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▁Bad ▁Or b ▁was ▁first ▁documented ▁in ▁ 1 0 5 9 . ▁Or b ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁town ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Town ▁privileges ▁included ▁the ▁mint ing ▁of ▁a ▁coin , ▁the ▁Or ber ▁H äl bling ▁(" half - P f enn ig ▁of ▁Or b "). ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁wall ▁that ▁still ▁exist ▁today ▁also ▁origin ate ▁from ▁this ▁time . ▁▁ ▁The ▁historic ▁trad ing ▁route ▁( and ▁modern ▁day ▁long - distance ▁h ik ing ▁trail ) ▁Es els weg ▁(" don key ▁trail ") ▁that ▁runs ▁to ▁Groß he ub ach ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Mil ten berg ▁from ▁Schl ü ch tern ▁origin ates ▁at ▁Bad ▁Or b . ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁this ▁route ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁transport ▁salt ▁to ▁the ▁Main . ▁▁ ▁The ▁extra ction ▁of ▁salt ▁from ▁several ▁salt ▁spr ings ▁formed ▁the ▁town . ▁There ▁were ▁eleven ▁Sal inen ▁( one ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁renov ated ▁and ▁preserved ), ▁sometimes ▁called ▁" th orn ▁houses " ▁or ▁" s alt ▁works ", ▁belonging ▁in ▁the ▁de co ction ▁facility , ▁in ▁which ▁br ine ▁dri pped ▁over ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁black th orn ▁tw igs ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁salt ▁concentration ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁before ▁bo iling . ▁Salt ▁production ▁reached ▁its ▁high ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th ▁centuries . ▁▁ ▁After ▁med iat isation |
, ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Princi p ality ▁of ▁A sch affen burg ▁and ▁the ▁Grand ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Frankfurt ▁Or b ▁eventually ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁Sp a ▁activities ▁started ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁After ▁the ▁Aust ro - Pr uss ian ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁became ▁Pr uss ian ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁a ▁children ' s ▁medical ▁facility ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁brothers ▁Friedrich ▁H uf n ag el ▁and ▁Wilhelm ▁H uf n ag el , ▁which ▁today ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sp ess art - K lin ik . ▁After ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁br ine ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁medicine . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁salt ▁production ▁ceased ▁at ▁Or b . ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁nation ally ▁cert ified ▁sp a ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁The ▁remaining ▁sal ina ▁today ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁medical ▁treat ments , ▁especially ▁in hal ation ▁and ▁relax ation . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁prisoner - of - war ▁camp ▁named ▁St al ag ▁IX - B ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁nearby ▁hill , ▁Weg sche ide k ü ppel . ▁The ▁camp ▁held ▁Soviet , ▁American , ▁French |
, ▁Italian ▁and ▁Ser bian ▁soldiers . ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁the ▁conditions ▁at ▁St al ag ▁IX - B ▁d eter ior ated ▁precip it ously , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁poor ▁supply ▁and ▁scarc ity ▁of ▁fuel . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁monument ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁dead ▁located ▁at ▁a ▁gra vey ard ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁camp ▁site . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁state , ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁became ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁H esse . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁is ▁a ▁sp a ▁town . ▁H osp it als , ▁re h abil itation ▁and ▁physical ▁ther apy ▁facilities ▁and ▁medical ▁do ctors ▁domin ate . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁health ▁sector , ▁tour ism ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁industry . ▁ ▁May ors ▁Roland ▁We iß : ▁since ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Hel ga ▁U hl ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Wolfgang ▁St or ck ▁( CD U ) ▁ ▁Town ▁tw in ning ▁Tw inned ▁with : ▁ ▁I stra , ▁Russia ▁ ▁Att ra ctions ▁ ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁features ▁an ▁old ▁town ▁with ▁numerous ▁half - tim ber ed ▁houses , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁extensive ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁medieval ▁town ▁wall ▁including ▁to wers ▁and ▁a ▁gate ▁house . ▁Notable ▁examples ▁of ▁architecture ▁include ▁the ▁buildings ▁in ▁Haupt straße , ▁the ▁Hen k ers haus , ▁Alt - |
Or b , ▁Golden es ▁Rad ▁and ▁Sal z g raf en haus . ▁The ▁old ▁castle ▁hosts ▁a ▁town ▁museum . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁churches : ▁St . ▁Martin ▁is ▁a ▁Goth ic ▁hall ▁church ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁It ▁burn ed ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁but ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 - 5 . ▁Martin - L uther - K irche ▁was ▁built ▁ 1 9 0 2 - 3 ▁in ▁Goth ic ▁Rev ival ▁style . ▁It ▁features ▁two ▁loan ed ▁b ells ▁from ▁S iles ia ▁and ▁East ▁Pr uss ia . ▁The ▁alt ar ▁b ible ▁was ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁Em press ▁August a ▁Victoria ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁offers ▁many ▁amen ities ▁to ▁the ▁sp a ▁guests , ▁including ▁the ▁Sal ine ▁and ▁the ▁Kur park . ▁The ▁for ests ▁around ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁sport ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁h ik ing ▁and ▁b ik ing ▁tra ils . ▁▁▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁Sp ess art ▁Wild park , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁In frastr ucture ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Frank fur ter ▁Sch ull and heim ▁Weg sche ide , ▁a ▁summer ▁camp ▁for ▁children ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁army ▁training ▁camp ▁which ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁P OW ▁camp ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁and ▁the ▁" Sp ess art |
▁C lin ic ", ▁a ▁children ' s ▁hospital ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁Util ities ▁Like ▁in ▁other ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁such ▁as ▁B ie berg em ünd , ▁Fl ör sb acht al ▁and ▁J oss grund , ▁there ▁is ▁currently ▁controvers y ▁over ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁tower ing ▁wind ▁far ms ▁on ▁the ▁wood ed ▁pe aks ▁surrounding ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Bad ▁Or b . ▁Environment al ists ▁and ▁many ▁loc als ▁reject ▁these ▁plans ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁for ests ▁and ▁animal ▁habit ats , ▁possible ▁health ▁ris ks ▁to ▁residents , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁thre ats ▁to ▁local ▁property ▁values ▁and , ▁in ▁particular , ▁to ▁the ▁tour ism / sp a ▁business ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁decl ining ▁attract iveness ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁to ▁visitors ▁and ▁patients . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁question ed ▁whether ▁local ▁wind s ▁are ▁strong ▁and ▁constant ▁enough ▁to ▁allow ▁econom ical ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁wind ▁far ms . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁S ons ▁and ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁▁▁ ▁( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 0 3 ), ▁jur ist ▁▁ ▁( 1 8 3 9 - 1 9 0 3 ), ▁parish ▁priest ▁and ▁pre late ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Greg or ▁Kra us ▁( 1 8 4 1 - 1 9 1 5 ), ▁botan ist ▁and ▁university ▁professor ; ▁Found er ▁of ▁micro cl imat ology ▁▁ ▁( 1 9 3 |
8 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁sculpt or ▁and ▁g olds m ith ▁ ▁People ▁associated ▁with ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁▁▁ ▁( 1 9 3 6 - 2 0 1 3 ), ▁painter , ▁lived ▁in ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁▁ ▁( 1 7 8 2 - 1 8 5 0 ), ▁ph arm ac ist , ▁founder ▁and ▁ ▁operator ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁bath house ▁in ▁Or b . ▁▁ ▁( 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 2 9 ), ▁doctor ▁and ▁sp a ▁director ▁in ▁Bad ▁Or b ▁( 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 2 9 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁Land tag ▁K ass el ▁( 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁town ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Main - K in zig - K re is ▁Category : S pa ▁towns ▁in ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁K ert ▁To ob al ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Est onian ▁vol ley ball ▁player , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Est onian ▁club ▁Big bank ▁T art u ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁Est onia ▁men ' s ▁national ▁vol ley ball ▁team . ▁ ▁Est onian ▁national ▁team ▁K ert ▁To ob al ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Est onian ▁national ▁team ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁has ▁represented ▁Est onia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 |
5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁European ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championships . ▁With ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁To ob al ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Vol ley ball ▁League ▁titles . ▁ ▁Sport ing ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁Club s ▁Balt ic ▁League ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁with ▁Pere ▁Le ib ▁T art u ▁ ▁National ▁championship ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 / 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 / 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 / 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 / 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 / 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁Syl v ester ▁T all inn ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 / 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁Syl v ester ▁T all inn ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 / 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Championship , ▁with ▁Sal on ▁Pi iv ol ley ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Championship , ▁with ▁Pere |
▁Le ib ▁T art u ▁ ▁National ▁cup ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 / 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 / 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 / 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 / 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁with ▁E SS ▁Fal ck ▁P är nu ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 / 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁Sal on ▁Pi iv ol ley ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁with ▁Sal on ▁Pi iv ol ley ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁with ▁Pere ▁Le ib ▁T art u ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 / 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁French ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁with ▁R ennes ▁Vol ley ▁ 3 5 ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 / 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁with ▁Pere ▁Le ib ▁T |
art u ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁European ▁League ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁European ▁League ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Ch allen ger ▁Cup ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Est onian ▁Vol ley ball ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Est onian ▁Vol ley ball ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁French ▁Ligue ▁B ▁– ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁European ▁League ▁– ▁Best ▁Set ter ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁League ▁– ▁Best ▁Set ter ▁ ▁State ▁awards ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Star , ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁K ert ▁To ob al ▁is ▁the ▁older ▁brother ▁of ▁Est onia ▁men ' s ▁national ▁vol ley ball ▁team mate ▁And res ▁To ob al . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : E ston ian ▁men ' s ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Finland ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ex pat |
ri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁in ▁Finland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ate ▁vol ley ball ▁players ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Star , ▁ 4 th ▁Class ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T ü ri <0x0A> </s> ▁Young ▁F igh ters ▁is ▁a ▁Malays ian ▁football ▁team , ▁based ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur . ▁A ▁reserve ▁team ▁for ▁F EL DA ▁United , ▁the ▁team ▁currently ▁plays ▁in ▁third - t ier ▁division ▁Malays ia ▁F AM ▁League . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁and ▁fin ances ▁The ▁club ▁were ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁F EL DA ▁United ▁with ▁the ▁financial ▁backing ▁of ▁its ▁parent ▁company , ▁F EL DA . ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁based , ▁and ▁played ▁its ▁league ▁match ▁in ▁UK M ▁Bang i ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Bang i . ▁After ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Malays ia ▁F AM ▁League ▁season ▁concluded , ▁Young ▁F igh ters ▁was ▁pulled ▁from ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁was ▁released ▁or ▁absor bed ▁to ▁youth ▁team ▁of ▁F EL DA ▁United ▁which ▁comp ete ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁President ' s ▁Cup ▁and ▁Malays ia ▁Youth ▁League . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁were ▁re - activ ated ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 8 ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Malays ia ▁F AM ▁Cup . ▁For ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season , ▁the ▁team ▁played ▁its ▁league ▁match ▁at ▁US IM ▁M ini ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Nil ai , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁UP M ▁M ini ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Ser d ang . ▁ ▁Sp ons or ship ▁ ▁Club ▁officials ▁▁ ▁President ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Abd ul ▁Gh ani ▁Moh d ▁Ali ▁ ▁Manager ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁An u ar ▁Male k ▁ ▁Head ▁Co ach ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁O mar ▁Ali ▁ ▁Ass istant ▁Co ach ▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Z olk ip li ▁Sam ion ▁ ▁Go al keep ing ▁Co ach ▁: ▁ ▁H ai riz al ▁J us of ▁ ▁F it ness ▁Co ach ▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁H af iz ▁▁ ▁Phys io ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Moh d ▁F ik ri ▁H ak im ▁Sa id ▁ ▁Kit man ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Sy af ik ▁N iz u ▁▁ ▁Administr ator ▁Officer ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁H af iz ie ▁Moh amed ▁ ▁Media ▁Officer ▁▁▁▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Soccer way ▁Page ▁ ▁Official ▁Page ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁reserve ▁football ▁teams <0x0A> </s> ▁Bro ther ▁O dd ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Dean ▁Ko ont z , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 |
0 6 . ▁The ▁novel ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁book ▁in ▁Ko ont z ' s ▁series ▁foc using ▁on ▁a ▁young ▁man ▁named ▁O dd ▁Thomas . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁The ▁novel ▁begins ▁seven ▁months ▁after ▁Fore ver ▁O dd . ▁During ▁that ▁time , ▁O dd ▁Thomas ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁guest ▁at ▁St . ▁Bar th ol ome w ' s ▁Ab bey , ▁where ▁he ▁hopes ▁to ▁seek ▁peace ▁and ▁understanding . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁there , ▁he ▁be fri ends ▁a ▁white - fur red ▁dog ▁who ▁ass ists ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁further ▁advent ures . ▁ ▁O dd ▁sees ▁a ▁sh ade - like ▁bod ach . ▁This ▁port ends ▁great ▁dis aster ▁for ▁the ▁ab bey . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁mon ks ▁disapp ears ▁and ▁O dd ▁is ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁myster ious ▁k iller . ▁As ▁he ▁searches ▁for ▁the ▁missing ▁mon k , ▁O dd ▁he ars ▁an ▁odd ▁noise ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁snow st orm , ▁and ▁later ▁sees ▁an ▁intr icate , ▁sh ifting ▁pattern ▁of ▁b ones ▁against ▁a ▁window . ▁ ▁Rod ion ▁Roman ov ich , ▁the ▁ab bey ' s ▁other ▁guest , ▁meets ▁O dd ▁in ▁the ▁gar age ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁the ▁mon ks . ▁O dd , ▁susp icious ▁of ▁Roman ov ich , ▁int ends ▁to ▁leave ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁ab bey ▁but ▁he ▁takes ▁one ▁sport ▁utility ▁vehicle ▁ ▁( SU V ) ▁full ▁of ▁mon ks ▁before ▁O dd ▁can ▁stop ▁him . ▁On |
▁the ▁way ▁there , ▁Roman ov ich ' s ▁SU V ▁is ▁turned ▁over ▁by ▁a ▁b one - cre ature . ▁Bro ther ▁Kn uck les , ▁O dd ' s ▁conf id ant , ▁dam ages ▁the ▁creature ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁p low , ▁saving ▁everyone . ▁Back ▁at ▁the ▁school , ▁O dd ▁and ▁Roman ov ich ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁that ▁Jacob ' s ▁father , ▁the ▁Never was , ▁is ▁John ▁Hein eman , ▁a ▁mon k ▁at ▁the ▁ab bey ▁known ▁as ▁Bro ther ▁John ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁phys ic ist ▁who ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁reality . ▁ ▁Later , ▁O dd ▁dec ides ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁ab bey , ▁but ▁as ▁he ▁r ides ▁down ▁the ▁highway ▁back ▁to ▁his ▁h omet own , ▁psych ic ▁magnet ism ▁pull s ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁car , ▁where ▁the ▁book ▁ends ▁as ▁he ▁wal ks ▁down ▁the ▁highway ▁toward ▁the ▁unknown . ▁After ▁three ▁advent ures , ▁El vis ▁Pres ley , ▁who ▁sometimes ▁ass ists ▁O dd , ▁finally ▁cross es ▁over . ▁O dd ▁and ▁the ▁dog ▁( who ▁is ▁now ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁g host ) ▁continue ▁along ▁together , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁un ited ▁moments ▁later ▁with ▁the ▁g host ▁of ▁Frank ▁Sin atra . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁A ▁rev iewer ▁of ▁Kirk us ▁Re views ▁commented ▁" T err ific ▁character ization ▁and ▁patient ▁plot ting ▁mark ▁Ko ont z ' s ▁work , ▁and ▁this ▁novel ▁about ▁the ▁triumph ▁of |
▁mod esty ▁over ▁hub ris ▁proves ▁exempl ary ▁on ▁both ▁counts . ▁A ▁work ▁both ▁exc iting ▁and ▁eng aging — and ▁with ▁its ▁heart ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁place ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Dean ▁Ko ont z ▁Category : Nov els ▁about ▁prec ogn ition <0x0A> </s> ▁Werner ▁Buch hol z ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁historian , ▁currently ▁a ▁professor ▁for ▁P omer an ian ▁History ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gre if sw ald . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Buch hol z ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Berlin ▁and ▁studied ▁History , ▁Sc and in av ian ▁and ▁German ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Univers ities ▁of ▁Bo ch um , ▁Mar burg , ▁Stockholm ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Å bo ▁Akadem i ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 - 7 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁passed ▁his ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 8 5 . ▁Buch hol z ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁scholar ship ▁of ▁the ▁Deutsche ▁Forsch ungs gemein schaft ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁hab il itated ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hamburg ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁public ▁fin ance ▁and ▁financial ▁administration ▁in ▁Swedish ▁P omer ania ▁( 1 7 2 0 - 1 8 0 6 ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 - |
9 4 ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁German ▁Foreign ▁Office ▁in ▁Ath ens ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁Professor ▁for ▁history ▁and ▁regional ▁studies ▁of ▁P omer ania ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gre if sw ald ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Publications ▁▁ ▁Staat ▁und ▁St änd eg es ellschaft ▁in ▁Schw eden ▁zur ▁Zeit ▁des ▁Ü berg anges ▁vom ▁Ab sol ut ismus ▁zum ▁St ände par lament ar ismus ▁: ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁- ▁ 1 7 2 0 . ▁Al mq v ist ▁och ▁Wik s ell ▁International , ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁. ▁ ▁Geschichte ▁der ▁öff ent lichen ▁Fin anzen ▁in ▁Europa ▁in ▁Sp ät mittel alter ▁und ▁Neu zeit ▁: ▁Dar stellung , ▁Anal y se , ▁Bibliographie . ▁Akademie ver lag , ▁Berlin ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁. ▁ ▁P omm ern . ▁Deutsche ▁Geschichte ▁im ▁Osten ▁Europ as . ▁Sied ler , ▁Berlin ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁. ▁ ▁Kind heit ▁und ▁Jugend ▁in ▁der ▁Neu zeit ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Ste iner , ▁Stuttgart ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G erman ▁histor ians ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Gre if sw ald ▁fac ulty ▁Category : R u hr ▁University ▁Bo ch um ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Mar burg ▁al umn i ▁Category |
: Sto ck holm ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Å bo ▁Akadem i ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Hamburg ▁al umn i ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ain ▁Light ning ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁American ▁av iation ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁story ▁" Th ese ▁Many ▁Years " ▁by ▁black - list ed ▁writer ▁L ester ▁Cole ▁( under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁" J . ▁Red mond ▁Prior "); ▁the ▁screen play ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Li am ▁O ' B rien ▁and ▁Vincent ▁B . ▁Evans . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Evans ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁bomb ard ier ▁on ▁the ▁Bo eing ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁M emph is ▁Belle . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Hum ph rey ▁Bog art ▁as ▁a ▁test ▁pilot , ▁Ele an or ▁Parker , ▁and ▁Raymond ▁M asse y . ▁Cole ' s ▁credit ▁on ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁officially ▁restored ▁by ▁the ▁Writ ers ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁although ▁the ▁only ▁screen ▁versions ▁have ▁" s ugg ested ▁by ▁a ▁story ▁by ▁J . ▁Raymond ▁Prior " ▁listed . ▁ ▁Cre ated ▁in ▁the ▁post war ▁era ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁progress ▁in ▁av iation ▁and ▁aer onaut ics , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁account ▁of ▁a ▁US ▁company ▁engaged ▁in ▁creating ▁and ▁producing ▁high - speed ▁jet ▁aircraft . ▁Comple ted ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 9 |
, ▁Ch ain ▁Light ning ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Bog art ' s ▁final ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁films , ▁ending ▁a ▁ 2 0 - year ▁association . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁appeal ▁of ▁the ▁subject , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁multiple ▁versions ▁for ▁ 1 1 ▁different ▁countries ; ▁in ▁Germany , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Des ▁Te uf els ▁Pil ot . ▁ ▁Plot ▁L t . ▁Colonel ▁Matt ▁B ren nan ▁( H umph rey ▁Bog art ), ▁dis charg ed ▁from ▁the ▁military , ▁runs ▁a ▁civil ian ▁flying ▁school , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁reun ited ▁with ▁an ▁old ▁US ▁Army ▁Air ▁Force ▁bud dy , ▁Major ▁H ink le ▁( James ▁Brown ). ▁ ▁B ren nan ▁is ▁offered ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁the ▁Will is ▁A ircraft ▁Company ▁as ▁chief ▁test ▁pilot ▁for ▁an ▁experimental ▁high ▁speed ▁jet ▁f ighter ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁J A - 3 , ▁designed ▁by ▁Carl ▁Tro x ell ▁( Rich ard ▁Wh orf ). ▁Tro x ell ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁link ▁to ▁B ren nan ' s ▁past , ▁having ▁known ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁when ▁B ren nan ▁was ▁a ▁bom ber ▁pilot . ▁A ▁flash back ▁to ▁B - 1 7 ▁miss ions ▁over ▁Germany ▁reve al ▁B ren nan ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁top - not ch ▁pilot . ▁ ▁Another ▁connection ▁to ▁his ▁past ▁is ▁his ▁former ▁fl ame , ▁Jo ▁H ollow ay ▁( E lean or ▁Parker ), ▁now ▁Will is ' ▁secretary . ▁In ▁order ▁to |
▁prove ▁the ▁capabilities ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁J A - 3 , ▁capable ▁of ▁spe eds ▁up ▁to ▁, ▁B ren nan ▁convin ces ▁Will is ▁that ▁a ▁record - bre aking ▁flight ▁from ▁N ome , ▁Al aska ▁to ▁Washington ▁D . C ., ▁via ▁the ▁North ▁P ole , ▁will ▁impress ▁the ▁government . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Tro x ell ▁tries ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁sa fer ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁revolution ary ▁aircraft , ▁the ▁J A - 4 , ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁an ▁escape ▁pod , ▁but ▁dies ▁during ▁a ▁test ▁flight . ▁ ▁The ▁earlier ▁record ▁flight ▁is ▁a ▁success ▁with ▁B ren nan ▁ear ning ▁a ▁$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁pay check , ▁enough ▁to ▁marry ▁Jo . ▁Then ▁he ▁lear ns ▁that ▁Tro x ell ▁has ▁been ▁killed . ▁Despite ▁his ▁earlier ▁res erv ations ▁about ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁safety ▁systems , ▁B ren nan ▁takes ▁another ▁J A - 4 ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁official ▁government ▁demonstr ations , ▁using ▁the ▁escape ▁pod ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁aircraft ▁is ▁safe . ▁On ▁landing , ▁he ▁falls ▁into ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁his ▁bel oved . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁film ing ▁took ▁place ▁from ▁ ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁but ▁the ▁final ▁production ▁was ▁held ▁back ▁from ▁release ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁real ist ically ▁dep ict ▁the ▁flight ▁testing |
, ▁permission ▁was ▁obtained ▁to ▁film ▁at ▁various ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁bases ▁including ▁M uro c ▁Army ▁Air ▁Field ▁where ▁experimental ▁testing ▁took ▁place , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁location ▁shooting ▁occurr ing ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Fernando ▁Valley ▁Airport ▁( now ▁Van ▁Nu ys ▁Airport ). ▁ ▁A ▁real istic ▁full - scale ▁J A - 3 / J A - 4 ▁model ▁created ▁by ▁Paul ▁Mant z , ▁the ▁aer ial ▁sequence ▁director , ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁$ 1 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁model ▁stem med ▁from ▁a ▁der el ict ▁Bell ▁P - 3 9 ▁A i rac ob ra ▁fus el age ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁re work ed ▁by ▁V ince ▁Johnson , ▁an ▁expert ▁" lo fter ". ▁The ▁Warner ▁B ros ▁contract ▁called ▁for ▁completion ▁of ▁a ▁real istic ▁( if ▁fut ur istic ) ▁f ighter ▁able ▁to ▁tax i ▁and ▁deploy ▁par ach utes . ▁Besides ▁the ▁full - scale ▁model ▁used ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁sequences , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁scale ▁models ▁were ▁built . ▁Rec ently , ▁a ▁Will is ▁J A - 3 ▁fib reg lass ▁ ▁mini ature ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁production , ▁meas uring ▁ 8 0 ▁in . ▁long ▁and ▁a ▁wings pan ▁of ▁ 5 9 ▁in ., ▁was ▁au ction ed ▁for ▁US $ 1 , 3 0 0 . ▁ ▁Re vis iting ▁his ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁w art ime ▁fleet ▁of ▁aircraft ▁he ▁had ▁obtained ▁for |
▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Tw elve ▁O ' C lock ▁High ▁( 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Mant z ' s ▁B - 1 7 F , ▁ 4 2 – 3 3 6 9 , ▁appearing ▁as ▁“ N aught y ▁Nell ie ”, ▁re created ▁the ▁w art ime ▁miss ions ▁that ▁the ▁central ▁character ▁rec alls ▁in ▁a ▁flash back ▁sequence . ▁Stock ▁foot age ▁of ▁bom ber ▁miss ions ▁over ▁Germany ▁includes ▁a ▁brief ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Mess ersch mitt ▁Me ▁ 1 6 3 ▁ro cket ▁f ighter ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁insp iration ▁for ▁the ▁later ▁post war ▁su person ic ▁f ighter ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁characters ▁en vis ions . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁film ▁f ared ▁well ▁with ▁the ▁public ▁as ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁record - bre aking ▁aircraft ▁was ▁typical ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁head lines ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁Most ▁view ers ▁were ▁convinced ▁that ▁the ▁aircraft ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁new ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁f ighter . ▁However , ▁when ▁Ch ain ▁Light ning ▁was ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁recently ▁renamed ▁Edwards ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁where ▁location ▁shooting ▁had ▁taken ▁place , ▁veter an ▁pil ots ▁such ▁as ▁Ch uck ▁Ye ager ▁easily ▁saw ▁through ▁the ▁sub ter f uge , ▁especially ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁where ▁the ▁" Will is ▁J A - 3 " ▁was ▁being ▁to wed ▁down ▁the ▁run way ▁with ▁the ▁to w ▁cable ▁clearly ▁evident . ▁ ▁Box ▁Office ▁According ▁to ▁Warner ▁B ros ▁accounts |
▁the ▁film ▁earned ▁$ 1 , 6 6 5 , 0 0 0 ▁dom est ically ▁and ▁$ 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁foreign . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁Crit ically , ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁Bog art ' s ▁less er ▁features ▁and ▁although ▁production ▁standards ▁were ▁acceptable , ▁it ▁has ▁the ▁look ▁of ▁a ▁" B " ▁film . ▁The ▁main ▁criticism ▁st ems ▁from ▁a ▁limited ▁plot line ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁fully ▁allow ▁the ▁characters ' ▁development . ▁The ▁contemporary ▁review ▁from ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁c ited ▁the ▁true ▁" star " ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁the ▁technology ▁on ▁display : ▁" Like ▁its ▁title , ▁this ▁vehicle ▁moves ▁with ▁exc iting ▁speed ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁air bor ne , ▁but ▁it ▁slow s ▁down ▁to ▁a ▁pl od ding ▁walk ... ▁when ▁it ▁hits ▁the ▁ground ." ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁highly ▁advanced ▁technology ▁and ▁equipment ▁including ▁escape ▁pod s , ▁bra king ▁par ach utes , ▁G - su its ▁and ▁mixed ▁jet / ro cket ▁power ▁plants , ▁some ▁review ers ▁considered ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁science ▁fiction . ▁Paul ▁Mant z , ▁the ▁film ' s ▁av iation ▁ad visor , ▁in ▁design ing ▁the ▁center pie ce ▁aircraft ▁models , ▁had ▁en vision ed ▁an ▁" air craft ▁of ▁tom orrow " ▁and ▁accur ately ▁predicted ▁much ▁of ▁today ' s ▁modern ▁jet ▁aircraft ▁technology . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁Although ▁released ▁in ▁V HS ▁format ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 |
2 ▁by ▁M GM / U A ▁Home ▁Entertainment , ▁the ▁original ▁version ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁a ▁correction ▁for ▁the ▁writing ▁credit ▁to ▁L ester ▁Cole . ▁Warner ▁Archives ▁released ▁an ▁official ▁DVD ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁D wig g ins , ▁Don . ▁Hollywood ▁Pil ot : ▁The ▁Biography ▁of ▁Paul ▁Mant z . ▁Garden ▁City , ▁New ▁York : ▁Double day ▁& ▁Company , ▁Inc ., ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁▁ ▁Hard wick , ▁Jack ▁and ▁Ed ▁Schne pf . ▁" A ▁Buff ' s ▁Guide ▁to ▁A viation ▁Mov ies ". ▁Air ▁Progress ▁A viation ▁Vol . ▁ 7 , ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Spring ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Michael , ▁Paul . ▁Hum ph rey ▁Bog art : ▁The ▁Man ▁and ▁his ▁Films . ▁New ▁York : ▁Bon anza ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁av iation ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Stuart ▁He is ler ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁Category : W ar ner ▁B ros . ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁P icker el ▁Lake ▁is ▁a ▁ 9 5 5 |
- acre ▁spring - f ed ▁lake ▁located ▁in ▁Day ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁P icker el ▁Lake ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gla cial ▁L akes ▁Region ▁that ▁en comp ass es ▁much ▁of ▁N ortheast ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁and ▁st ret ches ▁along ▁the ▁C ote au ▁des ▁Pra i ries ▁hills . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁formed ▁thousands ▁of ▁years ▁ago ▁by ▁gla cial ▁activity . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁de press ions ▁left ▁behind ▁were ▁filled ▁by ▁mel ting ▁gla ci ers . ▁ ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Pra irie ▁P oth ole ▁Region . ▁P icker el ▁Lake ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁deep est ▁natural ▁la kes ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota . ▁The ▁name ▁origin ated ▁from ▁an ▁American ▁Indian ▁name ▁meaning ▁" where ▁you ▁spe ar ▁long ▁fish ." ▁Ex c urs ion ▁boats ▁were ▁common ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁A ▁fish ▁h atch ery ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁abandoned ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁when ▁a ▁new ▁facility ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Blue ▁Dog ▁Lake . ▁ ▁Rec re ation ▁P icker el ▁Lake ▁bo asts ▁many ▁water - based ▁recre ational ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁bo ating ▁and ▁fish ing . ▁ ▁P icker el ▁Lake ▁Rec re ation ▁Area ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁park ▁that ▁has ▁two ▁camp ground s ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁East ▁Unit ▁and ▁West ▁Unit ▁offering ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 |
7 ▁cam ps ites ▁and ▁six ▁cab ins . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁la kes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁http :// g fp . sd . gov / state - par ks / directory / picker el - la ke / ▁http :// www . picker ella kes d . org / index . html ▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Day ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁I MR ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Organ is ations ▁ ▁Imperial ▁Military ▁Rail ways , ▁of ▁British ▁forces ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁ 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 0 1 ▁ ▁Indust ri ja ▁Mot ora ▁R akov ica ▁ ▁Institute ▁for ▁Material s ▁Research , ▁or ▁K ink en ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁Institute ▁of ▁Modern ▁Russia ▁ ▁Science , ▁technology ▁and ▁engineering ▁ ▁Inf ant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁ ▁Inter rupt ▁mask ▁register , ▁in ▁computing ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁disable ▁interrupt s ▁ ▁Inter lock ing ▁machine ▁room ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground ▁sign alling ▁system ▁ ▁In verse ▁M ills ▁ratio , ▁in ▁statistics ▁and ▁graphs ▁ ▁Im pro ved ▁Military ▁R if le , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁gun pow der ▁ ▁I MR ▁vessel ▁( In spe ction , ▁Main ten ance ▁and ▁Rep air ) ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Ide om ot or ▁response , ▁in ▁hyp nos is ▁and ▁psych ological ▁research ▁ ▁Institution al ▁mode ▁of ▁representation , ▁in ▁film ▁theory ▁ ▁In ▁Med ias |
▁Res ▁( band ), ▁V ancouver , ▁Canada ▁ ▁International ▁M igration ▁Review , ▁quarter ly ▁peer - review ed ▁academic ▁journal ▁published ▁by ▁W iley - Black well ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁I MR - 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁arm ored ▁engineering ▁vehicles ▁( In zh ener n aya ▁m ash ina ▁raz gra zh den i ya ), ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Russian ▁T - 5 5 , ▁T - 7 2 , ▁and ▁T - 9 0 ▁t anks , ▁respectively <0x0A> </s> ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁( 2 3 2 – 2 0 2 ▁BC ), ▁born ▁X i ang ▁Ji , ▁was ▁the ▁Ba ▁Wang ▁( <0xE9> <0x9C> <0xB8> 王 ) ▁or ▁H eg emon - K ing ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u ▁during ▁the ▁Ch u – H an ▁Cont ention ▁period ▁( 2 0 6 – 2 0 2 ▁BC ) ▁of ▁China . ▁A ▁noble ▁of ▁X ia xi ang ▁( 下 相 ; ▁present - day ▁Su q ian , ▁Ji ang su ), ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁re bel led ▁against ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁prominent ▁war l ord . ▁He ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" D u ke ▁of ▁Lu " ▁( <0xE9> <0xAD> <0xAF> 公 ) ▁by ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ▁of ▁the ▁rest oring ▁Ch u ▁state ▁in ▁ 2 0 8 ▁BC . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁Ch u ▁forces ▁to ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jul u |
▁against ▁the ▁Q in ▁arm ies ▁led ▁by ▁Z hang ▁Han . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Q in , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁ent hr oned ▁as ▁the ▁" H eg emon - K ing ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u " ▁( 西 <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x9A> <0xE9> <0x9C> <0xB8> 王 ) ▁and ▁ruled ▁a ▁vast ▁area ▁of ▁land ▁covering ▁parts ▁of ▁present - day ▁Sh an xi , ▁Hen an , ▁H ube i , ▁Hun an ▁and ▁Ji ang su , ▁with ▁P eng ch eng ▁( present - day ▁X uz hou , ▁Ji ang su ) ▁as ▁his ▁capital . ▁He ▁engaged ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁the ▁found ing ▁em peror ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁dynast y , ▁in ▁a ▁long ▁struggle ▁for ▁power , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ch u – H an ▁Cont ention , ▁which ▁concluded ▁with ▁his ▁event ual ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ga ix ia . ▁He ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁at ▁the ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Wu ▁River . ▁ ▁Names ▁and ▁titles ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁family ▁name ▁was ▁X i ang ▁() ▁while ▁his ▁given ▁name ▁was ▁Ji ▁() ▁and ▁his ▁cour tes y ▁name ▁was ▁Yu ▁( ). ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁X i ang ▁Yu . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁popular ly ▁known ▁as ▁" X i ▁Ch u ▁Ba ▁Wang " ▁( ), ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁as ▁" Over l ord ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u ", ▁" H eg emon - K ing ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch |
u ", ▁" Con quer or ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u ", ▁" K ing ▁of ▁Kings ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u ", ▁and ▁other ▁rend itions . ▁This ▁title ▁is ▁sometimes ▁simplified ▁to ▁" B a ▁Wang " ▁( ), ▁without ▁the ▁link ▁to ▁" West ern ▁Ch u ". ▁Since ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁death , ▁the ▁term ▁Ba ▁Wang ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁specifically ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁him . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁subjects ▁sometimes ▁address ▁him ▁as ▁" X i ang ▁Wang " ▁( ), ▁which ▁literally ▁means ▁" K ing ▁X i ang ". ▁ ▁Family ▁background ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁accounts ▁of ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁family ▁background . ▁The ▁first ▁claimed ▁that ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁Mi ▁( <0xE7> <0xBE> <0x8B> ), ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁Ch u ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁Z hou ▁dynast y . ▁His ▁ancest ors ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁X i ang ▁( <0xE9> <0xA0> <0x85> ) ▁by ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁Ch u ▁and ▁had ▁since ▁adopted ▁" X i ang " ▁as ▁their ▁family ▁name . ▁The ▁other ▁account ▁claimed ▁that ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁a ▁noble ▁cl an ▁from ▁the ▁Lu ▁state ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Ch u ▁military ▁for ▁gener ations . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁grand father ▁X i ang ▁Yan ▁was ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁general ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁Ch u ▁army ▁in ▁resist ing ▁the ▁Q |
in ▁inv aders ▁led ▁by ▁Wang ▁J ian , ▁and ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁when ▁Q in ▁conquer ed ▁Ch u ▁in ▁ 2 2 3 ▁BC . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 2 3 2 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁W arring ▁States ▁period ▁when ▁the ▁Q in ▁state ▁started ▁un ifying ▁the ▁other ▁six ▁major ▁states . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁X i ang ▁family ▁in ▁Su q ian , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁father ▁was ▁X i ang ▁Ch ao ▁( <0xE9> <0xA0> <0x85> 超 ), ▁X i ang ▁Yan ' s ▁el dest ▁son . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁raised ▁by ▁his ▁elder ▁uncle ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁because ▁his ▁father ▁died ▁early . ▁In ▁ 2 2 1 ▁BC , ▁when ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁about ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁old , ▁the ▁Q in ▁state ▁un ified ▁China ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁had ▁a ▁double ▁pup il ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁eyes ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁myth ical ▁Emperor ▁Sh un ▁and ▁Duke ▁W en ▁of ▁Jin . ▁He ▁was ▁thus ▁seen ▁as ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁person ▁because ▁his ▁unique ▁double ▁pup il ▁was ▁a ▁mark ▁of ▁a ▁king ▁or ▁s age ▁in ▁Chinese ▁tradition . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁slightly ▁t aller ▁than ▁eight ▁chi ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 1 . 8 5 ▁metres , ▁about ▁ 6 ' ▁ 1 ") ▁and ▁possessed ▁unusual ▁physical |
▁strength ▁as ▁he ▁could ▁lift ▁a ▁d ing ▁( an ▁ancient ▁Chinese ▁vessel ▁res emb ling ▁a ▁giant ▁ca uld ron ▁on ▁tri pod s ). ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁In ▁his ▁younger ▁days , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁instruct ed ▁in ▁scholar ly ▁arts ▁and ▁sword sm ans hip ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁manage ▁to ▁master ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁taught , ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁satisfied ▁with ▁him . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁said , ▁" Book s ▁are ▁only ▁useful ▁in ▁helping ▁me ▁remember ▁my ▁name . ▁Master ing ▁sword sm ans hip ▁allows ▁me ▁to ▁face ▁only ▁one ▁oppon ent , ▁so ▁it ' s ▁not ▁worth ▁learning . ▁I ▁want ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁defeat ▁thousands ▁of ▁enemies ." ▁Hence , ▁his ▁uncle ▁tried ▁to ▁educ ate ▁him ▁in ▁military ▁strategy ▁and ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁war ▁instead , ▁but ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁stopped ▁learning ▁after ▁he ▁had ▁grasp ed ▁the ▁main ▁ideas ; ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁was ▁disappoint ed ▁with ▁his ▁nep hew , ▁who ▁showed ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁motiv ation ▁or ▁apparent ▁talent ▁apart ▁from ▁his ▁great ▁strength , ▁so ▁he ▁gave ▁up ▁and ▁let ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁decide ▁his ▁own ▁future . ▁ ▁When ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁grew ▁older , ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁killed ▁someone ▁so ▁they ▁fled ▁to ▁Wu ▁( <0xE5> <0x90> <0xB3> ; ▁present - day ▁southern ▁Ji ang su ) ▁to ▁e va de ▁the ▁authorities . ▁At ▁the ▁time |
, ▁Q in ▁Sh i ▁Hu ang ▁was ▁on ▁an ▁ins pection ▁tour ▁in ▁that ▁area ▁and ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁watched ▁the ▁em peror ' s ▁process ion ▁pass ▁by . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁said , ▁" I ▁can ▁replace ▁him ." ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁was ▁shock ed ▁and ▁immediately ▁covered ▁his ▁nep hew ' s ▁mouth ▁with ▁his ▁hand . ▁After wards , ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁began ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁nep hew ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁light . ▁ ▁Revolution ▁against ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 9 ▁BC , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Q in ▁Er ▁Sh i , ▁pe asant ▁re bell ions ▁er upt ed ▁throughout ▁China ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y , ▁pl ung ing ▁China ▁into ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁an archy . ▁, ▁the ▁Administr ator ▁of ▁K ua iji ▁( then ▁centered ▁on ▁present - day ▁Su z hou ), ▁wanted ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁re bell ion ▁as ▁well , ▁so ▁he ▁invited ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁and ▁discuss ▁their ▁plans . ▁However , ▁the ▁X i angs ▁l ured ▁Y in ▁T ong ▁into ▁a ▁trap ▁and ▁killed ▁him ▁instead , ▁with ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁personally ▁striking ▁down ▁hundreds ▁of ▁Y in ' s ▁men . ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁initi ated ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁himself ▁and ▁r al lied ▁about ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁to ▁support ▁him . ▁X |
i ang ▁Li ang ▁proc laimed ▁himself ▁Administr ator ▁of ▁K ua iji ▁while ▁appoint ing ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁as ▁a ▁general . ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ' s ▁revolution ▁force ▁grew ▁in ▁size ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁between ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 7 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 8 ▁BC , ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁installed ▁Mi ▁X in ▁as ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ▁of ▁Ch u ▁to ▁r ally ▁support ▁from ▁those ▁eager ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁over throw ▁the ▁Q in ▁D ynast y ▁and ▁restore ▁the ▁former ▁Ch u ▁state . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁distinguished ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁compet ent ▁mar shal ▁and ▁mighty ▁war rior ▁on ▁the ▁battle field ▁while ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁batt les ▁against ▁Q in ▁forces . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁X i ang ▁Li ang ▁was ▁killed ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁D ing ta o ▁against ▁the ▁Q in ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Z hang ▁Han ▁and ▁the ▁military ▁power ▁of ▁Ch u ▁fell ▁into ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁gener als . ▁In ▁the ▁winter ▁of ▁ 2 0 8 ▁BC , ▁another ▁re bel ▁force ▁claim ing ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁Z ha o ▁state , ▁led ▁by ▁Z ha o ▁X ie , ▁was ▁bes ie ged ▁in ▁Hand an ▁by ▁Z hang ▁Han . ▁Z ha o ▁X ie ▁requested ▁for ▁rein for c ements ▁from ▁Ch u . ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ▁granted ▁X |
i ang ▁Yu ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" D u ke ▁of ▁Lu " ▁( <0xE9> <0xAD> <0xAF> 公 ), ▁and ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁second - in - command ▁to ▁Song ▁Y i , ▁who ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁lead ▁an ▁army ▁to ▁rein force ▁Z ha o ▁X ie . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁king ▁placed ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁another ▁army ▁to ▁attack ▁Gu anz h ong , ▁the ▁heart land ▁( cap ital ▁territory ) ▁of ▁Q in . ▁The ▁king ▁promised ▁that ▁who ever ▁managed ▁to ▁enter ▁Gu anz h ong ▁first ▁will ▁be ▁granted ▁the ▁title ▁" K ing ▁of ▁Gu anz h ong ". ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jul u ▁ ▁The ▁Ch u ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Song ▁Y i ▁and ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁reached ▁Any ang , ▁some ▁distance ▁away ▁from ▁Jul u ▁( <0xE5> <0xB7> <0xA8> <0xE9> <0xB9> <0xBF> ; ▁in ▁present - day ▁X ing ta i , ▁Heb ei ), ▁where ▁Z ha o ▁X ie ' s ▁forces ▁had ▁retre ated ▁to . ▁Song ▁Y i ▁ordered ▁the ▁troops ▁to ▁lay ▁camp ▁there ▁for ▁ 4 6 ▁days ▁and ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁suggestion ▁to ▁proceed ▁further . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁took ▁Song ▁Y i ▁by ▁surprise ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁and ▁killed ▁him ▁on ▁a ▁charge ▁of ▁tre ason . ▁Song ▁Y i ' s ▁other ▁sub ordinates ▁were ▁afraid ▁of ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁so ▁they ▁let ▁him ▁become ▁the ▁acting |
▁commander - in - ch ief . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁sent ▁a ▁mess enger ▁to ▁inform ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁king ▁approved ▁X i ang ' s ▁command . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 7 ▁BC , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁army ▁advanced ▁towards ▁Jul u ▁and ▁he ▁sent ▁Y ing ▁Bu ▁and ▁Zh ong li ▁Mo ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁v angu ard ▁army ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁attack ▁the ▁Q in ▁forces ▁led ▁by ▁Z hang ▁Han , ▁while ▁he ▁followed ▁behind ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁troops . ▁After ▁crossing ▁the ▁river , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁ordered ▁his ▁men ▁to ▁sink ▁their ▁boats ▁and ▁destroy ▁all ▁but ▁three ▁days ▁worth ▁of ▁r ations , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁force ▁his ▁men ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁prev ail ing ▁against ▁over wh el ming ▁odd s ▁within ▁three ▁days ▁or ▁die ▁tra pped ▁before ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁with ▁no ▁supplies ▁or ▁any ▁hope ▁of ▁escape . ▁Despite ▁being ▁heavily ▁out number ed , ▁Ch u ▁forces ▁scored ▁a ▁great ▁victory ▁after ▁nine ▁engag ements , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁Q in ▁army . ▁After ▁the ▁battle , ▁other ▁re bel ▁forces , ▁including ▁those ▁not ▁from ▁Ch u , ▁came ▁to ▁join ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁out ▁of ▁adm iration ▁for ▁his ▁mart ial ▁val our . ▁When ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁received ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁gate , |
▁the ▁re bel ▁chief s ▁were ▁so ▁fear ful ▁of ▁him ▁that ▁they ▁s ank ▁to ▁their ▁kne es ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁even ▁dare ▁to ▁look ▁up ▁at ▁him . ▁ ▁Z hang ▁Han ▁sent ▁his ▁deput y ▁S ima ▁X in ▁to ▁X ian y ang ▁to ▁request ▁for ▁rein for c ements ▁and ▁supplies ▁from ▁the ▁Q in ▁imperial ▁court . ▁However , ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Z ha o ▁G ao ▁dece ived ▁the ▁em peror ▁and ▁the ▁em peror ▁dismiss ed ▁Z hang ▁Han ' s ▁request . ▁Z ha o ▁G ao ▁even ▁sent ▁assass ins ▁to ▁kill ▁S ima ▁X in ▁when ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁returning ▁to ▁Z hang ▁Han ' s ▁camp , ▁but ▁S ima ▁managed ▁to ▁escape ▁alive . ▁In ▁dire ▁stra its , ▁Z hang ▁Han ▁and ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁troops ▁eventually ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 7 ▁BC . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁perce ived ▁the ▁surrender ed ▁Q in ▁troops ▁as ▁dis loy al ▁and ▁a ▁li ability , ▁and ▁had ▁them ▁executed ▁by ▁b ury ing ▁them ▁alive ▁at ▁X in ' an ▁( 新 安 ; ▁in ▁present - day ▁Y ima , ▁Hen an ). ▁Z hang ▁Han , ▁along ▁with ▁S ima ▁X in ▁and ▁D ong ▁Y i , ▁were ▁sp ared ▁from ▁death . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁appointed ▁Z hang ▁Han ▁as ▁" K ing ▁of ▁Y ong ", |
▁while ▁S ima ▁X in ▁and ▁D ong ▁Y i ▁were ▁respectively ▁con ferred ▁the ▁titles ▁of ▁" K ing ▁of ▁S ai " ▁and ▁" K ing ▁of ▁Di ". ▁ ▁Fe ast ▁at ▁Hong ▁Gate ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jul u , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁prepared ▁for ▁an ▁invasion ▁on ▁Gu anz h ong , ▁the ▁heart land ▁of ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y . ▁In ▁the ▁winter ▁of ▁ 2 0 7 ▁BC , ▁the ▁last ▁Q in ▁r uler ▁Z i ying ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁in ▁X ian y ang ▁( Q in ' s ▁capital ), ▁bringing ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁Q in ▁D ynast y . ▁When ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁arrived ▁at ▁H angu ▁Pass , ▁the ▁eastern ▁gateway ▁to ▁Gu anz h ong , ▁he ▁saw ▁that ▁the ▁pass ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁troops , ▁a ▁sign ▁that ▁Gu anz h ong ▁was ▁already ▁under ▁Li u ' s ▁control . ▁C ao ▁W ush ang ▁( <0xE6> <0x9B> <0xB9> 無 <0xE5> <0x82> <0xB7> ), ▁a ▁sub ordinate ▁of ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁sent ▁a ▁mess enger ▁to ▁see ▁X i ang ▁Yu , ▁saying ▁that ▁Li u ▁would ▁become ▁King ▁of ▁Gu anz h ong ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ' s ▁earlier ▁promise , ▁while ▁Z i ying ▁would ▁be ▁appointed ▁as ▁Li u ' s ▁ch an cell or . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁fur ious |
▁after ▁hearing ▁that . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁he ▁had ▁about ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁troops ▁under ▁his ▁command ▁while ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁only ▁had ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁that ▁number . ▁ ▁As ▁strongly ▁encourag ed ▁by ▁his ▁ad visor ▁F an ▁Z eng , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁invited ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁to ▁attend ▁a ▁fe ast ▁at ▁Hong ▁Gate ▁and ▁pl otted ▁to ▁kill ▁Li u ▁during ▁the ▁ban quet . ▁However , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁later ▁listened ▁to ▁his ▁uncle ▁X i ang ▁Bo ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁spare ▁Li u ▁Bang . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁escaped ▁during ▁the ▁ban quet ▁under ▁the ▁pre text ▁of ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁lat r ine . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁paid ▁no ▁attention ▁to ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁pres um pt ive ▁title ▁and ▁led ▁his ▁troops ▁into ▁X ian y ang ▁in ▁ 2 0 6 ▁BC . ▁He ▁ordered ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁Z i ying ▁and ▁his ▁family , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁Ep ang ▁Palace ▁by ▁fire . ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁would ▁leave ▁behind ▁a ▁trail ▁of ▁destruction ▁in ▁the ▁places ▁he ▁passed ▁by , ▁and ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Gu anz h ong ▁were ▁greatly ▁disappoint ed ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁Despite ▁advice ▁from ▁his ▁subjects ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁Gu anz h ong ▁and ▁continue ▁with ▁his ▁con quest s , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁ins istent ▁on ▁returning ▁to ▁his ▁hom eland ▁in ▁Ch |
u . ▁He ▁said , ▁" To ▁not ▁return ▁home ▁when ▁one ▁has ▁made ▁his ▁fortune ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁walking ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁at ▁night ▁in ▁gl amour ous ▁out f its . ▁Who ▁would ▁notice ▁that ?" ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁follow ers ▁said , ▁" It ▁is ▁indeed ▁true ▁when ▁people ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁Ch u ▁are ▁ap es ▁dressed ▁in ▁human ▁cl othing ." ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁had ▁that ▁man ▁bo iled ▁alive ▁when ▁he ▁heard ▁that ▁ins ult . ▁ ▁Division ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁Q in ▁dynast y , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁offered ▁King ▁Hu ai ▁II ▁the ▁more ▁hon ou rable ▁title ▁of ▁" Em peror ▁Y i ▁of ▁Ch u " ▁and ▁announced ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁divide ▁the ▁former ▁Q in ▁Empire . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁declared ▁himself ▁" H eg emon - K ing ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u " ▁( 西 <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x9A> <0xE9> <0x9C> <0xB8> 王 ) ▁and ▁ruled ▁nine ▁command eries ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Li ang ▁and ▁Ch u ▁territ ories , ▁with ▁his ▁capital ▁at ▁P eng ch eng ▁( <0xE5> <0xBD> <0xAD> 城 ; ▁present - day ▁X uz hou , ▁Ji ang su ). ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 6 ▁BC , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁divided ▁the ▁former ▁Q in ▁Empire ▁into ▁the ▁E igh teen ▁Kingdom s , ▁to ▁be ▁granted ▁to ▁his ▁sub ordinates ▁and ▁some ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁re bel ▁forces |
. ▁He ▁moved ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁r ul ers ▁of ▁other ▁states ▁to ▁more ▁remote ▁areas ▁and ▁granted ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Gu anz h ong ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁surrender ed ▁Q in ▁gener als , ▁ign oring ▁Emperor ▁Y i ' s ▁earlier ▁promise ▁to ▁appoint ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁as ▁king ▁of ▁that ▁region . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁was ▁re located ▁to ▁the ▁remote ▁H anz h ong ▁area ▁and ▁given ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" K ing ▁of ▁Han " ▁( 漢 王 ). ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁appointed ▁several ▁gener als ▁from ▁the ▁re bel ▁coal ition ▁as ▁v ass al ▁k ings , ▁even ▁though ▁these ▁gener als ▁were ▁sub ordinates ▁of ▁other ▁l ords , ▁who ▁should ▁right fully ▁be ▁the ▁k ings ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁their ▁follow ers . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁also ▁left ▁out ▁some ▁other ▁important ▁re bel ▁leaders ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁support ▁him ▁earlier , ▁but ▁did ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁Q in . ▁In ▁winter , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁moved ▁Emperor ▁Y i ▁to ▁the ▁remote ▁area ▁of ▁Chen ▁County ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xB4> <0xE7> <0xB8> <0xA3> ; ▁present - day ▁Ch enz hou , ▁Hun an ), ▁effectively ▁sending ▁the ▁pu ppet ▁em peror ▁into ▁ex ile . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁he ▁issued ▁a ▁secret ▁order ▁to ▁the ▁v ass al ▁k ings ▁in ▁that ▁area ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁em peror ▁assass in ated ▁during ▁his ▁journey ▁in ▁ 2 0 5 ▁BC . ▁The ▁em peror |
' s ▁death ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁as ▁political ▁propag anda ▁to ▁justify ▁his ▁war ▁against ▁X i ang ▁Yu . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Y i , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁had ▁Han ▁Ch eng ▁( K ing ▁of ▁H án ) ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁and ▁seized ▁Han ' s ▁lands ▁for ▁himself . ▁Several ▁months ▁later , ▁T ian ▁R ong ▁( chan cell or ▁of ▁Q i ) ▁took ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁Three ▁Q is ▁( J ia od ong , ▁Q i ▁and ▁J ib ei ) ▁from ▁their ▁respective ▁k ings ▁and ▁re inst ated ▁T ian ▁Fu ▁as ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Q i , ▁but ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁throne ▁himself ▁afterwards . ▁Similarly , ▁Chen ▁Yu , ▁a ▁former ▁vice ▁ch an cell or ▁of ▁Z ha o , ▁led ▁an ▁u pr ising ▁against ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Ch ang sh an , ▁Z hang ▁Er , ▁and ▁seized ▁Z hang ' s ▁domain ▁and ▁re installed ▁Z ha o ▁X ie ▁as ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Z ha o . ▁ ▁Ch u – H an ▁Cont ention ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁P eng ch eng ▁In ▁ 2 0 6 ▁BC , ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁led ▁his ▁forces ▁to ▁attack ▁Gu anz h ong . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁Q i ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁focus ▁on ▁resist ing ▁the ▁Han ▁forces . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁formed ▁an |
▁al liance ▁with ▁another ▁five ▁kingdom s ▁and ▁attacked ▁Western ▁Ch u ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁army , ▁capt uring ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁capital ▁of ▁P eng ch eng . ▁Upon ▁hearing ▁this , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁led ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁to ▁attack ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁and ▁defeated ▁the ▁latter ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁P eng ch eng , ▁with ▁the ▁Han ▁army ▁suffering ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁X ing y ang ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁managed ▁to ▁escape ▁after ▁his ▁defeat ▁with ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁troops ▁on ▁purs uit . ▁Han ▁troops ▁retre ated ▁to ▁X ing y ang ▁and ▁def ended ▁the ▁city ▁firm ly , ▁prevent ing ▁Ch u ▁forces ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁west ▁any ▁further , ▁but ▁only ▁managed ▁to ▁hold ▁on ▁until ▁ 2 0 4 ▁BC . ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁sub ordinate ▁Ji ▁X in ▁dis gu ised ▁himself ▁as ▁his ▁lord ▁and ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁X i ang ▁Yu , ▁bu ying ▁time ▁for ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁to ▁escape . ▁When ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁learned ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁foo led , ▁he ▁became ▁fur ious ▁and ▁had ▁Ji ▁X in ▁burn ed ▁to ▁death . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁X ing y ang , ▁Ch u ▁and ▁Han ▁forces ▁were ▁divided ▁on ▁two ▁front s ▁along ▁present - day ▁Hen an . ▁However , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s |
▁forces ▁were ▁not ▁far ing ▁well ▁on ▁the ▁battle front ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Y ellow ▁River , ▁as ▁the ▁Han ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Han ▁X in ▁defeated ▁his ▁troops ▁in ▁every ▁single ▁battle . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁al ly ▁P eng ▁Y ue ▁led ▁his ▁men ▁to ▁har ass ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁rear . ▁ ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Hong ▁Canal ▁By ▁ 2 0 3 ▁BC , ▁the ▁t ide ▁had ▁turned ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁Han . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁managed ▁to ▁capture ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁father ▁after ▁a ▁year - long ▁sie ge ▁and ▁he ▁threatened ▁to ▁bo il ▁Li u ' s ▁father ▁alive ▁if ▁Li u ▁refused ▁to ▁surrender . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁remarked ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁were ▁o ath ▁brothers , ▁so ▁if ▁X i ang ▁killed ▁Li u ' s ▁father , ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁guilty ▁of ▁pat ric ide . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁requested ▁for ▁an ▁arm ist ice , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Hong ▁Canal , ▁and ▁returned ▁the ▁host ages ▁he ▁captured ▁back ▁to ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁agreement . ▁The ▁treat y ▁divided ▁China ▁into ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁under ▁the ▁Ch u ▁and ▁Han ▁domains ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁G uling ▁Short ly ▁after , ▁as ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁retre ating ▁east wards , ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁ren ounced ▁the ▁treat y ▁and ▁led ▁his ▁forces ▁to ▁attack |
▁Western ▁Ch u . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁sent ▁mess engers ▁to ▁Han ▁X in ▁and ▁P eng ▁Y ue , ▁request ing ▁for ▁their ▁assistance ▁in ▁forming ▁a ▁three - pr ong ed ▁attack ▁on ▁X i ang ▁Yu , ▁but ▁Han ▁X in ▁and ▁P eng ▁Y ue ▁did ▁not ▁mobil ise ▁their ▁troops ▁and ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G uling . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁retre ated ▁and ▁rein for ced ▁his ▁def ences , ▁while ▁sending ▁em iss aries ▁to ▁Han ▁X in ▁and ▁P eng ▁Y ue , ▁prom ising ▁to ▁grant ▁them ▁f ief s ▁and ▁titles ▁of ▁v ass al ▁k ings ▁if ▁they ▁would ▁join ▁him ▁in ▁attack ing ▁Western ▁Ch u . ▁ ▁De fe at ▁and ▁down fall ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 ▁BC , ▁Han ▁arm ies ▁led ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁Han ▁X in ▁and ▁P eng ▁Y ue ▁attacked ▁Western ▁Ch u ▁from ▁three ▁sides ▁and ▁tra pped ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁army , ▁which ▁was ▁low ▁on ▁supplies , ▁at ▁Ga ix ia ▁( <0xE5> <0x9E> <0x93> 下 ; ▁in ▁present - day ▁L ing bi ▁County , ▁An hui ). ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁ordered ▁his ▁troops ▁to ▁sing ▁folk ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁Ch u ▁region ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁false ▁impression ▁that ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁native ▁land ▁had ▁been ▁conquer ed ▁by ▁Han ▁forces . ▁The ▁mor ale ▁of ▁the ▁Ch u ▁army ▁pl |
um met ed ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁troops ▁desert ed ▁in ▁desp air . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁s ank ▁into ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁de pression ▁and ▁he ▁composed ▁the ▁Song ▁of ▁Ga ix ia . ▁His ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Yu ▁committed ▁suic ide . ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁led ▁about ▁ 8 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁remaining ▁el ite ▁caval ry ▁on ▁a ▁des perate ▁attempt ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁enc irc lement , ▁with ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁enemy ▁troops ▁purs uing ▁them . ▁ ▁After ▁crossing ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁River , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁was ▁only ▁left ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁hundred ▁soldiers . ▁They ▁were ▁lost ▁in ▁Y in ling ▁( <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB0> <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> ) ▁and ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁asked ▁for ▁directions ▁from ▁a ▁far mer , ▁who ▁directed ▁him ▁wrong ly ▁to ▁a ▁sw amp . ▁When ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁reached ▁D ong ch eng ▁( 東 城 ), ▁only ▁ 2 8 ▁men ▁were ▁left , ▁with ▁the ▁Han ▁troops ▁still ▁following ▁him . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁made ▁a ▁speech ▁to ▁his ▁men , ▁saying ▁that ▁his ▁down fall ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁Heaven ' s ▁will ▁and ▁not ▁his ▁personal ▁failure . ▁After ▁that , ▁he ▁led ▁a ▁charge ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁enc irc lement , ▁killing ▁one ▁Han ▁general ▁in ▁the ▁battle . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁then ▁split ▁his ▁men ▁into ▁three ▁groups ▁to ▁conf |
use ▁the ▁enemy ▁and ▁indu ce ▁them ▁to ▁split ▁up ▁as ▁well ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁three ▁groups . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁took ▁the ▁Han ▁troops ▁by ▁surprise ▁again ▁and ▁sle w ▁another ▁enemy ▁commander , ▁inf lic ting ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁enemy , ▁while ▁he ▁only ▁lost ▁two ▁men . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁retre ated ▁to ▁the ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Wu ▁River ▁( near ▁present - day ▁He ▁County , ▁Ma ans han , ▁An hui ) ▁and ▁the ▁fer ry man ▁at ▁the ▁ford ▁prepared ▁a ▁boat ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁river , ▁strongly ▁encourag ing ▁him ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁because ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁still ▁had ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁from ▁his ▁hom eland ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁too ▁ash amed ▁to ▁return ▁home ▁and ▁face ▁his ▁people ▁because ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁from ▁Ji ang d ong ▁who ▁followed ▁him ▁on ▁his ▁con quest s ▁surv ived . ▁He ▁refused ▁to ▁cross ▁and ▁ordered ▁his ▁remaining ▁men ▁to ▁dis mount , ▁asking ▁the ▁fer ry man ▁to ▁take ▁his ▁war hor se , ▁Z hui ▁( <0xE9> <0xA8> <0x85> ), ▁back ▁home . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁made ▁a ▁last ▁stand ▁against ▁wave ▁after ▁wave ▁of ▁Han ▁forces ▁until ▁only ▁X i ang ▁himself ▁was ▁left ▁alive . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁continued ▁to ▁fight ▁on ▁and |
▁ ▁sle w ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁enemy ▁soldiers , ▁but ▁he ▁had ▁also ▁sust ained ▁several ▁w ounds ▁all ▁over ▁his ▁body . ▁Just ▁then , ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁saw ▁an ▁old ▁friend ▁Lü ▁Mat ong ▁among ▁the ▁Han ▁soldiers , ▁and ▁he ▁said ▁to ▁Lü , ▁" I ▁heard ▁that ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Han ▁( L iu ▁Bang ) ▁has ▁placed ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁gold ▁and ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" W an hu ▁Mar quis " ▁( <0xE8> <0x90> <0xAC> <0xE6> <0x88> <0xB6> <0xE4> <0xBE> <0xAF> ; ▁lit . ▁" mar quis ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁households ") ▁on ▁my ▁head . ▁Take ▁it ▁then , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁our ▁friendship ." ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁then ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁by ▁sl itting ▁his ▁thro at ▁with ▁his ▁sword , ▁and ▁a ▁b raw l ▁broke ▁out ▁among ▁the ▁Han ▁soldiers ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁reward ▁offered ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁and ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁body ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁dis member ed ▁and ▁m util ated ▁in ▁the ▁fight . ▁The ▁reward ▁was ▁eventually ▁claimed ▁by ▁Lü ▁Mat ong ▁and ▁five ▁others . ▁ ▁After ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁death , ▁Western ▁Ch u ▁surrender ed ▁and ▁China ▁was ▁un ited ▁under ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁rule , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁dynast y . ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁held ▁a ▁grand ▁state ▁fun eral ▁for ▁X |
i ang ▁Yu ▁in ▁G uch eng ▁( <0xE7> <0xA9> <0x80> 城 ; ▁present - day ▁Ji ux ian ▁Township , ▁D ong ping ▁County , ▁Ta ian , ▁Sh and ong ), ▁with ▁the ▁ceremony ▁bef itting ▁X i ang ' s ▁title ▁" D u ke ▁of ▁Lu ". ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁relatives ▁were ▁sp ared ▁from ▁death , ▁including ▁X i ang ▁Bo , ▁who ▁saved ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁life ▁at ▁the ▁Fe ast ▁at ▁Hong ▁Gate , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁granted ▁mar quis ▁titles . ▁ ▁Dep iction ▁of ▁character ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁dep icted ▁as ▁a ▁r uth less ▁leader , ▁in ▁sharp ▁contrast ▁to ▁his ▁rival , ▁Li u ▁Bang . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁mass ▁murder er , ▁ordering ▁the ▁mass ac res ▁of ▁entire ▁cities ▁even ▁after ▁they ▁surrender ed ▁peace fully . ▁This ▁often ▁led ▁to ▁cities ▁putting ▁up ▁strong ▁resistance , ▁as ▁they ▁knew ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁killed ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁surrender ed . ▁The ▁most ▁not orious ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁cruel ty ▁was ▁when ▁he ▁ordered ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁surrender ed ▁Q in ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁alive ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jul u , ▁and ▁the ▁gru esome ▁methods ▁of ▁execution ▁he ▁employed ▁against ▁his ▁enemies ▁and ▁critics . ▁Con vers ely , ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁is ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁sh rew d ▁and ▁c unning ▁r uler ▁who ▁could ▁be ▁brut al ▁at ▁times , ▁but ▁forb |
ade ▁his ▁troops ▁from ▁lo oting ▁the ▁cities ▁they ▁captured ▁and ▁sp ared ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁citizens , ▁ear ning ▁their ▁support ▁and ▁trust ▁in ▁return . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁story ▁became ▁an ▁example ▁for ▁Conf u cian ists ▁to ▁advoc ate ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁leaders ▁should ▁rule ▁with ▁bene vol ence ▁and ▁not ▁govern ▁by ▁inst illing ▁fear ▁in ▁the ▁people . ▁However , ▁his ▁amb itions ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁Western ▁Ch u , ▁his ▁defeat ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁and ▁his ▁death ▁at ▁the ▁early ▁age ▁of ▁around ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Song ▁of ▁Ga ix ia ▁< div ▁align =" left "> ▁ ▁The ▁Song ▁of ▁Ga ix ia ▁( <0xE5> <0x9E> <0x93> 下 歌 ), ▁translated ▁as ▁The ▁H eg emon ' s ▁L ament ▁by ▁Bur ton ▁Watson , ▁was ▁a ▁song ▁composed ▁by ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁tra pped ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁forces ▁at ▁Ga ix ia ▁( <0xE5> <0x9E> <0x93> 下 ; ▁in ▁present - day ▁L ing bi ▁County , ▁An hui ). ▁ ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁follows ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁Bur ton ▁Watson ' s ▁translation : ▁ ▁E valu ation ▁The ▁historian ▁S ima ▁Q ian , ▁who ▁wrote ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁bi ography ▁in ▁the ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Histor ian , ▁described ▁X i ang ▁as ▁someone ▁who ▁bo asted ▁about ▁his ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁thought ▁highly ▁of ▁himself . ▁X |
i ang ▁Yu ▁preferred ▁to ▁depend ▁on ▁his ▁personal ▁ab ilities ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁learning ▁with ▁hum ility ▁from ▁others ▁before ▁him . ▁S ima ▁Q ian ▁thought ▁that ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁own ▁short com ings ▁and ▁to ▁make ▁attempts ▁to ▁correct ▁his ▁mistakes , ▁even ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁S ima ▁Q ian ▁thought ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁rid icul ous ▁when ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁claimed ▁that ▁his ▁down fall ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁Heaven ' s ▁will ▁and ▁not ▁his ▁personal ▁failure . ▁ ▁Li u ▁Bang ' s ▁general ▁Han ▁X in , ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁oppon ents ▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁made ▁a ▁statement ▁critic ising ▁X i ang , ▁" A ▁man ▁who ▁turns ▁into ▁a ▁fier ce ▁war rior ▁when ▁he ▁enc oun ters ▁a ▁rival ▁stronger ▁than ▁he ▁is , ▁but ▁also ▁one ▁who ▁is ▁sympath etic ▁and ▁soft ▁heart ed ▁when ▁he ▁sees ▁someone ▁we aker ▁than ▁he ▁is . ▁Ne ither ▁was ▁he ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁good ▁use ▁of ▁capable ▁gener als ▁nor ▁was ▁he ▁able ▁to ▁support ▁Emperor ▁Y i ▁of ▁Ch u , ▁as ▁he ▁killed ▁the ▁em peror . ▁Even ▁though ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁Con quer or , ▁he ▁had ▁already ▁lost ▁the ▁favour ▁of ▁the ▁people ." ▁ ▁The ▁Tang ▁dynast y ▁poet ▁Du ▁Mu ▁mentioned ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁po ems ▁Ti ▁Wu ji ang ▁T ing ▁( <0xE9> |
<0xA1> <0x8C> <0xE7> <0x83> <0x8F> 江 <0xE4> <0xBA> <0xAD> ): ▁" V ict ory ▁or ▁defeat ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁battle . ▁One ▁who ▁can ▁end ure ▁hum ili ation ▁is ▁a ▁true ▁man . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁tal ents ▁in ▁Ji ang d ong , ▁who ▁knows ▁if ▁he ▁( X i ang ▁Yu ) ▁can ▁make ▁a ▁com eb ack ?" ▁However , ▁the ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁poet ▁Wang ▁An sh i ▁had ▁a ▁different ▁opinion , ▁as ▁he ▁wrote , ▁" The ▁war rior ▁is ▁already ▁tired ▁after ▁so ▁many ▁batt les . ▁His ▁defeat ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Pla ins ▁is ▁hard ▁to ▁reverse . ▁Although ▁there ▁are ▁tal ents ▁in ▁Ji ang d ong , ▁are ▁they ▁willing ▁to ▁help ▁him ?" ▁The ▁Song ▁D ynast y ▁female ▁poet ▁Li ▁Q ing z ha o ▁wrote : ▁" A ▁hero ▁in ▁life , ▁a ▁king ▁of ▁g hosts ▁after ▁death . ▁Until ▁now ▁we ▁still ▁remember ▁X i ang ▁Yu , ▁who ▁refused ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Ji ang d ong ." ▁ ▁Ma o ▁Z ed ong ▁also ▁once ▁mentioned ▁X i ang ▁Yu , ▁" We ▁should ▁use ▁our ▁remaining ▁strength ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁enemy , ▁instead ▁of ▁thinking ▁about ▁ach ieving ▁fame ▁like ▁the ▁Con quer or ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁Ma o ▁also ▁pointed ▁out ▁three ▁reasons ▁for ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁down fall : ▁not ▁following ▁F an ▁Z eng ' s ▁advice ▁to ▁kill ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁at ▁the |
▁Fe ast ▁at ▁Hong ▁Gate ▁and ▁letting ▁Li u ▁leave ; ▁ad her ing ▁firm ly ▁to ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁treat y ▁( without ▁considering ▁that ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁might ▁bet ray ▁his ▁trust ); ▁building ▁his ▁capital ▁at ▁P eng ch eng ▁( <0xE5> <0xBD> <0xAD> 城 ; ▁present - day ▁X uz hou , ▁Ji ang su ). ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁popular ly ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁leader ▁who ▁possessed ▁great ▁courage ▁but ▁lack ed ▁wisdom , ▁and ▁his ▁character ▁is ▁apt ly ▁summar ised ▁using ▁the ▁Chinese ▁id iom ▁you ▁y ong ▁w u ▁mou ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" has ▁courage ▁but ▁la cks ▁tact ics ", ▁" fo ol hard y ". ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁battle ▁tact ics ▁were ▁studied ▁by ▁later ▁military ▁leaders ▁while ▁his ▁political ▁bl und ers ▁served ▁as ▁ca ution ary ▁tales ▁for ▁later ▁r ul ers . ▁Another ▁Chinese ▁id iom , ▁si ▁m ian ▁ch u ▁ge ▁( ), ▁was ▁also ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ga ix ia , ▁and ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁someone ▁in ▁a ▁des perate ▁situation ▁without ▁help . ▁Another ▁saying ▁by ▁Li u ▁Bang , ▁" H aving ▁a ▁F an ▁Z eng ▁but ▁unable ▁to ▁use ▁him " ▁( 有 一 <0xE8> <0x8C> <0x83> <0xE5> <0xA2> <0x9E> 而 不 能 用 ), ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁reli ance ▁on ▁his ▁ad visor ▁F an ▁Z eng ▁and ▁failure ▁to ▁actually ▁listen ▁to ▁F |
an ' s ▁advice . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁references ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁might ▁and ▁pro w ess ▁in ▁battle ▁has ▁been ▁gl or ified ▁in ▁Chinese ▁folk ▁tales , ▁poetry , ▁and ▁nov els , ▁and ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁films , ▁television , ▁plays , ▁Chinese ▁oper as , ▁video ▁games ▁and ▁com ics . ▁His ▁classic ▁image ▁is ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁hero ic ▁and ▁brave , ▁but ▁ar rog ant ▁and ▁blood th irst y ▁war rior - king . ▁His ▁rom ance ▁with ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Yu ▁and ▁his ▁suic ide ▁have ▁also ▁added ▁a ▁touch ▁of ▁a ▁trag ic ▁hero ▁to ▁his ▁character . ▁ ▁Po etry , ▁folk ▁tales , ▁nov els ▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁might ▁and ▁pro w ess ▁in ▁battle ▁appears ▁in ▁Chinese ▁folk ▁tales ▁and ▁poetry , ▁e . g ., ▁in ▁his ▁final ▁battle . ▁The ▁M eng ▁Ch ' iu , ▁an ▁ 8 th - century ▁Chinese ▁primer , ▁contains ▁the ▁four - character ▁rh ym ing ▁couple t : ▁" J i ▁X in ▁imp erson ates ▁the ▁Emperor ". ▁It ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁episode ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁X ing y ang ▁when ▁Ji ▁X in ▁and ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁women ▁dis gu ised ▁themselves ▁as ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁and ▁his ▁army , ▁to ▁dist ract ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁buy ▁time ▁for ▁Li u ▁Bang ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁X |
ing y ang . ▁ ▁In ▁Rom ance ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Four ▁Great ▁Class ical ▁Nov els ▁of ▁Chinese ▁literature , ▁Sun ▁Ce ▁is ▁nick named ▁" L ittle ▁Con quer or " ▁( 小 <0xE9> <0x9C> <0xB8> 王 ) ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁compared ▁fav ou rab ly ▁to ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁by ▁his ▁contempor aries . ▁Sun ▁Ce ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁con quest s ▁in ▁the ▁Ji ang d ong ▁region ▁that ▁laid ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Wu ▁in ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁era . ▁In ▁Water ▁Mar gin , ▁another ▁of ▁the ▁Four ▁Great ▁Class ical ▁Nov els , ▁Z hou ▁T ong , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 8 ▁out la ws , ▁is ▁nick named ▁" L ittle ▁Con quer or " ▁for ▁his ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁in ▁appearance . ▁ ▁In ▁Jin ▁P ing ▁Me i , ▁( C i ▁H ua ▁edition ) ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁( 项 <0xE7> <0xB1> <0x8D> ) ▁is ▁mentioned ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁trag ic ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁song ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁chapter . ▁ ▁The ▁character ▁M ata ▁Z y nd u ▁in ▁Ken ▁Li u ' s ▁ep ic ▁fant asy ▁novel ▁The ▁Grace ▁of ▁Kings ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁X i ang ▁Yu . ▁ ▁Oper as ▁A ▁famous ▁Be ij ing ▁opera , ▁Ba ▁Wang ▁B ie ▁Ji ▁( ), ▁dep ict s ▁the ▁events ▁of |
▁X i ang ▁Yu ' s ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ga ix ia . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁was ▁borrow ed ▁as ▁the ▁Chinese ▁title ▁for ▁Chen ▁Ka ige ' s ▁award - win ning ▁motion ▁picture ▁F are well ▁My ▁Conc ub ine . ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁She k ▁Sau ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Battle field . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Hu ▁Jun ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Han ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁K w ong ▁W ah ▁in ▁the ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Con quer or ' s ▁Story . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Tan ▁K ai ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁M yth . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Peter ▁Ho ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁King ' s ▁War . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁M ing ▁D ao ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁Beaut ies ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Q in ▁Jun j ie ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Leg end ▁of ▁Q in . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Tim ▁Yu ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Chinese ▁television ▁series ▁Hero ' s ▁Dream . ▁ ▁Film ▁▁▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Ray ▁L ui ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Hong |
▁Kong ▁film ▁The ▁Great ▁Con quer or ' s ▁Conc ub ine . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁F eng ▁Sh a of eng ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Chinese ▁film ▁White ▁Ven ge ance . ▁ ▁Port rayed ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Wu ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Chinese ▁film ▁The ▁Last ▁Su pper . ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 2 ▁historical ▁figures ▁who ▁appear ▁as ▁special ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Rom ance ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁XI ▁by ▁K oe i . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁featured ▁as ▁a ▁non - play able ▁character ▁( N PC ) ▁in ▁the ▁action ▁R PG . ▁Prince ▁of ▁Q in . ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁ 2 ▁characters ▁in ▁a ▁ 9 0 s ▁Super ▁N intendo ▁title ▁" R ise ▁of ▁the ▁Phoenix " ▁historical ▁simulation ▁game ▁by ▁the ▁K oe i ▁corpor ation , ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁Li u ▁Bang . ▁ ▁X i ang ▁Yu ▁is ▁a ▁B ers er ker ▁class ▁Serv ant ▁from ▁an ▁online ▁mobile ▁R PG ▁game ▁F ate / Gr and ▁Order , ▁made ▁obtain able ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁chapter ▁Lost ▁B elt ▁ 3 ▁: ▁S IN . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁S ima ▁Q ian . ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Histor ian , ▁Volume ▁ 7 . ▁Ban ▁Gu ▁et ▁al . ▁Book ▁of ▁Han , ▁Volume ▁ 3 1 |
. ▁S ima ▁Gu ang . ▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁volumes ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁Category : 2 3 2 ▁BC ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 2 ▁BC ▁death s ▁Category : Ch inese ▁military ▁personnel ▁who ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁Category : 3 rd - century ▁BC ▁r ul ers ▁Category : Ch u – H an ▁cont ention ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁is ▁a ▁sens ory - mot or ▁adaptation ▁that ▁occurs ▁after ▁the ▁visual ▁field ▁has ▁been ▁artificial ly ▁shift ed ▁later ally ▁or ▁vert ically . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁by ▁Hermann ▁von ▁Hel m hol tz ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁Germany ▁as ▁support ive ▁evidence ▁for ▁his ▁per cept ual ▁learning ▁theory ▁( Hel m hol tz , ▁ 1 9 0 9 / 1 9 6 2 ). ▁Since ▁its ▁discovery , ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁to ▁improve ▁spatial ▁def ic its ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁un il ater al ▁neglect . ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁parad ig m ▁ ▁During ▁pr ism ▁adaptation , ▁an ▁individual ▁we ars ▁special ▁pr ism atic ▁g og g les ▁that ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁pr ism ▁wed ges ▁that ▁dis place ▁the ▁visual ▁field ▁later ally ▁or ▁vert ically . ▁In ▁most ▁cases ▁the ▁visual ▁field ▁is ▁shift ed ▁later ally ▁either ▁in ▁the ▁right ward ▁or ▁left ward ▁direction . ▁While ▁we aring ▁the ▁g og g |
les , ▁the ▁individual ▁eng ages ▁in ▁a ▁per cept ual ▁motor ▁task ▁such ▁as ▁pointing ▁to ▁a ▁visual ▁target ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁them . ▁A ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁session ▁includes ▁three ▁components : ▁the ▁pre - test , ▁pr ism ▁expos ure , ▁and ▁the ▁post - test . ▁The ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁parad ig m ▁are ▁observed ▁when ▁the ▁performance ▁on ▁the ▁per cept ual ▁motor ▁task ▁of ▁the ▁pre - and ▁post - test ▁are ▁compared . ▁▁ ▁Pre - test : ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁pre - test ▁measures ▁the ▁observer ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁point ▁to ▁the ▁visual ▁target ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁them ▁before ▁pr ism ▁expos ure . ▁This ▁task ▁can ▁be ▁completed ▁with ▁ease ▁and ▁accuracy ▁by ▁normal , ▁health y ▁individuals . ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁Ex pos ure : ▁During ▁pr ism ▁expos ure , ▁the ▁initial ▁attempts ▁at ▁pointing ▁to ▁the ▁target ▁are ▁off - ▁target ▁because ▁the ▁observer ' s ▁visual ▁field ▁has ▁been ▁later ally ▁shift ed ▁in ▁one ▁direction . ▁The ▁initial ▁pointing ▁errors ▁during ▁pr ism ▁expos ure ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁visual ▁shift . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁the ▁pr ism atic ▁g og g les ▁dis place ▁the ▁visual ▁field ▁to ▁the ▁right , ▁the ▁initial ▁pointing ▁errors ▁would ▁occur ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁visual ▁target ▁until ▁a ▁sens ory - mot or ▁adaptation ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁‘ direct ▁effect ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ’ ▁occurs . ▁ ▁The |
▁initial ▁pointing ▁errors ▁induced ▁by ▁the ▁pr ism atic ▁g og g les ▁are ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁mis align ment ▁of ▁the ▁observer ' s ▁motor ▁and ▁proprio cept ive ▁maps . ▁Once ▁the ▁error ▁has ▁been ▁detected , ▁the ▁observer ▁makes ▁a ▁conscious ▁effort ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁fix ▁the ▁error ▁via ▁strateg ic ▁re cal ibration . ▁The ▁reduction ▁in ▁error ▁is ▁also ▁helped ▁by ▁an ▁un cons cious ▁process ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁spatial ▁real ignment , ▁which ▁gradually ▁real ign s ▁the ▁visual ▁and ▁proprio cept ive ▁maps ▁( New port ▁and ▁Sch enk , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁over ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁repeated ▁attempts , ▁the ▁observer ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁margin ▁of ▁error ▁and ▁become ▁more ▁accurate ▁in ▁pointing ▁to ▁the ▁visual ▁target ▁despite ▁the ▁visual ▁disp lacement . ▁Usually ▁it ▁takes ▁an ▁individual ▁as ▁few ▁as ▁ 1 0 ▁tri als ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁the ▁visual ▁disp lacement ▁and ▁successfully ▁point ▁to ▁the ▁target ▁( R os etti ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 1 9 9 3 ). ▁▁ 3 ) ▁Post - test : ▁During ▁the ▁post ▁test ▁the ▁pr ism atic ▁g og g les ▁are ▁removed . ▁The ▁direct ▁effect ▁adaptation ▁observed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁pr ism ▁expos ure ▁pers ists ▁and ▁results ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁negative ▁after - effect . ▁The ▁negative ▁after - effect ▁causes ▁the ▁initial ▁attempts ▁in ▁pointing ▁to ▁the ▁visual ▁target ▁during ▁the ▁post - test ▁to ▁be |
▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁opposite ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁visual ▁shift . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁the ▁observer ▁was ▁exposed ▁to ▁right ward ▁sh ifting ▁pr isms , ▁then ▁the ▁initial ▁pointing ▁errors ▁induced ▁by ▁the ▁after - effect ▁would ▁be ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁target . ▁The ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁observed ▁after - effect s ▁reflect s ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁real ignment ▁that ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁visual ▁and ▁proprio cept ive ▁spatial ▁maps ▁during ▁pr ism ▁expos ure ▁( New port ▁and ▁Sch nek , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁The ▁negative ▁after - effect ▁is ▁not ▁permanent ▁but ▁var ies ▁in ▁its ▁duration ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁sessions ▁and ▁time ▁the ▁patient ▁is ▁exposed ▁to ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁sessions . ▁Event ually ▁the ▁after - effect ▁we ars ▁off ▁and ▁pointing ▁ab ilities ▁return ▁to ▁pre - test ▁levels . ▁ ▁Ne ural ▁mechan isms ▁underlying ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁ ▁D ifferent ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁are ▁activ ated ▁throughout ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁pr ism ▁expos ure ▁and ▁have ▁proven ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁error ▁redu ctions ▁in ▁pointing ▁to ▁a ▁visual ▁target . ▁An ▁f M RI ▁study ▁done ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁La ute ▁et ▁al . ▁exam ined ▁the ▁neural ▁activation ▁patterns ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁error ▁correction ▁phase ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁left ▁anterior ▁int ra par iet al ▁sul cus ▁was ▁activ ated ▁proportional ▁to ▁pointing ▁deviation , ▁and ▁its ▁activation ▁gradually ▁decre ased ▁with ▁adaptation , ▁ |
▁while ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁par iet o - oc cip ital ▁sul cus ▁was ▁observed ▁as ▁movement ▁plans ▁were ▁adjust ed ▁on ▁a ▁trial - by - tri al ▁basis . ▁It ▁was ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁int ra par iet al ▁sul cus ▁ ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁error ▁detection ▁whereas ▁the ▁par iet o - oc cip ital ▁sul cus ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁error ▁correction . ▁Another ▁f M RI ▁study ▁done ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Chap man ▁et ▁al . ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁neural ▁mechan isms ▁underlying ▁the ▁later , ▁spatial ▁real ignment ▁phase ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁rec ru ited ▁the ▁right ▁c ere bell um ▁and ▁inferior ▁par iet al ▁lo b ule . ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁ther apy ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁re h abil itate ▁the ▁vis uo - sp atial ▁def ic its ▁of ▁ne uro log ical ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁un il ater al ▁neglect . ▁It ▁has ▁become ▁clear ▁that ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁long - term ▁re h abil itative ▁tool , ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁is ▁only ▁effective ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁repeated ▁over ▁many ▁sessions ▁and ▁with ▁sufficiently ▁strong ▁pr ism ▁g og g les ▁( New port ▁and ▁Sch enk , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Typ ically , ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁patients ▁un cons ci ously ▁ignore ▁the ▁left ▁spatial ▁hem if ield ▁due ▁to ▁right ▁par iet al ▁or ▁right ▁hem is phere |
▁brain ▁damage ▁attributed ▁to ▁stroke , ▁tra um atic ▁brain ▁injury ▁or ▁other ▁dis orders . ▁These ▁patients ▁are ▁una ware ▁that ▁they ▁exhib it ▁def ic its ▁of ▁per ception , ▁attention , ▁mental ▁imag ery , ▁and ▁movements ▁within ▁the ▁neglect ed ▁hem if ield . ▁Since ▁these ▁patients ▁are ▁una ware ▁of ▁their ▁att ent ional ▁def ic its , ▁they ▁cannot ▁volunt arily ▁orient ▁their ▁attention ▁toward ▁the ▁neglect ed ▁side ▁of ▁space ▁unlike ▁patients ▁with ▁hem ian ops ia . ▁Un il ater al ▁neglect ▁therefore ▁indu ces ▁various ▁function ally ▁deb il it ating ▁effects ▁on ▁every day ▁life . ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁has ▁been ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁re h abil itation ▁ther apy ▁for ▁patients ▁with ▁un il ater al ▁neglect . ▁The ▁main ▁issue ▁faced ▁by ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁patients ▁is ▁that ▁their ▁frame ▁of ▁visual ▁attention ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁path olog ically ▁smaller ▁but ▁also ▁bi ased ▁towards ▁the ▁right ▁visual ▁hem if ield . ▁This ▁in ▁turn ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁complete ▁neg lig ence ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁visual ▁hem if ield . ▁With ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation , ▁their ▁visual - att ention ▁frame ▁is ▁real igned ▁so ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁neglect ed ▁left ▁visual ▁field ▁comes ▁into ▁att ent ional ▁focus . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁right - de vi ating ▁pr isms ▁sh ifts ▁the ▁patient ' s ▁entire ▁visual ▁field ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁and ▁real ign s ▁the ▁left ▁visual ▁field ▁into ▁att |
ent ional ▁focus . ▁This ▁spatial ▁real ignment ▁has ▁proven ▁to ▁persist ▁long ▁after ▁pr ism ▁expos ure ▁and ▁am el ior ate ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁by ▁allowing ▁the ▁patient ▁to ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁previously ▁neglect ed ▁side ▁of ▁space . ▁A ▁proposed ▁mechanism ▁behind ▁such ▁improvements ▁involves ▁increased ▁oc ular ▁movements ▁towards ▁the ▁neglect ed ▁side ▁after ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁( Ser ino ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁Sh ira ishi ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁Pr ism ▁expos ure ▁prom otes ▁the ▁reset ting ▁of ▁the ▁oc ular - mot or ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁brain ▁and ▁results ▁in ▁improved ▁higher ▁order ▁visual ▁spatial ▁representations ▁that ▁allow ▁for ▁the ▁sust ained ▁improvement ▁of ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁( Ser ino ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁and ▁improvements ▁of ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁ ▁The ▁positive ▁effects ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁on ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁neglect ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁vary ▁in ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁time ▁they ▁persist ▁and ▁in ▁their ▁general ization ▁to ▁other ▁sens ory ▁mod ality ▁tasks ▁besides ▁visual - mot or ▁tasks . ▁The ▁short ▁term ▁( 2 - hour ) ▁am el ior ation ▁of ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁introduced ▁by ▁Ros etti ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁spark ed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁converting ▁this ▁short - term ▁effect ▁into ▁a ▁long - term ▁re h abil |
itative ▁effect . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁the ▁pro gression ▁of ▁scientific ▁studies ▁conducted ▁to ▁investigate ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ' s ▁potential ▁re h abil itative ▁effects : ▁ ▁Ros si ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁article ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁as ▁a ▁tool ▁in ▁re h abil itation ▁of ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁both ▁hem ian op ia ▁and ▁of ▁Un il ater al ▁neglect . ▁ ▁Ros set ti ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁then ▁published ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁stroke ▁surv iv ors ▁with ▁neglect ▁which ▁reported ▁performance ▁improvement ▁of ▁neglect ▁def ic its ▁was ▁in ▁all ▁patients ▁immediately ▁after ▁and ▁ 2 ▁hours ▁after ▁pr ism ▁expos ure . ▁These ▁results ▁were ▁obtained ▁via ▁comparison ▁of ▁the ▁patients ’ ▁performance ▁on ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁ne uro ps ych ological ▁test ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁session . ▁The ▁ne uro ps ych ological ▁tests ▁used ▁included ▁line ▁b ise ction , ▁line ▁can cellation , ▁copying ▁a ▁simple ▁drawing ▁made ▁of ▁five ▁items , ▁drawing ▁of ▁a ▁da isy ▁from ▁memory , ▁and ▁reading ▁a ▁simple ▁text . ▁ ▁Pr ism ▁adaptation ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁to ▁improve ▁represent ational ▁neglect ▁in ▁a ▁case ▁study ▁in ▁by ▁R ode ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Two ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁patients ▁demonstrated ▁spatial ▁cogn itive ▁improvements ▁when ▁asked ▁to ▁ment ally ▁image ▁the ▁map ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁their ▁minds ▁and ▁name ▁all ▁of |
▁the ▁towns ▁they ▁could ▁“ see ” ▁within ▁a ▁time ▁frame ▁of ▁two ▁minutes . ▁After ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁these ▁patients ▁named ▁an ▁increased ▁number ▁of ▁towns , ▁specifically ▁naming ▁towns ▁that ▁were ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁map . ▁The ▁results ▁indicate ▁that ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁can ▁also ▁indu ce ▁higher ▁cogn itive ▁changes ▁in ▁spatial ▁representation . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁redu ctions ▁in ▁un il ater al ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁Fr ass in etti ▁et ▁al . ▁Im prov ements ▁in ▁visual - mot or , ▁visual - ver bal , ▁behavior al , ▁and ▁spatial ▁cogn itive ▁tasks ▁were ▁observed ▁to ▁last ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 ▁weeks ▁after ▁a ▁twice - d aily , ▁two - week ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁program . ▁The ▁standard ▁tests ▁included ▁visual ▁motor ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁line ▁can cellation , ▁line ▁b ise ction ▁and ▁drawing ▁by ▁copying ▁or ▁memory . ▁The ▁visual - ver bal ▁tasks ▁included ▁object ▁description , ▁object ▁naming ▁and ▁word ▁reading . ▁The ▁behavior al ▁tests ▁included ▁picture ▁sc anning , ▁tele phone ▁d ial ing , ▁menu ▁and ▁article ▁reading , ▁address ▁and ▁sentence ▁copying , ▁telling ▁and ▁setting ▁the ▁time , ▁coin ▁and ▁card ▁sorting ▁and ▁map ▁navigation ▁tests . ▁The ▁spatial ▁cogn ition ▁tests ▁included ▁the ▁room ▁description ▁test ▁and ▁an ▁object ▁reaching ▁test . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 - month ▁follow - up ▁study , ▁a ▁place bo ▁treatment ▁( point ing ▁with |
▁non - de vi ating ▁g og g les ) ▁was ▁included ▁to ▁compare ▁with ▁the ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁treatment . ▁It ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁only ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁yields ▁significant ▁long - term ▁reduction ▁of ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁that ▁last ed ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁session . ▁( Ser ino ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 9 ). ▁ ▁Im prov ements ▁of ▁neglect ▁sympt oms ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁last ▁up ▁to ▁six ▁months ▁( La ute ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁Ser ino ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁recent ▁study ▁improvements ▁were ▁recorded ▁to ▁last ▁ 2 - 3 . 5 ▁years ▁after ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁( Sh ira ishi ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁ ▁Problem s ▁with ▁the ▁application ▁and ▁translation ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁in ▁clin ical ▁treatment ▁of ▁spatial ▁neglect ▁Bar rett ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁ ▁in ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁ 4 8 ▁articles ▁using ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁for ▁spatial ▁neglect , ▁called ▁for ▁critical ▁work ▁to ▁be ▁performed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁bring ▁this ▁treatment ▁to ▁a ▁stage ▁where ▁useful ▁information ▁can ▁be ▁generated ▁in ▁a ▁clin ical ▁trial . ▁ ▁Not ing ▁that ▁previous ▁experiments ▁( e . g . ▁Fort is ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁) ▁report ▁that ▁spatial ▁" a im ing " ▁def ic its ▁may ▁select ively ▁respond |
▁to ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁treatment , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁classical ▁visual - att ent ional ▁spatial ▁" where " ▁def ic its ▁may ▁not ▁improve ▁with ▁ther apy , ▁the ▁authors ▁question ed ▁the ▁valid ity ▁of ▁including ▁consecutive , ▁un selected ▁patients ▁with ▁neglect ▁in ▁a ▁random ized ▁treatment - control ▁study — more ▁stroke ▁surv iv ors ▁with ▁one ▁type ▁of ▁def ic it ▁may ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁either ▁the ▁treatment , ▁or ▁the ▁control ▁group , ▁alter ing ▁the ▁expected ▁treatment ▁effect ▁size . ▁The ▁fundamental ▁issue ▁of ▁an ▁effective ▁treatment ▁dos age ▁range ▁is ▁only ▁beginning ▁to ▁be ▁exam ined — e ither ▁number ▁of ▁treat ments , ▁duration , ▁or ▁degree ▁of ▁pr ism atic ▁shift — which ▁would ▁be ▁un th ink able ▁in ▁drug ▁development ▁for ▁stroke ▁def ic its . ▁ ▁Last ly , ▁functional ▁impact ▁of ▁pr ism ▁adaptation ▁treatment ▁( im prov ements ▁in ▁real - life ▁activities ▁and ▁participation ) ▁is ▁w oe fully ▁und ere x am ined . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Opt ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Ter ence ▁John ▁Nich oll ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁retired ▁Association ▁football ▁mid f iel der ▁who ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁both ▁England ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁later ▁managed ▁several ▁ind oor ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁Association |
▁Co ach ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Nich oll ' s ▁clubs ▁included ▁Cre we ▁Alex andra , ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁and ▁G illing ham , ▁where ▁he ▁made ▁over ▁ 1 8 0 ▁Football ▁League ▁appearances . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁where ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁W ich ita ▁W ings ▁of ▁the ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁with ▁the ▁W ings ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁from ▁playing ▁following ▁an ▁injury - mar red ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 8 6 ▁season . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁Nich oll ▁then ▁turned ▁to ▁co aching ▁in ▁America , ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁with ▁ind oor ▁side ▁M emph is ▁Storm ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁Association . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁Storm ▁fired ▁head ▁coach ▁Gary ▁H ind ley ▁and ▁elev ated ▁Nich oll ▁to ▁head ▁coach . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁A IS A ▁Co ach ▁Of ▁The ▁Year . ▁He ▁won ▁this ▁award ▁although ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁Storm ▁just ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁play offs ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁coach ▁the ▁W ich ita ▁W ings ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁After ▁the ▁W ings ▁began ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 1 ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁losses , ▁the ▁team ▁ownership ▁began ▁mention ing ▁the |
▁possibility ▁of ▁Nich oll ' s ▁being ▁fired . ▁However , ▁they ▁re cons ider ed ▁as ▁the ▁team ▁began ▁an ▁ups wing ▁in ▁December ▁and ▁January ▁before ▁again ▁sl iding ▁down ▁the ▁table . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁W ings ▁fired ▁Nich oll ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁at ▁ 1 3 – 2 0 . ▁Nich oll , ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁mechanical ▁engineering , ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁Met ale x , ▁an ▁a eros pace ▁firm ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio . ▁While ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁tri pling ▁of ▁his ▁sal ary , ▁he ▁nearly ▁accepted ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁manage ▁former ▁club ▁G illing ham ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁He ▁instead ▁chose ▁to ▁remain ▁as ▁a ▁sales ▁representative ▁for ▁Met ale x ▁until ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁co aching ▁with ▁the ▁Day ton ▁Dynam o ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁He ▁last ed ▁until ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁Ex cite ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁h ired ▁Nich oll . ▁He ▁was ▁fired ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁coach ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁United ▁Premier ▁of ▁the ▁Super ▁Y - Le ague , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁holds ▁today . ▁In ▁addition , |
▁Nich oll ▁co ached ▁the ▁vars ity ▁boys ▁s occer ▁team , ▁the ▁St ingers , ▁at ▁Seven ▁Hills ▁School ▁until ▁ret iring ▁after ▁a ▁successful ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁season , ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁St ingers ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁semif inals ▁and ▁they ▁finished ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 9 - 2 - 1 ▁record . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Terry ▁led ▁the ▁Seven ▁Hills ▁V ars ity ▁team ▁to ▁a ▁Regional ▁Sem i ▁Final ▁and ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 3 - 3 - 4 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁His ▁brother ▁Chris ▁Nich oll ▁and ▁cousin ▁Jimmy ▁Nich oll ▁were ▁both ▁also ▁professional ▁football ers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁M IS L ▁stats ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁Association ▁coach es ▁Category : American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁coach es ▁Category : Cre we ▁Alex andra ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : English ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : G illing ham ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁coach es ▁Category : M aj or ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 |
8 4 – 2 0 0 1 ) ▁coach es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wil ms low ▁Category : She ff ield ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W ich ita ▁W ings ▁( M IS L ) ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ch esh ire ▁Category : S outh end ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Clear ing ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁working ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁ ▁established ▁after ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁attacks . ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁national ▁security ▁services ▁under ▁the ▁Common ▁Foreign ▁and ▁Security ▁Policy ▁who ▁meet ▁regularly ▁in ▁Br uss els ▁on ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁matters . ▁ ▁Its ▁primary ▁roles ▁are ▁to ▁agree ▁which ▁groups ▁go ▁on ▁the ▁EU ' s ▁black ▁list ▁of ▁terror ist ▁groups ▁and ▁have ▁their ▁financial ▁assets ▁in ▁the ▁EU ▁fro zen . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁on ▁official ▁lists ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁open ▁to ▁public ▁scr ut iny . ▁All ▁advice ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁group ▁is ▁not ▁accompanied ▁by ▁evidence ▁or ▁reasoning ▁and ▁when ▁put ▁before ▁leaders ▁it ▁is ▁adopted ▁as ▁an ▁" A ▁point " ▁( ag enda ▁item ▁without ▁discussion ). ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁alleg ations ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁political ▁manip ulation ▁with ▁calls ▁for ▁greater ▁scr ut iny , ▁however ▁this ▁is ▁resist ed ▁for ▁security ▁reasons . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁EU ' s ▁secret ive ▁counter |
- ter ror ▁group ▁to ▁face ▁scr ut iny ▁- ▁Source ▁for ▁above ▁ ▁EU ' s ▁Secret ive ▁Group ▁F aces ▁Sc rut iny ▁- ▁Similar ▁to ▁above , ▁no ▁subscription ▁req . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Counter - ter ror ism ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Roberto ▁B aut ista - Ag ut ▁was ▁the ▁def ending ▁champion ▁but ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁particip ate . ▁Julian ▁Re ister ▁defeated ▁Gu ill ermo ▁García - L ópez ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁title . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Top ▁Half ▁ ▁B ottom ▁Half ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Main ▁Draw ▁ ▁Qual ifying ▁Draw ▁ ▁R ai ▁Open ▁- ▁Singles ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Singles <0x0A> </s> ▁S vet oslav ▁Don chev ▁S lav chev ▁( Dec ember ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁L uk ov it ▁– ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sof ia ) ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁Bulgar ian ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁mystery ▁writer , ▁famous ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁journalist . ▁His ▁best ▁known ▁science ▁fiction ▁works ▁include ▁the ▁short ▁novel ▁The ▁Fort ress ▁of ▁the ▁Im mort al ▁(" K re posta ▁na ▁bez sm art n ite ", ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁and ▁the ▁short ▁story ▁collections ▁A ▁Tra il ▁for ▁V ega - Or ion ▁(" S led a ▁kam ▁V ega - Or |
ion ", ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁and ▁A ▁S word ▁with ▁Rub b ies ▁(" Sh p aga ▁s ▁rub ini ", ▁ 1 9 8 8 ). ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁crime ▁nov els ▁are : ▁N ine , ▁the ▁Number ▁of ▁the ▁Cob ra ▁(" De vet , ▁ch isl oto ▁na ▁k ob r ata ", ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁The ▁Name ▁of ▁Death ▁is ▁Cent aur ▁(" Sm art ta ▁se ▁nar icha ▁k ent av ar ", ▁ 1 9 8 4 ). ▁As ▁the ▁second ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁widely ▁read ▁magazine ▁Cos mos ▁he ▁invent ed ▁and ▁started ▁publishing ▁the ▁r iddle - like ▁stories ▁of ▁the ▁now ▁famous ▁police ▁inspect or ▁Stre z ov . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁he ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁this ▁genre ▁( res emb ling ▁crime ▁puzz le ▁or ▁logic ▁puzz le ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁literary ▁taste ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁this ▁person age ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁anth ologies ▁of ▁his ▁stories ▁about ▁Stre z ov ▁published ▁respectively ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁His ▁books ▁are ▁translated ▁into ▁Russian , ▁German , ▁Czech , ▁Polish , ▁Japanese ▁etc . ▁His ▁awards ▁include ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Bulgar ian ▁national ▁science ▁fiction ▁prize ▁Gra v it on ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁for ▁his ▁whole ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁genre . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁an ▁anth ology ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁stories |
▁with ▁inspect or ▁Stre z ov ▁was ▁published ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anni versary ▁from ▁the ▁character ' s ▁creation , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁illustr ations ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁friend ▁Alexander ▁V ach kov . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁journal ists ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁science ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : M yst ery ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁S ai ye ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ye ▁Township ▁in ▁the ▁Mon ▁State ▁of ▁south - east ▁Bur ma . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁approximately ▁ 1 6 ▁kilometres ▁north - west ▁of ▁Ye ▁city . ▁ ▁Near by ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁include ▁D amin ze ik ▁A uk ▁( 1 2 . 1 nm ), ▁H ny ig ar ok ▁( 1 . 0 nm ), ▁Th ing ang y un ▁( 2 . 2 nm ), ▁A wa ing g ale ▁( 3 . 5 nm ), ▁Z unt alin ▁( 4 . 0 nm ), ▁D amin ze ik ky i ▁( 8 . 0 nm ), ▁Du ya ▁( 5 . 1 nm ), ▁Z ay at ▁( 3 . 2 nm ) ▁and ▁H ny i hn u ▁( 2 . 2 nm ). ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Mon ▁State <0x0A> </s> ▁W J J J ▁is ▁a ▁Relig ious |
▁formatted ▁broadcast ▁radio ▁station ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁Beck ley , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁serving ▁the ▁Beck ley / Pr inc eton / H inton ▁area . ▁ ▁W J J J ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Sh of ar ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 8 8 . 1 ▁W J J J ▁Online ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁J J J <0x0A> </s> ▁A var it ia ▁is ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁for , ▁and ▁person ification ▁of , ▁A var ice ▁or ▁Gre ed . ▁ ▁A var it ia ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁A var it ia , ▁sub gen us ▁of ▁mid ges ▁in ▁C ul ico ides ▁species ▁group ▁ ▁A var it ia , ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁com ics ▁book ▁series ▁Cass an ova ▁▁ ▁" A var it ia " ▁( inst rument al ), ▁by ▁dead m au 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Mag g id ▁Sh i ur ▁( H eb rew ▁" s ayer ▁of ▁sh i ur ") ( T or ah ▁lect urer ) ▁is ▁the ▁ra bbi ▁that ▁lect ures ▁in ▁a ▁yes h iva ▁or ▁kol le l . ▁He ▁usually ▁lect ures ▁in ▁one ▁place , ▁on ▁a ▁given ▁topic , ▁generally ▁on ▁advanced ▁and ▁in - depth ▁Tal m ud ic ▁studies , ▁on ▁a ▁fixed ▁schedule . ▁ ▁The ▁stat ure ▁of ▁a ▁Mag g id ▁Sh i ur ▁is ▁a ▁much ▁sought - after ▁position ▁by ▁the ▁typical ▁yes h iva ▁student . ▁The ▁position ▁is ▁usually |
▁obtained ▁by ▁those ▁well ▁vers ed ▁in ▁the ▁Tal m ud . ▁ ▁Rav ▁Sh ach ▁told ▁a ▁future ▁Mag id ▁Sh i ur ▁that ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁successful ▁lect ures ▁is ▁" know ing ▁how ▁to ▁ask ▁the ▁initial ▁questions ▁that ▁compr ise ▁the ▁sh i ur ." ▁ ▁Con tr ast ing ▁Ch av r usa ▁with ▁Mag g id ▁Sh i ur ▁While ▁the ▁Ch av r usa ▁( stud y ▁partner ) ▁system ▁requires ▁more ▁commit ment ▁and ▁particip ant ▁prepar ation , ▁a ▁Mag g id ▁Sh i ur ▁generally ▁has ▁more ▁experience ▁and , ▁ide ally ▁" points ▁out ▁details " ▁that ▁both ▁partners ▁" ne ver ▁knew ." ▁ ▁To ▁succeed , ▁both ▁need ▁" well ▁defined ▁goals ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R abb is <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁events ▁occurred ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 7 : ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( W ed nes day ) ▁Drag ol jub ▁Y ovan ov ich , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Pe asant ▁Party , ▁went ▁on ▁trial ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁and ▁tre ason . ▁The ▁North ▁American ▁F - 8 6 ▁Sab re ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁flight . ▁R ita ▁Hay worth ▁file d ▁for ▁divor ce ▁from ▁Or son ▁W elles . ▁ ▁Born : ▁Dave ▁Ar nes on , ▁game ▁designer ▁and ▁co - developer ▁of ▁Dun ge ons ▁& ▁Drag ons , ▁in ▁Hen ne pin ▁County |
, ▁Minnesota ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 9 ); ▁A aron ▁C ie chan over , ▁bi ologist ▁and ▁Nobel ▁la ure ate , ▁in ▁Ha ifa , ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ; ▁Stephen ▁Collins , ▁actor , ▁in ▁Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa ▁D ied : ▁O live ▁B orden , ▁ 4 1 , ▁American ▁film ▁and ▁stage ▁actress ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Th urs day ) ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Agency ▁for ▁Palest ine ▁gave ▁conditional ▁appro val ▁to ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁partition ▁Palest ine ▁into ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁state . ▁The ▁National ▁Labor ▁Rel ations ▁Board ▁issued ▁its ▁first ▁temporary ▁rest ra ining ▁order ▁under ▁the ▁T aft - H art ley ▁Act , ▁ordering ▁the ▁A FL ▁to ▁end ▁a ▁ 1 0 - day ▁strike ▁in ▁Alb any , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁opened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁Brazil . ▁D ied : ▁P . ▁D . ▁O us p ens ky , ▁ 6 9 , ▁Russian ▁math ematic ian ▁and ▁es oter ic ist ▁ ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( F rid ay ) ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s ▁st aged ▁a ▁peace ful ▁one - day ▁general ▁strike ▁to ▁protest ▁the ▁plan ▁to ▁partition ▁the ▁territory . ▁Bill ▁Be vens ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Yan ke es ▁came ▁within ▁one ▁out ▁of ▁recording ▁a ▁no - h itter ▁in ▁Game ▁ 4 ▁of |
▁the ▁World ▁Series ▁against ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁D od gers . ▁With ▁two ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁nin th ▁and ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁D od gers ▁ab o ard ▁on ▁wal ks , ▁pin ch - h itter ▁Cook ie ▁Lav ag etto ▁wal loped ▁a ▁walk - off ▁double ▁to ▁give ▁Brook lyn ▁a ▁dram atic ▁ 3 - 2 ▁victory . ▁Born : ▁Fred ▁De L uca , ▁business man ▁and ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁Sub way ▁franch ise ▁of ▁sand wich ▁sh ops , ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ); ▁A lain ▁M uc ch iel li , ▁bio chem ist , ▁in ▁Toul on , ▁France ▁ ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S aturday ) ▁The ▁Dan ish ▁Lower ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ou sted ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Kn ud ▁Krist ensen ▁when ▁it ▁passed ▁a ▁vote ▁of ▁no ▁confidence , ▁ 8 0 ▁to ▁ 6 6 . ▁Born : ▁Ann ▁W id de com be , ▁politician ▁and ▁novel ist , ▁in ▁Bath , ▁Som erset , ▁England ▁D ied : ▁Max ▁Plan ck , ▁ 8 9 , ▁German ▁theoretical ▁phys ic ist ▁and ▁Nobel ▁la ure ate ▁ ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S und ay ) ▁US ▁President ▁Harry ▁S . ▁Tr uman ▁made ▁the ▁first - ever ▁tele vised ▁address ▁from ▁the ▁White ▁House , ▁ur ging ▁Americans ▁to ▁volunt arily ▁observe |
▁meat less ▁T ues days ▁and ▁p oul try less ▁Th urs days ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁more ▁food ▁available ▁for ▁hun gry ▁Europe ans . ▁The ▁Act ors ▁Studio ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Born : ▁Brian ▁Johnson , ▁lead ▁singer ▁of ▁rock ▁band ▁AC / DC , ▁in ▁D unst on , ▁G ates head , ▁England ▁ ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( M ond ay ) ▁The ▁Canadian ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁double ▁its ▁accept ance ▁of ▁European ▁disp la ced ▁persons ▁to ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Yan ke es ▁defeated ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁D od gers ▁ 5 - 2 ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁World ▁Series ▁in ▁seven ▁games . ▁Born : ▁G ail ▁Far rell , ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer , ▁in ▁Sal inas , ▁California ▁D ied : ▁Lee vi ▁Mad eto ja , ▁ 6 0 , ▁Finn ish ▁composer ▁ ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( T ues day ) ▁Pakistan ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁to ▁line ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Arab ▁states ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Palest ine ▁partition ▁plan . ▁UK ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Clement ▁Att lee ▁performed ▁a ▁cabinet ▁res h uffle . ▁New ▁appoint ments ▁included ▁Christopher ▁Add ison ▁as ▁Lord ▁Priv y ▁Se al , ▁Kenneth ▁Young er ▁as ▁Under - Secret ary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Home ▁Department ▁and ▁Arthur ▁Hend erson ▁as ▁Secretary |
▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Air . ▁Born : ▁P ip ▁Williams , ▁record ▁producer , ▁arr anger ▁and ▁guitar ist , ▁in ▁H illing don , ▁M idd les ex , ▁England ▁ ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( W ed nes day ) ▁At ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁b loc ▁threw ▁its ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁Palest ine ▁partition ▁plan . ▁Born : ▁Stephen ▁Sh ore , ▁photograph er , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁ ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Th urs day ) ▁In ▁and ▁over ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Del aware , ▁a ▁conversation ▁was ▁held ▁between ▁tele ph ones ▁in ▁an ▁air plane ▁and ▁a ▁car ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁Indones ian ▁far mer ▁Mat ▁T aram ▁bin ▁Sa ' al ▁killed ▁eleven ▁people ▁in ▁a ▁st abb ing ▁r amp age ▁on ▁a ▁train ▁and ▁a ▁k ong si ▁near ▁Bang i , ▁Mal aya . ▁The ▁bi op ic ▁Song ▁of ▁Love ▁st arring ▁Kath ar ine ▁He p burn ▁as ▁the ▁pian ist ▁Clara ▁W ieck ▁and ▁Paul ▁Hen re id ▁as ▁the ▁composer ▁Robert ▁Sch umann ▁was ▁released . ▁The ▁stage ▁musical ▁High ▁Button ▁Sho es ▁with ▁music ▁by ▁J ule ▁St y ne , ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Sam my ▁C ahn ▁and ▁book ▁by ▁George ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Stephen ▁Long street ▁premier ed ▁on ▁Broadway ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁Century ▁Theatre . ▁Born : ▁France ▁Gall , ▁singer , ▁in ▁Paris , ▁France ▁( d |
. ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( F rid ay ) ▁The ▁American ▁flag ▁was ▁flow n ▁at ▁half - m ast ▁as ▁some ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁Pear l ▁Har bor ▁war ▁dead ▁arrived ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁military ▁transport ▁H onda ▁K not . ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁arrival ▁marked ▁the ▁tang ible ▁beginning ▁of ▁Operation ▁T aps , ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁re bury ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁known ▁war ▁dead ▁from ▁over se as ▁on ▁American ▁soil . ▁The ▁Rod gers ▁and ▁Ham mer stein ▁stage ▁musical ▁Al leg ro ▁opened ▁on ▁Broadway ▁at ▁the ▁Maj estic ▁Theatre . ▁Born : ▁Larry ▁Lamb , ▁actor ▁and ▁radio ▁present er , ▁in ▁Ed mont on , ▁M idd les ex , ▁England ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S aturday ) ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁broke ▁off ▁diplom atic ▁relations ▁with ▁Chile ▁over ▁alleg ations ▁that ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁had ▁spons ored ▁commun ist ▁plot ting ▁in ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S und ay ) ▁Municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁Rome ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁continued ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist - led ▁People ' s ▁B loc , ▁which ▁ed ged ▁out ▁the ▁Christian ▁Democr ats ▁by ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁A ▁special ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations |
▁recommended ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁" g overn ment ▁of ▁Western ▁Sam oa " ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁larger ▁measure ▁of ▁aut onomy ▁to ▁the ▁territory ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁D ied : ▁Ian ▁Stand ish ▁Monte ith ▁Hamilton , ▁ 9 4 , ▁British ▁general ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( M ond ay ) ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁All - Star ▁Game ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁Map le ▁Le af ▁Gard ens ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁A ▁team ▁of ▁all - st ars ▁defeated ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Map le ▁Le af s , ▁ 4 - 3 . ▁The ▁children ' s ▁TV ▁pu ppet ▁show ▁K uk la , ▁Fran ▁and ▁O ll ie ▁premier ed ▁as ▁Junior ▁J amb ore e ▁on ▁W B KB ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois . ▁It ▁would ▁run ▁for ▁ten ▁years . ▁Born : ▁Sam my ▁H agar , ▁rock ▁music ian ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁in ▁Sal inas , ▁California ▁D ied : ▁Sid ney ▁Web b , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Pass field , ▁ 8 8 , ▁British ▁econom ist ▁and ▁social ▁reform er ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( T ues day ) ▁The ▁first ▁su person ic ▁flight ▁of ▁a ▁pil oted ▁air plane ▁took ▁place ▁when ▁Ch uck ▁Ye ager ▁pil oted ▁a ▁Bell ▁X - 1 ▁at ▁Mach ▁ 1 . 0 6 . ▁Born : ▁Nikol ai ▁Volk off , ▁professional ▁wrest |
ler , ▁as ▁Jos ip ▁Nikol ai ▁Per uz ović ▁in ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Republic ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( W ed nes day ) ▁The ▁D raft ▁Eisen h ower ▁for ▁President ▁League ▁in ▁Washington ▁announced ▁its ▁s log an : ▁" I ▁Like ▁I ke ". ▁C ensor ship ▁was ▁lifted ▁in ▁Finland ▁after ▁a ▁law ▁passed ▁during ▁the ▁Winter ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁exp ired . ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Th urs day ) ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁ruled ▁that ▁a ▁false ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁being ▁a ▁Commun ist ▁or ▁a ▁commun ist ▁sympath izer ▁was ▁basis ▁for ▁a ▁lib el ▁action . ▁Born : ▁Bob ▁We ir , ▁singer , ▁song writer , ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ateful ▁Dead , ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( F rid ay ) ▁Britain ▁granted ▁independence ▁to ▁Bur ma ▁effective ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Born : ▁Gene ▁Green , ▁politician , ▁in ▁Houston , ▁Texas ; ▁Michael ▁Mc Ke an , ▁actor , ▁com ed ian ▁and ▁music ian , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁D ied : ▁John ▁Hall iday , ▁ 6 7 , ▁American ▁actor ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 |
4 7 ▁( S aturday ) ▁American ▁Federation ▁of ▁Mus icians ▁President ▁James ▁Pet ril lo ▁b anned ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁record ings ▁and ▁trans cri ptions ▁by ▁ 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁A FM ▁members . ▁The ▁ban ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁oper ative ▁December ▁ 3 1 . ▁Born : ▁Job ▁C ohen , ▁politician , ▁in ▁H aar lem , ▁Netherlands ; ▁James ▁H . ▁Fall on , ▁neu ros cient ist , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S und ay ) ▁Municipal ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁France . ▁The ▁Ga ull ist ▁Re union ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁people ▁won ▁with ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁vote , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 3 0 % ▁for ▁the ▁Commun ists . ▁ ▁Czech oslov ak ia ' s ▁Social ▁Democr ats ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁merged ▁into ▁one ▁national ▁party ▁and ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁resist ▁any ▁mer ger ▁with ▁the ▁Commun ists . ▁Born : ▁Giorg io ▁Cav azz ano , ▁com ic ▁strip ▁artist , ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁Italy ; ▁G unn ar ▁Sta ales en , ▁writer , ▁in ▁Ber gen , ▁Norway ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( M ond ay ) ▁The ▁Ru SHA ▁trial ▁began ▁at ▁N ure m berg . ▁ 1 4 ▁officials ▁of ▁various ▁SS ▁organizations ▁including ▁Ru SHA ▁went ▁on ▁trial ▁for ▁their ▁ra cial ▁and ▁res ett lement ▁activities . |
▁ ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( T ues day ) ▁Brazil ▁and ▁Chile ▁sever ed ▁diplom atic ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁USS R . ▁A ▁new ▁session ▁of ▁British ▁Parliament ▁was ▁opened ▁with ▁a ▁surprise ▁announ cement ▁from ▁George ▁VI ▁during ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Spe ech ▁that ▁legisl ation ▁would ▁be ▁introduced ▁to ▁cur b ▁the ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( W ed nes day ) ▁The ▁Pak ist ani ▁trib al ▁invasion ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁began . ▁Iran ian ▁Parliament ▁voted ▁ 1 0 2 - 2 ▁to ▁reject ▁an ▁oil ▁agreement ▁signed ▁with ▁Russia ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁a ▁ 5 1 ▁percent ▁share ▁in ▁a ▁Soviet - I ran ▁oil ▁company . ▁Parliament ▁then ▁approved ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁A hm ad ▁Q avam ' s ▁bill ▁to ▁initi ate ▁a ▁five - year ▁oil ▁expl oration ▁program ▁from ▁which ▁all ▁foreign ▁capital ▁would ▁be ▁bar red . ▁Born : ▁Ed ▁Wel ch , ▁television ▁composer , ▁in ▁England ▁D ied : ▁Friedrich ▁Sch ub ert , ▁ 5 0 , ▁German ▁ser ge ant ▁( exec uted ▁for ▁war ▁cr imes ▁committed ▁during ▁the ▁Naz i ▁occupation ▁of ▁Greece ) ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Th urs day ) ▁Gary ▁Cooper , ▁Robert ▁Mont gom ery ▁and ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁para de |
▁of ▁witness es ▁who ▁test ified ▁before ▁the ▁House ▁Un - American ▁Activ ities ▁Commission ▁in ▁Washington . ▁Cooper ▁test ified , ▁" I ' ve ▁turned ▁down ▁quite ▁a ▁few ▁scripts ▁given ▁to ▁me ▁because ▁I ▁thought ▁they ▁were ▁t ing ed ▁with ▁commun ist ▁propag anda ." ▁Born : ▁Greg ▁R id ley , ▁rock ▁bass ist ▁( H umble ▁Pie ), ▁in ▁Carl is le , ▁C umb ria , ▁England ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( F rid ay ) ▁United ▁Airlines ▁Fl ight ▁ 6 0 8 , ▁a ▁Douglas ▁DC - 6 ▁air lin er ▁flying ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁to ▁Chicago , ▁crash ed ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Bry ce ▁C any on ▁Airport ▁in ▁Ut ah . ▁All ▁ 5 2 ▁ab o ard ▁were ▁killed . ▁This ▁crash ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁plane ▁would ▁be ▁re construct ed ▁from ▁the ▁w reck age ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁dis aster ; ▁a ▁design ▁f law ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁cabin ▁he ater ▁system ▁that ▁caused ▁a ▁fire ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁on ▁board . ▁Born : ▁Kevin ▁K line , ▁actor , ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri ▁D ied : ▁D ud ley ▁Dig ges , ▁ 6 8 , ▁Irish ▁actor ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S aturday ) ▁President ▁Tr uman ▁declared ▁Maine ▁a ▁dis aster ▁area ▁as ▁forest ▁fires |
▁caused ▁ 1 7 ▁death s ▁and ▁an ▁estimated ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁in ▁damage . ▁The ▁Hum pty ▁Dum pty ▁pin ball ▁machine ▁by ▁Gott lie b ▁was ▁released . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁pin ball ▁machine ▁to ▁include ▁f li ppers . ▁Born : ▁Gl enn ▁Ti pton , ▁heavy ▁metal ▁guitar ist ▁( J ud as ▁Pri est ), ▁in ▁Black he ath , ▁England ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( S und ay ) ▁A ▁Douglas ▁DC - 4 ▁crash ed ▁into ▁M t . ▁H ym ett us ▁while ▁on ▁approach ▁to ▁Hass ani ▁Airport ▁in ▁a ▁severe ▁ra inst orm . ▁All ▁ 4 4 ▁on ▁board ▁were ▁killed . ▁Pan ▁Am ▁Fl ight ▁ 9 2 3 , ▁a ▁Douglas ▁DC - 4 ▁flying ▁from ▁Seattle , ▁Washington ▁to ▁June au , ▁Al aska , ▁crash ed ▁on ▁An net te ▁Island , ▁killing ▁all ▁ 1 8 ▁on ▁board . ▁The ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁crash ▁was ▁never ▁determined . ▁Mah ar aja ▁H ari ▁Singh , ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁pr inc ely ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir , ▁executed ▁the ▁Inst rument ▁of ▁Acc ession ▁agree ing ▁to ▁acc ede ▁to ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁of ▁India . ▁Born : ▁Hill ary ▁Cl inton , ▁politician ▁and ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁n ée ▁Hill ary ▁Rod ham ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ; ▁Tre vor ▁Joy ce , ▁poet , ▁in ▁Dublin , ▁Ireland |
▁ ▁October ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( M ond ay ) ▁India ▁air - l ift ed ▁troops ▁to ▁defend ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁( the ▁start ▁of ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁The ▁USS R ▁joined ▁the ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Athletics ▁Feder ations , ▁leaving ▁no ▁obst acles ▁to ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁The ▁game ▁show ▁You ▁Bet ▁Your ▁Life ▁hosted ▁by ▁Gr ou cho ▁Marx ▁premier ed ▁on ▁ABC ▁Radio . ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( T ues day ) ▁Fol ket ing ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Den mark . ▁The ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁led ▁by ▁Hans ▁Hed to ft ▁remained ▁the ▁largest ▁party , ▁winning ▁ 5 7 ▁of ▁ 1 4 8 ▁seats . ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Oregon ▁Be ech craft ▁Bon anza ▁crash : ▁Oregon ▁Governor ▁Earl ▁S nell , ▁State ▁Senate ▁President ▁Marshall ▁E . ▁Cor nett ▁and ▁Oregon ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁Robert ▁S . ▁Far rell , ▁Jr . ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁crash ▁of ▁a ▁Be ech craft ▁Bon anza ▁in ▁storm y ▁weather ▁in ▁rural ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Oregon . ▁D ied : ▁Marshall ▁E . ▁Cor nett , ▁ 4 8 , ▁American ▁politician ▁( plane ▁crash ); ▁Robert ▁S . ▁Far rell , ▁Jr ., ▁ 4 1 , ▁politician ▁( plane ▁crash ); ▁Earl ▁S nell , ▁ |
5 2 , ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁ 2 3 rd ▁Governor ▁of ▁Oregon ▁( plane ▁crash ) ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( W ed nes day ) ▁The ▁USS R ▁began ▁a ▁pur ge ▁of ▁non - comm un ist ▁officials ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁occupation ▁zone ▁of ▁Germany . ▁In ▁Washington , ▁the ▁president ial ▁committee ▁on ▁civil ▁rights ▁delivered ▁a ▁ 1 7 8 - page ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁stating , ▁" The ▁American ▁ideal ▁still ▁a wa its ▁complete ▁real ization ." ▁The ▁document ▁made ▁thirty - five ▁specific ▁recommend ations , ▁including ▁asking ▁the ▁President ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁permanent ▁Federal ▁commission ▁on ▁civil ▁rights . ▁President ▁Tr uman ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁declaring , ▁" I ▁am ▁going ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁study ▁this ▁report ▁with ▁great ▁care ▁and ▁I ▁recommend ▁to ▁all ▁my ▁coun tr ymen ▁that ▁they ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁thing ." ▁Born : ▁Richard ▁D rey f uss , ▁actor , ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York ; ▁Mir za ▁Kh azar , ▁author , ▁anch orm an ▁and ▁journalist , ▁in ▁Gö y ç ay , ▁A zer ba ij an ▁SS R ▁D ied : ▁Frances ▁F ols om ▁Cleveland ▁Pr eston , ▁ 8 3 , ▁ 2 2 nd ▁and ▁ 2 4 th ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Th urs day ) ▁ 2 3 ▁nations ▁in ▁Gene va ▁signed ▁the ▁General |
▁Ag re ement ▁on ▁Tar iffs ▁and ▁Trade ▁( G AT T ). ▁Born : ▁Tim othy ▁B . ▁Sch mit , ▁bass ▁player ▁and ▁singer ▁( P oco , ▁E ag les ), ▁in ▁Oak land , ▁California ▁ ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( F rid ay ) ▁Form er ▁Roman ian ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁I ul iu ▁Man iu ▁conf essed ▁at ▁his ▁show ▁trial ▁that ▁he ' d ▁told ▁the ▁American ▁diplom at ▁Bur ton ▁Y . ▁Ber ry ▁that ▁he ▁intended ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁resistance ▁government ▁abroad . ▁The ▁Greek ▁government ▁announced ▁emer gency ▁tax ▁measures ▁to ▁raise ▁an ▁additional ▁ 6 0 0 ▁million ▁dra ch mas ▁by ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁The ▁tax es ▁were ▁held ▁to ▁be ▁necessary ▁to ▁meet ▁increased ▁military ▁exp end it ures ▁and ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁some ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁refuge es ▁from ▁the ▁civil ▁war . ▁Born : ▁H erman ▁Van ▁Rom pu y , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Belg ium ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁in ▁Et ter be ek , ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁* 1 9 4 7 - 1 0 ▁* 1 9 4 7 - 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁H ors eman ' s ▁Green ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁W re x ham , ▁Wales . ▁The ▁village , ▁also |
▁simply ▁called ▁the ▁Green , ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁bor ough ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Han mer , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Sh ro pshire . ▁ ▁A ▁small ▁ham let ▁outside ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁Little ▁A row ry ▁( to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁village ▁of ▁A row ry ). ▁ ▁History ▁H ors eman ' s ▁Green ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁Ma elor ▁Sa es neg ▁containing ▁the ▁element ▁" Green " ▁in ▁their ▁names , ▁indicating ▁that ▁they ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁in ▁relatively ▁modern ▁times ▁with ▁the ▁en closure ▁of ▁former ▁common ▁land . ▁The ▁name ▁H ors eman ' s ▁Green ▁is ▁first ▁recorded ▁at ▁the ▁very ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁" Hor se ▁Math ' s ▁Green ", ▁likely ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁ob sole te ▁dialect ▁word ▁" math ", ▁meaning ▁" a ▁m ow ing " ▁( i . e . ▁me adow ▁land ). ▁ ▁Most ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁Han mer ▁( the ▁birth place ▁of ▁Lor na ▁S age ▁and ▁the ▁setting ▁for ▁the ▁aut obi ography ▁Bad ▁Blood ), ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁ev acu ation ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁neighbour ing ▁village ▁of ▁Pen ley ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁Polish ▁residents ▁and ▁hospital , ▁which ▁still ▁hous ed ▁Polish ▁war ▁ev ac ue es ▁until ▁very ▁recent ▁years . ▁H ors eman ' s |
▁Green ▁was ▁used ▁less ▁commonly ▁by ▁those ▁looking ▁to ▁avoid ▁Naz i ▁German ▁Luft wa ffe ▁bomb ing ▁ra ids ▁from ▁the ▁C ros by ▁area ▁of ▁Liverpool . ▁ ▁Import ant ▁buildings ▁ ▁Han mer ▁First ▁Sc out ▁Group ▁ ▁New h aven ▁House ▁ ▁Fern cl iffe ▁House ▁( Bu ilt ▁ 1 8 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Oak ▁Villa ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Phot ograph s ▁of ▁H ors eman ' s ▁Green ▁and ▁surrounding ▁area ▁on ▁Ge ograph ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁W re x ham ▁County ▁Bor ough <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Crime an ▁Pen ins ula ▁is ▁a ▁disput ed ▁area ▁which ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Crime an ▁crisis ▁is ▁controlled ▁and ▁recognized ▁by ▁Russia ▁as ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a , ▁a ▁federal ▁subject ▁of ▁Russia . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁nearly ▁all ▁countries ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁recognize ▁the ▁territory ▁as ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁The ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a ▁continues ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁administrative ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a ▁and ▁is ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁ 2 5 ▁territorial ▁entities : ▁ 1 4 ▁districts ▁( ra ions ) ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁city ▁municipal ities , ▁officially ▁known ▁as ▁territ ories ▁govern ed ▁by ▁city ▁coun c ils . ▁ ▁Under ▁both ▁the ▁Russian ▁( post - A pril ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) |
▁and ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁( pre - A pril ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁administrative ▁systems , ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁Crime a ▁ex cludes ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Se v ast opol . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁ ▁Pre - A pril ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( U k rain ian ▁system : ▁Aut onom ous ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a ) ▁C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁under ▁the ▁Republic ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sim fer opol ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sim fer opol ▁( A q mes cit , ▁Си м фе ро поль , ▁С і м фе ро поль ), ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Agr ar ne ▁( A gr ar no ye , ▁А гра р ное , ▁А гра р не ) ▁Aer of lot sky i ▁( A er of lot ski y , ▁А э ро ф ло т ский , ▁А е ро ф ло т ський ) ▁H res iv sky i ▁( G res ov ski y , ▁Г р э сов ский , ▁Г рес ів ський ) ▁K oms om ols ke ▁( K oms om ol sko ye , ▁Ком со мо ль ское , ▁Ком со мо ль ське ) ▁Al us ht a ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Al us ht a ▁( Al u ş ta , |
▁А лу шта ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Part en it ▁( Part en it , ▁Пар те ни т , ▁Пар тен і т ) ▁Army ansk ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Army ansk ▁( Er men i ▁B azar , ▁Ар мя н ск , ▁Ар мя н ськ ) ▁D zh ank oy ▁( C ank ö y , ▁Дж ан кой ) ▁Fe odos ia ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Fe odos ia ▁( K efe , ▁Фе о до сия , ▁Фе о до с ія ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁K ok te bel ▁( K ö kt ö bel , ▁Ко к те бе ль ) ▁Kur ort ne ▁( A ş a ğ ı ▁Ot uz , ▁Ку ро рт ное , ▁Ку ро рт не ) ▁Or dz hon ik id ze ▁( K ay g ador , ▁Ор дж о ники д зе , ▁Ор дж оні к ід зе ) ▁P ry mor sky i ▁( H af uz , ▁При мор ский , ▁При мор ський ) ▁Sh ch eb et ov ka ▁( O t uz , ▁Щ е б ет ов ка ) ▁Ker ch ▁( K eri ç , ▁К ер чь , ▁К ер ч ) ▁K ras n op erek op sk ▁( K |
ras n op erek op sk , ▁Кра сно пере ко п ск , ▁Кра сно пере ко п ськ ) ▁Sak y ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sak y ▁( Sa q , ▁Са ки ) ▁Sud ak ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sud ak ▁( S uda q , ▁Су да к ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Nov yi ▁Sv it ▁( Nov ı y ▁S vet , ▁Нов ый ▁С вет , ▁Н овий ▁С віт ) ▁Y al ta ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Y al ta ▁( Y al ta , ▁Я лта ) ▁Al up ka ▁( Al up ka , ▁А лу п ка ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Bere h ove ▁( K ast ropol , ▁Б ере гово е , ▁Б ере г ове ) ▁For os , ▁Crime a ▁( For os , ▁Фо рос ) ▁G asp ra ▁( G asp ra , ▁Га с пра ) ▁G urz uf ▁( G urz uf , ▁Г ур зу ф ) ▁Hol uba ▁Z at oka ▁( L im ena , ▁Го лу бой ▁За ли в , ▁Го лу ба ▁За то ка ) ▁G urz uf ▁( G urz uf , ▁Г ур зу ф ) ▁K ats iv eli ▁( K |
ats iv eli , ▁Ка ци вели , ▁Ка ці ве лі ) ▁Kore iz ▁( K ore iz , ▁Ко ре из , ▁Ко ре ї з ) ▁K ras n ok am ian ka ▁( Q ı z ı l ta ş , ▁Кра сно ка мен ка , ▁Кра сно кам ' ян ка ) ▁Kur pat y ▁( K ur pat ı , ▁Кур па ты , ▁Кур па ти ) ▁Liv adi ya ▁( L iv adi ya , ▁Ли ва дия , ▁Лі ва дія ) ▁Mass andra ▁( M ass andra , ▁Ма сс анд ра , ▁Ма с анд ра ) ▁Nik ita ▁( N ik ita , ▁Ни ки та , ▁Ні кі та ) ▁O re anda ▁( O re anda , ▁О ре ан да ) ▁Park ove ▁( Y añ ı ▁Kü ç ü kk ö y , ▁Пар ково е , ▁Пар ков е ) ▁P ony z iv ka ▁( A ş a ğ ı ▁K ik ine iz , ▁По ни зов ка , ▁По ни з ів ка ) ▁San ator ne ▁( M el as , ▁Са на тор ное , ▁Са на тор не ) ▁S ime iz ▁( S ime iz , ▁Си ме из , ▁С і ме ї з ) ▁S ovi ets ke ▁( D ol oss ı , ▁Совет ское , ▁Сов є т ське ) ▁Vid rad ne ▁( Ma ğ ara ç , ▁О тра д ное , |
▁Від ра д не ) ▁V os kh od ▁( C emi y et , ▁В ос ход ) ▁V yn o hr ad ne ▁( V in og rad no ye , ▁Ви но град ное , ▁Ви но град не ) ▁Y ev p ator ia ▁Municip ality ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Y ev p ator ia ▁( K ez lev , ▁Ев па то рия , ▁Є в па тор ія ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁My r ny i ▁( M ir n ı y , ▁Ми р ный , ▁Ми р ний ) ▁Nov o oz erne ▁( N ovo oz ör no ye , ▁Ново оз ёр ное , ▁Ново о зер не ) ▁Za oz erne ▁( Y al ı ▁Mo yna q , ▁За оз ёр ное , ▁За о зер не ) ▁District s ▁( ra ions ): ▁B akh ch ys ar ai ▁( B a ğ ças ar ay ▁ray on ı , ▁Ба х чи са ра й ский ▁район , ▁Ба х чи са ра й ський ▁район ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁B akh ch ys ar ai ▁( B a ğ ças ar ay , ▁Ба х чи са ра й ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁K uy b ys he ve ▁( Al bat , ▁Ку й |
бы ше во , ▁Ку й би ше ве ) ▁N auch ny i ▁( N au ç n ı y , ▁Нау чный , ▁Нау чний ) ▁Pos ht ove ▁( B azar ç ı q , ▁По ч т ово е , ▁По ш тов е ) ▁Bil oh ir sk ▁( Q ar as uv baz ar ▁ray on ı , ▁Бело гор ский ▁район , ▁Бі ло гі р ський ▁район ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Bil oh ir sk ▁( Q ar as uv baz ar , ▁Бело гор ск , ▁Бі ло гі р ськ ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Zu ya ▁( Z u ya , ▁З у я ) ▁Ch orn om ors ke ▁( A q me ç it ▁ray on ı , ▁Чер ном ор ский ▁район , ▁Ч ор ном ор ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Ch orn om ors ke ▁( A q me ç it , ▁Чер ном ор ское , ▁Ч ор ном ор ське ) ▁D zh ank oy ▁( C ank ö y ▁ray on ı , ▁Дж ан кой ский ▁район , ▁Дж ан кой ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Az ov ske ▁( Q al ay , ▁А зов ское , ▁А зов ське ) ▁Vil ne ▁( |
F ray leben , ▁Во ль ное , ▁В іль не ) ▁K iro vs ke ▁( İ sl â m ▁T erek ▁ray on ı , ▁Ки ров ский ▁район , ▁К і ров ський ▁район ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁St ary ▁K ry m ▁( E ski ▁Q ı r ı m , ▁Ста ры й ▁К ры м , ▁Ста рий ▁Кри м ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁K iro vs ke ▁( İ sl â m ▁T erek , ▁Ки ров ское , ▁К і ров ське ) ▁K ras n oh vard i iske ▁( Q ur man ▁ray on ı , ▁Кра сно г вар дей ский ▁район , ▁Кра сно г вар дій ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁K ras n oh vard i iske ▁( Q ur man , ▁Кра сно г вар дей ское , ▁Кра сно г вар дій ське ) ▁O kt i ab rs ke ▁( B ü y ük ▁On lar , ▁О кт я б рь ское , ▁О кт я б р ське ) ▁K ras n op erek op sk ▁( K ras n op erek op sk ▁ray on ı , ▁Кра сно пере ко п ский ▁район , ▁Кра сно пере ко п ський ▁район ) ▁Len ine ▁( Y edi ▁Qu y u ▁ray on ı , |
▁Ле нин ский ▁район , ▁Л ен ін ський ▁район ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sh ch olk ine ▁( Ş ç olk ino , ▁Щ ё лки но , ▁Щ о л кі не ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Bah er ove ▁( B ager ovo , ▁Ба гер ово , ▁Ба гер ове ) ▁Len ine ▁( Y edi ▁Qu y u , ▁Ле ни но , ▁Л ен і не ) ▁N yz hn oh ir sky i ▁( S ey it ler ▁ray on ı , ▁Ни ж не гор ский ▁район , ▁Ни ж ньо гі р ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁N yz hn oh ir sky i ▁( S ey it ler , ▁Ни ж не гор ский , ▁Ни ж ньо гі р ський ) ▁Per v om ais ke ▁( Cur ç ı ▁ray on ı , ▁Пер во май ский ▁район , ▁Пер во май ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Per v om ais ke ▁( Cur ç ı , ▁Пер во май ское , ▁Пер во май ське ) ▁Ro zd ol ne ▁( A q ş ey h ▁ray on ı , ▁Раз до ль нен ский ▁район , ▁Роз до ль нен ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district |
' s ▁juris diction : ▁Nov os el iv ske ▁( Mont an ay , ▁Ново с ё лов ское , ▁Ново се лів ське ) ▁Ro zd ol ne ▁( A q ş ey h , ▁Раз до ль ное , ▁Роз до ль не ) ▁Sak y ▁( Sa q ▁ray on ı , ▁Са к ский ▁район , ▁Са к ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Nov of edor iv ka ▁( Nov of öd or ov ka , ▁Ново ф ё дор ов ка , ▁Ново фе дор ів ка ) ▁Sim fer opol ▁( A q mes cit ▁ray on ı , ▁Си м фе ро поль ский ▁район , ▁С і м фе ро поль ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁H vard i iske ▁( S arab uz , ▁Г вар дей ское , ▁Г вар дій ське ) ▁Mol od iz h ne ▁( M ol od ö j no ye , ▁М оло д ё ж ное , ▁М оло ді ж не ) ▁My k ola iv ka ▁( N ik ol ay ev ka , ▁Никола ев ка , ▁Ми кола їв ка ) ▁Soviet sky i ▁( İ ç ki ▁ray on ı , ▁Совет ский ▁район , ▁Сов є т ський ▁район ) ▁Urban - type ▁settlement s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Soviet sky i ▁( |
İ ç ki , ▁Совет ский , ▁Сов є т ський ) ▁ ▁Post - A pril ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( Russ ian ▁system : ▁Republic ▁of ▁Crime a ) ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁system ▁largely ▁inher its ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁setup , ▁with ▁changes ▁to ▁termin ology ▁and ▁minor ▁twe aks ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁levels . ▁ ▁C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁under ▁republic ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Sim fer opol ▁( С им фе ро поль ) ▁( cap ital ) ▁Al us ht a ▁( А лу шта ) ▁Army ansk ▁( Ар мя н ск ) ▁D zh ank oy ▁( Д жан кой ) ▁Fe od osi ya ▁( Ф е о до сия ) ▁Ker ch ▁( К ер чь ) ▁K ras n op erek op sk ▁( К ра сно пере ко п ск ) ▁S aki ▁( Са ки ) ▁Sud ak ▁( С у да к ) ▁Y al ta ▁( Я лта ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁town ' s ▁juris diction : ▁Al up ka ▁( А лу п ка ) ▁Y ev p atori ya ▁( Е в па то рия ) ▁District s : ▁B akh ch is ar ay sky ▁( Б а х чи са ра й ский ) ▁Town s ▁under ▁the ▁district ' s ▁juris diction : ▁B akh ch is ar ay ▁( Б а х чи са ра й ) ▁Bel og or sky ▁( Б е ло гор ский ) ▁Town |
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