heat therapy can be beneficial for those who experience headaches and this may be because the majority of headaches are caused by the narrowing of blood vessels in the head which can be combatted by heat. Heat can also aid with increasing blood flow to muscles which may be helpful when it comes to tension headaches. On top of all of this, heat can stimulate nerve endings known as thermoreceptors which may aid with blocking pain.
Be this as it may, it could be a great idea for those who experience chronic headaches to add heat therapy to their routine whether that be through taking a hot bath or perhaps even popping into our clinic to experiment with sauna therapy. Whatever it is that people decide to do, the chances are that they will be able to enjoy many benefits such as decreased stress levels, decreased inflammation and pain, as well as improved sleep when they implement something such as heat therapy. And in such a stressful day and age, introducing small but powerful things such as this is more important now than ever. |
This lesson covers how to use Venn diagrams to solve probability problems.
A list of student-submitted discussion questions for Venn Diagrams.
To organize ideas, increase comprehension, synthesize learning, demonstrate understanding of key concepts, and reinforce vocabulary using a Quickwrite.
To encourage studentsโ critical thinking about vocabulary concepts, to allow students to reflect on their knowledge of individual vocabulary words, and to increase vocabulary comprehension using the Vocabulary Self-Rate.
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
To activate prior knowledge, to generate questions about a given topic, and to organize knowledge using a KWL Chart.
Students conduct a survey of ten friends about the types of social media that they use. Then students represent the results of the survey in a Venn Diagram and answer questions about their Venn Diagram.
These flashcards help you study important terms and vocabulary from Venn Diagrams. |
After the mini introduction on the various filaments we can use, we can talk about Nylon. There are some legends about Nylon, first of al his name. Someone think itโs short for NY (New York) and Lon (London), other think of a more articulated solution. Nylon, at the beginning, replaces the parachute canvas. In fact, the war with Japan, had interrupted the arrival of silk in that country.
So, probably poetically, the acronym was invented: Now You Lose Old Nippon. Referred to the fact that USA didnโt need more canvas.
Today we would like to introduce a new leading actor between the filaments, nylon!
Although not as famous as PLA or ABS, and perhaps not as widely used as PETG, nylon still has a nice slice of fans in the field of printing.
Nylon is also referred to as polyamide. There are many types of nylon filaments on the market as it is applicable to many FFF / FDM, SLS and SLA printing techniques. (you can view the various printing technologies here).
As a material, it usually requires more attention from users than other filaments, in the form of temperature and extrusion adjustments.
This material is used when the object requires both mechanical strength and flexibility. Another important feature of Nylon is its hygroscopy. It absorbs liquids with great ease. This is both a defect, in fact it must be dried well before use if it has been exposed to moisture, but also a great advantage: you can immerse it in the liquid colors for the fabric and it will assume the color. At the end of the article we will see the procedure in detail.
Since nylon is not biodegradable and has a unique relationship between strength and flexibility, it is an obvious choice for flexible parts, industrial, prosthetics, medical equipment and costumes for cosplay.
In addition to the qualities listed so far the nylon has many others, it deforms very little during printing (if good quality) and the finished process shows very few roughness. In fact, as a result we have smooth end products that require very little post-processing. All this added to the fact that it does not suffer almost at all from UV rays and to have a very high chemical resistance make it one of the best filaments that can be used to print objects that must last over time or perform a mechanical job.
Now, however, we must also mention a few flaws:
Expires, exactlyโฆ just as the food. It has an expiration date, normally set at 12 months from opening. It must be stored in a dry place, without humidity (because as mentioned before very hygroscopic) and, if not excellent, potentially can deform exactly as the ABS. If you want to try to print the nylon you must bear in mind that it is recommended to have a closed chamber printer with heated bed. If you do not have a printer with these characteristics, you can always try, without the guarantee of a certain result, using the 3M tape. Alternatively, if you normally print on glass, you can use the classic glue stick to add adhesion to the printing bed.
Nylon can flex
Obviously, as with flexible filaments, it is advisable not to go too high with the resolution. A layer with a height of 0.2 and the extruder 0.4/0.5 mm could be a good compromise.
Nylons can vary considerably in terms of extrusion temperatures depending on the brand used, the format or just in relation to the polymer used. Therefore the temperatures can vary from a minimum of 220ยฐ to a maximum of 280ยฐ C.
A filament that we would recommend for quality is the nylon of Taulman 3D, a company specializing in nylon that offers, therefore, a wide range of filaments. Each filament that the company proposes has a specific purpose and therefore, should be chosen with care. On this page I would like to find the recommended settings for each of their filaments.
Nexeo is another important producer. The Nexeo nylon filament is very interesting because on average it can be extruded at lower temperatures than normal. So it can be printed even by printers not really suitable.
As we promised here you are the method for the Nylon dyeing!
- Nylon Filament Coil or Part of it
- Liquid dyeing for fabrics
- Microwave oven
- Spoons and ladles (not made of wood)
Recommended protective clothing:
Note: The fabric dye can permanently stain clothes and shoes and temporarily the leather.
Dying Nylon: Procedure
First of all you have to dip the filament you want to color in water for 4/5 hours. In this way, you wash the filament and prepare it for coloring. After that, we insert the dye following the instructions and mix to uniform everything.
Once this is done, we put โcolored waterโ in the microwave and bring it to a boil.
Once the temperature is reached (weโll see bubbles), we turn off the microwave. Now, let the filament soak, normally for about 30 minutes. Obviously the longer it soaks and the more the color will become dark. We can raise the filament with the help of a spoon to ensure that it takes on a good color. If this is not the case to encourage the process, the liquid can be brought back to a boil every 5/10 minutes.
When you see that the nylon has taken the desired color, we must proceed to the next step.
Rinse the filament under running water. There is no difference if hot or cold until you verify that the filament does not lose another color. This step is very important because you can risk finding a filament that stains anything it touches. Even after printing, this is an important step, especially if we are going to print objects that must be in contact with clothes or skin.
After wrapping the filament in scottex and letting it rest for a few hours, we can move on to the last phase, drying. This phase can be carried out with different methods. The most common is the drying with the oven of the house, set to 65/70 degrees for 10 hours. Take care to keep the door slightly open. If not through a dryer, 60 degrees for at least 12 hours. |
A serious disturbance. Strip mines (often
called "surface mines" by their practitioners)
are among the most visible of humancaused
environmental disturbances. This
one, in southern Maryland, formerly was
devoted to pasture and row crops. (Photo:
Management should be guided by ecological principles and approximate as near
as possible ecologically appropriate disturbance regimes, while never neglecting
the overarching need to support the military mission. In many cases, restoration
of natural disturbance regimes has a positive long-term effect (Van Lear et al.
2005). Special care must be taken, of course, if there are threatened and endangered
species involved. Restoration of ecological communities that have long been
modified by anthropogenic activities or invasion of exotic species may not necessarily
have the intended result or immediately positive consequences. For example,
Varner et al. (2000) found that re-introduction of fire to a longleaf pine
forest after many years of fire exclusion and organic matter buildup led to an unforeseen
high mortality of large longleaf pines. In areas long degraded by fire suppression,
repeated burns may be necessary (Heuberger and Putz 2003). Another
challenge for land managers is simulating natural disturbances on small parcels
of land in a highly fragmented and human-dominated landscape although one
advantage of military installations may be that fragmentation and development
are less of a problem than on surrounding, non-military lands. Incorporating disturbance
regimes that approximate historic natural disturbances into management
schemes should help to improve and maintain structure and function of the
disturbance-dependent communities. Doing so, however, may be controversial
and demands a great deal of planning and forethought.
Proceed to: Chapter 9 - Show Me the Money
Steve Orzell is a botanist/ecologist at Avon Park Air Force Range.
William J. Platt is a professor of population biology/ecology at Louisiana State University.
to view literature cited in this chapter.
to download Chapter 8 as a PDF. |
ืืฉื ื ืืงืจืืื, ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื, ืืื ืฉื ืช ืฉืืืื. ืืฉื ืช ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืขืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื.
ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื. ืืฉ ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืืจืฉืืื? ืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืชืืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืชืืื. |
ืกืขืืฃ 341 ืืืืง ืืขืื ืฉืื ืงืืืข ืื ืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืืื, ืื ื ืื ืข ืืืขืฉืืช ืืขืฉื ืฉืืืืชื ืืขืฉืืช, ืืืชืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฆืคืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื ืช ืืืกืจ. ืกืขืืฃ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืคืืืืืช ืืจืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฆืคืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ, ืืืื: ื ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืืช ืืืจื ืฆืืืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืืืจ ืจืขืื ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืืจืืช, ืืื, ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืื ื ืฉืง ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืกืื ื ืืืืืื.
ืกืขืืฃ 304 ืืืืง ืืขืื ืฉืื ืงืืืข ืขืื ืฉ ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืื ืขืืืจืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืจืฉืื ืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืื ืคืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืืข, ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจืืฉืืชื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืคืืช ืืช ืชืืฆืืืชืื, ืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืชืืื ืช ืืจืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืื ืืืืืช.
ืขื ืืืช, ืืืงืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืจืฉืื ืืช, ืืื ืืชืืื ื ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืคืขืช ืกืืื, ืืชืืืขื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืืจืฃ ืืืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืจืฉืื ืืช ืืขืืืจืช ืืจืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืื 20 ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืจ, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืกืื ืื ืคืฉื ืขืืื ืืืจืื.
ืขืืืจืช ืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืงืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืื ืฆืืืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืืขืืืืืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืืฉ, ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืชืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืคืืข ืคืืขื ืฆืขืืจ, ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืจืฉืข, ืืืกืืจืช ืืกืืจ ืืืขืื, ืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืชืืงื ืฉืืืืก ืื ืขืืืจืช ืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืช, ืืคื ืกืขืืฃ 341 ืืืืง ืืขืื ืฉืื. ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจืืืช ืฉืืื ื ื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืืข ืืช ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืื.
ืขื ืคื ืขืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืืขืกืง ืืจืืฉ ืฆืืืช ืขืืืื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืช ืขืืืืืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืืฉ. ืื ืคืืข ืขืื ืืืคืกื ืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื 2018, ืกืืื ืืฉืขื 12 ืืฆืืจื ืืืื, ืืชืืงืฉ ืื ืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืืืจ ืงืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืงืืข ืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืืข ืืืจ.
ืื ืืฉื ืืืจื ืื ืคืืข ืืืขืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืขืืืช ืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืคืจืง ืืช ืงืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืฆืืข ืขืืืืืช ืืคืกื ืืช ืขืชืืืืืช. ืื ืืฉื ืืืจื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืขืืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืข ืื ืงืืื ืืจืืื ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื-50 ืก"ื ืืื ืืงืืขื ืืืฉืจ. ืื ืคืืข ืืืคืก ืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืคืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืื (ืขืืืื ืืืืื), ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ืคืืข ืืฆืืื ืืฆืืื ืืชืืื.
ืื ืคืืข ืขืื ืืืืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืขื ืืืจืื ืืขื ืคื ื ืืงืจืงืข, ืืชืืจ ืงืืจืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืฃ ืืคืืจืง ืืืชื ืขื ืืืฉืจ. ืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืจืจ ืงืืจืช ืืจืื ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืก ืืช ืจืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงื ืื ืคื ืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื.
ืืชืืฆืื ืืื ืคืืื ื ืืจืื ืื ืคืืข ืฉืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืคืง ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืขืืจ ื ืืชืื ืจืืฉืื. ืืืืจืช ืืืขืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืขืงื ืืฉืฉ ืืคืืืขื ืขืฆืืืช, ืื ืืฆื ืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื, ืืืฆืืจื ืชืืงืื ื ืขืืจ ื ืืชืื ื ืืกืฃ. ืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืชืืจืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืืฆืขืจ ืื ืคืืข ื ืคืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืื.
ืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฆื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ
ืืชืกืงืืจ ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืขืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืื 38, ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืขืฉืื ืืืืืข ืชืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฃ ืืกืจ ืื ืืืืจืืข ืืฉืคืืข ืงืฉืืช ืขืืื ืืขื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืขื ืืฆืื ืืืืืื. ืืืชืจืฉืืืช ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืขืืืจื ืืขืงื ืืขืืจ ืขืืจ ืคืืืื ืงืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืฉืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉื ืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืช ืฆื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืฃ ืฉื 200 ืฉืขืืช, ืืืกืจ ืขื ืชื ืื ืืงื ืก.
ืืืืฉืืื ืกืืจื ืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืชืกืงืืจ ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ื ืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืช ืืขืืืจื ืื, ืืขืชืจื ืืขืื ืฉ ืฆื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืืฅ. ืขื ืืืช ืฆืืื ืืชืืืข ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืกืงืืจ ืื ืืฆืืืข ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืคื ืฉืฆืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืกืืฃ ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืคืืขื ืืขืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืงื ืืื ืืงืฉืืจ ืืืืจืืข. ื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืืงืื ืืกืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช. ืืคืืื, ืืืืฉืืื ืขืชืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉื 400 ืฉืขืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืกืจ ืขื ืชื ืื ืืคืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืืช ืื ืคืืข ืืื ืื.
ืื ืื ืืขื ืืกื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืื ืืกื ืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ืืงืจ. ืืื ืงืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืขืฉืื ืืืืืข ืืจืื ืืฆืขืจ ืจื. ืืกื ืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืืฆืขืจ ืฉื ืฉืืงืื ืืขืช ืืืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืืคืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉื, ืืืืงืฉ ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืืืฆืช ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืฆื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืืกืจ ืขื ืชื ืื, ืืงื ืก ืืืงืื ืคืืฆืื. ืขืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืฆื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืฅ, ืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืืคืืข ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืืืฆืื ืื ืคืฉื ืืืชืขืกืืงืชื.
ืืืืจ ืฉืืืขืช ืืืขืื ื ืืฆืืืื, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื ืืจืืืืช, ืฉืื ื ืคืืข ืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืชืืื ืช ืขืืืื ืงืฉื, ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืฉื ืคืืจ ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื. ืขืชืืจืช ืืฆืืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืฉืืืืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืขืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืฆืืขื. ืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืกืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉ.
ืื ืกืืืืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืขื ืื ืืฉื: ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขื ืชื ืื, ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืขื ืืขืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืจืฉืข. ืฆื ืฉืืจืืช ืืชืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืฃ ืฉื 200 ืฉืขืืช ืืคืืฆืื ืืืืื ืช ืื ืคืืข ืืกื ืฉื 12,000 ืฉืงืืื.
ืช"ืค 12322-09-17
ืจืืฆื ืฉืขืืจื ืืื ืคืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื?
ืจืืฆื ืฉืขื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื?
- - - - ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื - - - - ืืจืื ืฉืจืื ืฆืคืื ืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืื - - - - ื ืืฉื ืืคื ืื - - - - ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืืืจ
ืฉืื
ืืืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืชืืื
ืฉืื ืงืฉืืฉืื - ืืืืืืืช ืืขื ืืฉื
ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืขืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจืฉืขืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืื ืื ืงืฉืืฉืื. ืืฉืืคื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืื ืืคืกืืงืชื...
ืกืคืง ืกืืืจ ืืืฉืคื ืืคืืืื
ืืื ืกืคืง ืกืืืจ? ืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืื? ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืชืคื ืืชืืืขื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื?
ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืฉืข
ืืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืฉืข? ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืจื ืคืืืืืช? ืืืฆื ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืฉืข?
ืขืืืจืช ืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืืช - ืฉืืงืืื ืขื ืืฉื
ืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืกืืจืช ืขืืืจืืช ืชืงืืคื? ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคื ืกืชื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจ? ืืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจืช ืืช ืื ืืฉื?
ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืงื ืืืง, ืืื?
ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืงื ืืืง? ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืืจื ืืฉืจ ื ืืชื ืืืจืฉืืข ืื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืจืื?
ืืืืืื, ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืขืืืจืช ืืืืืื?
ืืื ืขืืืจืช ืืืืืื? ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื? ืืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฉืขื ืืืืืืื?
ืขืืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืคืืืื
ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ... ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืง? ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืจื ืื? ืคืกืงื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืขืืจื ืืื ืคืืืื ืืืชืจ.
ืืื ื ืขืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืคืืืื, ืืืืชื?
ืืจืฆืืื ื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืจืชื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืขืฆืืืช ื ืืืข ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืขืฆื ืืืืชื ืืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืคืจื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืจืืืฉื, ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืงืืืืช ืื ืขืื "ืืืฆื ืืืืขื", ืขืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืชืืช ืืืื ืืช.
ืืจืืื, ืฉืืงืืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืขืืืจืช ืืจืืื
ืืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืจืช ืืจืืื? ืืื ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืจื?
ืืกืชื ืืืืขื ืืช โ ืืื ืขืืืจืช ืืกืชื ืืื ืืขืื ืฉ?
ืืกืชื ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืข ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืงืืืฆืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืข ืืขืฉื ืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืจืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืฆืืข ืืขืฉื ืืื ืจืง ืืฉืชืืขืช ืืื ื ื ืืฉืืช ืืืกืชื ืืื ืืืขื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช.
ืืืืืข ืืืืฆื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืขืืฅ ืืฉืคืื ืื ืื ืืขืืฅ ืืืจ. ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืข ืขืืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืขืช ืืขืช. ืื ืืืกืชืื ืขื ืืืืืข ืืืชืจ ืขืืฉื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื. ืืืืืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืชื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ.
ืืืืจืื ืืชืืื
ืชืงืืคืช ืงืฉืืฉ ืืกืจ ืืฉืข ืขื ืืื ืืืคื, ืื ืงืืืข ืืืืง?
ืชืงืืคืช ืขืืื ืฆืืืืจ, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืงื ืืขืื ืฉ?
ืืืคืืช ืืชืขืืืช ืืชืื ืืง, ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฆืคืื?
ืืืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืืข ืืืง ืืขืื ืฉืื?
ืชืงืืคื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืขื ื, ืื ืืขืื ืฉ?
ืขืืืจืช ืกืืจ ืื ืฉืง, ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฆืคืื?
ืชืงืืคื ืขื ืจืงืข ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืจื: ืืื ืขืืืจืช ืชืงืืคื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฆืคืื ืืืื ื?
ืชืงืืคื ืืฉื ืื ืืื, ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฆืคืื?
ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืื?
ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ื ืคืฅ ืฉืื ืืืื, ืื ืงืืืข ืืืืง?
ืืื ืืืืืจืื
ืคืกืงื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช
ืคืืืขื ืืคืจืืืืช ืขืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืืจื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืขืืจ, ืื ืืืื ืืคืืืื?
ืืืืืื ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืงืืืข ืืืื ืืคืืืื?
ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืขืงื ืชืงืืคืช ืคืงื ืืืขื ืืขืืจืืื
ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืฉืข ืืืืืงืช ืกืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืฉืจื
ืกืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืชืื ืชืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืื
ื ืื ืืืคื ืืข ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืชืืื ื ืช ืชืงืฃ ืืืชื
ืื ืืฉื ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืืช
ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ื ืื ืข ืืืจืฉืขืช ืขืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืื
ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืคืืข ืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืชืขืืื ืืืชื
ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืกื ืืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืคื ืกืืื
ืืื ืคืกืงื ืืืื
ืืื/ื ืคืจืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืืืืื:
- - - - ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื - - - - ืืจืื ืฉืจืื ืฆืคืื ืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืื - - - - ื ืืฉื ืืคื ืื - - - - ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืืืจ |
Room 13, Windsor North School, Year 1-3
We were doing an Inquiry around NZ history and the children found out information and in groups put the information about their topic into a clip to show their understanding of the event.
* We did a time line of events in NZ history
* We put ourselves into 5 groups depending on the topic
* Scripts were developed by the children to include information for their event. They then chose images to match their script and devised audio enhancement.
* The children chose either Puppet Pals or Explain Everything to record their part in and they recorded after lots of practising
* We recorded some narrative using Tellagami to join it all together.
* Editing was carried out with support by the teacher |
Subsets and Splits