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onym ously ▁to ▁her ▁friends ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁German ▁occupation . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁a ▁friend ▁brought ▁her ▁in ▁touch ▁with ▁De ▁fr ie ▁Dans ke ▁( Free ▁Den mark ), ▁a ▁resistance ▁group ▁which ▁published ▁an ▁illegal ▁paper ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁the ▁paper , ▁she ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁producing ▁r ation ▁cards ▁and ▁false ▁identity ▁documents . ▁Her ▁a partment ▁on ▁T ran eg år ds ve j ▁in ▁H eller up ▁was ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁meeting ▁place ▁for ▁resistance ▁workers ▁or ▁for ▁hiding ▁wanted ▁persons , ▁including ▁M og ens ▁Ham mer , ▁the ▁first ▁SO E ▁agent ▁par ach uted ▁in ▁Den mark . ▁ ▁In ▁connection ▁with ▁invol vement ▁in ▁De ▁fr ie ▁Dans ke ▁and ▁the ▁SO E , ▁she ▁was ▁arrested ▁three ▁times ▁by ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁and ▁German ▁police ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁but ▁was ▁released ▁after ▁den ying ▁any ▁invol vement ▁in ▁illegal ▁work . ▁After ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Den mark ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁go ▁under ground . ▁She ▁continued ▁her ▁illegal ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁radio ▁special ist ▁L . A . ▁Du us ▁Hans en ▁who ▁transm itted ▁c oded ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁SO E . ▁Using ▁the ▁code ▁name ▁L otte , ▁she ▁became ▁his ▁personal ▁secretary . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁while ▁visit ing |
▁the ▁Dan ish - S wed ish ▁Ref uge e ▁Service ' s ▁illegal ▁post ▁office ▁in ▁central ▁C open hagen , ▁she ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁Gest ap o ▁headquarters ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ell ▁House . ▁While ▁being ▁inter rog ated , ▁a ▁senior ▁officer ▁came ▁in ▁and ▁ordered ▁her ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁bas ement ▁as ▁there ▁was ▁sufficient ▁evidence ▁against ▁her . ▁She ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁taken ▁by ▁a ▁guard ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor . ▁The ▁guard ▁went ▁into ▁a ▁back ▁room ▁where ▁he ▁started ▁talking ▁to ▁another ▁German . ▁Left ▁alone , ▁she ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁escape . ▁She ▁walked ▁down ▁the ▁st airs ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁where ▁she ▁met ▁two ▁civil ian ▁Germ ans ▁who ▁were ▁leaving ▁the ▁building . ▁She ▁walked ▁behind ▁them ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁door ▁where ▁the ▁guard ▁failed ▁to ▁recognize ▁her . ▁After ▁walking ▁calm ly ▁across ▁the ▁bridge ▁to ▁the ▁Palace ▁Theatre , ▁she ▁ran ▁off ▁as ▁fast ▁as ▁she ▁could . ▁ ▁Now ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁identified , ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁leave ▁Den mark ▁for ▁neutral ▁Sweden ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁Hels ing borg . ▁Un o fficial ly , ▁she ▁operated ▁a ▁radio , ▁receiving ▁messages ▁from ▁Den mark ▁and ▁passing ▁them ▁on ▁to ▁London . ▁After ▁the ▁American ▁cons ul ▁was ▁called ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Bonn esen |
▁acted ▁as ▁cons ul ▁until ▁the ▁Liber ation . ▁She ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁C open hagen ▁where ▁she ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Special ▁Forces ▁Mission ▁until ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Post - war ▁activity ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Bonn esen ▁was ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁text ile ▁firm ▁F ied lers ▁K att un try k ▁where ▁she ▁later ▁head ed ▁the ▁export ▁department . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁leave ▁as ▁her ▁hearing ▁was ▁seriously ▁imp a ired ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁an ▁injury ▁from ▁a ▁shooting ▁incident ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁occupation . ▁After ▁learning ▁to ▁lip - read , ▁she ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁by ▁the ▁Def ence ▁Department ▁until ▁her ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Ed ith ▁Bonn esen ▁died ▁in ▁C open hagen ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Medal ▁for ▁Cou rage ▁in ▁the ▁C ause ▁of ▁Fre edom ▁for ▁her ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁resistance ▁movement . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C open hagen ▁Category : Dan ish ▁resistance ▁members ▁Category : Dan ish ▁female ▁resistance ▁members ▁Category : Dan ish ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Medal ▁for ▁Cou rage ▁in ▁the ▁C |
ause ▁of ▁Fre edom <0x0A> </s> ▁Jack ▁C ott rell ▁( born ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Christian ▁the olog ian , ▁phil os opher ▁and ▁author ▁in ▁the ▁Christian ▁churches ▁and ▁churches ▁of ▁Christ , ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁Mov ement ▁which ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁Dis ci ples ▁of ▁Christ ▁and ▁the ▁Church es ▁of ▁Christ . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁the ology ▁at ▁C inc inn ati ▁Christian ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁author ed ▁many ▁books ▁on ▁Christian ▁philosophy , ▁doctrine ▁and ▁the ology . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Jack ▁C ott rell ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁St amp ing ▁Gr ound , ▁Kentucky . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁his ▁wife ▁Barbara ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁in ▁a ▁traditional ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁received ▁a ▁B A ▁from ▁C inc inn ati ▁Christian ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁B S ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁C inc inn ati . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁earned ▁an ▁M Div ▁from ▁West min ster ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁a ▁Ph D ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Pr inc eton , ▁N J . ▁ ▁C inc inn ati ▁Christian ▁University ▁and ▁Writing ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁returned ▁to ▁C inc inn ati ▁Christian ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁holding ▁a ▁conserv ative ▁view ▁of |
▁the ▁Bible ▁and ▁Christian ity . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁since ▁author ed ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁books ▁on ▁Christian ▁the ology ▁and ▁doctrine . ▁ ▁Fre quent ▁topics ▁include ▁grace , ▁faith , ▁bapt ism , ▁Bib lic al ▁accuracy , ▁Bib lic al ▁consist ency , ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁God . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁tack led ▁other ▁issues ▁including ▁leadership ▁and ▁gender ▁roles ▁in ▁Christian ity . ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁has ▁addition ally ▁author ed ▁several ▁Bib lic al ▁comment aries . ▁His ▁books ▁include ▁Bapt ism : ▁A ▁Bib lic al ▁Study , ▁The ▁Fa ith ▁Once ▁for ▁All : ▁Bible ▁Do ctrine ▁for ▁Today , ▁Bible ▁Prop he cy ▁and ▁End ▁Times , ▁Set ▁Free ! ▁What ▁the ▁Bible ▁S ays ▁About ▁Grace , ▁T ough ▁Question s , ▁Bib lic al ▁An swers ▁Part s ▁One ▁and ▁Two , ▁ 1 3 ▁Less ons ▁on ▁Grace ▁and ▁His ▁Tr uth : ▁Script ural ▁Tr uth s ▁About ▁Basic ▁Do ctr ines . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁author ed ▁several ▁Bib lic al ▁comment aries . ▁ ▁The ology ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁supports ▁conserv ative ▁belief s ▁of ▁in er ran cy ▁and ▁inf al lib ility ▁of ▁the ▁Bible ▁and ▁that ▁bapt ism ▁by ▁imm ersion ▁is ▁the ▁Bib lic al ▁method . ▁C ott rell ▁is ▁critical ▁of ▁Cal vin ism ▁and ▁has ▁mostly ▁supported ▁Ar min ian ism . ▁ ▁Tr inity ▁ ▁Dr . ▁C ott rell ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁the ▁" F |
ather , ▁Son ▁and ▁Spirit ▁are ▁distinct ▁persons ▁who ▁exist ▁simultaneously ▁and ▁interact ▁with ▁one ▁another ." ▁He ▁reject s ▁a ▁false ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Tr inity ▁called ▁modal ism ▁which ▁says ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁God ▁the ▁Father , ▁God ▁the ▁Son , ▁and ▁God ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit . ▁Dr . ▁C ott rell ▁calls ▁modal ism ▁her et ical ▁and ▁a ▁" ser iously ▁false ▁doctrine " ▁but ▁bel ieves ▁someone ▁who ▁bel ieves ▁in ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁saved . ▁ ▁Original ▁Sin ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Jack ▁C ott rell ▁den ies ▁original ▁sin , ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁sense . ▁He ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁Rom ans ▁ 5 : 1 2 - 1 8 ▁actually ▁states ▁that ▁any ▁original ▁sin ▁that ▁might ▁have ▁existed ▁is ▁w ip ed ▁out ▁by ▁" Original ▁Grace " ▁given ▁to ▁everyone ▁through ▁the ▁death ▁and ▁res urre ction ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁Thus , ▁original ▁sin ▁is ▁theoretical ▁only , ▁and ▁never ▁has ▁any ▁real ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁salv ation ▁of ▁bel ie vers . ▁When ▁a ▁person ▁s ins , ▁they ▁receive ▁partial ▁dep rav ity . ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁would ▁define ▁partial ▁dep rav ity ▁as , ▁" no ▁matter ▁how ▁evil ▁s inners ▁may ▁be , ▁they ▁all ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁free - will ▁choice ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁g ospel ." ▁ ▁Tem por ality ▁of ▁God ▁ ▁Dr . ▁C ott rell ▁pos its ▁that ▁God ▁is ▁temporal , ▁although ▁not ▁bound |
▁by ▁time . ▁ ▁Bapt ism ▁C ott rell ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁bapt ism ▁is , ▁" command ed ▁in ▁a ▁salv ation ▁situation ." ▁C ott rell ▁exp ands ▁on ▁this ▁thought ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁bapt ism ▁is ▁required ▁for ▁salv ation . ▁ ▁He ▁says , ▁" Rep ent ance ▁and ▁bapt ism ▁are ▁... ob ed ience ▁to ▁the ▁g ospel , ▁and ▁are ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁sense ▁that ▁faith ▁is ." " docs . google . com "/> ▁ ▁Anti - F em in ism ▁C ott rell ▁is ▁the ▁leading ▁oppon ent ▁in ▁the ▁Christian ▁Church es ▁and ▁Church es ▁of ▁Christ ▁of ▁equality ▁for ▁women . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁C ott rell ▁became ▁al ar med ▁by ▁the ▁inc urs ion ▁of ▁femin ism ▁in ▁the ▁church . ▁He ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁five ▁years ▁dil ig ently ▁searching ▁God ' s ▁Word ▁for ▁evidence ▁supporting ▁his ▁belief ▁in ▁male ▁supre m acy ▁and ▁published ▁his ▁book ▁Fem in ism ▁and ▁the ▁Bible : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Fem in ism ▁for ▁Christians ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁He ▁summar izes ▁the ▁ 3 5 8 ▁page ▁t ome ▁in ▁this ▁blog ▁post , ▁" How ▁Fem in ism ▁Inv aded ▁the ▁Church ". , ▁dismiss ing ▁every ▁version ▁of ▁femin ism , ▁including ▁evangel ical ▁femin ism , ▁as ▁un script ural . ▁ ▁He ▁s its ▁on ▁the ▁Council ▁on ▁Bib lic al ▁Man hood ▁and |
▁Woman hood . ▁The ▁mission ▁of ▁C B MW ▁is ▁" prim arily ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁church ▁defend ▁against ▁the ▁accommod ation ▁of ▁sec ular ▁femin ism ." ▁( CB MW ▁Mission ▁and ▁V ision ▁Stat ement ) ▁ ▁As ▁enumer ated ▁in ▁its ▁[ Dan vers ▁Stat ement ], ▁C B MW ▁is ▁an ▁evangel ical ▁organization ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁restrict ▁women ▁to ▁the ▁roles ▁supposed ly ▁assigned ▁to ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁Bible . ▁Moreover , ▁in ▁every ▁walk ▁of ▁life , ▁men ▁are ▁expected ▁to ▁" ex erc ise ▁head ship " ▁while ▁women ▁are ▁to ▁" be ▁in ▁submission ". ( Dan vers ▁Stat ement ) ▁ ▁C ott rell ▁l aments ▁that ▁the ▁monument al ▁C B MW ▁book ▁Rec over ing ▁Bib lic al ▁Man hood ▁and ▁Woman hood ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁st ole ▁the ▁th under ▁of ▁his ▁more ▁obsc ure ▁book ▁that ▁came ▁out ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁Und a unted , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁research ▁and ▁write ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁femin ism , ▁eventually ▁publishing ▁two ▁more ▁books , ▁G ender ▁R oles ▁and ▁the ▁Bible : ▁Cre ation , ▁the ▁Fall , ▁and ▁Red em ption : ▁A ▁Crit ique ▁of ▁Fem in ist ▁Bib lic al ▁Inter pret ation ▁( 1 9 9 5 ), ▁and ▁ ▁Head ship , ▁Sub mission , ▁and ▁the ▁Bible : ▁G ender ▁R oles ▁in ▁the ▁Home ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁He ▁had ▁planned ▁a ▁final ▁book ▁aff irm ing |
▁Bib lic al ▁restrictions ▁on ▁church ▁participation ▁by ▁women ▁but ▁rel ented , ▁because , ▁" my ▁other ▁volumes ▁were ▁pretty ▁much ▁ignored ▁on ▁all ▁sides , ▁which ▁made ▁me ▁feel ▁like ▁I ▁would ▁be ▁was ting ▁my ▁time ▁on ▁it ." ▁ ▁Like ▁his ▁C B MW ▁colle agues , ▁C ott rell ▁c ouch es ▁his ▁opposition ▁to ▁femin ists ▁in ▁a ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Bible . ▁He ▁claims ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁hate ▁their ▁freedom , ▁only ▁their ▁" f la wed ▁ex eg esis ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁C ott rell ' s ▁personal ▁blog ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ar min ian ▁the olog ians ▁Category : C inc inn ati ▁Christian ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Scott ▁County , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁al umn i ▁Category : Rest oration ▁Mov ement ▁Category : System atic ▁the olog ians ▁Category : West min ster ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁Path ark ar ▁surname ▁are ▁mostly ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁states , ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁Gu jar at ▁and ▁K arn ata ka ▁India . ▁ ▁Most ▁Path ark ars ▁are ▁Des has tha ▁Bra hm ins ▁by ▁cas te . ▁The ▁surname ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁amongst ▁other ▁H indu ▁cast es ▁and ▁communities |
▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁ ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁Path ark ar ▁speak ▁Mar ath i ▁as ▁their ▁mother ▁tongue ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁regional ▁and ▁national ▁languages . ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁family ▁names ▁Category : S urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Nicol ▁Ross ▁Stephen , ▁Baron ▁Stephen ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South , ▁and ▁was ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Deput y ▁First ▁Minister ▁of ▁Scotland ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁M SP ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁coal ition ▁agreement ▁between ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁and ▁Labour ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament , ▁he ▁became ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁parliament ary ▁term ▁he ▁became ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education , ▁Europe ▁and ▁External ▁Affairs , ▁and ▁then ▁for ▁Education ▁and ▁Young ▁People . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Executive ▁cabinet ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁Transport . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁following ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁his |
▁prede cess or ▁Jim ▁Wal lace , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁and ▁also ▁became ▁Deput y ▁First ▁Minister ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁He ▁led ▁his ▁party ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁election , ▁where ▁they ▁won ▁ 1 6 ▁seats ▁( down ▁one ▁on ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁He ▁res igned ▁as ▁party ▁leader ▁on ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁trigger ing ▁a ▁leadership ▁election . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁The ▁Aber de en ▁Law ▁Project ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁family ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Aber de en , ▁he ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Robert ▁Gordon ' s ▁College ▁in ▁Aber de en ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁an ▁LL B ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁then ▁took ▁his ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Leg al ▁Pract ice ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁solic itor ▁before ▁moving ▁into ▁corpor ate ▁fin ance ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁manager ▁with ▁Del o itte ▁& ▁T ou che . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁Chair ▁of ▁CREATE ▁( a ▁group ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁rail ▁elect r ification ▁between ▁Aber de en ▁and ▁Edinburgh ); ▁a ▁chair person ▁of ▁ST AR ▁( Save ▁Tor - Na |
- De e ▁Hospital ▁and ▁Ro x burg he ▁House ); ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁Gr amp ian ▁Enter prise . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁with ▁ 4 ▁children . ▁ ▁Early ▁political ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Gr amp ian ▁Regional ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁( as ▁Scotland ' s ▁young est ▁coun c ill or ) ▁and ▁was ▁Chair ▁of ▁Gr amp ian ' s ▁Econom ic ▁Development ▁and ▁Pl anning ▁Committee ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁briefly ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁the ▁K inc ard ine ▁and ▁De es ide ▁constitu ency , ▁elected ▁in ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁by - e lection ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Conserv ative ▁and ▁Union ist ▁A lick ▁Buch an an - Smith . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁tre as ury ▁team ▁and ▁sp ok esp erson ▁on ▁small ▁business ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons . ▁The ▁seat ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁and ▁Union ist ▁party ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁general ▁election , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁George ▁K yn och . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁stood ▁for ▁the ▁Aber de en ▁South ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁election ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Labour ▁candidate . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Minister ▁and ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁roles ▁ ▁Nicol ▁was ▁elected |
▁as ▁M SP ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament . ▁He ▁later ▁helped ▁negoti ate ▁the ▁Part ners hip ▁Ag re ement ▁for ▁the ▁coal ition ▁government ▁with ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Executive ▁as ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning ▁( 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 0 ), ▁then ▁as ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education , ▁Europe ▁and ▁External ▁Affairs ▁( 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 ), ▁and ▁as ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education ▁and ▁Young ▁People ▁( 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁election , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁for ▁Transport . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁this ▁post , ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁appro ving ▁the ▁controvers ial ▁M 7 4 ▁extension . ▁ ▁Deput y ▁First ▁Minister ▁Following ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁Jim ▁Wal lace ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁stand ▁for ▁the ▁leadership . ▁He ▁defeated ▁rival ▁candidate , ▁Mike ▁R umb les , ▁who ▁advoc ated ▁ending ▁the ▁coal ition ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Labour ▁Party , ▁winning ▁ 7 6 . 6 %, ▁becoming ▁the ▁Deput y ▁First ▁Minister ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Following ▁his ▁leadership ▁victory , ▁a ▁mini - resh uffle |
▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁cabinet , ▁saw ▁him ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁election , ▁with ▁the ▁SN P ▁emer ging ▁the ▁largest ▁party ▁by ▁one ▁seat ▁but ▁short ▁of ▁an ▁overall ▁majority , ▁it ▁held ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Green ▁Party ▁and ▁also ▁int im ated ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁open ▁to ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats . ▁ ▁However , ▁since ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁had ▁indicated ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁enter ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁parties ▁which ▁continued ▁to ▁favour ▁a ▁refer endum ▁on ▁independence , ▁no ▁formal ▁tal ks ▁were ▁held : ▁the ▁SN P ▁became ▁a ▁minor ity ▁administration ▁and ▁Nicol ▁led ▁his ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁opposition ▁ben ches . ▁ ▁Despite ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁government , ▁his ▁party ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁minor ity ▁SN P ▁Government ▁on ▁certain ▁issues ▁where ▁they ▁broad ly ▁agreed , ▁including ▁replacing ▁the ▁council ▁tax ▁with ▁a ▁local ▁income ▁tax ▁to ▁fund ▁a ▁proportion ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁re venue . ▁ ▁He ▁developed ▁a ▁reputation ▁among ▁some ▁journal ists ▁as ▁an ▁effective ▁and ▁force ful ▁critic ▁of ▁some ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Government ' s ▁policy ▁and ▁performance , ▁especially ▁at ▁First ▁Minister ' s ▁Question ▁Time . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Wend y ▁Alexander ▁and ▁Ann abel ▁Gold ie , ▁he ▁took ▁his ▁party ▁into ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁Scottish ▁De volution ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Sir ▁Kenneth ▁Cal man |
, ▁but ▁was ▁opposed ▁to ▁any ▁suggestion ▁that ▁this ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁being ▁returned ▁to ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁Res ignation ▁as ▁Party ▁Le ader ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁he ▁was ▁ste pping ▁down ▁as ▁party ▁leader ▁with ▁immediate ▁effect ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁press ures ▁of ▁leading ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁while ▁having ▁a ▁young ▁family ▁based ▁in ▁Aber de en , ▁some ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁Parliament ▁in ▁Edinburgh . ▁Nicol ' s ▁res ignation ▁took ▁many ▁in ▁Scottish ▁politics ▁by ▁surprise , ▁and ▁came ▁only ▁four ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁leader ▁of ▁Labour ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament , ▁Wend y ▁Alexander . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁T av ish ▁Scott . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁standing ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁Scottish ▁elections ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁On ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁life ▁peer ▁as ▁Baron ▁Stephen , ▁of ▁Lower ▁De es ide ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁where ▁he ▁s its ▁on ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁ben ches . ▁He ▁said ▁he ▁will ▁use ▁his ▁new ▁position ▁to ▁help ▁reform ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁Kingdom |
▁MP s ▁with ▁the ▁short est ▁service ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Nicol ▁Stephen ▁M SP ▁profile ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁ ▁Category : De put y ▁First ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : L ead ers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁MP s ▁Category : L iber al ▁Dem ocrat ▁M SP s ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 3 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁for ▁Scottish ▁constitu encies ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁coun c ill ors ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁solic itors ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Robert ▁Gordon ' s ▁College ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁constitu encies ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L iber al ▁Democr ats ▁( UK ) ▁life ▁pe ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁California ▁may ▁refer ▁to |
: ▁ ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁San ▁Diego ▁County , ▁California , ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁But te ▁County , ▁California , ▁former ▁min ing ▁camp ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁Col usa ▁County , ▁California , ▁former ▁settlement ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁County , ▁California , ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁Lake ▁County , ▁California , ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁Valley ▁Spr ings , ▁California , ▁in ▁C ala ver as ▁County , ▁formerly ▁called ▁Spring ▁Valley <0x0A> </s> ▁Craig ▁M ull ins ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁digital ▁painter , ▁and ▁leading ▁international ▁concept ▁artist . ▁He ▁has ▁created ▁art ▁for ▁books , ▁video ▁games ▁and ▁films . ▁He ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁digital ▁painting . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Craig ▁M ull ins ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁moved ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁three ▁to ▁Ohio . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 8 , ▁he ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁California , ▁where ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁proxim ity ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁P itzer ▁College ▁in ▁Cla rem ont , ▁California , ▁for ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁Art ▁Center ▁College ▁of ▁Design ▁to ▁study ▁product ▁design ▁and ▁illustr ation . ▁He ▁started ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁transport ation ▁designer ▁and ▁got ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁Ford ▁in ▁Detroit . ▁There , ▁he ▁discovered |
▁that ▁his ▁design ▁sense ▁was ▁a ▁little ▁bit ▁too ▁extreme ▁for ▁the ▁car ▁industry , ▁so ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Art ▁Center ▁to ▁study ▁Ill ustration , ▁where ▁he ▁got ▁his ▁B FA ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁he ▁has ▁worked ▁on ▁many ▁projects ▁as ▁concept ▁artist , ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁mat te ▁painter . ▁M ull ins ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁digital ▁era ▁fre ed ▁him ▁from ▁all ▁ge ographical ▁constraints , ▁so ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Hawai i , ▁where ▁he ▁still ▁lives ▁today . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁as ▁many ▁areas ▁of ▁illustr ation ▁as ▁possible . ▁His ▁works ▁are ▁inspired ▁by ▁John ▁S inger ▁S argent ▁and ▁Frank ▁Fra zet ta . ▁ ▁M ull ins ▁has ▁illustrated ▁cards ▁for ▁the ▁Magic : ▁The ▁G ather ing ▁collect ible ▁card ▁game . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁invited ▁to ▁many ▁sem in ars ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁such ▁as ▁China ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁highly ▁respect ed ▁by ▁Chinese ▁female ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Su ▁Lin , ▁a ▁concept ▁artist ▁res iding ▁there . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁In ▁books ▁He ▁did ▁book ▁covers ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁books : ▁When ▁Gra vity ▁F ails ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁A ▁Fire ▁in ▁the ▁Sun ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁The ▁Ex ile ▁K iss ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁H alo ▁Encyclopedia ▁C atur days .. ▁The ▁Begin ning ▁( 2 0 0 5 |
▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁C atur days .. ▁The ▁End ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁Bio S ho ck : ▁R apt ure ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Sou ls ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁In ▁film ▁He ▁did ▁mat te ▁paint ings ▁and ▁concept ▁art ▁for ▁these ▁pictures : ▁The ▁Matrix ▁Revolution s ▁Arm aged don ▁Fl ub ber ▁Contact ▁Apol lo ▁ 1 3 ▁Inter view ▁with ▁the ▁V amp ire ▁Final ▁Fant asy : ▁The ▁Sp ir its ▁Within ▁For rest ▁G ump ▁Jur ass ic ▁Park ▁Tang led ▁Spider - Man : ▁In to ▁the ▁Spider - Ver se ▁ ▁In ▁video ▁games ▁He ▁did ▁illustr ations ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁vide og ames : ▁Bio S ho ck ▁ 2 ▁Mar athon ▁M yth ▁II : ▁Soul bl ighter ▁H alo : ▁Com bat ▁E vol ved ▁H alo ▁ 2 ▁Black ▁o ps ▁ 3 ▁Age ▁of ▁Emp ires ▁Age ▁of ▁Emp ires ▁III ▁Need ▁For ▁Speed ▁O ni ▁Return ▁to ▁Castle ▁Wolf en stein ▁Europa ▁Univers alis ▁III ▁Fall out ▁ 3 ▁Mass ▁Effect ▁ 2 ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁Cre ed : ▁Bro ther hood ▁Call ▁of ▁C th ul hu : ▁Dark ▁Corn ers ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ▁Dragon ' s ▁Dog ma ▁ ▁Publications ▁Ex pose ▁ 1 ▁by ▁Ball istic ▁Publishing ▁Art ▁of ▁H alo ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Craig ▁M ull ins ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 |
▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁ill ust rat ors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁spec ulative ▁fiction ▁artists ▁Category : F ant asy ▁artists ▁Category : Game ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mat te ▁pain ters ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁California ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁M LS ▁Soccer ▁Saturday ▁was ▁a ▁week ly ▁presentation ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁games ▁that ▁a ired ▁on ▁ESP N ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁M LS ▁Soccer ▁Saturday ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁week ly ▁presentation ▁of ▁M LS ▁games , ▁which ▁usually ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 PM ▁E ST ▁and ▁was ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Rad ios h ack . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁season , ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁ESP N ▁announced ▁that ▁M LS ▁Prim etime ▁Th urs day ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁flags hip ▁broadcast ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁television ▁contract , ▁ending ▁an ▁ 1 1 - year ▁broadcast ▁run ▁of ▁matches ▁on ▁Saturday ▁af tern o ons . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁M LS ▁Prim etime ▁Th urs day ▁ ▁M LS ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Week ▁ ▁M LS ▁Saturday ▁ ▁Soccer ▁Saturday ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁Category : |
ES PN 2 ▁original ▁programming ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Mon ol ith ic ▁Mem ories , ▁Inc . ▁( MM I ) ▁produced ▁b ip olar ▁P ROM s , ▁program m able ▁logic ▁devices , ▁and ▁logic ▁circ uits ▁( including ▁ 7 4 0 0 ▁series ▁T TL ). ▁ ▁A ▁team ▁of ▁M MI ▁engine ers , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Ze ' ev ▁D ror i ▁and ▁ ▁head ed ▁by ▁John ▁B irk ner ▁and ▁H . ▁T . ▁Ch ua , ▁invent ed ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁devices ▁known ▁as ▁Program m able ▁Array ▁Log ic ▁( P AL ). ▁ ▁M MI ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁by ▁former ▁Fair child ▁Sem icon duct or ▁engineer ▁Ze ' ev ▁D ror i , ▁later ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁T es la ▁Mot ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁under ▁the ▁ste ward ship ▁of ▁President ▁Ir win ▁Fed erman , ▁it ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁Advanced ▁Micro ▁Dev ices ▁in ▁a ▁$ 4 4 2 ▁million ▁stock ▁swap ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁integrated ▁circuit ▁manufact urer . ▁A MD ▁later ▁sp un ▁off ▁their ▁program m able ▁logic ▁division ▁as ▁V ant is , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁acquired ▁by ▁L attice ▁Sem icon duct or . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bit - slice ▁processor ▁( MM I ▁ |
5 7 0 0 / 6 7 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Web ▁links ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E lect ron ics ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Super fund ▁sites ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Heart ▁Like ▁a ▁H urr icane ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁Larry ▁Stewart ▁and ▁second ▁release ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁band ▁Rest less ▁Heart . ▁Three ▁singles ▁were ▁released ▁from ▁this ▁album : ▁" He art ▁Like ▁a ▁H urr icane ", ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁and ▁" R ock in ' ▁the ▁Rock ". ▁Although ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁fell ▁entered ▁the ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁US ▁country ▁charts , ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁was ▁a ▁# 2 1 ▁on ▁the ▁R PM ▁country ▁charts ▁in ▁Canada . ▁Ty ▁Her nd on ▁recorded ▁" She ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁W anted ▁Again " ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁album ▁Living ▁in ▁a ▁M oment ▁and ▁released ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁that ▁year . ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁was ▁originally ▁recorded ▁by ▁V ince ▁Gill ▁( who ▁co - w rote ▁it ) ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁album ▁The ▁Way ▁Back ▁Home . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" He art ▁Like ▁a ▁H urr icane " ▁( T rey ▁Bruce , ▁Craig ▁Wis eman ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 0 3 ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁( V ince ▁Gill , |
▁H ank ▁De V ito , ▁K ye ▁F lem ing ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 3 ▁" She ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁W anted ▁Again " ▁( B illy ▁Hend erson , ▁Steven ▁D ale ▁Jones ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 8 ▁" It ' s ▁How ▁Deep " ▁( James ▁Dean ▁H icks , ▁John ▁Schwe ers ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁" M ama ▁Ne eds ▁Some one ▁to ▁Hold ▁Her " ▁( H icks , ▁Marc ▁Be es on ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 6 ▁" One ▁Track ▁Mind " ▁( Bob ▁Di P iero , ▁Matt ▁Roll ings , ▁Harry ▁St inson ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁" Real ▁Life ▁Love " ▁( K ent ▁Bla zy , ▁Neil ▁Th r ash er , ▁Kelly ▁Sh iver ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁" Try ▁Being ▁Me " ▁( Tim ▁Mens y ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 8 ▁" R ock in ' ▁the ▁Rock " ▁( G ary ▁B urr ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 7 ▁" I ' m ▁Not ▁Through ▁Lov in ' ▁You " ▁( G ary ▁Nich ol son , ▁Larry ▁Stewart ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 1 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Gary ▁B urr ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁J . T . ▁Cor en fl os ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Dan ▁D ug more ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Dun can ▁- ▁fiddle ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franklin |
▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁ ▁V ince ▁Gill ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Rob ▁H aj ac os ▁- ▁fiddle ▁ ▁D ann ▁H uff ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar , ▁gut ▁string ▁guitar ▁ ▁John ▁Bar low ▁Jar vis ▁- ▁key boards , ▁piano ▁ ▁Terry ▁Mc Mill an ▁- ▁per cussion , ▁tamb our ine ▁ ▁Carl ▁Marsh ▁- ▁fair light ▁ ▁Br ent ▁Mason ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Steve ▁Nathan ▁- ▁organ ▁ ▁Don ▁Pot ter ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Michael ▁Rh odes ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁John ▁Wes ley ▁R yles ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Larry ▁Stewart ▁- ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Harry ▁St inson ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Billy ▁Thomas ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁C ind y ▁Richard son - W alk er ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁L on nie ▁Wilson ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁[ ▁Heart ▁Like ▁a ▁H urr icane ] ▁at ▁All music ▁ ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Scott ▁Hend r icks ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Lar ry ▁Stewart ▁( sing er ) ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁after ▁ Ō h ō ▁and ▁before ▁E iman . ▁ ▁This ▁period ▁sp anned ▁the ▁years ▁from ▁March ▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁through ▁June ▁ 1 1 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁reign ing ▁em per ors ▁were ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Change ▁of ▁era ▁ ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 1 |
6 3 ▁: ▁The ▁new ▁era ▁name ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁mark ▁an ▁event ▁or ▁series ▁of ▁events . ▁ ▁The ▁previous ▁era ▁ended ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁one ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ Ō h ō ▁ 3 , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 9 th ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁month . ▁ ▁Events ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ō kan ▁era ▁▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 st ▁month ): ▁Tai ra ▁no ▁Sh ig em ori ▁( 1 1 3 8 – 1 1 7 9 ) ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁rank ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁class ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁hierarchy . ▁▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 nd ▁month ): ▁A ▁large ▁con greg ation ▁of ▁Buddh ist ▁pri ests ▁came ▁together ▁at ▁the ▁T ō da i - ji ▁and ▁K ō fu ku - ji ▁tem ples ▁to ▁rec ite ▁pray ers ▁for ▁the ▁prosper ity ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Family . ▁ ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 1 6 4 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 2 , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁month ): ▁The ▁former - Em peror ▁S ut oku ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Brown , ▁Del mer ▁M . ▁and ▁Ich ir ō ▁I sh ida , ▁ed s . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁ ▁Gu |
k ans h ō : ▁The ▁Future ▁and ▁the ▁Past . ▁Ber keley : ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press . ▁; ▁ ▁OCLC ▁ 2 5 1 3 2 5 3 2 3 ▁ ▁N uss baum , ▁Louis - Fr éd éric ▁and ▁K ä the ▁Roth . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁Japan ▁en cyc lopedia . ▁Cambridge : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁; ▁ ▁OCLC ▁ 5 8 0 5 3 1 2 8 ▁ ▁T its ing h , ▁Isaac . ▁( 1 8 3 4 ). ▁N ih on ▁O da i ▁Ich ir an ; ▁ou , ▁ ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁emp ere urs ▁du ▁Japon . ▁ ▁Paris : ▁Royal ▁A si atic ▁Society , ▁Oriental ▁Trans lation ▁Fund ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland . ▁OCLC ▁ 5 8 5 0 6 9 1 ▁ ▁Var ley , ▁H . ▁Paul . ▁( 1 9 8 0 ). ▁A ▁Chron icle ▁of ▁God s ▁and ▁S over eign s : ▁J inn ō ▁Sh ō t ō ki ▁of ▁Kit ab ata ke ▁Ch ik af usa . ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁; ▁ ▁OCLC ▁ 6 0 4 2 7 6 4 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁National ▁Diet ▁Library , ▁" The ▁Japanese ▁Calendar " ▁-- ▁historical ▁over view ▁plus ▁illustr ative ▁images ▁from ▁library ' s ▁collection ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁er as ▁Category : 1 1 6 0 s ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁Ét ienne - |
La urent - Jose ph - H ipp oly te ▁Bo yer ▁de ▁F ons col om be ▁( 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 7 7 2 , ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁A ix ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁ent om ologist ▁who ▁special ised ▁in ▁Cole optera ▁and ▁H ymen optera ▁and ▁p est ▁insect s . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Ét ienne ▁Joseph ▁Hi pp oly te ▁Bo yer ▁de ▁F ons col om be ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 7 7 2 ▁in ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence , ▁France . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Em manuel ▁Honor é ▁Hi pp oly te ▁de ▁Bo yer ▁( 1 7 4 4 , ▁A ix , ▁Saint - S au ve ur - 1 8 1 0 ) ▁an ▁arist ocrat ▁who ▁studied ▁agr onomy , ▁writing ▁on ▁this ▁subject ▁in ▁the ▁M ém oires ▁de ▁l ' ac adémie ▁d ' A ix . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Coll ège ▁de ▁Ju illy . ▁ ▁Career ▁Upon ▁finishing ▁his ▁education ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 , ▁" he ▁had ▁attended ▁meet ings ▁of ▁the ▁Const itu ent ▁Assembly ▁in ▁Vers a illes , ▁with ▁Mira be au ." ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁" Lock ed ▁up ▁as ▁suspect " ▁( 1 7 9 3 – 9 4 ). ▁These ▁were ▁dangerous ▁times - his ▁father ▁was ▁also |
▁imprison ed ▁in ▁the ▁T error . ▁On ▁his ▁release ▁and ▁marriage ▁he ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁his ▁mother - in - law ▁at ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Mont vert . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁he ▁r ented ▁a ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ▁of ▁A ix ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁mother , ▁who ▁found ▁him ▁" Ent om olog iste ▁très ▁rem arqu able ▁avec ▁l ’ int elligence , ▁la ▁b ont é , ▁la ▁vert u ▁et ▁le ▁sav oir " ▁( a ▁remarkable ▁ent om ologist ▁with ▁intelligence , ▁kind ness , ▁ ▁virtue ▁and ▁knowledge ). ▁Hi pp oly te ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Mar cell in ▁de ▁F ons col om be ▁never ▁ceased ▁occup ying ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁" like ▁those ▁of ▁anti qu ity ▁and ▁on ▁med als ". ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁he ▁entr usted ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁F ons col om be ▁est ates ▁to ▁his ▁son - in - law , ▁Ad ol phe ▁de ▁S ap ort a , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁he ▁sold ▁Mont vert ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁left ▁to ▁his ▁wife . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁able ▁to ▁dev ote ▁himself ▁entirely ▁to ▁ent om ology . ▁Following ▁his ▁father ▁he ▁published ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁M ém oires ▁de ▁l ' ac adémie ▁d ' A ix ▁ ▁Death ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ |
1 8 5 3 ▁in ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁collection ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Mus é um ▁national ▁d ' histoire ▁nature lle ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁some ▁A po idea ▁in ▁the ▁Hope ▁Department ▁of ▁Ent om ology ▁in ▁Oxford . ▁ ▁Works ▁Mon ograph ia ▁ch al cid it um ▁gal lo pro vin cia e ▁circa ▁aqu as ▁deg ent um . ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁Sciences ▁Nature lles ▁( 1 ) ▁( Z o ologie ) ▁ 2 6 : ▁ 2 7 3 - 3 0 7 . ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁Add enda ▁et ▁err ata ▁ad ▁mon ograph ium ▁ch al cid it um ▁gal lo pro vin cia e ▁ci ria ▁aqu as ▁se xt ias ▁deg ent um . ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁Sciences ▁Nature lles ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 3 : ▁ 1 8 6 - 1 9 2 . ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁Des ▁insect es ▁n uis ibles ▁à ▁l ' ag ric ulture ▁princip alement ▁dans ▁les ▁départ ements ▁du ▁mid i ▁de ▁la ▁France ▁M ém oires ▁de ▁l ' Ac adémie ▁de ▁Sciences ▁d ' A ix ▁ 5 ▁pp ▁ 5 – 2 2 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁A ph is ▁ner ii ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Constantin , ▁R . ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Memorial ▁des ▁Col é opter istes ▁Fran çais . ▁Bull . ▁l ia ison ▁Ass oc . ▁Col . |
▁reg . ▁par is ienne , ▁Paris ▁( Supp l . ▁ 1 4 ) ▁: ▁ 1 - 9 2 . ▁Graham , ▁M . W . R . ▁de ▁V . ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁H ymen optera ▁collections ▁of ▁Bo yer ▁de ▁F ons col om be , ▁with ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁features ▁of ▁his ▁estate . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁ 2 6 : ▁ 1 0 8 9 - 1 1 1 1 . ▁L host e , ▁J . ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Les ▁ent om olog istes ▁français . ▁ 1 7 5 0 - 1 9 5 0 . ▁IN RA ▁( Institut ▁National ▁de ▁la ▁Re cher che ▁Agr onom ique ), ▁Paris . ▁See ▁also ▁Famil le ▁de ▁Bo yer ▁de ▁F ons col om be ▁Wik i G ene an et ▁see ▁list ▁tax on ▁authorities ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁A ix - en - Pro v ence ▁Category : F rench ▁ent om olog ists ▁Category : H ymen opter ists <0x0A> </s> ▁H yd r ill odes ▁trunc ata ▁is ▁a ▁l itter ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Freder ic ▁Moore ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H erm ini inae ▁Category |
: M oth s ▁of ▁India ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁man orial ▁estate ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Su ff olk , ▁UK . ▁The ▁man or ▁house ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁By ng ▁Hall . ▁The ▁man or ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁P ett ist ree , ▁near ▁U ff ord . ▁The ▁man or ▁includes ▁By ng ▁Hall ▁Lane , ▁By ng ▁Lane , ▁By ng ▁Brook ▁and ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁far ml and ▁stretch ing ▁to ▁the ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁W ick ham ▁Market . ▁ ▁An cient ▁history ▁▁ ▁Histor ically ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Be aging as ▁or ▁Beng a / ges , ▁By ng ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁ 6 th - century ▁settlement ▁located ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁near ▁S utton ▁H oo ▁which ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁East ▁Ang lia . ▁The ▁place ▁name , ▁Be aging as , ▁means ▁Be agas ▁people . ▁Refer red ▁to ▁as ▁Beng a / B eng es ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁survey . ▁ ▁Modern ▁history ▁ ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en ▁held ▁the ▁man or ▁as ▁ten ant - in - ch ief ▁from ▁Robert ▁M alet ' s ▁mother . ▁This ▁man or ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁East on ▁Est ate ▁once ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford , ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁D |
uk es ▁of ▁Hamilton . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁historical ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁were ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁book ▁which ▁stated ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Norman ▁con quest ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Ed ric ▁in ▁Edward ▁the ▁Conf essor ' s ▁time , ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Robert ▁M alet ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁survey . ▁The ▁original ▁man or ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁being ▁. ▁ ▁No ▁man or ▁apparently ▁existed ▁in ▁Sax on ▁times ▁but ▁Ed ric ▁held ▁a ▁car uc ate ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁of ▁land , ▁with ▁ 1 ▁ville in , ▁ 1 ▁bord ar , ▁ 1 ▁ser f , ▁ 1 ▁pl ough team , ▁ 2 ▁acres ▁of ▁me adow , ▁ 1 ▁rou ney , ▁ 4 ▁be asts , ▁ 1 6 ▁h ogs ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁sheep ▁val ued ▁at ▁ 2 0 s . ▁In ▁Norman ▁days ▁the ▁value ▁had ▁double d ▁and ▁there ▁were ; ▁ 2 ▁bord ars , ▁ 2 ▁pl ough te ams . ▁ ▁Another ▁portion ▁of ▁land ▁here ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Sax on ▁times ▁by ▁God ric ▁under ▁comm end ation ▁to ▁Ed ric ▁with ▁ 4 0 ▁acres , ▁ 1 ▁bord ar , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁pl ough team ▁val ued ▁at ▁ 7 s , ▁and ▁under ▁him ▁were ▁two ▁fre emen ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁acres ▁and ▁half ▁a ▁pl ough team ▁val ued ▁at ▁ 2 |
s . ▁The ▁con quest ▁had ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁making ▁God ric ▁hold ▁of ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en , ▁who ▁held ▁of ▁Robert ▁M alet ▁as ▁ten ant ▁in ▁Chief . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁held ▁the ▁man or , ▁which ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Joan , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 7 , ▁when ▁it ▁passed ▁to ▁her ▁grand son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁son ▁of ▁her ▁son , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁who ▁had ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 2 . ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 0 2 . ▁When ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁a ▁third ▁passed ▁in ▁d ower ▁to ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Sib illa ▁and ▁subject ▁ther eto ▁v ested ▁in ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁- ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁then ▁aged ▁eight ▁years . ▁On ▁the ▁Close ▁Roll s ▁for ▁ 1 3 1 4 ▁is ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁the ▁es che ator ▁not ▁to ▁med d le ▁with ▁the ▁lands ▁in ▁B ing ▁" late ▁held ▁by ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁Hon our ▁of ▁E ye ▁by ▁Kn ights ▁service ". ▁On ▁the ▁same ▁roll s ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 7 |
▁is ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁dis charge ▁Walter ▁de ▁Nor wich ▁of ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁which ▁" S ib yl ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field " ▁held ▁in ▁d ower . ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁man or ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁without ▁issue . ▁The ▁man or ▁then ▁went ▁under ▁settlement ▁to ▁William ▁de ▁U ff ord , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Su ff olk , ▁for ▁life , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 3 ▁John ▁de ▁P yes h ale , ▁cl erk , ▁and ▁Robert ▁de ▁Ash field , ▁no ▁doubt ▁trust ees , ▁in ▁whom ▁the ▁man or ▁had ▁been ▁v ested ▁for ▁this ▁purpose , ▁had ▁lic ence ▁to ▁grant ▁to ▁the ▁prior ess ▁and ▁convent ▁of ▁Camp se a ▁As he . ▁With ▁the ▁pri ory ▁the ▁man or ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁continued ▁until ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁that ▁house . ▁In ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII , ▁granted ▁the ▁man or ▁to ▁Anthony ▁Wing field , ▁K nt , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁he ▁had ▁lic ence ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁to ▁al ien ate ▁to ▁Thomas , ▁Lord ▁W ent worth . ▁The ▁man or ▁however ▁did ▁not ▁leave ▁the ▁Wing field ▁family , ▁for ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁died ▁se ised ▁of ▁it ▁ 2 |
0 ▁August ▁ 1 5 5 2 . ▁When ▁it ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Wing field . ▁In ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth , ▁Sir ▁James ▁Wing field , ▁K nt , ▁was ▁called ▁upon ▁to ▁show ▁title ▁to ▁the ▁man or . ▁On ▁Sir ▁Roberts ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁Sir ▁Anthony , ▁who ▁dying ▁without ▁issue ▁it ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Wing field ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 4 th ▁b art ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁the ▁man or ▁desc ended ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁course ▁as ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁D alling ho o , ▁in ▁Lo es ▁H undred ▁from ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁b art , ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field , ▁this ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 5 th ▁b art , ▁who ▁sold ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford , ▁who ▁died ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Al men ar |
. ▁The ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Frederick ▁van ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl n stein , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 . ▁The ▁man or ▁then ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au , ▁born ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 7 2 3 . ▁He ▁married ▁Anne ▁Sp encer , ▁wid ow ▁of ▁James ▁Hamilton ▁ 5 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton . ▁On ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 7 8 0 , ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford , ▁born ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 7 5 4 . ▁William ▁became ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁Ro ch ford ▁upon ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁cousin ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 4 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁who ▁died ▁without ▁issue . ▁William ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁died ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁Alexander ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 7 6 7 . ▁Alexander ▁was ▁also ▁ 7 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon . ▁Alexander ▁died ▁ 1 8 ▁August |
▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁William , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁married ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Z ahr ingen , ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁Prince ▁of ▁Mon aco . ▁William , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁died ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 5 . ▁He ▁married ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louis a ▁Elizabeth ▁Mont agu ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁died ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁daughter ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁Lady ▁Hamilton ▁married ▁James ▁Graham ▁ 6 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Mont rose , ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Graham , ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁The ▁man or , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁man ors ▁of ▁East on , ▁L ether ingham , ▁K ett le burgh ▁- ▁Ch ars field , ▁H oo - Ch ars field , ▁Mart ley ▁Hall , ▁H oo , ▁and |
▁W ick ham ▁with ▁its ▁members , ▁ ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁Ad olph us ▁George ▁M askell , ▁Sol ic itor , ▁of ▁Ch el ms ford , ▁Es sex . ▁The ▁man or ▁along ▁with ▁W ick ham ▁with ▁its ▁members , ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁M askell ▁on ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁to ▁Ad n ams ▁Bre wer y ▁of ▁South w old , ▁Su ff olk . ▁The ▁man or ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Ad n ams ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁Richard ▁Glasgow ▁of ▁Le aden ham , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁By ng , ▁Su ff olk , ▁and ▁the ▁man ors ▁of ▁St ot fold , ▁and ▁Sp ald ing . ▁ ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng ▁▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁the ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng . ▁The ▁dates ▁are ▁taken ▁from ▁mention ▁in ▁historical ▁documents ▁held ▁by ▁Su ff olk ▁Records ▁Office ▁and ▁reflect ▁length ▁of ▁ownership . ▁▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁Ed ric ▁▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁Robert ▁M alet ▁and ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en ▁▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁H eld ▁by ▁the ▁P ey ton ▁and ▁Hun ting field ▁family |
▁▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁to ▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 2 9 7 ▁Joan ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 2 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 2 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 3 3 7 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 2 ▁William ▁de ▁U ff ord , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Su ff olk ▁▁ 1 3 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁Camp se a ▁As he ▁▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 6 0 1 ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 6 0 9 ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 6 0 9 ▁to ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 1 st , ▁ 2 nd , ▁ 3 rd , ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et ▁▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁to |
▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 5 th ▁Baron et ▁▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁Frederick ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au ▁▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro ch ford ▁▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁Alexander ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁William ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁ 8 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon ▁▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁William ▁Douglas - H amilton , ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁ 9 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon , ▁ 2 nd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Ch ât eller ault ▁K T ▁▁ 1 8 9 5 |
▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Graham ▁n ée ▁Hamilton , ▁March ion ess ▁of ▁Graham ▁▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁Ad olph us ▁George ▁M askell ▁▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Ad n ams ▁Bre wer y ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Richard ▁Glasgow ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁www . histor ical direct ories . org ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Su ff olk ▁Category : Country ▁houses ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁Category : Man or ▁houses ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁War ▁Room , ▁is ▁a ▁five - track ▁EP ▁from ▁Public ▁Service ▁Broadcast ing . ▁ ▁The ▁EP ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁J . ▁Will go ose , ▁E sq ' s ▁great - un cle ▁George ▁Will go ose ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁D unk irk . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁J . ▁Will go ose , ▁E sq . ▁- ▁Ban jo , ▁Electron ics , ▁Gu itar , ▁Sam pling ▁ ▁Stephen ▁H ack sh aw ▁- ▁Str ings ▁ ▁W rig g les worth ▁- ▁Dr ums , ▁Electron ics , ▁P iano ▁ ▁Barry ▁Gard ner ▁- ▁Master ing ▁ ▁Charlie ▁Thomas ▁- ▁Dr um ▁Engineering ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁EP s ▁Category : Public ▁Service ▁Broadcast ing ▁( band ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch esh me h - ye ▁Se f id ▁Kh ani ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Ch |
esh me h - ye ▁Se f ī d ▁Kh ā n ī ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ Ḩ as an ▁Kh ā n ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H ana ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sem ir om ▁County , ▁Is fah an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sem ir om ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁N ave il ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Lo ir - et - Ch er ▁department ▁of ▁central ▁France . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Lo ir - et - Ch er ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁statistics ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Lo ir - et - Ch er <0x0A> </s> ▁P avel ▁Pav lov ich ▁Ry ab ush in sky ▁() ▁( 1 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁Moscow ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁Cam bo - les - B ains ), ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁entrepr ene ur ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Ry ab ush in sky ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁an ▁Old ▁Bel ie ver ▁family ▁that ▁had ▁prosper ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ; ▁like ▁other ▁sc ions ▁of ▁such ▁merchant ▁families , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁good ▁education ▁( he ▁spoke ▁French , ▁German , ▁and ▁English ) ▁and ▁was ▁anxious ▁both |
▁to ▁be ▁accepted ▁into ▁high ▁society ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁his ▁country . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁he ▁began ▁publishing ▁his ▁own ▁newspaper , ▁Ut ro ▁Ros si i ▁( The ▁Mor ning ▁of ▁Russia ), ▁to ▁propag ate ▁his ▁liberal ▁views . ▁Reb uff ed ▁by ▁the ▁Constitution al ▁Democr ats , ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁" n arrow ▁class ▁interests " ▁of ▁industrial ists , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁fellow ▁Old ▁Bel ie ver ▁Aleks andr ▁Kon oval ov ▁established ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁" Right ▁K ad ets " ▁associated ▁with ▁Peter ▁Str uve ▁and ▁began ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁Disc uss ions ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 9 – 1 2 , ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁sust ained ▁collabor ations ▁between ▁entrepr ene urs ▁and ▁intellect uals ▁in ▁Russian ▁history " ▁( West , ▁p . 4 6 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁irregular ▁fre em ason ic ▁l odge , ▁the ▁Grand ▁Orient ▁of ▁Russia ’ s ▁Pe op les . ▁He ▁and ▁Kon oval ov ▁founded ▁the ▁Progress ist ▁Party , ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁B loc ; ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Committee ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Moscow ▁War ▁Indust ry ▁Committee . ▁This ▁organisation ▁exerc ised ▁considerable ▁aut onomy ▁from ▁the ▁Central ▁War ▁Indust ry ▁Committee , ▁negoti ating ▁contract s ▁between ▁entrepr ene urs ▁and ▁the |
▁Military ▁directly . ▁After ▁the ▁February ▁Revolution ▁he ▁opposed ▁the ▁Soviet ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁social ists ▁in ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁Government ; ▁following ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁K orn il ov ▁Aff air , ▁which ▁he ▁supported , ▁he ▁with d rew ▁from ▁politics ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Crime a ▁for ▁a ▁t uber cul osis ▁c ure . ▁After ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution ▁he ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁giving ▁financial ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁All - Russ ian ▁Te ach ers ' ▁Union , ▁who ▁had ▁refused ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁work ▁under ▁B ols he vik ▁instruction . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁hope ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁entrepr ene ur ial ▁class ▁might ▁eventually ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁his ▁native ▁country . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁James ▁L . ▁West , ▁" The ▁Ri ab ush in sky ▁Circle " ▁in ▁E . ▁W . ▁C low es , ▁S . ▁D . ▁K ass ow , ▁J . ▁L . ▁West , ▁ed ., ▁Between ▁Ts ar ▁and ▁People ▁( Pr inc eton ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁pp . 4 1 – 5 6 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Book ▁of ▁Moscow ▁Business ▁story ▁on ▁Ry ab ush in sky ▁family , ▁with ▁pictures ▁ ▁Bi ograph ies ▁with ▁pictures ▁( Russ ian ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Russ ian |
▁polit icians ▁Category : Old ▁Bel ie vers ▁Category : White ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁the ▁C imet ière ▁des ▁Bat ign ol les <0x0A> </s> ▁Black Plan et ▁is ▁an ▁African - American ▁social ▁networking ▁service ▁for ▁match making ▁and ▁job ▁post ings ; ▁it ▁also ▁has ▁for ums ▁for ▁discussion ▁on ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁issues . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁by ▁O mar ▁Was ow , ▁an ▁Internet ▁anal yst , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁was ▁running ▁" New ▁York ▁Online ", ▁a ▁pre - web ▁community ▁he ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁from ▁his ▁living ▁room ▁in ▁Brook lyn . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁brain child ▁of ▁Was ow ▁and ▁Community ▁Connect ' s ▁CE O ▁Benjamin ▁Sun . ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁relative ▁late com er ▁to ▁social ▁media ▁sites , ▁with ▁three ▁already ▁in ▁existence ▁target ing ▁people ▁of ▁color . ▁Benjamin ▁Sun ▁would ▁also ▁launch ▁Asian A ve ▁and ▁Mi G ente . com . ▁ ▁Company ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁Community ▁Connect ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Community ▁Connect ▁also ▁runs ▁Asian A venue . com ▁and ▁Mi G ente . com ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Community ▁Connect ▁was ▁purchased ▁for ▁$ 3 8 |
MM ▁by ▁Radio ▁One , ▁a ▁Lan ham , ▁MD - based ▁media ▁begun ▁by ▁C ath y ▁Hugh es . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Black Plan et . com , ▁Mi G ente . com ▁and ▁Asian A venue . com ▁were ▁also ▁purchased . ▁This ▁move ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁Radio ▁One ▁to ▁divers ify ▁beyond ▁radio ▁to ▁reach ▁black ▁aud ien ces . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁bro ader ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁strength en ▁the ▁Black ▁community . ▁ ▁Website ▁The ▁most ▁popular ▁for ums ▁were ▁Current ▁Events , ▁Heritage ▁& ▁Identity , ▁Rel ations hips , ▁Religion ▁& ▁Spirit ual ity , ▁and ▁Women . ▁Was ow ▁says ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁home - g rown ▁software ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁move ▁between ▁personal ▁pages , ▁to ▁d ating , ▁chat , ▁and ▁message ▁bo ards , ▁foc using ▁on ▁connecting ▁people , ▁rather ▁than ▁feed ing ▁them ▁content . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁membership ▁log ▁on ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁home - page ▁bo asted ▁ 1 5 . 8 ▁million ▁registered ▁users ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁At ▁time ▁of ▁purchase ▁the ▁site ▁had ▁around ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁members ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁most - vis ited ▁U . S . ▁social ▁networking ▁site . ▁ ▁Target ▁A udi ence ▁▁ ▁Male ▁ 3 4 . 4 % ▁Fem ale ▁ 6 5 . 6 % ▁Med ian ▁Age : ▁ 3 |
2 ▁Att ended / Grad ▁College : ▁ 6 4 . 5 % ▁Com position ▁Black : ▁ 8 8 % ▁ ▁" Black Plan et ▁creates ▁brand ed ▁profile ▁pages ▁to ▁integrate ▁advert is ers ▁into ▁the ▁social ▁community , ▁en abling ▁members ▁to ▁eng age ▁as ▁friends "; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁personal ▁profiles ▁Black Plan et ▁also ▁allows ▁pages ▁for ▁br ands , ▁personal ities , ▁and ▁products . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Black Plan et ▁introduced ▁new ▁features ▁to ▁the ▁website , ▁including ▁a ▁Facebook - style ▁status ▁update , ▁and ▁a ▁news ▁bar ▁that ▁keeps ▁users ▁up - to - date ▁with ▁information ▁shared ▁on ▁Inter active ▁One ▁and ▁Black Plan et . ▁The ▁chat ▁function ▁was ▁also ▁updated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁the ▁current ▁chat ▁is ▁power ed ▁by ▁a ▁company ▁called ▁Ch at ▁Bla zer ▁and ▁is ▁Flash ▁based . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Black Plan et ▁launched ▁a ▁new ▁home page ▁that ▁included ▁an ▁Activity ▁Fe ed , ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁see ▁updates ▁from ▁everyone ▁on ▁Black Plan et , ▁either ▁friends ▁or ▁by ▁location . ▁ ▁Other ▁features ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁has ▁recently ▁introduced ▁two ▁interactive ▁games ▁for ▁users , ▁Farm and ia ▁and ▁Fish dom . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁describes ▁Farm and ia ▁as ▁follows : ▁" F arm and ia ▁puts ▁you ▁in ▁the ▁far mer ' s ▁seat . ▁G row ▁your ▁produce , ▁care ▁for ▁your ▁animals |
▁and ▁build ▁your ▁bar ns . ▁The ▁more ▁you ▁play , ▁the ▁more ▁points ▁you ' re ▁reward ed ▁so ▁you ▁can ▁keep ▁your ▁farm ▁in ▁business . ▁Need ▁a ▁little ▁help ? ▁Inv ite ▁other ▁Black Plan et ▁members ▁to ▁l end ▁a ▁hand ." ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁describes ▁Fish dom ▁thus ly ; ▁" When ▁you ' re ▁done ▁sp ending ▁time ▁on ▁the ▁farm , ▁grab ▁your ▁virtual ▁fish ing ▁rod ▁and ▁head ▁to ▁Fish dom ▁where ▁you ' re ▁responsible ▁for ▁feed ing ▁your ▁ex otic ▁collection ▁of ▁under water ▁friends . ▁You ▁better ▁ear n ▁your ▁bu cks ▁because ▁they ▁get ▁mighty ▁hun gry . ▁You ▁never ▁know ▁when ▁you ' ll ▁need ▁to ▁purchase ▁more ▁food , ▁access or ize ▁your ▁under water ▁kingdom ▁or ▁give ▁your ▁fish ▁some ▁new ▁friends ." ▁ ▁The ▁similar ities ▁to ▁Facebook ' s ▁Farm ville ▁have ▁not ▁gone ▁un not iced ▁by ▁the ▁Black Plan et ▁users , ▁who ▁point ▁out ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁improvement ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁infrastr ucture ▁and ▁principal ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁chat ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁games . ▁ ▁Mobile ▁applications ▁Black Plan et ▁also ▁introduced ▁mobile ▁apps ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁mobile ▁ph ones . ▁The ▁application ▁Black Plan et Mobile ▁was ▁free ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁introduced ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁exclusive ▁of ▁mobile ▁provider ▁charges . ▁Black Plan et Mobile ▁did ▁not ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁Black Ber ry , ▁G Phone , ▁iPhone , ▁or ▁Side k ick |
▁smart ph ones ▁when ▁introduced . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁Text ▁Alert s ▁are ▁also ▁available ▁to ▁alert ▁users ▁to ▁updates ▁and ▁notifications . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁opt - in ▁service . ▁ ▁Social ▁networks ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁stated ▁that ▁online ▁social ▁networks ▁have ▁come ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁modern ▁Internet ▁experience . ▁ ▁Black Plan et , ▁as ▁a ▁prec ursor ▁to ▁Facebook ▁and ▁Mys pace , ▁has ▁gone ▁some ▁way ▁to ▁influen cing ▁the ▁Internet ▁as ▁users ▁recogn ise ▁it . ▁Before ▁today ' s ▁popular ▁networks ▁allowed ▁you ▁to ▁" like " ▁posts , ▁" po ke " ▁cr ush es , ▁or ▁" ret weet " ▁cele brit ies , ▁web - s av vy ▁African ▁Americans ▁were ▁connecting ▁on ▁Black Plan et . ▁ ▁Was ow ▁himself ▁has ▁stated " ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Black Plan et ▁had ▁ 1 6 . 5 ▁million ▁members ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁page ▁views . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁online ▁media ▁entity ▁for ▁African - Amer icans ▁and ▁" the ▁grand d addy ▁of ▁social - network ing ▁sites " ▁ ▁, ▁Black Plan et ▁enjoyed ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 ▁million ▁unique ▁visitors ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Black Plan et ▁found ▁itself ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁fourth ▁most ▁popular ▁social ▁networking ▁tool ▁on ▁the ▁internet , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁vast ▁increase ▁in ▁Facebook , ▁Twitter ▁and ▁My Space ▁usage , ▁Black |
Plan et ▁fails ▁to ▁gain ▁recognition ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁social ▁networks ▁according ▁to ▁e B iz M BA , ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁leading ▁critics ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁' Black Plan et ▁has ▁fallen ▁to ▁the ▁way side ▁as ▁other ▁networks ▁have ▁taken ▁the ▁social ▁network ▁mant le .' ▁List ▁of ▁social ▁networking ▁websites ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁util ises ▁other ▁social ▁networking ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁Twitter ▁and ▁Facebook ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reach ▁new ▁and ▁potential ▁users . ▁Its ▁Twitter ▁feed ▁is ▁updated ▁on ▁a ▁near ▁daily ▁basis , ▁comment ing ▁and ▁highlight ing ▁points ▁of ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁black ▁community . ▁Rec ent ▁twe ets ▁include : ▁" 8 3 % ▁of ▁B P ▁vot ers ▁think ▁non - Black ▁rapp ers ▁shouldn ' t ▁use ▁the ▁# n word ... ▁what ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁about ▁that ?" ▁and , ▁" We ave ▁secre ts ▁revealed . ▁Go ▁from ▁d rab ▁to ▁fab ▁in ▁ 5 ▁minutes ." ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁Twitter ▁feed ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁post ▁announ c ements ▁and ▁updates ▁regarding ▁the ▁Black Plan et ▁site ▁itself . ▁W ider ▁political ▁issues ▁are ▁also ▁mentioned , ▁including : ▁" What ▁will ▁you ▁do ▁# if g overn ment sh uts down ?" ▁ ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁Facebook ▁page ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁encou rage ▁discussion ▁of ▁issues ▁both ▁directly ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁applicable ▁to ▁its ▁community ▁of ▁African - American ▁users . ▁The ▁Facebook ▁status ▁update ▁feature ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁ask |
▁questions ▁to ▁the ▁page ▁follow ers , ▁and ▁is ▁well ▁respond ed ▁to ▁in ▁general . ▁Question s ▁have ▁included , ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁Black ▁Mar riage ▁Day ? ", ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁people ▁using ▁the ▁term ▁' gh etto ' ▁when ▁describing ▁something ▁that ' s ▁not ▁des irable ? ", ▁and , ▁" Men , ▁do ▁you ▁ever ▁pam per ▁yourself ▁with ▁a ▁gentleman ' s ▁fa cial , ▁man ic ure ▁or ▁p edic ure ? ▁Lad ies , ▁what ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁men ▁who ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁their ▁skin ▁and ▁n ails ?" ▁ ▁Both ▁social ▁networking ▁tools ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁advert ise ▁the ▁" Member ▁of ▁the ▁Day " ▁feature , ▁drawing ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁chosen ▁member . ▁Ac company ing ▁a ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁member ' s ▁profile ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁comment ▁such ▁as , ▁" She ' s ▁beautiful , ▁she ' s ▁single , ▁she ' s ▁our ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁Check ▁her ▁out ", ▁and , ▁" St ill ▁need ▁proof ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁pre tt iest ▁members ▁on ▁the ▁planet ? ▁You ' re ▁welcome ." ▁ ▁Eth ics ▁Was ow ▁says ▁he ▁occasionally ▁gets ▁questions ▁about ▁whether ▁Black Plan et ▁is ▁fost ering ▁ra cial ▁separ at ism . ▁" Vol unt arily ▁social izing ▁with ▁people ▁who ▁share ▁your ▁interests ▁is ▁what ▁freedom ▁is ▁all ▁about ," ▁he ▁says . ▁" Any body ▁can ▁join |
▁any ▁of ▁the ▁sites . ▁We ▁found ▁we ▁were ▁not ▁seg reg ating ▁the ▁web ." ▁ ▁However , ▁n iche ▁community ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁Black Plan et ▁do ▁host ▁users ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁promote ▁separ at ism , ▁such ▁as ▁gang s , ▁and ▁this ▁has ▁not ▁gone ▁un not iced . ▁" G angs ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁presence ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁since ▁its ▁in ception . ▁ ▁This ▁became ▁notice able ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁fashion able ▁for ▁gang s ▁to ▁use ▁free ▁web space ▁from ▁internet ▁service ▁prov iders ▁to ▁put ▁up ▁their ▁own ▁gang ▁webpage ." ▁F inding ▁gang s ▁on ▁Ge o C ities , ▁black plan et , ▁and ▁especially ▁Mys pace , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁internet ▁service ▁prov iders ▁( IS P s ), ▁provided ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁what ▁today ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁gang ▁internet ▁investigation , ▁a ▁special ized ▁area ▁of ▁expert ise ▁in ▁gang ▁investigation . ▁▁ ▁Gary ▁D au ph in , ▁an ▁original ▁employee ▁of ▁Black Plan et , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁while ▁the ▁eth nic ity ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁own ers ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁understanding ▁the ▁site , ▁own ers ▁of ▁one ▁eth nic ity ▁can ▁sometimes ▁serve ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁another ▁eth nic ity . ▁" Black Plan et , ▁where ▁I ▁got ▁my ▁start ▁on ▁the ▁Web , ▁was ▁owned ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁early ▁life ▁by ▁a ▁largely ▁Asian ▁American ▁group , ▁and ▁I ▁would ▁vent ure ▁that ▁that |
▁period ▁was ▁the ▁site ' s ▁fin est ▁hour . ▁The ▁ownership ▁wasn ' t ▁African - American , ▁but ▁it ▁did ▁understand ▁the ▁underlying ▁call ▁to ▁service ▁imp lied ▁in ▁running ▁an ▁eth nic ▁site , ▁and ▁moreover , ▁they ▁had ▁high ▁amb itions ▁for ▁their ▁company ▁as ▁a ▁Web ▁community ▁platform ▁provider ▁that ▁raised ▁the ▁bar ▁for ▁B P ▁overall ." ▁ ▁Law suit ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁an ▁anonymous ▁model ▁file d ▁a ▁federal ▁law suit ▁against ▁Black Plan et . com ▁regarding ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁incident ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁dru gg ed ▁and ▁ra ped ▁by ▁two ▁men ▁who ▁met ▁the ▁woman ▁through ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁men ▁( 4 0 - year - old ▁Lav ont ▁Fland ers , ▁Jr . ▁and ▁ 4 5 - year - old ▁Em erson ▁Call um ) ▁were ▁conv icted ▁by ▁a ▁federal ▁j ury ▁in ▁Miami ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁of ▁multiple ▁sex - related ▁and ▁consp i racy ▁charges ▁and ▁were ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁The ▁woman ▁alleg es ▁that ▁Black Plan et . com ▁" failed ▁to ▁warn ▁women ▁about ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁sexual ▁pred ators ". ▁The ▁site ' s ▁parent ▁company ▁told ▁the ▁Miami ▁Her ald ▁it ▁" ve h ement ly " ▁den ies ▁the ▁alleg ations . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁press ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the |
▁press ▁when ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Def ense ▁or ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁b anned ▁it ▁amongst ▁other ▁sites ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁free ▁up ▁band width , ▁suggesting ▁high ▁usage ▁levels . ▁Other ▁b anned ▁sites ▁included : ▁file c abi . com , ▁Hi 5 , ▁i Fil m , ▁Met aca fe , ▁MTV . com , ▁Mys pace , ▁P and ora ▁Radio , ▁Phot ob uck et , ▁St up id V ideos , ▁and ▁YouTube . ▁The ▁Def ense ▁network ▁contains ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁local ▁and ▁regional ▁networks ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁million ▁computers ▁in ▁the ▁grid . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁gained ▁considerable ▁public ity ▁when ▁then - S en ator ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ▁began ▁using ▁the ▁site ▁on ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁during ▁his ▁president ial ▁campaign ▁bid . ▁ ▁Within ▁ 1 0 ▁days , ▁he ▁had ▁gained ▁nearly ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁friends . ▁In ▁an ▁online ▁poll ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁site , ▁over ▁ 2 / 3 ▁of ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁online ▁community ▁stated ▁their ▁intention ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election . ▁The ▁media ▁perce ived ▁this ▁participation ▁in ▁a ▁n iche ▁social ▁networking ▁tool ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" sm art ▁move " ▁by ▁the ▁Senator . ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁President ▁Ob ama ▁had ▁ 4 5 0 |
, 5 7 9 ▁friends ▁on ▁Black Plan et . ▁The ▁page ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁updated ▁with ▁regular ▁blog ▁posts , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁feature ▁recent ▁status ▁updates . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁is ▁a ▁Black Plan et ▁users ' ▁community ▁project ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁website ▁to ▁encou rage ▁community ▁support ▁and ▁services ▁by ▁its ▁members . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁mission ▁they ▁aim ▁to ▁motiv ate ▁and ▁involve ▁individuals ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁civ ic ▁eng agement . ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁hosts ▁a ▁blog ▁which ▁contains ▁posts ▁from ▁Black Plan et ▁users . ▁Fe ature d ▁authors ▁are ▁highlight ed ▁along ▁with ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Don ations ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁works ▁with ▁a ▁char itable ▁organization ▁called ▁Don ors Cho ose , ▁which ▁connect s ▁users ▁to ▁offer ▁don ations ▁of ▁critical ▁resources , ▁such ▁as ▁books , ▁supplies , ▁computers , ▁field ▁tri ps ▁and ▁guest ▁speak ers ▁to ▁public ▁schools . ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁don ations ▁and ▁projects ▁to ▁support ▁is ▁available ▁through ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁and ▁Don ors Cho ose . ▁" Double ▁Your ▁Imp act " ▁support ▁programs ▁involve ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' s ▁matching ▁user ▁don ations . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' s ▁G iving ▁page ▁via ▁Don ors Cho ose ▁had ▁reached ▁$ 1 1 , 0 2 3 ▁don ated ▁by ▁ 3 6 ▁don ors , ▁reaching ▁ 5 , |
1 9 0 ▁students ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Events ▁Past ▁events ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁include ▁fund rais ers ▁for ▁earth qu ake ▁and ▁t sun ami ▁relief ▁projects , ▁volunte er ▁drives ▁for ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁hom eless ness , ▁and ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁Tel A fr ic ▁at ▁the ▁Houston ▁Museum ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁Culture , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Vol unte ers ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' s ▁Vol unte er Match ▁site ▁matches ▁user ' s ▁locations ▁with ▁volunte er ▁opportun ities ▁in ▁their ▁area . ▁They ▁quote ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ' s ▁election ▁as ▁President ▁as ▁a ▁call ▁for ▁users ▁to ▁" br ing ▁a ▁new ▁energy ▁and ▁ag enda ▁to ▁our ▁country ". ▁▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁opportun ities ▁include ▁educational ▁programs , ▁health ▁programs , ▁social ▁rights ▁programs ▁and ▁other ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁support ▁one ' s ▁community . ▁ ▁R iser ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁ ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁community ▁campaign ▁has ▁identified ▁a ▁" R iser ▁of ▁the ▁Month " ▁since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁These ▁are ▁often ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁advoc ates , ▁and ▁community ▁activ ists ▁who ▁support ▁the ▁African - American ▁community . ▁The ▁website ▁contains ▁a ▁feature ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁individual ▁chosen ▁each ▁month . ▁ ▁Ris ers ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁include : ▁J anks ▁Mort on ▁– ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Kevin ▁Pow ell ▁– ▁February ▁ |
2 0 1 1 ▁Mike ▁Ox l ittle ▁- ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁O ni ▁Joseph ▁– ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Ryan ▁Mack ▁– ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁George ▁L . ▁Cook ▁III ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Black vo ices . com ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁media ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁news ▁websites ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Internet ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hon . ▁B az ale el ▁T aft ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁at ▁ 2 4 0 ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁portion ▁of ▁this ▁now - large ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁c . ▁ 1 7 8 0 - 9 0 ▁by ▁B az ale el ▁T aft , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁fine ▁regional ▁example ▁of ▁late ▁Georg ian ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁adapted ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁which ▁has ▁since ▁closed . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁The ▁B az ale el ▁T aft ▁House ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁center ▁on ▁Massachusetts ▁Route ▁ 1 2 2 ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Route ▁ |
1 4 6 A . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 / 2 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁structure , ▁with ▁a ▁two - level ▁hip ▁roof ▁and ▁cla p board ed ▁exterior . ▁ ▁Att ached ▁to ▁its ▁east ▁and ▁north ▁are ▁a ▁modern ▁addition ▁made ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁building ' s ▁restaurant ▁conversion . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁as ▁two ▁primary ▁fac ades , ▁one ▁facing ▁west ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁south . ▁ ▁Each ▁is ▁five ▁b ays ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁entrance ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁pil aster s ▁and ▁to pped ▁by ▁a ▁trans om ▁window , ▁ent abl ature , ▁and ▁g abled ▁ped iment . ▁ ▁The ▁lower ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁roof ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁has ▁three ▁g abled ▁d orm ers . ▁ ▁The ▁exact ▁construction ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁is ▁not ▁known . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁on ▁which ▁it ▁stands ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁locally ▁prominent ▁T aft ▁family , ▁beginning ▁with ▁Daniel ▁T aft ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁considered ▁locally ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁built ▁around ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁by ▁B az ale el ▁T aft , ▁Daniel ' s ▁grand son . ▁ ▁T aft ▁was ▁like ▁his ▁father ▁the ▁town ' s ▁largest ▁land owner ▁of ▁the ▁period , ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁local ▁and ▁state ▁politics , ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁state ▁representative ▁and ▁sen ator , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Governor ' s ▁Council . ▁ ▁T |
aft ' s ▁son - in - law , ▁Joseph ▁Th ayer , ▁and ▁his ▁daughter ▁Ch lo e ▁next ▁occupied ▁the ▁house ; ▁Th ayer ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁further ing ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Black stone ▁Canal , ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁T aft ▁family ▁land ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁serving ▁in ▁that ▁role ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁has ▁since ▁stood ▁vac ant . ▁ ▁Local ▁leg ends ▁During ▁the ▁restaurant ▁conversion , ▁a ▁H ess ian ▁sword ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁walls , ▁supporting ▁a ▁local ▁legend ▁that ▁German ▁mer cen aries ▁had ▁visited ▁the ▁property ▁as ▁they ▁march ed ▁through ▁the ▁Black stone ▁Valley ▁during ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁renov ations ▁un cover ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁' c ub by ▁holes ' ▁throughout ▁the ▁m ansion , ▁constructed ▁for ▁no ▁apparent ▁reason , ▁which ▁supported ▁another ▁local ▁legend ▁that ▁hiding ▁sp ots ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁conce al ▁escaped ▁slaves ▁on ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁to ▁Canada . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Wor c ester ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : |
H istor ic ▁district ▁contrib uting ▁properties ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁( ice ▁hockey ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc eman ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁( football er ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Swedish ▁footballer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Jes per ▁Matt son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 5 ), ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc eman <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁village ▁located ▁in ▁H ig ashi y aman ashi ▁District , ▁Y aman ashi ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 4 9 5 ▁and ▁a ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 4 . 7 4 ▁persons ▁per ▁km ². ▁The ▁total ▁area ▁is ▁ 4 3 . 0 3 ▁km ². ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁by ▁mer ging ▁five ▁villages ▁from ▁two ▁different ▁districts : ▁H aj ik ano , ▁and ▁T sur use ▁from ▁H ig ashi - y aman ashi ; ▁Tok usa , ▁T ano , ▁and ▁H ik age ▁from ▁H ig ashi - y ats ush iro . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Yam ato , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁En zan , ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁K ats un uma ▁( also ▁from ▁H ig ashi y aman |
ashi ▁District ), ▁was ▁merged ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K ō sh ū . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁K ō sh ū ▁official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : D iss ol ved ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Y aman ashi ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁ Ș er ban ▁Mar ines cu ▁( born ▁▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁film ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁P ite ști ▁Category : R oman ian ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : R oman ian ▁screen writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁applied ▁mathematics , ▁the ▁numerical ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁numer ically ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁integral ▁of ▁a ▁highly ▁oscill atory ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁variables . ▁N umer ical ▁methods ▁fail ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁near - can cellation ▁of ▁the ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁integral . ▁Each ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁integrated ▁to ▁very ▁high ▁precision ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁their ▁difference ▁to ▁be ▁obtained ▁with ▁useful ▁accuracy . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁un sol ved ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁many - part icle ▁systems . ▁It ▁often ▁ar ises ▁in ▁calculations ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁system ▁with ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions , ▁or ▁in ▁field ▁theories ▁involving ▁a ▁non - zero ▁density ▁of |
▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁In ▁physics ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁typically ▁( but ▁not ▁exclus ively ) ▁encountered ▁in ▁calculations ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁system ▁with ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions , ▁or ▁in ▁field ▁theories ▁involving ▁a ▁non - zero ▁density ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions . ▁Because ▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁strongly ▁interact ing , ▁perturb ation ▁theory ▁is ▁in app lic able , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁use ▁br ute - force ▁numerical ▁methods . ▁Because ▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁ferm ions , ▁their ▁wave function ▁changes ▁sign ▁when ▁any ▁two ▁ferm ions ▁are ▁inter changed ▁( due ▁to ▁the ▁anti - sym met ry ▁of ▁the ▁wave ▁function , ▁see ▁Paul i ▁principle ). ▁So ▁unless ▁there ▁are ▁can cell ations ▁ar ising ▁from ▁some ▁symmetry ▁of ▁the ▁system , ▁the ▁quantum - me chan ical ▁sum ▁over ▁all ▁multi - part icle ▁states ▁involves ▁an ▁integral ▁over ▁a ▁function ▁that ▁is ▁highly ▁oscill atory , ▁hence ▁hard ▁to ▁evaluate ▁numer ically , ▁particularly ▁in ▁high ▁dimension . ▁Since ▁the ▁dimension ▁of ▁the ▁integral ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁particles , ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁becomes ▁severe ▁in ▁the ▁therm od ynamic ▁limit . ▁The ▁field - the or etic ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁discussed ▁below . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁un sol ved ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁many - part icle ▁systems , ▁imp eding ▁progress ▁in |
▁many ▁areas : ▁ ▁Cond ensed ▁matter ▁physics ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁numerical ▁solution ▁of ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁density ▁of ▁strongly ▁correl ated ▁electrons , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Hub b ard ▁model . ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁physics ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁ab ▁init io ▁calculation ▁of ▁properties ▁of ▁nuclear ▁matter ▁and ▁hence ▁limits ▁our ▁understanding ▁of ▁nuc lei ▁and ▁neut ron ▁stars . ▁ ▁Quant um ▁field ▁theory ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁lattice ▁Q CD ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁phases ▁and ▁properties ▁of ▁qu ark ▁matter . ▁( In ▁lattice ▁field ▁theory , ▁the ▁problem ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁complex ▁action ▁problem .) ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁in ▁field ▁theory ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁field ▁theory ▁approach ▁to ▁multi - part icle ▁systems , ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁density ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁chemical ▁potential ▁. ▁One ▁evalu ates ▁the ▁partition ▁function ▁ ▁by ▁sum ming ▁over ▁all ▁classical ▁field ▁configurations , ▁weight ed ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁configuration . ▁The ▁sum ▁over ▁ferm ion ▁fields ▁can ▁be ▁performed ▁analyt ically , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁left ▁with ▁a ▁sum ▁over ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields ▁ ▁( which ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁theory , ▁or ▁have ▁been ▁produced ▁by ▁a ▁Hub b ard – Str aton ov ich ▁transformation ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁action ▁quadratic ) ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁represents ▁the ▁measure ▁for ▁the ▁sum ▁over ▁all ▁configurations ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields , ▁weight ed ▁by |
▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁matrix ▁that ▁enc odes ▁how ▁the ▁ferm ions ▁were ▁couple d ▁to ▁the ▁bos ons . ▁The ▁expectation ▁value ▁of ▁an ▁observable ▁ ▁is ▁therefore ▁an ▁average ▁over ▁all ▁configurations ▁weight ed ▁by ▁▁ ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁positive , ▁then ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁probability ▁measure , ▁and ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁calculated ▁by ▁performing ▁the ▁sum ▁over ▁field ▁configurations ▁numer ically , ▁using ▁standard ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁importance ▁sampling . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁ar ises ▁when ▁ ▁is ▁non - pos itive . ▁This ▁typically ▁occurs ▁in ▁theories ▁of ▁ferm ions ▁when ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁chemical ▁potential ▁ ▁is ▁non zero , ▁i . e . ▁when ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁non zero ▁background ▁density ▁of ▁ferm ions . ▁If ▁ ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁particle - ant ip article ▁symmetry , ▁and ▁, ▁and ▁hence ▁the ▁weight ▁, ▁is ▁in ▁general ▁a ▁complex ▁number , ▁so ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁importance ▁sampling ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁integral . ▁ ▁Re weight ing ▁procedure ▁▁ ▁A ▁field ▁theory ▁with ▁a ▁non - pos itive ▁weight ▁can ▁be ▁transformed ▁to ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁positive ▁weight , ▁by ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁non - pos itive ▁part ▁( sign ▁or ▁complex ▁phase ) ▁of ▁the ▁weight ▁into ▁the ▁observable . ▁For ▁example , ▁one ▁could ▁de compose ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁into ▁its ▁mod ulus ▁and ▁phase , ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁real ▁and ▁positive , |
▁so ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁desired ▁expectation ▁value ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁ratio ▁where ▁the ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denomin ator ▁are ▁expectation ▁values ▁that ▁both ▁use ▁a ▁positive ▁weight ing ▁function , ▁. ▁However , ▁the ▁phase ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁oscill atory ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁configuration ▁space , ▁so ▁if ▁one ▁uses ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denomin ator , ▁each ▁of ▁them ▁will ▁evaluate ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁number , ▁whose ▁exact ▁value ▁is ▁sw amp ed ▁by ▁the ▁noise ▁inher ent ▁in ▁the ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁sampling ▁process . ▁The ▁" bad ness " ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁measured ▁by ▁the ▁small ness ▁of ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁: ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 ▁then ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁severe . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁( e . g .) ▁that ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁system , ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁temperature , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁energy ▁density . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁sampling ▁points ▁needed ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁accurate ▁result ▁therefore ▁r ises ▁expon entially ▁as ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁becomes ▁large , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁temperature ▁goes ▁to ▁zero . ▁ ▁The ▁decomposition ▁of ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁into ▁mod ulus ▁and ▁phase ▁is ▁just ▁one ▁example ▁( although ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁advoc ated ▁as ▁the ▁optimal ▁choice ▁since ▁it ▁minim izes ▁the ▁variance ▁of ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁). ▁In ▁general ▁one ▁could ▁write ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁any ▁positive ▁weight ing ▁function ▁( for ▁example |
, ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁theory .) ▁The ▁bad ness ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁then ▁measured ▁by ▁ ▁which ▁again ▁goes ▁to ▁zero ▁expon entially ▁in ▁the ▁large - volume ▁limit . ▁ ▁Method s ▁for ▁reducing ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁N P - hard , ▁imp lying ▁that ▁a ▁full ▁and ▁generic ▁solution ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁would ▁also ▁solve ▁all ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁complexity ▁class ▁N P ▁in ▁polynomial ▁time . ▁If ▁( as ▁is ▁generally ▁sus pected ) ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁polynomial - time ▁solutions ▁to ▁N P ▁problems ▁( see ▁P ▁versus ▁N P ▁problem ), ▁then ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁generic ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁sign ▁problem . ▁This ▁leaves ▁open ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁solutions ▁that ▁work ▁in ▁specific ▁cases , ▁where ▁the ▁oscill ations ▁of ▁the ▁integr and ▁have ▁a ▁structure ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁explo ited ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁numerical ▁errors . ▁ ▁In ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁moder ate ▁sign ▁problem , ▁such ▁as ▁field ▁theories ▁at ▁a ▁sufficiently ▁high ▁temperature ▁or ▁in ▁a ▁sufficiently ▁small ▁volume , ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁severe ▁and ▁useful ▁results ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁various ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁more ▁carefully ▁tun ed ▁re weight ing , ▁analyt ic ▁continu ation ▁from ▁imag inary ▁ ▁to ▁real ▁, ▁or ▁Taylor ▁expansion ▁in ▁powers ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁propos als ▁for ▁solving ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁severe ▁sign ▁problem : ▁▁ ▁Mer on - cluster ▁algorithms . ▁These ▁achieve ▁an |
▁exponential ▁speed - up ▁by ▁decom pos ing ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁world ▁lines ▁into ▁clusters ▁that ▁contribute ▁independently . ▁Cl uster ▁algorithms ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁for ▁certain ▁theories , ▁but ▁not ▁for ▁the ▁Hub b ard ▁model ▁of ▁electrons , ▁nor ▁for ▁Q CD , ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁qu arks . ▁ ▁Sto ch astic ▁quant ization . ▁The ▁sum ▁over ▁configurations ▁is ▁obtained ▁as ▁the ▁equilibrium ▁distribution ▁of ▁states ▁expl ored ▁by ▁a ▁complex ▁L ange vin ▁equation . ▁So ▁far , ▁the ▁algorithm ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁e va de ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁in ▁test ▁models ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁sign ▁problem ▁but ▁do ▁not ▁involve ▁ferm ions . ▁ ▁F ixed - node ▁method . ▁One ▁fixes ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁nodes ▁( zer os ) ▁of ▁the ▁multip article ▁wave function , ▁and ▁uses ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁energy ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁state , ▁subject ▁to ▁that ▁constraint . ▁ ▁Major ana ▁algorithms . ▁Using ▁Major ana ▁ferm ion ▁representation ▁to ▁perform ▁Hub b ard - Str aton ov ich ▁transformations ▁can ▁help ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁sign ▁problem ▁of ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁ferm ionic ▁many - body ▁models . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Method ▁of ▁station ary ▁phase ▁ ▁O sc ill atory ▁integral ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Stat ist ical ▁mechan ics ▁Category : N umer ical ▁arte fact s ▁Category : Uns ol ved ▁problems ▁in ▁physics <0x0A> </s> ▁Kath ry n ▁Mary ▁Gar ra way ▁( born |
▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁journalist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁present er ▁of ▁Mid ▁M orn ings ▁with ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio ▁and ▁co - anchor ▁( on ▁Frid ays ) ▁of ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain ▁on ▁I TV ▁Break fast . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁teacher . ▁She ▁attended ▁Dun more ▁Primary ▁School ▁and ▁Fitz har rys ▁School ▁in ▁Ab ing don . ▁She ▁then ▁graduated ▁from ▁Bath ▁College ▁of ▁High er ▁Education ▁with ▁a ▁B A ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁History . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Television ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁the ▁South ▁edition ▁of ▁I TV ▁News ▁Central ▁on ▁I TV ▁Central ▁as ▁a ▁production ▁journalist , ▁rep orter ▁and ▁news ▁present er . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁became ▁co - present er ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁East ▁edition ▁of ▁I TV ▁News ▁Mer id ian ▁on ▁I TV ▁Mer id ian ▁after ▁she ▁was ▁" tal ent ▁sp otted " ▁by ▁a ▁b oss ▁who ▁viewed ▁her ▁present ing ▁a ▁three - min ute ▁bullet in ▁on ▁I TV ▁Central . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁Sun r ise ▁on ▁Sky ▁News ▁with ▁Martin ▁Stan ford . ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁G M TV ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁co |
- present ing ▁G M TV ▁Today ▁with ▁Andrew ▁Castle ▁each ▁Friday ▁( and ▁Th urs days ▁later ▁on ). ▁Gar ra way ▁eventually ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁share ▁present ing ▁duties ▁with ▁F iona ▁Phill ips ▁and ▁ ▁Emma ▁C ros by . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁when ▁G M TV ▁rela unch ed , ▁she ▁co - host ed ▁the ▁programme ▁with ▁Ben ▁She ph ard , ▁present ing ▁on ▁Monday , ▁T ues day ▁and ▁alternate ▁Wed nes days . ▁During ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁time ▁at ▁G M TV , ▁she ▁had ▁also ▁co - present ed ▁with ▁ ▁E am onn ▁Hol mes , ▁John ▁St ap leton ▁and ▁Dan ▁L obb . ▁She ▁presented ▁her ▁final ▁show ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁She ▁presented ▁one ▁series ▁of ▁To o ▁Many ▁Cook s ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁question er ▁on ▁The ▁People ' s ▁Qu iz . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Gar ra way ▁presented ▁The ▁Big gest ▁Los er ▁for ▁I TV . ▁She ▁was ▁later ▁replaced ▁by ▁Dav ina ▁Mc Call . ▁Gar ra way ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁pan ell ist ▁on ▁Wall ▁of ▁Fame , ▁hosted ▁by ▁David ▁Wal li ams . ▁ ▁She ▁became ▁entertain ment ▁editor ▁of ▁Day break ▁on ▁I TV ▁Break fast ▁( the ▁successor ▁to ▁G M TV ) ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 |
1 0 . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁took ▁over ▁from ▁Christ ine ▁Ble ak ley ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁present er ▁on ▁an ▁inter im ▁basis . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁Lor raine ▁Kelly ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁permanent ▁replacement ▁for ▁Ble ak ley ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Gar ra way ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁contract ▁to ▁present ▁each ▁Friday ▁in ▁Kelly ' s ▁absence . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁Kelly ▁would ▁addition ally ▁front ▁the ▁Friday ▁edition ▁of ▁Lor raine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Day break ▁would ▁be ▁cancel led ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain . ▁However , ▁with ▁these ▁changes , ▁came ▁the ▁news ▁that ▁Lor raine ▁Kelly ▁would ▁be ▁present ing ▁Lor raine ▁five ▁days ▁a ▁week , ▁meaning ▁that ▁Gar ra way ▁no ▁longer ▁continued ▁to ▁present ▁Kelly ' s ▁show ▁on ▁Frid ays . ▁She ▁hosted ▁her ▁final ▁Day break ▁and ▁Lor raine ▁shows ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ahead ▁of ▁joining ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁Since ▁joining ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain , ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁appearances ▁on ▁Lor raine ▁have ▁become ▁less ▁frequent . ▁Gar ra way ▁once ▁again ▁became |
▁inter im ▁main ▁present er ▁on ▁I TV ▁Break fast ▁when ▁Ben ▁She ph erd ▁cut ▁his ▁appearances ▁each ▁week ▁to ▁just ▁two ; ▁which ▁meant ▁Gar ra way ▁hosted ▁four ▁times ▁a ▁week ▁until ▁P iers ▁Morgan ▁joined ▁the ▁show ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁From ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁until ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Gar ra way ▁occasionally ▁presented ▁The ▁National ▁Lot tery ▁Draw s ▁on ▁BBC ▁One . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁came o ▁appearance ▁in ▁Hol ly o aks . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Gar ra way ▁would ▁be ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁series ▁of ▁I ' m ▁a ▁C ele br ity ... Get ▁Me ▁Out ▁of ▁Here !. ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁Dan cing ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁fifth ▁series ▁of ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁Dan cing , ▁partner ed ▁with ▁professional ▁dan cer ▁Anton ▁du ▁Be ke . ▁Gar ra way ▁finished ▁ 8 th ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁cou ples ▁despite ▁receiving ▁the ▁lowest ▁score ▁from ▁the ▁jud ges ▁in ▁every ▁week ▁but ▁one , ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁repeatedly ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁vote , ▁prior ▁to ▁her ▁elim ination ▁in ▁week ▁seven . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gar ra way ▁launched ▁legal ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁Sunday ▁Mir ror ▁after ▁it ▁published ▁a ▁photograph ▁of ▁her ▁emb rac ing ▁du ▁Be |
ke , ▁ins inu ating ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁having ▁an ▁affair , ▁which ▁the ▁pair ▁both ▁denied . ▁ ▁Radio ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁broadcast ing ▁career ▁began ▁with ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁Oxford , ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁become ▁an ▁Independent ▁Television ▁News ▁tra ine e ▁journalist ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gar ra way ▁co - present ed ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁' Week end ▁Break fast ' ▁( with ▁Col in ▁Pat erson ). ▁Over ▁the ▁week end ▁of ▁ 8 ▁September , ▁Gar ra way ▁again ▁presented ▁' Week end ▁Break fast ' ▁with ▁Col in ▁P atter son . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁stood ▁in ▁for ▁Andrew ▁Castle ▁for ▁a ▁show ▁on ▁L BC ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Since ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gar ra way ▁has ▁presented ▁Mid ▁M orn ings ▁with ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁ 1 0 am – 1 pm ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Gar ra way ▁married ▁Ian ▁Rum sey , ▁her ▁former ▁b oss ▁at ▁I TV ▁Mer id ian , ▁in ▁her ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Ab ing don , ▁Oxford shire ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁They ▁divor ced ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gar ra way ▁married ▁D erek ▁Dra per ▁in ▁Cam den , ▁London . |
▁Dra per ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁a ide ▁to ▁former ▁Labour ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁Peter ▁Mand el son , ▁and ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁sc andal ▁known ▁as ▁" L ob by gate ". ▁The ▁couple ' s ▁first ▁child , ▁a ▁daughter , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Hamm ers m ith ▁and ▁Ful ham , ▁London , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Their ▁second ▁child , ▁a ▁son ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁is ▁a ▁char ity ▁amb assador ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁Make - A - W ish ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁She ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁entitled ▁" The ▁Joy ▁of ▁Big ▁Kn ick ers ▁( or ▁learning ▁to ▁love ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁your ▁life ) ". ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁she ▁revealed ▁her ▁husband , ▁D erek ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁Cov id 1 9 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁Television ▁ ▁Gu est ▁appearances ▁ ▁Have ▁I ▁Got ▁News ▁for ▁You ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁The ▁Wright ▁St uff ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ 8 ▁Out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁C ats ▁( 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁C ele br ity ▁Stars ▁in ▁Their ▁E yes ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁The ▁F ▁Word ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Alan ▁Car r ' s ▁C ele br ity ▁D ing ▁D |
ong ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Sho oting ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁As ▁Se en ▁on ▁TV ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Who ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁a ▁Mill ion aire ? ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Who ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁a ▁Mill ion aire ? ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁All ▁Star ▁Family ▁Fort unes ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Point less ▁C ele brit ies ▁( 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁P addy ' s ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Show ▁& ▁T elly ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁This ▁Mor ning ▁( 2 0 1 2 ; ▁ 5 ▁episodes ) ▁C ele br ity ▁Ju ice ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Tr icked ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁The ▁Ch ase : ▁C ele br ity ▁Special ▁( 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁The ▁Gu ess ▁List ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁C ele br ity ▁Fif teen ▁to ▁One ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Point less ▁C ele brit ies ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁James ▁Martin : ▁Home ▁Com fort s ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁The ▁Keith ▁Lem on ▁Sk etch ▁Show ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁The ▁TV ▁That ▁Made ▁Me ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Saf ew ord ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Through ▁the |
▁Key hole ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Hol ly o aks ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Gu ess ▁the ▁Star ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Saturday ▁Mor ning ▁with ▁James ▁Martin ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁The ▁Cry stal ▁Maz e ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁T ipping ▁Point : ▁L ucky ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University ▁Category : B rit ish ▁inf ot ain ers ▁Category : English ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁correspond ents ▁Category : English ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : GM TV ▁present ers ▁and ▁rep or ters ▁Category : I ' m ▁a ▁C ele br ity ... Get ▁Me ▁Out ▁of ▁Here ! ▁( B rit ish ▁TV ▁series ) ▁participants ▁Category : IT V ▁Break fast ▁present ers ▁and ▁rep or ters ▁Category : IT V ▁regional ▁news read ers ▁and ▁journal ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ab ing don - on - Th ames ▁Category : S mo oth ▁Network ▁present ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Buck sk in ▁Mountain ▁State ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁park ▁located ▁near ▁Parker , ▁Arizona , ▁USA . ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁developed ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁River ▁Island ▁Unit ▁or ▁River ▁Island ▁State ▁Park . ▁ ▁Both ▁park ▁areas ▁have |
▁sh or eline ▁on ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River ▁and ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁Buck sk in ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁provides ▁camp ing ▁and ▁water ▁recre ation ▁opportun ities . ▁ ▁Both ▁par ks ▁have ▁been ▁maintained ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Service ▁Program : ▁Amer i Cor ps ▁N CC C . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁hosted ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁team ▁in ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁their ▁cam ps ite ▁& ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁park ▁with ▁general ▁maintenance , ▁input ting ▁a ▁f ence , ▁dig ging ▁water ▁ret ention ▁p its ▁& ▁significantly ▁clean ing ▁up ▁the ▁beach ▁areas . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁& ▁park ▁r angers ▁also ▁began ▁an ▁ir rig ation ▁project ▁for ▁the ▁dog ▁run ▁that ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁finished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Buck sk in ▁State ▁Park ▁& ▁River ▁Island ▁State ▁are ▁primarily ▁operated ▁by ▁volunte ers ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁park ▁r angers ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁par ks . ▁ ▁Both ▁sites ▁are ▁home ▁to ▁many ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁birds , ▁insect s , ▁fish ▁& ▁plant ▁life , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁winter ▁haven ▁for ▁travel ers ▁from ▁up ▁North . ▁ ▁Fish ▁species ▁ ▁L arg em outh ▁Bass ▁ ▁St rip ed ▁Bass ▁ ▁Bull head ▁ ▁Cat fish ▁( Channel ) ▁ ▁Red ear ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Green ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Bl u eg ill ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Car p ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Arizona |
▁State ▁Park s : ▁Buck sk in ▁Mountain ▁Arizona ▁State ▁Park s : ▁River ▁Island ▁Arizona ▁Bo ating ▁Loc ations ▁Fac ilities ▁Map ▁Arizona ▁Fish ing ▁Loc ations ▁Map ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Arizona ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁La ▁Paz ▁County , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁on ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River ▁Category : State ▁par ks ▁of ▁Arizona <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁John ston ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁home ▁located ▁near ▁Y ance y ville , ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁about ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁two - story , ▁three ▁bay ▁by ▁two ▁bay , ▁hall - and - par lor ▁plan ▁frame ▁dwell ing ▁with ▁Federal ▁style ▁architect ural ▁details . ▁A ▁one - story ▁rear ▁ell ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁moved ▁ 1 5 0 ▁yards ▁to ▁its ▁present ▁location ▁about ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : F eder al ▁architecture ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places |
▁in ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁D ust ▁K and i ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁D ū st ▁K and ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁S aval an ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Par s abad ▁County , ▁Ar d abil ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 1 2 , ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Par s abad ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁I sha q ▁Z az ai ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Afghan ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁for ▁Kab ul ▁Region ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁A hm ad ▁Shah ▁Abd ali ▁ 4 - day ▁Tournament ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁debut ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁for ▁Spe en ▁G har ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sh page e za ▁Cr icket ▁League . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A fg han ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : K ab ul ▁Region ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Col our ful ▁lake |
lets ▁( Pol ish ▁" K ol or owe ▁Je zi ork a ") ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁three ▁( s ometimes ▁four ) ▁artificial ▁p onds ▁formed ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁former ▁mines ▁at ▁the ▁slope ▁of ▁Wiel ka ▁Kop a ▁mountain ▁( 8 7 1 ▁m ) ▁in ▁Rud aw y ▁Jan ow ick ie , ▁range ▁in ▁Sud etes ▁Mountains , ▁Poland . ▁The ▁biggest ▁one ▁and ▁the ▁el dest ▁( 1 7 8 5 ) ▁was ▁named ▁Hoff nung ▁and ▁now ▁became ▁the ▁Pur ple ▁lake let . ▁Names ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁mines ▁were : ▁Ne ues ▁Gl ück ▁( 1 7 9 3 , ▁presently ▁Azure ▁Lake let ), ▁and ▁Gustav ▁Gr ube ▁( 1 7 9 6 ; ▁the ▁Green ▁Lake let ). ▁These ▁places ▁were ▁m ined ▁( from ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁for ▁py rite . ▁ ▁The ▁lake lets ▁have ▁various ▁surface ▁elev ation . ▁The ▁Pur ple ▁lake let ▁( 5 6 0 ▁m ) ▁ow es ▁its ▁colour ▁to ▁chemical ▁composition ▁of ▁its ▁banks ▁and ▁bottom ▁which ▁are ▁abund ant ▁with ▁iron ▁comp ounds , ▁mainly ▁py rite . ▁The ▁p ond ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁water ▁solution ▁of ▁sul ph ur ic ▁acid ▁( p H ▁= ▁ 3 ). ▁It ▁is ▁highly ▁recommended ▁to ▁avoid ▁any ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁water ▁for ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁dangerous . ▁Below ▁Pur ple ▁Lake let ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁smaller ▁h ollow ▁which ▁is ▁at ▁times ▁filled ▁with ▁waters |
▁falling ▁from ▁the ▁p ond ▁above ▁– ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁Y ellow ▁Lake let . ▁ ▁The ▁colour ▁of ▁Azure ▁Lake let ▁( 6 3 5 ▁m ; ▁also ▁called : ▁Blue ▁or ▁Emer ald ) ▁water ▁is ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁co pper ▁ ions . ▁Its ▁water , ▁besides ▁its ▁colour , ▁is ▁clean , ▁thus ▁during ▁hot ▁summer ▁days ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁people ▁bath ing ▁in ▁it ; ▁water ▁is ▁usually ▁quite ▁cold ▁here , ▁though . ▁ ▁Green ▁Lake let ▁( 7 3 0 ▁m ; ▁also ▁called ▁Black ▁P ond ), ▁same ▁as ▁Azure ▁Lake let ▁ow es ▁its ▁colour ▁to ▁co pper ▁comp ounds . ▁Depending ▁on ▁ra inf all , ▁it ▁tempor arily ▁disapp ears . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Kol or owe ▁Je zi ork a . ▁( Pol ish ) ▁Kol or owe ▁Je zi ork a . ▁( Pol ish ) ▁C ie ka we ▁miejs ca . ▁( Pol ish ) ▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip <0x0A> </s> ▁Luke ▁Samuel ▁Gar but t ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁I ps wich ▁Town , ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Ever ton . ▁Usually ▁a ▁left ▁back , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁capable ▁of ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁w inger . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Ever ton ▁Born ▁in ▁Har rog ate , ▁North ▁York shire , |
▁Gar but t ▁attended ▁Har rog ate ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Year ▁ 7 ▁School ▁Football ▁team ▁that ▁reached ▁the ▁Har rog ate ▁and ▁District ▁Cup ▁Final ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁His ▁impress ive ▁performances ▁for ▁his ▁junior ▁club ▁team , ▁P ann al ▁Ash ▁Juni ors , ▁saw ▁him ▁signed ▁by ▁Le eds ▁United ▁where ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁professional ▁career . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁leaving ▁school , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁from ▁their ▁a cademy ▁by ▁Ever ton ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁for ▁an ▁initial ▁fee ▁of ▁£ 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁which ▁was ▁set ▁by ▁a ▁trib unal ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁clubs ▁could ▁not ▁agree ▁a ▁fee . ▁He ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁Ch el ten ham ▁Town ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season ▁Gar but t ▁made ▁his ▁Ever ton ▁debut , ▁coming ▁on ▁at ▁half - time ▁during ▁a ▁ 5 – 0 ▁League ▁Cup ▁second - round ▁win ▁over ▁Ley ton ▁Orient ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁A head ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season , ▁Gar but t ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Ever ton , ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁went ▁to ▁Col chester ▁United ▁on ▁loan . ▁ ▁Gar but t ▁made ▁his ▁Premier ▁League ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁late ▁substitute ▁at |
▁South am pton ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁built ▁on ▁that ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁for ▁England ' s ▁Under - 2 1 s ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁European ▁Championship ▁qual ifying ▁win ▁over ▁Wales ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁ ▁Ch el ten ham ▁Town ▁( lo an ) ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁joined ▁Ch el ten ham ▁Town ▁on ▁an ▁initial ▁one - month ▁loan ▁deal . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁as ▁Ch el ten ham ▁beat ▁Wy com be ▁W ander ers ▁ 3 – 1 ▁on ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁Tro phy . ▁His ▁FA ▁Cup ▁debut ▁was ▁memor able ▁as ▁Ch el ten ham ▁were ▁drawn ▁away ▁to ▁Premier ▁League ▁team ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ; ▁the ▁game ▁ended ▁ 3 – 0 ▁to ▁Tot ten ham . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁extend ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁and ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal , ▁a ▁free ▁kick ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁win ▁away ▁at ▁Mac cles field , ▁sending ▁Ch el ten ham ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁He ▁scored ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁game , ▁net ting ▁the ▁opening ▁goal ▁against ▁C raw ley ▁Town ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁area . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁he ▁extended ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁by ▁a ▁further ▁five ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Col chester ▁United ▁( lo an ) |
▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gar but t ▁joined ▁League ▁One ▁side ▁Col chester ▁United ▁on ▁an ▁initial ▁ 2 8 - day ▁loan . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁against ▁Brad ford ▁City ▁at ▁Valley ▁Par ade . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Ever ton ▁re called ▁Gar but t ▁from ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁following ▁the ▁length y ▁injury ▁to ▁Bry an ▁O v ied o . ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁Ever ton ▁After ▁making ▁his ▁first ▁start ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁League ▁Cup ▁defeat ▁to ▁Sw anse a ▁City ▁in ▁September , ▁Gar but t ▁started ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁group ▁stage ▁games , ▁helping ▁Ever ton ▁finish ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁with ▁a ▁clean ▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁away ▁to ▁Wolf s burg . ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁starting ▁ 1 1 ▁in ▁both ▁legs ▁of ▁the ▁Europa ▁League ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁tie ▁against ▁Swiss ▁side ▁B SC ▁Young ▁Boys ▁in ▁February , ▁Ever ton ▁progress ing ▁ 7 – 2 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁an ▁extended ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁for ▁Gar but t , ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁Premier ▁League ▁game ▁against ▁Ar sen al , ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁an ▁injury ▁to ▁regular ▁left - back |
▁Le ight on ▁B aines ▁to ▁maintain ▁his ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁starting ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ever ton ▁announced ▁that ▁Gar but t ▁had ▁signed ▁new ▁five - year ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Ful ham ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁Championship ▁side ▁Ful ham ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁with ▁Char l ton ▁Athlet ic ▁at ▁The ▁Valley . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁Ful ham ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁with ▁Bol ton ▁W ander ers ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁returned ▁from ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁having ▁made ▁ 2 6 ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁London ▁club , ▁scoring ▁once . ▁ ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Gar but t ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Championship , ▁joining ▁newly ▁promoted ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁on ▁a ▁four - and - a - half - month ▁loan . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 3 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Not ting ham ▁Forest . ▁Gar but t |
▁made ▁ 8 ▁appearances ▁for ▁W igan ▁during ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Oxford ▁United ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gar but t ▁joined ▁League ▁One ▁club ▁Oxford ▁United ▁on ▁a ▁season - long ▁loan . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Acc r ington ▁Stanley . ▁He ▁made ▁ 3 6 ▁appearances ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁K ass am ▁Stadium , ▁scoring ▁ 4 ▁goals . ▁ ▁I ps wich ▁Town ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁I ps wich ▁Town ▁on ▁a ▁season ▁long ▁loan ▁deal . ▁His ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁against ▁Bur ton ▁Alb ion . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Gar but t ▁has ▁represented ▁England ▁at ▁under - 1 6 , ▁under - 1 7 , ▁under - 1 8 , ▁under - 1 9 , ▁under - 2 0 ▁and ▁under - 2 1 ▁levels . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁England ▁U - 1 6 ▁debut ▁against ▁Germany ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁England ▁U - 1 6 ▁appearance ▁against ▁Scotland ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Four ▁months ▁earlier , ▁he ▁had ▁made ▁his |
▁England ▁U - 1 7 ▁debut ▁against ▁Finland . ▁ ▁He ▁helped ▁England ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Football ▁Championship ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁where ▁England ▁beat ▁Spain ▁ 2 – 1 . ▁His ▁performances ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Tournament . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁manager ▁Peter ▁Taylor ' s ▁prov is ional ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁U - 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup . ▁Initial ly ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁ 2 1 - man ▁squad , ▁but ▁after ▁Le eds ▁United ▁def ender ▁Sam ▁By ram ▁pulled ▁out ▁through ▁injury ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁his ▁replacement . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June , ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win ▁in ▁a ▁warm - up ▁game ▁against ▁Uruguay . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁August , ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁England ▁under - 2 1 ▁squad ▁to ▁replace ▁South am pton ▁left - back ▁Luke ▁Shaw , ▁for ▁the ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁Scotland . ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁an ▁un used ▁substitute ▁as ▁England ▁won ▁the ▁game ▁ 6 – 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁International ▁England ▁U 1 7 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Championship ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Tournament : |
▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Luke ▁Gar but t ▁profile ▁at ▁ever ton fc . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Har rog ate ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁North ▁York shire ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : E ver ton ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Ch el ten ham ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Col chester ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : F ul ham ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O x ford ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : I ps wich ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sh olan ▁Alliance ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nine ▁science ▁fiction ▁nov els ▁written ▁by ▁Scottish ▁author ▁Lis anne ▁Norman . ▁ ▁Books ▁The ▁Sh olan ▁Alliance ▁series ▁consists ▁of : ▁Turn ing ▁Point ▁() ▁Fort une ' s ▁W heel ▁() ▁Fire ▁Marg ins ▁() ▁Raz or ' s ▁Edge ▁() ▁Dark ▁Nad ir ▁() ▁Str ong hold ▁R ising ▁() ▁Between ▁Dark ness ▁and ▁Light ▁() ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Gray ▁() ▁Circle ' s ▁End ▁() |
▁ ▁Turn ing ▁Point ▁was ▁originally ▁conce ived ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁short ▁story ▁about ▁a ▁black ▁cat ▁walking ▁through ▁the ▁snow . ▁The ▁author ▁has ▁written ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁set ▁within ▁the ▁series ' ▁setting . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Author ' s ▁official ▁site ▁List ▁of ▁books ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁with ▁a ▁brief ▁syn opsis ▁of ▁each ▁Message ▁board ▁for ▁the ▁series ' ▁Official ▁F an ▁Club ▁ ▁Category : S cience ▁fiction ▁book ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁zones ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁Davis ▁Cup ▁competition ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁there ▁were ▁four ▁different ▁t iers , ▁called ▁groups , ▁in ▁which ▁teams ▁competed ▁against ▁each ▁other ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁tier . ▁W inners ▁in ▁Group ▁II ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁I . ▁Teams ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁respective ▁t ies ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁re leg ation ▁play - offs , ▁with ▁winning ▁teams ▁remaining ▁in ▁Group ▁II , ▁whereas ▁teams ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁play - offs ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁III ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Part icip ating ▁nations ▁ ▁Se eds : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Rem aining ▁nations : ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁vs . ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Philippines ▁vs . ▁K uw ait ▁ ▁Indones ia ▁vs . ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Th ailand |
▁vs . ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Second ▁round ▁ ▁Philippines ▁vs . ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁ ▁Th ailand ▁vs . ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Play - offs ▁ ▁K uw ait ▁vs . ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Indones ia ▁vs . ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Third ▁round ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁vs . ▁Th ailand ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁II ▁Category : D av is ▁Cup ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone <0x0A> </s> ▁Cha un ax ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁b ony ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁to ad ▁family ▁Cha un ac idae . ▁They ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁tropical ▁and ▁subt rop ical ▁o ce ans ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁most ▁species ▁are ▁found ▁a ▁depth s ▁between ▁, ▁but ▁C . ▁endeav ouri ▁occurs ▁as ▁shall ow ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁C . ▁f imb ri atus ▁as ▁deep ▁as ▁. ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁species ▁involved , ▁they ▁reach ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Species ▁There ▁are ▁currently ▁ 2 5 ▁recognized ▁species ▁in ▁this ▁genus : ▁▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ab ei ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁a fr ican us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁Last , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( A fr ican ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ap us ▁Lloyd , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁at im ov ata e ▁H . ▁C . |
▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁bra ch ys om us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁K aw ai ▁& ▁Sat ria , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( Short - body ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁bre vir ad ius ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁endeav ouri ▁Wh itle y , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁( C off inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁f imb ri atus ▁Hil g endorf , ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁( T ass elled ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁fl am me us ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁flav om ac ul atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Y ellow - spot ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁g om oni ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁K aw ai ▁& ▁Sat ria , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( G omon ' s ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁he em stra orum ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁hol le man i ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma |
, ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁lat ip unct atus ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁mul le us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Red - sh o es ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁mult ile pis ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁Me le pp ura ▁& ▁B ine esh , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( Ind ian ▁sp otted ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ne bul os us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁Last , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( E ye - spot ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁n ud iv enter ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁K . ▁T . ▁Sh ao , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( N aked - bel ly ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁pen ic ill atus ▁McC ul lo ch , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁( P enc il ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁p ict us ▁R . ▁T . ▁L owe , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁( P ink ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ret icul atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( N ett |
ed ▁f rog mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁russ atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Red ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁st igma eus ▁F ow ler , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁( Red - ey e ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁s utt k us i ▁J . ▁H . ▁Car uso , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁um br inus ▁C . ▁H . ▁Gilbert , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ch a un ac idae ▁Category : De ep ▁sea ▁fish ▁Category : Mar ine ▁fish ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Richard ▁Thomas ▁L owe <0x0A> </s> ▁St ora ▁gra bb ars ▁och ▁t je j ers ▁m är ke ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Boys ' ▁and ▁Girls ' ▁Bad ge ) ▁is ▁an ▁honor ary ▁award ▁within ▁Swedish ▁sports , ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁by ▁Bo ▁E kel und . ▁The ▁recip ients ▁are ▁called ▁a ▁' St or ▁Gra bb ' ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Boy ) ▁and ▁has ▁to ▁gather ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁points ▁according ▁to ▁different ▁rules ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁question . ▁The ▁title ▁is ▁awarded ▁in ▁several ▁different ▁sports , ▁such ▁as ▁ice ▁hockey , ▁football , ▁athlet ics , ▁free ▁div ing , ▁mini ature ▁golf , ▁and |
▁others . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁women ▁can ▁also ▁gain ▁the ▁title , ▁then ▁called ▁St ora ▁t je j ers ▁m är ke ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Girls ' ▁Bad ge ), ▁and ▁the ▁recip ient ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁' St or ▁t je j ' ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Girl ). ▁ ▁Re cip ients ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁football ers ▁awarded ▁St ora ▁Gra bb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁List ▁of ▁ice ▁hockey ▁players ▁awarded ▁St ora ▁Gra bb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁St ora ▁Gra bb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Man j ul ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁political ▁cart oon ist . ▁After ▁working ▁with ▁major ▁Indian ▁publications ▁like ▁D ain ik ▁j ag ran , ▁Ras ht ri ya ▁Sah ara , ▁Fin an cial ▁Express , ▁India ▁Today , ▁The ▁Econom ic ▁Times ▁and ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁currently ▁he ▁is ▁contrib uting ▁for ▁various ▁Indian ▁publications ▁& ▁websites . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁winner ▁of ▁May a ▁Kam ath ▁Memorial ▁Awards ▁for ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Cart oon ing ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Man j ul ▁stays ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁& ▁Del hi . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁Cart o ons ▁ ▁Ir regular , ▁Daily ▁pocket ▁cart oon ▁column ▁about ▁political ▁& ▁social ▁events ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Nob ody |
' s ▁Business , ▁Daily ▁pocket ▁cart oon ▁column ▁about ▁office ▁hum our ▁appears ▁in ▁DNA ▁M oney , ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁To on ▁In , ▁Tw ice ▁a ▁week ▁editor ial ▁cart oon ▁column ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Like ▁That ▁Only , ▁Once ▁a ▁week ▁com ic ▁strip ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis , ▁Saturday ▁edition ▁ ▁Polit ick le , ▁Once ▁a ▁week ▁display ▁cart oon ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis , ▁Sunday ▁edition ▁ ▁First ▁C ut , ▁Daily ▁editor ial ▁cart oon ▁in ▁First Post . ▁ ▁M umb ai ▁Mer i ▁Ja an , ▁Daily ▁cart oon ▁in ▁Mid Day . ▁ ▁Sy nd ic ated ▁cart o ons ▁in ▁various ▁newsp apers . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁editor ial ▁cart oon ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁rolling - element ▁bearing ▁that ▁uses ▁balls ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁separation ▁between ▁the ▁bearing ▁races . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁a ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁rot ational ▁fr iction ▁and ▁support ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads . ▁It ▁ach ieves ▁this ▁by ▁using ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁races ▁to ▁contain ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁transmit ▁the ▁loads ▁through ▁the ▁balls . ▁In ▁most ▁applications , ▁one ▁race ▁is ▁station ary ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁rot |
ating ▁assembly ▁( e . g ., ▁a ▁hub ▁or ▁sh aft ). ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁races ▁rot ates ▁it ▁causes ▁the ▁balls ▁to ▁rotate ▁as ▁well . ▁Because ▁the ▁balls ▁are ▁rolling ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁much ▁lower ▁coefficient ▁of ▁fr iction ▁than ▁if ▁two ▁flat ▁surfaces ▁were ▁sl iding ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Ball ▁bear ings ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁lower ▁load ▁capacity ▁for ▁their ▁size ▁than ▁other ▁kinds ▁of ▁rolling - element ▁bear ings ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁smaller ▁contact ▁area ▁between ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁races . ▁However , ▁they ▁can ▁toler ate ▁some ▁mis align ment ▁of ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁races . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Although ▁bear ings ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁since ▁ancient ▁times , ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁recorded ▁pat ent ▁on ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁Philip ▁V aug han , ▁a ▁Wel sh ▁invent or ▁and ▁iron master ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁first ▁design ▁for ▁a ▁ball ▁bearing ▁in ▁Car mar then ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 . ▁His ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁ball - b ear ing ▁design , ▁with ▁the ▁ball ▁running ▁along ▁a ▁gro ove ▁in ▁the ▁ax le ▁assembly . ▁ ▁Jules ▁S uri ray , ▁a ▁Paris ian ▁b icy cle ▁mechan ic , ▁designed ▁the ▁first ▁radial ▁style ▁ball ▁bearing ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁fitted ▁to ▁the ▁winning ▁b icy cle ▁r idden ▁by ▁James ▁Moore ▁in ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁b icy cle ▁road ▁race , ▁Paris - R ou en |
, ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 6 9 . ▁ ▁Common ▁designs ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁common ▁designs ▁of ▁ball ▁bearing , ▁each ▁offering ▁various ▁performance ▁trade - offs . ▁ ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁from ▁many ▁different ▁materials , ▁including : ▁st ain less ▁steel , ▁chrome ▁steel , ▁and ▁cer am ic ▁( sil icon ▁nit ride ▁( Si 3 N 4 )). ▁A ▁hy brid ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁a ▁bearing ▁with ▁cer am ic ▁balls ▁and ▁races ▁of ▁metal . ▁ ▁Angular ▁contact ▁ ▁An ▁angular ▁contact ▁ball ▁bearing ▁uses ▁ax ial ly ▁asym metric ▁races . ▁An ▁ax ial ▁load ▁passes ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line ▁through ▁the ▁bearing , ▁whereas ▁a ▁radial ▁load ▁takes ▁an ▁ob lique ▁path ▁that ▁acts ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁races ▁ax ial ly . ▁So ▁the ▁angle ▁of ▁contact ▁on ▁the ▁inner ▁race ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁race . ▁Angular ▁contact ▁bear ings ▁better ▁support ▁combined ▁loads ▁( loading ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁directions ) ▁and ▁the ▁contact ▁angle ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁should ▁be ▁matched ▁to ▁the ▁relative ▁proport ions ▁of ▁each . ▁The ▁larger ▁the ▁contact ▁angle ▁( typ ically ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ), ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁ax ial ▁load ▁supported , ▁but ▁the ▁lower ▁the ▁radial ▁load . ▁In ▁high ▁speed ▁applications , ▁such ▁as ▁tur b ines , ▁jet ▁engines , ▁and ▁dent istry ▁equipment , ▁the ▁cent rif ug al ▁forces ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁balls ▁changes ▁the |
▁contact ▁angle ▁at ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁race . ▁Cer am ics ▁such ▁as ▁sil icon ▁nit ride ▁are ▁now ▁regularly ▁used ▁in ▁such ▁applications ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁low ▁density ▁( 4 0 % ▁of ▁steel ). ▁These ▁materials ▁significantly ▁reduce ▁cent rif ug al ▁force ▁and ▁function ▁well ▁in ▁high ▁temperature ▁environments . ▁They ▁also ▁tend ▁to ▁wear ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁way ▁to ▁bearing ▁steel — r ather ▁than ▁crack ing ▁or ▁sh atter ing ▁like ▁glass ▁or ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁Most ▁b icy cles ▁use ▁angular - contact ▁bear ings ▁in ▁the ▁head sets ▁because ▁the ▁forces ▁on ▁these ▁bear ings ▁are ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁direction . ▁ ▁Ax ial ▁ ▁An ▁ax ial ▁or ▁thrust ▁ball ▁bearing ▁uses ▁side - by - side ▁races . ▁An ▁ax ial ▁load ▁is ▁transm itted ▁directly ▁through ▁the ▁bearing , ▁while ▁a ▁radial ▁load ▁is ▁poor ly ▁supported ▁and ▁tends ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁races , ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁larger ▁radial ▁load ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁damage ▁the ▁bearing . ▁ ▁Deep - gro ove ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁deep - gro ove ▁radial ▁bearing , ▁the ▁race ▁dimensions ▁are ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁balls ▁that ▁run ▁in ▁it . ▁Deep - gro ove ▁bear ings ▁support ▁higher ▁loads ▁than ▁a ▁shall ower ▁gro ove . ▁ ▁Like ▁angular ▁contact ▁bear ings , ▁deep - gro ove ▁bear ings ▁support ▁both ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads , ▁but ▁without ▁a ▁choice ▁of ▁contact ▁angle ▁to ▁allow ▁choice ▁of |
▁relative ▁proportion ▁of ▁these ▁load ▁capac ities . ▁ ▁Pre loaded ▁pairs ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁basic ▁types ▁of ▁bear ings ▁are ▁typically ▁applied ▁in ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁pre loaded ▁pairs , ▁where ▁two ▁individual ▁bear ings ▁are ▁rig id ly ▁fast ened ▁along ▁a ▁rot ating ▁sh aft ▁to ▁face ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁This ▁impro ves ▁the ▁ax ial ▁run out ▁by ▁taking ▁up ▁( pre loading ) ▁the ▁necessary ▁slight ▁clear ance ▁between ▁the ▁bearing ▁balls ▁and ▁races . ▁ ▁P air ing ▁also ▁provides ▁an ▁advantage ▁of ▁even ly ▁distrib uting ▁the ▁loads , ▁nearly ▁dou bling ▁the ▁total ▁load ▁capacity ▁compared ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁bearing . ▁ ▁Angular ▁contact ▁bear ings ▁are ▁almost ▁always ▁used ▁in ▁oppos ing ▁pairs : ▁the ▁asym metric ▁design ▁of ▁each ▁bearing ▁supports ▁ax ial ▁loads ▁in ▁only ▁one ▁direction , ▁so ▁an ▁opposed ▁pair ▁is ▁required ▁if ▁the ▁application ▁dem ands ▁support ▁in ▁both ▁directions . ▁ ▁The ▁pre loading ▁force ▁must ▁be ▁designed ▁and ▁assemble d ▁carefully , ▁because ▁it ▁ded uct s ▁from ▁the ▁ax ial ▁force ▁capacity ▁of ▁the ▁bear ings , ▁and ▁can ▁damage ▁bear ings ▁if ▁applied ▁excess ively . ▁ ▁The ▁pair ing ▁mechanism ▁may ▁simply ▁face ▁the ▁bear ings ▁together ▁directly , ▁or ▁separate ▁them ▁with ▁a ▁sh im , ▁b ushing , ▁or ▁sh aft ▁feature . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁types ▁ ▁Con rad ▁ ▁The ▁Con rad - style ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁its ▁invent or , ▁Robert ▁Con rad , ▁who ▁was |
▁awarded ▁British ▁pat ent ▁ 1 2 , 2 0 6 ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁U . S . ▁pat ent ▁ 8 2 2 , 7 2 3 ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁▁ ▁These ▁bear ings ▁are ▁assemble d ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁into ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁position ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁ring , ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁rings ▁in ▁contact ▁at ▁one ▁point , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁gap ▁opposite ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁contact . ▁ ▁The ▁balls ▁are ▁inserted ▁through ▁the ▁gap ▁and ▁then ▁even ly ▁distributed ▁around ▁the ▁bearing ▁assembly , ▁causing ▁the ▁rings ▁to ▁become ▁concent ric . ▁ ▁Assembly ▁is ▁completed ▁by ▁fitting ▁a ▁c age ▁to ▁the ▁balls ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁positions ▁relative ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Without ▁the ▁c age , ▁the ▁balls ▁would ▁eventually ▁dr ift ▁out ▁of ▁position ▁during ▁operation , ▁causing ▁the ▁bearing ▁to ▁fail . ▁The ▁c age ▁car ries ▁no ▁load ▁and ▁serves ▁only ▁to ▁maintain ▁ball ▁position . ▁ ▁Con rad ▁bear ings ▁have ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁with stand ▁both ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads , ▁but ▁have ▁the ▁dis adv antage ▁of ▁lower ▁load ▁capacity ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁loaded ▁into ▁the ▁bearing ▁assembly . ▁Probably ▁the ▁most ▁familiar ▁industrial ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁the ▁deep - gro ove ▁Con rad ▁style . ▁The ▁bearing ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁mechanical ▁indust ries . ▁ ▁S lot - fill ▁ |
▁In ▁a ▁slot - fill ▁radial ▁bearing , ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁races ▁are ▁not ched ▁on ▁one ▁face ▁so ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁not ches ▁are ▁aligned , ▁balls ▁can ▁be ▁sli pped ▁in ▁the ▁resulting ▁slot ▁to ▁assemble ▁the ▁bearing . ▁A ▁slot - fill ▁bearing ▁has ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁more ▁balls ▁can ▁be ▁assemble d ▁( even ▁allowing ▁a ▁full ▁complement ▁design ), ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁higher ▁radial ▁load ▁capacity ▁than ▁a ▁Con rad ▁bearing ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁dimensions ▁and ▁material ▁type . ▁However , ▁a ▁slot - fill ▁bearing ▁cannot ▁carry ▁a ▁significant ▁ax ial ▁load , ▁and ▁the ▁sl ots ▁cause ▁a ▁dis continu ity ▁in ▁the ▁races ▁that ▁can ▁have ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁ad verse ▁effect ▁on ▁strength . ▁ ▁Rel ieved ▁race ▁ ▁Rel ieved ▁race ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁are ▁' rel ieved ' ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁suggests ▁by ▁having ▁either ▁the ▁O D ▁of ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁reduced ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁or ▁the ▁ID ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁increased ▁on ▁one ▁side . ▁This ▁allows ▁a ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁to ▁be ▁assemble d ▁into ▁either ▁the ▁inner ▁or ▁outer ▁race , ▁and ▁then ▁press ▁fit ▁over ▁the ▁relief . ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁will ▁be ▁he ated ▁to ▁facil itate ▁assembly . ▁Like ▁the ▁slot - fill ▁construction , ▁rel ieved ▁race ▁construction ▁allows ▁a ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁than ▁Con rad ▁construction , ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁including ▁full ▁complement , ▁and ▁the ▁extra ▁ball ▁count ▁gives ▁extra ▁load ▁capacity . ▁However |
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