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▁Aven gers ▁clear ance ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁free ▁him . ▁Every one ▁in ▁the ▁room ▁was ▁a ▁suspect . ▁ ▁Spider - Man ' s ▁sp ider - s ense ▁triggered , ▁and ▁he ▁quickly ▁escaped ▁St ark ▁Tower ▁through ▁the ▁window , ▁along ▁with ▁Nova . ▁Captain ▁America ▁activ ated ▁a ▁button ▁which ▁sp rayed ▁all ▁the ▁hero es ▁in ▁the ▁room ▁with ▁P ym ▁Part icles ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁H ank ▁P ym ' s ▁" ant ▁far ms ." ▁Spider - Man ▁instruct ed ▁Nova ▁to ▁fly ▁them ▁to ▁safety , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁Queen ▁Med usa ▁and ▁Captain ▁America . ▁Spider - Man ▁and ▁Nova ▁managed ▁to ▁escape ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Mag net o . ▁ ▁Mag net o ▁took ▁Spider - Man ▁and ▁Nova ▁to ▁the ▁Aven gers ▁M ansion , ▁where ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁informed ▁them ▁about ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁in version , ▁including ▁K lu h ' s ▁r amp age ▁across ▁Arizona . ▁Nova ▁took ▁off ▁to ▁confront ▁K lu h . ▁ ▁At ▁Aven gers ▁Tower , ▁Captain ▁America ▁mus ed ▁over ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁W asp ▁( who ▁he ▁has ▁hook ed ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁machine ▁that ▁extract s ▁her ▁P ym ▁Part icles ). ▁Captain ▁America ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁needs ▁a ▁t yr ant , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁best ▁candidate . ▁The ▁X - Men ▁and ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁arrived ▁and ▁attacked ▁Aven gers ▁Tower , ▁looking |
▁for ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull . ▁When ▁they ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁Sk ull ▁was ▁gone , ▁the ▁X - Men ▁brut ally ▁beat ▁Captain ▁America , ▁proc laim ing ▁their ▁intent ▁to ▁conquer ▁New ▁York — and ▁issu ing ▁an ▁ult imat um ▁that ▁all ▁humans ▁be ▁ev acu ated ▁from ▁Manh attan ▁within ▁three ▁hours ▁or ▁per ish . ▁ ▁After ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁warning ▁for ▁hum ank ind , ▁the ▁X - Men ▁( who ▁had ▁created ▁a ▁gene ▁bomb ▁designed ▁to ▁kill ▁those ▁without ▁the ▁X - G ene ▁in ▁their ▁body ) ▁were ▁confront ed ▁by ▁Myst ique ▁who ▁attempted ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁see ▁the ▁errors ▁of ▁their ▁ways . ▁Rog ue ▁and ▁Night c raw ler ▁confront ed ▁her ▁and ▁forced ▁her ▁to ▁leave ▁with ▁Sab re to oth . ▁Meanwhile , ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁D are dev il ▁confront ed ▁Tony ▁St ark ▁about ▁having ▁un le ashed ▁Ext rem is ▁and ▁the ▁problems ▁it ▁caused ▁to ▁society . ▁Tony ▁surprised ▁Matt ▁with ▁increased ▁ag ility ▁and ▁strength ▁and ▁beat ▁him ▁up ▁before ▁throwing ▁him ▁from ▁his ▁headquarters . ▁In ▁Lat ver ia , ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁who ▁wanted ▁reven ge ▁for ▁having ▁tam per ed ▁with ▁her ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁caused ▁M - Day . ▁He ▁was ▁saved ▁by ▁Qu icks il ver ▁and ▁Mag net o ▁who ▁stated ▁that ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁would ▁never ▁recover ▁from ▁killing ▁Do om ▁if ▁she ▁did ▁so |
. ▁In ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁L oki ▁tried ▁to ▁un success fully ▁make ▁his ▁brother ▁Od inson ▁listen ▁to ▁reason ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁saved ▁by ▁Steve ▁Rog ers , ▁Nom ad , ▁and ▁Spider - Man ▁in ▁the ▁Qu in jet . ▁After ▁returning ▁with ▁L oki ▁to ▁the ▁Aven gers ▁M ansion , ▁Steve ▁revealed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁assemble d ▁the ▁solution ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁invert ed ▁Aven gers ▁and ▁X - Men : ▁he ▁had ▁re ass emble d ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁invert ed ▁super villa ins ▁that ▁Mag net o ▁previously ▁assemble d ▁into ▁the ▁A ston ishing ▁Aven gers . ▁ ▁Act ▁III – ▁" New ▁World ▁Dis order " ▁As ▁the ▁A ston ishing ▁Aven gers ▁storm ed ▁Ap ocal yp se ' s ▁ship ▁and ▁fought ▁the ▁X - Men , ▁Z en pool ▁and ▁Spider - Man ▁attempted ▁to ▁s ne ak ▁past ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁and ▁try ▁to ▁def use ▁the ▁gene ▁bomb . ▁Z en pool ▁attempted ▁to ▁dist ract ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁while ▁Spider - Man ▁de activ ated ▁the ▁device , ▁but ▁both ▁failed ▁and ▁were ▁thrown ▁outside ▁the ▁ship ▁where ▁they ▁joined ▁the ▁on going ▁battle ▁between ▁the ▁X - Men ▁and ▁the ▁Aven gers . ▁Meanwhile , ▁in ▁Lat ver ia , ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁un le ashed ▁her ▁power ▁to ▁fight ▁Do om ▁and ▁seem ingly ▁killed ▁both ▁Qu icks il ver ▁and ▁Mag net o ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁discover ing |
▁she ▁actually ▁had ▁no ▁blood ▁t ies ▁with ▁the ▁Master ▁of ▁Mag net ism ▁before ▁forcing ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁to ▁fle e . ▁In ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁Captain ▁America ▁arrived ▁to ▁Iron ▁Man ' s ▁St ark ▁Island ▁where ▁Iron ▁Man ▁introduced ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁re ass emble d ▁invert ed ▁Aven gers ▁and ▁Med usa ▁willing ▁to ▁join ▁forces ▁once ▁again ▁upon ▁learning ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁had ▁assemble d ▁the ▁A ston ishing ▁Aven gers ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁Back ▁to ▁Manh attan , ▁Z en pool ▁kept ▁trying ▁to ▁reason ▁with ▁Ap ocal yp se . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁Z en pool ▁was ▁be aten ▁and ▁be head ed , ▁thus ▁defeated ▁like ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁A ston ishing ▁Aven gers . ▁As ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁claimed ▁his ▁victory , ▁the ▁gene ▁bomb ' s ▁count down ▁was ▁almost ▁finished . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁gene ▁bomb ' s ▁count down ▁nearly ▁completed , ▁Spider - Man ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop ▁it ▁by ▁sm other ing ▁the ▁device ▁with ▁his ▁we bb ing , ▁but ▁Car n age ▁interrupt s , ▁inform ing ▁him ▁that ▁his ▁efforts ▁will ▁fail , ▁with ▁the ▁sym bi ote ▁k iller ▁sacrific ing ▁himself ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁device ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁sym bi ote . ▁The ▁bomb ▁now ▁disabled , ▁Spider - Man ▁and ▁the ▁A ston ishing ▁Aven gers ▁cl ash ▁with ▁the ▁invert ed ▁hero es , ▁L oki ▁and ▁En chant ress ▁l uring ▁Thor ▁away ▁to ▁another ▁location ▁as ▁the |
▁fight ▁continues . ▁During ▁the ▁fight ▁with ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch , ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁rev ive ▁Doctor ▁V ood oo ▁who ▁uses ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁Daniel ▁Dr umm ▁to ▁possess ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁defeat ▁her . ▁Det erm ined ▁to ▁recover ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁from ▁Aven gers ▁Tower , ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁d ons ▁a ▁new ▁ex o - ske leton ▁suit ▁to ▁confront ▁his ▁former ▁successor , ▁inform ing ▁Fal con ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁stand ▁down . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ' s ▁tele path y , ▁Steve ▁managed ▁to ▁dist ract ▁Sam ▁for ▁long ▁enough ▁to ▁escape . ▁After ▁Captain ▁America ' s ▁failure ▁to ▁get ▁Rog ers ▁and ▁the ▁Sk ull , ▁the ▁A X IS ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁Aven gers ▁M ansion ▁after ▁having ▁defeated ▁the ▁invert ed ▁X - Men . ▁As ▁he ▁was ▁recover ing ▁from ▁his ▁defeat , ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁is ▁confront ed ▁by ▁Z en pool ▁and ▁is ▁convinced ▁to ▁fight ▁against ▁the ▁A X IS . ▁On ▁the ▁Moon , ▁L oki ▁was ▁being ▁ch ased ▁by ▁Thor ▁Od inson ▁around ▁the ▁Blue ▁Area . ▁L oki ▁soon ▁came ▁across ▁M j ol n ir ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁left ▁there ▁since ▁Thor ▁became ▁un worth y . ▁He ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁ham mer ▁and ▁started ▁fighting ▁Thor ▁Od inson ▁with ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁Thor . ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Aven gers ▁M ansion , ▁Steve ▁Rog ers |
▁and ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁are ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁A X IS ▁right ▁after ▁arriv ing . ▁Before ▁Captain ▁America ▁could ▁beat ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁to ▁death , ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁appeared ▁and ▁fought ▁the ▁A X IS ▁while ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁was ▁taken ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁location . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁A X IS ▁still ▁managed ▁to ▁catch ▁up ▁with ▁them , ▁but ▁were ▁confront ed ▁by ▁Spider - Man ▁and ▁Sab re to oth ▁while ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁tried ▁to ▁get ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁to ▁a ▁Qu in jet ▁which ▁was ▁soon ▁taken ▁down ▁by ▁Iron ▁Man . ▁Iron ▁Man ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁when ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁( who ▁was ▁possessed ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Dr umm ), ▁Mag net o , ▁Doctor ▁V ood oo , ▁and ▁Qu icks il ver ▁arrived . ▁After ▁Iron ▁Man ▁was ▁in cap ac itated , ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁Daniel ▁in ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ' s ▁body , ▁and ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁began ▁a ▁rein version ▁spell . ▁Un w illing ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁regular ▁self , ▁Iron ▁Man ▁activ ated ▁a ▁shield ing ▁to ▁protect ▁himself ▁from ▁the ▁rein version ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁accident ally ▁shield ing ▁Hav ok ▁( who ▁was ▁also ▁unw illing ▁to ▁turn ▁back ▁due ▁to ▁fear ▁of ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁re per cuss ions ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁had ▁done , ▁saying ▁" I ▁couldn ' t ▁surv ive ▁knowing ▁what ▁I ▁have ▁done ") |
▁and ▁Sab re to oth . ▁The ▁rein version ▁was ▁successful ▁with ▁every ▁person ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁in version ▁except ▁the ▁three ▁a for ement ioned . ▁After ▁the ▁spell , ▁the ▁still - in vert ed ▁Hav ok ▁used ▁the ▁W asp ▁as ▁a ▁le verage ▁to ▁escape . ▁Mag net o ▁soon ▁realized ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁dist raction , ▁Iron ▁Man , ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁had ▁escaped . ▁ ▁T ie - In s ▁ ▁A X IS : ▁Car n age ▁Car n age ▁having ▁been ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁in version ▁now ▁feels ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁do ▁good ▁while ▁also ▁cont rolling ▁his ▁murder ous ▁des ires . ▁He ▁saves ▁a ▁prost itute ▁from ▁a ▁man ▁by ▁p unch ing ▁him ▁and ▁accident ally ▁p unch ing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁man ' s ▁eyes ▁out . ▁Then ▁another ▁man ▁runs ▁at ▁Car n age ▁with ▁a ▁kn ife ▁only ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁hand ▁cut ▁off ▁by ▁Car n age . ▁The ▁woman ▁attacks ▁Car n age ▁much ▁to ▁his ▁surprise ▁and ▁she ▁points ▁out ▁the ▁second ▁man ▁was ▁her ▁p imp . ▁Dec l aring ▁her ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁criminal ▁to ▁Car n age ▁g ently ▁knock s ▁her ▁un cons cious . ▁But ▁a ▁crowd ▁g athers ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁attacked ▁her ▁despite ▁his ▁protest s ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁saving ▁her . ▁Meanwhile , ▁a ▁new ▁Sin - E ater ▁is ▁murder ing ▁journal ists , ▁which ▁un sc rup ul ous |
▁rep orter ▁Alice ▁G le ason ▁uses ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁boost ▁her ▁popular ity . ▁She ▁also ▁points ▁out ▁she ▁wants ▁the ▁super ▁hero ▁beat ▁an ▁earlier , ▁now ▁dead , ▁rep orter ▁had . ▁But ▁she ▁can ▁only ▁get ▁it ▁if ▁she ▁" gets ▁someone ▁with ▁a ▁c ape ". ▁Car n age ▁watch es ▁her ▁on ▁TV ▁outside ▁a ▁store . ▁He ▁watch es ▁her ▁te ar ful ▁display ▁about ▁the ▁murder ed ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁says ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁person ▁and ▁can ▁teach ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁good . ▁When ▁she ▁arriv es ▁at ▁her ▁home ▁Sin - E ater ▁is ▁waiting ▁for ▁her . ▁She ▁tries ▁to ▁offer ▁him ▁fame ▁and ▁fortune ▁but ▁he ▁ref uses ▁and ▁then ▁Car n age ▁burst s ▁in ▁singing ▁his ▁own ▁version ▁of ▁Spider - Man ' s ▁theme ▁song . ▁He ▁then ▁blow s ▁off ▁Sin - e ater ' s ▁head ▁and ▁takes ▁away ▁the ▁faint ed ▁Alice . ▁Sin - E ater ▁re construct s ▁his ▁head , ▁a ▁g low ing ▁green ▁sk ull , ▁a ▁watch es ▁Car n age ▁swing ▁away . ▁When ▁Alice ▁w akes ▁up , ▁Car n age ▁has ▁we bb ed ▁her ▁under ▁a ▁bridge ▁and ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁that ▁she ▁will ▁teach ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁hero . ▁ ▁A X IS : ▁Hob g ob lin ▁Following ▁his ▁in version , ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁found ▁himself ▁happ ier ▁with ▁his ▁in version |
, ▁although ▁still ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁gre ed ▁rather ▁than ▁al tr u ism . ▁He ▁react iv ated ▁his ▁franch ises ▁where ▁he ▁le ases ▁the ▁personas ▁and ▁cost umes ▁of ▁dece ased ▁or ▁retired ▁super h ero es ▁to ▁ordinary ▁people , ▁but ▁remained ▁a ▁wanted ▁criminal . ▁He ▁also ▁enf ranch ised ▁his ▁Hob g ob lin ▁persona ▁to ▁various ▁people ▁to ▁perform ▁hero ic ▁de eds ▁as ▁Hob g ob lin ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁com ic ▁about ▁them ▁for ▁promotion . ▁Among ▁those ▁who ▁answered ▁an ▁ad ▁are ▁L ily ▁H oll ister ▁( who ▁was ▁rendered ▁am nes iac ▁after ▁a ▁bot ched ▁rescue ▁from ▁the ▁police ▁by ▁G ob lin ▁King ) ▁and ▁an ▁under emp loy ed ▁te en ager ▁named ▁John ▁My ers . ▁He ▁set ▁a ▁three ▁phase ▁program ▁including ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁various ▁articles ▁with ▁his ▁brand ▁and ▁under ground ▁speech es ▁named ▁after ▁Ned ▁Le eds ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁franch ises ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁a ▁share ▁of ▁their ▁prof its ▁Hob g ob lin ▁deb uted ▁his ▁Hob - H ero es ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁L ily ▁H oll ister ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cat , ▁John ▁My ers ▁as ▁Miss ile ▁Mate , ▁F lower ▁Girl , ▁Le ather boy , ▁Ro cket ▁Head , ▁and ▁Water ▁W izard . ▁When ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁confront ed ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ▁in ▁his ▁headquarters , ▁Queen ▁Cat ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁defense . ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁recognized ▁L ily |
▁H oll ister ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cat , ▁but ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁recognize ▁him . ▁Following ▁the ▁attack , ▁Miss ile ▁Mate ▁was ▁convinced ▁by ▁U rich ' s ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁Hob g ob lin ▁would ▁soon ▁abandon ▁the ▁hero es ▁he ▁had ▁trained . ▁Miss ile ▁Mate ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁G ob lin ▁Under ground ' s ▁headquarters ▁and ▁asked ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁super villa in . ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁was ▁rel uct ant , ▁but ▁Miss ile ▁Mate ▁soon ▁showed ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁also ▁gathered ▁to ▁join ▁his ▁cause ▁all ▁the ▁super villa ins ▁that ▁Hob g ob lin ▁had ▁" ab andon ed " ▁( cons isting ▁of ▁ 8 - B all ▁III , ▁K iller ▁Sh rike ▁II , ▁Mel ter ▁III , ▁T iger ▁Sh ark ▁II , ▁Un ic orn ▁IV ) ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁good ▁gu y . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁a ▁Hob g ob lin ▁Day ▁was ▁being ▁held ▁with ▁a ▁para de ▁in ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ' s ▁honor , ▁Miss ile ▁Mate ▁bet rayed ▁Hob g ob lin ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁murder ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁G ob lin ▁King . ▁R oder ick ▁had ▁already ▁expected ▁the ▁bet ray al ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁using ▁a ▁h olog ram ▁de co y ▁which ▁took ▁Miss ile ▁Mate ' s ▁blow . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁R oder ick ▁King l sey ▁confront ed ▁Miss ile ▁Mate , |
▁the ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁appeared ▁with ▁his ▁G ob lin ▁Nation ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁celebr ation . ▁Hob g ob lin ▁best ed ▁U rich ▁in ▁combat ▁and ▁left ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁authorities . ▁After ▁exc using ▁himself ▁from ▁the ▁authorities , ▁Hob g ob lin ▁was ▁approached ▁by ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁to ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁Aven gers ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁invert ed ▁X - Men ▁from ▁det on ating ▁a ▁gene ▁bomb ▁which ▁would ' ve ▁killed ▁everyone ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁who ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁mut ant . ▁ ▁Aven gers ▁World ▁Following ▁his ▁in version , ▁a ▁now ▁al tr u istic ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁see ks ▁re dem ption ▁for ▁his ▁cr imes . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁combat ▁a ▁now - ev il ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁when ▁she ▁inv ades ▁Lat ver ia , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Val eria , ▁Do om ▁forms ▁his ▁own ▁team ▁of ▁Aven gers ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁Man , ▁El sa ▁Blood stone , ▁St ing ray , ▁V alk y rie , ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Agent . ▁It ▁is ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁fight ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁Do om ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁device ▁to ▁put ▁right ▁his ▁previous ▁mistakes ; ▁however , ▁forced ▁to ▁choose ▁only ▁one ▁act ▁to ▁repair , ▁he ▁cho oses ▁to ▁res ur rect ▁the ▁super h ero ine ▁St ature , ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁murder ed ▁in ▁Aven gers : ▁the ▁Children ' s |
▁Cr us ade . ▁ ▁Dead pool ▁Mag net o ▁man ages ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁Dead pool ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht . ▁After ▁the ▁in version ▁spell ▁was ▁cast , ▁Dead pool ▁had ▁his ▁pac if ist ▁person ality ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁body . ▁Thus , ▁he ▁becomes ▁Z en pool . ▁ ▁Mag net o ▁Mag net o ▁goes ▁around ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁some ▁super villa ins ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht . ▁When ▁Mag net o ▁arrived ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁Hob g ob lin , ▁he ▁attacked ▁Mag net o ▁and ▁was ▁sub j ug ated ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁join ▁Mag net o ' s ▁team . ▁He ▁approached ▁Car n age ▁in ▁his ▁self - con fin ement ▁and ▁convinced ▁C let us ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁as ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁nothing ▁more ▁cha otic ▁than ▁him ▁saving ▁the ▁world . ▁Mag net o ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Do omb ots ▁which ▁guard ing ▁a ▁palace ▁door ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁castle . ▁There , ▁he ▁finds ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁L oki , ▁Ver ity , ▁and ▁Val eria . ▁He ▁offers ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁and ▁L oki ▁against ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht , ▁which ▁Do om ▁agre es ▁to . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁L oki ' s ▁help , ▁Mag net o ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁get ▁En chant ress ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht . ▁ ▁G ather ed |
▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht ▁has ▁un le ashed ▁cha os ▁on ▁the ▁city : ▁the ▁in version ▁spell ▁has ▁f li pped ▁personal ities ▁and ▁psych ic ▁attacks ▁are ▁cont rolling ▁be ings ▁for ▁his ▁cause . ▁Mag net o , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁hel met , ▁and ▁select ▁other ▁mag ical ▁be ings ▁are ▁imm une . ▁Am id st ▁battle , ▁Mag net o ▁has ▁the ▁idea ▁to ▁bring ▁Professor ▁X ' s ▁conscious ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht , ▁using ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁and ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch . ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁is ▁in cap ac itated , ▁and ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁steps ▁in . ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht ▁becomes ▁aware ▁of ▁this ▁and ▁sends ▁Car n age ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁While ▁Car n age ▁is ▁attack ing ▁Mag net o , ▁they ▁successfully ▁cast ▁their ▁spell ▁and ▁the ▁battle ▁ends . ▁Mag net o ▁stands ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁distance ▁and ▁the ▁psych ic ▁form ▁of ▁Professor ▁X ▁appears . ▁Mag net o ▁tries ▁to ▁explain ▁that ▁Professor ▁X ▁was ▁right ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁meaning fully ▁purs ue ▁protect ing ▁mut ants ▁like ▁Professor ▁X ▁wanted . ▁Professor ▁X ▁reve als ▁that ▁Mag net o ▁was ▁right ▁all ▁along ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁wrong . ▁Mag net o ▁wal ks ▁off ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁captured ▁mut ants , ▁fre es ▁them , ▁and ▁ass ures ▁their ▁ut most ▁safety . |
▁A ▁German ▁officer ▁is ▁seen ▁watching ▁and ▁sm iling ▁in ▁the ▁background . ▁ ▁Nova ▁K lu h ▁was ▁eventually ▁confront ed ▁by ▁Nova ▁attempting ▁to ▁b ite ▁off ▁Nova ' s ▁arm ▁before ▁being ▁bl asted ▁up ▁the ▁nose . ▁Ir rit ated , ▁K lu h ▁hit ▁Nova ▁so ▁hard ▁he ▁crossed ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁crash ed ▁head - first ▁into ▁the ▁E iff el ▁Tower . ▁K lu h ▁res umed ▁his ▁r amp age . ▁ ▁After math ▁In ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁is ▁being ▁re built ▁for ▁what ▁was ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁months . ▁The ▁press ▁receives ▁a ▁video ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁invert ed ▁villa ins ▁before ▁the ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁bl amed ▁the ▁recent ▁crisis ▁on ▁themselves ▁calling ▁themselves ▁the ▁" Axis ▁of ▁Ev il ." ▁Steve ▁Rog ers ▁is ▁recover ing ▁from ▁the ▁w ounds ▁suffered ▁during ▁the ▁battle . ▁Iron ▁Man ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁St ark ▁Island ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁Hav ok ▁returned ▁to ▁Cy clo ps ' s ▁X - Men . ▁Dead pool ▁and ▁E van ▁Sab ahn ur ▁have ▁gone ▁into ▁hiding . ▁Thor ▁is ▁still ▁dealing ▁with ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁worthy . ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁has ▁ab duct ed ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁and ▁is ▁holding ▁him ▁prisoner . ▁The ▁Aven gers ▁Unity ▁Division ▁has ▁reform ed . ▁Peter ▁Parker ▁is ▁building ▁the ▁r hin estone ▁statue ▁Car n age ▁made ▁Spider - Man ▁promise ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁made |
▁when ▁he ▁sacrific ed ▁himself . ▁Sab re to oth ▁is ▁imprison ed ▁prom ising ▁to ▁follow ▁a ▁better ▁path ▁in ▁life ▁similar ▁to ▁Wol ver ine ' s ▁path ▁now ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁perman ently ▁invert ed . ▁ ▁Super ior ▁Iron ▁Man ▁Iron ▁Man ▁was ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁On s la ug ht ' s ▁concentration ▁camp ▁when ▁the ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁cast ▁the ▁in version ▁spell ▁that ▁finally ▁defeated ▁him . ▁The ▁day ▁was ▁saved , ▁but ▁now , ▁he ▁sees ▁things ▁differently . ▁F lying ▁over ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁he ▁del ivers ▁a ▁mobile ▁device ▁app ▁that ▁gives ▁the ▁user ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁Ext rem is ▁ 3 . 0 , ▁along ▁with ▁instructions ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁use ▁it ▁to ▁change ▁your ▁body ▁into ▁whatever ▁you ▁want . ▁One ▁week ▁later , ▁Iron ▁Man ▁teams ▁up ▁with ▁She - H ulk ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁A ▁kid ▁has ▁been ▁exposed ▁to ▁g amma ▁radiation , ▁gained ▁a ▁mon str ous ▁vis age ▁and ▁some ▁super - str ength , ▁and ▁has ▁started ▁w reck ing ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁calling ▁himself ▁" Te en ▁Ab om ination " ▁( who ▁res emb les ▁a ▁te en age ▁version ▁of ▁Ab om ination ). ▁Iron ▁Man ▁starts ▁lect uring ▁the ▁new ▁villa in ▁about ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁brand ing , ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁met ▁with ▁a ▁blow ▁that ▁takes ▁his ▁head ▁clean ▁off ▁only ▁for ▁Iron ▁Man ▁to ▁reve al ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁cont rolling |
▁the ▁arm or ▁rem ot ely . ▁Te en ▁Ab om ination ▁is ▁st unn ed ▁by ▁the ▁revel ation ▁long ▁enough ▁for ▁Iron ▁Man ▁to ▁in cap ac itate ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁un i - be am . ▁In ▁the ▁after math , ▁She - H ulk ▁lect ures ▁Iron ▁Man ▁about ▁using ▁too ▁much ▁force , ▁and ▁voc ally ▁disapp ro ves ▁of ▁his ▁call ous ▁behavior . ▁From ▁his ▁sw imming ▁pool , ▁Tony ▁sends ▁a ▁remote ▁recall ▁signal ▁and ▁the ▁arm or ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁lab . ▁Pe pper ▁Pot ts ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁pool ▁and ▁tells ▁Tony ▁that ▁she ▁needs ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁private . ▁Tony ▁says ▁he ▁will ▁meet ▁her ▁inside . ▁An ▁hour ▁later , ▁he ▁sa un ters ▁in ▁rather ▁than ▁immediately . ▁Pe pper ▁not ices ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁started ▁drink ing ▁again . ▁Tony ▁shows ▁her ▁the ▁latest ▁Iron ▁Man ▁suit , ▁which ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Model ▁ 4 2 : ▁the ▁End o - Sym ▁Arm or . ▁A ▁liquid ▁smart - met al ▁design , ▁it ▁util izes ▁elements ▁of ▁sym bi otes ▁and ▁its ▁boot ▁process ▁is ▁fully ▁ps ionic . ▁Pe pper ▁cut s ▁out ▁his ▁spiel ▁about ▁its ▁a est h etic ▁appeal ▁by ▁acc using ▁him ▁of ▁not ▁considering ▁the ▁ram ifications ▁of ▁giving ▁everyone ▁with ▁a ▁smart phone ▁access ▁to ▁Ext rem is . ▁Every one ▁who ▁had ▁no ▁way ▁of ▁accessing ▁the ▁app ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁new ▁under class |
, ▁while ▁everyone ▁who ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁app ▁has ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁org i astic ▁ir respons ibility ▁that ▁has ▁swe pt ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁a ▁street ▁corner , ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁Ext rem is - en hanced ▁urban ites ▁corner ▁a ▁hom eless ▁woman ▁and ▁acc use ▁her ▁of ▁b lem ishing ▁their ▁perfect ▁future . ▁Before ▁the ▁second ▁p unch ▁is ▁thrown ▁though , ▁they ▁are ▁acc ost ed ▁by ▁D are dev il ▁who ▁promises ▁violence ▁if ▁they ▁don ' t ▁dis per se . ▁Sud den ly , ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁mob ▁ke els ▁over ▁in ▁pain . ▁People ▁around ▁the ▁city ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁Tony ▁explains ▁to ▁Pe pper ▁the ▁second ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁strategy ▁to ▁le verage ▁Ext rem is ▁to ▁provide ▁St ark ▁Indust ries ▁( as ▁he ▁still ▁calls ▁it ) ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁money . ▁Every ▁single ▁Ext rem is ▁en han cile ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁wr ith es ▁on ▁the ▁pav ement ▁as ▁their ▁bi ology ▁subt ly ▁re writ es ▁itself ▁to ▁default . ▁Every ▁single ▁mobile ▁device ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁p ings ▁explaining ▁through ▁a ▁new ▁message ▁that ▁their ▁trial ▁period ▁has ▁exp ired , ▁and ▁that ▁to ▁continue , ▁they ▁must ▁pay ▁$ 9 9 . 9 9 ▁per ▁day . ▁Put ting ▁on ▁his ▁End o - Sym ▁Arm or , ▁Tony ▁dec ides ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁good ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁city ▁from ▁the ▁air . ▁That ▁night , ▁Pe |
pper ▁discuss es ▁Tony ' s ▁condition ▁with ▁someone . ▁She ▁says ▁that ▁years ▁ago , ▁Tony ▁said ▁his ▁greatest ▁fear ▁was ▁not ▁that ▁someone ▁would ▁take ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁use ▁it ▁against ▁him , ▁but ▁rather ▁that ▁something ▁would ▁take ▁his ▁mind , ▁and ▁use ▁him ▁to ▁destroy ▁his ▁life . ▁Pe pper ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁this ▁has ▁happened ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁co - con sp ir ator ▁need ▁to ▁activ ate ▁" the ▁cont ing ency ." ▁Her ▁al ly ▁steps ▁from ▁the ▁sh adows ▁reve aling ▁that ▁the ▁un named ▁person ▁is ▁we aring ▁an ▁early ▁Iron ▁Man ▁suit ▁as ▁he ▁agre es ▁with ▁her . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁involved ▁ ▁Collect ed ▁ed itions ▁ ▁Re ception ▁I GN ▁gave ▁the ▁story ▁and ▁the ▁overall ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁a ▁negative ▁review ▁of ▁ 4 . 5 ▁with ▁the ▁ver dict ▁" AX IS ▁stands ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁disappoint ments ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Despite ▁the ▁top - t ier ▁cre ators ▁involved ▁and ▁the ▁pedig ree ▁of ▁Un c anny ▁Aven gers , ▁this ▁event ▁just ▁didn ' t ▁come ▁together . ▁Only ▁sp or adic ▁moments ▁of ▁fun ▁c rop ▁up ▁during ▁the ▁bar rage ▁of ▁r ushed ▁art ▁and ▁poor ▁character ization . ▁And ▁while ▁the ▁overall ▁p acing ▁does ▁benefit ▁slightly ▁in ▁this ▁collected ▁format , ▁the ▁hard cover ' s ▁lack ▁of ▁ex tras ▁and ▁poor ▁paper ▁quality ▁make ▁the ▁high ▁cover ▁price ▁a ▁hard |
▁pill ▁to ▁sw allow ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁A X IS ▁at ▁Marvel ▁Wik i ▁ ▁Hard cover ▁Edition ▁at ▁Amazon . com ▁ ▁Category : Mar vel ▁Comics ▁story lines ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁com ics ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁com ics ▁end ings ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁com ics ▁Category : Super h ero ▁com ics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁is ▁the ▁longest - running ▁literary ▁arts ▁journal ▁focused ▁on ▁H m ong ▁art ▁and ▁culture , ▁containing ▁original ▁literary ▁and ▁visual ▁art work ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁criticism . ▁ ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁its ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁support ▁H m ong ▁writers ▁and ▁artists ▁by ▁providing ▁a ▁community ▁forum ▁to ▁fost er ▁H m ong ▁writing ▁and ▁art , ▁thus ▁n urt uring ▁the ▁contin ual ▁growth ▁and ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁H m ong ▁her itage . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁bl end ▁the ▁old ▁with ▁new ▁documentation ▁techniques ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁art istic ▁soul ▁of ▁the ▁H m ong ▁community . ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ’ s ▁project ▁goals ▁include : ▁Building ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁H m ong ▁writers ▁and ▁artists , ▁prom oting ▁writing ▁by ▁H m ong ▁writers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁writing ▁about ▁the ▁H m ong , ▁and ▁creating ▁a ▁community ▁forum ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁discuss ions ▁on ▁issues ▁that ▁affect ▁the ▁H m ong , ▁and |
▁to ▁celebr ate ▁and ▁aff irm ▁H m ong ▁writers ▁in ▁public ▁read ings . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁initially ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁youth ▁project ▁of ▁H m ong ▁American ▁Part ners hip ▁before ▁its ▁organiz ers ▁began ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁organization , ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H m ong ▁Arts ▁And ▁Tal ent ▁in ▁Saint ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁edit ors ▁and ▁staff ▁left ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H m ong ▁Arts ▁and ▁Tal ent ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁program ▁under ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁H m ong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Press ▁published ▁an ▁anth ology ▁collect ing ▁both ▁original ▁and ▁previously ▁published ▁examples ▁of ▁work ▁from ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁called ▁B am bo o ▁Among ▁the ▁O aks , ▁which , ▁despite ▁initial ▁ske ptic ism ▁quickly ▁sold ▁out ▁its ▁first ▁printing ▁within ▁a ▁year . ▁It ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁taught ▁in ▁several ▁class rooms ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁has ▁changed ▁formats ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁Origin ally ▁it ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 2 - page ▁collection ▁of ▁tab lo id - s ized ▁phot oc op ies , ▁but ▁eventually ▁grew ▁into ▁a ▁s addle - st itch ed ▁journal ▁with ▁card stock ▁covers ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁at |
▁H m ong ▁American ▁Part ners hip . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁became ▁a ▁project ▁under ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H m ong ▁Arts ▁and ▁Tal ent , ▁the ▁journal ▁became ▁a ▁full - s ized , ▁perfect ▁bound ▁magazine ▁with ▁a ▁gl oss y ▁full - color ▁cover . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁H m ong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning ▁introduced ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁in ▁a ▁new , ▁perfect - bound , ▁dig est - s ized ▁format . ▁ ▁Staff ▁An ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁writers ▁appear ▁in ▁each ▁issue . ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice ▁typically ▁comes ▁out ▁twice ▁a ▁year . ▁Since ▁the ▁initial ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Vo ice , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁highly ▁active ▁writers ▁and ▁artists ▁have ▁emer ged , ▁including ▁May ▁Lee ▁Yang , ▁Mai ▁N eng ▁Mou a , ▁Ka ▁V ang , ▁Soul ▁V ang , ▁Cy ▁Th ao , ▁Lee ▁V ang , ▁Peter ▁Yang , ▁Be e ▁Cha , ▁Dia ▁Cha , ▁P acy in z ▁Ly f ou ng , ▁Y eng ▁Lor , ▁K ou ▁V ang , ▁Song ▁Yang , ▁Sh ou a ▁Lee , ▁May ▁P ah ou ▁Ly , ▁T ou ▁Sa iko ▁Lee , ▁N ou kou ▁Th ao , ▁Sand i ▁Ci ▁Mou a , ▁Gary ▁Y ia ▁Lee ▁and ▁others |
. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁H m ong ▁National ▁Development , ▁Inc . ▁H m ong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning ▁ ▁Category : American ▁literary ▁mag az ines ▁Category : American ▁b ian n ual ▁mag az ines ▁Category : H m ong - American ▁culture ▁and ▁history ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁Be zz ia ▁no bil is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁bit ing ▁mid ges ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer at op og on idae . ▁It ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁Be zz ia ▁species ; ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁E uras ian ▁regions , ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Central ▁America , ▁and ▁even ▁into ▁South ▁American ▁countries ▁like ▁Brazil . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁seem ▁to ▁prefer ▁aqu atic ▁environments ; ▁they ▁are ▁commonly ▁observed ▁in ▁st agn ant ▁water ▁po ols ▁in ▁E uras ia ▁regions ▁and ▁mar sh es ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁United ▁States . ▁Ad ult s ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁easily ▁distinguished ▁by ▁their ▁black ▁and ▁yellow ▁strip ed ▁legs . ▁P up ae ▁are ▁recognized ▁by ▁their ▁brown ▁bodies , ▁ab dom inal ▁sp ines , ▁and ▁resp ir atory ▁horn s . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁are ▁distinguished ▁by ▁brown ▁heads ▁and ▁white ▁bodies . ▁Little ▁information ▁is ▁known ▁on ▁their ▁life ▁cycle ▁or ▁m ating ▁hab its . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁is |
▁a ▁pre dat ory ▁species . ▁While ▁some ▁research ▁suggests ▁they ▁mainly ▁feed ▁on ▁lar va e ▁of ▁other ▁insect ▁species , ▁experiments ▁suggest ▁they ▁prefer ▁imm obile , ▁easy ▁pre y ▁such ▁as ▁dead ▁adult ▁f lies , ▁b acter ia , ▁and ▁proto zo a . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁is ▁a ▁medium - s ized ▁Be zz ia ▁species ▁with ▁wing ▁lengths ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 1 . 5 mm ▁to ▁ 2 . 6 mm . ▁Their ▁wings ▁are ▁white ▁but ▁contain ▁thin ▁yellow ▁ve ins ▁that ▁may ▁give ▁the ▁wings ▁a ▁yellow ish ▁t int . ▁Their ▁legs ▁have ▁distinct ▁stri pes , ▁with ▁thick ▁altern ating ▁bands ▁of ▁yellow ▁and ▁black . ▁These ▁black ▁bands ▁are ▁located ▁specifically ▁on ▁the ▁bases ▁and ▁ap ices ▁of ▁the ▁fem urs ▁and ▁tib ia ▁of ▁adult ▁f lies . ▁Black ▁set ae ▁cover ▁the ▁legs , ▁particularly ▁occurr ing ▁on ▁the ▁black ▁bands ▁at ▁the ▁ap ices ▁of ▁the ▁tib ia ▁and ▁fem urs . ▁These ▁set ae ▁are ▁more ▁numerous ▁in ▁males ▁than ▁females . ▁Ad ult ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁generally ▁have ▁thor ax es ▁with ▁colors ▁varying ▁by ▁segment ▁and ▁sex . ▁ ▁Fem ales ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁adult ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁have ▁cur ved ▁cla ws . ▁While ▁upper ▁port ions ▁of ▁their ▁body , ▁like ▁the ▁head ▁and ▁anten na e , ▁are ▁a ▁dark er ▁brown ▁or |
▁gray ▁color , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁females ' ▁ab dom ens ▁are ▁light ly ▁colored ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁from ▁white ▁to ▁yellow ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁fine ▁black ▁set ae . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁pair ▁of ▁long ▁yellow ▁g land ▁ro ds ▁running ▁along ▁their ▁body . ▁Ad ult ▁females ▁have ▁two ▁asym met rical ▁s per mat he ca e ▁ch amb ers ▁that ▁collect ▁and ▁store ▁s perm , ▁reach able ▁through ▁a ▁short ▁passage . ▁ ▁M ales ▁ ▁Male ▁adult ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁in ▁less ▁detail ▁than ▁females . ▁Their ▁ab dom ens ▁are ▁brown , ▁but ▁existing ▁descri ptions ▁focus ▁lies ▁on ▁their ▁re product ive ▁organ ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ab d omen : ▁the ▁ade ag us . ▁A de agi ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁males ▁are ▁arch ed , ▁small ▁and ▁st out , ▁tap ering ▁into ▁a ▁bl unt ▁dist ist yle , ▁a ▁bla de - sh aped ▁access ory ▁on ▁the ▁ade ag us . ▁M ales , ▁like ▁females , ▁have ▁anten na e ▁on ▁their ▁heads , ▁but ▁they ▁also ▁sport ▁yellow , ▁fan - like ▁pl um age . ▁ ▁P up ae ▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁pup ae ▁are ▁ 3 . 5 mm ▁- ▁ 4 . 0 mm ▁long . ▁They ▁have ▁resp ir atory ▁horn s ▁ 0 . 2 2 mm ▁to ▁ 0 . 2 7 mm ▁long . ▁The |
▁body ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁pup a ▁is ▁brown ▁in ▁color ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁short ▁ab dom inal ▁sp ines . ▁ ▁Lar va e ▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 7 . 0 mm ▁in ▁length . ▁Their ▁brown ▁colored ▁heads ▁are ▁long , ▁thin , ▁and ▁t aper ed , ▁with ▁a ▁cur ved ▁mand ible ▁and ▁to pped ▁by ▁two ▁eyes . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁have ▁white ▁bodies , ▁and ▁unlike ▁adult s ▁have ▁very ▁few ▁set ae . ▁The ▁only ▁set ae ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁body ▁segment ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁eight ▁long ▁ones ▁neat ly ▁arranged ▁in ▁pairs . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁of ▁all ▁Be zz ia ▁species . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁across ▁extensive ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁occup ying ▁regions ▁of ▁E uras ia , ▁covering ▁North ▁and ▁Central ▁America , ▁and ▁even ▁being ▁found ▁as ▁southern ▁as ▁Brazil ▁and ▁Uruguay . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁distributions ▁of ▁all ▁Be zz ia ▁species , ▁covering ▁a ▁much ▁greater ▁area ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁most ▁other ▁species ▁within ▁the ▁genus . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁living ▁in ▁sand y ▁and ▁mud dy ▁areas . ▁They ▁are ▁especially ▁associated ▁with ▁alg ae ▁that ▁grow ▁near ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁shall ow ▁po ols ▁of ▁water |
. ▁ ▁In ▁European ▁regions , ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁sand ▁or ▁sand - s ilt ▁that ▁surr ound ▁la kes , ▁or ▁st agn ant ▁po ols ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁wo ody ▁areas . ▁Ad ult ▁f lies ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁bra ck ish ▁water . ▁In ▁the ▁southern ▁United ▁States , ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁mar sh es ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Ever gl ades ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁Life ▁history ▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁specific s ▁describing ▁the ▁life ▁cycle ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁are ▁mostly ▁unknown ▁and ▁research ▁is ▁lack ing ▁compared ▁to ▁many ▁other ▁D ip tera ▁species , ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁life ▁stages , ▁suggest ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁follows ▁a ▁life ▁cycle ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁D ip ter ans . ▁Phys ical ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁exist ▁for ▁lar va , ▁pup a , ▁and ▁adult s ▁indicating ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁at ▁least ▁moves ▁through ▁these ▁three ▁stages ▁in ▁life ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁f lies ▁do . ▁ ▁Food ▁resources ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁on ▁other ▁f lies ▁ ▁The ▁feed ing ▁hab its ▁of ▁Be zz ia ▁species ▁are ▁widely ▁unknown , ▁but ▁the ▁little ▁research ▁available ▁suggests ▁B . ▁no bil is , ▁and ▁other ▁closely ▁related ▁species ▁are ▁pre dat ory , ▁re lying ▁on ▁other ▁adult s ▁or ▁lar va e ▁of ▁other ▁species ▁as ▁food ▁sources . |
▁The ▁br ine ▁fly ▁E ph yd ra ▁therm oph yl la ▁was ▁observed ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁pre y ▁item ▁for ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁living ▁in ▁hot ▁spr ings . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁available ▁suggests ▁lar va e ▁of ▁multiple ▁Be zz ia ▁species ▁including ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁seem ▁to ▁especially ▁rely ▁on ▁mos qu ito ▁lar va e ▁as ▁pre y . ▁An ▁experiment ▁revealed ▁that ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁easily ▁gave ▁up ▁when ▁mos qu ito ▁lar va e ▁fought ▁back . ▁They ▁did ▁not ▁observe ▁any ▁successful ▁consumption ▁of ▁the ▁mos qu ito ▁lar va e ▁during ▁this ▁experiment , ▁instead ▁their ▁lack ▁of ▁ag gression ▁led ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁to ▁fail ▁in ▁pre ying ▁on ▁mos qu ito ▁lar va e , ▁unlike ▁another ▁closely ▁related ▁species , ▁Be zz ia ▁sp . ▁nr . ▁exp ol ita . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁did ▁not ▁successfully ▁pup ate ▁when ▁only ▁given ▁mos qu ito ▁or ▁other ▁lar va e ▁to ▁pre y ▁upon , ▁but ▁they ▁did ▁successfully ▁surv ive ▁on ▁b acter ia , ▁proto zo a , ▁or ▁dead ▁adult ▁f lies . ▁These ▁observations ▁suggest ▁that ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁are ▁pre dat ory ▁in ▁nature ▁but ▁prefer ▁easy ▁and ▁imm obile ▁pre y . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁behavior ▁ ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁failed ▁to ▁reach ▁pup ation ▁on |
▁mos qu ito ▁lar va e ▁alone . ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁lar va e ▁were ▁observed ▁feed ing ▁on ▁dead ▁adult ▁insect s . ▁To ▁do ▁this , ▁they ▁bur row ed ▁into ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁the ▁adult s ▁and ▁formed ▁a ▁bol us ▁that ▁they ▁then ▁sw allowed . ▁When ▁forming ▁this ▁bol us , ▁the ▁lar va e ▁exhib ited ▁consistent ▁behavior ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁rh yth mic ▁mot ions . ▁They ▁g ently ▁moved ▁their ▁heads ▁side - to - side , ▁and ▁once ▁this ▁motion ▁stopped , ▁switched ▁to ▁using ▁their ▁mand ibles ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁bol us ▁before ▁bringing ▁it ▁into ▁their ▁mouth s . ▁ ▁M ating ▁behavior ▁ ▁Though ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁research ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁m ating ▁hab its ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁bra ck ish ▁water . ▁ ▁Fem ales ▁ ▁The ▁an atom y ▁of ▁female ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁f lies ▁includes ▁two ▁asym metric ▁s per mat he ca e ▁ch amb ers . ▁S per mat he ca e ▁are ▁structures ▁common ▁to ▁D ip ter an ▁species ▁in ▁which ▁females ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁storing ▁s perm . ▁F lies ▁with ▁s per mat he ca e ▁often ▁allocate ▁this ▁s perm ▁to ▁eggs ▁at ▁some ▁time ▁after ▁cop ulation ▁has ▁occurred . ▁ ▁M ales ▁ ▁The ▁physical ▁description ▁of ▁male ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁is ▁less ▁detailed ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁female ▁adult s |
▁and ▁focus es ▁on ▁re product ive ▁structures . ▁Male ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁adult s ▁have ▁short , ▁st out ▁ade agi , ▁that ▁seem ▁to ▁complement ▁the ▁short ▁chamber ▁from ▁which ▁females ' ▁s per mat he ca e ▁are ▁accessible . ▁Their ▁ade agi ▁are ▁external , ▁and ▁located ▁on ▁their ▁ab dom ens , ▁and ▁only ▁males ▁of ▁B . ▁no bil is ▁have ▁yellow ▁pl um age ▁on ▁their ▁heads . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁this ▁pl um age ▁may ▁hint ▁at ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁male ▁competition ▁for ▁female ▁m ates , ▁as ▁throughout ▁animal ▁species , ▁bright ▁pl um age ▁on ▁males ▁is ▁often ▁involved ▁in ▁m ating ▁rit uals . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C er at op og on idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wy att ▁Davis ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁guard ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buck ey es . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁Davis ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Bell flow er , ▁California ▁and ▁attended ▁St . ▁John ▁Bos co ▁High ▁School . ▁Davis ▁was ▁r ated ▁a ▁five - star ▁rec ruit ▁by ▁Riv als , ▁ 2 4 7 S ports ▁and ▁Sc out ▁and ▁committed ▁to ▁play ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁over ▁offers ▁from ▁Alabama , ▁Michigan , ▁Notre ▁D ame , ▁Stan ford , ▁U CLA , |
▁US C ▁and ▁Washington . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Davis ▁red sh irt ed ▁his ▁true ▁fresh man ▁season . ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁reserve ▁guard ▁during ▁his ▁red sh irt ▁fresh man ▁season , ▁Davis ▁started ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁Buck ey es ▁season , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Football ▁Championship ▁Game ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Rose ▁Bowl , ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 1 ▁total ▁sn aps . ▁As ▁a ▁red sh irt ▁s oph om ore , ▁Davis ▁was ▁named ▁first ▁team ▁All - Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁and ▁a ▁first ▁team ▁All - American ▁by ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁and ▁the ▁Sport ing ▁News . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Davis ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁actor ▁Du ane ▁Davis ▁and ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁NFL ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁Will ie ▁Davis . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁gu ards ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bell flow er , ▁California ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁California ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : All - American ▁college ▁football ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Edmund ▁T anner ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 2 6 – 1 5 7 9 ▁in ▁Ireland ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁Jes uit , ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Bishop ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C loy |
ne , ▁Ireland , ▁from ▁ 1 5 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 7 9 . ▁ ▁Life ▁T anner ' s ▁early ▁life ▁is ▁unknown ; ▁he ▁left ▁Ireland ▁by ▁ 1 5 5 9 , ▁and ▁reached ▁Italy ▁via ▁Spain . ▁In ▁ 1 5 6 5 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁in ▁Rome , ▁and ▁entered ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁Roman ▁College ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁D ill ingen ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁doctor ▁of ▁div inity . ▁His ▁health , ▁however , ▁failed ▁and ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 5 7 4 ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁at ▁Rome , ▁and ▁the ▁See ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C loy ne ▁being ▁vac ant , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁it , ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 5 7 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁at ▁Rome . ▁ ▁In ▁May , ▁ 1 5 7 5 , ▁T anner ▁set ▁out ▁for ▁Ireland ▁with ▁exception al ▁fac ult ies ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁dioc ese ▁and ▁for ▁those ▁of ▁C ash el , ▁Dublin , ▁and ▁its ▁suff rag an ▁sees ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁pre l ates . ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁his ▁reaching ▁Ireland ▁he ▁was ▁captured ▁while ▁exer cis ing ▁his ▁functions ▁at ▁Cl on mel , ▁and ▁was ▁thrown ▁into ▁prison ; ▁here , ▁as ▁Hol ing ▁tells , ▁he ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁a ▁Protest ant ▁bishop ▁whom ▁he ▁recon ci |
led ▁to ▁the ▁Church . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁he ▁was ▁himself ▁released ▁through ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁a ▁noble ▁ear l . ▁ ▁There after ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁vent ure ▁into ▁his ▁own ▁dioc ese ▁but ▁as ▁Comm iss ary ▁Apost ol ic ▁he ▁travers ed ▁the ▁other ▁districts ▁assigned ▁him , ▁admin ister ing ▁the ▁sacr aments ▁and ▁dis charg ing ▁in ▁secret ▁the ▁other ▁duties ▁of ▁his ▁office . ▁After ▁four ▁years ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁O ss ory , ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 5 7 9 . ▁Anthony ▁Bru od in ▁states ▁that ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁Dublin ▁Castle ▁after ▁eigh teen ▁months ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁tort ure . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁F enn ess y ▁in ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁National ▁Biography ▁writes ▁that ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁C ul lah ill , ▁where ▁his ▁host ▁was ▁Bar nab y ▁Fitz pat rick . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Hog an , ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Irish men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁Century ▁( Lond on , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ); ▁Br ady , ▁Epis cop al ▁Su cc ession ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland ▁( R ome , ▁ 1 8 7 6 – 1 8 7 7 ); ▁Mor an , ▁Sp icile g ium ▁O ss or ien se , ▁I ▁( D ub lin , ▁ 1 8 7 4 ); ▁Bru od in , ▁Prop ug n ac ul um ▁c atholic œ ▁ver itat is ▁( P |
rag ue , ▁ 1 6 6 9 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 9 ▁death s ▁Category : I r ish ▁Jes uits ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁County ▁K ild are ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C loy ne ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁Elizabeth an ▁Ireland ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Jes uits <0x0A> </s> ▁I rene usz ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁male ▁given ▁name ▁that ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁e ir en ai os . ▁ ▁I rene usz ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁I rene usz ▁Ci ur zy ński , ▁Polish ▁s print ▁can oe ist ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s ▁I rene usz ▁Je le ń ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁Polish ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁right - w inger ▁or ▁stri ker ▁I rene usz ▁K ros ny ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Polish ▁actor ▁and ▁m ime ▁artist ▁I rene usz ▁K wie ci ński , ▁Polish ▁jud oka ▁I rene usz ▁Marc ink owski ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Polish ▁footballer ▁I rene usz ▁P ali ński ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Polish ▁weight l if ter ▁I rene usz ▁Ra |
ś ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Polish ▁politician ▁I rene usz ▁So cha ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁drum mer , ▁composer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁I ren ae us ▁I rene os <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁for ▁FC ▁Tokyo . ▁ ▁Career ▁Tak u ya ▁U ch ida ▁joined ▁FC ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁he ▁deb uted ▁in ▁J 3 ▁League ▁( v ▁G ain are ▁T ott ori ). ▁ ▁Club ▁statistics ▁Updated ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Res erves ▁performance ▁ ▁Last ▁Updated : ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁FC ▁Tokyo ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁people ▁from ▁Ch iba ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁football ers ▁Category : J 1 ▁League ▁players ▁Category : J 3 ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tokyo ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tokyo ▁U - 2 3 ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁GB LA - 1 ▁( G il git - I ) ▁is ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Gil git - B alt istan ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁which ▁is ▁currently ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁J aff ar ▁Ul lah ▁Khan ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N aw az ) ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁Deput y |
▁Spe aker ▁of ▁Gil git - B alt istan ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Assembly ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁GB LA - 1 ▁( G il git - I ) ▁ ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sy ed ▁R azi ud din ▁R iz vi ▁an ▁independent ▁politician ▁became ▁member ▁of ▁assembly ▁by ▁getting ▁ 1 0 9 2 4 ▁votes . ▁ ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁J af ar ul lah ▁Khan ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N ) ▁won ▁by ▁getting ▁ 7 1 7 1 ▁votes ▁and ▁became ▁Deput y ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G il git - B alt istan ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁constitu encies <0x0A> </s> ▁C argo ▁Air ways ▁International ▁was ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁based ▁in ▁Dou ala , ▁Cam ero on . ▁Its ▁main ▁base ▁is ▁Dou ala ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁Fle et ▁, ▁the ▁C argo ▁Air ways ▁International ▁fleet ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁aircraft : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁air lines ▁of ▁Cam ero on ▁Category : Def unct ▁cargo ▁air lines ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Dou ala <0x0A> </s> ▁Tar ja ▁Kal lio - T am min en ▁( b . ▁Hy v ink ä ä ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁research er ▁of ▁philosophy , ▁academic ▁lect urer ▁and ▁science ▁writer . ▁She ▁has ▁studied ▁nuclear ▁physics ▁and ▁theoretical ▁philosophy . ▁Her ▁doctor al ▁th |
esis ▁was ▁about ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁quantum ▁mechan ics . ▁She ▁has ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁conception ▁of ▁reality , ▁found ations ▁of ▁quantum ▁physics ▁and ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁mind . ▁Kal lio - T am min en ▁is ▁the ▁Chief ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁online ▁philosoph ical ▁magazine ▁E ko . fi , ▁which ▁is ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Green ▁Cultural ▁Association . ▁Kal lio - T am min en ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁association ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁works ▁ ▁Quant um ▁Met aph ys ics : ▁The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁Human ▁Be ings ▁within ▁the ▁Parad ig ms ▁of ▁Class ical ▁and ▁Quant um ▁Physics ▁Academ ic ▁Dis sert ation , ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁University ▁of ▁Hels ink i , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Arts , ▁Department ▁of ▁Philosoph y , ▁The oret ical ▁Philosoph y . ▁O it m ä ki : ▁Tar ja ▁Kal lio - T am min en , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁▁ ▁K v ant til ain en ▁tod ell isu us : ▁F ys i ik ka ▁ja ▁filosof ia ▁ma ail m ank u van ▁mu ok ka aj ina . ▁Hels ink i : ▁Y li op ist op ain o , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Home ▁page ▁ ▁Category : F inn ish ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁women ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from |
▁Hy v ink ä ä ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ph il osoph ers ▁of ▁mind ▁Category : Ph il osoph y ▁of ▁physics ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁August in ▁A im able ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁industrial ist , ▁diplom at ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Born ▁at ▁L ille , ▁he ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Senate ▁from ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁H ain aut ▁and ▁burg om aster ▁of ▁Tour na i . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁en voy ▁to ▁con gr at ulate ▁William ▁III ▁upon ▁his ▁coron ation . ▁This ▁was ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution , ▁which ▁had ▁made ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁cheval ier ▁de ▁l ' ordre ▁de ▁Leopold , ▁and ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Dutch ▁grand - cro ix ▁de ▁l ' ordre ▁de ▁la ▁Cour onne ▁de ▁Ch ê ne . ▁ ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁died ▁at ▁Tour na i ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁▁ 1 |
8 4 9 : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Oak ▁Crown . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁ ▁Liberal ism ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁, ▁Ann ua ire ▁statist ique ▁et ▁historique ▁bel ge , ▁Br uss el ▁- ▁Leipzig , ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 3 1 3 - 3 1 5 . ▁August in ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁( D ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 2 ▁death s ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁H ain aut ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁business people ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Oak ▁Crown ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L ille ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁( Bel g ium ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Clay ton ▁Be zer ra ▁Le ite ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Clay ton , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Sport ▁Ben fica ▁e ▁Cast elo ▁Bran co . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Segunda ▁Liga ▁for ▁Fe ir ense ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Bel en enses . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁São ▁Paulo ▁( state ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people |
▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : S à i ▁G ò n ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C . D . ▁Fe ir ense ▁players ▁Category : U . D . ▁O live ir ense ▁players ▁Category : G . D . ▁Ch aves ▁players ▁Category : Ac adém ico ▁de ▁V ise u ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S port ▁Ben fica ▁e ▁Cast elo ▁Bran co ▁players ▁Category : V . Le ague ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : L iga Pro ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal <0x0A> </s> ▁Sm ok in ' ▁O . P .' s ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁rock ▁singer - song writer ▁Bob ▁Seg er , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁( see ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁music ). ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁re iss ued ▁on ▁CD ▁by ▁Capit ol ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁earliest ▁Bob ▁Seg er ▁album ▁available ▁on ▁CD . ▁The ▁cover ▁art ▁is ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁the ▁L ucky ▁St rike ▁cig aret te ▁logo . ▁Sm ok in ' |
▁O . P .' s ▁refers ▁to ▁Sm ok in ' ▁Other ▁People ' s ▁Songs , ▁a ▁deriv ation ▁on ▁the ▁sl ang ▁phrase ▁" Sm oking ▁O . P .' s " ▁meaning ▁to ▁smoke ▁other ▁people ' s ▁c igare tt es ▁exclus ively ▁( ne ver ▁purch asing ▁your ▁own ▁for ▁consumption ). ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁tracks ▁on ▁this ▁release ▁are ▁covers ▁of ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁other ▁artists . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁cover ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Thomas ▁L ero y ▁W esch ler , ▁who ▁was ▁Seg er ' s ▁road ▁manager ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁cover ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁an ▁advert is ement ▁for ▁L ucky ▁St rike ▁c igare tt es . ▁ ▁Tom ▁W esch ler ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁co - write ▁Tra vel ing ▁Man : ▁On ▁the ▁Road ▁& ▁Be hind ▁the ▁Sc enes ▁with ▁Bob ▁Seg er . ▁ ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Bob ▁Seg er ▁– ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁vocals ▁Jack ▁Ash ford ▁– ▁per cussion , ▁tamb our ine ▁Edd ie ▁" B ongo " ▁Brown ▁– ▁per cussion , ▁con ga ▁Mike ▁Bruce ▁– ▁guitar ▁Jim ▁Bru zz ese ▁– ▁tamb our ine ▁Cry stal ▁Jenkins ▁– ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Sk ip ▁K na pe ▁– ▁organ , ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁keyboard ▁David ▁Te eg arden ▁– ▁drums , ▁mar ac as , ▁mar im ba ▁Pam ▁Tod d ▁– ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ |
cer : ▁P unch ▁Andrew s ▁Engine er : ▁Jim ▁Bru zz ese ▁Ass istant ▁engineer : ▁Greg ▁Miller ▁Mix ing : ▁Jim ▁Cass ily , ▁M abel ▁Louise ▁Smith , ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler ▁Phot ography : ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler , ▁Peter ▁L um etta ▁Cover ▁Design : ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁Album ▁– ▁Billboard ▁( N orth ▁America ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁– ▁Billboard ▁( N orth ▁America ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁P unch ▁Andrew s ▁Category : Bob ▁Seg er ▁albums ▁Category : Co vers ▁albums ▁Category : Re prise ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Nap ery ▁( from ▁Old ▁French ▁n aper ie ▁) ▁is ▁lin en ▁used ▁for ▁household ▁purposes , ▁such ▁as ▁table ▁lin en . ▁Histor ically ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁a ▁medieval ▁household ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁was hing ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁these ▁items . ▁It ▁was ▁head ed ▁by ▁a ▁n aper er . ▁This ▁office ▁worked ▁closely ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁la und ry ▁( w ash ing ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁cl othing ) ▁and ▁the ▁e wer y ▁( water ▁and ▁the ▁vessels ▁for ▁drink ing ▁or ▁was hing ▁of ▁the ▁person ), ▁and ▁the ▁three ▁could ▁be ▁concurrent ▁in ▁smaller ▁households . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Nap ier ▁( s urname ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁occup ations <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁" A j ir " ▁Am |
eli ▁Te h ran i ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁phys ician ▁and ▁pan - I ran ist ▁politician . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁cabin ets ▁of ▁J af ar ▁Sh ar if - Em ami ▁and ▁G hol am - Re za ▁Az h ari . ▁He ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Court , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁executed ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Am eli ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Te h ran ' s ▁Medical ▁College . ▁Then ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁res iden cy ▁special izing ▁in ▁an est h esi ology . ▁He ▁began ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁University ’ s ▁Medical ▁College ▁fac ulty . ▁ ▁Tri al ▁and ▁execution ▁The ▁Islam ic ▁Revolution ary ▁Trib unal ▁of ▁Te h ran ▁found ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁Am eli ▁Te h ran i , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 2 0 ▁other ▁individuals , ▁“ cor rupt or ▁on ▁earth ” ▁and ▁condem ned ▁him ▁to ▁death . ▁These ▁ 2 1 ▁persons ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁a ▁firing ▁squad ▁in ▁Te h ran ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pan - I ran ist ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁Category : R ast akh iz ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁Category : G |
overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : Pe ople ▁executed ▁by ▁Iran ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁executed ▁during ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁Category : I ran ian ▁phys ician - polit icians ▁Category : I ran ian ▁national ists ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Iran ian ▁Maj lis ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Iran ian ▁Maj lis <0x0A> </s> ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁or ▁De ir ▁el - Q asi ▁( ), ▁was ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ▁village ▁located ▁ 2 6 km ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A cre , ▁which ▁was ▁ ▁dep op ulated ▁during ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁war . ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁located ▁ 2 6 km ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A cre , ▁on ▁a ▁rock y ▁hill ▁about ▁ 5 km ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁border . ▁It ▁was ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁p aved ▁road ▁to ▁ ▁F ass uta ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Tar sh i ha ▁in ▁the ▁south west . ▁ ▁The ▁road ▁divided ▁the ▁town ▁into ▁an ▁eastern ▁and ▁one ▁western ▁quarter , ▁or ▁har as , ▁the ▁eastern ▁quarter ▁being ▁higher ▁up . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁name , ▁Day r ▁(" mon aster y ") ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁village ▁might ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁monaster y ▁and ▁a ▁Christian ▁population . |
▁However , ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁Muslim . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁village , ▁ancient ▁artifact s ▁from ▁the ▁C ana an ite , ▁Israel ite ▁and ▁Roman ▁period ▁were ▁un ear th ed ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁and ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁period . ▁ ▁Cer am ics ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁Roman ▁and ▁the ▁By z antine ▁er as ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁here . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Cr us ader ▁era ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Cass ie , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 3 ▁it ▁was ▁noted ▁that ▁ ▁God f rey ▁de ▁Tor ▁sold ▁ ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁ ▁to ▁Jos cel in ▁III . ▁In ▁ 1 2 2 0 ▁ ▁J oc ely n ▁III ' s ▁daughter ▁Beat rix ▁de ▁Cour ten ay ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁Otto ▁von ▁Bot en la uben , ▁Count ▁of ▁Hen ne berg , ▁ ▁sold ▁ ▁their ▁land , ▁including ▁Cass ie , ▁to ▁the ▁Te ut onic ▁Kn ights . ▁ ▁Rem ains ▁from ▁the ▁ ▁M aml uk ▁era ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Ott oman ▁era ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 7 ▁and ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁ ▁nah i ya ▁( sub d istrict ) ▁ ▁of ▁J ira , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Saf ad ▁San jak ▁( D istrict ▁of ▁Saf ed ). ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁tax ▁records ▁Day |
r ▁al - Q ass i ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁Muslim ▁household ; ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 3 2 ▁persons . ▁The ▁vill agers ▁paid ▁a ▁fixed ▁tax - r ated ▁of ▁ 2 5 % ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cro ps , ▁including ▁whe at ▁and ▁bar ley , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁go ats ▁and ▁be eh ives ; ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 4 5 ▁ak ç e . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁a ▁fort ified ▁village ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁she ikh ▁( ch ief ) ▁named ▁Abd ▁al - K h ali q ▁S ali h . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 0 , ▁She ikh ▁Z ah ir ▁al - U mar , ▁an ▁Arab ▁mut as all im ▁( tax ▁collect or ) ▁from ▁the ▁al - Z ay ad ina ▁cl an ▁whose ▁strength ▁was ▁growing ▁throughout ▁the ▁Gal ile e , ▁strugg led ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁village ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁domain ▁by ▁marry ing ▁She ikh ▁S ali h ' s ▁daughter , ▁thereby ▁se aling ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁cl an . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 7 6 7 , ▁Z ah ir ' s ▁son ▁Ali ▁of ▁Saf ad ▁requested ▁control ▁of ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁from ▁his ▁father ▁after ▁his ▁request |
▁for ▁Day r ▁H anna ▁was ▁rejected . ▁Z ah ir ▁refused ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁entered ▁into ▁an ▁armed ▁conflict , ▁which ▁Z ah ir ▁won . ▁Non eth eless , ▁Z ah ir ▁p ardon ed ▁Ali ▁and ▁ultimately ▁c eded ▁the ▁village ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁De ir ▁el - K asy ▁was ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁Muslim ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁El ▁J eb el ▁district , ▁located ▁west ▁of ▁ ▁Saf ad . ▁ ▁Victor ▁Gu ér in ▁visited ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁and ▁he ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁ 3 5 0 ▁Muslim ▁inhabitants . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁P EF ' s ▁Survey ▁of ▁Western ▁Palest ine ▁( SW P ) ▁as ▁being ▁situated ▁on ▁a ▁r idge , ▁enc irc led ▁by ▁fig ▁trees , ▁o live ▁trees ▁and ▁a rable ▁land . ▁It ▁then ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁A ▁population ▁list ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁showed ▁ ▁De ir ▁el ▁K asy ▁to ▁have ▁ ▁about ▁ 9 4 5 ▁inhabitants , ▁all ▁Muslim s . ▁ ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁period ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁census ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁ ▁British ▁Mand ate , ▁D air ▁Wal ▁Q asi ▁ ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of |
▁▁ 6 6 3 , ▁ ▁all ▁Muslim s , ▁increasing ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁census , ▁when ▁De ir ▁el ▁Q asi ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 6 5 , ▁still ▁all ▁Muslim s , ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 ▁houses . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁mostly ▁Muslim ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁large ▁Palest in ian ▁Christian ▁minor ity . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁census ▁ ▁it ▁had ▁ 1 , 2 5 0 ▁inhabitants ; ▁ 3 7 0 ▁Christians ▁and ▁ 8 8 0 ▁Muslim s . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁of ▁F ass uta ▁( ex istent ) ▁and ▁al - M ans ura , ▁the ▁ ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 3 0 0 ▁and ▁their ▁ ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁was ▁ 3 4 , 0 1 1 ▁d un ums . ▁▁ 1 , 6 0 7 ▁d un ams ▁were ▁plant ations ▁and ▁ir rig able ▁land , ▁ 6 , 4 7 5 ▁used ▁for ▁c ere als , ▁while ▁ 2 4 7 ▁ ▁d un ams ▁were ▁built - up ▁( urban ) ▁land . ▁ ▁Israel ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁War ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁Liber ation ▁Army ▁but ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Army ▁during ▁its ▁off ensive ▁Operation |
▁Hir am ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁The ▁village ' s ▁residents ▁were ▁exp elled ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁most ▁migr ated ▁north ▁into ▁Leb anon . ▁By ▁June , ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁whole ▁northern ▁area ▁had ▁been ▁" J ud ais ed ", ▁including ▁Tar sh i ha , ▁Su hm ata , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i , ▁ ▁Tar b ik ha , ▁ ▁Me ir on , ▁ ▁Al - Sam mu ' i , ▁Saf s af ▁and ▁Al - R as ▁al - Ah mar . ▁ ▁El k osh , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁occup ies ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁site . ▁Net u ' a , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁Matt at , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁Ab ir im , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁are ▁also ▁on ▁village ▁land . ▁Net u ' a ▁is ▁near ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁village ▁of ▁al - M ans ura . ▁ ▁The ▁Palest in ian ▁historian , ▁Wal id ▁K hal idi , ▁described ▁the ▁remaining ▁structures ▁on ▁the ▁village ▁land ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁" A ▁few ▁stone ▁houses ▁still ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁resid ences ▁or ▁w are h ouses ▁by ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁El q osh . ▁The ▁de br is ▁of |
▁destroyed ▁houses ▁is ▁stre wn ▁over ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁school ▁building ▁stands ▁desert ed . ▁Fig ▁and ▁o live ▁trees ▁and ▁c act uses ▁grow ▁on ▁the ▁site ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁were ▁removed ▁by ▁mechanical ▁equipment ▁during ▁exc av ations ▁by ▁the ▁Israel ▁Anti qu ities ▁Author ity . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁village ▁history ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁I bra him ▁K hal il ▁U th man . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁N abil ▁Mar ou f , ▁Palest in ian ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Canada , ▁born ▁in ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁dep op ulated ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁War ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Palest ine ▁Remember ed ▁- ▁Day r ▁al - Q asi ▁▁ ▁Day r ▁al - Q asi , ▁ ▁Z och rot ▁Survey ▁of ▁Western ▁Palest ine , ▁Map ▁ 4 : ▁▁ ▁I AA , ▁Wikimedia ▁comm ons ▁ ▁Day r ▁Al - Q asi ▁from ▁the ▁K hal il ▁Sak ak ini ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁ ▁Der ▁al - Q asi , ▁from ▁Dr . ▁Mos li h ▁K ana ane h ▁ ▁Category : D istrict ▁of ▁A cre ▁Category : A rab ▁villages ▁dep op ulated ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 |
▁Arab – Is ra eli ▁War ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Kel p ▁Bank ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁sho al , ▁covered ▁with ▁k el p , ▁lying ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Cape ▁Cre we , ▁off ▁the ▁north ▁coast ▁of ▁South ▁Georgia . ▁The ▁name ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁first ▁used ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁British ▁Admir alty ▁chart . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Bar rier ▁islands ▁of ▁Ant arct ica <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Alan ▁Bar cl ay ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁pu pp ete er ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁on ▁some ▁projects ▁of ▁The ▁Jim ▁H enson ▁Company . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁the ▁cutting ▁edge ▁of ▁anim at ron ic ▁pu ppet ry ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Bar cl ay , ▁who ▁ha ils ▁from ▁London , ▁is ▁a ▁Master ▁Pu pp ete er , ▁An imat ron ic ▁Design er ▁and ▁Super visor , ▁a ▁CG ▁key ▁frame ▁Anim ator , ▁and ▁Director ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁of ▁anim at ron ic ▁and ▁animation ▁projects ▁for ▁film ▁and ▁television . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁Scottish ▁mother ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁father . ▁At ▁age ▁four , ▁he ▁performed ▁mar ion ettes , ▁glo ve ▁and ▁rod ▁pu ppets ▁with ▁his ▁parents , ▁Ann ▁and ▁Michael ▁who ▁formed ▁P ex ▁Pu ppet ▁Theatre ▁foc using ▁their ▁acting ▁tal ents ▁on ▁live ▁pu ppet ry . |
▁When ▁he ▁was ▁seven , ▁Bar cl ay ▁performed ▁traditional ▁P unch ▁and ▁Jud y ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁Pu ppet ▁Gu ild , ▁for ▁document ary ▁cam eras . ▁Through out ▁his ▁child hood , ▁he ▁designed ▁built ▁and ▁performed ▁do z ens ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁pu ppets ▁and ▁continued ▁performing ▁P unch ▁and ▁Jud y ▁into ▁his ▁late ▁te ens . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁other ▁live ▁pu ppet ▁companies , ▁J act ito , ▁direct ors ▁James ▁and ▁Joan ▁Bart on , ▁and ▁Cap ▁and ▁B ells , ▁director ▁V io let ▁Phil p ott . ▁His ▁first ▁work ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁camera ▁was ▁a ▁brief ▁appearance ▁as ▁a ▁large ▁dog ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁classic ▁comedy ▁series ▁The ▁More cam be ▁and ▁W ise ▁Christmas ▁Show . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁for ▁Th ames ▁TV . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁make ▁up ▁assistant ▁working ▁for ▁Stuart ▁Fre eb orn ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁Star ▁Wars ▁film ▁The ▁Empire ▁St rik es ▁Back . ▁The ▁main ▁challenge ▁was ▁a ▁state - of - the - art ▁hand ▁pu ppet ▁named ▁Y oda , ▁and ▁Bar cl ay ▁assist ed ▁building ▁duplicate ▁parts , ▁se aming ▁the ▁fo am ▁late x ▁head ▁sk ins , ▁etc ., ▁but ▁when ▁Wend y ▁Mid ener ▁Fr oud ▁became ▁all erg ic ▁to ▁something ▁on ▁the ▁set , ▁he ▁was ▁draft ed ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁pu pp ete er . ▁Dave ▁performed ▁the ▁cable ▁controlled |
▁fa cial ▁movements ▁for ▁Mu ppet ▁master ▁Frank ▁O z , ▁the ▁chief ▁pu pp ete er . ▁When ▁O z ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁shoot ▁Ses ame ▁Street , ▁as ▁the ▁production ▁had ▁run ▁over , ▁O z ▁nominated ▁Bar cl ay ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁as ▁chief ▁pu pp ete er ▁for ▁Y oda . ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁then ▁invited ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁pu ppet ▁mak er ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁advent ur ous ▁project ▁by ▁Jim ▁H enson ▁and ▁Frank ▁O z , ▁The ▁Dark ▁Cry stal . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁H enson ' s ▁American ▁pu ppet ▁mak ers , ▁to ▁develop ▁pu ppets ▁that ▁would ▁finally ▁become ▁the ▁entire ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁movie . ▁And ▁so ▁started ▁the ▁long ▁term ▁relationship ▁and ▁desire ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁en velope ▁in ▁anim at ron ic ▁performance ▁art . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Alice ▁in ▁Wonder land ▁- ▁The ▁D orm ouse ▁( pu pp ete er ), ▁G ry phon ▁( pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁Are ▁We ▁There ▁Yet ? ▁- ▁S atch el ▁Pa ige ▁Bob ble head ▁ ▁Lab yr inth ▁- ▁Did ym us ▁( pu pp ete er ), ▁Fire y ▁ 1 ▁( pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁Snow ▁D ogs ▁- ▁Dem on ▁( anim at ron ic ▁perform er ) ▁ ▁Return ▁of ▁the ▁J edi ▁- ▁J ab ba ▁the ▁H utt ▁( |
pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mu ppet ▁Christmas ▁Carol ▁- ▁Add itional ▁Mu ppet ▁Per former ▁ ▁The ▁Mu ppets ▁- ▁Add itional ▁Mu ppet ▁Per former ▁ ▁The ▁Od ys sey ▁- ▁Poly ph em us ▁( face ▁perform er ) ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Studio ▁DC : ▁Al most ▁Live ▁- ▁Add itional ▁Mu ppets ▁ ▁F rag gle ▁Rock ▁- ▁S pro cket ▁( B rit ish ▁and ▁French ▁versions ), ▁Tra v elling ▁Matt ▁( F rench ▁and ▁German ▁versions ) ▁ ▁The ▁Story t eller ▁- ▁Dev il ▁(" The ▁Story t eller ▁and ▁Death ," ▁pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁The ▁Mu ppets ▁Take ▁the ▁Bowl ▁- ▁Add itional ▁Mu ppet ▁Per former ▁( Live ▁show ▁at ▁the ▁Hollywood ▁Bowl , ▁Sept . ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁C rew ▁work ▁ ▁C ats ▁& ▁D ogs ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Effect s ▁Super visor , ▁Le ad ▁Performance ▁Co ordin ator ▁ ▁C ats ▁& ▁D ogs : ▁The ▁Re ven ge ▁of ▁K itt y ▁Gal ore ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Effect s ▁Super visor , ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁Dream child ▁- ▁Pu ppet ▁M aker ▁ ▁Little ▁Sh op ▁of ▁Hor ror s ▁- ▁Princi pal ▁Plant ▁Per former ▁ ▁Lo oney ▁T unes : ▁Back ▁in ▁Action ▁- ▁Pu pp ete er , ▁Techn ical ▁Cons ult ant ▁ ▁Lost ▁in ▁Space ▁- ▁" B law p |
" ▁An imation ▁Unit ▁ ▁S co oby - D oo ! ▁The ▁Myst ery ▁Begin s ▁- ▁Digital ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Empire ▁St rik es ▁Back ▁- ▁Ass istant ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Little ▁ 2 ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Super visor ▁ ▁Team ▁America : ▁World ▁Police ▁- ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Fl int st ones ▁in ▁V iva ▁Rock ▁Veg as ▁- ▁Chief ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Never End ing ▁Story ▁III ''' ▁- ▁Key ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁Where ▁the ▁Wild ▁Things ▁Are ▁- ▁Pu pp ete er ▁ ▁Who ▁F ram ed ▁Roger ▁Rab bit '' ▁- ▁Chief ▁Pu pp ete er ▁( UK ▁version ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁pu pp ete ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁W ilt se ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁David ▁W ilt se ▁( b . ▁? ▁), ▁American ▁play w right ▁Hal ▁W ilt se ▁( 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 8 3 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁Hook s ▁W ilt se ▁( Ge orge ▁L ero y ▁W ilt se ) ▁( 1 8 7 9 - 1 9 5 9 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁Mark ▁W ilt se ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 8 ), ▁American ▁s occer ▁( football ) ▁player ▁S nake ▁W ilt se ▁( L |
ew is ▁De W itt ▁W ilt se ) ▁( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 2 8 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁D ott ie ▁W ilt se ▁Collins ▁( D or othy ▁W ilt se ▁Collins ) ▁( 1 9 2 3 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Kol ath ur ▁block ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁re venue ▁block ▁of ▁S alem ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁This ▁re venue ▁block ▁consist ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁pan ch ay at ▁villages . ▁They ▁are , ▁ ▁Al amar ath up atti ▁ ▁Ch ith ira ip att ip ud ur ▁ ▁D h inn ap atti ▁ ▁K ann amo och i ▁ ▁Kar ung all ur ▁ ▁K aver ip ur am ▁ ▁Kol na icken p atti ▁ ▁Lak k amp atti ▁ ▁M ool ak k adu ▁ ▁Nav ap atti ▁ ▁Pal am al ai ▁ ▁P ann av adi ▁ ▁S amp al li ▁ ▁Sing i rip atti ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Re venue ▁blocks ▁of ▁S alem ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Roberto ▁Gar za ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁center . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁( 9 9 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁NFL ▁D raft , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , |
▁joined ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears , ▁sp ending ▁ten ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁High ▁school ▁years ▁Gar za ▁attended ▁Rio ▁H ondo ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Rio ▁H ondo , ▁Texas ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁letter man ▁in ▁football ▁and ▁track ▁and ▁field . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁the ▁school ' s ▁National ▁Honor ▁Society . ▁ ▁Post - high ▁school ▁The ▁son ▁of ▁Roberto ▁Gar za ▁Sr ., ▁and ▁Of elia ▁Gar za ▁from ▁Mexico , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁after ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁A ▁Marine ▁rec ru iter ▁interested ▁in ▁Gar za ▁rid ic u led ▁his ▁desire ▁to ▁play ▁professional ▁football , ▁alleg edly ▁stating ▁that , ▁" M ex icans ▁do ▁not ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ". ▁ ▁Roberto ▁was ▁not ▁disc ou rag ed , ▁and ▁worked ▁toward ▁his ▁goal ▁by ▁being ▁encourag ed ▁by ▁his ▁younger ▁cousin ▁Pay ton ▁Gar za . ▁He ▁ended ▁up ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University - K ings ville ▁J avel inas ▁as ▁a ▁" walk - on ". ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁playing ▁football , ▁Roberto ▁worked ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁school . ▁ ▁Gar za ' s ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Rio ▁H ondo , ▁Texas ▁established ▁December ▁ 2 ▁as ▁" R ober to ▁Gar za , ▁Jr . ▁Day ", ▁and ▁subsequently ▁named ▁a ▁street ▁after ▁him . ▁He ▁is ▁fl uent ▁in ▁Spanish . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁originally ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons |
▁with ▁the ▁ 9 9 th ▁overall ▁pick ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁from ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University - K ings ville . ▁Gar za ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁Fal cons ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season ▁when ▁his ▁contract ▁was ▁up . ▁He ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁six - year ▁contract ▁extension ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁that ▁season , ▁the ▁B ears ▁reached ▁a ▁ 3 9 – 1 4 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts , ▁which ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁N FC ▁Championship ▁and ▁advance ▁to ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁X LI . ▁However , ▁they ▁fell ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁championship , ▁losing ▁ 2 9 – 1 7 ▁to ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts . ▁Among ▁the ▁almost ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁season , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁ 1 9 ▁His pan ics . ▁Gar za ▁became ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁season , ▁but ▁was ▁res igned ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 - year ▁contract ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁B ears , ▁ending ▁a ▁ten - year ▁ten ure . ▁ ▁In ▁the |
▁media ▁He ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁cover ▁ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁version ▁of ▁Mad den ▁ 0 9 ▁En ▁Españ ol . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gar za , ▁along ▁with ▁team mate ▁and ▁def ensive ▁end ▁Henry ▁Mel ton ▁were ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁Today ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁All - J oe ▁Team . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁sid eline ▁rep orter ▁for ▁Fox ▁Deport es ' ▁broadcast ▁of ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁X L V III . ▁Gar za ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁comment ator ▁for ▁ESP N ▁Deport es ' ▁broadcast ▁of ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁ 5 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁Mod elo ▁Be er ▁commercial ▁alongside ▁fellow ▁former ▁His pan ic ▁football ▁players ▁Tony ▁Gonz ale z ▁and ▁Anthony ▁Mun oz . ▁ ▁Char itable ▁work ▁Gar za ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Way , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁char itable ▁organizations ▁dedicated ▁to ▁helping ▁less ▁fort un ate ▁children ▁and ▁elder ly . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears ' ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁the ▁Walter ▁Pay ton ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Em pty ▁Stock ing ▁Fund , ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons ' ▁Fe ed ▁The ▁Hom eless ▁Camp aign , ▁and ▁the ▁Hall ▁County ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁Club . ▁He ▁also ▁supports ▁Big ▁Brothers ▁Big ▁Sister s ▁of ▁Metropolitan ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External |
▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁Chicago ▁B ears ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Camer on ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : At l anta ▁Fal cons ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁B ears ▁players ▁Category : Tex as ▁A & M – K ings ville ▁J avel inas ▁football ▁players ▁Category : American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁gu ards ▁Category : American ▁football ▁cent ers ▁Category : American ▁players ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁of ▁Mexican ▁descent ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁Prag ue ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament s ▁played ▁on ▁out door ▁cl ay ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁and ▁its ▁second ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁category ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁W TA ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Spart a ▁Prag ue ▁Tennis ▁Club ▁in ▁Prag ue , ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁from ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Point s ▁distribution ▁ ▁Singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁J ana ▁Č ep el ová ▁▁ ▁J el ena ▁J ank ović ▁▁ ▁Mark éta |
▁V ond rou š ová ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Mon a ▁Bar th el ▁▁ ▁Beat riz ▁H add ad ▁Ma ia ▁▁ ▁Luc ie ▁H rade ck á ▁▁ ▁Natal ia ▁Vik h ly ant se va ▁ ▁With draw als ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁M andy ▁Min ella ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁Camil a ▁Giorg i ▁▁ ▁Na omi ▁Os aka ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁Ev gen i ya ▁Rod ina ▁▁ ▁Louis a ▁Ch ir ico ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁D anka ▁K ov ini ć ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁Luc ie ▁Š af ář ová ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁T ere za ▁Mi hal ík ová ▁/ ▁ ▁Ch antal ▁Š k am lov á ▁▁ ▁T ere za ▁S mit k ová ▁/ ▁ ▁An ast asia ▁Z ary ck á ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Mon a ▁Bar th el ▁def . ▁ ▁Krist ý na ▁Pl í š k ová ▁ 2 – 6 , ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Anna - L ena ▁Gr ö ne feld ▁/ ▁ ▁K vě ta ▁P esch ke ▁def . ▁ ▁Luc ie ▁H rade ck á ▁/ ▁ ▁Kate |
ř ina ▁Sin iak ová ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 3 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁Prag ue ▁Open ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁ 2 0 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁T . ▁Campbell ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁historian . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁History ▁at ▁Stan ford ▁University . ▁ ▁Life ▁Campbell ▁graduated ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁from ▁Stan ford ▁University , ▁with ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁taught ▁at ▁North western ▁University ▁and ▁at ▁Brown ▁University . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁teach es ▁at ▁Stan ford ▁University . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Susan ▁Sm ul yan ▁of ▁Brown , ▁and ▁Er nie ▁Lim bo ▁of ▁T oug al oo ▁College ▁in ▁creating ▁the ▁" Fre edom ▁Now !" ▁website . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Mark ▁L ynt on ▁History ▁Prize ▁for ▁Middle ▁Pass ages : ▁African ▁American ▁J our ne ys ▁to ▁Africa , ▁ 1 7 8 7 - 2 0 0 5 ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Compar ative ▁Study ▁of ▁Race ▁and ▁Eth nic ity ▁Fellow , ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 1 ▁Charles ▁Warren ▁Center ▁for ▁American ▁History ▁Fellow , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Frederick ▁Jackson ▁Turner ▁Award , ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American |
▁Histor ians , ▁for ▁Songs ▁of ▁Z ion : ▁The ▁A . M . E . ▁Church ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁South ▁Africa ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Carl ▁Sand burg ▁Liter ary ▁Award ▁for ▁Non - F iction ▁for ▁Songs ▁of ▁Z ion ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 ▁Ful br ight ▁African ▁Regional ▁Research ▁Fellow ship , ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁National ▁End ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities ▁summer ▁st ip end ▁ ▁Works ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( paper back ▁edition ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" Fre edom ▁Now ! ", ▁T oug al oo ▁College ▁and ▁Brown ▁University '' ▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : N orth western ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : B rown ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁Department ▁of ▁History ▁fac ulty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Hart ley v ale ▁Stadium ▁is ▁a ▁field ▁hockey ▁stad ium ▁in ▁Observ atory , ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁was ▁previously ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁s occer ▁stad ium ▁by ▁Cape ▁Town ▁City ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁era , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁H ellen ic ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁hockey ▁stad ium , ▁with ▁smaller ▁fields ▁nearby |
▁still ▁used ▁for ▁s occer ▁by ▁local ▁amateur ▁club ▁sides . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town ▁Category : Field ▁hockey ▁ven ues ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : S occer ▁ven ues ▁in ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Duke ▁Street ▁Hospital ▁was ▁a ▁health ▁facility ▁on ▁Duke ▁Street ▁in ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁History ▁Duke ▁Street ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁Po or ▁Law ▁hospital , ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁Par ish ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁facility , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Alfred ▁H ess ell ▁T ilt man ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Renaissance ▁style , ▁was ▁opened ▁as ▁the ▁Eastern ▁District ▁Hospital ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁A ▁new ▁mat ern ity ▁unit ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Phys i other apy ▁and ▁prem ature ▁baby ▁units ▁were ▁added ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁When ▁mat ern ity ▁services ▁transferred ▁to ▁R uther g len ▁Mat ern ity ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁hospital ▁became ▁a ▁ger iat ric ▁facility . ▁After ▁services ▁had ▁transferred ▁to ▁Park head ▁Hospital , ▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁The ▁main ▁building , ▁which ▁is ▁Category ▁B ▁listed , ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁resident ial ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁having ▁la in ▁empty ▁for ▁some ▁years . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category |
: H osp it als ▁in ▁Glasgow ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : H osp it als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : H ospital ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Def unct ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : E lder ly ▁care ▁Category : Mat ern ity ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : N HS ▁Scotland ▁hosp it als ▁Category : Category ▁B ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Glasgow ▁Category : H osp it als ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Michel ▁Gust ave ▁Éd ou ard ▁Mayor ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁ast ro phys ic ist ▁and ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gene va ' s ▁Department ▁of ▁Astronom y . ▁He ▁formally ▁retired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁but ▁remains ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gene va . ▁He ▁is ▁co - la ure ate ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁in ▁Physics ▁along ▁with ▁Jim ▁Pe eb les ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Vik tor ▁Amb art sum ian ▁International ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ky oto ▁Prize . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁Did ier |
▁Qu el oz ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁discovered ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b , ▁the ▁first ▁ex tras olar ▁planet ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁sun - like ▁star , ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi . ▁For ▁this ▁achiev ement , ▁they ▁were ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁in ▁Physics ▁" for ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁solar - type ▁star ". ▁Rel ated ▁to ▁the ▁discovery , ▁Mayor ▁noted ▁that ▁humans ▁will ▁never ▁migr ate ▁to ▁such ▁ex op lan ets ▁since ▁they ▁are ▁" m uch , ▁much ▁too ▁far ▁away ▁... ▁[ and ▁would ▁take ] ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁days ▁using ▁the ▁means ▁we ▁have ▁available ▁today ". ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁discover ies ▁by ▁Mayor , ▁searching ▁for ▁extr ater rest rial ▁communic ations ▁from ▁ex op lan ets ▁may ▁now ▁be ▁a ▁more ▁practical ▁consideration ▁than ▁thought ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁holds ▁MS ▁in ▁Physics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁La us anne ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁and ▁Ph D ▁in ▁Astronom y ▁from ▁the ▁Gene va ▁Observ atory ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁His ▁th esis ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁article ▁called ▁" E ss ay ▁on ▁the ▁kin emat ical ▁properties ▁of ▁stars ▁in ▁the ▁solar ▁vic inity : ▁possible ▁relation ▁with ▁the ▁gal actic ▁spir al ▁structure ." ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Astronom y ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 |
. ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁spent ▁s abb at ical ▁sem esters ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ▁( ES O ) ▁in ▁northern ▁Chile ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Astronom y ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁system . ▁ ▁Career ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 1 – 8 4 , ▁Mayor ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁associate ▁at ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gene va , ▁which ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁astronom y ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gene va . ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁university ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁university ▁named ▁him ▁a ▁full ▁professor , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Mayor ▁was ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gene va ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gene va . ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁Mayor ' s ▁research ▁interests ▁include ▁ex tras olar ▁plan ets ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁ex op lan ets ), ▁instrument ation , ▁statistical ▁properties ▁of ▁double ▁stars , ▁glob ular ▁cluster ▁dynamics , ▁gal actic ▁structure ▁and ▁kin emat ics . ▁Mayor ' s ▁doctor al ▁th esis ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gene va ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁spir al ▁structure ▁of ▁galaxies . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁associate , ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁strong ▁interest ▁in ▁developing ▁photo elect ric - based ▁Do |
pp ler ▁spect rom eters ▁to ▁obtain ▁more ▁accurate ▁measurements ▁of ▁radial ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁stell ar ▁objects ▁compared ▁to ▁existing ▁phot ographic ▁methods . ▁Following ▁pre lim inary ▁work ▁by ▁Roger ▁Griff in ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁feas ibility ▁of ▁photo elect ric ▁measurements ▁of ▁radial ▁veloc ities , ▁Mayor ▁worked ▁with ▁André ▁Bar anne ▁at ▁the ▁Marse ille ▁Observ atory ▁to ▁develop ▁CO RE VAL , ▁a ▁photo elect ric ▁spect rom eter ▁capable ▁of ▁highly ▁accurate ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements , ▁which ▁allow ▁measurement ▁of ▁star ▁movements , ▁orb ital ▁periods ▁of ▁binary ▁stars , ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁rot ational ▁speed ▁of ▁stars . ▁ ▁This ▁research ▁led ▁to ▁various ▁fields ▁of ▁interest , ▁including ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁statistical ▁characteristics ▁of ▁solar - type ▁binary ▁stars . ▁With ▁fellow ▁research er ▁Antoine ▁Du qu en no y , ▁they ▁exam ined ▁the ▁radial ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁several ▁systems ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁binary ▁stars ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Their ▁results ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁these ▁may ▁in ▁fact ▁be ▁single ▁star ▁systems ▁with ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects . ▁Des iring ▁more ▁accurate ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements , ▁Mayor , ▁along ▁with ▁Bar anne ▁at ▁Marse ille , ▁and ▁with ▁gradu ate ▁student ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz , ▁developed ▁E LO DI E , ▁a ▁new ▁spect ro graph ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁C OR AV EL , ▁which ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁accuracy ▁of ▁ 1 5 m / |
s ▁for ▁bright ▁stars , ▁impro ving ▁upon ▁the ▁ 1 km / s ▁from ▁C OR AV EL . ▁E LO DI E ▁was ▁developed ▁with ▁the ▁specific ▁intent ▁to ▁determine ▁if ▁the ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects ▁were ▁brown ▁d war f ▁stars ▁or ▁potentially ▁giant ▁plan ets . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁E LO DI E ▁was ▁oper ational ▁at ▁Gene va ▁and ▁Mayor ▁and ▁Qu el oz ▁began ▁their ▁survey ▁of ▁Sun - like ▁systems ▁with ▁sus pected ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁pair ' s ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁aff ir med ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁orbit ing ▁it , ▁identified ▁as ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁class ified ▁as ▁a ▁Hot ▁Jup iter - type ▁planet . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ex op lan et ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁main ▁sequence ▁star , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁plan ets ▁that ▁orb ited ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁star . ▁Mayor ' s ▁and ▁Qu el oz ' s ▁discovery ▁of ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁launched ▁great ▁interest ▁is ▁searching ▁for ▁other ▁ex op lan ets ▁since . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁confirmed ▁ex op lan et ▁discover ies ▁with ▁several ▁more ▁potential ▁candidates . ▁ ▁Mayor ' s ▁work ▁focused ▁more ▁on ▁impro ving ▁instrument ation |
▁for ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements ▁to ▁improve ▁detect ing ▁ex op lan ets ▁and ▁meas uring ▁their ▁properties . ▁Mayor ▁led ▁a ▁team ▁to ▁further ▁improve ▁E LO DI E ▁to ▁increase ▁velocity ▁measurement ▁accuracy ▁to ▁ 1 m / s ▁via ▁the ▁High ▁Acc ur acy ▁Rad ial ▁Vel ocity ▁Planet ▁Search er ▁( H AR PS ) ▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁E SO ▁ 3 . 6 ▁m ▁T eles cope ▁at ▁La ▁S illa ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁Chile ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Mayor ▁led ▁the ▁team ▁that ▁used ▁H AR PS ▁to ▁seek ▁out ▁other ▁ex op lan ets . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Mayor ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁European ▁scient ists ▁who ▁discovered ▁Gli ese ▁ 5 8 1 c , ▁the ▁first ▁ex tras olar ▁planet ▁in ▁a ▁star ' s ▁habit able ▁zone , ▁from ▁the ▁E SO ▁teles cope . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Mayor ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁discovered ▁the ▁light est ▁ex op lan et ▁ever ▁detected ▁around ▁a ▁main ▁sequence ▁star : ▁Gli ese ▁ 5 8 1 e . ▁Non eth eless , ▁Mayor ▁noted ▁that ▁humans ▁will ▁never ▁migr ate ▁to ▁such ▁ex op lan ets ▁since ▁they ▁are ▁" m uch , ▁much ▁too ▁far ▁away ▁... ▁[ and ▁would ▁take ] ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁days ▁using ▁the ▁means ▁we ▁have ▁available ▁today ". ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁discover ies ▁by ▁Mayor , ▁searching ▁for ▁extr ater rest rial ▁communic |
ations ▁from ▁ex op lan ets ▁may ▁now ▁be ▁a ▁more ▁practical ▁consideration ▁than ▁thought ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁dist in ctions ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Mayor ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Marcel ▁Ben o ist ▁Prize ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁for ▁human ▁life . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁trust ees . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁Prix ▁Jules ▁J ans sen ▁from ▁the ▁Société ▁astronom ique ▁de ▁France ▁( F rench ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Bal zan ▁Prize . ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Albert ▁Ein stein ▁Medal . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Shaw ▁Prize ▁in ▁Astronom y , ▁along ▁with ▁American ▁ast ro phys ic ist ▁Geoff rey ▁Mar cy . ▁Mayor ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Leg ion ▁d ' H onneur ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Pierre - Y ves ▁Frei , ▁Mayor ▁wrote ▁a ▁book ▁in ▁French ▁called ▁Les ▁N ouve aux ▁mond es ▁du ▁Cos mos ▁( Se uil , ▁ 2 6 0 ▁pages ), ▁which ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Liv re ▁de ▁l ' astr onomie ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁prize ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Astronom y ▁Festival ▁Ha ute ▁Maur ienne . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁has ▁received ▁honor ary |
▁doctor ate ▁degrees ▁from ▁eight ▁univers ities : ▁K athol ie ke ▁Univers iteit ▁Le u ven ▁( Bel g ium ), ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁Swiss ▁Federal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁at ▁La us anne ▁( EP FL ) ▁( 2 0 0 2 ); ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁do ▁Norte ▁( B raz il ), ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁U pp s ala ▁University ▁( Sw eden ), ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁Paris ▁Observ atory ▁( France ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁Univers ité ▁Lib re ▁de ▁Bru xelles ▁( Bel g ium ), ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁University ▁of ▁Prov ence ▁( Mar se ille , ▁France ), ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁Univers ité ▁Joseph ▁Fourier ▁( G reno ble , ▁France ), ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁has ▁received ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁BB VA ▁Foundation ▁Front iers ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁Award ▁of ▁Basic ▁Sciences ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁his ▁former ▁student ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz ) ▁for ▁developing ▁new ▁astronom ical ▁instruments ▁and ▁experimental ▁techniques ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁observation ▁of ▁plan ets ▁around ▁Sun - like ▁stars . ▁Ast ero id ▁ 1 2 5 0 7 6 Mich el may or , ▁discovered ▁by ▁Swiss ▁amateur ▁astronom er ▁Michel ▁O ry ▁at ▁the ▁J ura ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁The ▁official ▁ ▁was ▁published |
▁by ▁the ▁Minor ▁Planet ▁Center ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Wolf ▁Prize ▁in ▁Physics . ▁He ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz ▁( also ▁from ▁Switzerland ) ▁were ▁awarded ▁one ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁in ▁Physics ▁for ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁ex op lan et ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b . ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁in ▁professional ▁associations ▁ ▁Publish er ▁and ▁organ izer ▁of ▁nine ▁Sa as - F ee ▁Advanced ▁C ourses ▁of ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Society ▁of ▁Ast ro physics ▁and ▁Astronom y ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁editor ial ▁board ▁of ▁Euro physics ▁News , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 9 0 ▁ ▁Swiss ▁delegate ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁( ES A )' s ▁Astronom ical ▁Working ▁Group , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 7 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Astronom ical ▁Union ▁( IA U )' s ▁Commission ▁ 3 3 ▁on ▁the ▁" Str ucture ▁and ▁dynamics ▁of ▁the ▁gal actic ▁system , ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 9 1 ▁ ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ' s ▁Scient ific ▁Techn ical ▁Committee , ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 9 2 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Society ▁of ▁Ast ro physics ▁and ▁Astronom y ▁( |
SA AS ), ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 3 ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁organ izing ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁I AU ▁Commission ▁on ▁Bio astr onomy , ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Swiss ▁delegate ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ▁( ES O ) ▁Council , ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 7 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁I AU ▁commission ▁on ▁extra - sol ar ▁plan ets , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 9 ▁ ▁Foreign ▁Associ ate ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( Ac adémie ▁des ▁sciences ), ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Honor ary ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁( UK ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Foreign ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( US ), ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Foreign ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Michel ▁Mayor ' s ▁profile ▁on ▁University ▁of ▁Gene va ▁website ▁▁ ▁including ▁his ▁Nobel ▁lecture ▁Sunday ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁" Pl ur ality ▁of ▁World s ▁in ▁the ▁Cos mos : ▁A ▁Dream ▁of ▁Anti qu ity , ▁A ▁Modern ▁Re ality ▁of ▁Ast ro physics " ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁La us anne ▁Category : Sw iss ▁astronom ers ▁Category : Al bert ▁Ein stein ▁Medal |
▁recip ients ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁astronom ers ▁Category : K y oto ▁la ure ates ▁in ▁Basic ▁Sciences ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Foreign ▁associ ates ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Dis cover ers ▁of ▁ex op lan ets ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Gene va ▁fac ulty ▁Category : N ob el ▁la ure ates ▁in ▁Physics ▁Category : Sw iss ▁Nobel ▁la ure ates <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁islands ▁called ▁nun ata ks ▁emer ging ▁from ▁the ▁Lars en ▁Ice ▁Sh elf ▁east ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land , ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁separate ▁vol can ic ▁v ents ▁of ▁ages ▁r anging ▁from ▁Mi oc ene ▁to ▁Ple ist oc ene . ▁There ▁are ▁un conf ir med ▁reports ▁of ▁Hol oc ene ▁vol can ic ▁activity . ▁ ▁Geography ▁and ▁ge omorph ology ▁▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁and ▁were ▁embedded ▁within ▁the ▁Lars en ▁Ice ▁Sh elf ▁until ▁its ▁northern ▁margin ▁col lapsed ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁rising ▁from ▁about ▁ ▁below ▁sea ▁level . ▁They ▁were ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Carl ▁Anton ▁Lars en ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁who ▁also ▁identified ▁them ▁as ▁vol cano es ▁and ▁named |
▁them ▁Se al ▁Islands . ▁The ▁Argentina ▁Base ▁A é rea ▁Ten iente ▁Ben j am ín ▁Mat ien zo ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks . ▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁vol can ic ▁province ▁in ▁West ▁Ant arct ica ▁which ▁extends ▁over ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen ins ula , ▁Marie ▁By rd ▁Land ▁and ▁Ross ▁Island . ▁In ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen ins ula , ▁Alexander ▁Island , ▁James ▁Ross ▁Island ▁and ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁form ▁this ▁vol can ic ▁province . ▁Alexander ▁Island ▁was ▁active ▁between ▁ 4 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁million ▁years ▁ago . ▁James ▁Ross ▁Island ▁lies ▁about ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks . ▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁vol can ic ▁group ▁contains ▁at ▁least ▁six teen ▁vol can ic ▁con es , ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁ ▁high ▁Mur do ch ▁N un ata k . ▁From ▁north ▁to ▁south ▁they ▁are ▁L inden berg ▁island , ▁Lars en ▁N un ata k , ▁Ev ensen ▁N un ata k , ▁D all mann ▁and ▁Mur do ch ▁N un ata k , ▁A ker l und h , ▁Bruce ▁and ▁Bull ▁N un ata k , ▁Donald , ▁Pol l ux ▁and ▁Christ ensen ▁N un ata k , ▁Ar ct owski ▁and ▁Gray ▁N un ata k , ▁O ce ana ▁N un ata k |
, ▁Her tha ▁N un ata k ▁and ▁Cast or ▁N un ata k . ▁The ▁nun ata ks ▁consist ▁of ▁rid ges ▁with ▁lengths ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁fl ank ed ▁with ▁sc ree ▁depos its ▁and ▁occasionally ▁by ▁primary ▁vol can ic ▁features . ▁According ▁to ▁Otto ▁Nord ensk jö ld ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 - 1 9 0 3 , ▁Christ ensen ▁N un ata k ▁features ▁a ▁cr ater . ▁Cast or , ▁Christ ensen ▁and ▁Her tha ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁v ents ▁which ▁show ▁evidence ▁of ▁sub a er ial ▁activity ▁in ▁form ▁of ▁la va ▁flows ; ▁elsewhere ▁the ▁nun ata ks ▁are ▁constructed ▁by ▁h yal oc last ite ▁and ▁pill ow ▁la vas ▁which ▁form ▁beneath ▁ice . ▁The ▁vol cano es ▁appear ▁to ▁align ▁along ▁north west - st rik ing ▁lines . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen ins ula ▁was ▁a ▁site ▁of ▁sub du ction ▁from ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁until ▁ 4 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁when ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁spread ing ▁rid ges ▁coll ided ▁with ▁the ▁sub du ction ▁zone ▁starting ▁from ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁at ▁Alexander ▁Island ▁and ▁caused ▁it ▁to ▁ce ase . ▁The ▁vol can ic ▁arc ▁became ▁in active ; ▁however ▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁continued ▁in ▁different ▁form ▁over ▁the ▁entire ▁pen ins ula . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks , ▁vol can ism ▁comm |
enced ▁immediately ▁after ▁sub du ction ▁had ▁ceased ▁and ▁was ▁probably ▁facil itated ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁f ract ure ▁zones ▁in ▁the ▁already ▁sub duct ed ▁sl ab . ▁Alternatively , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁sl ab ▁window ▁may ▁have ▁a ided ▁in ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁vol can ism . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁only ▁little ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁bas ement ▁at ▁Robert son ▁Island , ▁where ▁sed iments ▁of ▁C ret ace ous ▁age ▁c rop ▁out . ▁The ▁t ect onic ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁r ift ▁border ed ▁by ▁Robert son ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁Lars en ▁R ift . ▁ ▁Com position ▁▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks ▁consist ▁of ▁bas alt , ▁bas alt ▁which ▁contains ▁clin opy ro x ene , ▁ol iv ine ▁and ▁pl agi oc l ase . ▁X en ol ith s ▁consisting ▁of ▁l her z ol ite ▁and ▁spin el ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁at ▁Se al ▁N un ata ks . ▁Their ▁ge och em istry ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁mag mas ▁are ▁primitive ▁mant le - der ived ▁mel ts ▁which ▁under w ent ▁only ▁a ▁little ▁fraction al ▁cry st all ization . ▁ ▁E rupt ive ▁history ▁▁ ▁Pot ass ium - arg on ▁d ating ▁has ▁yield ed ▁ages ▁between ▁ 4 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁and ▁" re cent " ▁for ▁the ▁rocks ▁in ▁the ▁vol can ic ▁field , ▁but ▁the ▁reli ability ▁of ▁the ▁dates ▁decre ases |
▁the ▁younger ▁they ▁are . ▁P ill ow ▁la vas ▁are ▁usually ▁about ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁years ▁old ▁while ▁sub a er ial ▁activity ▁occurred ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁The ▁young est ▁dates ▁were ▁obtained ▁on ▁Donald ▁and ▁Gray , ▁the ▁dates ▁being ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁Gla cial ▁er rat ics ▁on ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁nun ata ks ▁imply ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁covered ▁with ▁gla ci ers ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁The ▁discover er ▁Captain ▁Lars en ▁observed ▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁on ▁Christ ensen ▁N un ata k ▁and ▁L inden berg ▁Island , ▁but ▁the ▁reli ability ▁of ▁these ▁reports ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁unclear . ▁F umar oles ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁on ▁Christ ensen , ▁D all man ▁and ▁Mur do ch , ▁and ▁er u ptions ▁were ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁This ▁activity ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁possible ▁formation ▁of ▁la va ▁flows ▁and ▁a ▁py ro cl astic ▁cone , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁vol cano es ▁in ▁Ant arct ica ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Vol cano es ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : Py ro cl astic ▁con es ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : O scar ▁II ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Lisa ▁L ack ner ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is |
▁an ▁Aust rian ▁professional ▁racing ▁cycl ist ▁who ▁r ides ▁for ▁V ital og ic ▁Ast ro kal b ▁Rad union ▁N ö . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁U CI ▁Women ' s ▁Teams ▁and ▁rid ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A ust rian ▁female ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Out ▁of ▁Many ... One ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁by ▁J ama ican ▁singer ▁T ami ▁Ch yn n . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁through ▁Universal ▁M ow town ▁Records ▁and ▁S RC ▁Records ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁The ▁album ▁pe aked ▁at ▁# 4 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Or icon ▁charts ▁with ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁sold ▁there ▁in ▁total . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Japanese ▁edition ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁ 1 6 . ▁" Hy per vent il ating " ▁ ▁( T . O . K . ▁rem ix ) ▁▁ ▁( T . Ch yn n , ▁T . Ch in , ▁C . C unning ham , ▁C . For te , ▁Michael ▁Jar rett , ▁C . Mar sh , ▁Del ano ▁Thomas ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 9 ▁▁ 1 7 |
. ▁" Look y ▁Look y " ▁ ▁( T ony ▁Kelly ▁Rem ix ) ▁▁ ▁( T . Ch yn n , ▁T . Ch in , ▁C . For te , ▁T . Jack son , ▁K . K ande k ore , ▁Tony ▁Kelly ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 9 ▁ ▁Cred it ▁Produ cer : ▁T ami ▁Ch yn n , ▁K w ame ▁K ande k ore , ▁Ty ▁" Ty ja e " ▁Jackson , ▁Neil ▁Case ▁and ▁T ess anne ▁Ch in ▁Executive ▁Produ cer : ▁Con roy ▁For te ▁and ▁K w ame ▁K ande k ore ▁Mix ing ▁Produ cer : ▁Es co ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T ami ▁Ch yn n ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁debut ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁was ▁a ▁r uler ▁of ▁La ▁Mar , ▁an ▁ancient ▁May a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁state ▁of ▁Ch ia pas . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁La ▁Mar ▁in ▁ 7 2 5 ▁AD . ▁An ▁important ▁mention ▁of ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁St ela ▁ 1 2 ▁at ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras . ▁The ▁monument ▁details ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁" star ▁wars ", ▁or ▁wars ▁planned ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁key ▁astronom ical ▁events , ▁that ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras ▁carried ▁out ▁against ▁its ▁rival ▁Pom ona . ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁named |
▁as ▁an ▁al ly ▁to ▁K ' in ich ▁Y at ▁Ah k ▁II , ▁the ▁aj aw ▁of ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁on ▁Th r one ▁ 1 ▁at ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras , ▁and ▁is ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁child ▁on ▁P anel ▁ 3 . ▁Due ▁to ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ' s ▁name ▁appearing ▁on ▁Th r one ▁ 1 ' s ▁back — be ing ▁" a ▁literal ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁king " — May an ist ▁Stephen ▁D . ▁Houston ▁supposed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁that ▁the ▁artifact ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁and ▁given ▁to ▁K ' in ich ▁Y at ▁Ah k ▁II ▁as ▁a ▁gift . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁Category : M aya ▁r ul ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁woman ▁poet ▁of ▁the ▁Dog ri ▁language . ▁She ▁also ▁writes ▁in ▁H indi . ▁She ▁has ▁published ▁several ▁poetry ▁collections , ▁including ▁Mer i ▁K av ita ▁M ere ▁Ge et ▁( My ▁Po ems , ▁My ▁Songs ), ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁Sah ity a ▁Akadem i ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri , ▁India ' s ▁fourth ▁highest ▁civil |
ian ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁Kab ir ▁Sam man ▁for ▁poetry ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁given ▁by ▁Government ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ ▁Pur m andal , ▁Jam mu ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁three ▁children ▁of ▁a ▁S ansk rit ▁scholar , ▁professor ▁J ai ▁Dev ▁Bad u , ▁who ▁was ▁later ▁killed ▁during ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She ▁first ▁married ▁famous ▁Dog ri ▁poet ▁V ed pal ▁Deep ▁and ▁later ▁married ▁singer ▁Sur inder ▁Singh ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁du o ▁" Sing h ▁Band hu " ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁New ▁Del hi . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Sach dev ▁worked ▁in ▁All ▁India ▁Radio , ▁Jam mu ▁as ▁an ▁announ cer ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁Here ▁she ▁met ▁Sur inder ▁Singh , ▁H indust ani ▁vocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁Singh ▁Band hu ▁musical ▁du o , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁duty ▁officer ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁she ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁All ▁India ▁Radio , ▁M umb ai . ▁▁ ▁She ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁' M era ▁ch h ota ▁sa ▁g har ▁b aar ' ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁H indi ▁film ▁by ▁V ed ▁Rah i ▁" P |
rem ▁Par bat " ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁Ja ide v . ▁There after , ▁she ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁two ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁H indi ▁film ▁" A ank hin ▁De k hi ", ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁J . P . ▁K aus h ik ▁including ▁the ▁famous ▁du et ▁" S ona ▁re , ▁tu j he ▁ka ise ▁mil oo " ▁s ung ▁by ▁Moh d ▁Raf i ▁and ▁Sul ak sh ana ▁P and it . ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁along ▁with ▁Y og esh ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁H indi ▁film ▁" Sa ah as ", ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁A me en ▁S ange et . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Mer i ▁K av ita ▁M ere ▁Ge et ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁T avi ▁Te ▁Chan han ▁( R ivers ▁T aw i ▁and ▁Chen ab , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁▁ ▁N her i yan ▁G ali yan ▁( D ark ▁L anes , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁ ▁P ota ▁P ota ▁N im bal ▁( F ing ert ip ful ▁Cloud less ▁Sky , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁ ▁U tt ar ▁V ah ini ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ ▁T ain th ian ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Am rai ▁( H indi ▁Inter views ) ▁ ▁Di w ank h ana ▁( Inter views ) ▁ ▁Ch |
ith ▁Ch ete ▁( Mem oir s ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁D inu ▁Bh ai ▁P ant ▁Life ▁Time ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award , 2 0 1 7 ▁by ▁D . B . ▁P ant ▁Memorial ▁Trust , ▁Jam mu , J & K ▁ ▁Kr ut it ava ▁Sm ag ra ▁Sam man , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁by ▁B har ati ya ▁B hash a ▁Par ish ad , ▁West ▁Beng al ▁▁ ▁Sar as w ati ▁Sam man ▁, ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁her ▁aut obi ography ▁" Ch itt - Ch ete " ▁in ▁Dog ri ▁language ▁ ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁Award . ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Sah ity a ▁Akadem i ▁Award ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Kab ir ▁Sam man ▁for ▁poetry . ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁N aus hin . ▁Kit ab g har , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Main ▁Ka ht i ▁Hun ▁An k hin ▁De k hi ▁( Tra vel og ue ). ▁B har ati ya ▁G yan p ith , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁* B hat ko ▁nah in ▁D han an j ay . ▁B har ati ya ▁G yan p ith , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁Am rai . ▁Raj k am al ▁P rak ash an , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁. ▁ ▁Jam mu ▁Jo ▁Kab hi ▁Sah ara |
▁Th a ▁( Nov el ). ▁B har ati ya ▁J nan ap ith , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁. ▁Ph ira ▁k y ā ▁hu ā ?, ▁with ▁J n ane ś var a , ▁and ▁Par tha ▁Sen agu pta . ▁National ▁Book ▁Trust , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁. ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁▁ ▁Where ▁Has ▁My ▁G ulla ▁G one ▁( An th ology ). ▁P rab hat ▁P rak ash an , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁A ▁Drop ▁in ▁the ▁Ocean : ▁An ▁Aut obi ography . ▁tr . ▁by ▁U ma ▁Vas ude v , ▁J y ots na ▁Singh . ▁National ▁Book ▁Trust , ▁India , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁writers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁po ets ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mother ▁of ▁Modern ▁Dog ri ▁Po etry : ▁A ▁Liter ary ▁Profile ▁of ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁( city ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁novel ists ▁Category : D og ri ▁language ▁Category : H indi - language ▁writers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁aut obi ograph ers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Re |
cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁in ▁literature ▁& ▁education ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Sah ity a ▁Akadem i ▁Award ▁in ▁H indi ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : W omen ▁aut obi ograph ers ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : W omen ▁writers ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁novel ists ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁is ▁a ▁document ▁from ▁officials ▁of ▁a ▁port ▁of ▁departure ▁indicating ▁to ▁the ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁arrival ▁which ▁indicates ▁whether ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁is ▁carrying ▁a ▁cont ag ious ▁disease , ▁either ▁literally ▁on - board ▁or ▁via ▁its ▁crew men ▁or ▁passengers . ▁ ▁As ▁defined ▁in ▁a ▁cons ul ' s ▁hand book ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 9 : ▁ ▁A ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁is ▁a ▁document ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁cons ul ▁or ▁the ▁public ▁authorities ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁which ▁a ▁ship ▁s ails ▁from , ▁descript ive ▁of ▁the ▁health ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁vessel ' s ▁clear ance . ▁A ▁clean ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁cert ifies ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁its ▁issue ▁no ▁inf ect ious ▁disease ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁exist ▁either ▁in ▁the |
▁port ▁or ▁its ▁neighbourhood . ▁A ▁sus pected ▁or ▁touched ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁reports ▁that ▁rum ours ▁were ▁in ▁circul ation ▁that ▁an ▁inf ect ious ▁disease ▁had ▁appeared ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁rum our ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁any ▁known ▁cases . ▁A ▁f oul ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁or ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁clean ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁place ▁the ▁vessel ▁cleared ▁from ▁was ▁inf ected ▁with ▁a ▁cont ag ious ▁disease . ▁The ▁two ▁latter ▁cases ▁would ▁render ▁the ▁vessel ▁li able ▁to ▁quar antine . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Qu ar antine ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Pre vention ▁Category : In fect ious ▁dise ases ▁Category : Mar itime ▁transport <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁C . ▁" F ritz " ▁Mack ey ▁( A pril ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁coach . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Butler ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁compiling ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 – 2 . ▁Mack ey ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁head ▁baseball ▁coach ▁at ▁Ohio ▁Wes ley an ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁and ▁at ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater , ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University , ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁t ally ing ▁a ▁career ▁college |
▁baseball ▁co aching ▁mark ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 – 2 . ▁ ▁Mack ey ▁played ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State , ▁before ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁assistant ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁staff ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁championship - win ning ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁co aching , ▁Mack ey ▁worked ▁for ▁an ▁actu ary ▁firm . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁around ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁Sun ▁City , ▁Arizona , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Head ▁co aching ▁record ▁ ▁Football ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Base ball ▁catch ers ▁Category : But ler ▁Bul ld ogs ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁baseball ▁coach es ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁football ▁coach es ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Oh io ▁Wes ley an ▁Batt ling ▁B ish ops ▁baseball ▁coach es ▁Category : Oh io ▁Wes ley an ▁Batt ling ▁B ish ops ▁football ▁coach es <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁Philip ▁D ix ie ▁( born ▁ 2 |
4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁serial ▁rap ist ▁and ▁murder er ▁who ▁was ▁conv icted ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁of ▁murder ing ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁singer ▁and ▁model ▁S ally ▁Anne ▁Bow man ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁South ▁Cro yd on , ▁London . ▁He ▁has ▁ 1 7 ▁other ▁criminal ▁conv ict ions . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁by ▁various ▁pseud onym s . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Stre ath am , ▁South ▁London . ▁His ▁parents ▁separated ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁old . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁eight , ▁his ▁mother ▁rem ar ried ; ▁she ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁by ▁her ▁new ▁husband . ▁He ▁adm its ▁to ▁having ▁been ▁a ▁heavy ▁drink er ▁and ▁user ▁of ▁can nab is ▁and ▁c oca ine ▁for ▁years . ▁ ▁C riminal ▁record ▁and ▁deport ation ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁criminal ▁record . ▁His ▁first ▁conv iction ▁was ▁for ▁rob ber y ▁– ▁he ▁m ug ged ▁a ▁woman ▁at ▁kn if ep oint ▁in ▁Stock well ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁six ▁weeks ' ▁det ention . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Sid cup ▁and ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁burg l ary ▁and ▁rob ber y . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of |
▁inde cent ▁assault ▁and ▁inde cent ▁expos ure ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁two ▁years ' ▁prob ation . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁assault ▁and ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁actual ▁bod ily ▁harm . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁expos ure ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 8 0 ▁hours ' ▁community ▁service . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁assault ing ▁a ▁police ▁officer . ▁ ▁D ix ie ▁lived ▁in ▁Australia ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁over st ay ed ▁his ▁vis a . ▁He ▁was ▁deport ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁after ▁being ▁conv icted ▁of ▁a ▁sex ▁off ence , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁f ined . ▁ ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁a ▁sexual ▁assault ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁he ▁m ast urb ated ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁a ▁tele phone ▁bo oth . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁pro sec uted ▁for ▁this . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁D ix ie ▁has ▁three ▁sons . ▁ ▁Mur der ▁conv iction ▁S ally ▁Anne ▁Bow man ▁was ▁st ab bed ▁to ▁death ▁yards ▁from ▁her ▁home ▁after ▁a ▁night ▁out ▁with ▁friends . ▁D ix ie ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Ye ▁Old ▁Six ▁B ells ▁in ▁Hor ley , ▁Sur rey . ▁His ▁DNA ▁was ▁taken ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁town ▁C |
raw ley , ▁West ▁Sus sex , ▁after ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁in ▁a ▁pub ▁while ▁watching ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁football ▁match ▁almost ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁and ▁matched ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁Bow man ' s ▁k iller . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁D ix ie ' s ▁DNA ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia ▁to ▁be ▁tested ▁against ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁DNA ▁evidence ▁in ▁the ▁Cla rem ont ▁serial ▁k iller ▁case ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁kill ings , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁committed ▁them . ▁At ▁his ▁trial ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁S ally ▁Anne ▁Bow man , ▁an ▁un named ▁Th ai ▁woman ▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁had ▁st ab bed ▁and ▁ra ped ▁her ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁D ix ie ▁has ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁formally ▁charged ▁with ▁this ▁attack , ▁though ▁a ▁DNA ▁sample ▁from ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁under we ar ▁has ▁been ▁matched ▁to ▁him . ▁▁ ▁D ix ie ▁denied ▁the ▁murder ▁but , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁defence , ▁claimed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁spent ▁the ▁night ▁on ▁drink ▁and ▁dru gs ▁and ▁had ▁gone ▁out ▁to ▁buy ▁more ▁c oca ine . ▁He ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁across ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Bow man , ▁murder ed , ▁he ▁said , ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁and ▁had ▁sex ▁with ▁her |
▁after ▁she ▁was ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁D ix ie ' s ▁DNA ▁was ▁matched ▁to ▁the ▁ra pe ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁Fu eng iro la , ▁Spain , ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁A ▁Dutch man ▁– ▁Rom ano ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁– ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁for ▁this ▁ra pe ▁and ▁two ▁sexual ▁assault s ▁that ▁were ▁committed ▁nearby ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁ra pe . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁prison ▁and ▁D ix ie ▁not ▁yet ▁charged ▁with ▁the ▁ra pe ▁▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁newspaper ▁the ▁Volk sk rant ▁reported ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁conf essed ▁to ▁this ▁ra pe , ▁but ▁not ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁sexual ▁assault s . ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁was ▁finally ▁ex on er ated ▁and ▁fre ed ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁sp ending ▁over ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁▁ ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁Bow man ' s ▁murder ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Ba iley , ▁where ▁Judge ▁Ger ald ▁Gordon ▁recommended ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁released ▁for ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 3 4 ▁years , ▁by ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁ |
7 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁This ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁longest ▁minimum ▁terms ▁ever ▁im posed ▁upon ▁a ▁single ▁murder er . ▁ ▁Following ▁D ix ie ' s ▁conv iction , ▁Det ect ive ▁Super int endent ▁Stuart ▁C und y , ▁who ▁had ▁led ▁the ▁Bow man ▁investigation , ▁said : ▁" It ▁is ▁my ▁opinion ▁that ▁a ▁national ▁DNA ▁register ▁– ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁appropriate ▁saf egu ards ▁– ▁could ▁have ▁identified ▁S ally ▁Anne ' s ▁murder er ▁within ▁ 2 4 ▁hours . ▁Instead ▁it ▁took ▁nearly ▁nine ▁months ▁before ▁Mark ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁identified , ▁and ▁almost ▁two - and - a - half ▁years ▁for ▁justice ▁to ▁be ▁done ." ▁The ▁calls ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁register ▁were , ▁however , ▁turned ▁down ▁by ▁minister s ▁and ▁other ▁polit icians ▁who ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁raise ▁practical ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁civil ▁libert ies ▁issues . ▁D ix ie ▁conf essed ▁to ▁the ▁murder ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁R ape ▁conv ict ions ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁two ▁ra pes ▁- ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁happened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁received ▁two ▁life ▁sentences . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁crim inals ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁crim inals |
▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁burg l ary ▁Category : English ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁assault ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁rob ber y ▁Category : C rim inals ▁from ▁London ▁Category : English ▁che fs ▁Category : English ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : English ▁people ▁conv icted ▁of ▁ra pe ▁Category : English ▁prisoners ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁Category : English ▁sex ▁off enders ▁Category : N ec roph iles ▁Category : Pe ople ▁conv icted ▁of ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁actual ▁bod ily ▁harm ▁Category : Pe ople ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁by ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁Category : Pe ople ▁deport ed ▁from ▁Australia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Stre ath am ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁by ▁England ▁and ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁And ile ▁Y en ana ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁pian ist . ▁He ▁made ▁an ▁ind el ible ▁mark ▁by ▁switching ▁from ▁teaching ▁to ▁studying ▁jazz . ▁He ▁has ▁produced ▁and ▁worked ▁ ▁with ▁many ▁South ▁African ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁international ▁artists . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁in ▁King ▁William ' s ▁Town , ▁And ile ' s ▁love ▁for ▁music ▁was ▁triggered ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age . ▁He ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁household ▁where ▁music ▁was ▁really ▁loved . ▁His ▁father , ▁Felix ▁Th ams an qa ▁Y en ana , ▁had ▁a ▁huge ▁collection ▁of ▁music , ▁r anging ▁from ▁jazz |
▁to ▁Mot own , ▁and ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁urban ▁black ▁music ▁and ▁this ▁had ▁a ▁huge ▁influence ▁in ▁And ile ' s ▁life . ▁And ile ▁took ▁up ▁music ▁studies ▁under ▁D arius ▁Br ube ck ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Natal ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Jazz ▁and ▁Popular ▁Music ▁It ▁was ▁here ▁that ▁he ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ▁and ▁tr ump eter ▁F ey a ▁F aku . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ' s ▁quart et ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ▁on ▁all ▁ 5 ▁of ▁his ▁albums , ▁including ▁San ▁Song ▁recorded ▁with ▁B j orn ▁Ole ▁Sol burg ▁and ▁his ▁Norwegian ▁San ▁Ens emble . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁pan - A fr ican ▁music ▁project ▁Mah ube ▁with ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Steve ▁D yer ▁and ▁others . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁arr anger ▁for ▁Sib ong ile ▁Kh um alo , ▁Gl oria ▁Bos man ▁and ▁S uth uk azi ▁A ro si . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Standard ▁Bank ▁Young ▁Art ist ▁for ▁Jazz . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁We ▁U sed ▁To ▁Dance ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Who ' s ▁Got ▁The ▁Map ? ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S outh ▁African |
▁pian ists ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁jazz ▁mus icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁King ▁William ' s ▁Town ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁G in ▁G in ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁her itage - list ed ▁railway ▁station ▁at ▁Mul gra ve ▁Street , ▁G in ▁G in , ▁Bund ab erg ▁Region , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station , ▁Good s ▁Sh ed ▁& ▁Ref resh ment ▁Ro oms . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁town ship ▁of ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁consisting ▁of ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁some ▁three ▁thousand ▁acres ▁on ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁run . ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁an ▁original ▁station ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁line ▁which ▁opened ▁from ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁M ool bol aman ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁explo itation ▁of ▁the ▁min eral ▁resources ▁of ▁Queensland ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁political ▁interests ▁in ▁Queensland ▁as ▁being ▁closely ▁linked ▁with ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁system ▁from ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁This ▁connection ▁between |
▁political ▁dec isions ▁and ▁economic ▁development ▁was ▁further ▁linked ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁decision ▁taken ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁to ▁construct ▁min eral ▁rail ways ▁running ▁from ▁Town sv ille ▁to ▁Char ters ▁Tow ers , ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁and ▁Mary borough ▁to ▁G ym pie . ▁As ▁well ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁railway ▁line ▁from ▁War wick ▁to ▁Stan th or pe ▁was ▁approved ▁along ▁with ▁extensions ▁to ▁Roma ▁and ▁Emer ald ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Parliament , ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 7 . ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁construct ▁separate ▁railway ▁systems ▁with ▁no ▁connection ▁to ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Railway ▁system ▁was ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁pro l ifer ation ▁of ▁separate ▁rail ways ▁throughout ▁Queensland , ▁( up ▁to ▁eleven ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 1 ). ▁The ▁system ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁un ified ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Coast ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁C air ns . ▁ ▁The ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁( origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bund ab erg ▁Railway ) ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁service ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁co pper ▁mines . ▁Co pper ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century . ▁M ining ▁activities ▁led ▁to ▁ag itation ▁for ▁a ▁link ▁between ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁region ▁and ▁a ▁port . ▁In ▁ 1 |
8 7 2 ▁propos als ▁of ▁a ▁private ▁railway ▁line ▁were ▁considered , ▁and ▁both ▁Mary borough ▁and ▁Bund ab erg ▁v ied ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁line . ▁These ▁plans ▁were ▁never ▁executed ▁however . ▁R ather , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁a ▁state - owned ▁line ▁would ▁be ▁constructed . ▁Th orn lo e ▁Smith , ▁engineer ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁Railway ▁Sur ve ys , ▁conducted ▁a ▁survey ▁from ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁Th orn lo e ' s ▁survey ▁noted ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁rug ged , ▁and ▁event ual ▁surve ying ▁plans ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁tunnel ▁to ▁pier ce ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bool bo onda ▁Range . ▁The ▁first ▁section , ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁M ool bool aman , ▁was ▁constructed ▁by ▁Over end ▁and ▁Co . ▁and ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁although ▁tim ber ▁spe ci als ▁had ▁run ▁for ▁some ▁months ▁previously . ▁The ▁second ▁section , ▁including ▁the ▁Bool bo onda ▁tunnel ▁works , ▁was ▁approved ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 0 ▁men ▁were ▁employed ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁line . ▁ ▁T enders ▁had ▁been ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁goods ▁shed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁A ▁loading ▁bank ▁was ▁provided ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 |
▁tim ber ▁loading ▁facilities ▁were ▁constructed ▁indicating ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁tim ber ▁and ▁saw m illing ▁operations ▁for ▁the ▁railway ▁line . ▁A ▁new ▁goods ▁shed , ▁and ▁combined ▁shelter ▁shed ▁and ▁station ▁office ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 / 8 9 . ▁A ▁refresh ment ▁room ▁was ▁provided ▁from ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁The ▁shed ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁the ▁complex ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁station ▁building , ▁lamp ▁room , ▁tr uck ing ▁( c attle ▁handling ) ▁yards , ▁goods ▁shed ▁with ▁ ▁c rane , ▁tri ke ▁sh eds ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁master ' s ▁residence . ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁major ▁regional ▁transport ▁centre ▁within ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Burn ett ▁area , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁transport ▁centre ▁within ▁the ▁region . ▁Given ▁that ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁also ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁highway ▁link ▁between ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁C air ns ▁( the ▁Bruce ▁Highway ), ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁road ▁competition ▁was ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁event ual ▁dw ind ling ▁of ▁re venue ▁fre ight ▁carried ▁on ▁the ▁line . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁the ▁co pper ▁mines ▁which ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁had ▁closed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁financial ▁failure ▁of |
▁the ▁mines . ▁The ▁co pper ▁mines ▁re open ed ▁around ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth - tw enti eth ▁centuries ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁sm elter , ▁operated ▁until ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁the ▁main ▁traffic ▁generated ▁on ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁line ▁was ▁mainly ▁from ▁da ir ying , ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁tim ber ▁traffic , ▁with ▁sugar ▁traffic ▁from ▁G in ▁G in ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Gib son ▁and ▁How es ▁mill . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁was ▁closed ▁beyond ▁Tir ro an , ▁due ▁to ▁decl ining ▁re venue . ▁The ▁railway ▁beyond ▁Tir ro an ▁was ▁dis m ant led ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁After ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁sugar ▁can e ▁traffic ▁from ▁the ▁W ata wa ▁plant ation ▁area ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁to ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁Central ▁Sug ar ▁Mill ▁at ▁Wal lav ille ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁traffic ▁beyond ▁G in ▁G in ▁other ▁than ▁stock ▁spe ci als ▁to ▁the ▁cattle ▁loading ▁rail head ▁at ▁Tir ro an . ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁line ▁from ▁Tir ro an ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁due ▁to ▁decl ining ▁traffic ▁reven ues . ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁to ▁Tir ro an ▁section ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 |
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