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Supporting the idea that demons had feelings of love and hate, and were voluptuous, there are several stories about their jealousy. | The first story of this type is narrated in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which the demon Asmodeus either fell in love with Sarah or felt sexual desire for her (or both). Out of jealousy, Asmodeus killed seven of her husbands before the marriages could be consummated. Asmodeus never had sexual intercourse with Sarah, and intended to kill Tobias, her eighth husband, but was foiled by the angel Raphael. | 1 |
Supporting the idea that demons had feelings of love and hate, and were voluptuous, there are several stories about their jealousy. | This interpretation is disputed by some, who claim that "sons of God" in that text refers only to believers in the "Promised Seed" () and that "daughters of men" refers to pagan women, particularly implying that descendants of Seth were marrying descendants of Cain. | 0 |
The first story of this type is narrated in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which the demon Asmodeus either fell in love with Sarah or felt sexual desire for her (or both). Out of jealousy, Asmodeus killed seven of her husbands before the marriages could be consummated. Asmodeus never had sexual intercourse with Sarah, and intended to kill Tobias, her eighth husband, but was foiled by the angel Raphael. | Supporting the idea that demons had feelings of love and hate, and were voluptuous, there are several stories about their jealousy. | 1 |
The first story of this type is narrated in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which the demon Asmodeus either fell in love with Sarah or felt sexual desire for her (or both). Out of jealousy, Asmodeus killed seven of her husbands before the marriages could be consummated. Asmodeus never had sexual intercourse with Sarah, and intended to kill Tobias, her eighth husband, but was foiled by the angel Raphael. | In Genesis chapter 6 the "sons of God", presumed by some to be fallen angels, mate with human women, creating a race of super-beings called the "Nephilim". | 0 |
Another of these stories about demonic lewdness and passionate love is told in "The Life of Saint Bernard", written by a monk, and said that during the 11th century a demon fell in love with a woman, and when her husband was asleep he visited her, awoke the woman and began to do with her as if he were her husband, committing every type of voluptuous acts during several years, and inflaming her passion. | A story referring to demonic jealousy was told by Erasmus (16th century), who blamed a demon for the fire that destroyed a village in Germany in 1533, saying that a demon loved deeply a young woman, but discovered that she had also sexual relationships with a man. Full of wrath, the demon started the fire. | 1 |
Another of these stories about demonic lewdness and passionate love is told in "The Life of Saint Bernard", written by a monk, and said that during the 11th century a demon fell in love with a woman, and when her husband was asleep he visited her, awoke the woman and began to do with her as if he were her husband, committing every type of voluptuous acts during several years, and inflaming her passion. | To Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Jews there were male and female demons (Jewish demons were mostly male, although female examples such as Lilith exist). In Christian demonology and theology there is debate over the gender and sexual proclivities of demons. | 0 |
A story referring to demonic jealousy was told by Erasmus (16th century), who blamed a demon for the fire that destroyed a village in Germany in 1533, saying that a demon loved deeply a young woman, but discovered that she had also sexual relationships with a man. Full of wrath, the demon started the fire. | Another of these stories about demonic lewdness and passionate love is told in "The Life of Saint Bernard", written by a monk, and said that during the 11th century a demon fell in love with a woman, and when her husband was asleep he visited her, awoke the woman and began to do with her as if he were her husband, committing every type of voluptuous acts during several years, and inflaming her passion. | 1 |
A story referring to demonic jealousy was told by Erasmus (16th century), who blamed a demon for the fire that destroyed a village in Germany in 1533, saying that a demon loved deeply a young woman, but discovered that she had also sexual relationships with a man. Full of wrath, the demon started the fire. | By supporting the idea that demons could rape women and sexual relationships with them were painful, Nicholas Remy assigned a sadistic tendency to their sexuality. | 0 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | 1 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | The first story of this type is narrated in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which the demon Asmodeus either fell in love with Sarah or felt sexual desire for her (or both). Out of jealousy, Asmodeus killed seven of her husbands before the marriages could be consummated. Asmodeus never had sexual intercourse with Sarah, and intended to kill Tobias, her eighth husband, but was foiled by the angel Raphael. | 0 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | 1 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | Lust in demons is a controversial theme for Christian demonology, and scholars disagree on the subject. | 0 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | 1 |
Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | Augustine, Hincmar and Psellos thought that lust was what led demons to have sexual relationships with humans. William of Auvergne conceived the idea that demons felt a particular and morbid attraction to long and beautiful female hair, and thus women had to follow the Christian use of covering it to avoid exciting desire in them. Tauler had the opinion that demons were lascivious and thus they wanted to have sexual intercourse with humans to satisfy their lewdness. Sinistrari supported the idea that demons felt sexual desire, but satisfaction and pleasure were not the only motivation to have sexual relationships with humans, another reason being that of impregnating women. | 0 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | 1 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | 1 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | Lust in demons is a controversial theme for Christian demonology, and scholars disagree on the subject. | 0 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | 1 |
Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | Plutarch (1st and 2nd centuries), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Nicholas Remy (16th century), and Henri Boguet (16th and 17th centuries), among others, disagreed, saying that demons did not know lust or desire and cannot have good feelings like love; as jealousy would be a consequence of love, they could not be jealous. Ambrogio de Vignati agreed with them. | 0 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | 1 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | 1 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | 1 |
It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | 1 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | Plutarch (1st and 2nd centuries), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Nicholas Remy (16th century), and Henri Boguet (16th and 17th centuries), among others, disagreed, saying that demons did not know lust or desire and cannot have good feelings like love; as jealousy would be a consequence of love, they could not be jealous. Ambrogio de Vignati agreed with them. | 0 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | 1 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | Plutarch (1st and 2nd centuries), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Nicholas Remy (16th century), and Henri Boguet (16th and 17th centuries), among others, disagreed, saying that demons did not know lust or desire and cannot have good feelings like love; as jealousy would be a consequence of love, they could not be jealous. Ambrogio de Vignati agreed with them. | 0 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | Another of these stories about demonic lewdness and passionate love is told in "The Life of Saint Bernard", written by a monk, and said that during the 11th century a demon fell in love with a woman, and when her husband was asleep he visited her, awoke the woman and began to do with her as if he were her husband, committing every type of voluptuous acts during several years, and inflaming her passion. | 0 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | 1 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | The Testament of Solomon, an early treatise on demons of Judeo-Christian origin, presents the demon Ornias, who assumes the shape of a woman to copulate with men (though in other versions he does it while in the shape of an old man). After meeting him, king Solomon asks Beelzebub if there are female demons, suggesting a difference between male shapeshifting demons (incubi/succubi) and genuine female demons. | 0 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | Lust in demons is a controversial theme for Christian demonology, and scholars disagree on the subject. | 0 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | 1 |
The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | To Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Jews there were male and female demons (Jewish demons were mostly male, although female examples such as Lilith exist). In Christian demonology and theology there is debate over the gender and sexual proclivities of demons. | 0 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | Lust in demons is a controversial theme for Christian demonology, and scholars disagree on the subject. | 0 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | 1 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | Lust in demons is a controversial theme for Christian demonology, and scholars disagree on the subject. | 0 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | 1 |
Many Christian theologians (Martin Luther and Jean Bodin among others) believed that demons could impregnate women but their children would have a short life and be good for nothing; other theologians (Francisco Valesio, aka Valesius, Tomaso Malvenda and Johann Cochlaeus among others) thought that these children could be important characters, like Attila, Martin Luther, Melusine or the Antichrist. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | Christian demonologists agree that sexual relationships between demons and humans happen, but they disagree on why and how. A common point of view is that demons induce men and women to the sin of lust, and adultery is often considered as an associated sin. Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to her sins. | 1 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | Supporting the idea that demons had feelings of love and hate, and were voluptuous, there are several stories about their jealousy. | 0 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | Demons may be considered androgynous, but the general view is that they are masculine and feminine, while not actually being of either sex. This is the general view of the angels as well, who are generally considered sexless. | 0 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | 1 |
Augustine of Hippo, Pope Innocent VIII, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Paluda, Martin of Arles and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari believed that demons could fecundate women, but Ulrich Molitor, Heinrich Kramer, Jacob Sprenger and Nicholas Remy disagreed. | Supporting the idea that demons had feelings of love and hate, and were voluptuous, there are several stories about their jealousy. | 0 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | 1 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to other sins like lust, but told nothing about his lust or that of other demons. | 0 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | The "Malleus Maleficarum" established that sexual relationships between demons and humans were an essential belief for Christians. But its authors considered also the possibility that demons provoked a false pregnancy in some women, filling their belly with air due to certain herbs they made them drink in beverages during the Sabbaths; at the time of giving birth to the child, a big quantity of air escaped from the woman's vagina. The false pregnancy was later explained by medicine. | 1 |
According to Remy, sexual relationships with demons were painful, meanwhile many persons that confessed to having had those relationships told that they were satisfying. | Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to other sins like lust, but told nothing about his lust or that of other demons. | 0 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | Gregory of Nyssa said that demons had children with women called cambions, which added to the children they had between them, contributed to increase the number of demons. | 1 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | Pierre de Rostegny supported the idea that Satan preferred to have sexual intercourse with married women to add adultery to other sins like lust, but told nothing about his lust or that of other demons. | 0 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | Nicholas Remy, disagreeing with many theologians and demonologists, supported the idea that even if a woman opposed resistance to the demon he could rape her, and wrote about a case of a young teenager that "was raped twice the same day by a demon, although she opposed resistance, and, her body not being mature enough to receive a man, she almost died because of the hurts". Catherine Latonia confessed this case to him in 1587. Whether the confession was an excuse to avoid giving the name of the rapist or the girl actually thought that a demon had raped her will remain unknown. Sylvester Prieras agreed with Remy, supporting the idea that demons could not only rape common women but also nuns. | 1 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | Plutarch (1st and 2nd centuries), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Nicholas Remy (16th century), and Henri Boguet (16th and 17th centuries), among others, disagreed, saying that demons did not know lust or desire and cannot have good feelings like love; as jealousy would be a consequence of love, they could not be jealous. Ambrogio de Vignati agreed with them. | 0 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | It was considered that demons always had sexual relationships with witches in the form of incubi and succubi, and some witches allegedly had sexual intercourse with the Devil in the form of a male goat. But common people, as it was believed, also were seduced by incubi and succubi, especially while they were asleep, and sometimes when they were awake, in the form of a beautiful man or woman that excited their desire to the point of not being able to resist the temptation, although the possibility of resistance always existed as asserted by Christian theologians, but the tendency to sin was stronger than their faith. Francesco Maria Guazzo offered detailed descriptions of sexual relationships between demons and humans. | 1 |
Henri Boguet and Johann Meyfarth supported the idea that demons provoked an imaginary coitus because they did not have sexual organs, such as a penis or a vagina. | In Genesis chapter 6 the "sons of God", presumed by some to be fallen angels, mate with human women, creating a race of super-beings called the "Nephilim". | 0 |
In Genesis chapter 6 the "sons of God", presumed by some to be fallen angels, mate with human women, creating a race of super-beings called the "Nephilim". | This argument derives from messianic interpretations of the Old Testament, which hold that humans need deliverance from Yahweh's judgement because of sin, claiming that demons only attempt to stop humans from having faith in a messiah, and can achieve this without mating with humans. | 1 |
In Genesis chapter 6 the "sons of God", presumed by some to be fallen angels, mate with human women, creating a race of super-beings called the "Nephilim". | Plutarch (1st and 2nd centuries), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Nicholas Remy (16th century), and Henri Boguet (16th and 17th centuries), among others, disagreed, saying that demons did not know lust or desire and cannot have good feelings like love; as jealousy would be a consequence of love, they could not be jealous. Ambrogio de Vignati agreed with them. | 0 |
This interpretation is disputed by some, who claim that "sons of God" in that text refers only to believers in the "Promised Seed" () and that "daughters of men" refers to pagan women, particularly implying that descendants of Seth were marrying descendants of Cain. | Under this interpretation, the Nephilim were not physical giants, but just men without conscience who were extremely malicious and aggressive. This interpretation limits the direct roles of demons on the early human race to merely a role as being "influential" to human affairs, without actually engaging in sexual relations with humans themselves. Under this, the Nephilim is the offspring of the falling angels but were full-blooded men that were particularly susceptible to demonic influence over their actions. | 1 |
This interpretation is disputed by some, who claim that "sons of God" in that text refers only to believers in the "Promised Seed" () and that "daughters of men" refers to pagan women, particularly implying that descendants of Seth were marrying descendants of Cain. | Augustine of Hippo (5th century), Hincmar (early French theologian, archbishop of Rheims, 9th century), Michael Psellus (11th century), William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (13th century), Johannes Tauler (14th century), and Ludovico Maria Sinistrari (17th century), among others, supported the idea that demons were lustful and lascivious beings. | 0 |
Under this interpretation, the Nephilim were not physical giants, but just men without conscience who were extremely malicious and aggressive. This interpretation limits the direct roles of demons on the early human race to merely a role as being "influential" to human affairs, without actually engaging in sexual relations with humans themselves. Under this, the Nephilim is the offspring of the falling angels but were full-blooded men that were particularly susceptible to demonic influence over their actions. | In Genesis chapter 6 the "sons of God", presumed by some to be fallen angels, mate with human women, creating a race of super-beings called the "Nephilim". | 1 |
Under this interpretation, the Nephilim were not physical giants, but just men without conscience who were extremely malicious and aggressive. This interpretation limits the direct roles of demons on the early human race to merely a role as being "influential" to human affairs, without actually engaging in sexual relations with humans themselves. Under this, the Nephilim is the offspring of the falling angels but were full-blooded men that were particularly susceptible to demonic influence over their actions. | Sexuality in Christian demonology:283858 | 0 |
This argument derives from messianic interpretations of the Old Testament, which hold that humans need deliverance from Yahweh's judgement because of sin, claiming that demons only attempt to stop humans from having faith in a messiah, and can achieve this without mating with humans. | This interpretation is disputed by some, who claim that "sons of God" in that text refers only to believers in the "Promised Seed" () and that "daughters of men" refers to pagan women, particularly implying that descendants of Seth were marrying descendants of Cain. | 1 |
This argument derives from messianic interpretations of the Old Testament, which hold that humans need deliverance from Yahweh's judgement because of sin, claiming that demons only attempt to stop humans from having faith in a messiah, and can achieve this without mating with humans. | Another of these stories about demonic lewdness and passionate love is told in "The Life of Saint Bernard", written by a monk, and said that during the 11th century a demon fell in love with a woman, and when her husband was asleep he visited her, awoke the woman and began to do with her as if he were her husband, committing every type of voluptuous acts during several years, and inflaming her passion. | 0 |
The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | 1 |
The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | 1 |
The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
The Legend of Mir 3 was a sprite based isometric 3-D massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by WeMade Entertainment. It is a sequel to "The Legend of Mir 2". | By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | 1 |
The Legend of Mir 3 was a sprite based isometric 3-D massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by WeMade Entertainment. It is a sequel to "The Legend of Mir 2". | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
The Legend of Mir 3 was a sprite based isometric 3-D massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by WeMade Entertainment. It is a sequel to "The Legend of Mir 2". | The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | 1 |
The Legend of Mir 3 was a sprite based isometric 3-D massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by WeMade Entertainment. It is a sequel to "The Legend of Mir 2". | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | Like its predecessor "The Legend of Mir 2", "The Legend of Mir 3" is hugely popular in China and South Korea. It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records for having 750,000 subscribers online. | 1 |
The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | 1 |
The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
Like its predecessor "The Legend of Mir 2", "The Legend of Mir 3" is hugely popular in China and South Korea. It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records for having 750,000 subscribers online. | The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | 1 |
Like its predecessor "The Legend of Mir 2", "The Legend of Mir 3" is hugely popular in China and South Korea. It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records for having 750,000 subscribers online. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
Like its predecessor "The Legend of Mir 2", "The Legend of Mir 3" is hugely popular in China and South Korea. It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records for having 750,000 subscribers online. | The Legend of Mir 3:1238128 | 1 |
Like its predecessor "The Legend of Mir 2", "The Legend of Mir 3" is hugely popular in China and South Korea. It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records for having 750,000 subscribers online. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | The basic game mechanics remains largely unchanged from the previous version, with the exception of the graphics being upgraded from 8-bit color to 16-bit High color. There is also improved player customization, far larger maps, and a revamped quest system. | 1 |
By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | The Legend of Mir 3 was a sprite based isometric 3-D massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by WeMade Entertainment. It is a sequel to "The Legend of Mir 2". | 1 |
By the time the game had closed in February 2012, it had 120million registered users. The game also had a peak of 750,000 concurrent users online. | In 2005, a dispute between two Chinese players of the game erupted into murder. Qiu Chengwei, who had won an in-game virtual sword, had lent the sword to his friend, Zhu Caoyuan, who then sold the sword on eBay for 7200 yuan ($870). This enraged Qiu who then stabbed Zhu to death. | 0 |
Eurozone:184391 | The ECB, which is governed by a president and a board of the heads of national central banks, sets the monetary policy of the zone. The principal task of the ECB is to keep inflation under control. Though there is no common representation, governance or fiscal policy for the currency union, some co-operation does take place through the Eurogroup, which makes political decisions regarding the eurozone and the euro. The Eurogroup is composed of the finance ministers of eurozone states, but in emergencies, national leaders also form the Eurogroup. | 1 |
Eurozone:184391 | All new EU members joining the bloc after the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic convergence criteria which need first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for a minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate. | 0 |
Eurozone:184391 | The eurozone, officially called the euro area,The euro area , European Central Bank</ref> is a monetary union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. Eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them will be obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | 1 |
Eurozone:184391 | Nobel prize-winning economist James Tobin thought that the euro project would not succeed without making drastic changes to European institutions, pointing out the difference between the US and the eurozone. Concerning monetary policies, the US central bank FRB aims at both growth and reducing unemployment, while the ECB tends to give its first priority to price stability under the Bundesbank's supervision. As the price level of the currency bloc is kept low, the unemployment level of the region has become higher than that of US since 1982. | 0 |
The eurozone, officially called the euro area,The euro area , European Central Bank</ref> is a monetary union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. Eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them will be obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | Since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration: for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. | 1 |
The eurozone, officially called the euro area,The euro area , European Central Bank</ref> is a monetary union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. Eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them will be obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | In April 2008 in Brussels, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker suggested that the eurozone should be represented at the IMF as a bloc, rather than each member state separately: "It is absurd for those 15 countries not to agree to have a single representation at the IMF. It makes us look absolutely ridiculous. We are regarded as buffoons on the international scene". In 2017 Juncker stated that he aims to have this agreed by the end of his mandate in 2019. However, Finance Commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that before there is common representation, a common political agenda should be agreed upon. | 0 |
The eurozone, officially called the euro area,The euro area , European Central Bank</ref> is a monetary union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. Eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them will be obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | The ECB, which is governed by a president and a board of the heads of national central banks, sets the monetary policy of the zone. The principal task of the ECB is to keep inflation under control. Though there is no common representation, governance or fiscal policy for the currency union, some co-operation does take place through the Eurogroup, which makes political decisions regarding the eurozone and the euro. The Eurogroup is composed of the finance ministers of eurozone states, but in emergencies, national leaders also form the Eurogroup. | 1 |
The eurozone, officially called the euro area,The euro area , European Central Bank</ref> is a monetary union of 19 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. Eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them will be obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | HICP figures from the ECB, taken from May of each year: | 0 |
The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU states (except for Denmark) are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so. No state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled. Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally, but these countries do not officially form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the European Central Bank (ECB) or in the Eurogroup. | Since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited fiscal integration: for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. | 1 |
The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU states (except for Denmark) are obliged to join once they meet the criteria to do so. No state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled. Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. Kosovo and Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally, but these countries do not officially form part of the eurozone and do not have representation in the European Central Bank (ECB) or in the Eurogroup. | In June 2010, a broad agreement was finally reached on a controversial proposal for member states to peer review each other's budgets prior to their presentation to national parliaments. Although showing the entire budget to each other was opposed by Germany, Sweden and the UK, each government would present to their peers and the Commission their estimates for growth, inflation, revenue and expenditure levels six months before they go to national parliaments. If a country was to run a deficit, they would have to justify it to the rest of the EU while countries with a debt more than 60% of GDP would face greater scrutiny. | 0 |
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