Split (1)

train · 16.4M rows

text stringlengths 505 4.3k
▁written ▁by ▁Tim othy ▁C och rane ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁W Inter ing ▁written ▁by ▁William ▁Dur bin ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁Kn ife ▁Island ▁written ▁by ▁Stephen ▁D ahl ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁F iction : ▁Sa fe ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁written ▁by ▁Peter ▁G ey e ▁Po etry : ▁On ▁Spe aking ▁Term s ▁by ▁Con nie ▁W an ek ▁General ▁Non f iction : ▁P addle ▁North : ▁C ano eing ▁the ▁B ound ary ▁W aters - Qu et ico ▁W ilder ness ▁written ▁by ▁Greg ▁Bre ining , ▁phot ography ▁by ▁L ay ne ▁Kennedy ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁Minnesota ' s ▁H idden ▁Al phabet ▁written ▁by ▁David ▁La R och elle , ▁phot ography ▁by ▁Joe ▁Ros si ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁Brown ▁Sug ar ▁Sy rup ▁and ▁Jack ▁P ine ▁Sand ▁ ▁written ▁by ▁Dennis ▁H ersch bach ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁F iction : ▁Dead ▁A head : ▁A ▁Jo ▁Sp ence ▁Myst ery ▁written ▁by ▁Jen ▁Wright ▁Po etry : ▁T umbled ▁D ry ▁by ▁Char ma ine ▁Don ovan ▁General ▁Non f iction : ▁An cient ▁Earth ▁and ▁the ▁First ▁An c est ors : ▁A ▁Cultural ▁and ▁Ge ological ▁J our ney ▁written ▁by ▁Ron ▁Mort on ▁and ▁Carl ▁G aw boy , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Carl ▁G aw boy ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁Un for get table ▁written ▁by ▁Lor etta ▁Ell sw orth
▁Art , ▁Phot ography : ▁Vo y age ur ▁Sk ies : ▁We ather ▁and ▁the ▁W ilder ness ▁in ▁Minnesota ' s ▁National ▁Park ▁ ▁phot ography ▁by ▁Don ▁B ren eman , ▁weather ▁comment ary ▁by ▁Mark ▁See ley ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁Sh elter ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁St on ich ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁F iction : ▁The ▁L ighth ouse ▁Road ▁written ▁by ▁Peter ▁G ey e ▁Po etry : ▁The ▁First ▁Day ▁of ▁Spring ▁in ▁Northern ▁Minnesota ▁by ▁Jim ▁Johnson ▁General ▁Non f iction : ▁Haw k ▁R idge : ▁Minnesota ' s ▁Bird s ▁of ▁Pre y ▁written ▁by ▁Laura ▁Er ick son , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁B ets y ▁Bow en ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁Summer ▁of ▁the ▁Wol ves ▁written ▁by ▁Pol ly ▁Carl son - V o iles ▁Art , ▁Phot ography : ▁Another ▁Year ▁on ▁the ▁Gun fl int ▁Tra il ▁by ▁N ace ▁H agem ann ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁My ▁Mother ▁Is ▁Now ▁Earth ▁written ▁by ▁Mark ▁Anthony ▁R olo ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁F iction : ▁T amar ack ▁County ▁written ▁by ▁William ▁Kent ▁Kru eg er ▁Po etry : ▁B ound ▁T ogether : ▁Like ▁the ▁Gr ass es ▁by ▁Deb or ah ▁Cooper , ▁Cand ace ▁G ins berg , ▁Ann ▁Fl ore en ▁Nied ring haus , ▁Ell ie ▁Sch o en feld , ▁Anne ▁Sim pson ▁General ▁Non f iction : ▁The ▁Pie ▁Place ▁Ca
fe ▁Cook book : ▁Food ▁& ▁St ories ▁Season ed ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁Sh ore ▁written ▁by ▁Kath y ▁R ice ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁The ▁Best ▁Part ▁of ▁a ▁Sa una ▁written ▁by ▁Sh ery l ▁Pet erson , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Kelly ▁Dup re ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁Thread s ▁of ▁Hope : ▁Car ing ▁for ▁Bab ies ▁Ac ross ▁Three ▁Cont in ents ▁written ▁by ▁Mar tha ▁A as , ▁M . D . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁F iction : ▁S ins ▁of ▁Our ▁F athers , ▁written ▁by ▁Sh awn ▁Lawrence ▁Otto ▁Po etry : ▁Appro aching ▁the ▁Gate , ▁by ▁Lyn ette ▁Re ini - Gr and ell ▁General ▁Non f iction : ▁T win ▁Port s ▁by ▁T rol ley : ▁The ▁Street car ▁Era ▁in ▁D ul uth - Super ior , ▁written ▁by ▁A aron ▁Isa acs ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁Rh oda ' s ▁Rock ▁H unt , ▁written ▁by ▁Mol ly ▁Beth ▁Griff in , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Jenn ifer ▁A . ▁Bell ▁Mem oir ▁and ▁Creative ▁Non f iction : ▁Ro oted ▁in ▁Iron ▁and ▁Ice : ▁In noc ent ▁Years ▁on ▁the ▁Mes abi , ▁written ▁by ▁Gary ▁W . ▁Bar f k ne cht ▁Art , ▁Phot ography : ▁Sav ed ▁by ▁Beaut y : ▁Sister ▁Mary ▁Charles ▁McG ough , ▁O SB , ▁written ▁by ▁John ▁Sch if sky , ▁Sister ▁Lo is ▁E ck es , ▁Peter ▁Spo on er
, ▁D ust in ▁Lyon ▁and ▁Mer id ith ▁Sch if sky ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁F iction : ▁Once ▁W ere ▁Mountains ▁written ▁by ▁Victoria ▁Rich ards ▁Po etry : ▁Y o ik ▁by ▁Jim ▁Johnson ▁Non f iction : ▁Ta con ite ▁Dream s : ▁The ▁Str ug gle ▁to ▁S ust ain ▁M ining ▁on ▁Minnesota ' s ▁Iron ▁Range , ▁ 1 9 1 5 - 2 0 0 0 ▁written ▁by ▁Jeff rey ▁T . ▁Manuel ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁W ilder ' s ▁Ghost ▁written ▁by ▁D iane ▁Brad ley ▁Mem oir : ▁Hills ider : ▁S nap sh ots ▁of ▁a ▁Cur ious ▁Political ▁J our ney written ▁by ▁Don ▁N ess ▁Art , ▁Phot ography : ▁The ▁Way ▁of ▁Ch eng - K he e ▁Che e : ▁P aint ings ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 2 0 1 4 ▁cur ated ▁by ▁Peter ▁Spo on er , ▁The ▁Twe ed ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁F iction : ▁Winter ing ▁written ▁by ▁Peter ▁G ey e ▁Po etry : ▁The ▁Sky ▁Watch ed : ▁Po ems ▁of ▁O j ib we ▁L ives ▁by ▁L inda ▁Le G arde ▁Gro ver ▁Non f iction : ▁What ▁Should ▁A ▁Cle ver ▁Mo ose ▁E at ? ▁Natural ▁History , ▁E col ogy , ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Wood s ▁written ▁by ▁John ▁Past or ▁Children ' s ▁Liter ature : ▁One ▁North ▁Star : ▁A ▁Count ing ▁Book ▁written
▁by ▁Ph yll is ▁Root , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁B ets y ▁Bow en ▁and ▁Beck ie ▁P range ▁Mem oir : ▁Hom em ade : ▁Finn ish ▁R ye , ▁Fe ed ▁S ack ▁F ashion , ▁and ▁Other ▁Simple ▁Ing red ients ▁from ▁My ▁Life ▁in ▁Food ▁written ▁by ▁Be atrice ▁O jak ang as ▁Art , ▁Phot ography : ▁Gl ens he en : ▁The ▁Official ▁Guide ▁to ▁D ul uth ' s ▁Historic ▁Cong don ▁Est ate ▁by ▁Tony ▁D ier ck ins , ▁phot ography ▁by ▁Dennis ▁O ' H ara ▁ ▁Other ▁Minnesota ▁literary ▁awards ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Fant asy ▁Award ▁has ▁been ▁presented ▁ann ually ▁to ▁a ▁person ▁or ▁persons ▁with ▁t ies ▁to ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁fant asy , ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁horror . ▁ ▁Also , ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Book ▁Awards ▁are ▁presented ▁ann ually ▁for ▁books ▁created ▁by ▁writers , ▁ill ust rat ors ▁or ▁book ▁artists ▁who ▁are ▁Minn es ot ans . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : American ▁literary ▁awards ▁Category : M inn esota ▁culture ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Province ▁of ▁Pot enza ▁( ; ▁Pot ent ino : ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁province ▁in ▁the ▁Bas il ic ata ▁region ▁of ▁southern ▁Italy . ▁Its ▁capital ▁is
▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Pot enza . ▁ ▁Geography ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 6 9 , 5 3 8 ▁( as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ). ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 0 0 ▁com uni ▁( sing ular : ▁comune ) ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁( see ▁Com uni ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Pot enza ). ▁ ▁The ▁province ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁various ▁natural ▁land sc apes , ▁r anging ▁from ▁the ▁mountain ▁la kes ▁of ▁Mont ic chio , ▁the ▁Luc an ▁forest , ▁the ▁Monte ▁Sir ino ▁mass if , ▁the ▁large ▁National ▁Park ▁of ▁Pol l ino ▁( shared ▁by ▁Cal ab ria ) ▁and ▁the ▁T yr r hen ian ▁coast ▁of ▁Mar ate a . ▁The ▁largest ▁city ▁is ▁Pot enza , ▁followed ▁by ▁M elf i . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 2 7 2 ▁BC ▁the ▁province ▁was ▁conquer ed ▁by ▁the ▁Rom ans . ▁The ▁new ▁r ul ers ▁named ▁the ▁region ▁Luc ania . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁the ▁area ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Ap ul ia , ▁which ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁Norm ans . ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁it ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les , ▁though ▁Pot enza ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁local ▁v ass als . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁the ▁province ▁was ▁un ified ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Italy ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁formed
▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁region ▁has ▁suffered ▁from ▁numerous ▁earth qu akes ▁in ▁historic ▁times , ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁se ism ically ▁active ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁▁ ▁Pot enza <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁vot ers ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ontario , ▁elected ▁may ors , ▁coun c ill ors , ▁school ▁board ▁trust ees ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁elected ▁officials ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Ontario ' s ▁municipal ities . ▁ ▁These ▁elections ▁were ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁Act ▁of ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁Date ▁ ▁Municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁all ▁Ontario ▁municipal ities ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁Monday , ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( not with standing ▁advance ▁pol ling ▁arrang ements ). ▁Currently ▁municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁Ontario ▁have ▁fixed ▁election ▁dates , ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁round ▁of ▁elections ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁vote ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁period ▁between ▁elections ▁had ▁been ▁ 3 ▁years . ▁ ▁V oting ▁Notice ▁and ▁Att ention ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁may ▁have ▁with dra wn ▁from ▁the ▁race ▁prior ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁while ▁their ▁names ▁may ▁still ▁have ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁ball ot , ▁voting ▁for ▁a ▁with dra wn ▁candidate ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁spo iled ▁ball ot ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁counted
. ▁ ▁Term ▁lengths ▁▁ ▁The ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Ontario ▁legisl ation ▁( B ill ▁ 8 1 , ▁Sch edule ▁H ), ▁passed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁sets ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁terms ▁in ▁office ▁for ▁all ▁municipal ▁elected ▁officials ▁at ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁Camp aign s ▁in ▁major ▁cities ▁ ▁In ▁Toronto , ▁their ▁municipal ▁election ▁had ▁inc umb ent ▁mayor ▁David ▁Miller ▁easily ▁defe ating ▁coun c ill or ▁Jane ▁Pit field ▁and ▁former ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁president ▁Stephen ▁Le D rew . ▁ ▁Ott awa ' s ▁election ▁race ▁was ▁a ▁he ated ▁affair ▁with ▁inc umb ent ▁mayor ▁Bob ▁Ch ia rel li ▁finishing ▁third ▁behind ▁vict orious ▁business man ▁Larry ▁O ' B rien ▁and ▁popular ▁former ▁coun c ill or ▁Alex ▁M unter . ▁ ▁In ▁London , ▁inc umb ent ▁mayor ▁Anne ▁Marie ▁De C ic co - Best ▁defeated ▁Liberal ▁MP ▁Joe ▁Font ana . ▁In ▁Mississ aug a , ▁Haz el ▁Mc Call ion , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁mayor ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁faced ▁little ▁competition ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁victory . ▁ ▁Larry ▁Di ▁I anni , ▁Hamilton ' s ▁mayor ▁was ▁ups et ▁in ▁an ▁extremely ▁close ▁race ▁by ▁former ▁al der man ▁Fred ▁Eisen berger . ▁ ▁In ▁Gre ater ▁Sud bury , ▁mayor ▁David ▁Cour tem anche ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁former ▁N DP ▁MP ▁John ▁Rod rig uez . ▁ ▁In ▁Gu el ph , ▁former ▁mayor ▁Kar en ▁Far bridge ▁defeated ▁inc umb ent
▁mayor ▁Kate ▁Qu ar rie ▁in ▁a ▁revers al ▁of ▁the ▁election ▁three ▁years ▁prior ▁when ▁Qu ar rie ▁defeated ▁Far bridge . ▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁inhabitants ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁mayor al ▁races ▁and ▁city ▁council ▁races ▁unless ▁a ▁main ▁article ▁exists , ▁in ▁which ▁case ▁only ▁the ▁mayor al ▁races ▁are ▁listed ▁here . ▁In ▁the ▁tables , ▁candidates ▁marked ▁with ▁an ▁( X ) ▁were ▁the ▁inc umb ent . ▁ ▁Bar rie ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁Br am pton ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Bur ling ton ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁and ▁regional ▁council ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Ch ath am - K ent ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Gre ater ▁Sud bury ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council : ▁See ▁separate ▁article . ▁ ▁Gu el ph ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Hamilton ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁King ston ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁K itch ener ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁Regional ▁council ▁ ▁London ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Board ▁of ▁control ▁ ▁( F our ▁to ▁be ▁elected ) ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁Mark ham ▁ ▁Mayor ▁ ▁Regional ▁council ▁ ▁Town ▁council ▁ ▁Mississ aug a ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Oak ville ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Town ▁& ▁regional ▁council ▁ ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁O sh awa ▁
▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Ott awa ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Richmond ▁Hill ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Other ▁races ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁St . ▁C ath ar ines ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Other ▁races ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁Th under ▁Bay ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Toronto ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁City ▁council ▁ ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁V aug han ▁ ▁May oral ▁race ▁ ▁Other ▁races ▁See ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁W inds or ▁ ▁Mayor ▁ ▁Other ▁races : ▁see ▁main ▁article ▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁with ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁R aces ▁for ▁mayor ▁only , ▁see ▁main ▁article ▁for ▁more ▁information . ▁In ▁the ▁tables , ▁candidates ▁marked ▁with ▁an ▁( X ) ▁were ▁the ▁inc umb ent . ▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁with ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁( E lect ed ▁may ors ▁shown ▁only ) ▁ ▁The ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Pres c ott ▁and ▁Russell ▁( E lect ed ▁may ors ▁shown ▁only ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁Canada ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Ontario ▁municipal ▁elections ▁ ▁Electron ic ▁voting ▁in ▁Canada ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ontario ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Municipal ▁Affairs ▁and ▁H ous ing ▁E lections ▁Page ▁ ▁Council ▁results ▁for ▁every ▁municipality ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁Ajax ▁elections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Bar rie ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Belle ville ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City
▁of ▁Br am pton ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Br ant ford ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Bur ling ton ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Community ▁of ▁Ch ath am - K ent ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Cl aring ton ▁V otes ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Sud bury ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Gu el ph ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁K aw ar tha ▁L akes ▁Municipal ▁E lection ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁King ston ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁K itch ener ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁London ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁Mark ham ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Mississ aug a ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁New market ▁Municipal ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Ni ag ara ▁F alls ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Nor folk ▁County ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Municipal ▁E lection ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁Oak ville ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁O sh awa ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Ott awa ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Peter borough ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁- ▁online ▁voting ▁▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Pick ering ▁municipal ▁elections ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁Richmond ▁Hill ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁S arn ia ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁S ault ▁Ste . ▁Marie ▁elections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁St . ▁C ath ar ines ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Th under ▁Bay
▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Toronto ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Well and ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁W inds or ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ ▁Whit by ▁Municipal ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Gal ve ▁de ▁Sor be ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Gu adal aj ara , ▁Cast ile - La ▁Man cha , ▁Spain . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁census ▁( INE ), ▁the ▁municipality ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 3 3 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Gu adal aj ara ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Gu adal aj ara <0x0A> </s> ▁N ico lett a ▁Luci ani ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Ch iar av alle ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁professional ▁vol ley ball ▁player , ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁liber o . ▁She ▁now ▁plays ▁for ▁Cu atto ▁Vol ley ▁Gia ven o . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁An con a ▁Category : Ital ian ▁women ' s ▁vol ley ball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Auto St itch ▁is ▁a ▁propriet ary ▁image ▁st itch ing ▁software ▁tool ▁for ▁creating ▁pan or am as . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Matthew ▁Brown ▁and ▁David ▁G
. ▁L owe ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁The ▁software ▁uses ▁methods ▁known ▁as ▁S IF T ▁and ▁R AN S AC . ▁This ▁program ▁diff ers ▁from ▁some ▁other ▁image ▁st itch ing ▁software ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁automatically ▁st itch es ▁together ▁even ▁un aligned ▁or ▁zoom ed ▁photograph s ▁se am lessly ▁without ▁user ▁input , ▁whereas ▁others ▁often ▁require ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁highlight ▁matching ▁areas ▁for ▁the ▁photograph s ▁to ▁merge ▁properly . ▁The ▁only ▁requirement ▁is ▁that ▁all ▁photograph s ▁be ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁point . ▁ ▁Other ▁software ▁such ▁as ▁H ugin ▁have ▁recently ▁added ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁st itch ▁images ▁without ▁user ▁input ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website : ▁ ▁Auto St itch ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Pan or ama ▁software ▁Category : Photo ▁st itch ing ▁software <0x0A> </s> ▁Mad ingo - K ay es ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁lying ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁K ou il ou ▁River ▁on ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁ ▁It ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁coast al ▁rain for est . ▁ ▁Category : K ou il ou ▁Department ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo <0x0A> </s> ▁Pseud oly ca ena ▁is ▁a ▁Ne otrop ical ▁genus ▁of ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁Pseud oly ca ena ▁dam o ▁( D ru ce , ▁ 1 8 7
5 ) ▁ ▁Pseud oly ca ena ▁mars y as ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Distribution ▁Species ▁of ▁this ▁genus ▁occur ▁in ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁from ▁Mexico ▁to ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁" P se ud oly ca ena ▁W allen gren , ▁ 1 8 5 8 " ▁at ▁Mark ku ▁Sav ela ' s ▁Le pid optera ▁and ▁Some ▁Other ▁Life ▁Form s ▁ ▁Category : E um ae ini ▁Category : L y ca en idae ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁Category : L y ca en idae ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Hans ▁Daniel ▁Johan ▁W allen gren <0x0A> </s> ▁H ake a ▁me is ner iana ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Prote aceae ▁and ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁It ▁has ▁small , ▁ne ct ar ▁rich , ▁cre amy ▁white ▁flowers ▁in ▁clusters ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁branches ▁from ▁August ▁to ▁November . ▁ ▁Description ▁H ake a ▁me is ner iana ▁is ▁an ▁ere ct ▁open ▁shr ub ▁with ▁a ▁bro om - like ▁appearance ▁that ▁typically ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁with ▁smooth ▁grey ▁b ark ▁at ▁flow ering ▁and ▁asc ending ▁branches . ▁The ▁s age ▁green ▁ter ete ▁leaves ▁are ▁rig id ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁long ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁small ▁gro ov es ▁longitud in ally ▁along ▁the ▁leaf ▁and ▁ending ▁with ▁a ▁sharp ▁point . ▁ ▁The ▁smooth ▁leaves ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁diameter
▁and ▁hex ag onal ▁in ▁cross - section . ▁The ▁infl ores c ence ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁cluster ▁of ▁ 3 6 - 4 4 ▁white ▁or ▁cre am ▁flowers ▁in ▁clusters ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁ ▁leaf ▁ax ils ▁of ▁branch lets . ▁ ▁The ▁p edic el ▁is ▁smooth , ▁per ian th ▁cre am - white ▁and ▁the ▁p ist ils ▁ ▁long . ▁Flow ering ▁occurs ▁from ▁August ▁to ▁November . ▁The ▁small , ▁slightly ▁cur ved ▁o void ▁fruit ▁are ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁ 1 - 4 ▁on ▁a ▁thick ▁stem , ▁ ▁long , ▁ ▁wide ▁and ▁tap ering ▁gradually ▁to ▁a ▁be ak ▁with ▁an ▁easily ▁broken ▁point . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁naming ▁H ake a ▁me is ner iana ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁by ▁Richard ▁K ipp ist ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁and ▁the ▁description ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁Hook er ' s ▁Journal ▁of ▁Bot any ▁and ▁K ew ▁Garden ▁Mis cell any . ▁ ▁N amed ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Swiss ▁botan ist ▁Carl ▁Me is ner ▁who ▁described ▁many ▁H ake a ▁species . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁Whe at b elt ▁and ▁Gold fields - Es per ance ▁region ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁from ▁Dal wall inu ▁to ▁C ool g ard ie ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁D umble y ung ▁and ▁N ors eman ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁sand pla ins ▁growing ▁in ▁sand y , ▁lo amy ▁and ▁gra vel ly
▁so ils ▁often ▁above ▁or ▁around ▁later ite . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁status ▁H ake a ▁me is ner iana ▁is ▁class ified ▁as ▁" not ▁threatened '' ▁by ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Government ▁Department ▁of ▁Park s ▁and ▁Wild life . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁me is ner iana ▁Category : E ud ic ots ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁U es ug i ▁Nor iz ane ▁( 上 <0xE6> <0x9D> <0x89> ▁ <0xE6> <0x86> <0xB2> 実 ; ▁ 1 4 1 0 ▁– ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 4 6 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁sam ur ai ▁of ▁the ▁U es ug i ▁cl an ▁who ▁held ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high ▁government ▁posts ▁during ▁the ▁Mur om achi ▁period . ▁ ▁Sh ugo ▁( Const able ) ▁of ▁A wa ▁and ▁K ō zu ke ▁Province , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Kant ō ▁kan rei ▁( Sh ō gun ' s ▁deput y ▁in ▁the ▁Kant ō ▁region ) ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 9 , ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁Kant ō ▁k ub ō ▁Ash ik aga ▁M och iu ji . ▁When ▁M och iu ji ▁re bel led ▁against ▁the ▁sh og un ate , ▁and ▁attacked ▁Nor iz ane ▁directly , ▁Nor iz ane ▁compla ined ▁to ▁the ▁sh og un ate , ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁K ō zu ke ▁province . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Kam ak ura ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 9 , ▁following
▁M och iu ji ' s ▁death . ▁Nor iz ane , ▁as ▁Kant ō ▁kan rei , ▁now ▁controlled ▁the ▁Kant ō ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁Kant ō ▁k ub ō ; ▁from ▁then ▁on , ▁the ▁kan rei ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁sh ō gun ' s ▁direct ▁deput y , ▁the ▁k ub ō ▁serving ▁only ▁as ▁an ▁empty ▁title . ▁ ▁Nor iz ane ▁left ▁his ▁post ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁U es ug i ▁Ki y ot aka ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁mon k . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁patron ▁of ▁the ▁Ash ik aga ▁Academy ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁expand ▁its ▁library . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Freder ic , ▁Louis ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁" J apan ▁Encyclopedia ." ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁Sans om , ▁George ▁( 1 9 6 1 ). ▁" A ▁History ▁of ▁Japan : ▁ 1 3 3 4 - 1 6 1 5 ." ▁Stan ford , ▁California : ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Category : U es ug i ▁cl an ▁Category : 1 4 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 4 6 6 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Gi ri ▁Ba ale ▁( K ann ada : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x97> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBF> ರ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBF> ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xAC> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBE> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB2> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x86> ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Indian ▁K ann
ada ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁B . ▁Mall esh ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁N . ▁V enk ates h , ▁V . ▁S . ▁Sh y am as und ar , ▁Sm t ▁P rab hav ath i ▁K anth ar aj ▁and ▁K . ▁V . ▁R ao . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Am bar ish , ▁Ge eth a , ▁Sh ob h ana ▁and ▁K . ▁S . ▁Ash w ath ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁roles . ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁musical ▁score ▁by ▁Raj an - N ag endra . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Am bar ish ▁Ge eth a ▁Sh ob h ana ▁K . ▁S . ▁Ash w ath ▁Lok an ath ▁Th o og ude ep a ▁S rin ivas ▁Sh ak ti ▁Pr as ad ▁Mys ore ▁Lok esh ▁D ines h ▁Mus uri ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁Han uman th ach ar ▁B . ▁Mall esh ▁Le el av ath i ▁Sh ash ik ala ▁Sh y am ala ▁Baby ▁Re k ha ▁N . ▁Nag ar aj ▁V . S . ▁Sh y am as und ar ▁in ▁Gu est ▁App earance ▁N . ▁V enk ates h ▁in ▁Gu est ▁App earance ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Raj an - N ag endra <0x0A> </s> ▁Ev ely n ▁Francis ▁Edward ▁Se ym our ,
▁ 1 7 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset ▁ ▁( 1 ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer , ▁land owner , ▁peer , ▁and ▁for ▁eight ▁years ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁W ilt shire . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁baron et . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁The ▁son ▁of ▁Edward ▁Se ym our , ▁ 1 6 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset , ▁by ▁his ▁marriage ▁to ▁Row ena ▁Wall , ▁Se ym our ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Col om bo , ▁C ey lon . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Bl und ell ' s ▁School , ▁T iver ton , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst . ▁He ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁the ▁Un att ached ▁List ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁before ▁being ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dublin ▁F us ili ers . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁Se ym our ▁served ▁throughout ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁War ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁South ▁Africa ▁Medal ▁with ▁five ▁clas ps . ▁He ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁A den ▁Prote ctor ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Se ym our , ▁then ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dublin ▁F us ili ers , ▁was ▁appointed ▁adj ut ant ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 th ▁( Count y ▁of ▁London ) ▁Cy cl ist ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁London
▁Regiment , ▁in ▁which ▁posting ▁he ▁continued ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dublin ▁F us ili ers ▁to ▁take ▁command ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 0 th ▁Battalion . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁Act ing ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁D SO ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁he ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Ad j ut ant ▁General ' s ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁Office . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁O BE ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁He ▁succeeded ▁to ▁his ▁father ' s ▁du k edom ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁Som erset ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁army . ▁With ▁effect ▁from ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁Dev ons hire ▁Regiment , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁commanded ▁a ▁batt alion , ▁and ▁he ▁later ▁held ▁an ▁appointment ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁colon el ▁on ▁the ▁General ▁Staff . ▁ ▁Civil ian ▁life ▁Som erset ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁The ▁Magic ▁Circle ▁for ▁many ▁years , ▁having ▁first ▁joined ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁the ▁mag ician ▁Ernest ▁No akes . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁President ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Lord ▁A mp
th ill . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁he ▁bore ▁the ▁S cept re ▁with ▁the ▁Cross ▁at ▁the ▁coron ation ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁VI . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁ret irement ▁from ▁active ▁service ▁with ▁the ▁Army , ▁Som erset ▁returned ▁to ▁Ma iden ▁Brad ley ▁to ▁take ▁charge ▁of ▁his ▁est ates ▁in ▁W ilt shire ▁and ▁Som erset . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁W ilt shire , ▁succeed ing ▁Sir ▁Ernest ▁Will s . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁" h aving ▁exceed ed ▁the ▁age ▁limit ", ▁he ▁rel in qu ished ▁his ▁commission ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁Dev on ▁Regiment ▁on ▁retired ▁pay . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁V ener able ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁John . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁and ▁Navy ▁Club , ▁the ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military ▁Club , ▁and ▁the ▁Mary le bone ▁Cr icket ▁Club . ▁ ▁Su cc ession ▁In ▁London ▁on ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁he ▁married ▁Ed ith ▁Mary ▁Parker ▁( d . ▁Ma iden ▁Brad ley , ▁W ilt shire , ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 2 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁Parker , ▁of ▁Wh itt ington ▁Hall , ▁Derby shire , ▁England , ▁and ▁Luc inda ▁Ste e
ves , ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁Ste e ves . ▁Ev ely n ▁and ▁Ed ith ▁had ▁four ▁children : ▁ ▁The ▁Hon . ▁Francis ▁William ▁Se ym our ▁( 2 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 7 ) ▁The ▁Hon . ▁Alg ern on ▁Francis ▁Edward ▁Se ym our ▁( 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 1 ) ▁Per cy ▁Hamilton ▁Se ym our , ▁ 1 8 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset ▁( 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Lady ▁Susan ▁Mary ▁Se ym our ▁( C row borough , ▁Sus sex , ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 4 ), ▁un mar ried ▁and ▁without ▁issue . ▁ ▁Som erset ▁died ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁An c est ry ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ob itu ary ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset , ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁W ilt shire , ▁in ▁The ▁Times , ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁( pg . ▁ 1 0 ; ▁Issue ▁ 5 2 9 1 6 ; ▁col ▁E ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Du cal ▁House ▁of ▁Som erset ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 4
▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Bl und ell ' s ▁School ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Order ▁Category : Dev ons hire ▁Regiment ▁officers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Gr adu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst ▁ 5 1 7 ▁Category : L ord - L ie uten ants ▁of ▁W ilt shire ▁Category : O ffic ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Dublin ▁F us ili ers ▁officers ▁Ev ely n ▁Se ym our , ▁ 1 7 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset ▁Category : S om erset ▁County ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁pres idents ▁Category : B rit ish ▁land own ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁pap erm outh ▁( Enter om ius ▁mat to zi ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁silver fish ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ray - f inned ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Enter om ius . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁pap erm outh ▁has ▁a ▁sil very ▁body ▁with ▁orange ▁col oured ▁fins . ▁The ▁d ors al ▁fin ▁is ▁ser r ated ▁and ▁its ▁scales ▁are ▁marked ▁with ▁radial ▁stri ations . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁length ▁of ▁ 4 0 cm ▁and ▁a ▁weight ▁of ▁ 1 . 4 kg . ▁ ▁The ▁mouth
▁is ▁position ed ▁termin ally . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁prot ract ile ▁mouth . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁The ▁pap erm outh ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁southern ▁and ▁central ▁Africa ▁from ▁the ▁Congo ▁Bas in ▁through ▁Ang ola ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁L imp opo , ▁including ▁the ▁upper ▁Zam be zi . ▁It ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁artificial ▁imp ound ments ▁in ▁southern ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁The ▁pap erm outh ▁is ▁a ▁b enth op el ag ic , ▁pot am od rom ous ▁fish ▁which ▁occurs ▁naturally ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁po ols ▁of ▁per enn ial ▁rivers , ▁which ▁are ▁cool er ▁than ▁the ▁shall ows . ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁artificial ▁la kes ▁such ▁as ▁res er voir s ▁and ▁farm ▁d ams ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁introduced ▁into ▁these . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁act ively ▁pre dat ory ▁species , ▁feed ing ▁on ▁small ▁pl ank ton ic ▁cr ust ace ans ▁and ▁insect s ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁ju ven ile ▁and ▁pre ying ▁on ▁small ▁fish ▁when ▁adult . ▁It ▁will ▁also ▁feed ▁on ▁the ▁se eds ▁of ▁water ▁l il ies , ▁alg ae ▁and ▁aqu atic ▁plants . ▁In ▁turn , ▁the ▁pap erm outh ▁is ▁a ▁pre y ▁species ▁for ▁birds , ▁ot ters , ▁large ▁cat fish ▁and ▁larger ▁cons pec ific s . ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁summer ▁ra ins , ▁the ▁pap erm outh ▁migr ates ▁up stream ▁in ▁the ▁flo oded ▁rivers ▁to ▁spawn . ▁This ▁species ▁m atures ▁at ▁three ▁years ▁old ▁and
▁the ▁oldest ▁recorded ▁fish ▁was ▁ 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Human ▁interactions ▁The ▁pap erm outh ▁is ▁and ▁ag gress ive ▁fish ▁and ▁this ▁makes ▁it ▁a ▁popular ▁target ▁for ▁ang lers ▁and ▁fly ▁fish ers ▁and ▁is ▁har v ested ▁for ▁human ▁consumption . ▁In ▁some ▁parts ▁of ▁its ▁range ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁decl ining , ▁but ▁the ▁IU CN ▁class ▁the ▁species ▁as ▁being ▁of ▁" Le ast ▁Conc ern ", ▁although ▁they ▁note ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁potential ▁thre ats ▁from ▁poll ution ▁and ▁over f ishing . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁name ▁Bar bus ▁mat to zi ▁was ▁originally ▁applied ▁to ▁spec im ens ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Cu anza ▁and ▁C un ene ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁and ▁Nam ib ia . ▁The ▁spec im ens ▁taken ▁in ▁the ▁L imp opo ▁were ▁named ▁as ▁Bar bus ▁rap ax . ▁The ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁pap erm outh ▁in ▁the ▁Zam be zi , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁species , ▁is ▁uncertain , ▁the ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁introduced ▁to ▁d ams ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁and ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁taken ▁in ▁the ▁Zam be zi ▁may ▁be ▁esc apes ▁from ▁these ▁artificial ly ▁stock ed ▁populations . ▁Some ▁authorities , ▁therefore , ▁consider ▁that ▁Enter om ius ▁mat to zi ▁and ▁Enter om ius ▁rap ax ▁should ▁be ▁treated ▁as ▁separate ▁species . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Enter om ius ▁Category : F resh water ▁fish ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in
▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁Category : F resh water ▁Game ▁fish <0x0A> </s> ▁Gordon ▁D ann ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁ ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁South ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : S yd ney ▁Sw ans ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Other ▁Vo ices , ▁Other ▁Ro oms ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Other ▁Vo ices , ▁Other ▁Ro oms ▁( nov el ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁novel ▁by ▁Tr uman ▁Cap ote ▁ ▁Other ▁Vo ices , ▁Other ▁Ro oms ▁( N anci ▁Griff ith ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁ ▁Other ▁Vo ices , ▁Other ▁Ro oms ▁( The ▁G eta way ▁Plan ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Other ▁Vo ices , ▁Other ▁Ro oms ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁novel , ▁directed ▁by ▁David ▁Ro cks av age <0x0A> </s> ▁Raymond ▁Tam ▁Chi - y uen ▁is ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁politician . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁under secret aries ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁has ▁an ▁educational ▁background ▁in ▁engineering , ▁and ▁has ▁worked ▁in ▁various
▁capac ities ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁service ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁Secretary ▁for ▁Constitution al ▁and ▁Main land ▁Affairs ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Education ▁Tam ▁has ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁engineering ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁Administr ative ▁Service ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁and ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Administr ative ▁Officer ▁Staff ▁Gra de ▁B ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Tam ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁various ▁b ure aus ▁and ▁depart ments ▁including ▁the ▁Central ▁Policy ▁Unit , ▁the ▁former ▁Constitution al ▁Affairs ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Fin an cial ▁Secretary , ▁the ▁Chief ▁Executive ' s ▁Office , ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Trade ▁Office ▁in ▁Gene va , ▁ ▁Information ▁Services ▁Department ▁and ▁the ▁Home ▁Affairs ▁Bureau . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Tam ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Congress ▁▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁Raymond ▁Tam ▁chi - y uen ▁said ▁he ▁supported ▁the ▁article ▁twenty ▁three ▁of ▁Basic ▁Law ▁should ▁be ▁passed ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁possible . ▁ ▁Under secret ary ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁under secret ary ▁for ▁the ▁constitution al ▁and ▁main land ▁affairs . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁ren oun cing ▁his ▁British ▁citizens hip ▁under ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Political
▁App oint ments ▁System . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : Deleg ates ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Congress ▁from ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : G overn ment ▁officials ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Ger ald ▁" G er ry " ▁Cass id y ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁prominent ▁lo bb y ist ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁co - found er ▁and ▁ ▁CE O ▁of ▁Cass id y ▁& ▁Associ ates . ▁ ▁Cass id y ▁was ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁self - re li ant ▁practical ▁nur se ▁with ▁a ▁sh ake y ▁marriage ; ▁she ▁moved ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁three ▁sister s ▁from ▁house ▁to ▁house ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁and ▁Queens ▁throughout ▁his ▁child hood . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁Vill an ova ▁University ▁( B . S . ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁and ▁Corn ell ▁Law ▁( J . D . ▁ 1 9 6 7 ). ▁ ▁Cass id y ▁& ▁Associ ates ▁pione ered ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁con gression al ▁ear marks , ▁used ▁to ▁obtain ▁gr ants ▁for ▁university ▁clients ; ▁Cass id y ▁himself ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Vill an ova ▁University ▁and ▁Boston ▁University . ▁ ▁Cass id y ▁was ▁also
▁an ▁a ide ▁to ▁Sen . ▁George ▁McG overn ▁and ▁general ▁coun sel ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁National ▁Committee ' s ▁Party ▁Reform ▁Commission . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Cass id y ▁was ▁named ▁# 5 2 ▁on ▁the ▁For bes ▁" The ▁Power ▁ 1 0 0 ." ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁an ▁extensive ▁Washington ▁Post ▁series , ▁address ing ▁details ▁of ▁his ▁personal ▁life ▁and ▁professional ▁success . ▁ ▁Cass id y ▁is ▁the ▁central ▁figure ▁in ▁Robert ▁G . ▁Kaiser ' s ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁book ▁on ▁lo bb ying , ▁So ▁Dam n ▁Much ▁M oney : ▁The ▁Tri umph ▁of ▁Lob by ing ▁and ▁the ▁Cor ros ion ▁of ▁American ▁Government ▁( K n opf , ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Cass id y ▁stepped ▁down ▁from ▁the ▁day - to - day ▁leadership ▁of ▁Cass id y ▁& ▁Associ ates ▁and ▁became ▁chairman ▁emer it us . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ger ry ▁Cass id y ▁Vill an ova ▁Magazine ▁press ▁release ▁Washington ▁Post ▁series ▁index ▁ ▁Category : L aw y ers ▁from ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : V ill an ova ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C orn ell ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : B oston ▁University ▁people ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁con gression al ▁a
ides ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ▁is ▁a ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁which ▁develop s ▁access ories ▁for ▁port able ▁media ▁players . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁it ▁was ▁notable ▁for ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ 5 0 0 ▁fast est ▁growing ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ▁has ▁international ▁distribution ▁system ▁covering ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁countries , ▁including ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Australia , ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Japan . ▁ ▁They ▁hold ▁various ▁US ▁pat ents , ▁including ▁the ▁pat ent ▁for ▁the ▁Commander ▁Scroll ▁W heel ▁Technology ▁which ▁allows ▁for ▁control ▁of ▁a ▁touch ▁sensitive ▁rot atable ▁wheel ▁( like ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁larger ▁i P ods ) ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁a ▁fully ▁water proof ▁hard ▁case . ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁make ▁the ▁only ▁housing ▁with ▁attached ▁speak ers ▁that ▁allows ▁i P ods ▁and ▁i Ph ones ▁to ▁function ▁and ▁be ▁controlled ▁under water ▁up ▁to ▁depth s ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁feet . ▁ ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ' s ▁mot to ▁is ▁" Your ▁Sport , ▁Your ▁Music ", ▁and ▁their ▁spons ored ▁athlet es ▁include ▁Michael ▁Ph el ps , ▁Natal ie ▁C ough lin , ▁La ird ▁Hamilton , ▁and ▁tri ath let es ▁Greg ▁and ▁Laura ▁Ben nett . ▁ ▁History ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ▁was ▁started ▁as ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁student ▁project ▁at
▁San ▁Diego ▁State ▁University ▁by ▁a ▁SC U BA ▁diver ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁music ▁with ▁him ▁while ▁div ing ; ▁hence ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁D iver ▁Entertainment . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁first ▁pat ents ▁were ▁approved , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁water proof ▁techn ologies ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁under water ▁SC U BA ▁product ▁was ▁sh ipped . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁company ▁moved ▁into ▁developing ▁water proof ▁head ph ones ▁and ▁cases ▁for ▁MP 3 ▁players , ▁including ▁i P ods . ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁was ▁the ▁year ▁Olympic ▁sw immer ▁Natal ie ▁C ough lin ▁was ▁brought ▁on ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁official ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ▁Amb assador , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁big ▁wave ▁sur fer ▁La ird ▁Hamilton ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁an ▁official ▁H 2 O ▁Audio ▁Amb assador . ▁Currently , ▁La ird ▁Hamilton ▁has ▁his ▁own ▁signature ▁version ▁of ▁Sur ge ▁Head ph ones . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Olympic ▁sw immer ▁Michael ▁Ph el ps ▁also ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁amb assador ▁of ▁the ▁brand , ▁along ▁with ▁tri ath let es ▁Greg ▁and ▁Laura ▁Ben nett . ▁ ▁Product s ▁▁ ▁The ▁Capt ure ▁- ▁A ▁water proof ▁hard ▁case ▁for ▁the ▁i Pod ▁N ano ▁ 5 th ▁generation ▁with ▁video ▁( launch ed ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9
) ▁ ▁Inter val ▁ 3 G ▁- ▁A ▁head phone ▁system ▁with ▁integrated ▁case ▁designed ▁for ▁sw imm ers ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁generation ▁i Pod ▁sh uffle ▁in ▁the ▁pool ▁( launch ed ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Sur ge ▁Sport wrap ▁Head ph ones ▁- ▁A ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Sur ge ▁water proof ▁head ph ones ▁integrated ▁into ▁a ▁light ▁behind ▁the ▁head ▁head band ▁with ▁co iled ▁cord ▁management ▁system ▁( launch ed ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Sur ge ▁Pro ▁Head ph ones ▁- ▁In - ear ▁bal anced ▁arm ature ▁water proof ▁head ph ones ▁( launch ed ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Inter val ▁- ▁A ▁head phone ▁system ▁with ▁integrated ▁case ▁designed ▁for ▁sw imm ers ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁generation ▁i Pod ▁sh uffle ▁in ▁the ▁pool ▁( launch ed ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Am ph ib x ▁Arm band ▁- ▁An ▁arm band ▁with ▁an ▁integrated ▁water proof ▁p ouch . ▁ ▁Com es ▁in ▁three ▁sizes ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁many ▁sizes ▁of ▁MP 3 ▁players ▁including ▁i Ph ones ▁and ▁i Pod ▁touch es . ▁( launch ed ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Sur ge ▁Head ph ones ▁- ▁In - ear ▁water proof ▁head ph ones ▁( launch ed ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Port able ▁media ▁players <0x0A>
</s> ▁The ▁Tout un he ▁District ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁ 7 ▁urban ▁districts ▁of ▁the ▁pre fect ure - level ▁city ▁of ▁W ul um u qi , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁X in ji ang ▁U yg ur ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region , ▁North west ▁China , ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁of ▁Ü r ü m qi ' s ▁urban ▁core . ▁It ▁contains ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁census , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁X in ji ang ▁Category : Ü r ü m qi <0x0A> </s> ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character , ▁a ▁mut ant ▁villa in ▁appearing ▁in ▁American ▁com ic ▁books ▁published ▁by ▁Marvel ▁Comics . ▁He ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁writer ▁Scott ▁Lob d ell ▁and ▁artist ▁Chris ▁Bach alo , ▁and ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Generation ▁Next ▁# 2 ▁( A pril ▁ 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁first ▁appeared ▁during ▁" Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ", ▁an ▁event ▁that ▁caused ▁Marvel ▁Un iverse ' s ▁history ▁to ▁diver ge . ▁Although ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁story line ' s ▁characters ▁were ▁alternate ▁versions ▁of ▁existing ▁hero es ▁and ▁villa ins , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁counter part . ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁character ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp
se ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁originally ▁comes ▁from ▁an ▁alternate ▁tim eline ▁Earth - 2 9 5 , ▁where ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁conquer ed ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁system ▁in ▁which ▁mut ants ▁ruled . ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁M ister ▁Sin ister , ▁who ▁taught ▁him ▁gen et ics ▁and ▁science . ▁He ▁becomes ▁a ▁capable ▁gen etic ist ▁with ▁a ▁lab ▁at ▁Ni ag ara ▁F alls ▁where ▁he ▁regularly ▁tor ments ▁his ▁human ▁slaves . ▁ ▁Later ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁placed ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁Pacific ▁North west ' s ▁human ▁slave ▁camp , ▁the ▁" Se attle ▁Core ." ▁Mag net o ▁needed ▁a ▁mut ant ▁with ▁chron o - variant ▁powers ▁— time ▁travel — ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁restore ▁reality ' s ▁proper ▁order ▁before ▁Charles ▁X avier ' s ▁death , ▁whose ▁existence ▁was ▁revealed ▁by ▁Bishop , ▁a ▁disp la ced ▁mut ant ▁from ▁Earth - 6 1 6 . ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁had ▁already ▁killed ▁all ▁mut ants ▁with ▁chron o - variant ▁powers ▁to ▁prevent ▁anyone ▁from ▁und erm ining ▁his ▁regime , ▁but ▁Know - It - All ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁locate ▁one ▁with ▁lat ent ▁powers : ▁Il ly ana ▁Ras put in , ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁Generation ▁Next ' s ▁leader , ▁Col oss us . ▁ ▁Mag net o ▁sends ▁the ▁fled g ling ▁group , ▁Generation ▁Next , ▁to ▁the ▁Core ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁rescue ▁her
. ▁During ▁their ▁mission , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁enc oun ters ▁and ▁k ills ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁members , ▁including ▁Vincent e ▁and ▁Mond o . ▁During ▁the ▁process , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁seem ingly ▁destroyed . ▁In ▁reality , ▁however , ▁he ▁lost ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁mass ▁and ▁sh rank ▁to ▁a ▁min usc ule ▁size . ▁He ▁h ides ▁in ▁Col oss us ' ▁boot ▁during ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁Ap ocal yp se ' s ▁cit adel . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁B link ▁limited ▁series , ▁a ▁flash back ▁reve als ▁that ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁j ail er ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁cell m ates ▁Il ly ana ▁Ras put in ▁and ▁B link ▁( before ▁she ▁was ▁res cu ed ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁by ▁We ap on - X ▁and ▁Sab re to oth ) ▁in ▁a ▁prison ▁facility ▁where ▁he ▁regularly ▁ab used ▁them . ▁ ▁Ar rival ▁in ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁During ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁Ap ocal yp se ' s ▁cit adel , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁cha os ▁to ▁escape ▁by ▁jump ing ▁into ▁the ▁M ' K ra an ▁Cry stal , ▁the ▁" N ex us ▁of ▁all ▁real ities ". ▁ ▁He ▁arriv es ▁in ▁the ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁tim eline , ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁an ▁un spec ified ▁location ▁some ▁twenty ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁travel s ▁to ▁Gen os ha ▁and
▁contacts ▁Gen eg ine er , ▁who ▁he ▁gives ▁the ▁formula ▁for ▁the ▁" mut ate ▁bond ing ▁process ", ▁for ci b ly ▁ens la ving ▁hundreds ▁of ▁mut ants ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁Mag istr ates . ▁When ▁the ▁first ▁Gen os ha ▁government ▁- ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁Gen eg ine er ▁and ▁Camer on ▁H odge ▁- ▁falls , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁begins ▁working ▁behind ▁the ▁scenes ▁to ▁affect ▁the ▁seem ingly ▁more ▁peace ful ▁government ▁run ▁by ▁S asha ▁Ryan . ▁ ▁Event ually ▁this ▁government ▁falls ▁into ▁a ▁brut al ▁civil ▁war . ▁When ▁the ▁mut ant ▁team ▁Ex cal ib ur ▁is ▁investig ating ▁the ▁first ▁Mut ate ▁slave ▁of ▁Gen os ha , ▁they ▁almost ▁learn ▁the ▁secret ▁of ▁the ▁Sug ar ▁Man ; ▁however , ▁this ▁is ▁th wart ed ▁when ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁activ ates ▁a ▁device ▁that ▁k ills ▁the ▁Mut ate ▁before ▁his ▁invol vement ▁can ▁be ▁revealed . ▁When ▁Ex cal ib ur ▁continues ▁to ▁keep ▁searching ▁for ▁the ▁secret ▁history ▁of ▁Gen os ha , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁prevents ▁them ▁by ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁master ▁computer ▁holding ▁the ▁information . ▁ ▁Oper ating ▁from ▁the ▁Sh adows ▁Det ect ing ▁that ▁X - Man , ▁another ▁refuge e ▁from ▁Earth - 2 9 5 , ▁is ▁active ▁in ▁Earth - 6 1 6 , ▁Sug ar - Man ▁sends ▁his ▁agent ▁R ex ▁to ▁eliminate ▁him ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁maintain ▁his ▁an onym ity . ▁Much ▁to ▁his ▁fr ustration ,
▁the ▁first ▁assass ination ▁attempt ▁ ▁is ▁interrupted ▁by ▁Sel ene . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁then ▁attempts ▁to ▁capture ▁Alex ▁Sum mers , ▁using ▁Sc ar let ▁McK en zie ▁as ▁his ▁oper ative . ▁She ▁fails ▁and ▁he ▁eventually ▁gives ▁up ▁after ▁learning ▁that ▁another ▁refuge e ▁from ▁" The ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ", ▁Be ast , ▁now ▁calling ▁himself ▁" D ark ▁Be ast ", ▁is ▁also ▁trying ▁to ▁capture ▁him . ▁ ▁When ▁N ate ▁Grey ' s ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁counter part , ▁C able , ▁travel s ▁to ▁Gen os ha ▁and ▁becomes ▁involved , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁bel ieves ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁N ate ▁and ▁dec ides ▁to ▁reve al ▁himself ▁following ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁of ▁secre cy . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁real izes ▁he ▁was ▁wrong ▁and ▁con cludes ▁that ▁someone ▁is ▁manip ulating ▁the ▁events ▁to ▁un cover ▁his ▁secret ▁when ▁C able ▁disco vers ▁his ▁lab , ▁forcing ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁to ▁activ ate ▁the ▁self - dest ruct ▁mechanism ▁in ▁his ▁lab . ▁As ▁C able , ▁Dom ino , ▁Jen ny ▁R ans ome , ▁Phill ip ▁More au , ▁and ▁the ▁brain w ashed ▁ex - Mag istr ate ▁P ipeline ▁try ▁to ▁de activ ate ▁the ▁bomb , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁capt ures ▁Phill ip ▁More au . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ' s ▁plans ▁for ▁Phill ip ▁remain ▁unknown . ▁With ▁the ▁database ▁destroyed , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ' s ▁existence ▁is ▁kept ▁secret
. ▁The ▁cl ues ▁themselves ▁were ▁passed ▁to ▁Phill ip ▁by ▁M ister ▁Sin ister , ▁who ▁had ▁long ▁sus pected ▁that ▁the ▁Gen os ha ▁mut ate ▁process ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁gen etic ▁research . ▁ ▁After ▁nearly ▁coming ▁face - to - face ▁with ▁ 6 1 6 ' s ▁Mr . ▁Sin ister ▁in ▁Gen os ha , ▁Sug ar - Man ▁begins ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁Dark ▁Be ast ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁existence ▁secret : ▁Sin ister ▁learning ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁ones ▁who ▁are ▁using ▁his ▁techniques ▁in ▁ 6 1 6 ▁would ▁work ▁against ▁them . ▁In ▁this ▁ve in , ▁they ▁target ▁Bishop , ▁who ▁retain s ▁mem ories ▁from ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se . ▁After ▁the ▁failed ▁attempt ▁to ▁sl ay ▁Bishop ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁Dark ▁Be ast ' s ▁oper ative ▁F ata le , ▁the ▁two ▁refuge es ▁part ▁company .< ref > X - Men ▁( 2 nd ▁series ) ▁# 4 9 </ ref > ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁returns ▁to ▁Earth - 2 9 5 ' s ▁past ▁Earth - 2 9 5 ▁by ▁util izing ▁a ▁hyper ▁dimensional ▁device . ▁ ▁After ▁succeed ing , ▁he ▁quickly ▁res umes ▁experiment ation ▁on ▁a ▁super - vir us ▁that ▁he ▁hopes ▁to ▁bring ▁back ▁to ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁w ipe ▁out ▁human ity . ▁Unfortunately ▁for ▁Sug ar ▁Man , ▁N ate
▁Grey ▁follows ▁him ▁and , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Mag net o ▁and ▁For ge , ▁th w arts ▁his ▁plot ▁and ▁sends ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁Earth - 6 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁Fall ▁of ▁Gen os ha ▁Back ▁in ▁ 6 1 6 , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁refuge es ▁from ▁Earth - 2 9 5 ▁are ▁target ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sh i ' ar ▁emp ire , ▁who ▁see ▁Hol oca ust ' s ▁embedded ▁sh ard ▁of ▁the ▁M ' K ra an ▁Cry stal ▁as ▁sac ri lege . ▁When ▁the ▁sh ard ▁is ▁removed , ▁all ▁refuge es ▁are ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁Earth . ▁ ▁After ward , ▁Gen os ha ▁is ▁quickly ▁destroyed ▁by ▁the ▁wild ▁S entin el , ▁directed ▁by ▁Cass andra ▁Nova . ▁ ▁The ▁where about s ▁of ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁are ▁unknown ▁until ▁he ▁re app ears ▁in ▁Gen os ha , ▁killing ▁a ▁band ▁of ▁Mag istr ates ▁who ▁are ▁expl oring ▁the ▁island ▁with ▁the ▁Dark ▁Be ast . ▁Call isto ▁and ▁Kar ima ▁Sh ap and ar ▁confront ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁and ▁apparently ▁kill ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁pipe ▁through ▁the ▁head . ▁ ▁End anger ed ▁Species ▁He ▁re co vers ▁from ▁Cal isto ' s ▁attack ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁villa ins ▁contact ed ▁by ▁Be ast ▁when ▁he ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁reverse ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁M - Day . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁decl ines , ▁saying ▁that ▁Be ast ▁can ' t ▁afford
▁him . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁activities ▁After ▁Dark ▁Re ign , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁leaves ▁his ▁hide out ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁device ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Omega ▁Machine ". ▁He ▁finds ▁the ▁device ▁in ▁an ▁abandoned ▁H . A . M . M . E . R . ▁facility ▁with , ▁to ▁his ▁delight , ▁N ate ▁Grey ▁hook ed ▁up ▁to ▁it . ▁He ▁rem akes ▁the ▁device ▁to ▁open ▁port als ▁to ▁other ▁real ities ▁and ▁begins ▁creating ▁techn olog ically ▁derived ▁mut ates ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁experiments ▁while ▁he ▁tries ▁to ▁reach ▁ ▁Earth - 2 9 5 , ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁will ▁leave ▁him ▁alone ▁is ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁what ▁he ▁wanted , ▁N ate ▁uses ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁strength ▁and ▁will power ▁to ▁open ▁a ▁portal ▁to ▁ 2 9 5 ; ▁before ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁can ▁escape ▁into ▁it , ▁he ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁ 6 1 6 ▁by ▁Moon star , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁taken ▁into ▁cust ody ▁by ▁Captain ▁Steve ▁Rog ers . ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁released ▁from ▁prison ▁by ▁Dark ▁Be ast . ▁They ▁re build ▁the ▁dimensional ▁portal ▁technology ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se , ▁where ▁the ▁two ▁use ▁the ▁energ ies ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁seed ▁to ▁res ur rect ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁fallen ▁mut ants ▁to ▁provide ▁We ap
on ▁Om ega ▁an ▁army . ▁ ▁The ▁Human ▁Res istance ▁later ▁capt ures ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁and ▁gives ▁him ▁to ▁Pen ance ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁her ▁co - operation . ▁Pen ance ▁plans ▁to ▁reform ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁and ▁util ize ▁his ▁science ▁in ▁her ▁re formation ▁of ▁society . ▁ ▁Secret ▁Wars ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁stayed ▁on ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁when ▁the ▁reality ▁was ▁closed ▁from ▁the ▁Mult iverse ▁during ▁the ▁X - Term ination ▁event , ▁however ▁in ▁the ▁lead - up ▁to ▁the ▁inc urs ion ▁between ▁the ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁Earth ▁and ▁Earth - 1 6 1 0 ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁Secret ▁Wars ▁story line , ▁he ▁had ▁managed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Earth - 6 1 6 ▁before ▁its ▁closure ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁hiding ▁since ▁then . ▁Bel ieving ▁that ▁the ▁villa in ▁has ▁the ▁means ▁to ▁boost ▁his ▁magnetic ▁ab ilities , ▁Mag net o ▁see ks ▁him ▁out . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁un ve il ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁mobile ▁power ▁ampl ifiers ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁s elling ▁them ▁to ▁Mag net o . ▁Mag net o , ▁however , ▁takes ▁the ▁technology ▁viol ently ▁and ▁imp ales ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁with ▁numerous ▁metal ▁pip es , ▁leaving ▁him ▁bare ly ▁alive . ▁ ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁Wars ▁ ▁While ▁investig ating ▁the ▁myster ious ▁appearance ▁of ▁ 6 0 0 ▁new ▁mut ant ▁sign atures ▁Col oss us ▁takes
▁a ▁group ▁of ▁younger ▁mut ants ▁to ▁investigate . ▁During ▁the ▁investigation ▁they ▁discover ▁that ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁has ▁created ▁the ▁new ▁mut ants ▁ ▁and ▁plans ▁on ▁travel ing ▁to ▁the ▁future ▁with ▁them ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁raise ▁and ▁control ▁them . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁Bishop , ▁a ▁time - tra vel ing ▁X - Man ▁and ▁occas ional ▁detect ive , ▁has ▁received ▁a ▁warning ▁about ▁an ▁un spec ified , ▁im min ent ▁event ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁cat ast roph ic ▁consequences ▁on ▁the ▁X - Men ' s ▁tim eline ▁which ▁lead ▁him ▁to ▁Sug ar ▁Man ' s ▁lab ▁where ▁the ▁X - Man ▁had ▁a ▁quick ▁confront ation ▁with ▁the ▁fright ened ▁villa in ▁before ▁getting ▁knock ed ▁un cons cious . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁Bishop ▁w oke ▁up , ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁was ▁dead ▁with ▁his ▁body ▁split ▁in ▁two . ▁ ▁Pow ers ▁and ▁ab ilities ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁a ▁mut ant ▁who ▁poss esses ▁super human ▁strength , ▁four ▁arms , ▁hands ▁with ▁raz or - sharp ▁cla ws , ▁a ▁giant ▁mouth ▁full ▁of ▁raz or - sharp ▁teeth , ▁and ▁a ▁dense , ▁raz or - sharp ▁tongue ▁of ▁ind et erm inate ▁length ▁that ▁f used ▁with ▁bio - energy ▁able ▁to ▁pier ce ▁and ▁damage ▁stone , ▁steel , ▁and ▁even ▁non - sol id ▁objects ▁such ▁as ▁gas ▁and ▁liquid . ▁It ▁is ▁unknown ▁if ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁ab ilities , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁b izar re
▁physical ▁appearance , ▁are ▁a ▁natural ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁mut ation , ▁or ▁later ▁add itions ▁through ▁gen etic ▁tam per ing . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁an ▁en hanced ▁sense ▁of ▁sm ell ▁and ▁can ▁use ▁it ▁to ▁detect ▁fear . ▁ ▁He ▁can ▁control ▁his ▁own ▁body ▁size ▁and ▁mass . ▁▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁also ▁poss esses ▁advanced ▁reg ener ative ▁ab ilities . ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁an ▁expert , ▁at ▁least ▁by ▁modern ▁standards , ▁in ▁sciences ▁including ▁bi ology ▁and ▁gen et ics . ▁ ▁Other ▁versions ▁ ▁X - B ab ies ▁In ▁the ▁dimension ▁ruled ▁by ▁Mo jo , ▁D azz ler ▁enc oun ters ▁child like ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁villa ins , ▁including ▁Sug ar ▁Man . ▁These ▁entities ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁created ▁by ▁Mo jo ▁himself , ▁though ▁he ▁has ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁media ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁appears ▁in ▁X - Men ▁Leg ends ▁II : ▁R ise ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se , ▁vo iced ▁by ▁James ▁Arnold ▁Taylor . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁is ▁a ▁b oss ▁that ▁appears ▁as ▁the ▁super visor ▁of ▁the ▁Core . ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁reve als ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁from ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁( although ▁this ▁claim ▁can ▁be ▁deb ated ) ▁and ▁express es ▁adm iration ▁for ▁how ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁man ages ▁to ▁conquer ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁run ▁it
▁effectively ▁no ▁matter ▁what ▁tim eline ▁he ▁is ▁in . ▁He ▁also ▁compl iments ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁as ▁a ▁good ▁b oss . ▁It ▁is ▁un exp la ined ▁how ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁managed ▁to ▁reach ▁this ▁tim eline ▁from ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Ap ocal yp se . ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁b oss ▁in ▁Marvel : ▁Aven gers ▁Alliance ' ', ▁Season ▁ 2 , ▁Mission ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sug ar ▁Man ▁at ▁Un c anny x men . net ▁ ▁Category : Char acters ▁created ▁by ▁Scott ▁Lob d ell ▁Category : Char acters ▁created ▁by ▁Chris ▁Bach alo ▁Category : Com ics ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : F ict ional ▁gen etic ists ▁Category : Gen osh ans ▁Category : M ale ▁characters ▁in ▁com ics ▁Category : Mar vel ▁Comics ▁characters ▁with ▁super human ▁strength ▁Category : Mar vel ▁Comics ▁super villa ins ▁Category : F ict ional ▁rap ists ▁Category : Mar vel ▁Comics ▁mut ants ▁Category : X - Men ▁supporting ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁Tony ▁K ellow ▁( 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer . ▁He ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁and ▁made ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Football ▁League ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bud ock
▁Water , ▁a ▁village ▁near ▁Fal mouth , ▁and ▁on ▁leaving ▁school ▁he ▁found ▁employ ment ▁in ▁Fal mouth ▁D ock s ▁as ▁an ▁electric ian , ▁later ▁turning ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁Fal mouth ▁D ock s ▁football ▁side . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sevent een ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Western ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁P enz ance , ▁helping ▁them ▁win ▁the ▁Corn wall ▁Senior ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁He ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁his ▁home - town ▁side ▁Fal mouth ▁Town , ▁before ▁moving ▁back ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁P enz ance ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 / 7 5 , ▁winning ▁a ▁South ▁Western ▁League ▁championship ▁medal . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Fal mouth ▁Town . ▁ ▁Football ▁League ▁A ▁centre - forward , ▁his ▁professional ▁career ▁began ▁when ▁he ▁signed ▁for ▁Ex eter ▁City ▁from ▁Fal mouth ▁Town ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁for ▁a ▁fee ▁of ▁£ 1 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁Tony ▁won ▁the ▁Football ▁League ' s ▁" G old en ▁Boot " ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁highest ▁goal ▁sc orer ▁in ▁all ▁four ▁divisions . ▁He ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Black pool , ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁for ▁£ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁which ▁was ▁Black pool ' s ▁record ▁out lay ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Ex eter ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁spell ,
▁and ▁joined ▁P ly mouth ▁Arg yle ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁After ▁ 1 3 ▁appearances ▁with ▁P ly mouth ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Sw anse a ▁City ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁New port ▁County , ▁before ▁a ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁third ▁spell ▁with ▁Ex eter . ▁ ▁Death ▁K ellow ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁in ▁Tru ro ' s ▁T rel iske ▁Hospital ▁of ▁kid ney ▁failure ▁after ▁being ▁found ▁un cons cious ▁at ▁his ▁Bud ock ▁Water ▁home . ▁He ▁was ▁ 5 8 ▁years ▁old . ▁His ▁fun eral ▁service ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁St ▁Bud ock ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁his ▁body ▁was ▁then ▁cre m ated ▁at ▁Tru ro ' s ▁Pen mount ▁C rem ator ium . ▁A ▁mem orial ▁stone ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁K ellow ▁stands ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Tre low ar ren ▁Ar ms ▁pub ▁in ▁Bud ock ▁Water . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Fal mouth , ▁Corn wall ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Corn wall ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : P enz ance ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : F alm outh ▁Town ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category :
Ex eter ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Black pool ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : P ly mouth ▁Arg yle ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sw anse a ▁City ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : New port ▁County ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ex eter ▁City ▁F . C . ▁non - play ing ▁staff <0x0A> </s> ▁Ur ves h ▁Pat el ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁for ▁Vid ar b ha ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁Ran ji ▁Tro phy ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : V id ar b ha ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Mah ar as ht ra <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁directly ▁emp lo ys ▁around ▁ 7 3 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁contributed ▁£ 8 . 4 ▁billion ▁to ▁the ▁UK ' s ▁G DP ▁and ▁inv ested ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁£ 3 . 9 ▁billion ▁in ▁research ▁and ▁development . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁exports
▁of ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁products ▁from ▁the ▁UK ▁total led ▁£ 1 4 . 6 ▁billion , ▁creating ▁a ▁trade ▁sur plus ▁in ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁products ▁of ▁£ 4 . 3 ▁billion . ▁ ▁UK ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁employ ment ▁of ▁ 7 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁comp ares ▁to ▁ 1 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁Germany , ▁▁ 9 2 , 0 0 0 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁and ▁ 7 2 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ 2 8 1 , 4 4 0 ▁people ▁work ▁in ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁UK ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁Gla x o Smith K line ▁and ▁ ▁A stra Z en eca , ▁respectively ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fifth - ▁and ▁sixth - larg est ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁companies ▁measured ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁market ▁share . ▁Foreign ▁companies ▁with ▁a ▁major ▁presence ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ▁include ▁Pf izer , ▁Nov art is , ▁Hoff mann – La ▁Ro che ▁and ▁E is ai . ▁One ▁in ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁biggest - s elling ▁pres cription ▁dru gs ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁History
▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁Thomas ▁Be ech am ▁established ▁the ▁Be ech am ' s ▁P ills ▁la x ative ▁business , ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁become ▁the ▁Be ech am ▁Group . ▁By ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁UK - based ▁pat ent ▁medicine ▁companies ▁had ▁combined ▁domestic ▁reven ues ▁of ▁around ▁£ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Be ech am ▁opened ▁Britain ' s ▁first ▁modern ▁dru gs ▁factory ▁in ▁St ▁Hel ens ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 . ▁Henry ▁Well come ▁and ▁Sil as ▁B urr ough s ▁formed ▁a ▁partners hip ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁and ▁established ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁Snow ▁Hill ▁in ▁Central ▁London . ▁The ▁London ▁Wh oles ale ▁D rug ▁and ▁Chem ical ▁Prote ction ▁Society ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁D rug ▁Club ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁the ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁present - day ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Indust ry . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁B urr ough s ▁Well come ▁& ▁Co . ▁opened ▁their ▁first ▁factory , ▁at ▁Bell ▁Lane ▁Wh arf ▁in ▁W and sw orth , ▁util ising ▁com pressed ▁medicine ▁table t - making ▁mach in ery ▁acquired ▁from ▁Wy eth ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁B urr ough s ▁Well come ▁& ▁Co . ▁established ▁its ▁first ▁over se as ▁branch ▁in ▁Sydney ▁in
▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁The ▁Gla x o ▁department ▁of ▁Joseph ▁Nathan ▁and ▁Co ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁Gla x o ▁Labor ator ies ▁Ltd ▁absor bed ▁Joseph ▁Nathan ▁and ▁Co ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁satisfy ▁reg ulations ▁then ▁in ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁the ▁import ation ▁of ▁medic ines , ▁Pf izer ▁established ▁a ▁comp ounding ▁operation ▁in ▁Fol k estone , ▁Kent ▁in ▁Aut umn ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁Pf izer ▁acquired ▁an ▁ 8 0 - acre ▁site ▁on ▁the ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁Sand wich ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁its ▁Kent - based ▁activities . ▁Gla x o ▁acquired ▁Allen ▁and ▁Han bur ys ▁Ltd . ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁the ▁b acter ial ▁in fection ▁treatment ▁Aug ment in ▁( am ox ic ill in / c lav ul an ate ▁pot ass ium ) ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁Be ech am ; ▁the ▁anti - ul cer ▁treatment ▁Z ant ac ▁( ran it id ine ) ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁Gla x o ; ▁and ▁the ▁ant iv iral ▁her pes ▁treatment ▁Z ov ira x ▁( ac ic lo vir ) ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁Well come . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1
▁Smith K line ▁Be ech am ▁launched ▁S ero x at / P ax il ▁( par ox et ine ▁hydro ch lor ide ). ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Imperial ▁Chem ical ▁Indust ries ▁de mer ged ▁its ▁ph arma ce ut ical s ▁and ▁ag ro chem ical s ▁business es , ▁forming ▁Z en eca ▁Group ▁pl c . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Gla x o ▁opened ▁a ▁major ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁facility ▁in ▁Steven age , ▁constructed ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 7 0 0 ▁million . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁£ 9 ▁billion ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Well come ▁by ▁Gla x o ▁was ▁completed , ▁forming ▁Gla x o ▁Well come , ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁mer ger ▁in ▁UK ▁corpor ate ▁history ▁to ▁date . ▁B AS F ▁completed ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁the ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁division ▁of ▁The ▁Bo ots ▁Company ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Smith K line ▁Be ech am ▁opened ▁a ▁major ▁new ▁research ▁centre ▁at ▁New ▁Front iers ▁Science ▁Park ▁in ▁Har low , ▁Es sex . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Z en eca ▁Group ▁pl c ▁and ▁Sweden - based ▁A stra ▁AB ▁merged ▁to ▁form ▁A stra Z en eca ▁pl c . ▁Gla x o ▁Well come ▁and ▁Smith K line ▁Be ech am ▁announced ▁their ▁intention ▁to ▁merge ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 0
, ▁with ▁the ▁mer ger ▁comple ting ▁in ▁December ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁forming ▁Gla x o Smith K line ▁pl c . ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁Nov art is ▁Res p ir atory ▁Research ▁Centre , ▁the ▁largest ▁single - site ▁resp ir atory ▁research ▁centre ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁opened ▁in ▁Hor sh am . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁A stra Z en eca ▁agreed ▁to ▁buy ▁Cambridge ▁Ant ib ody ▁Technology , ▁then ▁the ▁largest ▁UK - based ▁bi ote chn ology ▁company , ▁for ▁£ 7 0 2 ▁million . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁A stra Z en eca ▁agreed ▁to ▁ac quire ▁the ▁U . S .- based ▁bi ote chn ology ▁company ▁Med Im m une ▁for ▁$ 1 5 . 6 ▁billion . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Gla x o Smith K line ▁agreed ▁to ▁ac quire ▁St ief el ▁Labor ator ies , ▁then ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁independent ▁der mat ology ▁company , ▁for ▁US $ 3 . 6 ▁billion . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁E is ai ▁opened ▁a ▁major ▁new ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁and ▁manufact uring ▁facility ▁in ▁Hat field , ▁constructed ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁over ▁£ 1 0 0 ▁million . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Gla x o Smith K line ▁and ▁Pf izer ▁combined ▁their ▁respective ▁A ID S ▁divisions ▁into ▁one ▁London
- based ▁company , ▁V ii V ▁Health care . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Pf izer ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁closing ▁its ▁entire ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁facility ▁at ▁Sand wich , ▁Kent ▁within ▁ 1 8 – 2 4 ▁months ▁with ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁jobs , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁company - wide ▁plan ▁to ▁reduce ▁its ▁sp ending ▁on ▁research ▁and ▁development . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁A stra Z en eca ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁major ▁corpor ate ▁rest ruct uring , ▁including ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁its ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁activities ▁at ▁Ald er ley ▁Park , ▁invest ment ▁of ▁$ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁facility ▁in ▁Cambridge , ▁and ▁the ▁move ▁of ▁its ▁corpor ate ▁headquarters ▁from ▁London ▁to ▁Cambridge ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁fund ing ▁received ▁by ▁UK ▁life ▁science ▁companies ▁reached ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁high ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Research ▁and ▁development ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁UK ▁had ▁the ▁third - high est ▁share ▁of ▁global ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁Research ▁and ▁development ▁( R & D ) ▁exp end iture ▁of ▁any ▁nation , ▁with ▁ 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total , ▁behind ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( 4 9 %) ▁and ▁Japan ▁( 1 5 %). ▁The ▁UK ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁ph arma
ce ut ical ▁R & D ▁exp end iture ▁of ▁any ▁European ▁nation , ▁account ing ▁for ▁ 2 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ; ▁followed ▁by ▁France ▁( 2 0 % ), ▁Germany ▁( 1 9 % ), ▁and ▁Switzerland ▁( 1 1 %). ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁a ▁Ital ic ised ▁company ▁name : ▁ult imate ▁parent ▁is ▁not ▁UK - based ▁ ▁b ▁Where ▁parent ▁company ▁is ▁UK - based : ▁world wide ▁R & D ▁sp ending ; ▁other ▁companies : ▁R & D ▁sp ending ▁in ▁UK ▁only ▁ ▁Reg ulation ▁ ▁The ▁Medic ines ▁and ▁Health care ▁products ▁Reg ul atory ▁Agency ▁( M H RA ) ▁is ▁the ▁UK ▁government ▁ag ency ▁which ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁ens uring ▁that ▁medic ines ▁and ▁medical ▁devices ▁work ▁and ▁are ▁accept ably ▁safe . ▁ ▁Global ▁Justice ▁Now ▁and ▁Stop ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign ▁published ▁a ▁report ▁claim ing ▁patients ▁could ▁not ▁always ▁afford ▁dru gs ▁where ▁the ▁public ▁sector ▁had ▁partly ▁fund ed ▁research ▁to ▁develop ▁those ▁dru gs . ▁ ▁The ▁report ▁claims , ▁" In ▁many ▁cases , ▁the ▁UK ▁tax p ayer ▁effectively ▁pays ▁twice ▁for ▁medic ines : ▁first ▁through ▁invest ing ▁in ▁R & D , ▁and ▁then ▁by ▁pay ing ▁high ▁prices ▁for ▁the ▁resulting ▁medicine ▁once ▁ownership ▁has ▁been ▁transferred ▁to ▁a ▁private ▁company ." ▁ ▁Richard ▁S ull ivan ▁of ▁Kings ▁College , ▁London , ▁said ▁some ▁drug ▁companies ▁price ▁their ▁dru gs ▁correctly ▁but ▁others ▁" v ast
ly ▁over price " ▁their ▁dru gs . ▁There ▁are ▁calls ▁for ▁government ▁action ▁to ▁disc ou rage ▁over pr icing . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Indust ry ▁ ▁Bad ▁Ph arma ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁by ▁Ben ▁Gold acre ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁manufact ur ers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ph arm acy ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁A . ▁D uck worth , ▁' R ise ▁of ▁the ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ', ▁Chem ist ▁and ▁Dru gg ist , ▁ 1 7 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁pp ▁ 1 2 7 – 3 9 ▁C . ▁A . ▁Hill , ▁' The ▁changing ▁found ations ▁of ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁manufact uring ', ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Journal , ▁ 1 3 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁pp ▁ 5 3 3 – 5 ▁J . ▁Lie ben au , ▁' The ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ', ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal , ▁ 3 0 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁pp ▁ 7 2 4 – 3 3 ▁C . ▁J . ▁Thomas , ▁' The ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁industry ', ▁in ▁D . ▁Burn ▁( ed ) ▁The ▁Str ucture ▁of ▁British ▁Indust ry ▁- ▁Volume ▁II ▁( C amb ridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁
1 9 5 8 ), ▁pp ▁ 3 3 1 – 7 5 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Association ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Indust ry ▁The ▁UK ▁Bio Ind ust ry ▁Association <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Martin ▁city ▁gate ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁still ▁existing ▁city ▁gates ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁city ▁of ▁C och em . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Martin ▁city ▁gate ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 2 ▁according ▁to ▁an ▁order ▁of ▁elect or ▁ ▁Bald win ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg , ▁the ▁arch bishop ▁of ▁T rier . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁to ll ▁house . ▁A ▁chain , ▁connecting ▁the ▁city ▁gate ▁with ▁the ▁opposite ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Mos el ▁could ▁stop ▁ships ▁trying ▁to ▁escape ▁their ▁duty ▁of ▁pay ing ▁tax es . ▁ ▁Later ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁owner , ▁Louis ▁R aven é , ▁created ▁a ▁storing ▁room ▁for ▁ice ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁tower ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁gate . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Information ▁about ▁the ▁Martin ▁city ▁gate ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁web cam ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁C och em - Z ell ▁Category : G ates ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : F ort ifications ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : City ▁walls ▁in ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Al lah ▁Lan j ut kan ▁Us ia ▁Sultan ▁( English : ▁" G od ▁L ength en ▁the ▁Sultan ' s ▁Age ") ▁is ▁the ▁state ▁anth em ▁of ▁Per ak , ▁Malays ia . ▁ ▁The ▁t une ▁was ▁originally ▁that
▁of ▁a ▁popular ▁song ▁in ▁Se ych elles ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁originally ▁written ▁by ▁French ▁Pierre ▁Jean ▁de ▁Ber anger . ▁It ▁was ▁adopted ▁as ▁the ▁Per ak ▁Royal ▁Anth em ▁by ▁Sultan ▁Abd ul lah ▁Muhammad ▁Shah ▁II , ▁who ▁was ▁ex iled ▁on ▁Se ych elles ▁for ▁ab et ting ▁murder . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁the ▁national ▁anth em ▁of ▁Malays ia , ▁Neg ar aku ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁the ▁mel ody ▁of ▁Al lah ▁Lan j ut kan ▁Us ia ▁Sultan . ▁ ▁L yr ics ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Per ak ▁State ▁Anth em ▁( From ▁the ▁Official ▁Web page ▁of ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Sultan ▁of ▁Per ak ) ▁ ▁Category : Per ak ▁Category : An th ems ▁of ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Cent enn ial ▁Cup ▁is ▁the ▁t enth ▁Tier ▁II ▁Junior ▁" A " ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ice ▁hockey ▁National ▁Championship ▁for ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁A ▁Hockey ▁League . ▁ ▁The ▁Cent enn ial ▁Cup ▁was ▁competed ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁w inners ▁of ▁the ▁Abb ott ▁Cup , ▁D ud ley ▁H ew itt ▁Cup , ▁and ▁the ▁Call ag han ▁Cup . ▁ ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁North ▁York , ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁The ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Round ▁Robin ▁ ▁Note : ▁x ▁- ▁denotes ▁team ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Results ▁Sher
wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ▁defeated ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁ 7 - 6 ▁ 2 OT ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁defeated ▁Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ▁ 2 - 0 ▁Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ▁ ▁defeated ▁Sher wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ▁ 6 - 0 ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁defeated ▁Sher wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ▁ 4 - 3 ▁Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ▁defeated ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁ 5 - 4 ▁ 2 OT ▁Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ▁defeated ▁Sher wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ▁ 7 - 6 ▁ 2 OT ▁ ▁Note : ▁O T ▁- ▁denotes ▁over time ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Awards ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player : ▁Br ent ▁S utter ▁( Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ) ▁Top ▁Sc orer : ▁Bill ▁Col ville ▁( N orth ▁York ▁R angers ) ▁Most ▁Sports man like ▁Player : ▁Doug ▁R ig ler ▁( Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ) ▁ ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁For ward ▁Bill ▁Col ville ▁( N orth ▁York ▁R angers ) ▁Doug ▁R ig ler ▁( Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ) ▁Paul ▁Bernard ▁( S her wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ) ▁Def ence ▁Jim ▁File ▁( N orth ▁York ▁R angers ) ▁Jeff ▁W ool lac ott ▁( N orth ▁York ▁R angers ) ▁Go al ▁Brian ▁Ford ▁( Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ) ▁
▁Roll ▁of ▁League ▁Champions ▁A J HL : ▁Red ▁De er ▁R ust lers ▁BC J HL : ▁P entic ton ▁Kn ights ▁C J HL : ▁Haw kes bury ▁Haw ks ▁I J HL : ▁Sher wood - P ark dale ▁Met ros ▁M J HL : ▁Sel k irk ▁Ste el ers ▁M V J HL : ▁Cole ▁Har bour ▁Col ts ▁N B J HL : ▁NO J HL : ▁On aping ▁F alls ▁H usk ies ▁OP J HL : ▁North ▁York ▁R angers ▁Q J A HL : ▁S J HL : ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁Ra iders ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁links ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁A ▁Hockey ▁League ▁Royal ▁Bank ▁Cup ▁An av et ▁Cup ▁Do yle ▁Cup ▁D ud ley ▁H ew itt ▁Cup ▁Fred ▁Page ▁Cup ▁Abb ott ▁Cup ▁M ow at ▁Cup ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Royal ▁Bank ▁Cup ▁Website ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Cup <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 3 1 8 ▁at ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a ▁near ▁Cor of in , ▁Ireland . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bruce ▁campaign ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁Norman ▁Richard ▁de ▁Cla re ▁attacked ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁Irish ▁ch ie ft ain ▁Con ch ob har ▁Ó ▁De ág ha id h , ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁C ine al ▁F ear ma ic ▁and ▁al ly ▁of ▁Mu irche art ach ▁Ó ▁B ri ain , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁defeated . ▁
▁P rec urs ors ▁to ▁War ▁The ▁Bruce ▁invasion ▁of ▁Ireland ▁enabled ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁wars ▁that ▁had ▁little , ▁if ▁anything , ▁per tain ing ▁to ▁the ▁Sc ots . ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁was ▁the ▁battle ▁at ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a ▁which ▁er upt ed ▁in ▁Brian ▁Bor u ' s ▁old ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Thom ond ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 8 . ▁ ▁Two ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁the ▁O ' B rien ▁cl an ▁had ▁been ▁fighting ▁for ▁gener ations ▁for ▁supre m acy ▁in ▁Thom ond . ▁M urt ough ▁O ' B rien , ▁the ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Th url ough ▁O ' B rien ▁was ▁the ▁right ful ▁King ▁of ▁Thom ond . ▁A ▁ch allen ger ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Mah on ▁O ' B rien , ▁al lied ▁with ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁fa ction ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁which ▁paid ▁its ▁hom age ▁to ▁Brian ▁O ' B rien . ▁This ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁al lied ▁with ▁the ▁powerful ▁Ang lo - N orm an ▁Richard ▁de ▁Cla re , ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁Str ong bow . ▁De ▁Cla re ▁ruled ▁over ▁much ▁of ▁western ▁Ireland ▁from ▁his ▁castle ▁at ▁Bun rat ty , ▁yet ▁the ▁English ▁respect ed ▁Thom ond ▁as ▁a ▁so ver eign ▁state ▁and ▁remained ▁outside ▁its ▁borders . ▁However , ▁de ▁Cla re ' s ▁al liance ▁with ▁Mah on ▁O ' B rien ▁provided ▁an ▁exc use ▁to ▁in
va de ▁Thom ond . ▁His ▁pale ▁English men ▁would ▁meet ▁in ▁a ▁pitch ed ▁battle ▁against ▁M urt ough ' s ▁Irish ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a .. ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁D onn ch ad h , ▁an ▁al ly ▁of ▁de ▁Cla re , ▁was ▁over wh el ming ly ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁L ough ▁R aska ▁near ▁Cor com ru ad h ▁Ab bey . ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁battle ▁When ▁news ▁arrived ▁of ▁his ▁al lies ' ▁defeat ▁at ▁Cor com ru ad h , ▁Richard ▁de ▁Cla re ▁decided ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁strong hold ▁at ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a . ▁His ▁troops ▁arrived ▁at ▁Ru an ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 3 1 8 , ▁and ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁columns . ▁The ▁first ▁division ▁was ▁head ed ▁by ▁de ▁Cla re ' s ▁son ▁and ▁march ed ▁north wards ▁to ▁T ulla ch ▁O ' De a ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁any ▁help ▁which ▁might ▁arrive ▁from ▁O ' Con nor ▁of ▁En n ist ym on . ▁The ▁second ▁column ▁travel led ▁south wards ▁towards ▁Mag own a ▁to ▁qu ell ▁any ▁support ▁from ▁that ▁direction . ▁The ▁third ▁division ▁was ▁commanded ▁by ▁de ▁Cla re ▁himself ▁and ▁march ed ▁west wards ▁towards ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a , ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Con or ▁O ' De a . ▁O ' De a ▁intention ally
▁made ▁his ▁forces ▁look ▁few ▁in ▁number , ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁fighting ▁in ▁retre at , ▁and ▁when ▁de ▁Cla re ▁charged ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁the ▁Ang lo - N orm ans ▁were ▁amb ushed . ▁Richard ▁de ▁Cla re ▁was ▁fel led ▁by ▁an ▁ax e ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁Fe il im ▁O ' Con nor . ▁The ▁O ' De as ▁were ▁rein for ced ▁by ▁the ▁O ' Con n ors ▁who ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁O ' B ri ens , ▁O ' He h ir ▁and ▁Mac N amar as ▁and ▁the ▁English ▁were ▁soon ▁defeated . ▁Following ▁their ▁victory , ▁the ▁Irish ▁march ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁de ▁Cla re ▁settlement , ▁only ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁de ▁Cla re ' s ▁wife ▁had ▁set ▁it ▁a fl ame , ▁including ▁Bun rat ty ▁Castle , ▁and ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Over ▁eight y ▁English men ▁of ▁noble ▁birth ▁and ▁many ▁foot ▁soldiers ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁battle . ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Thom ond ▁remained ▁beyond ▁foreign ▁control ▁for ▁over ▁two ▁hundred ▁years , ▁until ▁ 1 5 7 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁O ' De a ▁Castle ▁ ▁O ' De a ▁Cl an ▁ ▁Se án ▁mac ▁R ua id hr í ▁Mac ▁Cra ith ▁( fl . ▁ 1 4 th - century ), ▁author ▁of ▁Ca ith ré im ▁Th o ird he al b ha igh . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Battle ▁of ▁Dy
sert ▁O ' De a ▁at ▁Cla re ▁County ▁Library ▁The ▁Tri umph s ▁of ▁T url ough ▁– ▁Ca ith ré im ▁Th o ird he al b ha igh , ▁by ▁Se án ▁mac ▁R ua id hr í ▁Mac ▁Cra ith . ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Dy sert ▁O ' De a ▁and ▁batt les ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁Resources ▁ ▁O ' De a : ▁U a ▁De ág ha id h : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁a ▁Reb el ▁Cl an , ▁by ▁R iste ár d ▁U a ▁Cr ó in ín ▁( Rich ard ▁C ron in ), ▁Ball in ak ella ▁Press , ▁Whit eg ate , ▁Co . ▁Cla re , ▁Ireland , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁. ▁ ▁Irish ▁Batt les ▁– ▁A ▁Military ▁History ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁by ▁G . A . ▁Hay es - Mc Co y , ▁App let ree ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁ ▁Secret ▁S ights ▁( Year s ▁of ▁the ▁S word ) ▁R T É ▁television ▁programme ▁transm itted ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Richard ▁C ron in ▁rec ount s ▁the ▁local ▁understanding ▁that ▁a ▁Con or ▁Howard ▁helped ▁to ▁plan ▁and ▁execute ▁the ▁amb ush ▁of ▁De ▁Cla re ▁and ▁his ▁army ▁at ▁Mack en ▁Bridge , ▁Cor of in ▁( ref . ▁O ' H iv ar ▁in ▁the ▁Tri umph s ▁of ▁T url ough ). ▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history
▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 8 ▁Category : B att les ▁involving ▁the ▁D ál ▁g C ais ▁Category : History ▁of ▁County ▁Cla re ▁Category : 1 3 1 8 ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : B att les ▁involving ▁Scotland ▁Category : B att les ▁involving ▁England ▁Category : B att les ▁involving ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁is ▁a ▁G ael ic ▁football ▁and ▁hur ling ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁O vens , ▁County ▁C ork , ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁affili ated ▁with ▁C ork ▁G AA ▁county ▁board ▁and ▁the ▁Mus ker ry ▁divis ional ▁board . ▁ ▁History ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁Hur ling ▁and ▁Football ▁club ▁( C umann ▁I om á na í och ta ▁ag us ▁Pe ile ▁É ire ▁Ó g ) ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁O vens / F ar ran ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁west ▁of ▁C ork ▁city , ▁just ▁off ▁the ▁main ▁C ork - K ill ar ney ▁road . ▁ ▁G ael ic ▁Games ▁were ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁O vens ▁and ▁Far ran ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁period ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁G . A . A . ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ' s ▁prede cess or , ▁B ride ▁Valley , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁River ▁B ride ▁which ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁parish , ▁affili ated ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁field ing
▁teams ▁in ▁both ▁hur ling ▁and ▁football . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Div is ional ▁Bo ards ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s , ▁B ride ▁Valley ▁won ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁Mus ker ry ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁& ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁before ▁the ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁club ▁was ▁formed , ▁with ▁players ▁from ▁Cl ough du v ▁and ▁two ▁from ▁Kno ck av illa ▁joining ▁forces ▁with ▁the ▁O vens ▁and ▁Far ran ▁based ▁cont ing ent ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁newly ▁formed ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁team ▁entered ▁the ▁senior ▁ranks ▁in ▁their ▁inaug ural ▁campaign , ▁winning ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁defe ating ▁M allow ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁on ▁a ▁sc or eline ▁of ▁ 5 – 2 ▁to ▁ 3 – 2 . ▁ ▁Early ▁success es ▁in ▁hur ling ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁fall ow ▁period ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁when ▁the ▁club ▁went ▁into ▁decl ine . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁men ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁late ▁John ▁Ly ons , ▁John ▁Cre an , ▁Tom ▁Mur phy , ▁Tim ▁Lane , ▁Jimmy ▁O ’ B rien , ▁Nicholas ▁Ir win , ▁Ted dy ▁O ’ Le ary , ▁Den ny ▁O ’ S ull ivan ▁and ▁the ▁Rev . ▁Fr . ▁Se án ▁Mur phy , ▁É ire
▁Ó g ▁surv ived ▁the ▁bar ren ▁spell ▁and ▁began ▁the ▁journey ▁to ▁reg ain ▁its ▁former ▁gl ories . ▁ ▁Under age ▁success ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁spark ed ▁a ▁rev ival ▁of ▁fort unes ▁with ▁a ▁nucle us ▁of ▁players ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁three ▁divis ional ▁junior ▁hur ling ▁titles ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁eventually ▁winning ▁the ▁county ▁out right ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁year . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁the ▁Li am ▁Bre ath nach ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁before ▁being ▁re - grad ed ▁to ▁the ▁junior ▁ranks ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁where ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁Mus ker ry ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁Hur ling ▁domin ated ▁the ▁landscape ▁but ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁did ▁manage ▁to ▁ch alk - up ▁their ▁first ▁Mus ker ry ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁the ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁County ▁Championship ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Inter mediate ▁grade ▁and ▁it ▁didn ' t ▁take ▁long ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁impression , ▁winning ▁the ▁County ▁Championship ▁within ▁two ▁seasons ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁before ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁comp ete ▁at ▁senior ▁level ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁three ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁É ire ▁Ó g
▁won ▁their ▁second ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁County ▁title ▁defe ating ▁Black rock ▁by ▁ 0 – 1 4 ▁to ▁ 2 – 7 . ▁This ▁would ▁mark ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁great ▁era ▁in ▁the ▁club ' s ▁fort unes . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁little ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁adult ▁success ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁but ▁this ▁period ▁did ▁see ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁significant ▁under age ▁success es . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁secured ▁Minor ▁‘ B ’ ▁and ▁‘ A ’ ▁Hur ling ▁County ▁titles ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Under age ▁football ▁emer ged ▁as ▁a ▁force ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁and ▁significantly ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁Under - 1 4 ▁football ers ▁won ▁the ▁C ork ▁F é ile ▁na ▁n G ael ▁competition . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁players ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁club ' s ▁first ▁Minor ▁‘ A ’ ▁Football ▁County ▁title ▁four ▁years ▁later . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁min ors ▁land ed ▁a ▁second ▁county ▁title ▁and ▁these ▁success es ▁provided ▁the ▁platform ▁for ▁É ire ▁Ó g ' s ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Junior ▁Football ▁County ▁Championship ▁win ▁when ▁they ▁defeated ▁B ally gar van ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁Premier ▁ 2 ▁Minor ▁Hur ling ▁County ▁Championship ▁that ▁year ▁an ▁achiev ement ▁that ▁was ▁matched
▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁winning ▁the ▁Reb el ▁Ó g ▁Minor ▁‘ A ’ ▁Hur ling ▁County ▁title . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁Inter mediate ▁Football ▁Championship , ▁defe ating ▁Rock ch ap el ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁on ▁a ▁sc or eline ▁of ▁ 0 – 1 4 ▁to ▁ 0 – 6 . ▁ ▁Having ▁played ▁at ▁various ▁sites ▁throughout ▁the ▁parish ▁since ▁its ▁foundation , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁settled ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁location ▁in ▁Kno ck an em ore . ▁The ▁current ▁pav il ion ▁and ▁playing ▁fields ▁were ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁with ▁later ▁develop ments ▁seeing ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁two ▁new ▁playing ▁fields ▁west ▁of ▁Case y ' s ▁Road ▁and ▁more ▁recently , ▁an ▁all - we ather ▁ast ro - t ur f ▁pitch , ▁ball ▁al ley ▁and ▁new ▁dress ing - room ▁facilities . ▁The ▁progress ▁continues ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁with ▁works ▁in - progress ▁on ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁flo od lit , ▁sand - and ▁soil ▁based ▁pitch . ▁ ▁Inter - Count y ▁represent atives ▁ ▁All ▁Ireland ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Medal ▁w inners : ▁ ▁Din ny ▁Barry ▁Mur phy , ▁Joe ▁O ’ Don ovan , ▁Col m ▁She e han , ▁M ick ▁Mal one . ▁ ▁All ▁Ireland ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Medal ▁w inners : ▁ ▁Daniel ▁G ould ing , ▁C iar án ▁She e han . ▁
▁Daniel ▁and ▁C iar án ’ s ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁helping ▁C ork ▁to ▁raise ▁Sam ▁Mag u ire ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁will ▁live ▁long ▁in ▁the ▁memory . ▁Both ▁players ▁were ▁instrument al ▁in ▁se cur ing ▁C ork ’ s ▁sevent h ▁All - I reland ▁Senior ▁Football ▁Title ▁with ▁Daniel ▁being ▁named ▁Man - of - the - Match . ▁ ▁Found er ▁and ▁first ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁tre as urer , ▁P addy ▁O ’ Con nell ▁won ▁an ▁All - I reland ▁Senior ▁Football ▁medal ▁with ▁C ork ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁whilst ▁playing ▁with ▁his ▁then ▁club , ▁N ils . ▁Barry ▁C off ey , ▁winner ▁of ▁two ▁All - I reland ▁Senior ▁Football ▁med als ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁representing ▁his ▁home ▁club ▁Bishop st own , ▁also ▁played ▁with ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁playing ▁career . ▁ ▁Other ▁C ork ▁Medal ▁w inners : ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁C ork ▁from ▁O vens ▁parish ▁was ▁Michael ▁She e han ▁of ▁Cur ra hal y , ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁Other ▁players ▁to ▁win ▁med als ▁playing ▁with ▁C ork ▁were ▁Billy ▁Des mond ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁B ride ▁Valley ▁and ▁later ▁É ire ▁Ó g , ▁John ▁O ’ S ull ivan , ▁Jack ▁Lu ce y , ▁Mort ▁Lu ce y , ▁Jim ▁O ’ Call ag
han , ▁Billy ▁Mur phy , ▁Sam ▁O ’ Call ag han , ▁Tom ▁Sav age , ▁Der ry ▁O ’ B rien , ▁Fin bar r ▁She e han , ▁Matt ie ▁Mur phy , ▁Den is ▁Des mond , ▁P addy ▁O ’ B rien , ▁J ams ie ▁O ’ Le ary , ▁Den is ▁O ’ B rien , ▁Michael ▁She e han , ▁Kevin ▁Hall isse y ▁and ▁John ▁D ine en . ▁ ▁History ▁( old ▁version ) ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁certain ▁that ▁a ▁parish ▁team ▁known ▁as ▁' B ride val ley ' ▁played ▁In nis car ra ▁in ▁the ▁mid - C ork ▁championship ▁at ▁Co ach ford ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁– ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 1 0 ▁years ▁of ▁parish ▁hur ling . ▁Probably ▁the ▁first ▁parish ion er ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁C ork ▁was ▁Will ie ▁Fitz ger ald . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁Dr . ▁Cro ke ▁Cup ▁medal ▁with ▁C ork ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁divis ional ▁board ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁Club ▁colours ▁were ▁then ▁blue ▁with ▁red ▁coll ars ▁and ▁cu ff s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁B ride val ley ▁was ▁formed ▁and ▁remained ▁active ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁B ride val
ley ▁and ▁Cl ough du v ▁am alg am ated ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁senior ▁club ▁called ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁C ork ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship , ▁defe ating ▁M allow ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁at ▁C ork ▁Athlet ic ▁Gr ounds ▁before ▁an ▁attend ance ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁who ▁paid ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁£ 3 3 2 . ▁M allow ▁had ▁be aten ▁Black rock ▁and ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁beat ▁St . ▁Fin bar r ' s ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁Cl ough du v ▁and ▁B ride val ley ▁dis band ed ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁retain ing ▁the ▁name ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁and ▁their ▁club ▁colours ▁were ▁red ▁and ▁blue . ▁ ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁achieved ▁very ▁little ▁success ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁but ▁thanks ▁to ▁men ▁like ▁John ▁Ly ons , ▁Tommy ▁Mur phy , ▁John ▁Cre an , ▁John ▁Br ady , ▁Jimmy ▁B rien , ▁etc . ▁the ▁game ▁was ▁kept ▁alive ▁in ▁O vens . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁saw ▁a ▁great ▁rev ival . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁ju ven iles ▁won ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁the ▁min ors ▁won ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁these ▁wins ▁were ▁the ▁nucle us ▁for ▁future ▁success . ▁Ar ound ▁this ▁time , ▁they ▁changed ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁club ▁colours
▁– ▁re ▁and ▁yellow . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁generally ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁present ▁colours ▁were ▁adopted ▁purely ▁by ▁accident . ▁The ▁old ▁j er se ys ▁began ▁to ▁dis integr ate ▁and ▁funds ▁were ▁low . ▁Fort un ately ▁Den is ▁Des mond ▁( K il cre a ) ▁had ▁a ▁dra per ▁shop ▁in ▁M allow . ▁Some ▁team ▁in ▁that ▁area ▁had ▁ordered ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁j er se ys ▁but ▁were ▁slow ▁to ▁take ▁them . ▁Den is ▁heard ▁of ▁the ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁pred ic ament ▁and ▁sold ▁them ▁the ▁j er se ys ▁at ▁half ▁price . ▁They ▁were ▁red ▁and ▁yellow . ▁ ▁The ▁major ▁break through ▁came ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁when ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁the ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁junior ▁hur ling ▁title ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁retain ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁the ▁club ▁won ▁the ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Car r igt wo hill ▁at ▁the ▁Athlet ic ▁grounds ▁by ▁ 3 – 4 ▁to ▁ 2 – 4 . ▁ ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁team ▁was ▁P ▁O ' She a , ▁T ▁O ' S ull ivan , ▁E . ▁Mc Car thy , ▁C . ▁Lyn ch , ▁C . ▁She e han , ▁B . ▁O ' B rien , ▁F . ▁Br ady , ▁J . ▁O ' D ris coll , ▁F . ▁She e han , ▁D . ▁O
' Le ary , ▁D . ▁O ' ▁B rien , ▁T . ▁Br ady , ▁M . ▁Mur phy , ▁P . ▁O ' B rien ▁and ▁J ▁McG overn . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁went ▁into ▁the ▁intermediate ▁grade ▁after ▁that ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁intermediate ▁league ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁be aten ▁by ▁a ▁super b ▁Glen ▁Ro vers ▁side ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁final . ▁They ▁did ▁win ▁the ▁Li am ▁Bre ath nach ▁cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁however . ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁the ▁club ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁junior ▁ranks ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁minor ▁and ▁under age ▁success es . ▁Another ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁title ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁O vens ▁area ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁when ▁they ▁defeated ▁Er in ' s ▁O wn ▁by ▁ 2 – 8 ▁to ▁ 1 – 9 ▁at ▁P á irc ▁U í ▁Ch ao im h . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁county ▁champions ▁from ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁were ▁D . ▁O ' B rien , ▁T . ▁B ren nan , ▁J . ▁Mur phy , ▁L . ▁O ' ▁Le ary , ▁L . ▁O ' F
lyn n , ▁J . ▁D ine en , ▁J . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁D . ▁Des mond , ▁D . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁C . ▁She e han , ▁M . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁C , ▁Mal one , ▁D . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁M . ▁Mal one , ▁J . ▁O ' Le ary . ▁Sub ▁– ▁B . ▁Mur phy . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁the ▁Mus ker ry ▁cup ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁year . ▁ ▁Success ▁in ▁the ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁soon ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁when ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁defeated ▁M allow ▁ 7 – 1 1 ▁to ▁ 5 – 8 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁in ▁P á irc ▁U í ▁Ch ao im h ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁team ▁was ▁D . ▁O ' B rien , ▁T . ▁B ren nan , ▁J . ▁Mur phy , ▁L . ▁O ' Le ary , ▁L . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁J . ▁D ine en , ▁J . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁J . ▁O ' Le ary , ▁D . ▁Des mond , ▁M . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁V . ▁Tw ome y , ▁Dan ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁C . ▁Mal one , ▁M .
▁Mal one ▁and ▁M . ▁K elle her . ▁After ▁a ▁lap se ▁of ▁ 5 1 ▁years ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁were ▁back ▁in ▁senior ▁ranks . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁senior ▁championship ▁was ▁run ▁on ▁a ▁league ▁basis . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁played ▁Na ▁Pi ars a igh , ▁N emo ▁R angers , ▁U CC ▁and ▁Band on ▁to ▁win ▁this ▁section . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁faced ▁St . ▁Fin bar r ' s ▁in ▁the ▁quarter ▁final ▁and ▁were ▁be aten ▁on ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 2 – 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 – 1 1 ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁C ork ▁Ex am iner ▁report , ▁" É ire ▁Og ▁respond ed ▁with ▁adm iration ▁to ▁the ▁mar v ell ous ▁attempt ▁to ▁swe ep ▁St . ▁Fin bar r ' s ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁reck oning ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁city ▁side ▁back - ped alling ▁for ▁length y ▁periods , ▁and ▁a ▁semi - final ▁place ▁el ud ed ▁them ▁only ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁failure ▁to ▁offer ▁an ▁ade qu ate ▁d eter rent ▁to ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Jimmy ▁Barry - M ur phy ▁at ▁full ▁forward . ▁Jimmy ▁scored ▁two ▁vital ▁goals ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁É ire ▁Og , ▁the ▁only ▁club ▁representing ▁Mid - C ork ▁in ▁senior ▁hur ling , ▁won ▁a ▁great ▁first ▁round ▁match ▁against ▁Av ond hu , ▁but ▁were ▁later ▁narrow ly ▁be aten ▁by ▁Y ough al
. ▁However , ▁their ▁second ▁string ▁won ▁the ▁B ▁hur ling ▁championship . ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁play ▁Ball in col lig ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Mus ker ry ▁Cup , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁pressure ▁of ▁matches , ▁this ▁game ▁was ▁not ▁played . ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁saw ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁being ▁be aten ▁by ▁the ▁narrow est ▁of ▁marg ins ▁by ▁Car rig dh oun ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁championship . ▁However ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁under ▁ 1 2 ▁hur ling ▁championship ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁and ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁Under - 1 6 B ▁football ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁decided ▁to ▁seek ▁re grad ing ▁to ▁Inter mediate ▁ranks , ▁but ▁here ▁again ▁could ▁be ▁considered ▁un l ucky ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁defeated ▁by ▁Ball in h ass ig ▁by ▁ 1 ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final ▁of ▁the ▁championship . ▁Ne ut ral ▁obser vers ▁would ▁have ▁considered ▁that ▁a ▁draw ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁fair er ▁result . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁lost ▁to ▁Band on ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁and ▁also ▁lost ▁to ▁Bl ar ney ▁in ▁the ▁junior ▁championship . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁in ▁true ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁spirit , ▁they ▁came ▁back ▁on ▁top ▁form ▁again ▁winning ▁both ▁the ▁C
ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁by ▁be ating ▁Black rock ▁in ▁a ▁fant astic ▁display ▁of ▁hur ling ▁in ▁River st own ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Inter mediate ▁League ▁by ▁be ating ▁In nis car ra ▁after ▁a ▁re play . ▁ ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁h url ers ▁who ▁have ▁won ▁an ▁All ▁Ireland ▁medal ▁with ▁their ▁county ▁include ▁Jimmy ▁Barry ▁Mur phy , ▁Col m ▁She e han ▁( S en ior ▁ 1 9 6 6 ), ▁M ick ▁Mal one ▁( S en ior ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁four ▁All ▁Ireland ▁U 2 1 ▁hur ling ▁med als ), ▁Matt ie ▁Mur phy , ▁Fin bar r ▁She e han , ▁and ▁Der ry ▁O ' ▁B rien ▁( Inter mediate ▁ 1 9 6 6 ). ▁ ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁mainly ▁associated ▁with ▁hur ling ▁but ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁football ▁has ▁made ▁huge ▁progress ▁in ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁made ▁their ▁first ▁break through ▁in ▁football , ▁winning ▁the ▁Mid - C ork ▁Junior ▁B ▁title . ▁They ▁reg ained ▁the ▁title ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁when ▁they ▁Bl ar ney ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁which ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Co ach ford . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁they ▁beat ▁B ally v our ney ▁in ▁the ▁Junior ▁A ▁semi - final , ▁but ▁lost
▁to ▁Ball in col lig ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁on ▁a ▁sc or eline ▁of ▁ 1 – 7 ▁to ▁ 2 – 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁B ally v our ney , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁junior ▁county ▁title ▁that ▁year . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁junior ▁football ▁league . ▁Interest ▁in ▁football ▁was ▁now ▁serious . ▁ ▁On ▁a ▁wet ▁cold ▁day ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁football ▁had ▁its ▁greatest ▁moment ▁when ▁their ▁greater ▁experience ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁dec iding ▁factors ▁in ▁helping ▁them ▁to ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁ever ▁Mid - C ork ▁Junior ▁A ▁title , ▁on ▁a ▁sc or eline ▁of ▁ 1 – 1 3 ▁to ▁Don ough more ' s ▁ 2 – 1 . ▁Team : ▁C . ▁Mal one , ▁T . ▁B ren nan , ▁J . ▁Mur phy , ▁B . ▁Web ster , ▁J . ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁D . ▁Mur phy , ▁J . ▁D ine en , ▁. Mc S ween ey , ▁D . ▁O ' B rien , ▁D ' ▁O ' F lyn n , ▁S . ▁O ' Call ag han , ▁M . ▁K elle her , ▁J . ▁O ' S ull ivan , ▁M . ▁Mal one , ▁J . ▁O ' ▁Le ary . ▁Sub ▁– ▁D . ▁Des mond ▁for ▁M
. ▁K elle her . ▁ ▁C loy ne ▁put ▁a ▁stop ▁the ▁É ire ▁Ó g ' s ▁county ▁title ▁asp ir ations ▁defe ating ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁park ▁by ▁ 1 – 9 ▁to ▁ 2 – 4 . ▁ ▁Hur ling ▁seemed ▁to ▁domin ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁but ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁reached ▁the ▁Junior ▁A ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁where ▁Don ough more ▁gained ▁reven ge ▁for ▁their ▁defeat ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁A ▁keen ▁interest ▁in ▁football ▁at ▁under age ▁level ▁developed ▁in ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁' 8 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁' 8 3 ▁and ▁' 8 4 ▁the ▁reached ▁the ▁U 2 1 ▁mid - C ork ▁final s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁club ▁won ▁the ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁title . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Daniel ▁G ould ing ▁and ▁C iar án ▁She e han ▁became ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁C ork ▁Senior ▁football ▁squad . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁C ork ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 1 ) ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁ 1
9 6 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁C ork ▁Premier ▁Inter mediate ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 1 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Minor ▁A ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Minor ▁A ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Under - 2 1 ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁A ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 7 ) ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁ 1 9
5 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁Mid ▁C ork ▁Junior ▁A ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁R unn ers - up ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁C ork ▁Minor ▁Premier ▁ 1 ▁Football ▁Championship ▁W inners ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Notable ▁players ▁ ▁Den is ▁Des mond ▁ ▁John ▁D ine en ▁ ▁Mary ▁Ge an ey ▁ ▁Daniel ▁G ould ing ▁ ▁M ick ▁Mal one ▁ ▁C iar án ▁She e han ▁ ▁Col m ▁She e han ▁( C ork ▁Senior ▁All ▁Ireland ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Li am ▁Miller ▁( I r ish ▁s occer ▁international ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁É ire ▁Ó g ▁Club ▁website ▁ ▁Category : G ael ic ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁C ork ▁Category : G ael ic ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁C ork ▁Category : H ur ling ▁clubs ▁in ▁County ▁C ork <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁ ▁G wend ol yn ▁B ingham ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Ass istant ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁for ▁Install ation ▁Management . ▁B ingham ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁T AC OM ▁Life ▁Cy cle ▁Management ▁Command
▁( LC MC ) ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Ar sen al ▁in ▁Warren , ▁Michigan ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁Command ing ▁General , ▁White ▁S ands ▁Miss ile ▁Range , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁ 5 1 st ▁Qu arter master ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁and ▁Command ant ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁Qu arter master ▁School ▁at ▁Fort ▁Lee , ▁Virginia ▁- ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁officer ▁to ▁hold ▁these ▁positions . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁G wend ol yn ▁B ingham ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁O w ens ▁& ▁Minor , ▁Inc . ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors . ▁ ▁Military ▁education ▁▁ ▁G wen ▁B ingham ▁is ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁T roy , ▁Alabama . ▁She ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Alabama ▁with ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁general ▁business ▁management . ▁She ▁was ▁commission ed ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Qu arter master ▁Corps ▁as ▁a ▁distinguished ▁military ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁Army ▁R OT C . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Administration ▁from ▁Central ▁Michigan ▁University ▁and ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁national ▁security ▁strategy ▁and ▁resources ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Def ense ▁University . ▁ ▁Her ▁military ▁school ing ▁includes ▁the ▁Qu arter master ▁Officer ▁Basic ▁and ▁Advanced ▁C ourses ; ▁the ▁Person nel ▁Management ▁Cour se ; ▁Com b ined ▁Ar ms ▁and ▁Services ▁Staff ▁School ; ▁Comm iss ary ▁Management ▁Cour se ; ▁Army ▁Command ▁and ▁General ▁Staff ▁College ;
▁the ▁Indust rial ▁College ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁and ▁the ▁Army ▁Ins pect or ▁General ▁Cour se . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁▁ ▁B ingham ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁a ▁my ri ad ▁of ▁staff ▁and ▁leadership ▁positions ▁throughout ▁her ▁career ▁to ▁include : ▁Pl ato on ▁Le ader ▁and ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁H Q & A ▁Company , ▁ 9 th ▁Supp ly ▁and ▁Transport ▁Battalion , ▁ 9 th ▁DIS COM , ▁Fort ▁Lewis , ▁Washington ; ▁Battalion ▁S 1 , ▁ 2 d ▁For ward ▁Support ▁Battalion , ▁ 9 th ▁DIS COM , ▁Fort ▁Lewis , ▁Washington ; ▁Field ▁Services ▁Officer , ▁ 1 st ▁C OS COM , ▁Fort ▁B rag g , ▁North ▁Carolina ; ▁Group ▁S 1 / Ad j ut ant , ▁ 5 0 7 th ▁Transport ation ▁Group , ▁ 1 st ▁C OS COM , ▁Fort ▁B rag g , ▁North ▁Carolina ; ▁O IC , ▁Comm iss ary ▁Central ▁Distribution ▁Center , ▁Def ense ▁Comm iss ary ▁Agency ▁( De CA ), ▁Man heim , ▁Germany ; ▁Chief , ▁A viation ▁Supp ly ▁Branch , ▁ 4 th ▁Corps ▁M ater iel ▁Management ▁Center , ▁Fort ▁H ood , ▁Texas ; ▁Battalion ▁S 3 ▁and ▁Battalion ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁ 4 th ▁Corps ▁M ater iel ▁Management ▁Center , ▁Fort ▁H ood , ▁Texas ; ▁Chief , ▁Pl ans ▁Division , ▁AC of S , ▁M ater iel , ▁ 1 3 th ▁C OS COM , ▁Fort ▁H ood ,
▁Texas . ▁ ▁Chief , ▁G 3 ▁Pl ans ▁Division , ▁ 1 3 th ▁C OS COM ; ▁Deput y ▁Commander , ▁ 6 4 th ▁Corps ▁Support ▁Group , ▁ 1 3 th ▁C OS COM , ▁Fort ▁H ood , ▁Texas ; ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁AC of S , ▁J 1 , ▁US F K , ▁Y ongs an , ▁Korea ; ▁Commander , ▁ 2 6 6 th ▁Qu arter master ▁Battalion , ▁ 2 3 d ▁Qu arter master ▁Brigade , ▁Fort ▁Lee , ▁Virginia ; ▁Chief , ▁Support ▁Services ▁Office ▁and ▁Deput y ▁Ins pect or ▁General , ▁J oint ▁Staff , ▁The ▁Pent agon ; ▁Commander , ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁G arrison , ▁Fort ▁Lee , ▁Virginia ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff , ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Com b ined ▁Ar ms ▁Support ▁Command ▁and ▁S ust ain ment ▁Center ▁of ▁Ex cell ence , ▁Fort ▁Lee , ▁Virginia ; ▁Oper ations ▁Ira qi ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁End uring ▁Fre edom ▁as ▁Special ▁Ass istant ▁to ▁the ▁Command ing ▁General , ▁ 1 st ▁Theater ▁S ust ain ment ▁Command , ▁Camp ▁Ar if jan , ▁K uw ait ; ▁Kab ul , ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁K and ah ar , ▁Afghan istan ; ▁Commander , ▁White ▁S ands ▁Miss ile ▁Range , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁G wen ▁B ingham ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁promotion ▁to ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁received ▁that ▁rank ▁on ▁April ▁
2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁President ▁sent ▁her ▁nom ination ▁for ▁promotion ▁to ▁Major ▁General ▁to ▁Congress ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁G wen ▁B ingham ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁T AC OM ▁Life ▁Cy cle ▁Management ▁Command ▁( TAC OM ▁L C MC ). ▁ ▁B ingham ▁plans ▁to ▁ret ire ▁in ▁summer , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁▁ ▁Women ▁in ▁Def ense ▁Michigan ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Le ad ership ▁Award ▁Nom ine e ▁▁ ▁Award ed ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Martin ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T roy , ▁Alabama ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it ▁Category : Qu arter master s ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Alabama ▁al umn i ▁Category : Cent ral ▁Michigan ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Def ense ▁Super ior ▁Service ▁Medal ▁Category : F em ale ▁gener als ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁female ▁military ▁personnel <0x0A> </s> ▁S aw fish es , ▁ ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁car p enter
▁sh arks , ▁are ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁ray s ▁character ized ▁by ▁a ▁long , ▁narrow , ▁fl atten ed ▁ro str um , ▁or ▁nose ▁extension , ▁l ined ▁with ▁sharp ▁trans verse ▁teeth , ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁res emb les ▁a ▁saw . ▁They ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁fish ▁with ▁some ▁species ▁reaching ▁lengths ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁They ▁are ▁found ▁world wide ▁in ▁tropical ▁and ▁subt rop ical ▁regions ▁in ▁coast al ▁marine ▁and ▁bra ck ish ▁est u ar ine ▁waters , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fresh water ▁rivers ▁and ▁la kes . ▁ ▁They ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁saw sh arks ▁( order ▁Pr isti op hor iformes ) ▁or ▁the ▁ext inct ▁s cler or h yn ch ids ▁( order ▁S cler or h yn ch iformes ) ▁which ▁have ▁a ▁similar ▁appearance , ▁or ▁sword fish ▁( family ▁X i phi idae ) ▁which ▁have ▁a ▁similar ▁name ▁but ▁a ▁very ▁different ▁appearance . ▁ ▁S aw fish es ▁are ▁relatively ▁slow ▁bre ed ers ▁and ▁the ▁females ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁live ▁young . ▁They ▁feed ▁on ▁fish ▁and ▁in verte br ates ▁that ▁are ▁detected ▁and ▁captured ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁their ▁saw . ▁They ▁are ▁generally ▁har ml ess ▁to ▁humans , ▁but ▁can ▁inf lict ▁serious ▁inj uries ▁with ▁the ▁saw ▁when ▁captured ▁and ▁def ending ▁themselves . ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁and ▁h unted ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years , ▁and ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁myth ological ▁and ▁spiritual
▁role ▁in ▁many ▁soci eties ▁around ▁world . ▁ ▁Once ▁common , ▁saw fish ▁have ▁experienced ▁a ▁dr astic ▁decl ine ▁in ▁recent ▁dec ades , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁strong holds ▁are ▁in ▁Northern ▁Australia ▁and ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁five ▁species ▁are ▁r ated ▁as ▁End anger ed ▁or ▁Crit ically ▁End anger ed ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN . ▁They ▁are ▁h unted ▁for ▁their ▁fins ▁( sh ark ▁fin ▁soup ), ▁use ▁of ▁parts ▁as ▁traditional ▁medicine , ▁their ▁teeth ▁and ▁saw . ▁They ▁also ▁face ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁S aw fish ▁have ▁been ▁listed ▁by ▁C IT ES ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁restrict ing ▁international ▁trade ▁in ▁them ▁and ▁their ▁parts . ▁They ▁are ▁protected ▁in ▁Australia , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁countries , ▁meaning ▁that ▁saw fish ▁caught ▁by ▁accident ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁and ▁viol ations ▁can ▁be ▁pun ished ▁with ▁he fty ▁fin es . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁et ym ology ▁The ▁scientific ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁saw fish ▁family ▁Pr ist idae ▁and ▁its ▁type ▁genus ▁Pr ist is ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁. ▁ ▁Despite ▁their ▁appearance , ▁saw fish ▁are ▁ray s ▁( super order ▁B ato idea ). ▁The ▁saw fish ▁family ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁considered ▁the ▁sole ▁living ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁Pr ist iformes , ▁but ▁recent ▁authorities ▁have ▁generally ▁sub sum ed ▁it ▁into ▁Rh in op rist iformes , ▁an ▁order ▁that ▁now ▁includes ▁the ▁saw fish ▁family , ▁as
▁well ▁as ▁families ▁containing ▁guitar fish , ▁w edge fish , ▁ban jo ▁ray s ▁and ▁the ▁like . ▁S aw fish ▁quite ▁res emble ▁guitar fish , ▁except ▁that ▁the ▁latter ▁group ▁la cks ▁a ▁saw , ▁and ▁their ▁common ▁ancest or ▁likely ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁guitar fish . ▁ ▁Living ▁species ▁The ▁species ▁level ▁tax onomy ▁in ▁the ▁saw fish ▁family ▁has ▁histor ically ▁caused ▁considerable ▁confusion ▁and ▁was ▁often ▁described ▁as ▁cha otic . ▁Only ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁was ▁it ▁firm ly ▁established ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁five ▁living ▁species ▁in ▁two ▁gener a . ▁ ▁An ox y pr ist is ▁contains ▁a ▁single ▁living ▁species ▁that ▁histor ically ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁Pr ist is , ▁but ▁the ▁two ▁gener a ▁are ▁morph olog ically ▁and ▁gen et ically ▁highly ▁distinct . ▁Today ▁Pr ist is ▁contains ▁four ▁living , ▁valid ▁species ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁species ▁groups . ▁Three ▁species ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁small to oth ▁group , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁in ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁group . ▁Three ▁poor ly ▁defined ▁species ▁were ▁formerly ▁recognized ▁in ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁group , ▁but ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁it ▁was ▁shown ▁that ▁P . ▁pr ist is , ▁P . ▁micro don ▁ ▁and ▁P . ▁per ott eti ▁do ▁not ▁differ ▁in ▁morph ology ▁or ▁gen et ics . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁recent ▁authorities ▁treat ▁P . ▁micro don ▁ ▁and ▁P . ▁per ott eti ▁as ▁junior ▁syn onym
s ▁of ▁P . ▁pr ist is . ▁ ▁Ext inct ▁( f oss il ) ▁species ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁living ▁saw fish , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁ext inct ▁species ▁that ▁only ▁are ▁known ▁from ▁foss il ▁remains . ▁The ▁oldest ▁known ▁is ▁the ▁monot yp ic ▁genus ▁P ey eria ▁where ▁the ▁remains ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁old ▁from ▁the ▁C en oman ian ▁age ▁( L ate ▁C ret ace ous ), ▁though ▁it ▁may ▁represent ▁a ▁r hin id ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁saw fish . ▁Ind is put able ▁saw fish ▁gener a ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁C en oz o ic ▁age ▁about ▁ 6 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁relatively ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁C ret ace ous – P ale ogene ▁mass ▁ext inction . ▁Among ▁these ▁are ▁Pro pr ist is , ▁a ▁monot yp ic ▁genus ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁foss il ▁remains , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁ext inct ▁Pr ist is ▁species ▁and ▁several ▁ext inct ▁An ox y pr ist is ▁species ▁( both ▁of ▁these ▁gener a ▁are ▁also ▁represented ▁by ▁living ▁species ). ▁Histor ically , ▁p ala e ont olog ists ▁have ▁not ▁separated ▁An ox y pr ist is ▁from ▁Pr ist is . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁several ▁additional ▁ext inct ▁gener a ▁are ▁occasionally ▁listed , ▁including ▁Dal p ia zia , ▁On ch op rist is , ▁O xy pr ist is , ▁and ▁Mes op rist is , ▁but ▁recent ▁authorities
▁generally ▁include ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁S cler or h yn ch idae ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁are ▁syn onym s ▁of ▁An ox y pr ist is . ▁F oss ils ▁of ▁saw fish ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁all ▁contin ents . ▁ ▁The ▁ext inct ▁family ▁S cler or h yn ch idae ▁res emble ▁saw fish . ▁They ▁are ▁known ▁only ▁from ▁C ret ace ous ▁foss ils , ▁and ▁usually ▁reached ▁lengths ▁only ▁of ▁approximately ▁. ▁Some ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁saw fish ▁and ▁s cler or h yn ch ids ▁form ▁a ▁cla de , ▁the ▁Pr ist ior aje a , ▁while ▁others ▁believe ▁the ▁groups ▁are ▁not ▁particularly ▁close , ▁making ▁the ▁proposed ▁cla de ▁poly phy let ic . ▁ ▁App earance ▁and ▁an atom y ▁▁ ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁d ull ▁brown ish , ▁grey ish , ▁green ish ▁or ▁yellow ish ▁above , ▁but ▁the ▁sh ade ▁var ies ▁and ▁dark ▁individuals ▁can ▁be ▁almost ▁black . ▁The ▁unders ide ▁is ▁pale , ▁and ▁typically ▁wh it ish . ▁ ▁S aw ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁distinct ive ▁feature ▁of ▁saw fish ▁is ▁their ▁saw - like ▁ro str um ▁with ▁a ▁row ▁of ▁wh it ish ▁teeth ▁( ro str al ▁teeth ) ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁it . ▁The ▁ro str um ▁is ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁ch ond roc ran ium ▁(" sk ull "), ▁made ▁of ▁cart il age ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁skin . ▁The
▁ro str um ▁length ▁is ▁typically ▁about ▁one - qu arter ▁to ▁one - third ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁fish , ▁but ▁it ▁var ies ▁depending ▁on ▁species , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁with ▁age ▁and ▁sex . ▁The ▁ro str al ▁teeth ▁are ▁not ▁teeth ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁sense , ▁but ▁heavily ▁modified ▁der mal ▁dent icles . ▁The ▁ro str al ▁teeth ▁grow ▁in ▁size ▁throughout ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁saw fish ▁and ▁a ▁to oth ▁is ▁not ▁replaced ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁lost . ▁In ▁Pr ist is ▁saw fish ▁the ▁teeth ▁are ▁found ▁along ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁ro str um , ▁but ▁in ▁adult ▁An ox y pr ist is ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁teeth ▁on ▁the ▁bas al ▁one - qu arter ▁of ▁the ▁ro str um ▁( about ▁one - six th ▁in ▁ju ven ile ▁An ox y pr ist is ). ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁teeth ▁var ies ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁species ▁and ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 3 7 ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁ro str um . ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁a ▁saw fish ▁to ▁have ▁slightly ▁different ▁to oth ▁counts ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁its ▁ro str um ▁( d ifference ▁typically ▁does ▁not ▁sur pass ▁three ). ▁In ▁some ▁species , ▁females ▁on ▁average ▁have ▁fewer ▁teeth ▁than ▁males . ▁Each ▁to oth ▁is ▁p eg - like ▁in ▁Pr ist is ▁saw fish , ▁and ▁fl atten ed ▁and ▁broad ly ▁tri angular ▁in ▁An ox y pr
ist is . ▁A ▁combination ▁of ▁features , ▁including ▁fins ▁and ▁ro str um , ▁are ▁typically ▁used ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁species , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁do ▁it ▁by ▁the ▁ro str um ▁alone . ▁ ▁Head , ▁body ▁and ▁fins ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁sh ark - like ▁body , ▁a ▁flat ▁unders ide ▁and ▁a ▁flat ▁head . ▁Pr ist is ▁saw fish ▁have ▁a ▁rough ▁sand paper - like ▁skin ▁texture ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁covering ▁of ▁der mal ▁dent icles , ▁but ▁in ▁An ox y pr ist is ▁the ▁skin ▁is ▁largely ▁smooth . ▁The ▁mouth ▁and ▁nost r ils ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁head . ▁There ▁are ▁about ▁ 8 8 – 1 2 8 ▁small , ▁bl unt - ed ged ▁teeth ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁j aw ▁of ▁the ▁mouth ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 4 – 1 7 6 ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁j aw ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁teeth ▁on ▁the ▁saw ). ▁These ▁are ▁arranged ▁in ▁ 1 0 – 1 2 ▁rows ▁on ▁each ▁j aw , ▁and ▁somewhat ▁res emble ▁a ▁c ob bl estone ▁road . ▁They ▁have ▁small ▁eyes ▁and ▁behind ▁each ▁is ▁a ▁sp i racle , ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁draw ▁water ▁past ▁the ▁g ills . ▁The ▁g ill ▁sl its , ▁five ▁on ▁each ▁side , ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁near ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁p ector al ▁fins . ▁The
▁position ▁of ▁the ▁g ill ▁open ings ▁separ ates ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁super f icial ly ▁similar , ▁but ▁generally ▁much ▁smaller ▁( up ▁to ▁▁ ▁long ) ▁saw sh arks , ▁where ▁the ▁sl its ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁neck . ▁Un like ▁saw fish , ▁saw sh arks ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁long ▁bar b els ▁on ▁the ▁ro str um ▁(" s aw "). ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁have ▁two ▁relatively ▁high ▁and ▁distinct ▁d ors al ▁fins , ▁wing - like ▁p ector al ▁and ▁pel vic ▁fins , ▁and ▁a ▁tail ▁with ▁a ▁distinct ▁upper ▁lo be ▁and ▁a ▁vari ably ▁s ized ▁lower ▁lo be ▁( lower ▁lo be ▁relatively ▁large ▁in ▁An ox y pr ist is ; ▁small ▁to ▁absent ▁in ▁Pr ist is ▁saw fish ). ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁d ors al ▁fin ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁pel vic ▁fins ▁var ies ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁useful ▁feature ▁for ▁separ ating ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁species . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁anal ▁fins . ▁ ▁Like ▁other ▁el asm ob ranch es , ▁saw fish ▁lack ▁a ▁sw im ▁bl ad der ▁( inst ead ▁cont rolling ▁their ▁bu oy ancy ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁oil - rich ▁li ver ), ▁have ▁a ▁ske leton ▁consisting ▁of ▁cart il age , ▁and ▁the ▁males ▁have ▁cl asp ers , ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁el ong ated ▁structures ▁used ▁for ▁m ating ▁and ▁position ed ▁on ▁the ▁unders ide ▁at ▁the ▁pel vic ▁fins .
▁The ▁cl asp ers ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁ind ist inct ▁in ▁young ▁males . ▁ ▁Their ▁small ▁int est ines ▁contain ▁an ▁internal ▁partition ▁sh aped ▁like ▁a ▁c ork s cre w , ▁called ▁a ▁spir al ▁val ve , ▁which ▁increases ▁the ▁surface ▁area ▁available ▁for ▁food ▁absor ption . ▁ ▁Size ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁large ▁to ▁very ▁large ▁fish , ▁but ▁the ▁maximum ▁size ▁of ▁each ▁species ▁is ▁generally ▁uncertain . ▁The ▁small to oth ▁saw fish , ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish ▁and ▁green ▁saw fish ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁fish . ▁They ▁can ▁certainly ▁all ▁reach ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁total ▁length ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁reports ▁of ▁individuals ▁larger ▁than ▁, ▁but ▁these ▁are ▁often ▁l abeled ▁with ▁some ▁uncertainty . ▁Typ ically ▁reported ▁maximum ▁total ▁lengths ▁of ▁these ▁three ▁are ▁from ▁. ▁Lar ge ▁individuals ▁may ▁we igh ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁, ▁or ▁possibly ▁even ▁more . ▁Old ▁un conf ir med ▁and ▁highly ▁question able ▁reports ▁of ▁much ▁larger ▁individuals ▁do ▁exist , ▁including ▁one ▁that ▁re put edly ▁had ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁another ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁weight ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁a ▁third ▁that ▁was ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁we ighed ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁remaining ▁species , ▁the ▁d war f ▁saw fish ▁and ▁narrow ▁saw fish , ▁are ▁consider ably ▁smaller , ▁but ▁are ▁still ▁large ▁fish ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁respectively . ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁it ▁was ▁often ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁d
war f ▁saw fish ▁only ▁reaches ▁about ▁, ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁incorrect . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Range ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁found ▁world wide ▁in ▁tropical ▁and ▁subt rop ical ▁waters . ▁ ▁Histor ically ▁they ▁r anged ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁Atlantic ▁from ▁Mor oc co ▁to ▁South ▁Africa , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Atlantic ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁to ▁Uruguay , ▁including ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁and ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁There ▁are ▁old ▁reports ▁( last ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁or ▁shortly ▁after ) ▁from ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁and ▁these ▁have ▁typically ▁been ▁regarded ▁as ▁v agr ants , ▁but ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁records ▁strongly ▁suggests ▁that ▁this ▁sea ▁had ▁a ▁bre eding ▁population . ▁In ▁the ▁East ▁Pacific ▁they ▁r anged ▁from ▁Maz at lán ▁( M ex ico ) ▁to ▁northern ▁Peru . ▁Although ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁California ▁occasionally ▁has ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁their ▁range , ▁the ▁only ▁known ▁Pacific ▁Mexican ▁records ▁of ▁saw fish ▁are ▁from ▁south ▁of ▁its ▁mouth . ▁They ▁were ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁central ▁Ind o - P ac ific , ▁r anging ▁from ▁South ▁Africa ▁to ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁and ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf , ▁east ▁and ▁north ▁to ▁Korea ▁and ▁southern ▁Japan , ▁through ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁to ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea ▁and ▁Australia . ▁Today ▁saw fish ▁have ▁disappeared ▁from ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁historical ▁range . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁
▁S aw fish ▁are ▁primarily ▁found ▁in ▁coast al ▁marine ▁and ▁est u ar ine ▁bra ck ish ▁waters , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁e ury hal ine ▁( can ▁adapt ▁to ▁various ▁sal in ities ) ▁and ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁fresh water . ▁The ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish , ▁altern atively ▁called ▁the ▁fresh water ▁saw fish , ▁has ▁the ▁greatest ▁aff inity ▁for ▁fresh water . ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁ ▁up ▁the ▁Amazon ▁River ▁and ▁in ▁Lake ▁Nic ar agua , ▁and ▁its ▁young ▁spend ▁the ▁first ▁years ▁of ▁their ▁life ▁in ▁fresh water . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁the ▁small to oth , ▁green ▁and ▁d war f ▁saw fish ▁typically ▁avoid ▁pure ▁fresh water , ▁but ▁may ▁occasionally ▁move ▁far ▁up ▁rivers , ▁especially ▁during ▁periods ▁when ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increased ▁sal inity . ▁There ▁are ▁reports ▁of ▁narrow ▁saw fish ▁seen ▁far ▁up river , ▁but ▁these ▁need ▁confirm ation ▁and ▁may ▁involve ▁mis ident ifications ▁of ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁saw fish . ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁mostly ▁found ▁in ▁relatively ▁shall ow ▁waters , ▁typically ▁at ▁depth s ▁less ▁than ▁, ▁and ▁occasionally ▁less ▁than ▁. ▁Young ▁prefer ▁very ▁shall ow ▁places ▁and ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁water ▁only ▁ ▁deep . ▁S aw fish ▁can ▁occur ▁off sh ore , ▁but ▁are ▁rare ▁deeper ▁than ▁. ▁An ▁un ident ified ▁saw fish ▁( e ither ▁a ▁l arget ooth ▁or ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ) ▁was ▁captured ▁off
▁Central ▁America ▁at ▁a ▁depth ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁d war f ▁and ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish ▁are ▁strictly ▁warm - water ▁species ▁that ▁generally ▁live ▁in ▁waters ▁that ▁are ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁respectively . ▁The ▁green ▁and ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ▁also ▁occur ▁in ▁col der ▁waters , ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁down ▁to ▁, ▁as ▁illustrated ▁by ▁their ▁( original ) ▁distributions ▁that ▁r anged ▁further ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁strictly ▁warm - water ▁species . ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁bottom - d well ers , ▁but ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁and ▁green ▁saw fish ▁readily ▁take ▁food ▁from ▁the ▁water ▁surface . ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁mostly ▁found ▁in ▁places ▁with ▁soft ▁bottom s ▁such ▁as ▁mud ▁or ▁sand , ▁but ▁may ▁also ▁occur ▁over ▁hard ▁rock y ▁bottom s ▁or ▁at ▁cor al ▁re ef s . ▁They ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁se agr ass ▁or ▁mang ro ve . ▁ ▁S aw sh arks ▁are ▁typically ▁found ▁much ▁deeper , ▁often ▁at ▁depth s ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁when ▁shall ower ▁mostly ▁in ▁col der ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁temper ate ▁waters ▁than ▁saw fish . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁ ▁Bre eding ▁and ▁life ▁cycle ▁ ▁Rel atively ▁little ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁re product ive ▁hab its ▁of ▁the ▁saw fish , ▁but ▁all ▁species ▁are ▁ov ov iv ip ar ous ▁with ▁the ▁adult ▁females ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁live
▁young ▁once ▁a ▁year ▁or ▁every ▁second ▁year . ▁In ▁general , ▁males ▁appear ▁to ▁reach ▁sexual ▁m atur ity ▁at ▁a ▁slightly ▁younger ▁age ▁and ▁smaller ▁size ▁than ▁females . ▁As ▁far ▁as ▁known , ▁sexual ▁m atur ity ▁is ▁reached ▁at ▁an ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 – 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁Pr ist is ▁and ▁ 2 – 3 ▁years ▁in ▁An ox y pr ist is . ▁In ▁the ▁small to oth ▁and ▁green ▁saw fish ▁this ▁equals ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁in ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish ▁at ▁, ▁in ▁the ▁d war f ▁saw fish ▁about ▁, ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁narrow ▁saw fish ▁at ▁. ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁generation ▁length ▁is ▁about ▁ 4 . 6 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁narrow ▁saw fish ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 6 – 1 7 . 2 ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁remaining ▁species . ▁ ▁M ating ▁involves ▁the ▁male ▁inserting ▁a ▁clas per , ▁org ans ▁at ▁the ▁pel vic ▁fins , ▁into ▁the ▁female ▁to ▁fert il ize ▁the ▁eggs . ▁As ▁known ▁from ▁many ▁el asm ob ranch s , ▁the ▁m ating ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁rough , ▁with ▁the ▁saw fish ▁often ▁sust aining ▁la cer ations ▁from ▁its ▁partner ' s ▁saw . ▁However , ▁through ▁gen etic ▁testing ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ▁also ▁can ▁reproduce ▁by ▁par then ogen esis ▁where ▁no ▁male ▁is ▁involved ▁and ▁the ▁off spring ▁are ▁cl ones ▁of ▁their ▁mother
. ▁In ▁Florida , ▁United ▁States , ▁it ▁appears ▁that ▁about ▁ 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ▁off spring ▁are ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁par then ogen esis . ▁It ▁is ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁being ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁partner , ▁allowing ▁the ▁females ▁to ▁reproduce ▁anyway . ▁ ▁The ▁pre gn ancy ▁last s ▁several ▁months . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 – 2 3 ▁young ▁in ▁each ▁saw fish ▁l itter , ▁which ▁are ▁ ▁long ▁at ▁birth . ▁In ▁the ▁emb ry os ▁the ▁ro str um ▁is ▁flexible ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁hard ens ▁shortly ▁before ▁birth . ▁To ▁protect ▁the ▁mother ▁the ▁saw s ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁have ▁a ▁soft ▁cover , ▁which ▁falls ▁off ▁shortly ▁after ▁birth . ▁The ▁pu pping ▁grounds ▁are ▁in ▁coast al ▁and ▁est u ar ine ▁waters . ▁In ▁most ▁species ▁the ▁young ▁generally ▁stay ▁there ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁lives , ▁occasionally ▁moving ▁up river ▁when ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁sal inity . ▁The ▁exception ▁is ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish ▁where ▁the ▁young ▁move ▁up river ▁into ▁fresh water ▁where ▁they ▁stay ▁for ▁ 3 – 5 ▁years , ▁sometimes ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁sea . ▁In ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ▁the ▁young ▁show ▁a ▁degree ▁of ▁site ▁f idel ity , ▁generally ▁stay ing ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁fairly ▁small ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁lives . ▁In ▁the ▁green ▁and
▁d war f ▁saw fish ▁there ▁are ▁indic ations ▁that ▁both ▁sex es ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁overall ▁region ▁throughout ▁their ▁lives ▁with ▁little ▁mixing ▁between ▁the ▁sub pop ulations . ▁In ▁the ▁l arget ooth ▁saw fish ▁the ▁males ▁appear ▁to ▁move ▁more ▁freely ▁between ▁the ▁sub pop ulations , ▁while ▁moth ers ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁region ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁born ▁to ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁young . ▁ ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁saw fish ▁is ▁l abeled ▁with ▁considerable ▁uncertainty . ▁A ▁green ▁saw fish ▁caught ▁as ▁a ▁ju ven ile ▁lived ▁for ▁ 3 5 ▁years ▁in ▁capt ivity , ▁and ▁a ▁small to oth ▁saw fish ▁lived ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 2 ▁years ▁in ▁capt ivity . ▁In ▁the ▁narrow ▁saw fish ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁lif es pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 9 ▁years , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Pr ist is ▁saw fish ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁it ▁var ies ▁from ▁about ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁species . ▁ ▁S aw ▁and ▁feed ing ▁ ▁S aw fish ▁are ▁pred ators ▁that ▁feed ▁on ▁fish , ▁cr ust ace ans ▁and ▁m oll us cs . ▁Old ▁stories ▁of ▁saw fish ▁attack ing ▁large ▁pre y ▁such ▁as ▁wh ales ▁and ▁dol ph ins ▁by ▁cutting ▁out ▁pieces ▁of ▁flesh ▁are ▁now ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁myth s ▁and ▁not ▁fact ual . ▁Hum ans ▁are ▁also ▁far ▁too ▁large

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.