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9 . ▁The ▁final ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Bund ab erg ▁Railway , ▁beyond ▁the ▁Vers atile ▁To ft ▁s iding ▁( N orth ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁G in ▁G in ), ▁closed ▁officially ▁to ▁traffic ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁although ▁services ▁had ▁been ▁susp ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁removal , ▁with ▁rail ▁being ▁sold ▁off ▁to ▁local ▁sugar ▁mill s ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁their ▁tram ▁networks . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁right - of - way ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁B ing era ▁Mill ▁for ▁its ▁sugar ▁tram way . ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁station ▁complex ▁was ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District ▁Historical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁following ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁The ▁complex ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Kol an ▁Sh ire ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁Other ▁buildings ▁have ▁been ▁transport ed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District ▁Historical ▁Society ▁including ▁a ▁school ▁house , ▁and ▁police ▁residence , ▁bar n ▁and ▁ind igen ous ▁museum ▁( h oused ▁within ▁the ▁former ▁goods ▁shed ). ▁The ▁additional ▁buildings ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁re located ▁to ▁the ▁immediate ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁railway ▁yard , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁do ▁not ▁det ract ▁from ▁the ▁visual ▁appeal ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁complex ▁Within ▁the ▁former ▁station ▁yard
▁the ▁track work , ▁turn outs ▁and ▁roads ▁have ▁been ▁retained ▁ext ant . ▁Don ated ▁items ▁from ▁Queensland ▁Rail ways ▁including ▁a ▁BB V ▁gu ards ▁van , ▁camp ▁w agon , ▁and ▁a ▁flat ▁w agon ▁and ▁water ▁g in , ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁platform ▁road ▁at ▁the ▁station ▁building , ▁and ▁other ▁roads ▁within ▁the ▁complex . ▁At ▁the ▁Tir ro an ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁a ▁former ▁G in ▁G in ▁Central ▁Sug ar ▁Mill ▁tram way ▁ 0 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁has ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁display ▁on ▁a ▁dual - g au ge ▁ ▁track . ▁ ▁Bu ilt ▁as ▁a ▁low - cost ▁development ▁railway , ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁features ▁two ▁major ▁surv iving ▁structures ▁entered ▁perman ently ▁in ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register : ▁the ▁Bool bo onda ▁T unnel ▁( now ▁open ▁to ▁road ▁traffic ) ▁and ▁Split ters ▁Creek ▁Railway ▁Bridge ▁at ▁Sh aron . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁complex ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁building ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁representative ▁late ▁Victor ian ▁building ▁with ▁cur ved ▁and ▁cham fer ed ▁brackets ▁to ▁the ▁sh ade ▁and ▁distingu ishing ▁por ch ▁with ▁fre tt ed ▁g able . ▁It ▁is ▁of ▁compar able ▁appearance ▁to ▁E sk , ▁Bund amba ▁and ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁railway ▁stations . ▁Ac com mod ation ▁is ▁provided ▁with ▁ladies ▁water ▁clos et , ▁waiting ▁room , ▁lamp ▁store , ▁shelter ▁shed ▁and ▁office . ▁Book ing ▁windows
▁face ▁the ▁shelter ▁area ▁and ▁the ▁platform ▁and ▁central ▁shelter ▁area ▁post ▁has ▁cur ved ▁decor ative ▁brackets ▁facing ▁three ▁directions . ▁Station ▁name boards ▁are ▁ext ant ▁on ▁the ▁platform ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁goods ▁shed ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁tim ber - fr amed ▁weather board ▁cl ad ▁building ▁with ▁out ▁sh ade ▁and ▁with ▁windows ▁se aled ▁through ▁board ing . ▁It ▁has ▁one ▁sl iding ▁door ▁mounted ▁on ▁opposite ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁shed , ▁and ▁the ▁loading ▁platform ▁has ▁been ▁partly ▁demol ished . ▁Good s ▁c rane ▁is ▁a ▁one - ton ▁wh ip ▁c rane ▁bearing ▁a ▁manufact uring ▁plate ▁of ▁Sar ge ant ▁engine ers , ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁The ▁former ▁Station ▁Masters ▁house ▁is ▁a ▁simply ▁detailed ▁building ▁elev ated ▁with ▁a ▁cor rug ated ▁iron ▁hi pped ▁roof ▁and ▁ver and ah ▁post ▁brackets . ▁The ▁building ▁at ▁present ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁evolution ▁or ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁major ▁railway ▁lines ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁gold ▁and ▁co pper ▁fields ▁of ▁Queensland ▁from ▁the ▁ports ▁of
▁Mary borough , ▁Town sv ille ▁and ▁Bund ab erg . ▁The ▁complex , ▁by ▁its ▁ret ention ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁Sh ire ▁Council , ▁allows ▁for ▁an ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁construction , ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁North ▁Bund ab erg - Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁line , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁network ▁of ▁branch ▁lines ▁cent red ▁on ▁Bund ab erg . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁demonstr ates ▁rare , ▁un common ▁or ▁end anger ed ▁aspects ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁cultural ▁her itage . ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁is ▁important ▁as ▁a ▁substantial ly ▁int act ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁branch line ▁station ▁and ▁its ▁associated ▁buildings ▁and ▁infrastr ucture . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁places . ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁is ▁important ▁as ▁a ▁substantial ly ▁int act ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁branch line ▁station ▁and ▁its ▁associated ▁buildings ▁and ▁infrastr ucture . ▁ ▁Its ▁surv ival ▁as ▁a ▁relatively ▁int act ▁group ▁of ▁railway ▁buildings ▁d ating ▁from ▁various ▁periods ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Railway ▁network ▁in ▁the ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁rural ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁Its ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁museum ▁also ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁to ▁the ▁local
▁community . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Que ens land ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : G in ▁G in , ▁Queensland ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency ▁( ; ▁AS I ) ▁is ▁a ▁government ▁ag ency ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁fund , ▁reg ulate ▁and ▁coordinate ▁space ▁expl oration ▁activities ▁in ▁Italy . ▁The ▁ag ency ▁co oper ates ▁with ▁numerous ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁entities ▁who ▁are ▁active ▁in ▁a eros pace ▁research ▁and ▁technology . ▁ ▁Nation ally , ▁AS I ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁both ▁draft ing ▁the ▁National ▁A eros pace ▁Plan ▁and ▁ens uring ▁it ▁is ▁carried ▁out . ▁To ▁do ▁this ▁the ▁ag ency ▁oper ates ▁as ▁the ▁owner / co ordin ator ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Italian ▁space ▁research ▁ag encies ▁and ▁assets ▁such ▁as ▁CI RA ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁organ ising ▁the ▁calls ▁and ▁opportun ities ▁process ▁for ▁Italian ▁industrial ▁contract ors ▁on ▁space fl ight ▁projects . ▁Intern ation ally , ▁the ▁AS I ▁provides ▁Italy ' s ▁deleg ation ▁to ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁and ▁to ▁its ▁sub ordinate ▁bodies ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁representing ▁the ▁country
' s ▁interests ▁in ▁foreign ▁collabor ations . ▁ ▁AS I ' s ▁main ▁headquarters ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Rome , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁the ▁ag ency ▁also ▁has ▁direct ▁control ▁over ▁three ▁oper ational ▁cent res . ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Space ▁Ge odes y ▁( C GS ) ▁located ▁in ▁M ater a ▁ ▁in ▁Italy . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁these ▁AS I ▁has ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁space port , ▁the ▁Bro g lio ▁Space ▁Centre ▁( former ly ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁Equ atorial ▁Range ) ▁on ▁the ▁coast al ▁sub l itt oral ▁of ▁Ken ya , ▁currently ▁used ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁communic ations ▁ground ▁station . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁AS I ' s ▁annual ▁ ▁reven ues ▁budget ▁was ▁approximately ▁€ 1 . 6 b ill ion ▁ ▁and ▁directly ▁employed ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁workers . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Early ▁Italian ▁a eros pace ▁▁ ▁Activ ities ▁started ▁officially ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁but ▁the ▁ag ency ▁drew ▁extens ively ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁earlier ▁national ▁organis ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁cons olid ated ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁Italian ▁scient ists ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁investig ating ▁space ▁and ▁astr onaut ics ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁out standing ▁names ▁in ▁Italian ▁space ▁expl oration ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁were ▁the ▁following : ▁▁ ▁Giul io ▁Cost an zi ▁( 1 8 7 5 – 1 9 6 5 ), ▁his ▁
1 9 1 4 ▁writing ▁of ▁space ▁navigation ▁and ▁nuclear ▁prop ulsion ▁are ▁considered ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁contribution ▁to ▁astr onaut ics . ▁ ▁Luigi ▁G uss al li ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 1 9 5 0 ), ▁astr onaut ics ▁pione er ▁since ▁the ▁‘ 2 0 s , ▁correspond ed ▁with ▁international ▁space ▁scient ists ▁such ▁as ▁Ober th ▁and ▁God d ard . ▁He ▁invent ed ▁a ▁double - re action ▁jet ▁engine , ▁developed ▁multi - stage ▁rock ets , ▁suggested ▁a ▁Moon ▁mission ▁and ▁solar ▁radiation ▁power ed ▁spaces hips . ▁ ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro ▁Cro cco ▁( 1 8 7 7 - 1 9 6 8 ), ▁aer onaut ics ▁and ▁astr onaut ics ▁pione er , ▁invent ed ▁the ▁first ▁all - Ital ian ▁liquid - f uel led ▁comb ust ion ▁chamber ▁and ▁a ided ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁gravity ▁assist ▁technique ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁planet ary ▁fly - by ’ s ▁by ▁space ▁prob es . ▁ ▁Luigi ▁Cro cco ▁( 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 8 6 ), ▁son ▁of ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro , ▁an ▁intern ation ally ▁ren owned ▁scient ist ▁in ▁aer od ynam ics ▁theory ▁and ▁jet ▁prop ulsion . ▁ ▁A ure lio ▁Rob otti , ▁expert ▁on ▁ro cket ▁liquid ▁fu els , ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁liquid - f uel led ▁ro cket , ▁AR 3 . ▁ ▁Luigi ▁Bro g lio ▁( 1 9 1 1
- 2 0 0 1 ), ▁the ▁un anim ously ▁recognized ▁father ▁of ▁Italian ▁astr onaut ics , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁“ Ital ian ▁von ▁Braun ”. ▁Under ▁his ▁guide ▁Italy ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁a ▁satellite ▁in ▁orbit ▁around ▁the ▁Earth ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁country ▁to ▁deploy ▁an ▁equ atorial ▁launch ing ▁pad , ▁the ▁San ▁Marco , ▁and ▁to ▁experiment ▁successful ▁launch ing ▁from ▁it . ▁ ▁Carlo ▁Bu ong ior no , ▁Bro g lio ' s ▁pup il ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁director ▁general ▁of ▁AS I . ▁ ▁San ▁Marco ▁programme ▁▁ ▁Early ▁Italian ▁space ▁efforts ▁during ▁the ▁Space ▁Race ▁era ▁were ▁built ▁around ▁co operation ▁between ▁the ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Commission ▁( a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council ) ▁and ▁NASA ▁supported ▁primarily ▁by ▁the ▁Centro ▁Ric er che ▁Aer osp az iali , ▁the ▁a eros pace ▁research ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Rome ▁La ▁S ap ienza . ▁This ▁plan , ▁conce ived ▁by ▁Luigi ▁Bro g lio , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁programme ▁of ▁Italian - built ▁sat ell ites ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁first ▁satellite , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 1 , ▁from ▁Wal lo ps ▁Island . ▁ ▁The ▁San ▁Marco ▁project ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁launch ing ▁of ▁scientific ▁sat ell ites ▁by ▁Sc out ▁rock ets ▁from ▁a ▁mobile ▁rig id ▁platform ▁located ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁This ▁station , ▁composed ▁of ▁ 3 ▁oil ▁platforms ▁and
▁two ▁log ist ical ▁support ▁boats , ▁was ▁installed ▁off ▁the ▁Ken ya ▁coast , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Mal indi . ▁ ▁Italy ▁would ▁later ▁launch ▁further ▁sat ell ites ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁( San ▁Marco ▁ 2 ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 3 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁San ▁Marco ▁D / L ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁) ▁using ▁the ▁American ▁Sc out ▁rock ets ▁like ▁the ▁original , ▁but ▁from ▁its ▁own ▁space port . ▁ ▁Co - operation ▁and ▁cons olid ation ▁▁ ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁countries ▁to ▁be ▁engaged ▁in ▁space ▁expl oration , ▁Italy ▁became ▁a ▁founder ▁and ▁key ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁La unch er ▁Development ▁Organisation ▁( EL DO ) ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Research ▁Organisation ▁( ES RO ), ▁established ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 9 ▁and ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁respectively . ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁would ▁later ▁merge ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Further ▁work ▁would ▁continue ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council ▁including ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁tele com s / res earch ▁satellite ▁called ▁SI RI O - 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁A ▁planned ▁follow - up ▁mission ▁SI RI O - 2 ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ane ▁
1 ▁L - 0 5 ▁launch ▁failure . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁it ▁became ▁clear ▁of ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁rational ise ▁and ▁strength en ▁Italy ' s ▁position ▁in ▁space ▁research ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency ▁to ▁further ▁coordinate ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁space ▁activities . ▁ ▁Program mes ▁ ▁Rob otic ▁expl oration ▁▁ ▁AS I ' s ▁first ▁large ▁scientific ▁satellite ▁mission ▁was ▁Be ppo S AX , ▁developed ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁N amed ▁after ▁Giuseppe ▁“ Be ppo ” ▁O c ch ial ini , ▁an ▁important ▁figure ▁in ▁Italian ▁high - energy ▁physics , ▁the ▁satellite ▁was ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁universe ▁in ▁the ▁X - ray ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁spectrum . ▁ ▁Following ▁on ▁from ▁this ▁AS I ▁developed ▁another ▁high - energy ▁astronom ical ▁satellite , ▁AG I LE ▁for ▁g amma ▁ray ▁astronom y , ▁launched ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁Space ▁Research ▁Organisation ▁( IS RO ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁particular ▁innov ation ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁instrument ▁to ▁measure ▁both ▁G amma ▁ray s ▁and ▁hard ▁X - ray s . ▁ ▁AS I ▁also ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁on ▁many ▁major ▁international ▁space ▁expl oration ▁miss ions ▁including ; ▁▁ ▁Cass ini - H u yg ens , ▁a ▁joint ▁NASA / ES A / AS I ▁mission ▁to ▁the ▁Sat urn ▁system ▁launched ▁in ▁
1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁mission ▁has ▁made ▁many ▁new ▁discover ies ▁and ▁increased ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁giant ' s ▁environment , ▁particularly ▁Sat urn ' s ▁varied ▁mo ons . ▁AS I ▁supplied ▁Cass ini ' s ▁large ▁high - g ain ▁anten na ▁and ▁rad ar ▁package ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁invol vement ▁in ▁other ▁instruments . ▁ ▁IN TE GR AL , ▁E SA ' s ▁advanced ▁g amma ▁ray ▁observ atory ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Mars ▁Express , ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁European ▁mission ▁to ▁Mars ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Through ▁AS I , ▁Italy ▁provided ▁two ▁important ▁instruments ▁for ▁the ▁mission ; ▁MAR S IS ▁a ▁rad ar ▁alt imeter ▁and ▁the ▁Planet ary ▁Fourier ▁Spect rom eter ▁which ▁discovered ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁m eth ane ▁in ▁the ▁Mart ian ▁atmosphere . ▁ ▁Ros etta , ▁an ▁am bit ious ▁E SA ▁mission ▁to ▁orbit ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁history ▁land ▁a ▁pro be ▁on ▁a ▁com et , ▁ 6 7 P / Ch ury um ov - G eras imen ko , ▁to ▁study ▁it ▁in ▁detail ▁as ▁it ▁enters ▁the ▁inner ▁solar ▁system . ▁This ▁long ▁duration ▁mission ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁its ▁destination ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Ros etta ▁car ries ▁the ▁Italian - built ▁VI RT IS ▁instrument ▁while ▁the ▁Phil ae ▁Land er ' s ▁sampling / dr illing ▁system ,
▁SD 2 , ▁is ▁another ▁major ▁Italian ▁contribution . ▁ ▁Swift ▁G amma - R ay ▁Bur st ▁Mission , ▁a ▁NASA - led ▁international ▁mission ▁to ▁provide ▁rapid ▁detection ▁of ▁short - l ived ▁G amma - ray ▁Bur st s . ▁AS I ▁provides ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁station ▁facility ▁as ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁space port . ▁ ▁Mars ▁Re con na issance ▁Or b iter , ▁a ▁NASA ▁mission ▁to ▁Mars ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁SH AR AD ▁rad ar ▁was ▁supplied ▁by ▁Italy ▁using ▁experience ▁from ▁MAR S IS . ▁ ▁Ven us ▁Express , ▁the ▁sister - pro be ▁to ▁Mars ▁Express ▁built ▁using ▁the ▁same ▁space craft ▁bus ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁European ▁mission ▁to ▁Ven us . ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁AS I ▁contributed ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁VI RT IS ▁spect rom eter . ▁ ▁Da wn , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁NASA ▁mission ▁that ▁will ▁study ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁Ast ero id ▁B elt ' s ▁objects , ▁the ▁astero id ▁V esta ▁and ▁the ▁d war f ▁planet ▁Cer es . ▁Italy ▁has ▁provided ▁VI R - MS , ▁another ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁VI RT IS ▁instrument . ▁ ▁Jun o , ▁contributed ▁the ▁J ov ian ▁Inf ra red ▁Aur oral ▁M apper ▁on ▁this ▁mission ▁to ▁planet ▁Jup iter . ▁ ▁Italy ' s ▁space ▁industry ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁scientific ▁miss ions ▁such
▁as ▁SO HO , ▁Cl uster ▁II , ▁ISO , ▁X MM - New ton ▁and ▁Plan ck . ▁ ▁The ▁technology ▁experiments ▁T SS - 1 ▁and ▁T SS - 1 R ▁were ▁also ▁conducted ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁NASA . ▁ ▁La unch er ▁development ▁▁ ▁Currently ▁AS I ▁is ▁a ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ane ▁ 5 ▁launch er ▁programme ▁and ▁more ▁recently ▁is ▁the ▁major ▁( 6 5 %) ▁back er ▁of ▁the ▁E SA ▁V ega ▁small ▁launch er , ▁capable ▁of ▁putting ▁a ▁payload ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 kg ▁to ▁low ▁Earth ▁orbit . ▁ ▁Earth ▁observation ▁▁ ▁AS I ▁is ▁a ▁particip ant ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁E SA ' s ▁program mes ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Earth ▁Observ ation ▁such ▁as ▁ER S - 1 , ▁ER S - 2 , ▁EN VIS AT , ▁the ▁M ete os at ▁series ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile o ▁satellite ▁navigation ▁system . ▁The ▁ag ency ▁has ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁other ▁European ▁and ▁international ▁partners ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sh utt le ▁Rad ar ▁Top ography ▁Mission ▁with ▁NASA . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁NASA ▁launched ▁L AGE OS - 2 ▁( follow ing ▁L AGE OS - 1 ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁AS I . ▁A ▁pass ive ▁satellite , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁sphere ▁of ▁al umin ium ▁covered ▁with ▁retr ore f lect ors ▁to ▁reflect ▁las er ▁r anging ▁be ams
▁em itted ▁from ▁ground ▁stations ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁primary ▁mission ▁goals ▁were ▁to ▁determine ▁accur ately ▁Earth ' s ▁Ge oid ▁and ▁to ▁measure ▁T ect onic ▁plate ▁movement . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁AS I ' s ▁own ▁satellite , ▁LA RES , ▁will ▁be ▁launched ▁using ▁the ▁V ega ▁ro cket . ▁The ▁mission ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁similar ▁studies ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁L AGE OS ▁ 2 ▁but ▁with ▁much ▁greater ▁precision . ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency , ▁under ▁direction ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Research ▁and ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence , ▁developed ▁the ▁C OS MO - S ky Med ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁sat ell ites ▁for ▁both ▁military ▁and ▁civil ian ▁use ▁in ▁a ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁areas . ▁ ▁Human ▁space fl ight ▁▁ ▁Through ▁AS I , ▁the ▁Italian ▁space ▁industry ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁player ▁in ▁human ▁space fl ight ▁activities . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁Sh utt le ▁M PL M ▁cargo ▁containers ▁Leon ardo , ▁R aff a ello ▁and ▁Don at ello , ▁were ▁manufact ured ▁at ▁the ▁C annes ▁Mand el ieu ▁Space ▁Center ▁in ▁Tur in , ▁Italy ▁by ▁Al cat el ▁Al enia ▁Space , ▁now ▁Th ales ▁Al enia ▁Space . ▁They ▁provide ▁a ▁key ▁function ▁in ▁storing ▁equipment ▁and ▁parts ▁for ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁I SS ▁modules ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁Italy . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁E SA ' s ▁contribution ▁to ▁the
▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station , ▁Al cat el ▁Al enia ▁Space ▁manufact ured ▁T ran qu ility , ▁Harm ony ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Cup ola ▁observation ▁deck ▁for ▁NASA . ▁ ▁E SA ' s ▁Columb us ▁module , ▁Western ▁Europe ' s ▁primary ▁scientific ▁lab ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁I SS , ▁was ▁again ▁built ▁in ▁Tur in ▁based ▁on ▁Italy ' s ▁previous ▁experience ▁in ▁space ▁station ▁module ▁construction . ▁ ▁Italian ▁astr onaut s ▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁E SA ▁member ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁human ▁space fl ight , ▁AS I ▁spons ors ▁a ▁select ▁few ▁Italian ▁citizens ▁to ▁train ▁at ▁E SA ' s ▁European ▁A str onaut ▁Corps ▁( E AC ) ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁country ▁on ▁miss ions . ▁It ali ans ▁to ▁have ▁flow n ▁in ▁space ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Franco ▁Maler ba , ▁Italy ' s ▁first ▁astr onaut ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁not ▁to ▁fly ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁E AC . ▁He ▁fle w ▁on ▁ST S - 4 6 ▁( J uly ▁ 3 1 ▁to ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁as ▁payload ▁special ist ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁T ether ed ▁Sat ellite ▁System ▁mission . ▁ ▁Um berto ▁Gu id oni , ▁fle w ▁on ▁ST S - 7 5 ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁March ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁as ▁payload ▁special ist ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁T ether ed ▁Sat ellite ▁System ▁mission ▁- ▁T
SS - 1 R . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁and ▁European ▁on ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁during ▁ST S - 1 0 0 ▁( A pril ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁Maur izio ▁Ch eli , ▁fle w ▁with ▁Um berto ▁Gu id oni ▁as ▁a ▁mission ▁special ist ▁on ▁ST S - 7 5 . ▁ ▁Roberto ▁Vitt ori , ▁has ▁flow n ▁on ▁multiple ▁miss ions ▁to ▁the ▁I SS : ▁So y uz ▁T M - 3 3 , ▁So y uz ▁T M - 3 4 , ▁So y uz ▁T MA - 5 , ▁So y uz ▁T MA - 6 ▁and ▁ST S - 1 3 4 . ▁ ▁Paolo ▁A . ▁N es pol i , ▁fle w ▁on ▁ST S - 1 2 0 ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 3 ▁to ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ; ▁he ▁then ▁returned ▁two ▁more ▁times ▁on ▁the ▁I SS : ▁one ▁for ▁the ▁long ▁duration ▁Mag IS St ra ▁mission ▁( Exp ed ition ▁ 2 6 / 2 7 , ▁from ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁to ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁So y uz ▁T MA - 2 0 ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁V ita ▁mission ▁( Exp ed ition ▁ 5 2 / 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Lu ca ▁Par mit
ano , ▁selected ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁fle w ▁ab o ard ▁So y uz ▁T MA - 0 9 M ▁on ▁▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁earth ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁He ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁I SS ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁So y uz ▁MS - 1 3 ▁mission ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁will ▁serve ▁as ▁Fl ight ▁Engine er ▁on ▁Ex ped ition ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁Commander ▁on ▁Ex ped ition ▁ 6 1 . ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Crist of or etti , ▁also ▁selected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁fle w ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁ab o ard ▁So y uz ▁T MA - 1 5 M ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Her ▁original ▁return ▁date ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁two ▁Russian ▁rock ets ▁extended ▁her ▁stay ▁in ▁space ▁past ▁the ▁European ▁astr onaut ▁and ▁female ▁astr onaut ▁end urance ▁records . ▁Her ▁return ▁to ▁Earth , ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁concluded ▁her ▁ 1 9 9 d ▁ 1 6 h ▁ 4 2 m ▁in ▁space . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁government ▁space ▁ag encies ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁space ▁ag encies ▁ ▁References ▁
▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Fil ipp o ▁Gra z iani , ▁La ▁Sc uola ▁di ▁Sc uola ▁Ing eg ner ia ▁Aer osp az iale ▁nell ’ ott antes imo ▁anni vers ario ▁della ▁sua ▁fond azione ▁ ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro ▁Cro cco , ▁G iro ▁es pl or ativo ▁di ▁un ▁anno ▁Terra - Mar te - V en ere - T er ra , ▁R end ic ont i ▁del ▁VII ▁Congress o ▁Intern azionale ▁A str onaut ica o , ▁Roma , ▁settembre ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁pag g . ▁ 2 0 1 - 2 2 5 ; ▁ ▁English ▁translation : ▁" One - Year ▁Ex pl oration - T rip ▁Earth - M ars - V en us - E arth , ▁" ▁Ga et ano ▁A . ▁Cro cco , ▁paper ▁presented ▁at ▁the ▁Se vent h ▁Congress ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁A str onaut ical ▁Federation , ▁Rome , ▁Italy , ▁R end ic ont i ▁pp . ▁ 2 2 7 - 2 5 2 . ▁ ▁Giorg io ▁Di ▁Bern ardo , ▁Nella ▁ne bb ia ▁in ▁att esa ▁del ▁So le , ▁Di ▁Ren zo ▁Edit ore ▁ ▁AA . ▁V V : , ▁Le ▁att ività ▁sp az iali ▁ital iane ▁dal ▁dop og uer ra ▁all ’ ist itu zione ▁dell ’ A gen zia ▁Sp az iale ▁Italiana , ▁A gen zia ▁Sp az iale ▁Europe a ▁ ▁A ure lio ▁Rob otti , ▁ 1 9
4 1 – 1 9 6 1 , ▁v enti ▁anni ▁di ▁storia ▁miss il istica ▁in ▁Italia , ▁" Miss ili " ▁Ed izioni ▁Italian e , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Cap r ara , ▁L ’ Italia ▁nello ▁sp az io , ▁Val er io ▁Le vi ▁Edit ore , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁- ▁Document s ▁including ▁the ▁National ▁A eros pace ▁Plan ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Space ▁program ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Space ▁ag encies ▁Category : G overn ment ▁ag encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : S cience ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁With am ▁( 1 6 6 7 – 1 7 3 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁college ▁head ▁and ▁bib lic al ▁scholar . ▁ ▁Early ▁Years ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁sc ant ▁documentation ▁of ▁Robert ▁With am ’ s ▁early ▁life . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁large ▁and ▁committed ▁Catholic ▁family , ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁sons ▁to ▁be ▁ord ained ▁as ▁pri ests .’ ’ Since ▁C athol ics ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁England ▁for ▁the ▁priest hood , ▁the ▁With am ▁brothers ▁went ▁across ▁the ▁Channel ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁English ▁College , ▁Dou ai ▁( cont empor ary ▁English ▁sp elling , ▁Dou ay ). ▁S ources ▁conflict ▁on ▁Robert ’ s ▁year ▁of ▁ord ination , ▁either ▁ 1
6 9 1 ▁or ▁ 1 6 9 4 . ▁He ▁remained ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁until ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁or ▁ 1 6 9 9 , ▁and ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁England , ▁where ▁he ▁rose ▁quickly ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁hierarchy . ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Cl iffe , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Vic ar ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁District ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁President ▁of ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁and ▁assumed ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 5 . ▁ ▁Pres iden cy ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁College ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁The ▁new ▁President ▁would ▁face ▁continu ing ▁challeng es ▁during ▁his ▁administration . ▁ ▁The ▁College ▁was ▁already ▁heavily ▁in ▁deb t ▁and ▁would ▁soon ▁face ▁more ▁problems ▁with ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁Jacob ite ▁R ising ▁of ▁ 1 7 1 5 . ▁ ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁for fe iture ▁of ▁the ▁est ates ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁families ▁who ▁were ▁benef act ors ▁of ▁the ▁College . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁by ▁dev ast ating ▁losses ▁from ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁B ubble ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁agent ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁had ▁unw is ely ▁inv ested ▁College ▁funds . ▁ ▁The ▁College ▁buildings ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁bad ▁state ▁of ▁repair . ▁▁ ▁A ▁small po x ▁ep ide mic ▁and ▁accus ations ▁of ▁mis management ▁by ▁critics ▁were ▁additional
▁problems . ▁However , ▁he ▁would ▁ultimately ▁prev ail ▁over ▁all ▁these ▁challeng es . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 , ▁he ▁had ▁paid ▁off ▁the ▁College ▁deb t , ▁increased ▁the ▁student ▁body , ▁staff ed ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁with ▁capable ▁master s , ▁and ▁modern ized ▁the ▁campus . ▁ ▁His ▁ 2 3 - year ▁administration ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament ▁English ▁speaking ▁C athol ics ▁had ▁long ▁re lied ▁upon ▁the ▁ 1 5 8 2 ▁R heim s ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament . ▁ ▁However , ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁since ▁the ▁Elizabeth an ▁era ▁caused ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁an ▁updated ▁text . ▁ ▁An ▁Irish ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁Corn el ius ▁N ary ▁( 1 6 5 8 - 1 7 3 8 ) ▁had ▁produced ▁a ▁new ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁with ▁ed itions ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 7 1 9 . ▁ ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁sus pected ▁of ▁heter odox y , ▁so ▁his ▁Testament ▁failed ▁to ▁achieve ▁wide ▁accept ance , ▁with ▁With am ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁its ▁critics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁With am ▁published ▁a ▁pam ph let ▁that ▁critic ized ▁N ary ’ s ▁work ▁and ▁announced ▁his ▁own ▁forth coming ▁New ▁Testament . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 0 ▁his ▁“ An not ations ▁on
▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ” ▁ ▁appeared ▁with ▁a ▁complete ▁New ▁Testament ▁ ▁text ▁plus ▁an ▁extensive ▁body ▁of ▁apolog etic ▁annotations . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁To ▁the ▁Re ader ▁introduction ▁he ▁pra ises ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁R heim s ▁translation , ▁but ▁adds ▁that ▁it ▁“ per haps ▁follow ’ d ▁too ▁sc rup ul ously ▁the ▁Latin ” ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁interven ing ▁years ▁“ many ▁words ▁and ▁Express ions ▁… .. [ have ] ▁become ▁ob sole te , ▁and ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁use .” ▁ ▁The ▁word ing ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁page ▁of ▁his ▁second ▁edition ▁published ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ( ill ustration ▁opposite ) ▁, ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁With am ▁intended ▁simply ▁to ▁update ▁the ▁R heim s ▁Version , ▁not ▁produce ▁a ▁new ▁translation . ▁ ▁A ▁recent ▁study ▁of ▁sample ▁cit ations ▁from ▁Matthew ▁▁ ▁shows ▁several ▁unique ▁changes ▁from ▁the ▁R heim s , ▁e . ▁g ., ▁Ad ul tery ▁for ▁for nic ation ▁( 5 : 3 2 ), ▁Pro dig ies ▁for ▁w onders ▁( 2 4 : 2 4 ) ▁, ▁and ▁As pect ▁for ▁count en ance ▁( 2 8 : 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁earlier ▁criticism ▁of ▁N ary , ▁With am ▁made ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁changes ▁from ▁R heim s , ▁e . g ., ▁Food ▁for ▁meat ▁( 0 3 : 0 4 ), ▁storm ▁for ▁temp est ▁( 1 6 : 0 3 ), ▁inner ▁Ro oms
▁for ▁clos ets . ▁Some what ▁surprising ly ▁he ▁used ▁render ings ▁that ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁King ▁James ▁Version ▁that ▁he ▁must ▁have ▁known ▁would ▁be ▁controvers ial , ▁e . g ., ▁the ▁Lord ▁for ▁our ▁Lord . ▁( 0 2 : 1 9 ) ▁Although ▁that ▁change ▁was ▁even ▁repeated ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ch all on er ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 7 4 9 ▁edition ▁and ▁hardly ▁seems ▁controvers ial ▁today , ▁it ▁caused ▁a ▁continu ing ▁debate ▁among ▁C athol ics ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Another ▁controvers ial ▁rendering ▁was ▁cup ▁rather ▁than ▁ch al ice ▁( 2 6 : 3 9 ). ▁Cup ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁N ary ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁James ▁Version , ▁but ▁Ch all on er ▁did ▁retain ▁the ▁ch al ice ▁rendering . ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁brief ▁period ▁of ▁success . ▁ ▁A ▁new , ▁more ▁elaborate ▁edition ▁with ▁co pper plate ▁eng rav ings ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 3 , ▁and ▁another , ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁new ▁series ▁of ▁ed itions ▁by ▁his ▁former ▁sub ordinate ▁Richard ▁Ch all on er ▁would ▁eventually ▁sur pass ▁it ▁in ▁popular ity . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁With am ’ s ▁substantial ▁body ▁of ▁annotations ▁that ▁would ▁provide ▁his ▁most ▁last ing ▁legacy . ▁ ▁Several ▁B ibles ▁and ▁Test aments ▁published
▁in ▁the ▁next ▁century ▁would ▁make ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁them , ▁including ▁the ▁famous ▁Hay d ock ▁series ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁and ▁continu ing ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁ ▁Works ▁With am ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of : ▁▁ ▁The ologia , ▁Dou ay , ▁ 1 6 9 2 , ▁the ▁th eses ▁which ▁he ▁maintained ▁on ▁being ▁created ▁D . D . ▁▁ ▁An not ations ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ , ▁in ▁which , ▁ 1 . ▁The ▁literal ▁sense ▁is ▁explained ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Ex pos itions ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁F athers . ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁false ▁Inter pret ations , ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁Writ ers , ▁which ▁are ▁contrary ▁to ▁the ▁received ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁are ▁briefly ▁exam ined ▁and ▁dis pro ved . ▁ 3 . ▁With ▁an ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁chief ▁differences ▁bet wi xt ▁the ▁Text ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Latin ▁Version ▁and ▁the ▁Greek ▁in ▁the ▁printed ▁Ed itions ▁and ▁Man us cript s , ▁[ D ou ay ], ▁ 1 7 3 0 , ▁ 2 ▁vol s . ▁This ▁work ▁contains ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament . ▁The ▁pre face ▁was ▁repr int ed ▁in ▁the ▁append ix ▁to ▁Rh emes ▁and ▁Dow ay ▁( 1 8 5 5 ) ▁by ▁Henry ▁Cot ton , ▁the ▁annotations ▁at ▁Manchester ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁in ▁O sw ald ▁Sy ers ' s ▁Bible . ▁A ▁reply
▁appeared ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Pop ery ▁an ▁En emy ▁to ▁Script ure ▁( 1 7 3 6 ), ▁ ▁by ▁James ▁Ser ces , ▁vic ar ▁of ▁Apple by , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁[ With am , ▁Robert ], ▁The ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁by ▁C [ orn el ius ] ▁N [ ary ] ▁C [ ons ult iss ima e ] ▁F [ ac ult atis ] ▁P [ ar isi ensis ] ▁D [ o ctor ] ▁an . ▁ 1 7 1 9 , ▁M . D CC . XX VI , ▁an on . ▁Dou ai . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁( The ▁E igh teenth ▁Century ▁& ▁The ▁Catholic ▁Rev ival ▁in ▁the ▁Nin ete enth ▁Century ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bur ton , ▁Ed win ▁H ., ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Times ▁of ▁Bishop ▁Ch all on er , ▁Long mans ▁Green ▁and ▁Co ., ▁London ▁etc ., ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Ed win ▁H . ▁and ▁N olan , ▁Ed mond , ▁The ▁Dou ay ▁College ▁Di aries ▁The ▁Se vent h ▁Di ary ▁ 1 7 1 5 - 1 7 7 8 , ▁Tit us ▁Wilson ▁& ▁Son , ▁K end al , ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Kirk , ▁John , ▁Bi ograph ies ▁of ▁English ▁C athol ics ▁in ▁the ▁E igh teenth ▁Century , ▁Burn s ▁& ▁O ates , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 0 9 .
▁O hl hausen , ▁Sid ney ▁K ., ▁" With am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament : ▁A ▁Review ▁of ▁Its ▁Text ▁and ▁a ▁History ▁of ▁Ed itions ," ▁Rec us ant ▁History ▁Vol . 2 9 , ▁No . 1 , ▁May , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ed itions ▁of ▁With am ' s ▁New ▁Testament ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 3 3 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁College , ▁Dou ai ▁al umn i ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Catholic ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁English ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pri ests ▁Category : 1 7 3 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁L je š nica ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bij elo ▁Pol je ▁Municip ality , ▁in ▁northern ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 2 7 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Bij elo ▁Pol je ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Ser b ▁communities ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁canton ▁of ▁Mul house - 3 ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Haut - R hin ▁department , ▁n ort he astern ▁France . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁canton ▁re organisation ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁effect ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁Mul house . ▁ ▁It ▁consists
▁of ▁the ▁following ▁communes : ▁Ill z ach ▁Mul house ▁( part ly ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ant ons ▁of ▁Haut - R hin <0x0A> </s> ▁D oh onna ▁Mal ik ▁Scott ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁box er , ▁known ▁as ▁" K ing " ▁or ▁" The ▁No ble ▁Art ist ". ▁He ▁holds ▁notable ▁wins ▁over ▁former ▁world ▁heavy weight ▁title ▁challeng ers ▁Alex ▁Le ap ai ▁and ▁Tony ▁Thompson . ▁ ▁Am ateur ▁career ▁Scott ▁started ▁box ing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁stell ar ▁amateur ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Junior ▁Olympics ▁Championships ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Scott ▁won ▁the ▁American ▁Box ing ▁Classic ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁" Under - 1 9 " ▁Junior ▁World ▁Championships ▁crown . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁National ▁AA U ▁He avy weight ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁defe ating ▁world ▁champ ▁Michael ▁Ben nett ▁and ▁Jason ▁E str ada ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁beat ▁Da Var ry l ▁William son ▁and ▁Mal col m ▁T ann ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁E str ada ▁at ▁the ▁tri als ▁and ▁then ▁Ben nett ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁box - offs ▁and ▁therefore ▁did ▁not ▁qual ify . ▁His ▁record ▁was ▁ 7 0 – 3 . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Scott ▁turned ▁professional ▁in ▁ 2
0 0 0 ▁and ▁has ▁only ▁two ▁defe ats ▁to ▁his ▁name . ▁His ▁wins ▁include ▁former ▁amateur ▁star ▁Terry ▁McG room ▁and ▁jour ne ymen ▁David ▁B ost ice ▁and ▁Louis ▁Mon aco , ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁big ▁step ▁up ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁defeated ▁former ▁cont ender ▁Charles ▁Sh uff ord . ▁ ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁fight ▁between ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁b ice p ▁injury . ▁He ▁has ▁since ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁injury ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁com eb ack ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Scott ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁tu ition ▁of ▁box ing ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁tra iner ▁J esse ▁Re id ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁when ▁the ▁pair ▁split ▁because ▁Scott ▁believed ▁Father ▁Time ▁was ▁catch ing ▁up ▁with ▁Re id , ▁Scott ▁then ▁reun ited ▁with ▁his ▁former ▁amateur ▁coach , ▁Fred ▁Jenkins . ▁Scott ▁is ▁promoted ▁by ▁Go ossen - T utor . ▁Scott ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁fight ▁on ▁the ▁Paul ▁Williams ▁vs . ▁Nob u hi ro ▁I sh ida ▁under card ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Bank ▁Center , ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i , ▁Texas . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁oppon ent ▁was ▁heavy weight ▁jour ne yman ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford . ▁It ▁marked ▁Scott ' s ▁first ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁box ing ▁ring , ▁more ▁than
▁three ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁last ▁fight . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁Scott ▁faced ▁Re le ford ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁as ▁they ▁fought ▁back ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁As ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁their ▁first ▁fight , ▁Scott ▁won ▁by ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁ ▁Scott ' s ▁second ▁fight ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁was ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁Sports men ' s ▁L odge , ▁Studio ▁City , ▁California . ▁He ▁faced ▁off ▁against ▁the ▁Mexican ▁heavy weight ▁box er , ▁Al var o ▁Mor ales . ▁Scott ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁He ▁won ▁by ▁ 6 0 – 5 4 ▁on ▁all ▁three ▁sci rec ards . ▁Scott ▁then ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁under card ▁of ▁Andre ▁Ward ▁vs . ▁Ch ad ▁Daw son ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Oracle ▁Arena , ▁Oak land , ▁California . ▁It ▁was ▁against ▁T ong an ▁heavy weight ▁cont ender ▁B owie ▁T up ou . ▁Scott ▁won ▁the ▁fight ▁by ▁an ▁ 8 - round ▁T K O . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Scott ▁would ▁face ▁off ▁against ▁un be aten ▁heavy weight ▁cont ender ▁V y aches lav ▁Gla zk ov . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁draw , ▁the ▁first ▁b
lem ish ▁on ▁Scott ' s ▁record . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Scott ▁fought ▁D erek ▁Ch is ora ▁for ▁the ▁vac ant ▁W BO ▁International ▁He avy weight ▁title . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁W emble y ▁Arena ▁in ▁London , ▁England ▁and ▁Scott ▁suffered ▁his ▁first ▁defeat , ▁a ▁sixth ▁round ▁knock out . ▁Having ▁been ▁flo ored , ▁he ▁waited ▁until ▁the ▁ref eree ▁counted ▁to ▁nine ▁to ▁get ▁up , ▁but ▁was ▁adj ud ged ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁counted ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁rising . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Scott ▁beat ▁Gro ver ▁Young ▁by ▁a ▁sto pp age ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁before ▁getting ▁knock ed ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁by ▁De ont ay ▁W ilder ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Scott ▁then ▁fought ▁cra fty ▁south p aw ▁veter an ▁and ▁somewhat ▁of ▁a ▁gate keeper , ▁Tony ▁Thompson , ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁fight ▁was ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ten ▁r ounds ▁and ▁Scott ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁fight ▁via ▁un anim ous ▁decision ▁despite ▁being ▁knock ed ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁nin th ▁round . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁fought ▁Cub an ▁box er ▁Luis ▁Ort iz ▁in ▁Mon aco . ▁Despite ▁claim ing ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁perfect ▁camp , ▁the ▁bout ▁was
▁largely ▁une vent ful ▁and ▁disappoint ing . ▁Scott ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁back foot ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁fight ▁and ▁seemed ▁completely ▁unw illing ▁to ▁eng age ▁with ▁Ort iz . ▁British ▁comment ator ▁Adam ▁Smith ▁l ament ed ▁the ▁bout ▁as ▁" the ▁worst ▁I ▁have ▁seen ▁in ▁many ▁years ". ▁Match room ▁prom oter ▁Edd ie ▁H ear n ▁was ▁also ▁vis ibly ▁disappoint ed ▁after ▁the ▁bout ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁" Sc ott ▁didn ` t ▁do ▁us ▁any ▁fav ours ▁ton ight ". ▁The ▁official ▁score cards ▁were ▁ 1 2 0 – 1 0 5 , ▁ 1 2 0 – 1 0 6 , ▁and ▁ 1 1 9 – 1 0 6 ▁all ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁Ort iz . ▁ ▁Professional ▁box ing ▁record ▁ ▁\| ▁style =" text - align : center ;" ▁col span =" 8 " \| 3 8 ▁W ins ▁( 1 3 ▁knock outs ), ▁ 3 ▁L oss es ▁( 2 ▁knock outs ), ▁ 1 ▁Draw ▁\| - ▁ ▁style =" text - align : center ; ▁background :# e 3 e 3 e 3 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| Res . ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| Record ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| O pp on ent ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid
▁solid ; ▁" \| Type ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| R d ., ▁Time ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| Date ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| Location ▁\| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" \| Not es ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| L oss ▁\| 3 8 – 3 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Luis ▁Ort iz ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 8 – 2 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Tony ▁Thompson ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 7 – 2 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Alex ▁Le ap ai ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| L oss ▁\| 3 6 – 2 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁De ont ay ▁W ilder ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 6 – 1 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Gro ver ▁Young ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\|
- ▁align = center ▁\| L oss ▁\| 3 5 – 1 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁D ere ck ▁Ch is ora ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| style =" background :# abc def ;" \| Draw ▁\| 3 5 – 0 – 1 ▁\| align = left \| ▁V y aches lav ▁Gla zk ov ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 5 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁B owie ▁T up ou ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 4 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Al var o ▁Mor ales ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 3 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 2 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Rap ha el ▁Butler ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 1 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Arthur ▁Cook ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\|
align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 0 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Dam ian ▁Nor ris ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 9 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Sed reck ▁Field s ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 8 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Charles ▁Sh uff ord ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 7 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Ram on ▁Hay es ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 6 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Andrew ▁Gree ley ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 5 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Marcus ▁McG ee ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 4 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 3 –
0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Dennis ▁McK in ney ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 2 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Sh ane ▁Sw art z ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 1 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁David ▁B ost ice ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 0 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Louis ▁Mon aco ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 9 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Dre x ie ▁James ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 8 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Carl ton ▁Johnson ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 7 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Ot is ▁T is dale ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 6 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁One bo ▁Max ime ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align
= left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 5 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Terry ▁McG room ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 4 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Ken ▁Mur phy ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 3 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Bry an ▁Bla k ely ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 2 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁L yle ▁Mc D ow ell ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 1 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Dan ▁Ward ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 0 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Brit ton ▁Thomas ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 9 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Curt is ▁Taylor ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 8 – 0
▁\| align = left \| ▁Ram on ▁Hay es ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 7 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Louis ▁Mon aco ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 6 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Ron ▁Brown ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 5 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁T racy ▁Williams ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 4 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Robert ▁Anderson ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 3 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Maurice ▁Whe eler ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 2 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Jack ie ▁Be ard ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| - ▁align = center ▁\| Win ▁\| 1 – 0 ▁\| align = left \| ▁Tony ▁F oster ▁\|\| \| ▁\| ▁\| align = left \| ▁\| align = left \| ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category :
1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁box ers ▁Category : Box ers ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : W inners ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Championship ▁for ▁amateur ▁box ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : American ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : He avy weight ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Qu inn ▁Lake ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁lake ▁south ▁of ▁Cor b ett ▁in ▁Full er ▁H ollow . ▁It ▁dra ins ▁south ▁via ▁an ▁un named ▁cre ek ▁that ▁flows ▁through ▁Stuart ▁Lake ▁before ▁conver ging ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁Branch ▁Del aware ▁River . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁la kes ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Del aware ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Corn wall ▁Land ▁District ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁twenty ▁land ▁districts ▁of ▁Tas mania ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C adas tr al ▁divisions ▁of ▁Tas mania . ▁It ▁contains ▁most ▁of ▁La unc eston . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁Corn wall ▁County , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁count ies ▁of ▁Tas mania ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁eleven ▁proc laimed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁then ▁south western ▁county ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁An ▁earlier ▁Corn wall ▁County ▁existed ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁until ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁as ▁an ▁administrative ▁division
▁whilst ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁was ▁admin ister ed ▁as ▁two ▁units . ▁It ▁was ▁defined ▁as ▁all ▁of ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁parallel ▁( now ▁between ▁Tri al ▁Har bour ▁and ▁Friend ly ▁Be aches ), ▁and ▁govern ed ▁by ▁William ▁Pat erson . ▁Buck ingham ▁County ▁occupied ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁border ed ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁E sk ▁River , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁River . ▁While ▁most ▁of ▁La unc eston ▁is ▁in ▁it , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁sub ur bs ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁E sk ▁such ▁as ▁May field ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁Dor set ; ▁and ▁sub ur bs ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁such ▁as ▁Tre v ally n , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁Dev on . ▁It ▁goes ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Tas man ▁Sea , ▁including ▁St ▁Hel ens ▁and ▁St ▁Mary s . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Encyclop ædia ▁Britannica ▁mentions ▁La unc eston ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁county . ▁ ▁There ▁was , ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁a ▁state ▁elect oral ▁division ▁of ▁Corn wall ▁occup ying ▁a ▁similar ▁area ▁to ▁the ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁par ishes ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁George ▁Arthur , ▁the ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁Island ▁of ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁proc
laimed , ▁via ▁The ▁Hob art ▁Town ▁Cou rier , ▁the ▁first ▁count ies ▁and ▁par ishes ▁to ▁be ▁survey ed ▁in ▁the ▁col ony . ▁▁ ▁The ▁County ▁of ▁Corn wall , ▁bounded ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁river ▁North ▁E sk , ▁and ▁by ▁a ▁line ▁connecting ▁that ▁river ▁with ▁George ' s ▁river ▁and ▁by ▁George ' s ▁river ; ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Pacific ▁ocean ▁; ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁river ▁and ▁by ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁river , ▁and ▁by ▁an ▁east line ▁from ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁river ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁coast , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk . ▁This ▁county ▁to ▁include ▁all ▁islands ▁situ ate ▁between ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁George ' s ▁river ▁and ▁the ▁south ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁the ▁county . ▁ ▁H undred s ▁and ▁par ishes ▁proc laimed ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁were : ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁La unc eston ▁La unc eston ▁parish ▁Bra ed al b ane ▁ ▁( l ater ▁corrected ▁to ▁B read al b ane ) ▁Per th ▁Ev and ale ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁L ym ington ▁L ym ington ▁D ed d ington ▁B ever ley ▁another ▁parish ▁at ▁present ▁un named ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁Av oca ▁Av oca ▁T ref us is ▁St . ▁A ub yn ▁Mal vern ▁ ▁The ▁town ships ▁of ▁La unc eston , ▁Had sp en , ▁Per th , ▁Av oca ▁( port ion ▁of )
▁were ▁del im ited ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁pro clam ation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Land ▁District s ▁of ▁Tas mania <0x0A> </s> ▁Sur rog ate ▁data ▁testing ▁( or ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁sur rog ate ▁data ) ▁is ▁a ▁statistical ▁proof ▁by ▁contradiction ▁technique ▁and ▁similar ▁to ▁paramet ric ▁boot stra pping ▁used ▁to ▁detect ▁non - linear ity ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁series . ▁The ▁technique ▁basically ▁involves ▁specifying ▁a ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁ ▁describing ▁a ▁linear ▁process ▁and ▁then ▁generating ▁several ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁sets ▁according ▁to ▁ ▁using ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods . ▁A ▁disc rimin ating ▁stat istic ▁is ▁then ▁calculated ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁time ▁series ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁sur rog ate ▁set . ▁If ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁stat istic ▁is ▁significantly ▁different ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁series ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁sur rog ate ▁set , ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁is ▁rejected ▁and ▁non - linear ity ▁assumed . ▁ ▁The ▁particular ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁testing ▁method ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁is ▁directly ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis . ▁Usually ▁this ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁following : ▁The ▁data ▁is ▁a ▁real ization ▁of ▁a ▁station ary ▁linear ▁system , ▁whose ▁output ▁has ▁been ▁possibly ▁measured ▁by ▁a ▁monot on ically ▁increasing ▁possibly ▁non linear ▁( but ▁static ) ▁function . ▁Here ▁linear ▁means ▁that ▁each ▁value ▁is ▁linear ly ▁dependent ▁on ▁past ▁values ▁or ▁on ▁present ▁and ▁past ▁values ▁of ▁some ▁independent ▁ident ically ▁distributed ▁( i . i . d .) ▁process , ▁usually ▁also ▁Gaussian . ▁This
▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁AR MA ▁type . ▁In ▁case ▁of ▁flux es ▁( continu ous ▁ma ppings ), ▁linear ity ▁of ▁system ▁means ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁by ▁a ▁linear ▁differential ▁equation . ▁In ▁this ▁hypothesis , ▁the ▁static ▁measurement ▁function ▁is ▁one ▁which ▁depends ▁only ▁on ▁the ▁present ▁value ▁of ▁its ▁argument , ▁not ▁on ▁past ▁ones . ▁ ▁Method s ▁▁ ▁Many ▁algorithms ▁to ▁generate ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁have ▁been ▁proposed . ▁They ▁are ▁usually ▁class ified ▁in ▁two ▁groups : ▁ ▁Typ ical ▁realiz ations : ▁data ▁series ▁are ▁generated ▁as ▁outputs ▁of ▁a ▁well - f itted ▁model ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁data . ▁ ▁Con stra ined ▁realiz ations : ▁data ▁series ▁are ▁created ▁directly ▁from ▁original ▁data , ▁generally ▁by ▁some ▁suitable ▁transformation ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁methods ▁do ▁not ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁particular ▁model , ▁nor ▁on ▁any ▁parameters , ▁thus ▁they ▁are ▁non - param et ric ▁methods . ▁These ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁methods ▁are ▁usually ▁based ▁on ▁pres erving ▁the ▁linear ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁series ▁( for ▁instance , ▁by ▁pres erving ▁the ▁aut oc or relation ▁function , ▁or ▁equival ently ▁the ▁period ogram , ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁sample ▁spectrum ). ▁Among ▁const rained ▁realiz ations ▁methods , ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁used ▁( and ▁thus ▁could ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁classical ▁methods ) ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Algorithm ▁ 0 , ▁or ▁R S ▁( for ▁Random ▁Sh uffle ):
▁New ▁data ▁are ▁created ▁simply ▁by ▁random ▁permut ations ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁series . ▁The ▁permut ations ▁guarantee ▁the ▁same ▁amplitude ▁distribution ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁series , ▁but ▁destroy ▁any ▁linear ▁correlation . ▁This ▁method ▁is ▁associated ▁to ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁being ▁un cor related ▁noise ▁( poss ibly ▁Gaussian ▁and ▁measured ▁by ▁a ▁static ▁non linear ▁function ). ▁▁ ▁Algorithm ▁ 1 , ▁or ▁R P ▁( for ▁Random ▁Ph ases ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁F T , ▁for ▁Fourier ▁Trans form ): ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁linear ▁correlation ▁( the ▁period ogram ) ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁are ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁inverse ▁Fourier ▁Trans form ▁of ▁the ▁modules ▁of ▁Fourier ▁Trans form ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁data ▁with ▁new ▁( uniform ly ▁random ) ▁phases . ▁If ▁the ▁sur rog ates ▁must ▁be ▁real , ▁the ▁Fourier ▁phases ▁must ▁be ▁ant is ym metric ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁central ▁value ▁of ▁data . ▁ ▁Algorithm ▁ 2 , ▁or ▁A AF T ▁( for ▁Am plit ude ▁Ad just ed ▁Fourier ▁Trans form ): ▁This ▁method ▁has ▁approximately ▁the ▁advantages ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁previous ▁ones : ▁it ▁tries ▁to ▁preserve ▁both ▁the ▁linear ▁structure ▁and ▁the ▁amplitude ▁distribution . ▁This ▁method ▁consists ▁of ▁these ▁steps : ▁ ▁S cal ing ▁the ▁data ▁to ▁a ▁Gaussian ▁distribution ▁( G aussian ization ). ▁ ▁Perform ing ▁a ▁R P ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁data . ▁ ▁Finally ▁doing ▁a ▁transformation ▁inverse ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁(
de - G aussian ization ). ▁The ▁draw back ▁of ▁this ▁method ▁is ▁precisely ▁that ▁the ▁last ▁step ▁changes ▁somewhat ▁the ▁linear ▁structure . ▁ ▁Iter ative ▁algorithm ▁ 2 , ▁or ▁I A AF T ▁( for ▁Iter ative ▁Am plit ude ▁Ad just ed ▁Fourier ▁Trans form ): ▁This ▁algorithm ▁is ▁an ▁iter ative ▁version ▁of ▁A AF T . ▁The ▁steps ▁are ▁repeated ▁until ▁the ▁aut oc or relation ▁function ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁original , ▁or ▁until ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁amplit udes . ▁ ▁Many ▁other ▁sur rog ate ▁data ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁proposed , ▁some ▁based ▁on ▁optim izations ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁aut oc or relation ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁one , ▁some ▁based ▁on ▁wave let ▁transform ▁and ▁some ▁capable ▁of ▁dealing ▁with ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁non - station ary ▁data . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Res am pling ▁( stat istics ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Non linear ▁time ▁series ▁analysis ▁Category : Stat ist ical ▁tests <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Web b ▁Jr . ▁( A pril ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁Republican ▁Party ▁politician ▁from ▁Es sex ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁Orange ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁book keeper ▁in ▁the ▁New ark ▁law ▁offices ▁of ▁George ▁S . ▁Hob art , ▁a ▁former
▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁He ▁file d ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁cl erk ship ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁and ▁read ▁law ▁at ▁Hob art ▁and ▁Min ard ▁( under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁George ▁Hob art , ▁a ▁former ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly ) ▁until ▁passing ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁bar ▁exam ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁a ▁two - day ▁written ▁coun sel ors ▁exam ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁Governor ▁Alfred ▁D ris coll ▁appointed ▁him ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁Es sex ▁County ▁Pro sec utor . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁confirm ation ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Senate , ▁he ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁served ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁Web b ▁became ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁State ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁seeking ▁to ▁challenge ▁inc umb ent ▁Don al ▁C . ▁Fox , ▁a ▁Dem ocrat ▁who ▁was ▁seeking ▁re - e lection ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁term . ▁ ▁Web b ▁ran ▁on ▁the ▁Es sex ▁Republican ▁organization ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁backing ▁of ▁County ▁Chair man ▁William ▁Ye om ans , ▁but ▁faced ▁a ▁strong ▁oppon ent ▁in ▁the ▁G OP ▁primary : ▁former ▁State ▁Senator ▁Alfred ▁C . ▁Cla pp , ▁who ▁agreed ▁to ▁lead ▁a ▁sl ate ▁of ▁reform ▁candidates ▁opposed ▁to ▁Ye om ans
. ▁Cla pp ▁defeated ▁Web b ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁votes , ▁ 3 1 , 5 5 1 ▁( 7 2 %) ▁to ▁ 1 2 , 1 7 7 ▁( 2 8 %) ▁and ▁his ▁" C lean ▁Government " ▁sl ate ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁Assembly ▁candidates ▁all ▁won ▁the ▁primary ▁against ▁the ▁organization ▁ticket . ▁ ▁Web b ' s ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁primary ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁former ▁Congress man ▁Robert ▁W . ▁Ke an ▁to ▁ou st ▁Ye om ans ▁in ▁a ▁race ▁for ▁Es sex ▁County ▁Republican ▁Chair man ▁one ▁week ▁later . ▁ ▁After ▁losing ▁the ▁Senate ▁race , ▁Web b ▁started ▁a ▁law ▁firm , ▁Web b , ▁Mc D erm ott ▁& ▁McG ee , ▁which ▁special ized ▁in ▁medical ▁mal p ract ice ▁defense . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Ros em ary ▁T . ▁Wies el ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁birth day . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁East ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁Republic ans ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁law y ers
▁Category : American ▁pro sec utors ▁Category : Count y ▁officials ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁cent en ari ans <0x0A> </s> ▁M iche al ene ▁Crist ini ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁an ▁award - win ning ▁writer , ▁director ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Americans ▁Elect ▁nom ination ▁for ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Cla w son , ▁Michigan , ▁before ▁sp ending ▁her ▁te en age ▁years ▁in ▁T roy , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁She ▁graduated ▁from ▁Bishop ▁F ole y ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁gradu ate ▁from ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁Tele communic ations ▁and ▁min ors ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁Ad vert ising . ▁ ▁She ▁spent ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁for ▁such ▁companies ▁as ▁Disney , ▁Amb lin ▁and ▁Matt el . ▁While ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Production ▁for ▁Marvel ' s ▁animation ▁unit ▁she ▁was ▁rec ru ited ▁by ▁SE GA ▁of ▁America ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁consumer ▁products ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁division . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁SE GA ▁was ▁at ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 % ▁market ▁share . ▁The ▁Cons umer ▁Product s ▁division ▁was ▁an ▁incred ible ▁team ▁that ▁turned ▁Son ic ▁the ▁H edge h og ▁until ▁a ▁billion ▁doll ar ▁consumer ▁products ▁brand . ▁The ▁team ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁two ▁top ▁animation ▁facilities ▁and ▁created ▁two ▁Son ic ▁animated ▁series ▁simultaneously . ▁Both ▁shows , ▁the ▁Network
▁series ▁and ▁the ▁synd ic ation ▁series ▁were ▁# 1 ▁hits . ▁Creating ▁two ▁simultane ous ▁hit ▁shows ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁character ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁done ▁since . ▁M iche al ene ▁left ▁SE GA ▁to ▁start ▁her ▁own ▁for ▁profit ▁and ▁not ▁for ▁profit ▁company . ▁She ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁top ▁athlet es ▁and ▁sports ▁companies ▁after ▁SE GA ▁SP ORT S ▁and ▁was ▁h ired ▁by ▁N ike ▁to ▁entertain ▁building ▁a ▁g aming ▁division ▁for ▁N ike ▁or ▁lic ens ing ▁out ▁their ▁ro ster ▁of ▁athlet es ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁sector . ▁She ▁recommended ▁to ▁N ike ▁that ▁they ▁stick ▁to ▁their ▁core ▁business ▁and ▁license ▁out ▁those ▁characters . ▁Within ▁her ▁new ▁company , ▁F resh ▁Water ▁Sp ig ot , ▁she ▁took ▁N ike ' s ▁athlet es ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁technology ▁sector ▁for ▁lic ens ing . ▁This ▁included ▁R onal do , ▁Brazil ▁Soccer ▁and ▁T iger ▁Wood s . ▁The ▁T iger ▁Wood s / ▁Electron ic ▁Arts ▁deal ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁deal ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁sector ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ris ley ' s ▁non ▁profit ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁F resh water ▁H aven . ▁The ▁focus ▁of ▁that ▁non ▁profit ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁med ial ▁to ▁create ▁social ▁change . ▁Within ▁this ▁non ▁profit , ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁as ▁the ▁writer , ▁producer ▁and ▁director ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁T apest ries ▁of ▁Hope ,
▁which ▁follows ▁social ▁activ ist ▁Betty ▁Mak oni ▁in ▁her ▁efforts ▁to ▁help ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁young ▁women ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁through ▁her ▁foundation ▁the ▁Girl ▁Child ▁Network . ▁ ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁and ▁then ▁deport ed ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁by ▁the ▁Z imb ab we an ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁foot age ▁she ▁shot ▁during ▁her ▁time ▁with ▁Mak oni ▁and ▁the ▁Girl ▁Child ▁Network . ▁ ▁After ▁being ▁safely ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Ris ley ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁push ▁for ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Vi ol ence ▁Again st ▁Women ▁Act ▁by ▁creating ▁grass ro ots ▁efforts ▁with ▁over ▁ 4 5 ▁other ▁human ▁rights ▁groups . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 0 5 ▁the aters ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁V P ▁of ▁Production , ▁Development ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁products ▁for ▁Marvel ▁Comics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁she ▁founded ▁F resh ▁Water ▁H aven , ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁organization ▁that ▁writes , ▁produces , ▁develop s ▁and ▁brings ▁to ▁market ▁films , ▁document aries ▁and ▁books ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁raising ▁aw aren ess ▁about ▁global ▁issues ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁reform . ▁ ▁A ▁frequent ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁editor ial ▁writer , ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁a ▁noted ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Spe aker .
▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Ris ley ▁wrote , ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁Flash cards , ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁on ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁which ▁won ▁numerous ▁awards ▁and ▁a ired ▁on ▁P BS ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁Ris ley ▁co - author ed ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁book ▁This ▁Is ▁Not ▁the ▁Life ▁I ▁Order ed , ▁alongside ▁Deb or ah ▁Collins ▁Steph ens , ▁Jan ▁Y ane hi ro , ▁and ▁Jack ie ▁Spe ier , ▁which ▁has ▁sold ▁over ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁( the ▁book ▁details ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁these ▁four ▁women ▁and ▁the ▁ups ▁and ▁down s ▁they ▁faced ▁in ▁their ▁lives ). ▁After ▁Running ▁Marvel s ▁animation ▁unit ▁M iche al ene ▁was ▁rec ru ited ▁by ▁S ega ▁of ▁America ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁lic ens ing ▁and ▁Entertainment ▁division ▁from ▁scratch . ▁As ▁Senior ▁Director ▁of ▁Entertainment / Cons umer ▁Product s ▁at ▁SE GA ▁of ▁America , ▁she ▁rec ru ited ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁in ▁B ever ly ▁Hills , ▁California ▁and ▁eventually ▁moved ▁the ▁whole ▁team ▁up ▁to ▁S ega ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Northern ▁California --- where ▁she ▁became ▁fasc in ated ▁with ▁the ▁te ch ▁world ▁and ▁has ▁never ▁left ▁Sil icon ▁Valley . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Ris ley ▁founded ▁F resh ▁Water ▁Sp ig ot , ▁a ▁lic ens ing ▁and ▁cre ative ▁services ▁ag ency ▁special izing ▁in ▁consumer ▁products ▁categories ; ▁she ▁also ▁conce ived , ▁developed ,
▁and ▁launched ▁the ▁first ▁Ad idas - brand ed ▁mat ern ity ▁product ▁line , ▁The ▁Power ▁of ▁Two , ▁L LC . ▁M iche al ene ▁was ▁also ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Games ▁at ▁Z y ng a , ▁a ▁San ▁Francisco - based ▁mobile ▁games ▁company .. ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁CE O ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁te ch ▁start - ups ▁in ▁entertain ment ▁sector . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁a ▁re vised ▁version ▁of ▁" This ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁life ▁I ▁ordered : ▁was ▁released . ▁M iche al ene ▁is ▁currently ▁building ▁a ▁new ▁entertain ment ▁company , ▁called ▁AM MA ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁helping ▁a ▁start - up ▁G 5 ▁Part ners , ▁L LC , ▁deliver ▁P PE ▁product ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁alle vi ate ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁COVID - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁As ▁an ▁passion ate ▁activ ist ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁ra pe , ▁ab use ▁and ▁human ▁tra ff ick ing . ▁Miss ▁Ris ley ▁has ▁been ▁thrown ▁in ▁prison ▁in ▁Z imb ab we , ▁received ▁death ▁attempts ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁while ▁writing ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Larry ▁N ass ar ▁story ▁for ▁television ▁and ▁hosting ▁a ▁Human ▁tra ff ick ing ▁event ▁through ▁Operation ▁Big ▁Sister , ▁her ▁L Y FT ▁vehicle ▁was ▁hij ack ed ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 4 1 ▁gang s ▁that ▁do ▁human ▁tra ff ick ing . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁to ▁fle e ▁the
▁area ▁and ▁recover ▁from ▁P T SD . ▁She ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁grass ▁roots ▁level ▁on ▁these ▁issues . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁- ▁Cont inental ▁Who ' s ▁Who ▁List ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁Top ▁W riter ▁Qu ora ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁Women ▁of ▁In flu ence ▁award ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Mon aco ▁Film ▁Festival ▁– ▁Special ▁M ention ▁for ▁In sp iration ▁and ▁Str ong ▁Message ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Director ▁F inder ▁Series ▁– ▁The ▁Director ’ s ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁– ▁W IF TS ▁( The ▁Women ▁in ▁Film ▁& ▁Television ▁Sym pos ium ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Director ▁– ▁W IF TS ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Alo ha ▁Acc ol ade ▁Award ▁– ▁Hon ol ulu ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Award ▁of ▁Mer it ▁– ▁Acc ol ade ▁Film ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁– ▁Louis ville ▁International ▁Festival ▁of ▁Film ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Award ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁– ▁The ▁Ind ie ▁Fest ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁New ▁Communic ations ▁Review ▁" A ward ▁of ▁Ex cell ence " ▁for ▁live ▁blog s ▁during ▁her ▁film ing ▁and ▁in car cer ation ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M iche al ene
2 0 1 2 ▁official ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁president ial ▁campaign ▁site ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁document ary ▁film m akers ▁Category : American ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : F em ale ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁candidates ▁Category : Mich igan ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C andid ates ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Cla w son , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T roy , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W omen ▁document ary ▁film m akers <0x0A> </s> ▁Soul ▁B ub bles ▁is ▁a ▁puzz le ▁video ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁N intendo ▁D S ▁hand h eld ▁console . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁studio ▁M ek ens leep , ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁E idos ▁Inter active ▁in ▁the ▁P AL ▁regions ▁and ▁North ▁America ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁Inter channel ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁. ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁core ▁game play ▁involves ▁transport ing ▁" sp ir its " ▁within ▁protect ive ▁b ub bles ▁through ▁varying ▁environments . ▁B ub bles ▁are ▁moved ▁by ▁being ▁blow n ▁by ▁the ▁main ▁" sp irit ▁her
der " ▁character ▁based ▁on ▁st yl us ▁stro kes ▁on ▁the ▁D S ▁touch ▁screen . ▁B ub bles ▁may ▁be ▁created , ▁joined , ▁split , ▁def late ▁and ▁burst ▁using ▁animal ▁" mask s ", ▁worn ▁by ▁the ▁spirit ▁her der , ▁again ▁using ▁the ▁touch ▁screen . ▁These ▁mechan ics ▁are ▁then ▁used ▁to ▁navigate ▁through ▁levels ▁featuring ▁wind ▁curr ents , ▁enemies , ▁water , ▁fire , ▁g ases , ▁sp ikes , ▁stick y ▁surfaces , ▁and ▁further ▁complex ities . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁there ▁are ▁collect ible ▁" st ard ust " ▁items ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁player ' s ▁end - of - level ▁score , ▁and ▁" cal ab ash " ▁that ▁un lock ▁additional ▁levels . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁player ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁sh aman ▁app rent ice , ▁whose ▁duty ▁is ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁lost ▁sou ls . ▁The ▁player ▁must ▁create ▁protect ive ▁b ub bles ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁sou ls ▁safe . ▁The ▁game ▁contains ▁eight ▁world s ▁and ▁ 4 0 ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁player ▁has ▁to ▁complete ▁each ▁level ▁by ▁moving ▁all ▁the ▁spirits ▁to ▁the ▁Gate way ▁C ube , ▁where ▁the ▁sou ls ▁will ▁forever ▁rest , ▁while ▁collect ing ▁st ard ust ▁and ▁Cal ab ash . ▁ ▁Development ▁The ▁team ▁responsible ▁for ▁final ▁game ▁design ▁consists ▁of ▁Oliv ier ▁Le ja de ▁and ▁O mar ▁Corn ut , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁experienced ▁game ▁developer ▁Fr éd ér ick ▁Ray nal
. ▁Ray nal ▁left ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁to ▁start ▁working ▁with ▁U b iso ft . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁initially ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁exclus ively ▁through ▁To ys ▁" R " ▁Us ▁ret ail ▁stores . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁demo ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁was ▁made ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁D S ▁Download ▁Service ▁of ▁the ▁W ii ▁N intendo ▁Channel . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁received ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews " ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ation ▁website ▁Met ac rit ic . ▁N - Europe ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" w onder fully ▁cal ming " ▁game ▁and ▁feels ▁like ▁the ▁" title ▁the ▁D S ▁was ▁built ▁for ". ▁In ▁Japan , ▁Fam its u ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁all ▁four ▁se vens ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁a ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁several ▁N intendo ▁D S - specific ▁I GN ▁awards , ▁including ▁Best ▁P uzz le ▁Game , ▁Best ▁New ▁IP , ▁and ▁Most ▁In nov ative ▁Design . ▁It ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Ann ual ▁Game ▁Develop ers ▁Cho ice ▁Awards ▁" Best ▁Deb ut " ▁award ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Academy ▁of ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁Arts ▁Video ▁Game ▁Awards ▁" Hand h eld " ▁category . ▁It ▁was ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁Gam as ut ra ' s ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁top
▁ 5 ▁over look ed ▁games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : E idos ▁Inter active ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁D S ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁D S - only ▁games ▁Category : P uzz le ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁is ▁a ▁compilation ▁album ▁featuring ▁pop ▁singles ▁from ▁female ▁artists , ▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁the ▁earlier ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁album . ▁The ▁songs ▁date ▁from ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁songs ▁have ▁made ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁except ▁Free . ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁debut ▁singles , ▁" Free " ▁by ▁artist ▁D ani ▁Har mer , ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁by ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁and ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁by ▁Gab ri ella ▁Cl imi . ▁The ▁singles ▁released ▁in ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁are ▁as ▁followed : ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁CD ▁ ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁– ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁( fe at . ▁Col by ▁O ' Don is ) ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁Girls ▁Al oud ▁– ▁" The ▁Promise " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁The ▁S atur days ▁– ▁" I ss ues " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁P ink ▁– ▁" So ▁What " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁R ih anna
▁– ▁" Dist urb ia " ▁- ▁# 3 ▁ ▁A les ha ▁D ixon ▁– ▁" The ▁Boy ▁Does ▁Nothing " ▁- ▁# 5 ▁ ▁The ▁T ing ▁T ings ▁– ▁" Sh ut ▁Up ▁and ▁Let ▁Me ▁Go " ▁- ▁# 6 ▁ ▁Brit ney ▁Spe ars ▁– ▁" P ie ce ▁of ▁Me " ▁- ▁# 2 ▁ ▁The ▁P uss y cat ▁D oll s ▁– ▁" I ▁H ate ▁This ▁Part " ▁- ▁# 1 2 ▁ ▁J ordin ▁S par ks ▁– ▁" T atto o " ▁- ▁# 2 4 ▁ ▁D uff y ▁– ▁" Mer cy " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁Sug ab ab es ▁– ▁" No ▁Can ▁Do " ▁- ▁# 2 3 ▁ ▁Christ ina ▁Agu il era ▁– ▁" K ee ps ▁G ett in ' ▁Better " ▁- ▁# 1 4 ▁ ▁Jenn ifer ▁Hudson ▁– ▁" Sp ot light " ▁- ▁# 1 1 ▁ ▁Sol ange ▁– ▁" S and castle ▁Dis co " ▁- ▁# 1 4 9 ▁ ▁D ani ▁Har mer ▁– ▁" Free " ▁- ▁did ▁not ▁chart ▁ ▁Jo Jo ▁– ▁" To o ▁Little ▁To o ▁Late " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁S ara ▁B are illes ▁– ▁" L ove ▁Song " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁Gab ri ella ▁C il mi ▁– ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁- ▁# 6 ▁ ▁C asc ada ▁– ▁" B ecause ▁the ▁Night " ▁- ▁# 8 ▁ ▁Kelly ▁Row land
▁– ▁" Work " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁DVD ▁ ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁– ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁( fe at . ▁Col by ▁O ' Don is ) ▁ ▁Girls ▁Al oud ▁– ▁" The ▁L oving ▁Kind " ▁ ▁The ▁S atur days ▁– ▁" I ss ues " ▁ ▁P ink ▁– ▁" So ▁What " ▁ ▁Brit ney ▁Spe ars ▁– ▁" P ie ce ▁of ▁Me " ▁ ▁J ordin ▁S par ks ▁– ▁" T atto o " ▁ ▁Jenn ifer ▁Hudson ▁– ▁" Sp ot light " ▁ ▁The ▁T ing ▁T ings ▁– ▁" Sh ut ▁Up ▁and ▁Let ▁Me ▁Go " ▁ ▁The ▁P uss y cat ▁D oll s ▁– ▁" I ▁H ate ▁This ▁Part " ▁ ▁Christ ina ▁Agu il era ▁– ▁" K ee ps ▁G ett in ' ▁Better " ▁ ▁Gab ri ella ▁Cl imi ▁– ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁ ▁A les ha ▁D ixon ▁– ▁" The ▁Boy ▁Does ▁Nothing " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁E str one ▁sul f ate ▁( E 1 S ) ▁is ▁an ▁est ro gen ▁medic ation ▁and ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁ster oid ▁h orm one . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁men op aus al ▁h orm one ▁ther apy ▁among ▁other ▁indic ations . ▁As ▁the ▁sod ium ▁salt ▁( s od ium ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ), ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁major ▁est ro gen ▁component
▁of ▁conjug ated ▁est rog ens ▁( P rem arin ) ▁and ▁est er ified ▁est rog ens ▁( E str at ab , ▁Men est ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁used ▁on ▁its ▁own ▁as ▁the ▁pi per azine ▁salt ▁est rop ip ate ▁( pi per azine ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ; ▁O gen ). ▁The ▁comp ound ▁also ▁occurs ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁and ▁important ▁met abol ite ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁and ▁est r one . ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁most ▁commonly ▁taken ▁by ▁mouth , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Prem arin ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁taken ▁by ▁parent eral ▁routes ▁such ▁as ▁trans der mal , ▁v ag inal , ▁and ▁injection . ▁ ▁Medical ▁uses ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁men op aus al ▁h orm one ▁ther apy ▁among ▁other ▁indic ations . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ology ▁ ▁Ph arm ac od ynam ics ▁ ▁E 1 S ▁itself ▁is ▁essentially ▁bi olog ically ▁in active , ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁relative ▁binding ▁aff inity ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁for ▁the ▁est ro gen ▁re cept ors ▁( ER s ), ▁ER α ▁and ▁ER β . ▁The ▁comp ound ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁prod rug ▁of ▁est r one ▁and ▁more ▁important ly ▁of ▁est rad i ol , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁pot ent ▁ag on ist ▁of ▁the ▁ER s . ▁Hence , ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁an ▁est ro
gen . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ok inet ics ▁ ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁cle aved ▁by ▁ster oid ▁sul f at ase ▁( also ▁called ▁est ro gen ▁sul f at ase ) ▁into ▁est r one . ▁Sim ult ane ously , ▁est ro gen ▁sul f otr ans fer ases ▁transform ▁est r one ▁back ▁into ▁E 1 S , ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁equilibrium ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁ster oid s ▁in ▁various ▁t issues . ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁serve ▁both ▁as ▁a ▁rapidly - act ing ▁prod rug ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁long - last ing ▁res er voir ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁in ▁the ▁body , ▁which ▁serves ▁to ▁greatly ▁extend ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁when ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁medic ation . ▁ ▁When ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁admin ister ed ▁or ally , ▁it ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁extensive ▁first - pass ▁met abol ism ▁( 9 5 %) ▁in ▁the ▁int est ines ▁and ▁li ver . ▁A ▁single ▁admin ister ed ▁do se ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁absor bed ▁ 1 5 % ▁as ▁est r one , ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁E 1 S , ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁est rad i ol ▁gl uc ur on ide , ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁est r one ▁gl uc ur on ide . ▁Form ation ▁of ▁est ro gen ▁gl uc ur on ide ▁conjug ates ▁is
▁particularly ▁important ▁with ▁or al ▁est rad i ol ▁as ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁est ro gen ▁gl uc ur on ide ▁conjug ates ▁in ▁circul ation ▁is ▁much ▁higher ▁with ▁or al ▁ing estion ▁than ▁with ▁parent eral ▁est rad i ol . ▁E str one ▁gl uc ur on ide ▁can ▁be ▁recon vert ed ▁back ▁into ▁est rad i ol , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁circul ating ▁pool ▁of ▁est ro gen ▁gl uc ur on ide ▁and ▁sul f ate ▁conjug ates ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁long - last ing ▁res er voir ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁that ▁effectively ▁extends ▁its ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁of ▁or al ▁est rad i ol . ▁To ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁first - pass ▁met abol ism ▁and ▁the ▁est ro gen ▁conjug ate ▁res er voir ▁in ▁the ▁ph arm ac ok inet ics ▁of ▁est rad i ol , ▁the ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁of ▁or al ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁ 1 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 h ours ▁whereas ▁with ▁int ra ven ous ▁injection ▁its ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁is ▁only ▁about ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 2 h ours . ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁E 1 S , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁est r one ▁ 3 - s ulf ate ▁or ▁as ▁est ra - 1 , 3 , 5 ( 1 0 )- tri en - 1 7 - one ▁ 3 - s ulf ate , ▁is ▁a ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁est rane ▁ster
oid ▁and ▁a ▁derivative ▁of ▁est r one . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁est ro gen ▁conjug ate ▁or ▁est er , ▁and ▁is ▁specifically ▁the ▁C 3 ▁sul f ate ▁est er ▁of ▁est r one . ▁Sal ts ▁of ▁E 1 S ▁include ▁sod ium ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ▁and ▁est rop ip ate ▁( pi per azine ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Est ran es ▁Category : Est rog ens ▁Category : E str one ▁est ers ▁Category : H uman ▁drug ▁met abol ites ▁Category : P hen ol ▁est ers ▁Category : Pro dru gs ▁Category : S ulf ate ▁est ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e ▁( A rab ic : ▁ ر و ب ي ه ▁or ▁ ر و ب ي ه ▁ خ ل ي ج ي ه ) ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁currency ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁prote ctor ates ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁that ▁are ▁around ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁These ▁areas ▁today ▁form ▁the ▁countries ▁of ▁K uw ait , ▁Bah rain , ▁Q atar , ▁O man , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates . ▁It ▁was ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁was ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁ ▁History ▁To ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0
th ▁century , ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁currency ▁in ▁the ▁em ir ates ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁namely ▁K uw ait , ▁Bah rain , ▁Q atar , ▁the ▁Tru cial ▁States , ▁and ▁O man . ▁That ▁meant , ▁in ▁effect , ▁that ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁the ▁common ▁currency ▁in ▁those ▁territ ories ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁India . ▁The ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁p eg ged ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁p ound ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 3 ⅓ ▁Indian ▁ru pe es ▁= ▁ 1 ▁p ound . ▁ ▁The ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁had ▁compla ined ▁of ▁gold ▁tra ff ick ers ▁in ▁the ▁g ulf ▁region ▁whose ▁base ▁of ▁operations ▁was ▁constantly ▁being ▁bro aden ed , ▁especially ▁in ▁K uw ait , ▁Bah rain ▁and ▁Dub ai . ▁Sm ug gl ers ▁used ▁to ▁take ▁gold ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁sub - cont inent ▁and ▁return ▁with ▁Indian ▁ru pe es ▁which ▁were ▁valid ▁for ▁circul ation ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁were ▁ex changed ▁for ▁more ▁valuable ▁foreign ▁curr encies ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁sm ug gl ers ▁to ▁buy ▁more ▁gold . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁gold ▁tra ff ick ing ▁had ▁become ▁so ▁large ▁that ▁it ▁in ev it ably ▁precip itated ▁a ▁serious ▁de ple tion ▁in ▁the ▁foreign ▁c ash ▁res erves ▁at ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁Bank
▁and ▁was ▁causing ▁economic ▁damage ▁ar ising ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁sm ugg ling ▁operations . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁stra in ▁on ▁India ' s ▁foreign ▁res erves , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁created ▁the ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e , ▁initially ▁at ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁for ▁circul ation ▁exclus ively ▁outside ▁the ▁country . ▁Effect ively , ▁the ▁common ▁currency ▁area ▁now ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁India . ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁India ▁de valu ed ▁the ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e ▁against ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁Following ▁the ▁de valu ation , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁still ▁using ▁the ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e ▁adopted ▁their ▁own ▁curr encies . ▁K uw ait ▁had ▁adopted ▁the ▁K uw ait i ▁din ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁p eg ged ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e , ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁p eg ged ▁to ▁the ▁p ound ▁stir ling . ▁Bah rain ▁created ▁the ▁Bah ra ini ▁din ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 ▁din ar ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁ru pe es . ▁Q atar ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Tru cial ▁States ▁( after ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates ) ▁adopted ▁the ▁Q atar ▁and ▁Dub ai ▁ri yal , ▁which ▁was
▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁de valu ation , ▁effectively ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁value . ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ▁used ▁the ▁Bah ra ini ▁din ar ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁O man ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁G ulf ▁ru pe e ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁backing ▁the ▁currency ▁at ▁its ▁old ▁p eg ▁to ▁the ▁p ound , ▁when ▁it ▁adopted ▁the ▁O man i ▁r ial . ▁ ▁Bank notes ▁Notes ▁were ▁issued ▁in ▁denomin ations ▁of ▁ 1 ▁ru pe e ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁and ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ru pe es ▁by ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁India . ▁The ▁notes ▁were ▁in ▁designs ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁Indian ▁notes ▁but ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁different ▁colours . ▁While ▁the ▁ 1 ▁ru pe e ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁red , ▁the ▁ 5 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁orange ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁green . ▁The ▁serial ▁numbers ▁of ▁the ▁bank notes ▁issued ▁in ▁all ▁denomin ations ▁were ▁prefix ed ▁by ▁a ▁Z . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Bank ▁Notes ▁of ▁the ▁Q atar ▁and ▁Dub ai ▁C urrency ▁Board ▁G ulf ▁Ru pe es ▁- ▁A ▁History ▁ ▁style =" height : 4 0 px " ▁ ▁\| - ▁ ▁Category :
C urr encies ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : C urr encies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Mod ern ▁ob sole te ▁curr encies ▁Category : C urr encies ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Category : C urr encies ▁of ▁K uw ait ▁Category : C urr encies ▁of ▁Bah rain ▁Category : C urr encies ▁of ▁O man ▁Category : C urr encies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ar im ▁District ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁I bb ▁Governor ate , ▁Y emen . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁district ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 7 5 , 0 1 4 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁U z al ▁( sub - d istrict s ) ▁of ▁Y ar im ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 1 ▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> U z al ▁( sub - d istrict s ) ▁in ▁Y ar im . ▁▁ ▁Y ar im ▁ ▁Kh aw ▁ ▁Ra <0xCA> <0xBD> in ▁▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> U bay d ah ▁▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> Or as ▁ ▁B ani ▁O mar ▁ ▁b ani ▁S aba ' ▁ ▁B ani ▁Muslim ▁ ▁Kh ud an ▁ ▁B ani ▁Mun ab ah ▁ ▁A ry ab ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁Y emen ▁Category : I bb ▁Governor ate <0x0A> </s> ▁Ras ht abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Ras ht ā b ā d ▁and ▁Res ht abad ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q are h ▁Pos
ht el u - e ▁P ain ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Q are h ▁Pos ht el u ▁District , ▁Z an jan ▁County , ▁Z an jan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 2 8 , ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Z an jan ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Guy ▁Geoff roy ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁Paris ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁wrest ler . ▁ ▁He ▁represents ▁the ▁Seine - et - Mar ne ▁department , ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁for ▁a ▁Popular ▁Mov ement . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Paris ▁Category : The ▁Republic ans ▁( France ) ▁polit icians ▁Category : Un ited ▁Republic ▁polit icians ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Che val iers ▁of ▁the ▁L ég ion ▁d ' honneur ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁( France ) ▁Category : De put ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fif th ▁Republic ▁Category : De put ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fif th ▁Republic ▁Category : De put ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fif th ▁Republic <0x0A>
</s> ▁James ▁" J im " ▁Lewis ▁( 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁footballer . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁amateur ▁football ers ▁of ▁his ▁generation . ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Mon oux ▁School , ▁W alth am st ow , ▁began ▁his ▁football ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁with ▁the ▁famous ▁amateur ▁side ▁W alth am st ow ▁Avenue ▁( his ▁father ▁had ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁them ) ▁and ▁in ▁three ▁st ints ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁scored ▁ 4 2 3 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 5 2 2 ▁appearances , ▁mainly ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁forward . ▁He ▁had ▁briefly ▁left ▁W alth am st ow ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁Ley ton ▁Orient , ▁but ▁after ▁playing ▁as ▁an ▁amateur ▁in ▁ 4 ▁League ▁games ▁he ▁rejected ▁their ▁contract ▁terms . ▁Lewis ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁W alth am st ow ▁side ▁which ▁reached ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁fourth ▁round ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁be ating ▁sides ▁such ▁as ▁Stock port ▁County ▁and ▁Wat ford ▁and ▁drawing ▁ 1 – 1 ▁with ▁Manchester ▁United ▁at ▁Old ▁Tra ff ord , ▁before ▁losing ▁ 5 – 2 ▁in ▁the ▁re play . ▁Just ▁days ▁later , ▁Lewis ▁received ▁a ▁tele phone ▁call ▁from ▁Ch else a ▁manager ▁Ted ▁Dra ke , ▁and ▁prompt ly ▁signed ▁for ▁the ▁club .
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁days ▁when ▁the ▁dispar ity ▁between ▁the ▁pay ▁of ▁amateur ▁and ▁professional ▁football ers ▁was ▁minimal , ▁Lewis ▁never ▁turned ▁professional , ▁although ▁his ▁Ch else a ▁team mate ▁D erek ▁Sau nd ers , ▁who ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁W alth am st ow , ▁did . ▁He ▁jug g led ▁his ▁playing ▁time ▁with ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁sales man ▁for ▁Th erm os ▁flask s ▁which , ▁unlike ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁players , ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁car . ▁With ▁Roy ▁Bent ley ▁established ▁as ▁the ▁Ch else a ' s ▁centre ▁forward , ▁Lewis ▁was ▁switched ▁to ▁either ▁outside ▁or ▁inside ▁left . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Ch else a ▁debut ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁against ▁Char l ton ▁Athlet ic ▁and ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw . ▁ ▁His ▁most ▁not ew orth y ▁contribution ▁to ▁Ch else a ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 9 5 4 – 5 5 ▁championship - win ning ▁side . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁league ▁games ▁that ▁season , ▁and ▁scored ▁ 6 ▁goals , ▁including ▁cru cial ▁goals ▁in ▁wins ▁over ▁Bol ton ▁W ander ers , ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁and ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur . ▁Ch else a ' s ▁professional ▁players ▁each ▁received ▁a ▁suit ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁success , ▁but ▁Lewis ▁instead ▁received ▁an ▁ill umin ated ▁address ▁from ▁the ▁club . ▁Lewis ▁remained ▁with ▁Ch else a ▁until
▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁and ▁scored ▁ 4 0 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 9 5 ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁club . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁representative ▁London ▁XI ▁which ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Inter - C ities ▁F airs ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 – 0 ▁second - leg ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁against ▁FC ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁Lewis ▁won ▁ 4 9 ▁caps ▁for ▁the ▁England ▁amateur ▁national ▁side , ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Great ▁Britain ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Ch else a ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : L ey ton ▁Orient ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W alth am st ow ▁Avenue ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁H ack ney , ▁London ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Lond on ▁XI ▁players
<0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Tan ▁rabb it ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁fancy ▁bre ed ▁of ▁rabb it ▁shown ▁throughout ▁ ▁the ▁world . ▁While ▁originally ▁from ▁England , ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁it ▁has ▁gained ▁popular ity ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁T ans ▁come ▁in ▁four ▁vari eties : ▁black , ▁blue , ▁ch oc olate ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁Full ▁grown ▁T ans ▁we igh ▁ 4 - 6 p ounds . ▁ ▁About ▁T ans ▁ ▁T ans ▁originally ▁come ▁from ▁England ▁where ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 0 0 s . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁accepted ▁adult ▁weight ▁ranges ▁are : ▁ ▁Does ▁( f em ales ): ▁ 4 ▁- ▁ 6 ▁pounds ▁ ▁Buck s ▁( m ales ): ▁ 4 ▁- ▁ 5 ½ ▁pounds ▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁full ▁arch ed ▁bre ed . ▁R abb its ▁with ▁this ▁type ▁show ▁an ▁arch ▁starting ▁at ▁the ▁na pe ▁of ▁their ▁neck , ▁running ▁smooth ly ▁over ▁their ▁shoulders , ▁mid section ▁and ▁h ips . ▁T ans ▁have ▁a ▁very ▁lean , ▁compact , ▁well ▁bal anced ▁body . ▁T ans ▁should ▁be ▁short ▁and ▁deep ▁in ▁body ▁type . ▁They ▁are ▁vis ually ▁striking ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁unique ▁mark ings , ▁contrast ▁and ▁intensity ▁of ▁their ▁color ation . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁vari eties ▁( colors ) ▁in ▁the ▁Tan ▁bre ed : ▁black , ▁blue , ▁ch oc olate ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁All
▁four ▁vari eties ▁have ▁identical ▁pattern ed ▁mark ings . ▁The ▁Tan ▁color ation ▁is ▁an ▁inten se , ▁deep ▁red ▁color ▁that ▁is ▁should ▁be ▁even ▁from ▁the ▁ch est ▁to ▁tail . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁Young ▁rabb its ▁are ▁often ▁free ▁fed ▁a ▁pel lets ▁and ▁grass ▁hay . ▁Ad ult ▁rabb its ▁can ▁be ▁given ▁un limited ▁grass ▁hay , ▁but ▁pel lets ▁must ▁be ▁r ation ed . ▁T ans ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁issue ▁with ▁going ▁over ▁the ▁ideal ▁maximum ▁weight , ▁so ▁ob es ity ▁is ▁less ▁of ▁a ▁concern ▁than ▁it ▁is ▁with ▁other ▁bre eds . ▁Most ▁bre ed ers ▁recommend ▁a ▁heap ing ▁half ▁cup ▁of ▁pel lets ▁once ▁a ▁day . ▁ ▁H ous ing ▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁fairly ▁small ▁rabb it ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁c age ▁as ▁small ▁as ▁ 2 4 " ▁X ▁ 1 8 " ▁ ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁receive ▁regular ▁exercise . ▁C ages ▁prefer ably ▁should ▁be ▁all - wire ▁otherwise ▁as ▁this ▁helps ▁prevent ▁resp ir atory ▁disease . ▁If ▁the ▁rabb it ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁h utch ▁with ▁solid ▁sides ▁and ▁a ▁solid ▁roof , ▁at ▁least ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁c age ▁should ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁wire ▁to ▁promote ▁vent ilation . ▁ ▁Ex erc ise ▁ ▁Being ▁an ▁active ▁animal , ▁T ans ▁need ▁regular ▁exercise . ▁They ▁should ▁never ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁ro am ▁an ▁area ▁outside ▁their ▁c age ▁un
att ended . ▁All ▁areas ▁they ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁explore ▁should ▁first ▁be ▁rabb it - proof ed . ▁Rab bit ▁safe ▁to ys ▁are ▁good ▁to ▁keep ▁in ▁their ▁c age . ▁ ▁Bre eding ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁vari eties ▁( colors ) ▁in ▁the ▁Tan ▁bre ed : ▁black , ▁ch oc olate , ▁blue ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁While ▁T ans ▁are ▁shown ▁by ▁variety , ▁not ▁group , ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁color ▁gen et ics ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁basic ▁inform al ▁color ▁groups : ▁black / blue ▁and ▁ch oc olate / l il ac . ▁ ▁Blue ▁is ▁the ▁re cess ive ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁l il ac ▁is ▁the ▁re cess ive ▁of ▁ch oc olate . ▁Many ▁recommend ▁bre ed ers ▁who ▁are ▁just ▁starting ▁out ▁to ▁stay ▁within ▁one ▁color ▁group ▁until ▁you ▁become ▁more ▁familiar ▁with ▁color ▁gen et ics . ▁This ▁means ▁bre eding ▁black ▁to ▁black ▁or ▁black ▁to ▁blue ▁or ▁ch oc olate ▁to ▁ch oc olate ▁or ▁ch oc olate ▁to ▁l il ac . ▁It ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁not ▁recommended ▁to ▁bre ed ▁a ▁re cess ive ▁color ▁to ▁another ▁re cess ive ▁color ▁( i . e . ▁blue ▁to ▁blue ), ▁but ▁such ▁cross es ▁can ▁occasionally ▁be ▁successful ▁for ▁the ▁advanced ▁bre eder . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁average ▁Tan ▁l itter ▁is ▁around ▁ 4 ▁b ab ies , ▁l itter ▁sizes ▁can ▁certainly ▁vary . ▁T ans ▁are ▁not ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁common
▁gen etic ▁defect s . ▁In ▁general , ▁most ▁Tan ▁b ab ies ▁will ▁be ▁born ▁health y . ▁However , ▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁very ▁hyper active ▁bre ed ▁and ▁sometimes ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁b ab ies ▁outside ▁the ▁nest ▁box ▁or ▁have ▁them ▁inside ▁the ▁nest ▁box ▁but ▁in ad vert ently ▁step ▁on ▁the ▁b ab ies ▁as ▁they ▁jump ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box . ▁These ▁problems ▁are ▁more ▁common ▁with ▁new ▁m oms ▁and ▁nerv ous ▁and / or ▁un social ized ▁rabb its . ▁These ▁issues ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁by ▁not ▁allowing ▁str angers ▁in ▁the ▁bar n ▁and ▁keeping ▁a ▁calm , ▁stress ▁free ▁environment ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁or ▁so ▁following ▁kind ling ▁( b irth ). ▁Additionally , ▁T ans ▁that ▁are ▁raised ▁from ▁birth ▁with ▁constant ▁handling ▁will ▁be ▁less ▁str essed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁humans ▁when ▁they ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁b ab ies . ▁ ▁All ▁T ans ▁are ▁born ▁with ▁the ▁pattern ed ▁mark ing . ▁In ▁that ▁sense , ▁you ▁will ▁not ▁get ▁any ▁" m ism ark ed " ▁in ▁a ▁l itter ▁like ▁is ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁marked ▁bre eds ▁such ▁as ▁Dutch , ▁English ▁Sp ots , ▁Hot ots , ▁etc . ▁While ▁mark ing , ▁type ▁and ▁color ▁quality ▁will ▁vary , ▁typically ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁b ab ies ▁produced ▁will ▁at ▁meet ▁the ▁minimum ▁requirements ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁at ▁an ▁AR BA ▁san ction ed ▁show . ▁Although ▁all ▁her
d ▁are ▁different , ▁in ▁general ▁but ting ▁teeth ▁and ▁split ▁pen is ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁gen etic ▁dis qual ifications ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁show ▁table . ▁Bre ed ers ▁should ▁be ▁extra ▁vig il ant ▁of ▁these ▁issues ▁when ▁evalu ating ▁potential ▁show ▁stock . ▁R ipped / p ul led ▁teeth , ▁ri pped / p ul led ▁toen ails ▁and ▁broken ▁t ails ▁are ▁common ▁dis qual ifications ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁gen etic ▁in ▁nature ▁and ▁should ▁not ▁affect ▁one ' s ▁decision ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁rabb it ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁bre eding . ▁ ▁Depending ▁upon ▁location , ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁part ▁of ▁working ▁with ▁T ans ▁may ▁be ▁finding ▁stock . ▁The ▁American ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Special ty ▁Club ▁( AT R SC ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Club ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁both ▁maintain ▁lists ▁of ▁club ▁members ▁on ▁their ▁websites . ▁Some ▁bre ed ers ▁will ▁ship ▁rabb its ▁if ▁the ▁bu yer ▁is ▁not ▁within ▁driving ▁distance . ▁ ▁Many ▁individuals ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁attend ▁the ▁annual ▁American ▁Rab bit ▁Bre ed ers ▁Association ▁( AR BA ) ▁National ▁Convention ▁to ▁buy ▁rabb its ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁available ▁locally . ▁The ▁AR BA ▁National ▁Convention ▁is ▁held ▁each ▁fall ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁American ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Special ty ▁Club ▁( AT R SC ) ▁also ▁hosts ▁a ▁Tan ▁National ▁Show ▁each ▁spring ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁location
▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Show ing ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁AR BA ▁Standard ▁of ▁Per fection ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁publication ▁that ▁out lines ▁the ▁show ▁requirements ▁for ▁each ▁bre ed . ▁" All ▁bre ed " ▁shows ▁are ▁held ▁in ▁various ▁locations ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁nearly ▁every ▁week end . ▁At ▁these ▁shows ▁all ▁AR BA ▁accepted ▁bre eds ▁comp ete ▁within ▁their ▁respective ▁bre ed ▁for ▁the ▁Best ▁of ▁Bre ed ▁honor . ▁Among st ▁all ▁Best ▁of ▁Bre eds ▁a ▁Best ▁in ▁Show ▁winner ▁is ▁selected . ▁Sometimes ▁there ▁are ▁awards ▁given ▁to ▁other ▁top ▁animals ▁at ▁the ▁show , ▁such ▁as ▁Reserve ▁Best ▁in ▁Show ▁or ▁Best ▁of ▁Group . ▁▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁jud ged ▁as ▁a ▁full - arch ▁" running ▁bre ed " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁This ▁means ▁they ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁move ▁freely ▁on ▁the ▁show ▁table ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁evaluated ▁by ▁the ▁judge ▁to ▁best ▁evaluate ▁the ▁type , ▁color ▁and ▁mark ings ▁of ▁the ▁animal . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁the ▁British ▁Rab bit ▁Council ▁( B RC ) ▁determ ines ▁the ▁show ▁criteria ▁for ▁their ▁san ction ed ▁shows . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rabb it ▁bre eds ▁ ▁Brown ▁Ch est nut ▁of ▁Lor raine ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( AR BA ) ▁▁ ▁( AT R SC ) ▁▁ ▁( B RC ) ▁ ▁Category : R ab bit ▁bre eds ▁origin ating ▁in ▁England ▁Category : R abb
its ▁as ▁p ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁L ender ink ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁former ▁road ▁cycl ist . ▁As ▁a ▁junior ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁junior ▁road ▁race . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁after ▁compet ing ▁profession ally ▁for ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ 1 st ▁Over all ▁Intern ationale ▁Junior en ▁D ried a ag se ▁van ▁Ax el ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Junior ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Over all ▁Paris – Ar ras ▁Tour ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁speed ▁sk aters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁H arden berg ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Over ij ss el ▁Category : U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁cycl ists ▁for ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁M add ik era ▁A gra har am ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁M add ik era ▁mand al , ▁K urn ool ▁District , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁State ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category
: V ill ages ▁in ▁K urn ool ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁( math ematic ian ) ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁( che f ) <0x0A> </s> ▁In vest ment ▁AB ▁Ö res und ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁invest ment ▁company ▁controlled ▁by ▁M ats ▁Q vi berg ▁and ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁original ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁as ▁S jö för s ä kr ings akt ie bol aget ▁Ö res und . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁re organ ised ▁and ▁ ▁AB ▁S jö - Ö res und ▁became ▁the ▁main ▁company ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ins urance ▁companies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁these ▁subs idi aries ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁Sk and ia . ▁Sk and ia ▁paid ▁in ▁c ash ▁and ▁in ▁shares . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁an ▁invest ment ▁company ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁In vest ment ▁AB ▁Ö res und . ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁exchange ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Under ▁H ag str ö mer ▁and ▁Q vi berg ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Ö res und ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer ▁and ▁M ats ▁Q vi berg . ▁They ▁had ▁started ▁building ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁companies ▁around ▁H ag str ö mer ▁& ▁Q vi berg . ▁Ö res und
▁became ▁their ▁weapon ▁in ▁an ▁assault ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Swedish ▁companies , ▁including ▁AB ▁C ust os . ▁Many ▁more ▁traditional ist ▁Swedish ▁business men ▁were ▁ups et ▁by ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁business men . ▁Per cy ▁Bar ne vik ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁of ▁C ust os ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁Ö res und ▁started ▁acqu iring ▁shares ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁bitter ly ▁ups et ▁with ▁their ▁actions . ▁ ▁List ed ▁hold ings ▁Ö res und ' s ▁largest ▁hold ings ▁are ▁real ▁estate ▁company ▁Fab ege ▁( pre viously ▁known ▁as ▁Wi hl borg s , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁Ö res und ' s ▁port folio ), ▁Nob ia ▁and ▁major ▁Vol vo ▁ret ail er ▁B ilia ▁( both ▁ 1 0 %). ▁Other ▁large ▁hold ings ▁include ▁shares ▁of ▁In vest or ▁AB ▁( 5 % ), ▁Al fa ▁L aval ▁( 3 %) ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁H ag str ö mer ▁& ▁Q vi berg ▁( 5 %). ▁ ▁In ▁total ▁the ▁company ▁controls ▁almost ▁ 8 ▁billion ▁k ron a ▁worth ▁of ▁stock . ▁ ▁Organisation ▁and ▁ownership ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer ▁is ▁the ▁chairman ▁and ▁largest ▁share holder ▁with ▁ 1 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Q vi berg ▁serves ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁and ▁own s ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁Ö res und . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁all ud ing ▁to ▁the ▁Ö res und ▁Region , ▁the
▁company ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁ ▁Category : Fin an cial ▁services ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Category : In vest ment ▁companies ▁of ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁Se yy ed abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Se yy ed ā b ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K ah riz ak ▁R ural ▁District , ▁K ah riz ak ▁District , ▁Ray ▁County , ▁Te h ran ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ray ▁County , ▁Iran <0x0A> </s> ▁B jör n ▁V enn ström ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁mole cular ▁bi ologist . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁at ▁U pp s ala ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁th esis ▁on ▁R NA ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁ ▁Professor ▁of ▁Development al ▁Bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁Kar olin ska ▁Institute . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁mole cular ▁bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁institution . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences , ▁ ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Gö ran ▁Gust af sson ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ ▁has ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Committee ▁for ▁Phys i ology ▁or ▁Medicine ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0
0 6 , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁the ▁E MB L ▁in ▁Heidel berg ▁he ▁cl oned ▁the ▁c - erb A ▁gene ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁that ▁the ▁c - erb A ▁gene ▁enc odes ▁a ▁high ▁aff inity ▁thy roid ▁h orm one ▁re ceptor . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S wed ish ▁scient ists ▁Category : U pp s ala ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Kar olin ska ▁Institute ▁fac ulty ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : S wed ish ▁bi olog ists ▁Category : M ole cular ▁bi olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Mal czy ce ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁C ew ice , ▁within ▁L ę b ork ▁County , ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁northern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁C ew ice , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁L ę b ork , ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁G da ń sk . ▁ ▁For ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁see ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Mal czy ce <0x0A> </s> ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min ' s ▁ ▁( H ans a - d uta , ▁ ह ं
स द ू त ) ▁or ▁Sw an ▁M essen ger ▁was ▁composed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁CE . ▁In ▁ ▁rom antic ▁and ▁religious ▁love ▁are ▁combined , ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁poem ▁that ▁sh ines ▁with ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁love ▁for ▁Kr ish na , ▁the ▁god head . ▁It ▁was ▁composed ▁in ▁Beng al ▁by ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min , ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁Ga udi ya ▁sam pr ad ā ya ▁established ▁by ▁his ▁contemporary , ▁Ch ait anya . ▁The ▁Ga udi y as ▁were ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Kr ish na . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ ▁Kr ish na ▁has ▁left ▁V r ind avan ▁for ▁Math ura , ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁many ▁cow h erd ▁girls ▁who ▁ad ore ▁him . ▁Chief ▁among ▁them ▁was ▁R ā dh ā , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁dist ra ug ht . ▁Her ▁friend ▁L al it ā ▁meets ▁a ▁sw an ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Yam una ▁and ▁beg s ▁him ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁message ▁to ▁Kr ish na . ▁The ▁theme , ▁as ▁of ▁all ▁mess enger ▁po ems , ▁is ▁v ira ha , ▁separation ▁in ▁love . ▁All us ions ▁to ▁rom ance ▁are ▁never ▁far ▁away . ▁The ▁journey ▁of ▁the ▁sw an ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁is ▁concluded ▁in ▁ 3 5 ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 4 2 ▁st anz as , ▁as ▁the ▁distance ▁of ▁sw an ▁has
▁to ▁cover ▁is ▁fairly ▁short , ▁from ▁V r ind avan ▁to ▁Math ura . ▁L al it ā ’ s ▁message ▁takes ▁up ▁over ▁half ▁the ▁poem , ▁and ▁dwell s ▁upon ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁gr ief - str icken ▁lo ver , ▁R ā dh ā ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁while ▁pra ising ▁her ▁sweet heart – ▁though ▁Kr ish na ▁is ▁ch ided ▁for ▁for s aking ▁the ▁cow h erd ▁girls . ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min ▁uses ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁pun s ▁which ▁are ▁ingen iously ▁employed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁we ave ▁the ▁myth ology ▁of ▁Kr ish na ▁into ▁the ▁work . ▁ ▁English ▁transl ations ▁ ▁The ▁Clay ▁S ansk rit ▁Library ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁ ▁by ▁Sir ▁James ▁Mall inson ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁volume ▁M essen ger ▁Po ems . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Clay ▁S ansk rit ▁Library ▁( o fficial ▁page ) ▁ ▁Category : V a ish nav ism ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁poetry <0x0A> </s> ▁B . ▁J . ▁Hall ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁quarter back ▁who ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁Hall ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Web ber ▁International ▁University . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Hall ▁began ▁his ▁college ▁career ▁at ▁T roy ▁State ▁University ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁Sol ano ▁Community ▁College . ▁Upon ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Sol ano , ▁Hall ▁transferred ▁to ▁Web
ber ▁International ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁War riors . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Hall ▁has ▁played ▁for ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁teams ▁throughout ▁his ▁career , ▁playing ▁with ▁Le high ▁Valley ▁Out law z , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Wild c ats , ▁Dallas ▁V ig il antes , ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Storm , ▁Toronto ▁Arg onaut s , ▁Lak eland ▁Ra iders . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Hall ▁re - jo ined ▁the ▁Storm . ▁Hall ▁was ▁re ass igned ▁by ▁the ▁Storm ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁quarter back s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁football ▁quarter back s ▁Category : American ▁players ▁of ▁Canadian ▁football ▁Category : T roy ▁Tro j ans ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Web ber ▁International ▁War riors ▁football ▁players ▁Category : T ampa ▁Bay ▁Storm ▁players ▁Category : D allas ▁V ig il antes ▁players ▁Category : I owa ▁Bar n st orm ers ▁players ▁Category : T or onto ▁Arg onaut s ▁players ▁Category : L ak eland ▁Ra iders ▁players ▁Category : H arr is burg ▁St amp ede ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁players
<0x0A> </s> ▁Mand arin ▁() ▁was ▁the ▁common ▁spoken ▁language ▁of ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁emp ire ▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dynast ies . ▁It ▁arose ▁as ▁a ▁practical ▁measure , ▁to ▁circum vent ▁the ▁mut ual ▁un int ellig ibility ▁of ▁the ▁vari eties ▁of ▁Chinese ▁spoken ▁in ▁different ▁parts ▁of ▁China . ▁Know ledge ▁of ▁this ▁language ▁was ▁thus ▁essential ▁for ▁an ▁official ▁career , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁never ▁formally ▁defined . ▁The ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁ko iné ▁based ▁on ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s , ▁initially ▁those ▁spoken ▁around ▁Nan j ing ▁but ▁later ▁switching ▁to ▁Be ij ing , ▁and ▁developed ▁into ▁Standard ▁Chinese ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁some ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁works , ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁court ▁dialect . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁imperial ▁period , ▁local ▁vari eties ▁of ▁Chinese ▁had ▁diver ged ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁people ▁from ▁different ▁provinces ▁could ▁not ▁understand ▁one ▁another . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁facil itate ▁communication ▁between ▁officials ▁from ▁different ▁provinces , ▁and ▁between ▁officials ▁and ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁areas ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁posted , ▁imperial ▁administr ations ▁adopted ▁a ▁ko iné ▁based ▁on ▁various ▁northern ▁dialect s . ▁Until ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁this ▁language ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁dialect s ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Nan j ing , ▁the ▁first ▁M ing ▁capital ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁cultural ▁centre , ▁though ▁not ▁identical ▁to ▁any ▁single ▁dialect . ▁The
▁standard ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁early ▁Q ing , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁lower ▁Yang t ze ▁dialect s , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁Middle ▁Mand arin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 3 7 5 , ▁the ▁Hong w u ▁Emperor ▁commission ed ▁a ▁dictionary ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁H ó ng w ǔ ▁Zh è ng y ù n ▁() ▁intended ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁standard ▁pron unci ation . ▁The ▁dictionary ▁was ▁un success ful , ▁critic ised ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁for ▁depart ing ▁from ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁r ime ▁diction aries ▁and ▁r ime ▁tables , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁not ▁accur ately ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁contemporary ▁standard ▁of ▁elegant ▁speech . ▁ ▁The ▁Korean ▁scholar ▁Sin ▁Su k ch u ▁published ▁the ▁Hong mu ▁ch ô ng ' un ▁y ô kh un ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 5 , ▁augment ing ▁the ▁Zh eng y un ▁by ▁giving ▁the ▁Chinese ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁each ▁word ▁using ▁the ▁H ang ul ▁alphabet . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁" standard ▁read ings ", ▁he ▁recorded ▁a ▁rather ▁different ▁body ▁of ▁" pop ular ▁read ings ", ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁also ▁preserved ▁in ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Ch oe ▁Se jin . ▁Kim ▁K w ang jo , ▁in ▁his ▁extensive ▁study ▁of ▁these ▁materials , ▁concluded ▁that ▁Sin ' s ▁standard ▁read ings ▁const itute ▁an ▁ideal ized ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁dictionary , ▁while ▁the ▁popular ▁read ings ▁reflect ▁contemporary ▁speech
. ▁In ▁contrast , ▁Y ù ch í ▁Zh ì p í ng ▁and ▁W eld on ▁South ▁Cob lin ▁hold ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁read ings ▁reflect ▁different ▁versions ▁of ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁standard ▁speech . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Gu ā n hu à ▁(/ ), ▁or ▁" language ▁of ▁the ▁officials ", ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Chinese ▁sources ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Later ▁in ▁that ▁century , ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁mission ary ▁Mat te o ▁Ric ci ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁in ▁his ▁di ary : ▁ ▁The ▁mission aries ▁recognized ▁the ▁utility ▁of ▁this ▁standard ▁language , ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁its ▁study . ▁They ▁translated ▁the ▁term ▁Gu ā n hu à ▁into ▁European ▁languages ▁as ▁lí ng ua ▁mand ar im ▁( Port ug uese ) ▁and ▁la ▁leng ua ▁mand arina ▁( Span ish ), ▁meaning ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁mand ar ins , ▁or ▁imperial ▁officials . ▁Ric ci ▁and ▁M iche le ▁R ugg ieri ▁published ▁a ▁Portuguese - M and arin ▁dictionary ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 8 0 s . ▁Nicolas ▁Tr ig ault ' s ▁guide ▁to ▁Mand arin ▁pron unci ation ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 6 . ▁Gr amm ars ▁of ▁Mand arin ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁Francisco ▁V aro ▁( fin ished ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 2 ▁but ▁not ▁printed ▁until ▁ 1 7 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Pr ém are ▁( 1 7 3 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁
1 7 2 8 , ▁the ▁Y ong zh eng ▁Emperor , ▁unable ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁acc ents ▁of ▁officials ▁from ▁Gu ang d ong ▁and ▁F uj ian , ▁issued ▁a ▁dec ree ▁requiring ▁the ▁govern ors ▁of ▁those ▁provinces ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁proper ▁pron unci ation . ▁Although ▁the ▁resulting ▁Academ ies ▁for ▁Correct ▁Pr on unci ation ▁( , ▁Zh è ng y ī n ▁Sh ū y u àn ) ▁were ▁short - l ived , ▁the ▁dec ree ▁did ▁spawn ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁text books ▁that ▁give ▁some ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁ideal ▁pron unci ation . ▁ ▁Although ▁Be ij ing ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁capital ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 0 , ▁its ▁speech ▁did ▁not ▁rival ▁the ▁prest ige ▁of ▁the ▁Nan j ing - based ▁standard ▁until ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 8 1 5 , ▁Robert ▁Mor r ison ▁based ▁the ▁first ▁English – Ch inese ▁dictionary ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁Yang t ze ▁ko iné ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁though ▁he ▁conced ed ▁that ▁the ▁Be ij ing ▁dialect ▁was ▁gain ing ▁in ▁influence . ▁By ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Be ij ing ▁dialect ▁had ▁become ▁dominant ▁and ▁was ▁essential ▁for ▁any ▁business ▁with ▁the ▁imperial ▁court . ▁The ▁new ▁standard ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁gr amm ars ▁produced ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Ed kins ▁( 1 8 6 4 ), ▁Thomas ▁W ade ▁( 1
8 6 7 ) ▁and ▁Herbert ▁G iles ▁( 1 8 7 3 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁reform ers ▁decided ▁that ▁China ▁needed ▁a ▁national ▁language . ▁The ▁traditional ▁written ▁form , ▁Liter ary ▁Chinese , ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁written ▁vern ac ular ▁Chinese , ▁which ▁drew ▁its ▁voc ab ul ary ▁and ▁grammar ▁from ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁Northern ▁dialect s ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s ). ▁After ▁un success ful ▁attempts ▁to ▁define ▁a ▁cross - dia lect al ▁spoken ▁standard , ▁it ▁was ▁realized ▁that ▁a ▁single ▁spoken ▁form ▁must ▁be ▁selected . ▁The ▁only ▁real istic ▁candidate ▁was ▁the ▁Be ij ing - based ▁gu ā n hu à , ▁which ▁was ▁adapted ▁and ▁developed ▁into ▁modern ▁Standard ▁Chinese , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁often ▁called ▁Mand arin . ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁ ▁The ▁initial s ▁of ▁Sin ▁Su k ch u ' s ▁standard ▁read ings ▁( mid - 1 5 th ▁century ) ▁differ ed ▁from ▁those ▁of ▁Late ▁Middle ▁Chinese ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁two ▁series ▁of ▁retro flex es : ▁ ▁Sin ' s ▁system ▁had ▁fewer ▁final s ▁than ▁Late ▁Middle ▁Chinese . ▁In ▁particular , ▁final ▁stops ▁- p , ▁- t ▁and ▁- k ▁had ▁all ▁merged ▁as ▁a ▁final ▁gl ott al ▁stop , ▁as ▁found ▁in ▁modern ▁Ji ang - H u ai ▁Mand arin : ▁ ▁This ▁system ▁had ▁mid ▁v ow els ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁which ▁have
▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁open ▁v owel ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁standard ▁language . ▁For ▁example , ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁both ▁gu ā n ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁language , ▁but ▁were ▁distinguished ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁Sin ' s ▁system . ▁The ▁Middle ▁Chinese ▁level ▁tone ▁had ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁registers ▁condition ed ▁by ▁vo icing ▁of ▁the ▁initial , ▁as ▁in ▁modern ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁In ▁comparison ▁with ▁Sin ' s ▁standard ▁read ings , ▁the ▁major ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁M ing ▁language ▁described ▁by ▁European ▁mission aries ▁were ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁vo iced ▁initial s ▁and ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁ ▁final s ▁with ▁. ▁The ▁initial s ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁had ▁become ▁vo iced ▁fr ic atives ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁respectively . ▁ ▁had ▁merged ▁into ▁ ▁before ▁mid ▁and ▁low ▁v ow els , ▁and ▁both ▁initial s ▁had ▁disappeared ▁before ▁high ▁v ow els . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁the ▁mid ▁v owel ▁/ ▁had ▁merged ▁with ▁. ▁However ▁unlike ▁the ▁contemporary ▁Be ij ing ▁pron unci ation , ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Mand arin ▁still ▁distinguished ▁between ▁pal atal ized ▁vel ars ▁and ▁dent al ▁aff ric ates , ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁spell ings ▁" P ek ing " ▁and ▁" T ient sin " ▁for ▁modern ▁" Be ij ing " ▁and ▁" T ian jin ". ▁ ▁V oc ab ul ary ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁voc ab ul ary ▁found
▁in ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁Mand arin ▁speech ▁before ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁has ▁been ▁retained ▁by ▁the ▁modern ▁standard ▁language . ▁However ▁ ▁several ▁words ▁that ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁more ▁broad ly - based ▁written ▁vern ac ular ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁and ▁earlier ▁periods ▁are ▁absent ▁from ▁early ▁accounts ▁of ▁standard ▁speech . ▁These ▁include ▁such ▁now - common ▁words ▁as ▁h ē ▁ ▁' to ▁drink ', ▁h ě n ▁ ▁' very ', ▁su ǒ y ǒ ude ▁ ▁' all , ▁what so ever ' ▁and ▁z án men ▁ ▁' we ▁( in clus ive ) '. ▁In ▁other ▁cases ▁a ▁northern ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁word ▁disp la ced ▁a ▁southern ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁as ▁in ▁d ō u ▁ ▁' all ' ▁( former ly ▁d ū ) ▁and ▁há i ▁ ▁' st ill , ▁yet ' ▁( former ly ▁hu án ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Works ▁c ited ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Modern ▁studies ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Early ▁European ▁diction aries ▁and ▁gr amm ars ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vol umes ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vol umes ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ó ng w ǔ ▁Zh è ng y ù n ▁( <0xE6> <0xB4> <0xAA> 武正 <0xE9> <0x9F> <0xBB> ) ▁at ▁the ▁Internet ▁Archive . ▁ ▁Category : M and arin ▁Chinese ▁Category : M ing ▁dynast y ▁Category : Q ing ▁dynast y
▁culture ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁language ▁Category : L anguages ▁att ested ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Central ▁Inter ceptor ▁is ▁an ▁up coming ▁Water care ▁C CO ▁infrastr ucture ▁project ▁to ▁bore ▁a ▁giant ▁waste water ▁pipe ▁under ne ath ▁the ▁A uck land ▁Central ▁Ist hm us , ▁to ▁carry ▁waste water ▁flows ▁from ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁the ▁Mang ere ▁W aste water ▁Tre at ment ▁Plant . ▁ ▁A part ▁from ▁being ▁intended ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁population ▁growth ▁in ▁A uck land ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁increased ▁waste water ▁dem ands , ▁it ▁also ▁is ▁aim ing ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁waste water ▁overflow s ▁from ▁the ▁older ▁combined ▁waste water / st orm water ▁systems ▁in ▁western ▁A uck land , ▁which ▁currently , ▁on ▁strong ▁ra inf all ▁days , ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁dump ▁excess ▁water ▁( cont amin ated ▁by ▁fa ec es ) ▁into ▁the ▁Wa item at ā ▁Har bour . ▁The ▁new ▁capacity ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁reduce ▁these ▁overflow s ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 0 %, ▁reducing ▁the ▁times ▁per ▁year ▁that ▁cont amin ated ▁storm water ▁is ▁dump ed ▁into ▁the ▁har bour ▁from ▁ 5 2 ▁days ▁a ▁year ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁fewer ▁days . ▁Six teen ▁access ▁sh aft s , ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁deep , ▁will ▁be ▁constructed . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁inter ceptor ▁will ▁be ▁A uck land ' s ▁largest ▁waste water ▁project ▁in ▁history ,
▁cost ing ▁approximately ▁$ 1 . 2 B , ▁and ▁being ▁ 1 3 ▁km ▁long ▁( plus ▁side ▁branches ), ▁and ▁ 4 . 5 m ▁diameter . ▁It ▁is ▁to ▁run ▁from ▁Western ▁Spr ings ▁to ▁Mang ere . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁The ▁construction ▁contract ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁with ▁the ▁Gh ella ▁A berg eld ie ▁J oint ▁Vent ure . ▁Const ruction ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 2 4 . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁will ▁be ▁via ▁tunnel ▁b oring ▁machine , ▁and ▁the ▁course ▁will ▁take ▁the ▁tunnel ▁ 1 5 m ▁under ne ath ▁the ▁Man uk au ▁Har bour , ▁though ▁( due ▁to ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Ist hm us ), ▁in ▁other ▁areas ▁if ▁will ▁be ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 1 1 0 m ▁below ▁properties . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : In frastr ucture ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : A uck land ▁Category : Se wer age ▁infrastr ucture <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁" D ust y " ▁Hud ock ▁( born ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁s occer ▁goal keeper . ▁Hud ock ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer , ▁playing ▁primarily ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁of ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁and ▁US L ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Youth ▁and
▁college ▁Hud ock ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁and ▁played ▁youth ▁s occer ▁for ▁C IS CO ▁Ar sen al . ▁He ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁All ▁American ▁Second ▁Team ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁s occer ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁World ▁Student ▁Games ▁held ▁in ▁She ff ield . ▁ ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁his ▁colleg iate ▁career , ▁Hud ock ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁T uc son ▁Am igos ▁of ▁the ▁US IS L . ▁ ▁Professional ▁Hud ock ▁initially ▁began ▁playing ▁s occer ▁at ▁the ▁college ▁level ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington , ▁until ▁turning ▁professional ▁by ▁signing ▁with ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers ▁of ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁with ▁the ▁Sound ers , ▁he ▁primarily ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁backup ▁for ▁then ▁starting ▁goal ie ▁Marcus ▁H ahn emann ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁minimal ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁young ▁goal keeper . ▁Despite ▁not ▁recording ▁much ▁minutes ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁he ▁did ▁receive ▁his ▁first ▁piece ▁of ▁silver ware ▁as ▁Seattle ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Champions ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rap ids ▁draft ed ▁Hud ock ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the
▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁M LS ▁In aug ural ▁Player ▁D raft . ▁At ▁Colorado , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁experience ▁being ▁a ▁st arter ▁during ▁the ▁commence ▁of ▁earlier ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁but ▁was ▁soon ▁after ▁replaced ▁by ▁Chris ▁Wood s , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Seattle ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Iron ically ▁soon ▁after ▁his ▁release ▁from ▁Colorado , ▁the ▁club ▁would ▁sign ▁his ▁former ▁team mate ▁H ahn emann ▁as ▁his ▁successor , ▁which ▁allowed ▁Hud ock ▁to ▁complete ▁for ▁a ▁starting ▁goal keeper ▁position ▁in ▁Seattle . ▁Hud ock ▁super b ▁performances ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁campaign ▁resulted ▁in ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁awarded ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award . ▁After ▁an ▁exception al ▁showing ▁at ▁Seattle ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁sign ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁on ▁a ▁loan , ▁where ▁it ▁got ▁Hud ock ▁a ▁M LS ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁loan ▁with ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rap ids ., ▁while ▁a ▁late ▁call - up ▁during ▁the ▁play offs ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁got ▁Hud ock ▁an ▁M LS ▁championship ▁ring ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁M LS ▁draft ▁it ▁was ▁pres umed ▁by ▁many ▁that ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Mut iny ▁would ▁sign ▁Hud ock , ▁but ▁instead ▁the ▁team ▁signed ▁Scott ▁Gar lick . ▁D ust
y ▁entered ▁the ▁M LS ▁D raft ▁and ▁was ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Miami ▁F usion . ▁Hud ock ▁started ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁until ▁usual ▁st arter ▁Jeff ▁Cass ar ▁returned ▁from ▁injury . ▁F usion ▁wa ived ▁Hud ock , ▁and ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁Char l eston ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁a ▁prime ▁goal keeper ▁and ▁an ▁out standing ▁shot - sto pper . ▁His ▁immense ▁contributions ▁brought ▁Char l eston ▁to ▁a ▁great ▁level ▁of ▁prest ige ▁among ▁the ▁league . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Char l eston ▁he ▁has ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁all - time ▁leading ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁the ▁B atter y ▁with ▁ 1 3 0 ▁wins ▁and ▁a ▁G AA ▁of ▁ 1 . 0 8 . ▁His ▁B atter y ▁records ▁include ▁ 9 1 ▁shut outs ▁and ▁ 2 6 0 ▁games ▁started . ▁He ▁assist ed ▁the ▁club ▁by ▁claim ing ▁their ▁second ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁and ▁several ▁Division ▁titles ; ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 6 th ▁in ▁the ▁US L ▁First ▁Division ▁Top ▁ 2 5 ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade , ▁which ▁announced ▁a ▁list
▁of ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁influ ential ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁de cade . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁posted ▁a ▁career ▁high ▁season ▁by ▁recording ▁ 1 7 ▁vict ories ▁under ▁his ▁bel t , ▁as ▁well ▁receiving ▁his ▁first ▁piece ▁of ▁silver ware ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Division ▁title . ▁His ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁season ▁was ▁exception al , ▁as ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁finish ▁as ▁the ▁league ' s ▁leading ▁goal keeper ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁shut outs ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁G AA ▁of ▁ 0 . 6 0 . ▁His ▁remarkable ▁season ▁led ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁awarded ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award , ▁as ▁well ▁receiving ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁domestic ▁club ' s ▁team ▁awards . ▁Hud ock ▁would ▁experience ▁a ▁trem end ous ▁season ▁with ▁Char l eston ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁provided ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁club ' s ▁championship ▁season . ▁He ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 ▁shut outs ▁that ▁cl inch ed ▁the ▁S out heast ▁Division ▁title ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁play off ▁ber th ▁for ▁the ▁B atter y . ▁In ▁the ▁club ' s ▁play off ▁round , ▁Hud ock ▁posted ▁three ▁consecutive ▁shut outs ▁against ▁the ▁lik es ▁of ▁the ▁Ro chester ▁Rh inos , ▁and ▁including ▁the ▁final ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Th under , ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 - 0 ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁victory
. ▁For ▁his ▁dedic ation ▁the ▁club ▁hon oured ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁M VP ▁award ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁consecutive ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁The ▁following ▁season , ▁Char l eston ▁produced ▁a ▁medi oc re ▁season ▁because ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁championship ▁winning ▁squad ▁went ▁over se as ▁to ▁purs ue ▁new ▁opportun ities . ▁Despite ▁not ▁making ▁the ▁post ▁season , ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁club ▁to ▁the ▁semif inals ▁of ▁the ▁L amar ▁H unt ▁US ▁Open ▁Cup . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Hud ock ▁would ▁purs ue ▁other ▁club ▁offers ▁eventually ▁signing ▁with ▁the ▁Ro chester ▁Rh inos . ▁ ▁His ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Ro chester ▁met ▁an ▁unf avor able ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁goal keeper , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁primarily ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁to ▁Scott ▁V allow . ▁This ▁prompt ed ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁South ▁Carolina ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁club ▁captain ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁Char l eston ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁play offs . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Hud ock ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁squad ▁that ▁made ▁history ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁Open ▁Cup , ▁by ▁becoming ▁the ▁second ▁US L ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁M LS ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁tournament ▁championship , ▁where ▁their ▁oppon ents ▁were ▁D . C . ▁United . ▁Unfortunately ▁in ▁the ▁final , ▁D . C . ▁United ▁came ▁away ▁with ▁a ▁
2 - 1 ▁victory . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁B atter y ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁US L 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁B atter y ▁M VP ▁ 0 2 , 0 3 , 0 4 ▁B atter y ▁def ender ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁ 0 1 ▁and ▁ 0 2 ▁and ▁US L ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁ 0 2 . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁Following ▁his ▁ret irement ▁Hud ock ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁area ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁B atter y ▁head ▁coach ▁Mike ▁An ha e user ▁in ▁various ▁capac ities . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Hud ock ▁is ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁B atter y ' s ▁U - 1 8 ▁a cademy ▁squad ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Soccer ▁Development ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁Champions ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Ind ividual Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁M VP ▁( 3 ): ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁Def ender ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁
▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : S occer ▁players ▁from ▁Arizona ▁Category : W ashington ▁H usk ies ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : US L ▁First ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Sound ers ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁players ▁Category : R och ester ▁Rh inos ▁players ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rap ids ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Fire ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : M iami ▁F usion ▁players ▁Category : Char l eston ▁B atter y ▁players ▁Category : T uc son ▁Am igos ▁players ▁Category : US IS L ▁A - Le ague ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Soccer ▁players ▁Category : A - Le ague ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : American ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁players ▁Category : US L ▁A - Le ague ▁players ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rap ids ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : M iami ▁F usion ▁draft ▁pick s <0x0A> </s> ▁T . ▁L . ▁Bur ton ▁( Th omas ▁L ingen ▁( Tom ) ▁Bur ton ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁emer it us ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁a ▁re put ed ▁scholar ▁of ▁medieval ▁English ▁literature , ▁language , ▁and

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