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ople ▁from ▁Cot on ou ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : Ben inese ▁football ers ▁Category : Ben in ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁African ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : A . C . ▁C une o ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁players ▁Category : C as ale ▁F . B . C . ▁players ▁Category : A . S . ▁C itt ad ella ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Met z ▁players ▁Category : Den iz lis por ▁football ers ▁Category : L igue ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : S ü per ▁Lig ▁players ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁L inds ay , ▁ 4 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁( 1 4 2 3 – 1 4 5 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁late ▁medieval ▁Scottish ▁no blem an , ▁and ▁a ▁magn ate ▁of ▁the ▁north - east ▁of ▁that ▁country . ▁ ▁Life ▁Alexander ▁L inds ay ▁was ▁the ▁son |
▁of ▁David ▁L inds ay , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁and ▁Mar j ory ▁Og il vie , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁Og il vie ▁of ▁Auch ter house . ▁ ▁Kn own ▁as ▁the ▁T iger ▁Earl ▁or ▁Earl ▁Be ard ie , ▁C raw ford ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁nobles . ▁For ▁some ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁arms ▁against ▁King ▁James ▁II ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Douglas ▁re bell ion . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 4 5 2 , ▁William ▁Douglas , ▁ 8 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Douglas ▁was ▁personally ▁killed ▁at ▁St ir ling ▁Castle ▁by ▁James ▁II ▁for ▁ref using ▁to ▁dissol ve ▁his ▁league ▁with ▁Alexander . ▁The ▁T iger ▁Earl ▁was ▁defeated ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bre chin ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May , ▁and ▁he ▁submitted ▁to ▁James ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 2 . ▁ ▁J . ▁B . ▁Bur ke ▁recorded ▁the ▁color ful ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁ear l ' s ▁submission , ▁thus : ▁The ▁dec ree ▁of ▁for fe iture , ▁both ▁as ▁to ▁life ▁and ▁lands , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁passed ▁before , ▁was ▁now ▁renew ed ▁and , ▁after ▁having ▁gall antly ▁strugg led ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁against ▁all ▁odd s — even ▁after ▁the ▁total ▁defeat ▁and ▁submission ▁of ▁his ▁al ly ▁Douglas — he ▁found ▁himself ▁comp elled , ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁his ▁house ▁and ▁follow ers , ▁to ▁sue ▁for ▁mer cy . ▁In |
▁this ▁last ▁extrem ity ▁it ▁is ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁better ▁parts ▁of ▁his ▁character ▁stand ▁out ▁in ▁full ▁relief ; ▁there ▁is ▁neither ▁fear , ▁nor ▁me ann ess , ▁nor ▁self ▁seeking ▁in ▁his ▁fran k ▁and ▁man ly ▁pray ers ▁for ▁mer cy : ▁but , ▁m ing led ▁with ▁the ▁courage ▁that ▁we ▁might ▁reason ably ▁look ▁for , ▁is ▁a ▁tend ern ess ▁for ▁others ▁that ▁we ▁certainly ▁did ▁not ▁expect ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁character . ▁For ▁himself , ▁as ▁he ▁bold ly ▁tells ▁the ▁king , ▁he ▁was ▁willing ▁to ▁under lie ▁any ▁fate , ▁“ e ither ▁to ▁be ▁hang it ▁[ h anged ], ▁to ▁be ▁r iven ▁with ▁wild ▁be asts , ▁to ▁be ▁d rown ed , ▁or ▁c assen ▁[ cast ] ▁over ▁an e ▁cra ig ; ” ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁even ▁the ▁suffer ings ▁of ▁his ▁dear ▁wife , ▁nor ▁the ▁we eping ▁of ▁his ▁b air ns ▁[ children ], ▁nor ▁the ▁l ament able ▁so bb ings ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁that ▁moved ▁him , ▁so ▁much ▁“ as ▁the ▁decay ▁and ▁falling ▁of ▁our ▁House , ▁and ▁l ament able ▁chance ▁and ▁fortune ▁of ▁the ▁no blem en ▁of ▁Ang us , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁my ▁ad her ents , ▁whose ▁lives , ▁lands , ▁and ▁gu ids ▁[ good s ] ▁stands ▁in ▁danger ▁for ▁my ▁cause ▁and ▁surname ▁of ▁L inds ay . ▁Have ▁comp ass ion ▁on ▁the ▁no blem en , ▁men |
▁that ▁conc ord it ▁to ▁my ▁fa ction , ▁that ▁they , ▁at ▁the ▁least , ▁be ▁not ▁spo il z ied ▁( sp o iled ) ▁of ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁her it ages ▁for ▁my ▁off ence .” ▁▁ ▁The ▁king ▁granted ▁L inds ay ▁cle men cy , ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁angry ▁with ▁the ▁ear l , ▁he ▁had ▁sw orn ▁he ▁would ▁make ▁the ▁highest ▁stone ▁on ▁Fin av on ▁Castle ▁become ▁the ▁lowest . ▁Therefore , ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁o ath ▁while ▁yet ▁remaining ▁true ▁to ▁his ▁grant ▁of ▁cle men cy , ▁the ▁king ▁clim bed ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁and ▁threw ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁loose ▁stones ▁on ▁the ▁batt lement s ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁below . ▁ ▁J . ▁B . ▁Bur ke ▁recorded ▁that ▁two ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁it ▁could ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁where ▁it ▁had ▁fallen ▁“ sec ured ▁to ▁the ▁spot ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁chain ▁of ▁iron .” ▁ ▁Leg end ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁inf am ous ▁" E ar l ▁Be ard ie " ▁featured ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁myth s ▁of ▁G lam is ▁Castle . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁issue ▁Alexander , ▁Earl ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁married ▁Margaret ▁Dun bar , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁David ▁Dun bar ▁of ▁C ock burn , ▁himself ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁George ▁I , ▁Earl ▁of ▁March , ▁and ▁had ▁issue : ▁ ▁Lady ▁Elizabeth ▁L inds ay ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 0 9 ), |
▁married ▁to ▁John ▁Dr um mond , ▁ 1 st ▁Lord ▁Dr um mond ▁David ▁L inds ay , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Mont rose ▁( 1 4 4 0 – 1 4 9 5 ) ▁Alexander ▁L inds ay , ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 1 7 ). ▁ ▁Lord ▁C raw ford ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son , ▁Alexander , ▁who ▁entered ▁holy ▁orders ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁canon ▁of ▁Aber de en . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁Alexander , ▁Earl ▁of ▁C raw ford , ▁L ives ▁of ▁the ▁L inds ays ; ▁or , ▁A ▁mem oir ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁and ▁Bal car res ▁IV ▁vol s . ▁London ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁B alf our ▁Paul , ▁Sir ▁James , ▁The ▁Sc ots ▁Pe er age ▁IX ▁vol s . ▁Edinburgh ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 4 5 3 ▁death s ▁Category : E ar ls ▁of ▁C raw ford ▁Alexander <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁re lying ▁party ▁( R P ) ▁is ▁a ▁computer ▁term ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁server ▁providing ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁secure ▁software ▁application . ▁ ▁Cla ims - based ▁applications , ▁where ▁a ▁claim ▁is ▁a ▁statement ▁an ▁entity ▁makes ▁about ▁itself ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁establish ▁access , ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁re lying ▁party ▁( R P ) ▁applications . ▁R |
P s ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁called ▁“ c laim s ▁aware ▁applications ” ▁and ▁“ c laim s - based ▁applications ”, ▁and ▁web ▁applications ▁and ▁services ▁can ▁both ▁be ▁R P s . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁Security ▁Token ▁Service ▁( ST S ), ▁the ▁R P ▁redirects ▁clients ▁to ▁an ▁ST S ▁which ▁authentic ates ▁the ▁client ▁and ▁issues ▁it ▁a ▁security ▁token ▁containing ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁claims ▁about ▁the ▁client ' s ▁identity , ▁which ▁it ▁can ▁present ▁to ▁the ▁R P . ▁Instead ▁of ▁the ▁application ▁authentic ating ▁the ▁user ▁directly , ▁the ▁R P ▁can ▁extract ▁these ▁claims ▁from ▁the ▁token ▁and ▁use ▁them ▁for ▁identity ▁related ▁tasks . ▁ ▁The ▁Open ID ▁standard ▁defines ▁a ▁situation ▁where by ▁a ▁co oper ating ▁site ▁can ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁R P , ▁allowing ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁log ▁into ▁multiple ▁sites ▁using ▁one ▁set ▁of ▁credentials . ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁benefits ▁from ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁share ▁their ▁login ▁credentials ▁with ▁multiple ▁sites , ▁and ▁the ▁operators ▁of ▁the ▁co oper ating ▁site ▁avoid ▁having ▁to ▁develop ▁their ▁own ▁login ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁An ▁application ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁re lying ▁party ▁is ▁software ▁running ▁on ▁mobile ▁devices , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁not ▁only ▁for ▁grant ing ▁user ▁access ▁to ▁software ▁applications , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁secure ▁building ▁access , ▁without ▁the ▁user ▁having ▁to ▁enter ▁their ▁credentials ▁each ▁time . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁security <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Nelson ▁( M arch ▁ 1 , ▁ |
1 9 3 0 ; ▁San ▁Francisco ▁– ▁January ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁L ay ton ville , ▁California ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁experimental ▁film ▁director . ▁ ▁Archive ▁The ▁moving ▁image ▁collection ▁of ▁Robert ▁Nelson ▁is ▁hous ed ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁Film ▁Archive . ▁The ▁Academy ▁Film ▁Archive ▁has ▁preserved ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Robert ▁Nelson ' s ▁films , ▁including ▁Gr ateful ▁Dead , ▁Hot ▁Le ather ette , ▁and ▁Lim itations . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁Special ▁Warning ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁Ha uling ▁T oto ▁Big ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ 1 9 9 ▁L . la ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁Cur ious ▁Native ▁Custom s ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁Lim itations ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁Ham let ▁Act ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Su ite ▁California ▁St ops ▁& ▁Pass es ▁Part ▁ 2 : ▁San ▁Francisco ▁to ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nev adas ▁& ▁Back ▁Again ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Su ite ▁California ▁St ops ▁& ▁Pass es ▁Part ▁ 1 : ▁T iju ana ▁to ▁Hollywood ▁Via ▁Death ▁Valley ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁Deep ▁West urn ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁World ly ▁Woman ▁( 1 9 7 3 , ▁with ▁Mike ▁Hend erson ) ▁No - More ▁( 1 9 7 1 , ▁with ▁various ▁students ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University ) ▁R . I . P . ▁( 1 9 7 0 / 7 4 / |
2 0 0 3 ) ▁King ▁David ▁( 1 9 7 0 / 7 3 / 2 0 0 3 , ▁with ▁Mike ▁Hend erson ) ▁Ble u ▁Sh ut ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁What ▁Do ▁You ▁T alk ▁About ? ▁( 1 9 6 9 , ▁with ▁William ▁T . ▁W iley ) ▁War ▁is ▁Hell ▁( 1 9 6 8 , ▁with ▁William ▁All an ) ▁The ▁Aw ful ▁Back l ash ▁( 1 9 6 7 , ▁with ▁William ▁All an ) ▁Gr ateful ▁Dead ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Great ▁Bl ond ino ▁( 1 9 6 7 , ▁with ▁William ▁T . ▁W iley ) ▁Hot ▁Le ather ette ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Off ▁Hand ed ▁J ape ▁( 1 9 6 7 , ▁with ▁William ▁T . ▁W iley ) ▁Port rait ▁of ▁G our ley ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Be ard ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁Sup ers p read ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁Pen ny ▁Bright ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁With ers po on ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁Half - Open ▁and ▁L um py ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁Si xty ▁Laz y ▁D ogs ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁Th ick ▁P ucker ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁O ily ▁Pel oso ▁the ▁P umph ▁Man ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Black ▁Mother - Su cc uba ▁( 1 9 6 5 |
) ▁Oh ▁Dem ▁Wat erm el ons ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁Pl astic ▁H air cut ▁( 1 9 6 3 , ▁with ▁William ▁T . ▁W iley , ▁R . G . ▁Davis , ▁Robert ▁H . ▁Hudson , ▁Steve ▁Reich ) ▁King ▁U bu ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁The ▁Myst ery ▁of ▁Am elia ▁Air - He art ▁Sol ved ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Last ▁Week ▁at ▁O ona ' s ▁Bath ▁( 1 9 6 2 , ▁with ▁Gun vor ▁Nelson ) ▁Building ▁Mu ir ▁Beach ▁House ▁( 1 9 6 1 , ▁with ▁Gun vor ▁Nelson ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁C any on ▁Cinema ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" Good bye , ▁Bob " ▁post ▁by ▁Mark ▁T osc ano , ▁from ▁Pres ervation ▁Ins an ity ▁C any on cin ema . com ▁L . A . ▁Week ly ▁article , ▁Jan ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁experimental ▁film m akers ▁Category : Fil m ▁produ cers ▁from ▁California ▁Category : American ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : American ▁cinemat ograph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L ay ton ville , ▁California ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁California ▁Category : Screen writ ers ▁from ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁are ▁a ▁British ▁folk ▁rock ▁band , ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 |
▁by ▁Richard ▁Thompson ▁( gu itar , ▁vocals ), ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁( gu itar , ▁vocals ), ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ▁( b ass ▁guitar ), ▁and ▁Sh a un ▁Fr ater ▁( d rum s , ▁per cussion ), ▁with ▁Fr ater ▁replaced ▁by ▁Martin ▁Lam ble ▁after ▁their ▁first ▁gig . ▁They ▁started ▁out ▁heavily ▁influenced ▁by ▁American ▁folk ▁rock ▁and ▁singer - song writer ▁material , ▁with ▁a ▁set list ▁domin ated ▁by ▁Bob ▁D yl an ▁and ▁J oni ▁Mitchell ▁songs ▁and ▁a ▁sound ▁that ▁earned ▁them ▁the ▁nick name ▁' the ▁British ▁Jefferson ▁Air plane '. ▁V ocal ists ▁Jud y ▁Dy ble ▁and ▁I ain ▁Matt he ws ▁joined ▁them ▁before ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁their ▁self - t itled ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ; ▁afterwards , ▁Dy ble ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Sand y ▁Den ny , ▁with ▁Matt he ws ▁leaving ▁during ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁their ▁third ▁album . ▁ ▁Den ny ▁began ▁ste ering ▁the ▁group ▁towards ▁traditional ▁British ▁music ▁for ▁their ▁next ▁two ▁albums , ▁What ▁We ▁Did ▁on ▁Our ▁Hol id ays ▁and ▁Un half br ick ing ▁( both ▁ 1 9 6 9 ); ▁the ▁latter ▁featured ▁f idd ler ▁Dave ▁" S war b " ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁most ▁not ably ▁on ▁the ▁song ▁" A ▁S ail or ' s ▁Life ", ▁which ▁laid ▁the ▁ground work ▁for ▁British ▁folk ▁rock ▁by ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁traditional ▁British ▁song ▁was ▁combined ▁with ▁a |
▁rock ▁beat . ▁However , ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁album ' s ▁release , ▁a ▁crash ▁on ▁the ▁M 1 ▁killed ▁Lam ble ▁and ▁Thompson ' s ▁then - g irl friend , ▁Je ann ie ▁Frank lyn ; ▁this ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁ret iring ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁prior ▁material ▁and ▁turning ▁entirely ▁towards ▁British ▁folk ▁music ▁for ▁their ▁sem inal ▁album ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief , ▁released ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁with ▁this ▁style ▁being ▁the ▁band ' s ▁focus ▁ever ▁since . ▁For ▁this ▁album ▁Sw ar br ick ▁joined ▁full - time ▁alongside ▁Dave ▁Matt acks ▁on ▁drums . ▁Both ▁Den ny ▁and ▁H utch ings ▁left ▁before ▁the ▁year ' s ▁end ; ▁the ▁latter ▁replaced ▁by ▁Dave ▁Peg g , ▁who ▁has ▁remained ▁the ▁group ' s ▁sole ▁consistent ▁member ▁to ▁this ▁day ; ▁and ▁Thompson ▁would ▁leave ▁after ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 0 ' s ▁Full ▁House . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁saw ▁numerous ▁line up ▁changes ▁around ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁Sw ar br ick ▁and ▁Peg g ▁– ▁Nicol ▁being ▁absent ▁for ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁de cade ▁– ▁and ▁decl ining ▁fort unes ▁as ▁folk ▁music ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁main stream ▁favour . ▁Den ny , ▁whose ▁partner ▁Tre vor ▁Lucas ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁guitar ist ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁returned ▁for ▁the ▁pop - orient ated ▁R ising ▁for ▁the ▁Moon ▁album ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁in ▁a |
▁final ▁bid ▁to ▁crack ▁America ; ▁this ▁effort ▁failed , ▁and ▁after ▁three ▁more ▁albums ▁minus ▁Den ny ▁or ▁Lucas , ▁the ▁group ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁They ▁played ▁a ▁fare well ▁concert ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁C rop red y , ▁Oxford shire , ▁where ▁they ▁had ▁held ▁small ▁concert s ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁this ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁C rop red y ▁Festival ▁( since ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁known ▁as ▁Fair port ' s ▁C rop red y ▁Convention ) ▁which ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁largest ▁folk ▁festival ▁in ▁Britain , ▁with ▁annual ▁attend ances ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁reform ed ▁by ▁Nicol , ▁Peg g , ▁and ▁Matt acks ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁joined ▁by ▁Ma art in ▁All cock ▁( gu itar , ▁vocals ) ▁and ▁Ric ▁Sand ers ▁( fiddle , ▁key boards ), ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁remained ▁active ▁since . ▁All cock ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Chris ▁Les lie ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁Ger ry ▁Con way ▁replaced ▁Matt acks ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁with ▁this ▁line up ▁remaining ▁un changed ▁since ▁and ▁mark ing ▁the ▁longest - last ing ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁history . ▁Their ▁ 2 8 th ▁studio ▁album , ▁ 5 0 : 5 0 @ 5 0 , ▁released ▁to ▁mark ▁their ▁ 5 0 th ▁anni versary , ▁was |
▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁they ▁continue ▁to ▁head line ▁C rop red y ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Despite ▁little ▁main stream ▁success ▁– ▁with ▁their ▁only ▁top ▁ 4 0 ▁single ▁being ▁" Si ▁Tu ▁Do is ▁Part ir ", ▁a ▁French - language ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁D yl an ▁song ▁" If ▁You ▁G otta ▁Go , ▁Go ▁Now " ▁from ▁Un half br ick ing ▁– ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁remain ▁highly ▁influ ential ▁in ▁British ▁folk ▁rock ▁and ▁British ▁folk ▁in ▁general . ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁" M ost ▁In flu ential ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁of ▁All ▁Time " ▁at ▁the ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁Fol k ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁Peg g ' s ▁playing ▁style , ▁which ▁incorpor ates ▁j igs ▁and ▁re els ▁into ▁his ▁bass lines , ▁has ▁been ▁im itated ▁by ▁many ▁in ▁the ▁folk ▁rock ▁and ▁folk ▁punk ▁gen res . ▁Additionally , ▁many ▁former ▁members ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁form ▁or ▁join ▁other ▁notable ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁genre , ▁including ▁F other ing ay , ▁Ste e ley e ▁Span , ▁and ▁the ▁Alb ion ▁Band ; ▁along ▁with ▁solo ▁care ers , ▁most ▁not ably ▁Thompson ▁and ▁Den ny . ▁H ers ▁ended ▁with ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁though ▁she ▁is ▁now ▁regarded ▁as ▁being ▁amongst ▁Britain ' s ▁fin est ▁female ▁singer - song writ ers ; ▁her ▁song ▁" Who ▁Kn ows |
▁Where ▁the ▁Time ▁Go es ?" ▁– ▁recorded ▁by ▁Fair port ▁on ▁Un half br ick ing ▁– ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁signature ▁song ▁for ▁herself ▁and ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁Bass ist ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ▁met ▁guitar ist ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁in ▁North ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁when ▁they ▁both ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Eth nic ▁Sh uffle ▁Orchestra . ▁They ▁re he ars ed ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁above ▁Nicol ' s ▁father ' s ▁medical ▁practice ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁called ▁" F air port " ▁on ▁Fort is ▁Green ▁in ▁Mus well ▁Hill ▁– ▁the ▁same ▁street ▁on ▁which ▁Ray ▁and ▁Dave ▁Dav ies ▁of ▁the ▁K inks ▁grew ▁up . ▁The ▁house ▁name ▁l ent ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁they ▁formed ▁together ▁as ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁with ▁Richard ▁Thompson ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁Sh a un ▁Fr ater ▁on ▁drums . ▁After ▁their ▁initial ▁performance ▁at ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁Church ▁Hall ▁in ▁Gold ers ▁Green ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁they ▁had ▁their ▁first ▁of ▁many ▁line - up ▁changes ▁as ▁one ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁audience , ▁drum mer ▁Martin ▁Lam ble , ▁convinced ▁the ▁band ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁do ▁a ▁better ▁job ▁than ▁Fr ater ▁and ▁replaced ▁him . ▁They ▁soon ▁added ▁a ▁female ▁singer , ▁Jud y ▁Dy ble , ▁which ▁gave ▁them ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁sound ▁among ▁the ▁many ▁London ▁bands ▁of ▁the ▁period . ▁▁ 1 9 |
6 7 – 6 9 : ▁The ▁first ▁three ▁albums ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁were ▁soon ▁playing ▁regularly ▁at ▁under ground ▁ven ues ▁such ▁as ▁U FO ▁and ▁The ▁Electric ▁Garden , ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁Middle ▁Earth ▁club . ▁After ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁months , ▁they ▁caught ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁manager ▁Joe ▁Bo yd ▁who ▁secured ▁them ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Pol yd or ▁Records . ▁Bo yd ▁suggested ▁they ▁augment ▁the ▁line - up ▁with ▁another ▁male ▁vocal ist . ▁S inger ▁I ain ▁Matt he ws ▁( then ▁known ▁as ▁Ian ▁Mac Donald ) ▁joined ▁the ▁band , ▁and ▁their ▁first ▁album , ▁Fair port ▁Convention , ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁released ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁At ▁this ▁early ▁stage ▁Fair port ▁looked ▁to ▁North ▁American ▁folk ▁and ▁folk ▁rock ▁acts ▁such ▁as ▁J oni ▁Mitchell , ▁Bob ▁D yl an , ▁and ▁The ▁By rd s ▁for ▁material ▁and ▁insp iration . ▁The ▁name ▁" F air port ▁Convention " ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁two ▁lead ▁vocal ists ▁led ▁many ▁new ▁listen ers ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁an ▁American ▁act , ▁ear ning ▁them ▁the ▁nick name ▁' the ▁British ▁Jefferson ▁Air plane ' ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁played ▁alongside ▁Jefferson ▁Air plane ▁at ▁the ▁First ▁Is le ▁of ▁W ight ▁Festival , ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁▁ ▁After ▁disappoint ing ▁album ▁sales ▁they ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁contract ▁with ▁Island ▁Records . ▁Before ▁their ▁next |
▁recording ▁Jud y ▁Dy ble ▁left ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁band ▁with ▁Sand y ▁Den ny , ▁a ▁folk ▁singer ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁recorded ▁as ▁a ▁solo ist ▁and ▁with ▁St raw bs . ▁Den ny ' s ▁distinct ive ▁voice , ▁described ▁by ▁C live ▁James ▁as ▁‘ open ▁space , ▁low - volume , ▁high - int ens ity ’ , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁characteristics ▁of ▁two ▁albums ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 : ▁What ▁We ▁Did ▁on ▁Our ▁Hol id ays ▁and ▁Un half br ick ing . ▁These ▁record ings ▁marked ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁much ▁greater ▁musical ity ▁and ▁song - writing ▁ability ▁among ▁the ▁band . ▁The ▁first ▁of ▁these ▁featured ▁the ▁Thompson - p enn ed ▁" Me et ▁on ▁the ▁L edge ", ▁which ▁became ▁their ▁second ▁single ▁and ▁eventually ▁the ▁band ' s ▁uno fficial ▁anth em . ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁Un half br ick ing , ▁Matt he ws ▁left ▁after ▁having ▁s ung ▁on ▁only ▁one ▁song , ▁eventually ▁to ▁form ▁Matt he ws ▁Southern ▁Com fort . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁replaced ; ▁the ▁other ▁male ▁members ▁covered ▁his ▁vocal ▁parts . ▁The ▁album ▁featured ▁a ▁guest ▁appearance ▁by ▁B irmingham ▁folk ▁f idd ler ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁on ▁a ▁recording ▁of ▁" A ▁S ail or ' s ▁Life ", ▁a ▁traditional ▁song ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁band ▁by ▁Den ny ▁from ▁her ▁folk ▁club ▁days . ▁The ▁recording ▁of ▁this ▁track ▁marked ▁an ▁important |
▁turning ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁band , ▁spark ing ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁traditional ▁music ▁in ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ▁that ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁detailed ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁Fol k ▁Dance ▁and ▁Song ▁Society ▁Library ▁at ▁Cec il ▁Sh arp ▁House ; ▁this ▁theme ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁their ▁next , ▁much ▁more ▁am bit ious , ▁recording ▁project . ▁▁▁ ▁These ▁two ▁albums ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁band ▁wider ▁recognition . ▁Radio ▁DJ ▁John ▁Pe el ▁champion ed ▁their ▁music , ▁playing ▁their ▁albums ▁on ▁his ▁influ ential ▁BBC ▁shows . ▁Pe el ▁also ▁recorded ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁sessions ▁which ▁were ▁later ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁album ▁He yd ay ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁They ▁enjoyed ▁some ▁main stream ▁success ▁when ▁they ▁entered ▁the ▁singles ▁charts ▁with ▁" Si ▁Tu ▁Do is ▁Part ir ", ▁a ▁French - language ▁version ▁of ▁Bob ▁D yl an ' s ▁" If ▁You ▁G otta ▁Go , ▁Go ▁Now ". ▁The ▁record ▁just ▁missed ▁the ▁top ▁twenty , ▁but ▁secured ▁the ▁band ▁a ▁slot ▁on ▁Top ▁of ▁the ▁P ops , ▁Britain ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁television ▁pop ▁music ▁programme ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁four ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁band , ▁one ▁un cred ited ▁and ▁three ▁with ▁pseud onym s , ▁featured ▁as ▁backing ▁mus icians ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁Love ▁Chron icles ▁by ▁Scottish ▁folk ▁artist ▁Al ▁Stewart . ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁British ▁folk ▁rock ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 9 , |
▁on ▁the ▁way ▁home ▁from ▁a ▁gig ▁at ▁B irmingham ▁ven ue ▁M oth ers , ▁a ▁club ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁Fair port ' s ▁van ▁crash ed ▁on ▁the ▁M 1 ▁motor way . ▁Martin ▁Lam ble , ▁aged ▁only ▁nin ete en , ▁and ▁Je ann ie ▁Frank lyn , ▁Richard ▁Thompson ' s ▁girl friend , ▁were ▁killed . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁suffered ▁inj uries ▁of ▁varying ▁sever ity . ▁They ▁nearly ▁decided ▁to ▁dis band . ▁However , ▁they ▁recon ven ed ▁with ▁Dave ▁Matt acks ▁taking ▁over ▁drum ming ▁duties ▁and ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁having ▁made ▁contribution ▁to ▁Un half br ick ing , ▁now ▁joined ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁member . ▁Bo yd ▁set ▁the ▁band ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁r ented ▁house ▁in ▁Far ley ▁Chamber lay ne ▁near ▁Win chester ▁in ▁Ham pshire , ▁where ▁they ▁recuper ated ▁and ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁integration ▁of ▁British ▁folk ▁music ▁into ▁rock ▁and ▁roll , ▁which ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁album ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief . ▁ ▁Usually ▁considered ▁the ▁high point ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁long ▁career , ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief ▁was ▁a ▁huge ▁le ap ▁forward ▁in ▁concept ▁and ▁musical ity . ▁The ▁album ▁consisted ▁of ▁six ▁traditional ▁tracks ▁and ▁three ▁original ▁compos itions ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁style . ▁The ▁traditional ▁tracks ▁included ▁two ▁sust ained ▁ep ics : ▁" T am ▁Lin ", ▁which ▁was ▁over ▁seven ▁minutes ▁in ▁length , ▁and ▁" Mat ty ▁Gro |
ves ", ▁at ▁over ▁eight . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁med ley ▁of ▁four ▁traditional ▁t unes , ▁arranged , ▁and , ▁like ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁tracks , ▁en l iven ed , ▁by ▁Sw ar br ick ' s ▁ener get ic ▁fiddle ▁playing . ▁The ▁first ▁side ▁was ▁bra cket ed ▁by ▁original ▁compos itions ▁" Come ▁all ▁ye " ▁and ▁" F are well , ▁F are well ", ▁which , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁gate fold ▁cover ▁on ▁H utch ings ’ ▁research , ▁explaining ▁English ▁folk ▁trad itions , ▁helped ▁give ▁the ▁record ▁the ▁feel ▁of ▁a ▁concept ▁album . ▁" F are well , ▁F are well " ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁track ▁" C ra zy ▁Man ▁Michael ", ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁full ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁distinct ive ▁song ▁writing ▁talent ▁of ▁Thompson ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁character ize ▁his ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁later ▁solo ▁career . ▁The ▁distinct ive ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁electric ▁instruments ▁and ▁Matt acks ’ ▁discipl ined ▁drum ming ▁with ▁Sw ar br ick ' s ▁fiddle ▁accompan iment ▁in ▁a ▁surprising ▁and ▁powerful ▁combination ▁of ▁rock ▁with ▁the ▁traditional . ▁The ▁entire ▁band ▁had ▁reached ▁new ▁levels ▁of ▁musical ity , ▁with ▁the ▁fluid ▁guitar ▁playing ▁of ▁Thompson ▁and ▁the ▁‘ eth ere al ’ ▁vocal ▁of ▁Den ny ▁particularly ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁album . ▁As ▁the ▁rev iewer ▁from ▁All Music ▁put ▁it , ▁the ▁album |
▁was ▁character ised ▁by ▁the ▁‘ f using ▁[ of ] ▁time - w orn ▁folk ▁with ▁electric ▁instruments ▁while ▁hon oring ▁both ’ . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁British ▁bands ▁had ▁earlier ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁playing ▁traditional ▁English ▁songs ▁on ▁electric ▁instruments , ▁( including ▁St raw bs ▁and ▁Pent angle ), ▁but ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁English ▁band ▁to ▁do ▁this ▁in ▁a ▁concert ed ▁and ▁focused ▁way . ▁Fair port ▁Convention ' s ▁achiev ement ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁invent ▁folk ▁rock , ▁but ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁distinct ly ▁English ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁genre , ▁which ▁would ▁develop ▁alongside , ▁and ▁interact ▁with , ▁American ▁inspired ▁music , ▁but ▁which ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ively ▁national ▁reaction ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁it . ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief ▁was ▁launched ▁with ▁a ▁sell - out ▁concert ▁in ▁London ' s ▁Royal ▁Festival ▁Hall ▁late ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁It ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 7 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁album ▁chart , ▁where ▁it ▁spent ▁fifteen ▁weeks . ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s : ▁A ▁time ▁of ▁change ▁ ▁Dis ag re ements ▁arose ▁about ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁this ▁success . ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ▁wanted ▁to ▁explore ▁more ▁traditional ▁material ▁and ▁left ▁to ▁form ▁two ▁groups ▁that ▁would ▁rival ▁Fair port ▁for ▁significance ▁in ▁English ▁folk ▁rock : ▁Ste e ley e ▁Span ▁and ▁the ▁Alb ion ▁Band . ▁Sand y ▁Den ny ▁also ▁left ▁to ▁found |
▁her ▁own ▁group ▁F other ing ay . ▁Dave ▁Peg g ▁took ▁over ▁on ▁bass ▁guitar ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁group ' s ▁one ▁constant ▁ever ▁since , ▁in ▁an ▁un bro ken ▁membership ▁of ▁over ▁four ▁dec ades . ▁The ▁band ▁made ▁no ▁serious ▁attempt ▁to ▁replace ▁Den ny , ▁and , ▁although ▁she ▁would ▁briefly ▁return , ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁would ▁now ▁be ▁character ized ▁by ▁male ▁vocals . ▁ ▁Despite ▁these ▁changes ▁the ▁band ▁produced ▁another ▁album , ▁Full ▁House ▁( 1 9 7 0 ), ▁which ▁was ▁remark ably ▁successful ▁as ▁a ▁project . ▁Like ▁its ▁prede cess or , ▁it ▁combined ▁traditional ▁songs , ▁including ▁a ▁powerful ▁rend ition ▁of ▁" S ir ▁Patrick ▁Sp ens ", ▁with ▁original ▁compos itions . ▁The ▁latter ▁benef ited ▁from ▁the ▁writing ▁partners hip ▁of ▁Thompson ▁and ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁most ▁obviously ▁on ▁‘ W alk ▁A while ’ ▁which ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁concert ▁favour ite . ▁Despite ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Den ny ▁the ▁band ▁still ▁possessed ▁four ▁vocal ists , ▁including ▁the ▁emer ging ▁voices ▁of ▁Nicol ▁and ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁whose ▁t ones ▁would ▁domin ate ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁this ▁period . ▁It ▁was ▁fav ou rab ly ▁review ed ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁America , ▁drawing ▁compar isons ▁with ▁the ▁Band ▁from ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁magazine ▁who ▁declared ▁that ▁‘ F air port ▁Convention ▁is ▁better ▁than ▁ever ’ . ▁The ▁album ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 3 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Chart ▁and ▁stayed |
▁in ▁the ▁chart ▁for ▁eleven ▁weeks . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁band ▁released ▁a ▁single ▁' Now ▁Be ▁Thank ful ' ▁and ▁made ▁its ▁American ▁debut , ▁tour ing ▁with ▁Tra ffic ▁and ▁C ros by , ▁St ills , ▁Nash ▁& ▁Young . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁rec urr ing ▁pattern , ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁album ' s ▁release ▁Thompson ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁purs ue ▁other ▁projects ▁and ▁eventually ▁his ▁solo ▁career . ▁This ▁left ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁original ▁member ▁and ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁force ▁in ▁the ▁band . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁the ▁members ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁had ▁moved ▁into ▁The ▁Angel , ▁a ▁former ▁pub ▁in ▁H ert ford shire ▁and ▁this ▁inspired ▁the ▁next ▁album ▁Angel ▁Del ight ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁the ▁band ' s ▁first ▁to ▁chart ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 0 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁ 2 0 0 ▁and ▁their ▁only ▁top ▁ten ▁album ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁The ▁next ▁project ▁was ▁an ▁am bit ious ▁folk - rock ▁opera ▁developed ▁by ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁John ▁' B ab ba com be ' ▁Lee , ▁‘ the ▁man ▁they ▁couldn ’ t ▁hang ’ ▁and ▁released ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁Bab ba com be ▁Lee ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁The ▁concept ▁format , ▁originally ▁without ▁clear ▁tracks , ▁excited ▁considerable ▁press ▁interest ▁and ▁it ▁received ▁good ▁air ▁play |
▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁it ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 9 5 . ▁A ▁version ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁BBC ▁for ▁TV ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁with ▁narr ation ▁by ▁Mel v yn ▁B rag g . ▁These ▁two ▁albums ▁were ▁also ▁notable ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁that ▁Fair port ▁had ▁recorded ▁consec ut ively ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁line - up , ▁but ▁in ev it ably ▁stability ▁did ▁not ▁last : ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁left ▁early ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁join ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ' ▁Alb ion ▁Band ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁soon ▁followed ▁by ▁Matt acks . ▁ ▁Only ▁Peg g ▁and ▁Sw ar br ick ▁remained ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁few ▁years ▁have ▁been ▁dub bed ▁' F air port ▁confusion ' ▁as ▁a ▁bew ilder ing ▁sequence ▁of ▁band ▁members ▁came ▁and ▁went , ▁but ▁by ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Matt acks ▁had ▁returned ▁and ▁two ▁former ▁members ▁of ▁Sand y ▁Den ny ' s ▁F other ing ay ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁band , ▁Den ny ' s ▁Australian ▁husband ▁Tre vor ▁Lucas ▁on ▁vocals ▁and ▁guitar ▁and ▁American ▁Jerry ▁Don ah ue ▁on ▁lead ▁guitar . ▁From ▁these ▁line - ups ▁the ▁band ▁produced ▁two ▁studio ▁albums : ▁Ros ie , ▁notable ▁for ▁the ▁Sw ar br ick ▁p enn ed ▁title ▁track ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁and ▁N ine ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁the ▁nin th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁band . ▁The ▁last ▁of ▁these ▁contained |
▁writing ▁contributions ▁by ▁Lucas ▁to ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁nine ▁tracks , ▁which ▁together ▁with ▁Don ah ue ' s ▁country ▁influ ences ▁and ▁out standing ▁guitar ▁py rote chn ics ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁very ▁distinct ive ▁feel . ▁ ▁Den ny ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁considerable ▁expect ations , ▁both ▁art istic ▁and ▁commercial , ▁placed ▁on ▁this ▁line - up . ▁Den ny ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁R ising ▁for ▁the ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁band ' s ▁highest ▁US ▁chart ▁album ▁when ▁it ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 4 3 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁ 2 0 0 ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁album ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁top ▁one - h undred ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁since ▁Angel ▁Del ight , ▁reaching ▁no ▁ 5 2 . ▁During ▁the ▁R ising ▁sessions , ▁Matt acks ▁fell ▁out ▁with ▁producer ▁G lyn ▁Joh ns ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁former ▁Gre ase ▁Band ▁drum mer ▁Bruce ▁Row land . ▁Po or ▁UK ▁sales ▁for ▁R ising ▁did ▁not ▁aid ▁mor ale ▁and , ▁despite ▁the ▁relative ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁line - up , ▁Lucas ▁and ▁Don ah ue ▁left ▁the ▁band , ▁as ▁did ▁Den ny ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁She ▁died ▁aged ▁ 3 1 , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁of ▁a ▁c ere br al ▁ha emor rh age ▁after ▁falling ▁down ▁a ▁flight ▁of ▁st airs . ▁ ▁Row land , ▁Peg |
g , ▁and ▁Sw ar br ick ▁ful filled ▁their ▁remaining ▁contract ual ▁oblig ations ▁to ▁Island ▁Records ▁by ▁turning ▁what ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁a ▁Sw ar br ick ▁solo ▁effort ▁into ▁the ▁album ▁Gott le ▁O ' Ge er ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁' F air port ' ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁Fair port ▁Convention ) ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁and ▁as ▁' F air port ▁featuring ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ' ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁and ▁with ▁various ▁session ▁players ▁and ▁production ▁by ▁Simon ▁Nicol , ▁who ▁subsequently ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁band . ▁They ▁then ▁signed ▁with ▁Vert igo , ▁but ▁record ▁sales ▁continued ▁to ▁decl ine ▁and ▁after ▁producing ▁two ▁of ▁four ▁contract ed ▁albums , ▁The ▁Bon ny ▁B unch ▁of ▁Ros es ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁T ipp lers ▁T ales ▁( 1 9 7 8 ), ▁Vert igo ▁bought ▁them ▁out ▁of ▁their ▁contract . ▁It ▁is ▁claimed ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁recording ▁money ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁up ▁to ▁that ▁point . ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 8 5 : ▁The ▁C rop red y ▁era ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁the ▁main stream ▁market ▁for ▁folk ▁rock ▁had ▁largely ▁disappeared , ▁the ▁band ▁had ▁no ▁record ▁deal , ▁and ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁had ▁been ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁t inn it us , ▁which ▁made ▁loud ▁electric ▁gig s ▁increasing ly ▁difficult . ▁Fair port |
▁decided ▁to ▁dis band . ▁They ▁played ▁a ▁fare well ▁tour ▁and ▁a ▁final ▁out door ▁concert ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁in ▁C rop red y , ▁the ▁Oxford shire ▁village ▁where ▁Dave ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Peg g ▁lived . ▁The ▁final ity ▁of ▁this ▁occasion ▁was ▁mit ig ated ▁by ▁the ▁announ cement ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁would ▁meet ▁for ▁a ▁re union . ▁ ▁No ▁record ▁company ▁wanted ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁live ▁record ings ▁of ▁the ▁tour ▁and ▁concert , ▁so ▁the ▁Peg gs ▁founded ▁Wood w orm ▁Records , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁major ▁out let ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁M embers ▁continued ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁occas ional ▁gig s , ▁particularly ▁in ▁festiv als ▁in ▁contin ental ▁Europe , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁year ▁they ▁st aged ▁a ▁re union ▁concert ▁in ▁C rop red y ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁annual ▁C rop red y ▁Festival . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years , ▁it ▁grew ▁rapidly ▁and ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁major ▁mechanism ▁for ▁sust aining ▁the ▁band . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁band ▁held ▁their ▁annual ▁re union ▁concert ▁at ▁Br ought on ▁Castle , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁usual ▁C rop red y ▁location . ▁The ▁concert ▁was ▁recorded , ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁album ▁Mo at ▁on ▁the ▁L edge . ▁ ▁The ▁Peg gs ▁continued ▁to ▁record ▁and ▁release ▁the ▁C rop red y ▁concert s ▁as ▁' o fficial ▁boot leg s '. ▁These |
▁were ▁supp lement ed ▁by ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁gig s ▁in ▁minor ▁locations ▁including ▁the ▁Half ▁Moon ▁at ▁Put ney ▁and ▁the ▁Gl ouc ester ▁Le is ure ▁Centre . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁the ▁magazine ▁Fair port ▁F an at ics ▁( l ater ▁D irty ▁Lin en ), ▁was ▁created : ▁a ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁continued ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁dedicated ▁fan ▁base . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁members ▁purs ued ▁their ▁own ▁lives ▁and ▁care ers ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁band . ▁Nicol , ▁Peg g , ▁and ▁Matt acks ▁had ▁recorded ▁and ▁tou red ▁with ▁Richard ▁and ▁L inda ▁Thompson ▁at ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁did ▁so ▁again ▁during ▁this ▁period , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁their ▁appearance ▁on ▁the ▁Sho ot ▁Out ▁the ▁L ights ▁album ▁and ▁tour ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Bruce ▁Row lands ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁music ▁business ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Den mark ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁Dave ▁Matt acks ▁returned ▁as ▁drum mer ▁for ▁Fair port ' s ▁occas ional ▁gig s . ▁Dave ▁Peg g ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁several ▁Fair por ters ▁to ▁join ▁J eth ro ▁T ull ▁which ▁gave ▁him ▁well - pay ing ▁steady ▁employ ment . ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁had ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁in ▁a ▁highly ▁regarded ▁ac oust ic ▁du o , ▁but ▁this ▁partners hip ▁was ▁made ▁difficult ▁by ▁Sw ar br ick ' s ▁sudden ▁decision ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁Scotland |
, ▁where , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁his ▁new ▁project ▁Wh ipp ers n apper . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Peg g , ▁Nicol ▁and ▁Matt acks ▁found ▁that ▁they ▁all ▁had ▁some ▁free ▁time ▁and ▁an ▁available ▁studio ▁belonging ▁to ▁Peg g . ▁They ▁decided ▁that ▁they ▁needed ▁some ▁new ▁material ▁to ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁catalog ue ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁susp ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁As ▁Sw ar br ick ▁was ▁un available , ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁traditional ▁t unes ▁was ▁more ▁difficult ▁than ▁for ▁past ▁albums ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁replacement ▁fiddle ▁player ▁and ▁some ▁vocals . ▁Peg g ▁and ▁Nicol ▁took ▁over ▁arr anging ▁duties ▁on ▁an ▁instrument al ▁med ley ▁and ▁the ▁band ▁turned ▁to ▁som etime ▁Alb ion ▁Band ▁members : ▁jazz ▁and ▁folk ▁viol in ist ▁Ric ▁Sand ers ▁and ▁singer - song writer ▁C ath y ▁Les ur f . ▁They ▁also ▁had ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁ex - member ▁Richard ▁Thompson . ▁Thompson ▁and ▁Les ur f ▁contributed ▁songs ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁record ings . ▁Also ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁Ralph ▁Mc T ell ▁who ▁contributed ▁one ▁song ▁and ▁co - w rote ▁one ▁track ▁each ▁with ▁Nicol ▁and ▁Matt acks . ▁The ▁former , ▁‘ The ▁H iring ▁Fair ’ , ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁stage ▁fi xture ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁Fair port . ▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁album ▁Glad ys ' ▁Le ap ▁( 1 |
9 8 5 ) ▁was ▁generally ▁well ▁received ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁and ▁national ▁press , ▁but ▁caused ▁some ▁t ension ▁with ▁Sw ar br ick ▁who ▁refused ▁to ▁play ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁material ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁C rop red y ▁Festival . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁reform ▁the ▁band , ▁without ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁three ▁remaining ▁members . ▁Ric ▁Sand ers ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁join , ▁along ▁with ▁guitar ist , ▁composer , ▁arr anger ▁and ▁multi - inst rument al ist ▁Ma art in ▁All cock . ▁Nicol , ▁with ▁his ▁developing ▁bar it one ▁voice , ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁main ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁vocal ▁duties . ▁This ▁line - up ▁was ▁to ▁last ▁eleven ▁years , ▁the ▁longest ▁period ▁of ▁membership ▁stability ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁history ▁so ▁far . ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 7 : ▁St ability ▁The ▁new ▁band ▁began ▁a ▁hect ic ▁schedule ▁of ▁performing ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁the ▁World ▁and ▁prepared ▁material ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁album . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁the ▁all - inst rument al ▁Ex ple t ive ▁Del ight ed ! ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁This ▁show c ased ▁the ▁virt u os ity ▁of ▁Sand ers ▁and ▁All cock , ▁but ▁perhaps ▁in ev it ably ▁was ▁not ▁popular ▁with ▁all ▁fans . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁recording ▁In ▁Real ▁Time : ▁Live ▁' 8 7 ▁which ▁managed ▁to ▁capture ▁the |
▁energy ▁and ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Fair port ▁on ▁stage , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁with ▁audience ▁re actions ▁dub bed ▁on . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁band ▁were ▁playing ▁to ▁larger ▁and ▁larger ▁aud ien ces , ▁both ▁on ▁tour ▁and ▁at ▁C rop red y , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁very ▁product ive ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁recording . ▁Fair port ▁had ▁the ▁considerable ▁compos ing ▁and ▁arr anging ▁skills ▁of ▁All cock ▁and , ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁gap ▁created ▁by ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁song writer ▁in ▁the ▁band , ▁they ▁turned ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁tal ented ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁contemporary ▁folk ▁scene . ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁Red ▁& ▁Gold ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁The ▁Five ▁Se asons ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁and ▁Jew el ▁in ▁the ▁Crown ▁( 1 9 9 5 ), ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁jud ged ▁‘ the ir ▁best s elling ▁and ▁und ou bt edly ▁fin est ▁album ▁in ▁years .’ ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁with ▁Matt acks ▁busy ▁with ▁other ▁projects , ▁the ▁band ▁shift ed ▁to ▁an ▁ac oust ic ▁format ▁for ▁tour ing ▁and ▁released ▁the ▁un pl ug ged ▁Old ▁New ▁Bor row ed ▁Blue ▁as ▁‘ F air port ▁Ac oust ic ▁Convention ’ ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁For ▁a ▁while ▁the ▁four - pie ce ▁ac oust ic ▁line - up ▁ran ▁in ▁parallel ▁with ▁the ▁electric ▁format . ▁When ▁All cock |
▁left ▁the ▁band , ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Chris ▁Les lie ▁on ▁vocals , ▁mand olin ▁and ▁fiddle , ▁who ▁formerly ▁worked ▁with ▁Sw ar br ick ▁in ▁Wh ipp ers n apper , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁one - off ▁st int ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁replacing ▁Ric ▁Sand ers ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁C rop red y ▁Festival . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁reform ing , ▁the ▁band ▁had ▁a ▁recognized ▁song writer ▁who ▁contributed ▁significantly ▁to ▁the ▁band ' s ▁output ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁album ▁Who ▁Kn ows ▁Where ▁the ▁Time ▁Go es ? ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁particularly ▁the ▁r ous ing ▁‘ John ▁Ga ud ie ’ . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁thirty - year ▁anni versary ▁Festival ▁at ▁C rop red y , ▁the ▁new ▁Fair port ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁existence ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁de cade ▁and ▁contributed ▁a ▁significant ▁chapter ▁to ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁band . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 – present ▁ ▁Dave ▁Matt acks ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁and ▁Ger ry ▁Con way ▁took ▁over ▁on ▁drums ▁and ▁per cussion . ▁Fair port ▁produced ▁two ▁more ▁studio ▁albums ▁for ▁Wood w orm ▁Records : ▁The ▁Wood ▁and ▁the ▁W ire ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁and ▁XXX V ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Then , ▁for ▁Over ▁the ▁Next ▁Hill ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁they ▁established ▁a ▁new ▁label |
: ▁Mat ty ▁Gro ov es ▁Records . ▁In ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁band ▁tou red ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁Europe , ▁Austral asia , ▁Europe , ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Canada , ▁and ▁st aged ▁a ▁major ▁fund ▁ra iser ▁for ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁at ▁the ▁B irmingham ▁Sym phony ▁Hall . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁began ▁their ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Bre ton ▁music ian ▁Alan ▁Simon . ▁Working ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁numerous ▁others , ▁members ▁of ▁Fair port ▁( pred omin antly ▁Nicol ▁and ▁Les lie ) ▁have ▁performed ▁in ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁record ings ▁of ▁all ▁Simon ' s ▁rock ▁oper as , ▁including ▁the ▁Ex cal ib ur ▁tr il ogy ▁( 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁and ▁Anne ▁de ▁Bret agne ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁was ▁their ▁for ti eth ▁anni versary ▁year ▁and ▁they ▁celebrated ▁by ▁re le asing ▁a ▁new ▁album , ▁S ense ▁of ▁Occ asion . ▁They ▁performed ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief ▁album ▁live ▁at ▁C rop red y , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁renamed ▁Fair port ' s ▁C rop red y ▁Convention , ▁featuring ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁line - up ▁of ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick , ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings , ▁Dave ▁Matt acks , ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁and ▁Richard ▁Thompson , |
▁with ▁singer - song writer ▁Chris ▁While ▁taking ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁Sand y ▁Den ny . ▁Foot age ▁of ▁the ▁festival , ▁although ▁not ▁the ▁Lie ge ▁and ▁L ief ▁performance , ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁celebr atory ▁DVD . ▁ ▁The ▁band ' s ▁first ▁official ▁YouTube ▁video ▁appeared ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Ed ited ▁from ▁foot age ▁shot ▁for ▁the ▁DVD , ▁the ▁nine - min ute ▁mini - document ary ▁includes ▁inter views ▁with ▁L ulu , ▁J ools ▁Holland , ▁S eth ▁Lak eman , ▁Mike ▁Hard ing , ▁Geoff ▁Hugh es ▁and ▁Frank ▁Sk inner . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁band ▁released ▁a ▁new ▁studio ▁album ▁Festival ▁Bell , ▁the ▁first ▁new ▁album ▁in ▁four ▁years . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁by ▁Bab ba com be ▁Lee ▁Live ▁Again ▁recorded ▁live ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁tour ▁revis iting ▁the ▁Bab ba com be ▁Lee ▁album ▁first ▁issued ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁band ▁also ▁released ▁By ▁Popular ▁Request , ▁a ▁re working ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁songs ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁re per toire ▁( as ▁determined ▁by ▁a ▁myster ious ▁consult ation ▁and ▁voting ▁process ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁band ▁with ▁its ▁fans ). ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁the ▁band ▁still ▁continue ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁record ▁music , |
▁regularly ▁producing ▁new ▁studio ▁albums , ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁releases ▁being ▁ 2 0 1 5 ' s ▁M yth s ▁and ▁Hero es , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ' s ▁ 5 0 : 5 0 @ 5 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 0 ' s ▁Sh uffle ▁and ▁Go . ▁ ▁Public ▁recognition ▁The ▁main stream ▁media ▁has ▁increasing ly ▁recognized ▁Fair port ▁Convention ' s ▁historical ▁importance . ▁They ▁received ▁a ▁" L if etime ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award " ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁Fol k ▁Awards . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁Free ▁Re ed ▁Records , ▁an ▁independent ▁label , ▁released ▁Fair port ▁Un con vent ional , ▁a ▁four - CD ▁box ed ▁set ▁of ▁rare ▁and ▁un re leased ▁record ings ▁from ▁the ▁band ' s ▁ 3 5 - year ▁career . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁Fol k ▁Awards ▁they ▁received ▁an ▁award ▁when ▁their ▁sem inal ▁album ▁Lie ge ▁& ▁L ief ▁was ▁voted ▁' M ost ▁In flu ential ▁Fol k ▁Album ▁of ▁All ▁Time ' ▁by ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁listen ers . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 2 ▁Fol k ▁Awards ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁received ▁an ▁award ▁recogn ising ▁the ▁late ▁Sand y ▁Den ny ▁and ▁the ▁band ▁for ▁‘ F av our ite ▁Fol k ▁Track ▁Of ▁All ▁Time ’ ▁for ▁Who ▁Kn ows ▁Where ▁the ▁Time ▁Go es ?. ▁ |
▁Person nel ▁ ▁M embers ▁Current ▁members ▁ ▁Simon ▁Nicol ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – present ) ▁ ▁Dave ▁Peg g ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁mand olin , ▁backing ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – present ) ▁ ▁Ric ▁Sand ers ▁– ▁f idd les , ▁occas ional ▁key boards ▁( 1 9 8 5 – present ) ▁ ▁Chris ▁Les lie ▁– ▁fiddle , ▁mand olin , ▁bou z ou ki , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 9 6 – present ) ▁ ▁Ger ry ▁Con way ▁– ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁( 1 9 9 8 – present ) ▁ ▁Form er ▁members ▁ ▁Richard ▁Thompson ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁Ash ley ▁H utch ings ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Sh a un ▁Fr ater ▁– ▁drums ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁Martin ▁Lam ble ▁– ▁drums ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 6 9 ; ▁died ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Jud y ▁Dy ble ▁– ▁vocal , ▁aut oh arp , ▁piano , ▁rec order ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁I ain ▁Matt he ws ▁– |
▁vocal ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Sand y ▁Den ny ▁– ▁vocal , ▁guitar , ▁piano ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 6 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 7 5 ; ▁died ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Dave ▁Sw ar br ick ▁– ▁fiddle , ▁mand olin , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 7 9 ; ▁died ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Dave ▁Matt acks ▁– ▁drums , ▁key boards , ▁bass ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 1 9 7 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Roger ▁Hill ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 7 2 ; ▁died ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Tom ▁F arn ell ▁– ▁drums ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁David ▁Re a ▁– ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 7 2 ; ▁died ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Tre vor ▁Lucas ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 7 5 ; ▁died ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Don ah ue ▁– ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Paul ▁Warren ▁– ▁drums ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Bruce ▁Row land ▁– ▁drums ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 |
9 7 9 ; ▁died ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Dan ▁Ar ▁Bra z ▁– ▁guitar ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Bob ▁Br ady ▁– ▁piano ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Roger ▁B urr idge ▁– ▁mand olin , ▁fiddle ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Ma art in ▁All cock ▁– ▁guitar , ▁mand olin , ▁keyboard , ▁vocal ▁( 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 9 6 ; ▁died ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Line ups ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Tony ▁Pal mer ’ s ▁Film ▁Of ▁Fair port ▁Convention ▁and ▁Matt he ws ▁Southern ▁Com fort , ▁directed ▁by ▁Tony ▁Pal mer , ▁featuring ▁Fair port ' s ▁ ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁Ma id stone ▁F i esta ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁Origin ally ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁V HS ▁video ▁by ▁Music F olk / We int ra ub , ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁DVD ▁by ▁Vo ice print ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁sound track ▁CD ▁issued ▁by ▁Vo ice print ▁as ▁‘ Live ▁In ▁Ma id stone ▁ 1 9 7 0 ’ ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources : ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : English ▁folk ▁musical ▁groups ▁Category : English ▁folk ▁rock ▁groups ▁Category : A sh ley ▁H utch ings ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Category : Pol |
yd or ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Is land ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : A & M ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Vert igo ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : R ough ▁Trade ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Trans at l antic ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁F as ci ol aria ▁cur vi ro str is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁F as ci ol ari idae , ▁the ▁sp ind le ▁sn ails , ▁the ▁t ul ip ▁sn ails ▁and ▁their ▁al lies . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : F as ci ol ari idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bor is ▁III ▁( ; ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ), ▁originally ▁Bor is ▁K lem ens ▁Robert ▁Maria ▁P ius ▁Ludwig ▁Stanis laus ▁X aver ▁( B oris ▁Clement ▁Robert ▁Mary ▁P ius ▁Louis ▁Stanis laus ▁X avier ), ▁was ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁The ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Ferdinand ▁I , ▁Bor is ▁assumed ▁the ▁throne ▁upon ▁the ▁ab dic ation ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁defeat ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁Under ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Neu illy , ▁Bulg |
aria ▁was ▁forced ▁to , ▁amongst ▁other ▁things , ▁c ede ▁various ▁territ ories , ▁pay ▁cri pp ling ▁war ▁re par ations , ▁and ▁greatly ▁reduce ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁its ▁military . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁Aleks and ar ▁St amb oli y ski ▁of ▁the ▁agr arian ▁Bulgar ian ▁Agr arian ▁National ▁Union ▁became ▁prime ▁minister . ▁After ▁St amb oli y ski ▁was ▁over th rown ▁in ▁a ▁coup ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁Bor is ▁recognized ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁of ▁Aleks and ar ▁Ts ank ov , ▁who ▁har sh ly ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁and ▁lead ▁the ▁nation ▁through ▁a ▁brief ▁border ▁war ▁with ▁Greece . ▁Ts ank ov ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁power ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁prime ▁minister s ▁followed ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁corpor at ist ▁Z ven o ▁movement ▁st aged ▁a ▁coup ▁and ▁out la wed ▁all ▁political ▁parties . ▁Bor is ▁opposed ▁the ▁Z ven o ▁government ▁and ▁over th rew ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁eventually ▁installing ▁Georg i ▁Ky ose ivan ov ▁as ▁prime ▁minister . ▁For ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁reign , ▁Bor is ▁would ▁rule ▁as ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁absolute ▁monarch , ▁with ▁his ▁prime ▁minister s ▁largely ▁subm itting ▁to ▁his ▁will . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Bulg aria ▁initially ▁remained ▁neutral . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , |
▁Bog dan ▁Fil ov ▁replaced ▁Ky ose ivan ov ▁as ▁prime ▁minister , ▁becoming ▁the ▁last ▁prime ▁minister ▁to ▁serve ▁under ▁Bor is . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany , ▁Bulg aria ▁received ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Southern ▁Dob r ud ja ▁from ▁Roman ia ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Cra i ova . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Bor is ▁approved ▁the ▁anti - S emit ic ▁Law ▁for ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁the ▁Nation , ▁which ▁denied ▁citizens hip ▁to ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁and ▁placed ▁numerous ▁restrictions ▁upon ▁them . ▁In ▁March , ▁Bulg aria ▁joined ▁the ▁A xis . ▁In ▁exchange , ▁Bulg aria ▁received ▁large ▁port ions ▁of ▁Mac ed onia ▁and ▁Th race , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁key ▁targets ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁ir red ent ism . ▁Bor is ▁refused ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁partially ▁resist ed ▁German ▁attempts ▁to ▁deport ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Hol oca ust . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁Z ven o , ▁the ▁Agr arian ▁National ▁Union , ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Commun ist ▁Party , ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁far - left ▁groups ▁un ited ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁resistance ▁movement ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Father land ▁Front , ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁returning ▁from ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Germany |
, ▁Bor is ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 9 . ▁His ▁six - year - old ▁son , ▁S ime on ▁II , ▁succeeded ▁him ▁as ▁ts ar . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Bor is ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁to ▁Ferdinand ▁I , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Louise ▁of ▁Bour bon - Par ma . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁his ▁father ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁recon c ili ation ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁and ▁Russia ▁with ▁the ▁conversion ▁of ▁the ▁infant ▁Prince ▁Bor is ▁from ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁to ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁Christian ity , ▁a ▁move ▁that ▁earned ▁Ferdinand ▁the ▁fr ustration ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁the ▁anim os ity ▁of ▁his ▁Catholic ▁Aust rian ▁relatives ▁( part icular ly ▁his ▁uncle ▁Franz ▁Joseph ▁I ▁of ▁Austria ) ▁and ▁ex communic ation ▁from ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁rem edy ▁this ▁difficult ▁situation , ▁Ferdinand ▁christ ened ▁all ▁his ▁remaining ▁children ▁as ▁C athol ics . ▁Nicholas ▁II ▁of ▁Russia ▁stood ▁as ▁god father ▁to ▁Bor is ▁and ▁met ▁the ▁young ▁boy ▁during ▁Ferdinand ' s ▁official ▁visit ▁to ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁initial ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁so - called ▁Palace ▁Second ary ▁School , ▁which ▁Ferdinand ▁had ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁sole ly ▁for ▁his ▁sons . ▁Later , ▁Bor is |
▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Military ▁School ▁in ▁Sof ia , ▁then ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Wars . ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁l ia ison ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Army ▁on ▁the ▁Mac ed onian ▁front . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁colon el ▁and ▁attached ▁again ▁as ▁l ia ison ▁officer ▁to ▁Army ▁Group ▁Mack ensen ▁and ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Third ▁Army ▁for ▁the ▁operations ▁against ▁Roman ia . ▁Bor is ▁worked ▁hard ▁to ▁smooth ▁the ▁sometimes ▁difficult ▁relations ▁between ▁Field ▁Marsh al ▁Mack ensen ▁and ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Stefan ▁T os he v , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Army . ▁Through ▁his ▁courage ▁and ▁personal ▁example , ▁he ▁earned ▁the ▁respect ▁of ▁the ▁troops ▁and ▁the ▁senior ▁Bulgar ian ▁and ▁German ▁command ers , ▁even ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁General qu art ier meister ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Army , ▁Er ich ▁Lud endor ff , ▁who ▁preferred ▁dealing ▁personally ▁with ▁Bor is ▁and ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁excell ently ▁trained , ▁a ▁thoroughly ▁soldier ly ▁person ▁and ▁m ature ▁beyond ▁his ▁years . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Bor is ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁major ▁general . ▁ ▁Early ▁reign ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁V ard ar ▁Off ensive ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁sue ▁for ▁peace . ▁Ferdinand ▁subsequently ▁ab dic ated ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁Bor is , ▁who ▁became ▁Ts ar ▁on ▁ 3 |
▁October ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁One ▁year ▁after ▁Bor is ' s ▁acc ession , ▁Aleks and ar ▁St amb oli y ski ▁( or ▁St amb ol ij ski ) ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁People ' s ▁Agr arian ▁Union ▁was ▁elected ▁prime ▁minister . ▁Though ▁popular ▁with ▁the ▁large ▁pe asant ▁class , ▁St amb ol ij ski ▁earned ▁the ▁anim os ity ▁of ▁the ▁middle ▁class ▁and ▁military , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁to pp ling ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁coup ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁his ▁subsequent ▁assass ination . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁an ▁an arch ist ▁group ▁attacked ▁Bor is ' s ▁caval cade ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁through ▁the ▁Arab ak on ak ▁Pass . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁a ▁bomb ▁killed ▁ 1 5 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁el ite ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁as ▁they ▁attended ▁the ▁fun eral ▁of ▁a ▁murder ed ▁general ▁( see ▁St ▁Ned ely a ▁Church ▁assault ). ▁Following ▁a ▁further ▁attempt ▁on ▁Bor is ' s ▁life ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁military ▁repr is als ▁killed ▁several ▁thousand ▁commun ists ▁and ▁agr ari ans , ▁including ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁intellig ents ia . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁short ▁border ▁war ▁with ▁Greece , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Inc ident ▁at ▁Pet rich , ▁which ▁was ▁resolved ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the |
▁League ▁of ▁Nations . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁coup ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁the ▁Z ven o ▁military ▁organisation ▁established ▁a ▁dict ator ship ▁and ▁abol ished ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Bulg aria . ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁pu ppet ▁ts ar ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁coup . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁he ▁st aged ▁a ▁counter - c oup ▁and ▁assumed ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁political ▁process ▁was ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁Ts ar , ▁but ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁parliament ary ▁rule ▁was ▁re - int rodu ced , ▁without ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁parties . ▁With ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁" K ing ' s ▁government " ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Bulg aria ▁entered ▁an ▁era ▁of ▁prosper ity ▁and ▁ast ounding ▁growth , ▁which ▁des erved ly ▁qual ifies ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Bulgar ian ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁last ed ▁nearly ▁five ▁years . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁issue ▁Bor is ▁married ▁Giov anna ▁of ▁Italy , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Victor ▁Em manuel ▁III ▁of ▁Italy , ▁in ▁a ▁Catholic ▁ceremony – not ▁a ▁Mass – at ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Saint ▁Francis ▁of ▁Ass isi ▁in ▁Ass isi , ▁Italy , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁registered ▁the ▁marriage ▁at ▁the ▁town ▁hall ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁religious ▁service . ▁Their ▁marriage ▁produced ▁two ▁children |
: ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Maria ▁Louis a , ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁and ▁a ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁throne , ▁S ime on , ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁neutral , ▁but ▁powerful ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁s way ed ▁its ▁politics ▁towards ▁Germany ▁( with ▁which ▁Bulg aria ▁had ▁been ▁al lied ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ). ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁peace ▁treat ies ▁that ▁ended ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁( the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Vers a illes ▁and ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Neu illy ), ▁Bulg aria , ▁which ▁had ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁losing ▁side , ▁lost ▁two ▁important ▁territ ories ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁countries : ▁the ▁Southern ▁plain ▁of ▁Dob ru ja ▁to ▁Roman ia , ▁and ▁Western ▁Th race ▁to ▁Greece . ▁The ▁Bulg ari ans ▁considered ▁these ▁treat ies ▁an ▁ins ult ▁and ▁wanted ▁the ▁lands ▁restored . ▁When ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁rose ▁to ▁power , ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁win ▁Bulgar ian ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ' s ▁alleg iance . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁after ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁war , ▁Hitler ▁hosted ▁diplom atic ▁tal ks ▁between ▁Bulg aria ▁and ▁Roman ia ▁in ▁Vienna . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁September , ▁an ▁agreement ▁was ▁signed ▁for ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁Southern ▁Dob ru ja ▁to ▁Bulg aria . ▁The |
▁Bulgar ian ▁nation ▁rejo iced . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Bor is ▁al lied ▁himself ▁with ▁the ▁A xis ▁powers , ▁thus ▁recover ing ▁most ▁of ▁Mac ed onia ▁and ▁A ege an ▁Th race , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁protect ing ▁his ▁country ▁from ▁being ▁cr ushed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁We hr macht ▁like ▁neighbor ing ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁and ▁Greece . ▁For ▁recover ing ▁these ▁territ ories , ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁Un ifier ▁( B ul gar ian : ▁Ц ар ▁О бе ди ни тел ). ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁Time ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁we aring ▁a ▁full ▁military ▁uniform . ▁ ▁Despite ▁this ▁al liance , ▁and ▁the ▁German ▁presence ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁and ▁along ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁capital ▁to ▁Greece , ▁Bor is ▁was ▁not ▁willing ▁to ▁provide ▁full ▁and ▁un cond itional ▁co operation ▁with ▁Germany . ▁He ▁refused ▁to ▁send ▁regular ▁Bulgar ian ▁troops ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁on ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front ▁alongside ▁Germany ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁A xis ▁bell iger ents , ▁and ▁also ▁refused ▁to ▁allow ▁uno fficial ▁volunte ers ▁( such ▁as ▁Spain ' s ▁Blue ▁Division ) ▁to ▁particip ate , ▁although ▁the ▁German ▁leg ation ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁received ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁requests ▁from ▁young ▁Bulgar ian ▁men ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁fight ▁against ▁B ols he v ism . ▁ ▁But |
▁there ▁was ▁a ▁price ▁to ▁be ▁paid ▁for ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁Dob r ud ja . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁the ▁anti - J ew ish ▁" L aw ▁for ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁the ▁Nation " ▁( За кон ▁за ▁защи та ▁на ▁на ция та ▁— ▁З З Н ) ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁N ure m berg ▁La ws ▁in ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Hitler ' s ▁occupied ▁Europe . ▁Bulgar ian ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Bog dan ▁Fil ov ▁and ▁Inter ior ▁Minister ▁Pet ur ▁Gab rov ski , ▁both ▁Naz i ▁sympath is ers , ▁were ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁this ▁law , ▁which ▁restricted ▁Jewish ▁rights , ▁im posed ▁new ▁tax es , ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁qu ota ▁for ▁Jews ▁in ▁some ▁prof essions . ▁Many ▁Bulg ari ans ▁protest ed ▁in ▁letters ▁to ▁their ▁government .. ▁ ▁The ▁Hol oca ust ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Hitler ' s ▁em iss ary , ▁The odor ▁Dan ne cker , ▁arrived ▁in ▁Bulg aria . ▁Dan ne cker ▁was ▁an ▁SS ▁Haupt st urm führ er ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Adolf ▁E ich mann ' s ▁associ ates ▁who ▁gu ided ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁deport ation ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Jews ▁to ▁concentration ▁cam ps . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Dan ne cker ▁met ▁with ▁the ▁Comm iss ar ▁for ▁Jewish ▁Affairs ▁in |
▁Bulg aria , ▁Alexander ▁Be lev , ▁not orious ▁for ▁his ▁ant is emit ic ▁and ▁strong ▁national ist ▁views . ▁They ▁held ▁closed - door ▁meet ings ▁and ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁secret ▁agreement ▁signed ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁for ▁the ▁deport ations ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews ▁- ▁ 1 1 , 3 4 3 ▁from ▁A ege an ▁Th race ▁and ▁V ard ar ▁Mac ed onia , ▁and ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁from ▁Bulg aria ▁proper . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁territ ories ▁conquer ed ▁by ▁Germany , ▁but ▁being ▁under ▁Bulgar ian ▁occupation ▁and ▁juris diction ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁although ▁this ▁occupation ▁was ▁never ▁recognized ▁intern ation ally . ▁The ▁Jewish ▁people ▁in ▁these ▁territ ories ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁ones ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁get ▁Bulgar ian ▁citizens hip ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 2 , ▁unlike ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁deport ed ▁later . ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁round ups ▁were ▁to ▁begin ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁Box c ars ▁were ▁l ined ▁up ▁in ▁Ky ust end il , ▁a ▁town ▁near ▁the ▁western ▁border . ▁But ▁as ▁the ▁news ▁about ▁the ▁im min ent ▁deport ations ▁le aked ▁out , ▁protest s ▁arose ▁throughout ▁Bulg aria . ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 9 ▁March , ▁a ▁deleg ation |
▁from ▁Ky ust end il , ▁composed ▁of ▁em inent ▁public ▁figures ▁and ▁head ed ▁by ▁Dim itar ▁P es he v , ▁the ▁deput y ▁speaker ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly , ▁met ▁with ▁Inter ior ▁Minister ▁Pet ur ▁Gab rov ski . ▁F acing ▁strong ▁opposition ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁country , ▁Gab rov ski ▁rel ented . ▁The ▁same ▁day , ▁he ▁sent ▁tele gram s ▁to ▁the ▁round up ▁cent ers ▁in ▁the ▁pre - war ▁territory ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁post pon ing ▁the ▁deport ations ▁to ▁a ▁future , ▁un ident ified ▁date . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁report ▁of ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Ad olph ▁Hoff man , ▁a ▁German ▁government ▁advis er ▁and ▁police ▁att ache ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁leg ation ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁( 1 9 4 3 – 4 4 ) ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁Minister ▁of ▁Inter ior ▁has ▁received ▁instruction ▁from ▁the ▁highest ▁place ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁planned ▁deport ation ▁of ▁Jews ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁borders ▁of ▁Bulg aria ". ▁In ▁fact , ▁Gab rov ski ' s ▁decision ▁was ▁not ▁taken ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁" person al ▁initi ative ", ▁but ▁had ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁highest ▁authority ▁— ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III , ▁who ▁decided ▁to ▁tempor arily ▁stop ▁the ▁deport ation ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Jews . ▁While ▁Jews ▁living ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁proper ▁were ▁saved , ▁the ▁ 1 1 , 3 4 3 ▁Jews ▁from ▁V ard ar ▁Mac ed onia ▁and ▁A |
ege an ▁Th race ▁were ▁deport ed ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁cam ps ▁of ▁Tre bl ink a ▁and ▁Maj dan ek . ▁ ▁Still ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with ▁the ▁German ▁deport ation ▁request , ▁the ▁royal ▁palace ▁util ised ▁Swiss ▁diplom atic ▁channels ▁to ▁in quire ▁whether ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁deport ▁the ▁Jews ▁to ▁British - control led ▁Palest ine ▁by ▁ship ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁concentration ▁cam ps ▁in ▁German - occup ied ▁Poland ▁by ▁boat ▁and ▁train . ▁This ▁was ▁blocked ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Foreign ▁Secretary , ▁Anthony ▁E den . ▁ ▁A ware ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁un re li ability ▁on ▁the ▁Jewish ▁matter , ▁the ▁Naz is ▁grew ▁more ▁susp icious ▁about ▁the ▁quiet ▁activities ▁in ▁aid ▁of ▁European ▁Jew ry ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁friend ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is , ▁M ons ign or ▁Ang elo ▁Ron cal li ▁( the ▁future ▁Pope ▁John ▁XX III ), ▁the ▁Pap al ▁N un cio ▁in ▁Ist an bul . ▁Report ing ▁on ▁the ▁human itar ian ▁efforts ▁of ▁Ron cal li , ▁his ▁secretary ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁V at ican , ▁M ons ign or ▁Lor is ▁F . ▁Cap ov illa ▁writes : ▁" T hr ough ▁his ▁inter vention , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁thousands ▁of ▁Jews ▁from ▁Slov ak ia , ▁who ▁had ▁first ▁been ▁sent ▁to ▁Hung ary ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Bulg aria , ▁and ▁who ▁were |
▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁being ▁sent ▁to ▁Naz i ▁concentration ▁cam ps , ▁obtained ▁trans it ▁vis as ▁for ▁Palest ine ▁signed ▁by ▁him ." ▁ ▁Me et ings ▁with ▁Hitler ▁ ▁Naz i ▁pressure ▁on ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ▁continued ▁for ▁the ▁deport ation ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jew ry . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March , ▁Hitler ▁" inv ited " ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁to ▁visit ▁him . ▁Upon ▁returning ▁home , ▁Bor is ▁ordered ▁able - b od ied ▁Jewish ▁men ▁to ▁join ▁hard ▁labor ▁units ▁to ▁build ▁roads ▁within ▁the ▁interior ▁of ▁his ▁kingdom . ▁It ▁is ▁widely ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁Ts ar ' s ▁attempt ▁to ▁avoid ▁deport ing ▁them . ▁ ▁During ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Dan ne cker ▁and ▁Be lev , ▁the ▁Comm iss ar ▁for ▁Jewish ▁Affairs , ▁planned ▁the ▁deport ation ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 8 , 0 0 0 ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews , ▁who ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁loaded ▁on ▁steam ers ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Dan ube . ▁Bor is ▁continued ▁the ▁cat - and - mouse ▁game ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁long ▁been ▁playing ; ▁he ▁ins isted ▁to ▁the ▁Naz is ▁that ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁were ▁needed ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁roads ▁and ▁railway ▁lines ▁inside ▁his ▁kingdom . ▁Naz i ▁officials ▁requested ▁that ▁Bulg aria ▁deport ▁its ▁Jewish ▁population ▁to ▁German - occup ied ▁Poland . ▁The ▁request ▁caused ▁a ▁public ▁out c ry , ▁and ▁a ▁campaign ▁whose ▁most ▁prominent ▁leaders ▁were ▁Parliament ' |
s ▁deput y ▁speaker ▁Dim itar ▁P es he v ▁and ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church , ▁Arch bishop ▁Stefan , ▁was ▁organ ised . ▁Following ▁this ▁campaign , ▁Bor is ▁refused ▁to ▁permit ▁the ▁extr ad ition ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁nearly ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Apost ol ic ▁De legate ▁Ang elo ▁Ron cal li , ▁the ▁future ▁Pope ▁John ▁XX III , ▁wrote ▁to ▁ ▁Bor is , ▁asking ▁for ▁mer cy ▁for ▁" the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ." ▁He ▁wrote ▁that ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁should ▁on ▁no ▁account ▁agree ▁to ▁the ▁d ish on or able ▁action ▁that ▁Hitler ▁was ▁demand ing . ▁On ▁the ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁letter , ▁the ▁future ▁po pe ▁noted , ▁by ▁hand , ▁that ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁replied ▁verb ally ▁to ▁his ▁message . ▁The ▁note ▁states ▁" Il ▁Re ▁ha ▁fatto ▁qual che ▁cosa " ▁(" The ▁Ts ar ▁did ▁something "); ▁and ▁while ▁not ing ▁the ▁difficult ▁situation ▁of ▁the ▁monarch , ▁Ron cal li ▁str essed ▁once ▁again ▁" Per ò , ▁rip eto , ▁ha ▁fatto " ▁(" But ▁I ▁repeat , ▁he ▁has ▁acted "). ▁ ▁An ▁ex cer pt ▁from ▁the ▁di ary ▁of ▁Rab bi ▁Daniel ▁Z ion , ▁the ▁spiritual ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁years , ▁reads : ▁ ▁Do ▁not ▁be ▁afraid |
, ▁dear ▁brothers ▁and ▁sister s ! ▁Trust ▁in ▁the ▁Holy ▁Rock ▁of ▁our ▁salv ation ▁... ▁Y esterday ▁I ▁was ▁informed ▁by ▁Bishop ▁Stephen ▁about ▁his ▁conversation ▁with ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁ts ar . ▁When ▁I ▁went ▁to ▁see ▁Bishop ▁Stephen , ▁he ▁said : ▁" T ell ▁your ▁people , ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁has ▁promised , ▁that ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁shall ▁not ▁leave ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁... ". ▁When ▁I ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁syn agog ue , ▁silence ▁re igned ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁my ▁meeting ▁with ▁Bishop ▁Stephen . ▁When ▁I ▁entered , ▁my ▁words ▁were : ▁" Yes , ▁my ▁bre th ren , ▁God ▁heard ▁our ▁pray ers ▁... " ▁ ▁Most ▁ir rit ating ▁for ▁Hitler ▁was ▁the ▁Ts ar ' s ▁ref us al ▁to ▁declare ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁or ▁send ▁Bulgar ian ▁troops ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Hitler ▁sum mon ed ▁Bor is ▁to ▁a ▁storm y ▁meeting ▁at ▁R ast enburg , ▁East ▁Pr uss ia . ▁Bor is ▁arrived ▁by ▁plane ▁from ▁V raz h deb na ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August . ▁The ▁Ts ar ▁assert ed ▁his ▁st ance ▁once ▁again ▁not ▁to ▁send ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁to ▁death ▁cam ps ▁in ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁Poland ▁or ▁Germany . ▁While ▁Bulg aria ▁had ▁declared ▁a ▁" symbol ic " ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁distant ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁United ▁States , ▁the |
▁Ts ar ▁was ▁not ▁willing ▁to ▁do ▁more ▁than ▁that . ▁At ▁the ▁meeting , ▁Bor is ▁once ▁again ▁refused ▁to ▁get ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁giving ▁two ▁major ▁reasons ▁for ▁his ▁unw illing ness ▁to ▁send ▁troops ▁to ▁Russia . ▁First , ▁many ▁ordinary ▁Bulg ari ans ▁had ▁strong ▁pro - Russ ian ▁sent iments ; ▁and ▁second , ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁position ▁of ▁Turkey ▁remained ▁unclear . ▁The ▁" symbol ic " ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Western ▁Al lies ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁dis aster ▁for ▁the ▁citizens ▁of ▁Sof ia , ▁as ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁heavily ▁bomb arded ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁Air ▁Force ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁( The ▁bomb ard ment ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁cities ▁was ▁started ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁without ▁declaring ▁a ▁war .) ▁ ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁opposition ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁head ▁at ▁this ▁last ▁official ▁meeting ▁between ▁Hitler ▁and ▁Bor is . ▁Re ports ▁of ▁the ▁meeting ▁indicate ▁that ▁Hitler ▁was ▁fur ious ▁with ▁the ▁Ts ar ▁for ▁ref using ▁either ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁USS R ▁or ▁to ▁deport ▁the ▁Jews ▁within ▁his ▁kingdom . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁meeting , ▁it ▁was ▁agreed ▁that ▁" the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁were ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁deport ed , ▁for ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁had ▁ins isted ▁that ▁the ▁Jews ▁were ▁needed ▁for |
▁various ▁labor ing ▁tasks ▁including ▁road ▁maintenance ." ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁returning ▁to ▁Sof ia ▁from ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁Hitler , ▁Bor is ▁died ▁of ▁apparent ▁heart ▁failure ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁di ary ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁att ache ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Colonel ▁von ▁Sch o en eb e ck , ▁the ▁two ▁German ▁do ctors ▁who ▁attended ▁the ▁King ▁– ▁S aj itz ▁and ▁Hans ▁E pping er ▁– ▁both ▁believed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁died ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁poison ▁that ▁Dr . ▁E pping er ▁had ▁alleg edly ▁found ▁two ▁years ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁post mort em ▁exam ination ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁Io ann is ▁Met ax as , ▁a ▁slow ▁poison ▁which ▁takes ▁weeks ▁to ▁do ▁its ▁work ▁and ▁which ▁causes ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁bl ot ches ▁on ▁the ▁skin ▁of ▁its ▁victim ▁before ▁death . ▁ ▁Bor is ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁six - year - old ▁son ▁S ime on ▁II , ▁under ▁a ▁Reg ency ▁Council ▁head ed ▁by ▁Bor is ' s ▁brother ▁Prince ▁Kir il ▁of ▁Bulg aria . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁large , ▁impress ive ▁state ▁fun eral ▁at ▁the ▁Alexander ▁Nev sky ▁C athedral , ▁Sof ia , ▁where ▁the ▁streets ▁were ▁l ined ▁with ▁we eping ▁crow ds , ▁the ▁coff in ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁train ▁to ▁the ▁mountains ▁and ▁buried ▁in ▁Bulg aria ' s |
▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁important ▁monaster y , ▁the ▁R ila ▁Mon aster y . ▁After ▁taking ▁power ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁Commun ist - domin ated ▁government ▁had ▁his ▁body ▁ex hum ed ▁and ▁secret ly ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁cour ty ard ▁of ▁V ran a ▁Palace , ▁near ▁Sof ia . ▁At ▁a ▁later ▁time , ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁authorities ▁moved ▁the ▁z inc ▁coff in ▁from ▁V ran a ▁to ▁a ▁secret ▁location , ▁which ▁remains ▁unknown ▁to ▁this ▁day . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁commun ism , ▁an ▁exc av ation ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁V ran a ▁Palace . ▁Only ▁Bor is ' s ▁heart ▁was ▁found , ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁put ▁in ▁a ▁glass ▁cyl inder ▁outside ▁the ▁coff in . ▁The ▁heart ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁his ▁wid ow ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁R ila ▁Mon aster y , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁re inter red . ▁ ▁A ▁wood ▁car ving ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁his ▁grave ▁in ▁R ila ▁Mon aster y , ▁made ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁by ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁O so i , ▁Deb ar ▁district . ▁The ▁car ving ▁be ars ▁the ▁following ▁ins cription : ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁National ▁▁ ▁Bulg aria : ▁S over eign ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Sain ts ▁Cy ril ▁and ▁Method ius ▁▁ ▁Bulg aria : ▁S over eign ▁Knight ▁Grand |
▁Cross ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Alexander ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Bra very ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Military ▁Mer it ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Civil ▁Mer it ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁For ▁The ▁Independ ence ▁Of ▁Bulg aria ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁for ▁Part icip ation ▁in ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Wars ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁for ▁Part icip ation ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁War ▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 9 1 8 ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Comm emor ative ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Louise ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁for ▁the ▁Cor on ation ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁and ▁Queen ▁Ele on ore ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Medal ▁of ▁Liber ation ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ts ar |
▁S ime on ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁for ▁the ▁Wed ding ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ▁And ▁Princess ▁Giov anna ▁of ▁Italy ▁ ▁Foreign ▁▁ ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Imperial ▁and ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Hung arian ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Stephen , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁ ▁: ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁C ordon ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁Leopold ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Hon our ▁ ▁Germany : ▁ ▁: ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁▁ ▁German ▁Imperial ▁and ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁ ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁and ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁E agle ▁ ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁and ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁E agle ▁▁ ▁Bav arian ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Hub ert ▁▁▁▁ ▁Ernest ine ▁Du cal ▁Famil ies : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Sax e - Er nest ine ▁House ▁Order , ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁▁ ▁Italian ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Most ▁Holy ▁Ann unci ation ▁▁ ▁Par m ese ▁Du cal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Military ▁Constantin ian ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁George ▁▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Prince ▁Dan ilo ▁I , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁ ▁: ▁Knight ▁of |
▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁E agle ▁▁ ▁Roman ian ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Carol ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Knight ▁with ▁Col lar ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Andrew , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁ ▁Knight ▁ 1 st ▁Class ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Anna ▁▁ ▁Georg ian ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁E agle ▁of ▁Georgia ▁ ▁: ▁Honor ary ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victor ian ▁Order ▁▁ ▁Y ug oslav ian ▁Royal ▁Family : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁K ara đ or đ e ▁ ▁Ar ms ▁ ▁Pat ron ages ▁ ▁National ▁patron ages ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Prince ▁Alexander ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Prince ▁Bor is ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Louise ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Princess ▁Clement ine ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of |
▁Prince ▁Kr ill ▁and ▁of ▁Princess es ▁E ud ox ia ▁and ▁N ade zh da ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ele on ore ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Prince ▁S ime on ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Caval ry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Alexander ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Caval ry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Louise ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Caval ry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Queen ▁I onna ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Caval ry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Prince ▁S ime on ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Art illery ▁regiment ▁of ▁K T s ar ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁Life ▁Guard ▁regiment ▁of ▁The ▁Ts ar ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁regiment ▁of ▁The ▁Ts ar ▁ ▁: ▁S over eign ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Army ▁Art illery ▁regiment ▁of ▁Prince ▁S ime on ▁ ▁Foreign ▁patron ages ▁ ▁: ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Wilhelm ▁II ▁ ▁: ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Charles ▁Edward ▁I ▁ ▁: ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 |
th ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁of ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Vlad mir ▁Alexand rov ich ▁ ▁: ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁Az ov ▁Infantry ▁regiment ▁ ▁T ributes ▁ ▁The ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁reported ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁that ▁the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ' s ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Honor ▁was ▁being ▁awarded ▁post hum ously ▁to ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III , ▁" the ▁first ▁non - J ew ▁to ▁receive ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community ' s ▁highest ▁hon ors ". ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁medal ▁existed ▁or ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁Ts ar . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ▁ere cted ▁a ▁monument ▁in ▁" The ▁Bulgar ian ▁Forest " ▁in ▁Israel ▁to ▁honor ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁as ▁a ▁sav ior ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁public ▁committee ▁head ed ▁by ▁Isra eli ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁Dr . ▁Mos he ▁Be is ki ▁decided ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁mem orial ▁because ▁Bulg aria ▁had ▁cons ented ▁to ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁ 1 1 , 3 4 3 ▁Jews ▁from ▁occupied ▁territory ▁of ▁Mac ed onia , ▁Th race ▁and ▁P iro t ▁to ▁the ▁Germ ans . ▁ ▁Bor is ova ▁grad ina , ▁the ▁largest ▁park ▁in ▁Sof ia , ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁An c est ors ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli |
ography ▁ ▁Bulg aria ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁by ▁Marshall ▁Lee ▁Miller , ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Bor is ▁III ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁ 1 8 9 4 – 1 9 4 3 , ▁by ▁P ash ank o ▁Dim it ro ff , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁▁ ▁Crown ▁of ▁Th orn s ▁by ▁Steph ane ▁Gr ou eff , ▁Lan ham ▁MD ., ▁and ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bet ray al ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁by ▁Gregory ▁La uder - F rost , ▁Mon arch ist ▁League ▁Policy ▁P aper , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Daily ▁Te legraph , ▁Ob itu ary ▁for ▁" H M ▁Queen ▁Io anna ▁of ▁the ▁Bulg ari ans ", ▁London , ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁B alk ans ▁into ▁S out he astern ▁Europe ▁by ▁John ▁R . ▁Lam pe , ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Israel : ▁From ▁the ▁R ise ▁of ▁Z ion ism ▁to ▁Our ▁Time ▁by ▁Howard ▁M . ▁Sach ar , ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III ▁Hon ored ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress . ▁Ts ar B oris ▁III , ▁Sav ior ▁of ▁Bulgar ian |
▁Jew ry ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III , ▁conce aled ▁sav ior ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁The ▁Case ▁of ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III , ▁Un s ung ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁ ▁Ts ar ▁Bor is ▁III , ▁Sav ior ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Jews ▁Historical ▁photograph s ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁palace ▁in ▁Sof ia ▁▁▁ ▁Em pty ▁Box c ars ▁V ime o ▁▁ ▁S aving ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁Jews : ▁An ▁analysis ▁of ▁social ▁identity ▁and ▁the ▁mobil isation ▁of ▁social ▁solid ar ity ▁ ▁" Gu ide ▁to ▁Jewish ▁Bulg aria " ▁by ▁Dim ana ▁T rank ova ▁& ▁Anthony ▁Georg ie ff , ▁Sof ia , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ; ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Bulgar ian ▁monarch s ▁Category : Con ver ts ▁to ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox y ▁from ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁Category : E astern ▁Orth odox ▁Christians ▁from ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Sax e - C ob urg ▁and ▁Goth a ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sof ia ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁political ▁leaders ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁the ▁R ila ▁Mon aster y ▁Category : E astern ▁Orth odox ▁monarch s ▁Category : The ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁ ▁Category : Gr and |
▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Alexander ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Bra very , ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁Category : Gr and ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Military ▁Mer it ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Military ▁Mer it ▁( B ul g aria ) ▁ ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Stephen ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Sain ts ▁Maurice ▁and ▁Laz arus ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Sac red ▁Military ▁Constantin ian ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Carol ▁I ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Andrew ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁K ara đ or đ e ' s ▁Star ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Hub ert ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cro ix ▁of ▁the ▁L ég ion ▁d ' honneur ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victor ian ▁Order ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁E agle ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Indust ry ▁Con ne ctions ▁Security ▁Group ▁( IE EE ▁I CS G ) ▁is ▁a ▁global ▁group ▁of ▁computer ▁security ▁entities ▁( p ast ▁and ▁present ▁members |
▁include : ▁An h ▁L abs , ▁AV G , ▁A vi ra , ▁E SET , ▁F - Sec ure , ▁K 7 ▁Comput ing , ▁K asp ers ky ▁L abs , ▁Mar v ell , ▁Mc A fe e , ▁Microsoft , ▁Pal o ▁Al to ▁Network s , ▁P anda ▁Software , ▁Sa fe Net , ▁Soph os , ▁Sym ante c ▁and ▁Tr end ▁Micro ) ▁that ▁have ▁come ▁together ▁under ▁IE EE ▁to ▁pool ▁their ▁experience ▁and ▁resources ▁in ▁comb ating ▁the ▁system atic ▁and ▁rapid ▁rise ▁in ▁computer ▁security ▁thre ats . ▁ ▁IE EE ▁I CS G ▁activities ▁include : ▁ ▁Anti - mal ware ▁working ▁group ▁ ▁Mal ware ▁meta - data ▁exchange ▁standard ▁( MM DEF ) ▁working ▁group ▁ ▁Priv ile ge ▁Management ▁Pro tocol s ▁working ▁group ▁ ▁Anti - mal ware ▁support ▁service ▁which ▁includes ▁ ▁The ▁tag g ant ▁system ▁ ▁C lean ▁meta - data ▁exchange ▁system ▁( CM X ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁IE EE ▁I CS G ▁ ▁Anti - mal ware ▁working ▁group ▁ ▁I CS G ▁AM SS ▁ ▁Mal ware ▁meta - data ▁exchange ▁format ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁security ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁Adri ano ▁Al ves ▁dos ▁Santos ▁( born ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁América ▁R N . ▁He ▁is ▁André ▁Al ves ' ▁brother . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Fer enc var osi ▁T C |
▁fans ite ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : Sa udi ▁Professional ▁League ▁players ▁Category : N em zeti ▁B ajn oks ág ▁I ▁players ▁Category : Cl ube ▁N á ut ico ▁Cap ib ar ibe ▁players ▁Category : O este ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Des port iva ▁São ▁Ca et ano ▁players ▁Category : At l ético ▁Cl ube ▁Go ian ien se ▁players ▁Category : N aj ran ▁SC ▁players ▁Category : Al - R a ed ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : F er enc vá ro si ▁T C ▁football ers ▁Category : Am érica ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁( R N ) ▁players ▁Category : T re ze ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia <0x0A> </s> ▁I la iy ang udi ▁( or ▁" I |
lay ang udi ") ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁S iv ag anga ▁district , ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁state , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁surrounding ▁te hs ils . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁pre domin ant ▁Muslim ▁population . ▁Islam ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁Il ay ang udi ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries ▁by ▁Arab ▁trad ers . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁community ▁was ▁tradition ally ▁engaged ▁in ▁text ile ▁we aving , ▁bul lock ▁cart ▁driving , ▁far ming ▁and ▁the ▁growing ▁of ▁bet el ▁leaves . ▁K ada i ▁ther u ▁is ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district . ▁ ▁Location ▁I la iy ank udi ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁elev ation ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁town ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁state , ▁approximately ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁P alk ▁Stra it . ▁Its ▁nearest ▁city ▁is ▁Mad ur ai , ▁approximately ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁north west . ▁The ▁Va ig ai ▁river ▁is ▁located ▁approximately ▁ ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁flow ing ▁in ▁a ▁south - e aster ly ▁direction ▁towards ▁the ▁P alk ▁Stra ight . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁roads ▁ 2 9 ▁and ▁ 3 4 , ▁linking ▁Param ak udi ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁Man am ad ur ai , ▁S iv ag ang ai ▁and ▁Kal ay ark o il ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁History ▁I la iy ang |
udi ▁is ▁first ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century ▁B CE . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁B CE , ▁follow ers ▁of ▁the ▁J ain ▁faith ▁reached ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁Icon ography ▁of ▁Mah av ira ▁( the ▁asc etic ▁J ain ▁mon k ) ▁from ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi . ▁for ▁instance , ▁a ▁Mah av ira ▁statue ▁is ▁found ▁outside ▁the ▁main ▁H indu ▁temple . ▁In ▁general , ▁Buddh ist ▁icon ography ▁is ▁not ▁found ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi . ▁However , ▁the ▁town ' s ▁public ▁water ▁tank ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁ther ar ▁o or ani . ▁The ▁similar ▁word ▁the ar ar ▁is ▁a ▁T ami ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁mon k . ▁ ▁The ▁Raj endra ▁Ch ola ▁E sw ara ▁Temple , ▁the ▁main ▁H indu ▁temple ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi , ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁King ▁Raj endra ▁Ch ola ▁I ▁( 1 0 1 2 ▁CE ▁▁ 1 0 4 4 ▁CE ). ▁It ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁J ain ▁temple ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁Sh ivan ▁temple ▁by ▁the ▁king . ▁The ▁Man ju ▁P uth ur ▁Ch etti y ars , ▁the ▁Ch etti y ars ▁of ▁Il ay ang udi ▁were ▁a ▁J ain ▁cl an ▁who ▁converted ▁to ▁Sh a iv ism . ▁In ▁I la iy ang udi , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁ed ict ▁eng ra ved ▁on ▁stone ▁which ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 |
1 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁ 6 3 ▁n ay an m ars ▁were ▁H indu ▁sain ts ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁who ▁were ▁devoted ▁to ▁Sh iva . ▁The ▁fourth ▁was ▁Il ay ank udi ▁Mar an ar . ▁He ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁CE ▁and ▁as ▁his ▁name ▁suggests , ▁he ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Il ay ang udi . ▁ ▁A ▁Muslim ▁population ▁may ▁have ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁and ▁ 8 th ▁centuries ▁CE . ▁They ▁were ▁people ▁who ▁converted ▁from ▁J ain ism ▁to ▁Islam . ▁During ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ab h ra ▁dynast y ▁these ▁people ▁were ▁text ile ▁we a vers . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁CE , ▁a ▁larger ▁population ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁migr ated ▁to ▁I la iy ang udi ▁from ▁nearby ▁areas . ▁Appro xim ately ▁forty ▁families ▁left ▁more ▁southern ▁regions ▁due ▁to ▁dr ought ▁and ▁moved ▁north ▁and ▁settled ▁on ▁the ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁I la iy ang udi ▁at ▁Th ur ai yan ▁P ache ery ▁where ▁pot able ▁water ▁was ▁available . ▁( The ▁area ▁is ▁now ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁main ▁baz aar ▁on ▁K ada i ▁Road .) ▁The ▁existing ▁P all ar ▁far mer ▁cas te ▁of ▁people ▁were ▁pushed ▁from ▁this ▁area ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁well ▁to ▁do ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁with ▁better ▁amen ities ▁and ▁well ▁planned ▁streets |
. ▁The ▁I la iy ang udi ▁Muslim s ▁became ▁far mers , ▁we a vers , ▁bul lock ▁cart ▁drivers ▁and ▁some ▁grew ▁bet el ▁nut . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁H ydro log y ▁I la iy ang udi ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁K aver i ▁( C au very ) ▁river ▁delta . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁dr ought ▁pr one ▁area . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁aqu if ers , ▁the ▁G ond w ana ▁and ▁the ▁C ud dal ore ▁aqu if ers . ▁A ▁water ▁res er voir ▁( sam ut hr am ) ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁filled ▁from ▁the ▁Val asa ik att u ▁Kan mai , ▁a ▁branch ▁from ▁the ▁V ag ai ▁River . ▁The ▁mon so on ▁rain ▁also ▁helps ▁fill ▁the ▁res er voir . ▁The ▁ancient ▁The voor ani ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁The ▁types ▁of ▁rock ▁about ▁I la iy ang udi ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁sed iment ary ▁rock ▁and ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁ igne ous ▁rock . ▁There ▁is ▁sand stone , ▁later ite , ▁char no ck ite , ▁g ne iss ▁and ▁gran ite ▁covered ▁by ▁thick ▁all u vi um . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁I la iy ang udi ▁has ▁average ▁minimum ▁temper atures ▁around ▁ 2 7 ▁degrees ▁Cel si us ▁and ▁average ▁maximum ▁temper atures ▁around ▁ 3 5 ▁degrees ▁Cel |
si us . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁India , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁I la iy ang udi ▁was ▁ 2 4 , 7 6 7 . ▁ 1 2 , 3 1 9 ▁people ▁were ▁female . ▁M ales ▁number ed ▁ 1 2 , 4 4 8 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 9 9 0 ▁females ▁for ▁every ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁males . ▁Children ▁under ▁six ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁make ▁up ▁ 1 0 . 7 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁The ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁ 8 8 . 9 4 ▁percent ▁which ▁exceed s ▁the ▁state ▁average ▁of ▁ 8 0 . 9 ▁percent . ▁ 8 4 . 3 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁women ▁are ▁liter ate . ▁Male ▁liter acy ▁is ▁ 9 3 . 0 3 ▁percent . ▁ ▁Religion ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census ▁of ▁India ▁found ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi , ▁ 7 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁residents ▁are ▁Islam ic , ▁ 2 7 ▁percent ▁are ▁H indu , ▁ ▁and ▁ 3 ▁percent ▁are ▁Christians , ▁both ▁Catholic ▁and ▁Protest ant . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁four ▁main ▁Muslim ▁groups ▁( j am ath ) ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁members ' ▁occupation . ▁The ▁I la iy ang udi ▁N es av u ▁P att ada i ▁( IN P ) ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁representing ▁text ile ▁we a |
vers . ▁The ▁M ela ▁P att ada i ▁represented ▁bul lock ▁cart ▁drivers . ▁The ▁K od ik ka ▁P att ada i ▁( Sal ai ▁H ana fi ▁Jam ath ) ▁represented ▁bet el ▁leaf ▁grow ers ▁and ▁the ▁Sal ai y ur ▁N es av u ▁P att ada i ▁( Sal ai ▁Sh a af i ▁Jam ath ) ▁represented ▁text ile ▁we a vers . ▁ ▁A ▁first ▁mos que ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁approximately ▁ 1 4 5 0 ▁CE . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁Ke ela ▁P all ivas al . ▁Further ▁construction ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mos que ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 4 , ▁the ▁M ela ▁P all ivas al . ▁A ▁Sh af i ▁mos que ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 ▁CE ▁and ▁an ▁H ana fi ▁mos que ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁CE . ▁The ▁IN P ▁mos que ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁CE . ▁The ▁land ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁IN P ▁Jam ath ▁by ▁the ▁V ij ay an ag ara ▁king , ▁S adas iva ▁R aya ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 3 ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁prayer ▁giving ▁from ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁The ▁local ▁govern ance ▁of ▁I la iy ang udi ▁is ▁conducted ▁under ▁the ▁Pan ch ay ati ▁system . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 8 ▁w ards . ▁E |
lections ▁for ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁w ards ▁are ▁held ▁every ▁five ▁years . ▁The ▁I la iy ang udi ▁pan ch ay at ▁provides ▁water ▁and ▁se wer age ▁amen ities ▁to ▁nearly ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁resid ences ▁and ▁builds ▁roads ▁within ▁the ▁town ▁limits . ▁The ▁services ▁are ▁fund ed ▁by ▁tax es ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁pan ch ay at . ▁ ▁I li ay y ang udi ▁is ▁a ▁center ▁of ▁govern ance ▁( te hs il ) ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁itself , ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 6 . 4 km 2 , ▁and ▁for ▁many ▁surrounding ▁villages . ▁ ▁The ▁I la iy ang udi ▁assembly ▁constitu ency ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁S iv ag anga ▁Lok ▁Sab ha . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁under ▁a ▁Del im itation ▁of ▁Parliament ary ▁and ▁Assembly ▁Const itu encies ▁Order , ▁during ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha , ▁I la iy ang udi ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 th ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁the ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁state ▁legisl ative ▁assembly . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁under ▁a ▁Del im itation ▁of ▁Parliament ary ▁and ▁Assembly ▁Const itu ency ▁Order , ▁the ▁I la iy ang udi ▁assembly ▁constitu ency ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁Man am ad ur ai . ▁ ▁A men ities ▁I la iy ang udi ▁is ▁a ▁service ▁town ▁for ▁surrounding ▁villages . ▁It ▁has ▁commercial ▁entities ▁such ▁as |
▁banks , ▁offices , ▁marriage ▁h alls , ▁computer ▁stores , ▁hardware ▁sh ops , ▁cycle ▁sh ops , ▁audio ▁and ▁video ▁equipment ▁sh ops , ▁photo ▁stud ios , ▁and ▁printing ▁press es . ▁K ada i ▁Ther u ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁sho pping ▁area . ▁The ▁Kan ma ai ▁Kar ai ▁area ' s ▁te ash ops ▁are ▁open ▁till ▁mid night . ▁Sing ar ath opp u ▁and ▁Al ank ar ath opp u ▁are ▁the ▁major ▁entertain ment ▁out lets . ▁ ▁Historic ▁hot els ▁include ▁the ▁Ba atch a , ▁K ans a , ▁I bra him , ▁Sal ai ▁K aka ▁and ▁the ▁United . ▁ ▁Community ▁services ▁include ▁a ▁women ' s ▁hospital , ▁a ▁police ▁station , ▁libraries ▁and ▁a ▁post ▁office ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁par ks ▁and ▁play ground s . ▁Sports ▁facilities ▁are ▁popular ▁with ▁young ▁people , ▁particularly ▁for ▁s occer . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁People ▁from ▁I la iy ang udi ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁T amil ▁literature . ▁However , ▁few ▁works ▁of ▁I la iy ang udi ▁authors ▁have ▁been ▁preserved ▁as ▁printed ▁works . ▁ ▁Math ura ▁K avi ▁Then m ala ik han ▁Math ura ▁K avi ▁B atch a ▁Pul av ar ▁( 1 8 6 0 ▁CE ▁▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁CE ) ▁lived ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi ▁and ▁was ▁hon oured ▁with ▁a ▁par cel ▁of ▁land ▁( a ▁p att ay am ) ▁by ▁the ▁Zam ind ar ▁of ▁S iv |
ag anga . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁the ▁No orde en ▁family . ▁A ▁building ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi , ▁built ▁by ▁Math ura ▁K avi ' s ▁grand son , ▁and ▁a ▁street ▁in ▁I la iy ang udi ▁are ▁named ▁after ▁Math ura ▁K avi . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁CE , ▁Math ura ▁K avi ▁wrote ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁po ems ▁in ▁pra ise ▁of ▁N ago or ▁Me er an ▁Shah ib . ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Moh amed ▁Sam ad ani ▁Press ▁( I bra him ▁Ra wo other ) ▁in ▁K ara ikal . ▁The ▁second ▁edition ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁CE ▁by ▁Q ur ani ya ▁Press ▁( Ab d ul ▁J ab bar ) ▁in ▁Mad ur ai . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁CE , ▁the ▁Mad ur ai ▁P and i yan ▁Press ▁published ▁his ▁P illa i ▁Th z amil ▁Collection . ▁In ▁them , ▁he ▁narr ates ▁the ▁child hood ▁events ▁of ▁Nag ore ▁Shah ul ▁Ham id ▁( 1 4 9 0 ▁ ▁CE ▁▁ 1 5 7 9 ▁CE ), ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁myst ic ▁saint ▁and ▁pre acher ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁A ▁second ▁edition ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁CE ▁by ▁Q ur ani ya ▁Press , ▁Mad ur ai . ▁The ▁collection ▁includes ▁four ▁short ▁po ems , ▁Kal ith ur ai , ▁Nag ai ▁Pat |
th u , ▁Nag ai ▁Koch ag am ▁and ▁Nag ai ▁Th ir uv as ag am . ▁ ▁His ▁other ▁works ▁include ▁Ar ul ▁Man i ▁Mal ai , ▁po ems ▁v ener ating ▁K ara ikal ▁K ad ir ▁Moh ide en . ▁K ara ikal ▁had ▁published ▁Math ur ▁K avi ' s ▁Haz ar at ▁Shah u ▁Ali ▁Mas than ▁O li ▁Shah ib ▁po ems ▁at ▁the ▁Moh amed ▁Sam ad ani ▁Press . ▁A ▁second ▁edition ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Q ur ani ya ▁Press ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁His ▁Th ir uk ar ana ▁V ann ang al ▁po ems , ▁and ▁the ▁De en ▁Vil ak ka ▁V ann am ▁po ems ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Haz ar at ▁Sy ed ▁I bra him ▁Sah id ▁of ▁Er v adi , ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁K ara ikal ▁Moh amed ▁Sam ad ani ▁Press ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁CE ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁edition ▁published ▁by ▁Q ur ani aya ▁Press ▁in ▁Mad ur ai , ▁also ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁His ▁book , ▁Pan cha ▁R ath ina ▁V ann ang al ▁was ▁not ▁published ▁but ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁hand written ▁copies ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁his ▁house ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁by ▁Q ur ani ya ▁Press . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁K uth ub u ▁Man i ▁Mal ai , ▁dedicated ▁by ▁Math ura ▁K avi ▁to ▁Moh ide en ▁Abd |
ul ▁K ad ir ▁J ail ani ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Th ub ash ▁T . ▁K . ▁Moh amed ▁I bra him ▁of ▁Ab ir am am - N ath am , ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁Math ura ▁K avi ▁and ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁Man on man i ▁Vil as am ▁Press ▁in ▁Mad ur ai . ▁ ▁K atch i ▁P illa iy amm al ▁Pal la iy amm al ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁published ▁poet ▁of ▁I la iy ang udi . ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁L uk man ▁Ra wo other , ▁a ▁phil os opher . ▁P illa iy amm al ' s ▁main ▁theme ▁was ▁wisdom . ▁ ▁Se enia abil ▁Ra wo other ▁Ra wo other ▁wrote ▁Sing ara ▁V az hi ▁Lav ani ▁about ▁I la iy ang udi . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁by ▁S iv ag ang ai ▁Sri ▁K ala ▁Press . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁All ama ▁Kar im ▁G ani , ▁academic ▁and ▁independence ▁activ ist . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁associate ▁of ▁Sub has ▁Ch andra ▁B ose . ▁ ▁A . ▁P . ▁Moh amed ▁Ali ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 6 ), ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Police ▁Service . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁doctor al ▁degree ▁in ▁C rimin ology ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁Mad ras . ▁ ▁P . ▁N . ▁Ab uth al ib , ▁J oint ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Indian ▁Union ▁Muslim ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁associate ▁of ▁the ▁politician |
, ▁Muhammad ▁Is mail . ▁ ▁Van jo or ▁ ▁M . ▁Pe er ▁Moh amed ▁( 1 9 1 4 ▁▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁a ▁states man , ▁administrator , ▁business man ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist . ▁He ▁provided ▁the ▁Dr . ▁Zak ir ▁H uss ain ▁College ▁main ▁building ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁trust ee ▁of ▁IN P ▁Jam ath . ▁ ▁T . ▁K . ▁A . ▁D ew an ▁Moh amed ▁( 1 9 3 8 ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁the ▁first ▁Indian ▁Administr ative ▁Service ▁officer ▁from ▁I la iy ang udi . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁of ▁Collect or ▁and ▁Add itional ▁Chief ▁Secretary . ▁ ▁T . ▁K . ▁S . ▁Moh amed ▁I q bal , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Police ▁Service . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Captain ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁I q bal ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁in ▁the ▁assass ination ▁bomb ing ▁that ▁killed ▁Raj iv ▁Gand hi . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁institutions ▁ ▁Il ay ang udi ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School ▁( 1 9 1 4 ). ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Il ay ang udi ▁Muslim ▁Edu c ational ▁Association ▁under ▁K hal ifa ▁K . ▁M . ▁Abd ul ▁K are em . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , |
▁O pp ada i yar ▁K . ▁M . ▁Sultan ▁Al ude en ▁and ▁sons ▁fund ed ▁a ▁new ▁building . ▁Sh am n ug ar aja , ▁a ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁S iv ag anga ▁ ▁D ynast y ▁gave ▁ 1 4 . 5 ▁acres ▁of ▁land . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁registered ▁to ▁K are em ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁I la iy ang udi ▁Muslim ▁Edu c ational ▁Association . ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Zak ir ▁H uss ain ▁College ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁The ▁college ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁phil anth ropy ▁of ▁Al ▁H aj ▁V . ▁M . ▁Pe er ▁Moh amed ▁who ▁gave ▁ 2 . 7 8 ▁acres ▁of ▁land . ▁He ▁was ▁fund ed ▁the ▁first ▁main ▁building ▁and ▁First ▁Cor respond ent ▁of ▁the ▁College . ▁ ▁Rah mann i ya ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( 1 9 1 4 ), ▁S anga ▁Pal lik ood am ▁ ▁Il ay ang udi ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School ▁ ▁Government ▁Girls ' ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Mel ap all ivas al ▁Girls ' ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School ▁ ▁IN P ▁Met ric ulation ▁School ▁ ▁I q ra ▁Met ric ulation ▁School ▁ ▁Ham idi y ya ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School , ▁Sal ai y ur ▁ ▁H aj i ▁K . ▁K . ▁I bra him ▁Ali ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School , ▁P ud ur ▁ ▁Muslim ▁N al val i ▁Ab iv ir uth i ▁School , |
▁Sal ai y ur ▁ ▁St . ▁Anne ' s ▁Mat ric ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School , ▁Mal lip att in am ▁ ▁Al ▁A me en ▁Bu h ari ▁Techn ical ▁Institute ▁ ▁Arab ic ▁Mad ar asa , ▁Pur d ur ▁Road , ▁land ▁don ated ▁by ▁Th app ath ai ▁N ain a ▁Moh amed ▁ ▁Char itable ▁organizations ▁The ▁Sal ▁S abe el ▁Trust , ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁in ▁Mal lip att in am , ▁Il ay ang udi , ▁is ▁a ▁Char itable ▁Trust ▁man aging ▁the ▁" Or phan ▁Child ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁Fa ith ". ▁The ▁trust ▁offers ▁board ing , ▁lod ging ▁and ▁academic ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁education ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 0 0 ▁children . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁trust ▁was ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁Th ow he ed ▁Jam ath . ▁The ▁jam ath ▁opened ▁the ▁Al ▁Rah im ▁Mad har asa . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sat ellite ▁view ▁ ▁Community ▁website ▁ ▁Community ▁website ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁S iv ag anga ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁Z ahn ▁( 1 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁– ▁ 1 9 0 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German - Sw iss ▁path ologist ▁born ▁in ▁Germ ers heim . ▁His ▁e pon ym s ▁include ▁Z ahn ▁inf arct ▁and ▁lines ▁of ▁Z ahn . ▁ ▁Life |
▁Z ahn ▁studied ▁medicine ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Str as bourg ▁under ▁Friedrich ▁Daniel ▁von ▁Re ck ling hausen ▁( 1 8 3 3 – 1 9 1 0 ), ▁becoming ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ▁of ▁path ological ▁an atom y ▁in ▁Gene va ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Z ahn ▁published ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁circul atory ▁system ▁( blo od , ▁th rom b osis , ▁em bol ism , ▁ar ter ial ▁disease , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁on ▁tum ors . ▁With ▁Georg ▁Albert ▁L ücke ▁( 1 8 2 9 – 1 8 9 4 ), ▁he ▁published ▁an ▁influ ential ▁treat ise ▁involving ▁surg ery ▁of ▁tum ors , ▁Ch ir urg ie ▁der ▁Gesch w ül ste . ▁Other ▁noted ▁writ ings ▁by ▁Z ahn ▁include : ▁ ▁Zur ▁Le hre ▁von ▁der ▁Ent z ünd ung ▁und ▁E iter ung . ▁Mit ▁bes onder er ▁Ber ück s icht igung ▁der ▁durch ▁das ▁Mik ro sp or on ▁sept icum ▁her vor gerufen en ▁Er schein ungen , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁– ▁The ▁doctrine ▁of ▁infl amm ation ▁and ▁supp uration . ▁▁ ▁T ume ur ▁de ▁la ▁partie ▁sup érieure ▁du ▁f ém ur ▁: ▁dés art ic ulation ▁de ▁la ▁han che , ▁( with ▁Jacques - Louis ▁Re ver din ▁ 1 8 4 2 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁T um or ▁of ▁the ▁upper ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁fem ur . ▁ |
▁Beit rä ge ▁zur ▁Gesch w ul st le hre ▁( six ▁parts ) ▁– ▁Cont ribution ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁tum ors . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁path olog ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Str as bourg ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Gene va ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Germ ers heim ▁Category : Sw iss ▁path olog ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Bo oph is ▁ba et ke i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁f rog ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mant ell idae . ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁northern ▁Mad agas car ▁and ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁its ▁type ▁local ity ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁F ô ret ▁d ' Am bre ▁Special ▁Reserve ▁in ▁the ▁An ts ir an ana ▁Province . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁ar b ore al ▁species ▁that ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁heavily ▁dist urbed ▁trans itional ▁forest ▁( character ized ▁also ▁as ▁relatively ▁dry ▁rain for est ). ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁severe ▁habitat ▁loss ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁its ▁type ▁local ity . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁ba et ke i ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : End em ic ▁fro gs ▁of ▁Mad agas car <0x0A> </s> ▁Dam ian ▁M ills ▁( 1 9 7 9 – 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁international ▁cr ick |
eter . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁opening ▁b ats man ▁and ▁right - arm ▁medium ▁bow ler . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Dam ian ▁M ills ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁W inn ip eg , ▁Man it oba , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Barry ▁M ills ▁and ▁R ona ▁M ills . ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁sister s , ▁C res ida ▁and ▁Ele an or . ▁His ▁enthus ias m ▁for ▁cr icket ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁during ▁a ▁family ▁visit ▁to ▁England , ▁when ▁he ▁saw ▁his ▁first ▁cr icket ▁match . ▁Before ▁the ▁family ▁returned ▁from ▁their ▁vac ation ▁Dam ian ' s ▁father ▁presented ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁size - 2 ▁junior ▁cr icket ▁bat . ▁Dr . ▁M ills ▁strongly ▁encourag ed ▁young ▁Dam ian ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁cr icket . ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁cr icket ▁ ▁Club ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁started ▁to ▁play ▁organized ▁cr icket ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁at ▁age ▁seven ▁at ▁Lincoln ▁Element ary ▁School . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Cr icket ▁Association ▁Junior ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁M CA ▁Senior ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁Juni ors ▁Cr icket ▁Club ( W J CC ) ▁but ▁played ▁only ▁two ▁league ▁games ▁that ▁year . ▁During ▁ 1 9 9 3 |
▁he ▁became ▁a ▁regular ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁W J CC , ▁mainly ▁as ▁a ▁bow ler . ▁Due ▁to ▁inj uries ▁he ▁gave ▁up ▁bow ling ▁and ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁his ▁batt ing , ▁which ▁made ▁his ▁mark ▁in ▁cr icket . ▁ ▁Represent ative ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁days ▁before ▁his ▁ 1 3 th ▁birth day , ▁Dam ian ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁The ▁Man it oba ▁Junior ▁Provin cial ▁Team ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁tried ▁out ▁for ▁The ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Youth ▁Team ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁Dam ian ▁was ▁amongst ▁the ▁young est ▁athlet es ▁at ▁the ▁tri als ▁and ▁whilst ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁the ▁team , ▁he ▁gained ▁experience . ▁On ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁practice ▁session ▁he ▁was ▁hit ▁very ▁hard ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁ball , ▁and ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁emer gency ▁room ▁of ▁a ▁Toronto ▁hospital . ▁The ▁next ▁day ▁he ▁played ▁very ▁hard ▁throughout ▁the ▁tournament , ▁despite ▁his ▁injury . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁M ills ▁was ▁invited ▁by ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Cr icket ▁Association ▁( M CA ) ▁to ▁the ▁M CA ▁Senior ▁Training ▁Camp . ▁The ▁camp ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁months . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁M ills ▁first ▁represented ▁Man it oba ▁on ▁the ▁Senior ▁Provin cial ▁Team ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Provin cial ▁Championship , ▁when ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁batt ing ▁against ▁British ▁Columbia |
▁and ▁scored ▁ 4 2 ▁runs . ▁Return ing ▁from ▁this ▁competition ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 6 ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁century ▁in ▁the ▁M CA ▁Senior ▁League : ▁ 1 1 1 ▁runs ▁not ▁out . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁Dam ian ▁was ▁an ▁integral ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Senior ▁Provin cial ▁Team . ▁ ▁International ▁cr icket ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁represented ▁Canada ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁International ▁Youth ▁Tournament ▁in ▁B erm uda . ▁He ▁again ▁represented ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁at ▁The ▁Nor T el ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Youth ▁Tournament ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁M ills ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁two ▁Canadian ▁teams : ▁Canada ▁Under - 2 3 ; ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Senior ▁Team . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁Canada ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Cr icket ▁Board ’ s ▁Red ▁St ri pe ▁Bowl ▁competition ▁in ▁Ant igua ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Dam ian ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Il ford ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁from ▁England ▁for ▁a ▁tour ▁to ▁India . ▁He ▁spent ▁one ▁winter ▁playing ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Off - field ▁activity ▁ ▁Cr icket ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁the ▁sport ▁and ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁youth ▁cr ick eters . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁coach ▁at |
▁junior ▁cam ps , ▁schools , ▁community ▁cent ers ▁and ▁tournament s . ▁He ▁also ▁made ▁time ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁administrator ▁of ▁the ▁sport . ▁He ▁was ▁committed ▁to ▁an ▁increasing ly ▁strong ▁cr icket ▁program ▁in ▁Man it oba . ▁ ▁Study ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁started ▁studies ▁toward ▁a ▁D eg ree ▁in ▁Business ▁Studies ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Due ▁to ▁compet ing ▁dem ands ▁from ▁cr icket , ▁he ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁have ▁graduated ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Man it oba . ▁ ▁Religion ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁was ▁a ▁church ▁alt ar ▁server ▁from ▁ 8 ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁helped ▁to ▁train ▁young ▁servers . ▁ ▁Death ▁▁ ▁M ills ▁died ▁unexpected ly ▁in ▁his ▁sleep ▁on ▁Monday ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 4 . ▁He ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁ill ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁und et ected ▁medical ▁condition . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁The ▁Dam ian ▁M ills ▁Junior ▁Cr icket ▁Foundation ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁M ills ' ▁honor . ▁The ▁fund ' s ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁continue ▁Dam ian ' s ▁work ▁in ▁prom oting ▁the ▁sport ▁of ▁cr icket ▁and ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁encourag ement ▁and ▁insp iration ▁to ▁young ▁cr ick eters . ▁ ▁Career ▁highlight s ▁ ▁Teams ▁▁▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁Canada ▁U - 2 3 ▁ ▁Canada ▁U - 1 9 ▁ ▁Man |
it oba , ▁Man it oba ▁U - 2 5 ▁ ▁The ▁W inn ip eg ▁Juni ors ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁ ▁Lincoln ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁Major ▁T ours ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Western ▁Canada ▁Provin cial ▁Tournament , ▁V ancouver ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁International ▁Youth ▁Tournament , ▁B erm uda ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁N ort el ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Youth ▁Tournament , ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Canada ▁U - 2 3 ▁vs ▁B erm uda , ▁Toronto ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁W IC B ▁Red ▁St ri pe ▁Bowl , ▁Ant igua ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Four ▁month ▁training ▁tour ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁W IC B ▁Red ▁St ri pe ▁Bowl , ▁J ama ica ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Il ford ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁( Eng land ) ▁tour ▁of ▁India ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 – 2 0 0 3 : ▁Western ▁Canada ▁Under - 2 5 ▁Provin cial ▁Championship , ▁Ed mont on ▁ ▁Ac com pl ish ments ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁M ills ▁scored ▁the ▁most ▁runs ▁in ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Senior ▁League , ▁repeating ▁this ▁performance ▁five ▁more ▁times ; ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁in ▁his ▁final ▁season , ▁ 2 0 |
0 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁r ated ▁Best ▁B ats man ▁of ▁the ▁M CA ▁League : ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁He ▁scored ▁the ▁most ▁runs ▁in ▁the ▁M CA ▁League : ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Most ▁Out standing ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁Cr ick eter ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁Out standing ▁Man it oba ▁Junior ▁Cr ick eter : ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁M ills ▁also ▁won ▁many ▁batt ing ▁awards ▁at ▁the ▁Western ▁Canada ▁Provin cial ▁U - 2 5 ▁Championships , ▁M CA ▁Ind oor ▁League ▁and ▁shares ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Junior ▁Record ▁for ▁highest ▁opening ▁partners hip ▁of ▁ 1 4 3 ▁runs ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁I Y T ▁in ▁B erm uda . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Man it oba ▁Cr icket ▁Association ▁bio ▁ ▁C ric Info Can ada ▁bio ▁ ▁Dam ian ▁M ills ▁Junior ▁Cr icket ▁Award ▁ ▁In aug ural ▁Memorial ▁Match ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Ann ual ▁Dam ian ▁M ills ▁Memorial ▁Match ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : |
S ports people ▁from ▁W inn ip eg ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Man it oba <0x0A> </s> ▁Cas pi y ▁was ▁an ▁air line ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Dest in ations ▁ ▁Fle et ▁ ▁The ▁Cas pi y ▁fleet ▁compr ises ▁the ▁following ▁aircraft ▁( as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ): ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A irl ines ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁Category : A irl ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁' Ad ams ▁Pear main ', ▁also ▁called ▁' Ad am ' s ▁Par man e ', ▁is ▁a ▁cultiv ar ▁of ▁apple . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁by ▁John ▁Adams , ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁' N or folk ▁Pi pp in '. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Pear main ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Keep ers ▁Nur ser y ▁ ▁Orange pi pp in . com ▁ ▁description ▁on ▁pom ol op edia ▁( f rench ▁description ) ▁ ▁Category : App le ▁cultiv ars ▁Category : B rit ish ▁app les <0x0A> </s> ▁K hin ▁Tan ▁( , ▁; ▁also ▁sp elled ▁H kind an ) ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁chief ▁que ens ▁of ▁King ▁Ky ans it tha ▁of ▁P agan ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁Bur ma ▁( My an mar ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Que ens ▁cons ort ▁of ▁P agan <0x0A> </s> ▁Bull ering a ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local |
ity ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Mare eb a , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁Bull ering a ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Sh ire ▁of ▁Mare eb a ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁Maria ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁( Russ ian : ▁Ма рия ▁Ши рин ки на , ▁born ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁first ▁solo ist ▁of ▁the ▁Mari in sky ▁Bal let ▁and ▁a ▁guest ▁principal ▁dan cer ▁of ▁the ▁Bayer isches ▁Staats b alle tt . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Maria ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Perm ▁and ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Perm ▁Bal let ▁School ▁under ▁Nin el ▁Sil van ov ich . ▁She ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and , ▁upon ▁her ▁gradu ation , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁Mari in sky ▁Bal let , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁gradu ate ▁from ▁Perm ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁She ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁second ▁solo ist ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁following ▁her ▁début ▁as ▁Jul iet ▁in ▁Leon id ▁Lav rov sky ' s ▁Rome o ▁and ▁Jul iet . ▁She ▁has ▁tou red ▁across ▁the ▁world ▁with ▁the ▁Mari in sky ▁Bal let ▁to ▁places ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Europe , ▁China ▁and ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Her ▁re per toire ▁includes ▁the ▁Syl ph ▁in ▁La ▁Syl ph ide , ▁G is elle , ▁Princess ▁Aur ora ▁in ▁The ▁S leep ing ▁Beaut y |
, ▁C inder ella , ▁Raymond a ▁and ▁leading ▁roles ▁in ▁Ch op in iana , ▁Jew els , ▁Sym phony ▁in ▁C ▁and ▁the ▁Tsch a ik ov sky ▁Pas ▁de ▁Deux . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁made ▁her ▁début ▁as ▁N iki ya ▁in ▁a ▁g ala ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁" K ing dom ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ades " ▁scene ▁from ▁La ▁Bay ad ère ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁U ral ▁Opera ▁in ▁Y ek ater in burg . ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁took ▁a ▁one - year ▁s abb at ical ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Bayer ische ▁Staats b alle tt ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁Germany ▁as ▁princip als ▁with ▁the ▁inv itation ▁of ▁Ig or ▁Zel ens ky , ▁the ▁the ater ' s ▁new ▁art istic ▁director . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁but ▁continue ▁to ▁perform ▁as ▁guest ▁princip als ▁in ▁Mun ich . ▁During ▁her ▁season ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁made ▁her ▁début s ▁as ▁Ph ry gia ▁in ▁Y uri ▁Gr ig or ov ich ' s ▁Spart ac us , ▁L ise ▁in ▁Frederick ▁As ht on ' s ▁La ▁fille ▁mal ▁gard ée ▁and ▁Alice ▁in ▁Christopher ▁Whe eld on ' s ▁Alice ' s ▁Advent ures ▁in ▁Wonder land , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁full - length ▁début ▁as ▁N iki ya ▁in ▁Pat rice ▁Bart |
' s ▁production ▁of ▁La ▁Bay ad ère ▁and ▁Jul iet ▁in ▁C ran ko ' s ▁Rome o ▁and ▁Jul iet . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁First ▁Solo ist ▁with ▁the ▁Mari in sky ▁Bal let . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Sh ir ink ina ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁fellow ▁Russian ▁bal let ▁dan cer ▁Vladimir ▁Sh k ly ar ov . ▁The ▁couple ▁has ▁one ▁son ▁Alex ey , ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁two ▁days ▁before ▁his ▁father ' s ▁ 3 0 th ▁birth day . ▁ ▁Re per toire ▁G is elle ▁in ▁G is elle ▁The ▁Syl ph ▁in ▁La ▁Syl ph ide ▁Princess ▁Aur ora ▁in ▁The ▁S leep ing ▁Beaut y ▁Princess ▁M asha ▁in ▁V ain onen ' s ▁The ▁N ut cra cker ▁N iki ya ▁in ▁La ▁Bay ad ère ▁Raymond a ▁in ▁Raymond a ▁Gul n are ▁in ▁Le ▁C ors aire ▁Maz ur ka ▁and ▁Pas ▁de ▁deux ▁in ▁Ch op in iana ▁The ▁Young ▁Girl ▁in ▁Le ▁Spect re ▁de ▁la ▁rose ▁Jul iet ▁in ▁Lav rov sky ' s ▁and ▁C ran ko ' s ▁Rome o ▁and ▁Jul iet ▁Sy u im bi ke ▁in ▁Leon id ▁Y ak ob son ' s ▁Sh urale ▁Maria ▁in ▁ ▁Zak har ov ' s ▁The ▁F ount ain ▁of ▁B akh ch is ar ai ▁The ▁Ts ar ▁Ma iden ▁in ▁Alex ei |
▁Rat mans ky ' s ▁The ▁Little ▁H ump back ed ▁Hor se ▁C inder ella ▁in ▁Alex ei ▁Rat mans ky ' s ▁C inder ella ▁Ph ry gia ▁in ▁Y uri ▁Gr ig or ov ich ' s ▁Spart ac us ▁Princess ▁Sh yr in ▁in ▁Y uri ▁Gr ig or ov ich ' s ▁The ▁Leg end ▁of ▁Love ▁Par asha ▁in ▁Y uri ▁S me kal ov ' s ▁The ▁Bron ze ▁H ors eman ▁Luc ille ▁Gra hn ▁in ▁Anton ▁Dol in ' s ▁Pas ▁de ▁Qu atre ▁L ise ▁in ▁Frederick ▁As ht on ' s ▁La ▁fille ▁mal ▁gard ée ▁Alice ▁in ▁Christopher ▁Whe eld on ' s ▁Alice ' s ▁Advent ures ▁in ▁Wonder land ▁Emer ald s ▁and ▁Rub ies ▁in ▁Jew els ▁Di vert issement ▁Pas ▁de ▁deux ▁in ▁George ▁Bal anch ine ' s ▁A ▁Mid sum mer ▁Night ' s ▁Dream ▁First ▁Mov ement ▁in ▁Sym phony ▁in ▁C ▁Tsch a ik ov sky ▁Pas ▁de ▁Deux ▁Hel ena ▁in ▁John ▁Ne ume ier ' s ▁A ▁Mid sum mer ▁Night ' s ▁Dream ▁Columb ine ▁in ▁Car nav al ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Perm ▁Category : Russ ian ▁ball er inas ▁Category : Pr ima ▁ball er inas ▁Category : M ari in sky ▁Bal let ▁d anc ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁bal let ▁d anc |
ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Car men ▁A ída ▁Bar ros ▁Alfonso ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁prominent ▁Chile an ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁of ▁jazz , ▁popular ▁music , ▁and ▁opera . ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁acting ▁per ception , ▁diction , ▁and ▁vocal ▁projection , ▁and ▁a ▁the ater ▁and ▁opera ▁director . ▁She ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁port ray ▁the ▁character ▁Car m ela ▁in ▁the ▁Is id ora ▁Agu ir re ▁play ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Car men ▁Bar ros ▁is ▁the ▁elder ▁of ▁two ▁sib lings . ▁Because ▁of ▁her ▁father ' s ▁military ▁profession , ▁which ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁on ▁miss ions ▁in ▁Germany , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁different ▁g arr isons ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁Car men ▁never ▁stayed ▁more ▁than ▁seven ▁months ▁at ▁one ▁school . ▁She ▁lived ▁between ▁Santiago , ▁other ▁cities ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁Peru , ▁and ▁Europe , ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁speak ▁German ▁before ▁Spanish . ▁ ▁However , ▁she ▁attended ▁the ▁French ▁N uns , ▁a ▁women ' s ▁college ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁" w ild ▁card " ▁of ▁the ▁course ▁for ▁any ▁art istic ▁competition ▁involving ▁dan cing ▁or ▁acting . ▁ ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 4 ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁assigned ▁as ▁Chile an ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Germany , ▁and ▁that ▁change ▁marked ▁her ▁life . ▁It ▁was ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁World ▁War |
▁II ▁was ▁in ▁full ▁development . ▁A ▁lot ▁of ▁people ▁Bar ros ' ▁age ▁that ▁she ▁met ▁on ▁this ▁trip ▁she ▁never ▁saw ▁again ; ▁they ▁joined ▁Hitler ' s ▁army ▁to ▁colon ize ▁Europe ▁and ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁contact . ▁As ▁a ▁counter point , ▁the ▁cultural ▁opportun ities ▁of ▁Berlin ▁influenced ▁her ▁future ▁career : ▁concert s , ▁opera , ▁the ater ; ▁despite ▁the ▁horror ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁that ▁never ▁changed . ▁She ▁tried ▁to ▁res ume ▁her ▁basic ▁education , ▁in ▁a ▁German ▁school , ▁but ▁could ▁not ▁stand ▁being ▁in ▁a ▁co - ed uc ational ▁one , ▁so ▁she ▁chose ▁to ▁ret ire ▁and ▁take ▁private ▁classes ▁at ▁home . ▁However ▁she ▁never ▁finished ▁her ▁studies . ▁ ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 9 ▁Bar ros ▁returned ▁to ▁Chile , ▁but ▁everything ▁had ▁changed . ▁Santiago ▁del ▁Cam po ▁offered ▁to ▁let ▁her ▁sing ▁on ▁the ▁radio ▁and ▁gave ▁her ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Marian ela . ▁She ▁had ▁begun ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁singer . ▁She ▁worked ▁at ▁Radio ▁Agricult ura , ▁Corpor ación , ▁and ▁Min er ía . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁when ▁a ▁company ▁of ▁New ▁York ' s ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁House ▁came ▁to ▁Chile ▁with ▁the ▁Be eth oven ▁opera ▁F idel io , ▁Bar ros ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁particip ate . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁success es ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Theater . ▁She ▁was ▁even ▁invited ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁New ▁York , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁dare ; |
▁she ▁had ▁been ▁outside ▁the ▁country ▁for ▁too ▁long . ▁ ▁Her ▁brother ▁was ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁sp ur red ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁the ater . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁actor ▁and ▁cre ator ▁of ▁the ▁P ocket ▁Theater , ▁and ▁invited ▁her ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁play ▁Carlos ▁y ▁Ana , ▁which ▁she ▁star red ▁in . ▁She ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁, ▁combining ▁her ▁tal ents ▁for ▁singing ▁and ▁the ▁the ater . ▁This ▁continued ▁until ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁named ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Italy , ▁and ▁the ▁dream ▁van ished . ▁She ▁went ▁to ▁Italy ▁with ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁three ▁children ▁to ▁see ▁what ▁happened ▁there . ▁She ▁continued ▁with ▁her ▁" oper atic " ▁work , ▁went ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Opera ▁of ▁Br uss els , ▁Belg ium . ▁However ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁named ▁ch an cell or ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁home . ▁She ▁could ▁never ▁recon cile ▁her ▁dream s ▁with ▁distance . ▁Although ▁she ▁end ured ▁another ▁year ▁without ▁seeing ▁her ▁children , ▁finally , ▁and ▁although ▁her ▁prospect s ▁were ▁favor able , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Chile ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁Bar ros ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁international ▁opera ▁star . ▁She ▁entered ▁the ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁Esta ▁Se ñ or ita ▁Tr ini , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁pre l ude ▁to ▁La ▁p ér g ola ▁de ▁las ▁fl ores . ▁She ▁shared |
▁the ▁stage ▁with ▁, ▁Ana ▁González , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁l umin aries , ▁and ▁star red ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Car m ela . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁musical ▁group , ▁Los ▁G atos , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁successful . ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Chile an ▁coup ▁d ' état , ▁she ▁went ▁to ▁Ken ya ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁UN ▁official ▁for ▁nine ▁years . ▁Then ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Chile ▁and ▁began ▁appearing ▁on ▁television . ▁Her ▁first ▁series ▁was ▁Los ▁t í ter es ▁( 1 9 8 4 ), ▁which ▁together ▁with ▁her ▁role ▁on ▁El ▁amor ▁está ▁de ▁mod a ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁her ▁greatest ▁pride . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁she ▁received ▁the ▁ ▁Award ▁for ▁her ▁art istic ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁she ▁star red ▁alongside ▁Gl oria ▁Mün ch me yer , ▁Ana ▁Re e ves , ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁. ▁This ▁role ▁earned ▁her ▁a ▁nom ination ▁at ▁the ▁C ale uche ▁Awards ▁for ▁Best ▁Le ading ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁TV ▁Series ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁received ▁the ▁C ale uche ▁Award ▁for ▁her ▁career ▁from ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture , ▁Ern esto ▁Ott one , ▁and ▁Chile act ores . ▁In ▁March ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁she ▁was ▁hon ored ▁as |
▁a ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Public ▁Person ▁by ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Prov iden cia . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Her ▁son ▁Ja ime ▁Am un á te gui ▁Bar ros ▁married ▁Jac qu eline ▁P ino ch et ▁Hi ri art ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁in ▁Cer ro ▁Cast illo , ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁had ▁two ▁children : ▁Sof ía ▁and ▁Ja ime ▁August o ▁Am un á te gui ▁P ino ch et . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Bar ros ▁told ▁CNN ▁Chile ▁that ▁P ino ch et ▁Hi ri art ▁" bel ieved ▁that ▁I ▁was ▁a ▁commun ist ▁for ▁being ▁an ▁artist ." ▁ ▁Bar ros ' ▁daughter , ▁Lor eto ▁Am un á te gui ▁Bar ros , ▁was ▁governor ▁of ▁Ch ac ab u co ▁Province ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Car men ▁Bar ros ▁defines ▁herself ▁as ▁a ▁B ache let ista ▁– ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁President ▁Mich elle ▁B ache let . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁B ajo ▁un ▁ciel o ▁de ▁gl oria ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁M ús ica ▁en ▁tu ▁cor az ón ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁▁ ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁La ▁F ie bre ▁del ▁Loc o ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁La ▁ch up il ca ▁del ▁di ablo ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Gu est ▁( |
La ▁Vis ita ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Chile - Ar gent ina ▁ ▁El ▁hu és ped ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Per la ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁V iej os ▁am ores ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Theater ▁ ▁Esta ▁señ or ita ▁Tr ini ▁– ▁Tr in idad ▁▁ ▁– ▁Car m ela ▁de ▁San ▁Ros endo ▁ ▁J av iera ▁y ▁su ▁fant asma ▁ ▁Como ▁en ▁la ▁gran ▁ciudad ▁ ▁The ▁boy ▁friend ▁ ▁Les ▁Pr éc ie uses ▁rid ic ules ▁ ▁An ato le ▁ ▁Mi ▁Mar il yn ▁Mon roe ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁Mar il yn ▁Mon roe ▁ ▁The ▁Ob scene ▁Bird ▁of ▁Night ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁El ▁mar in ero ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁AP ES ▁Awards ▁ ▁C ale uche ▁Awards ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Chile an ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Chile an ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Santiago ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁jazz ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁t elen ov ela ▁actress es |
▁Category : Ch ile an ▁theatre ▁direct ors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Santiago ▁Category : W omen ▁theatre ▁direct ors <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mor o ▁I ▁Cab inet ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁cabinet ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Republic , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Ald o ▁Mor o , ▁that ▁held ▁office ▁from ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 3 1 ▁days , ▁or ▁ 7 ▁months ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁days . ▁The ▁cabinet ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁organ ic ▁centre - left ▁government . ▁ ▁Government ▁parties ▁The ▁government ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁parties : ▁ ▁Party ▁break down ▁ ▁Christian ▁Dem ocracy ▁( DC ): ▁prime ▁minister , ▁ 1 5 ▁minister s , ▁ 2 6 ▁under secret aries ▁ ▁Italian ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( P SI ): ▁deput y ▁prime ▁minister , ▁ 5 ▁minister s , ▁ 1 0 ▁under secret aries ▁ ▁Italian ▁Democratic ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( PS DI ): ▁ 3 ▁minister s , ▁ 5 ▁under secret aries ▁ ▁Italian ▁Republican ▁Party ▁( PRI ): ▁ 1 ▁minister , ▁ 1 ▁under secret ary ▁ ▁Com position ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A ld o ▁Mor o ▁Category : Ital ian ▁govern ments ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Italy |
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