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ale y ville , ▁where ▁it ▁passes ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁homes ▁and ▁business es ▁and ▁cross es ▁Min eral ▁Spring ▁Road . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continues ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁resid ences , ▁heading ▁north ▁before ▁cur ving ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast . ▁Far ther ▁n ortheast , ▁the ▁road ▁wid ens ▁to ▁a ▁divided ▁highway ▁before ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 3 2 . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁SR ▁ 3 2 ▁joins ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁for ▁a ▁conc urrency ▁on ▁Carolina ▁Road , ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁The ▁road ▁runs ▁through ▁resident ial ▁and ▁commercial ▁areas ▁as ▁it ▁passes ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Su ff olk ▁Executive ▁Airport . ▁US ▁ 1 3 / SR ▁ 3 2 ▁pass ▁more ▁development ▁and ▁become ▁a ▁five - lane ▁road ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁before ▁turning ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁spl its ▁from ▁SR ▁ 3 2 ▁at ▁a ▁modified ▁tr ump et ▁inter change ▁to ▁head ▁north west ▁on ▁a ▁four - lane ▁fre ew ay ▁called ▁the ▁Su ff olk ▁B yp ass ▁while ▁SR ▁ 3 2 ▁continues ▁north ▁along ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁Su ff olk . ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁heads ▁north west ▁on ▁the ▁fre ew ay ▁to ▁by pass ▁central ▁Su ff olk ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁passing ▁through ▁wood |
ed ▁areas ▁with ▁nearby ▁development ▁and ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁Nor folk ▁Southern ' s ▁Franklin ▁District ▁rail road ▁line . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁near ▁resident ial ▁development ▁before ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁north bound ▁exit ▁and ▁south bound ▁entrance ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 8 8 . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁fre ew ay ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁Bus ., ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁becomes ▁concurrent ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁on ▁the ▁by pass ▁of ▁Su ff olk . ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 5 8 ▁head ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁CS X ' s ▁Port sm outh ▁Sub div ision ▁rail road ▁line ▁and ▁Nor folk ▁Southern ' s ▁Nor folk ▁District ▁rail road ▁line , ▁passing ▁through ▁wood land . ▁The ▁fre ew ay ▁heads ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁fields ▁and ▁woods ▁as ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁diam ond ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 0 4 . ▁The ▁road way ▁heads ▁north ▁and ▁cross es ▁Lake ▁Me ade ▁before ▁it ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁Bus . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁joins ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁on ▁the ▁by pass ▁of ▁Su ff olk , ▁which ▁turns |
▁east ▁and ▁heads ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁fre ew ay ▁reaches ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 0 / SR ▁ 3 2 ▁and ▁heads ▁between ▁resident ial ▁neighborhood s ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁woods ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁N ans em ond ▁River . ▁After ▁passing ▁over ▁the ▁river , ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 5 8 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁come ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 4 2 ▁and ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Railway ▁before ▁running ▁near ▁more ▁development ▁and ▁cur ving ▁sout heast . ▁The ▁fre ew ay ▁passes ▁over ▁SR ▁ 3 3 7 ▁without ▁an ▁inter change ▁before ▁heading ▁through ▁woods ▁and ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁south bound ▁exit ▁and ▁north bound ▁entrance ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus ./ US ▁ 5 8 ▁Bus ./ US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁Bus . ▁that ▁also ▁features ▁a ▁U - turn ▁r amp ▁from ▁the ▁south bound ▁lan es ▁to ▁the ▁north bound ▁lan es ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁south bound ▁exit . ▁This ▁inter change ▁features ▁several ▁un fin ished ▁g host ▁ram ps ▁which ▁aim ▁toward ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus ./ US ▁ 5 8 ▁Bus ./ US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁Bus . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁fre ew ay ▁ends ▁and ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 5 8 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁head ▁east - n ortheast ▁on ▁Port sm |
outh ▁Bou lev ard , ▁a ▁six - lane ▁express way - style ▁divided ▁highway ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁dense ▁for ests ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁D ism al ▁Sw amp , ▁with ▁CS X ' s ▁Port sm outh ▁Sub div ision ▁parallel ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁In ▁this ▁area , ▁the ▁road way ▁passes ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁we igh ▁stations ▁serving ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Al ong ▁this ▁stretch , ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 5 8 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁cross ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ch es ape ake ▁and ▁continue ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁commercial ▁development , ▁passing ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁Executive ▁Airport . ▁The ▁road ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁Bow ers ▁Hill ▁Inter change , ▁an ▁inter change ▁complex ▁serving ▁the ▁three ▁routes ▁along ▁with ▁I - 6 4 , ▁I - 2 6 4 , ▁and ▁I - 6 6 4 . ▁At ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁road ▁meets ▁I - 6 6 4 , ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁B elt way . ▁Here , ▁north bound ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁east bound ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁split ▁from ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁and ▁follow ▁I - 6 6 4 ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁exit , ▁where ▁the ▁two ▁routes ▁split ▁from ▁I - 6 6 4 ▁and ▁follow ▁South ▁Military ▁Highway . ▁South |
bound ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁west bound ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁remain ▁along ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁before ▁splitting ▁south ▁toward ▁South ▁Military ▁Highway ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 9 1 , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁US ▁ 5 8 ▁continues ▁n ortheast ▁along ▁with ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁Alt . ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁cross ▁the ▁CS X ▁line ▁and ▁continue ▁east ▁along ▁South ▁Military ▁Highway , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁The ▁road ▁passes ▁homes ▁and ▁business es ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁B ower ' s ▁Hill , ▁cur ving ▁sout heast ▁into ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁and ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁an ▁abandoned ▁rail road ▁grade . ▁The ▁two ▁routes ▁continue ▁past ▁commercial ▁development ▁with ▁some ▁homes ▁and ▁wood land , ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 6 4 ▁( H am pton ▁Ro ads ▁B elt way ). ▁Past ▁this ▁inter change , ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁pass ▁through ▁for ests ▁with ▁some ▁commercial ▁development ▁before ▁reaching ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 7 ▁with ▁long ▁right - turn ▁ram ps . ▁The ▁road ▁heads ▁east ▁through ▁business ▁areas ▁with ▁nearby ▁resident ial ▁development , ▁intersect ing ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 9 6 . ▁The ▁two ▁routes ▁head ▁into ▁industrial ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁trees ▁and ▁become ▁closely ▁parallel ▁with ▁Nor |
folk ▁Southern ' s ▁Nor folk ▁District ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 3 / US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁cross ▁over ▁the ▁Southern ▁Branch ▁Elizabeth ▁River ▁on ▁the ▁Gil m erton ▁Bridge , ▁a ▁vertical - l ift ▁bridge , ▁with ▁the ▁rail road ▁tracks ▁crossing ▁the ▁river ▁on ▁a ▁parallel ▁draw bridge . ▁Past ▁the ▁bridge , ▁the ▁road ▁passes ▁more ▁industrial ▁development ▁and ▁cross es ▁a ▁Nor folk ▁and ▁Port sm outh ▁B elt ▁Line ▁Rail road ▁line ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 , ▁where ▁US ▁ 4 6 0 ▁spl its ▁from ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁by ▁heading ▁north ▁along ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 . ▁Within ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁road ▁passes ▁over ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁Southern ▁line . ▁Following ▁this ▁inter change , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continues ▁east - s out heast ▁along ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁South ▁Military ▁Highway , ▁passing ▁through ▁industrial ▁areas ▁and ▁meeting ▁I - 4 6 4 ▁at ▁a ▁diam ond ▁inter change . ▁After ▁I - 4 6 4 , ▁the ▁road ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁passes ▁commercial ▁development ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁clo ver leaf ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 6 8 . ▁Past ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁route ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁and ▁Alb em ar le ▁Rail road ▁and ▁is ▁l ined ▁with ▁business es ▁as ▁it ▁continues ▁n ortheast . ▁ ▁C ities ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁and ▁Virginia |
▁Beach ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁enters ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Beach ▁and ▁heads ▁through ▁more ▁business ▁areas , ▁w iden ing ▁to ▁six ▁lan es ▁and ▁crossing ▁Prov idence ▁Road ▁and ▁Indian ▁River ▁Road . ▁Past ▁the ▁latter ▁intersection , ▁the ▁road ▁wid ens ▁to ▁eight ▁lan es ▁and ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁passing ▁between ▁resident ial ▁areas ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁commercial ▁development ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁route ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Branch ▁Elizabeth ▁River , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁it ▁enters ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁and ▁runs ▁near ▁homes ▁before ▁passing ▁commercial ▁development . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁passes ▁over ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁Trans it ' s ▁T ide ▁Light ▁Rail ▁line ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Military ▁Highway ▁station ▁before ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁clo ver leaf ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 2 6 4 . ▁Following ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁road ▁name ▁becomes ▁North ▁Military ▁Highway ▁and ▁the ▁divided ▁highway ▁wid ens ▁to ▁ten ▁lan es . ▁The ▁route ▁becomes ▁l ined ▁with ▁business es , ▁passing ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Military ▁Circle ▁Mall ▁before ▁reaching ▁a ▁single - point ▁urban ▁inter change ▁with ▁US ▁ 5 8 . ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁narrow s ▁to ▁eight ▁lan es ▁and ▁continues ▁past ▁business es ▁and ▁sho pping ▁cent ers . ▁The ▁route ▁narrow s ▁to ▁a ▁four - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road ▁as ▁it ▁continues ▁north . ▁ ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁reaches ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ |
1 6 5 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 , ▁where ▁SR ▁ 1 6 5 ▁heads ▁north ▁along ▁North ▁Military ▁Highway , ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 ▁heads ▁west ▁along ▁Princess ▁Anne ▁Road , ▁and ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁turns ▁east ▁to ▁run ▁concurrent ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 6 5 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 ▁along ▁North am pton ▁Bou lev ard , ▁a ▁six - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁The ▁road ▁passes ▁near ▁resident ial ▁and ▁commercial ▁development , ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 6 5 ▁soon ▁splitting ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁US ▁ 1 3 / SR ▁ 1 6 6 ▁continue ▁east ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁and ▁reach ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 6 4 ▁( H am pton ▁Ro ads ▁B elt way ). ▁Past ▁this ▁inter change , ▁the ▁divided ▁highway ▁turns ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁wid ens ▁to ▁eight ▁lan es , ▁passing ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁Prem ium ▁Out lets ▁before ▁crossing ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Beach . ▁The ▁two ▁routes ▁head ▁past ▁more ▁business es ▁with ▁some ▁homes , ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 6 6 ▁splitting ▁from ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁by ▁turning ▁north ▁at ▁Diam ond ▁Spr ings ▁Road . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁narrow s ▁to ▁six ▁lan es ▁and ▁curves ▁east , ▁heading ▁through ▁wood ed ▁resident ial ▁areas ▁and ▁passing ▁between ▁Little ▁Creek ▁Res er voir ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Lake ▁Smith ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁road ▁continues ▁near ▁resident ial |
▁development ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁clo ver leaf ▁inter change ▁with ▁SR ▁ 2 2 5 . ▁Following ▁this , ▁the ▁route ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁reaches ▁a ▁diam ond ▁inter change ▁with ▁US ▁ 6 0 , ▁where ▁it ▁turns ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁narrow s ▁to ▁four ▁lan es , ▁passing ▁between ▁resident ial ▁neighborhood s . ▁ ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel ▁ ▁A ▁short ▁distance ▁past ▁the ▁US ▁ 6 0 ▁inter change , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁north bound ▁to ll ▁pla za ▁for ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel . ▁From ▁here , ▁the ▁route ▁heads ▁onto ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel , ▁a ▁ ▁bridge – t unnel ▁complex ▁that ▁car ries ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁across ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay . ▁The ▁road ▁leaves ▁the ▁main land ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Beach ▁and ▁heads ▁over ▁the ▁bay ▁on ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁low - level ▁tr est le ▁brid ges , ▁with ▁one ▁bridge ▁carrying ▁two ▁lan es ▁of ▁north bound ▁traffic ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁bridge ▁carrying ▁two ▁lan es ▁of ▁south bound ▁traffic . ▁The ▁road ▁reaches ▁an ▁artificial ▁island ▁that ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁fish ing ▁pier , ▁where ▁it ▁narrow s ▁to ▁a ▁two - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road ▁and ▁heads ▁into ▁the ▁Th im ble ▁Sho al ▁T unnel ▁that ▁passes ▁under ▁a ▁sh ipping ▁channel . ▁The ▁road way ▁leaves ▁the ▁tunnel ▁at ▁another |
▁artificial ▁island , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁it ▁res umes ▁along ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁low - level ▁tr est le ▁brid ges ▁carrying ▁two ▁lan es ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁The ▁bridge – t unnel ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁reaches ▁another ▁artificial ▁island , ▁where ▁the ▁highway ▁again ▁narrow s ▁to ▁a ▁two - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road ▁and ▁enters ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Channel ▁T unnel ▁that ▁heads ▁under ▁another ▁sh ipping ▁channel . ▁The ▁road ▁leaves ▁the ▁tunnel ▁on ▁another ▁artificial ▁island ▁and ▁returns ▁to ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁low - level ▁tr est le ▁brid ges ▁carrying ▁two ▁lan es ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁Far ther ▁n ortheast , ▁the ▁road way ▁r ises ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Channel ▁Br id ges , ▁a ▁high - level ▁crossing ▁of ▁a ▁sh ipping ▁channel . ▁The ▁north bound ▁span ▁at ▁the ▁North ▁Channel ▁Br id ges ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁tr uss ▁bridge . ▁After ▁this , ▁the ▁road ▁heads ▁onto ▁Fish erman ▁Island , ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁in ▁North am pton ▁County ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁Fish erman ▁Island ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Ref uge . ▁On ▁this ▁island , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁heads ▁off ▁the ▁bridge ▁and ▁turns ▁north ▁as ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁The ▁road way ▁leaves ▁the ▁island ▁and ▁heads ▁north ▁across ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁on ▁the ▁Fish erman ▁In let ▁Br id ges , ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁high - level ▁brid ges ▁over ▁a ▁sh |
ipping ▁channel ▁that ▁carry ▁two ▁lan es ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁After ▁this , ▁the ▁route ▁heads ▁onto ▁the ▁main land ▁of ▁North am pton ▁County ▁and ▁passes ▁a ▁scen ic ▁over look ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁south bound ▁lan es ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁south bound ▁to ll ▁pla za ▁for ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel ▁and ▁a ▁rest ▁area ▁and ▁welcome ▁center ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁north bound ▁lan es ▁that ▁is ▁accessible ▁from ▁both ▁directions . ▁ ▁North am pton ▁County ▁ ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁leaves ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁North am pton ▁County , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sh ore ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁on ▁the ▁Del mar va ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁north ▁on ▁the ▁Charles ▁M . ▁L ank ford ▁Jr . ▁Highway ▁( us ually ▁short ened ▁to ▁L ank ford ▁Highway ), ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁that ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁north – s outh ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁The ▁road ▁intersect s ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 6 0 0 ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sh ore ▁of ▁Virginia ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Ref uge ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁far ml and ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁resident ial ▁and ▁commercial ▁development ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁passes ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Ki pt ope ke |
▁State ▁Park , ▁heading ▁farther ▁east ▁from ▁the ▁bay , ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 7 0 4 ▁that ▁provides ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Ki pt ope ke ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁park ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁route ▁continues ▁north ▁through ▁rural ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁development , ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 8 3 . ▁Far ther ▁north , ▁the ▁road ▁cross es ▁an ▁in active ▁rail road ▁line ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 8 4 , ▁which ▁heads ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Cape ▁Charles , ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus ., ▁which ▁heads ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Cher it on . ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁heads ▁north - n orth west ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁farm ▁fields ▁with ▁some ▁business es ▁as ▁it ▁by pass es ▁Cher it on ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁cur ving ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast . ▁The ▁route ▁meets ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Cher it on ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁agricult ural ▁areas ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁development . ▁Another ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁branches ▁off ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁to ▁head ▁into ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁East ville ▁while ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁by pass es ▁the ▁town ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁road ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁past ▁East ville ▁as |
▁it ▁runs ▁north - n ortheast ▁through ▁more ▁rural ▁areas . ▁ ▁The ▁road ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁before ▁turning ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁north - n ortheast ▁as ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Mach ip ongo , ▁where ▁it ▁begins ▁to ▁run ▁closely ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continues ▁alongside ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁tracks ▁through ▁far ms ▁and ▁woods ▁with ▁some ▁homes . ▁The ▁route ▁reaches ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Bird sn est , ▁where ▁it ▁cross es ▁SR ▁ 6 2 0 . ▁The ▁road ▁runs ▁through ▁more ▁rural ▁land ▁before ▁it ▁enters ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁N ass aw ado x , ▁where ▁it ▁heads ▁near ▁homes ▁and ▁some ▁business es ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁inter sections ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 0 9 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 6 0 6 . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁leaves ▁N ass aw ado x ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁development . ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ex more , ▁the ▁route ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus ., ▁which ▁heads ▁n ortheast ▁alongside ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁tracks ▁into ▁Ex more ▁while ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁curves ▁north ▁to ▁by pass ▁the ▁town ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁road ▁heads ▁past ▁business es ▁with ▁some ▁fields ▁and ▁woods ▁and ▁reaches ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 8 3 . ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁curves |
▁n ortheast ▁and ▁cross es ▁SR ▁ 1 7 8 , ▁where ▁it ▁turns ▁east ▁and ▁runs ▁between ▁wood land ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁business es ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁route ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁and ▁curves ▁n ortheast ▁into ▁woods . ▁ ▁Ac com ack ▁County ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁enters ▁Ac com ack ▁County ▁and ▁heads ▁north - n ortheast ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁fields , ▁woods , ▁and ▁commercial ▁development ▁as ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁line ▁again ▁closely ▁par alle ls ▁the ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁route ▁reaches ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 8 1 , ▁which ▁leads ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Belle ▁H aven . ▁The ▁road ▁continues ▁alongside ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁tracks ▁through ▁for ests ▁before ▁heading ▁through ▁far ml and ▁with ▁some ▁resident ial ▁and ▁commercial ▁development . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁enters ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁P ain ter , ▁where ▁it ▁trans itions ▁into ▁a ▁five - lane ▁road ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁passes ▁near ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁homes ▁and ▁business es , ▁reaching ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 8 2 . ▁After ▁leaving ▁P ain ter , ▁the ▁route ▁becomes ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁again ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁development . ▁The ▁road ▁reaches ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁K eller , ▁where |
▁the ▁median ▁turns ▁into ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁it ▁heads ▁near ▁business es , ▁coming ▁to ▁a ▁j unction ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 8 0 . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁SR ▁ 1 8 0 ▁turns ▁north ▁for ▁a ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁routes ▁leave ▁K eller , ▁transition ing ▁into ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway . ▁SR ▁ 1 8 0 ▁spl its ▁from ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁by ▁turning ▁east ▁and ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continues ▁north - n ortheast ▁through ▁woods ▁alongside ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁tracks . ▁The ▁road ▁intersect s ▁SR ▁ 1 4 2 0 , ▁which ▁leads ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Ac com ack ▁County ▁Airport , ▁before ▁it ▁passes ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Sh ore ▁Community ▁College , ▁which ▁is ▁accessed ▁by ▁SR ▁ 3 8 9 . ▁The ▁route ▁runs ▁through ▁more ▁woods ▁before ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁M elf a , ▁where ▁it ▁becomes ▁a ▁five - lane ▁road ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁passes ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁homes ▁and ▁business es , ▁crossing ▁SR ▁ 6 2 6 . ▁After ▁leaving ▁M elf a , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁turns ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁and ▁passes ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁far ml and , ▁wood land , ▁and ▁development . ▁ ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁On ley , ▁the ▁road ▁passes ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁N and ua ▁High ▁School |
▁as ▁it ▁curves ▁north ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁tracks . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁past ▁business es ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus ., ▁which ▁heads ▁east ▁into ▁On ley . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continues ▁through ▁commercial ▁areas ▁along ▁the ▁western ▁edge ▁of ▁On ley , ▁cur ving ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁crossing ▁SR ▁ 1 7 9 . ▁The ▁road ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁north ▁of ▁On ley ▁and ▁heads ▁onto ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁business ▁route ▁and ▁the ▁in active ▁rail road ▁line . ▁The ▁route ▁continues ▁n ortheast ▁through ▁fields ▁and ▁woods ▁with ▁some ▁commercial ▁development , ▁passing ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Tas ley . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁reaches ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁rural ▁land ▁with ▁occas ional ▁development ▁as ▁it ▁by pass es ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ac com ac ▁to ▁the ▁north west . ▁The ▁road ▁passes ▁south ▁of ▁a ▁P erd ue ▁Far ms ▁ch icken ▁plant ▁before ▁meeting ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁Bus . ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Ac com ac . ▁From ▁here , ▁the ▁route ▁continues ▁n ortheast ▁through ▁agricult ural ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁woods , ▁homes , ▁and ▁commercial ▁development . ▁In ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Center ville , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 |
7 6 . ▁A ▁short ▁distance ▁later , ▁the ▁road ▁has ▁a ▁j unction ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 6 7 9 . ▁The ▁route ▁runs ▁north - n ortheast ▁through ▁far ml and ▁with ▁some ▁wood land ▁and ▁occas ional ▁development , ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁G arg ath a . ▁In ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Nelson ia , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁becomes ▁a ▁five - lane ▁road ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁runs ▁past ▁homes ▁and ▁business es , ▁reaching ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 1 8 7 . ▁From ▁here , ▁the ▁route ▁turns ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁wood land . ▁Upon ▁reaching ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁M app sv ille , ▁the ▁median ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁turns ▁into ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁it ▁runs ▁near ▁resid ences ▁and ▁commercial ▁development , ▁forming ▁a ▁brief ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁SR ▁ 6 8 9 . ▁ ▁After ▁passing ▁through ▁M app sv ille , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁runs ▁through ▁far ml and ▁and ▁becomes ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁past ▁the ▁SR ▁ 6 9 1 ▁j unction . ▁The ▁road ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁development , ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 6 9 2 . ▁The ▁route ▁b ends ▁to ▁the ▁north - n ortheast ▁and ▁passes |
▁east ▁of ▁a ▁T ys on ▁Food s ▁ch icken ▁plant ▁before ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Tem per ance ville , ▁where ▁it ▁trans itions ▁into ▁a ▁five - lane ▁road ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁and ▁is ▁l ined ▁with ▁homes ▁and ▁some ▁business es , ▁cur ving ▁north ▁and ▁crossing ▁SR ▁ 6 9 5 . ▁From ▁here , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁once ▁again ▁becomes ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁agricult ural ▁and ▁wood ed ▁areas , ▁passing ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Arc ad ia ▁High ▁School . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁road ▁heads ▁into ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Oak ▁Hall ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁turns ▁into ▁a ▁center ▁left - turn ▁l ane ▁as ▁it ▁passes ▁through ▁resident ial ▁areas . ▁The ▁route ▁turns ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁as ▁it ▁runs ▁past ▁business es ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 7 5 , ▁which ▁heads ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ch inc ote ague ▁and ▁Ass ate ague ▁Island . ▁Past ▁this ▁intersection , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁runs ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁farm ▁field ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁development . ▁The ▁route ▁passes ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁we igh ▁stations ▁located ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁New ▁Church , ▁where ▁it ▁heads ▁past ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁homes ▁and ▁business es ▁and ▁intersect s ▁SR ▁ 7 0 9 . |
▁From ▁here , ▁the ▁road ▁curves ▁north west ▁and ▁passes ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas , ▁reaching ▁a ▁rest ▁area ▁and ▁welcome ▁center ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁south bound ▁lan es ▁that ▁is ▁accessible ▁from ▁both ▁directions . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁heads ▁past ▁farm ▁fields ▁and ▁business es ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁the ▁Maryland ▁border ▁and ▁continu ing ▁north ▁into ▁that ▁state . ▁ ▁Wh ale y ville ▁B yp ass ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Su ff olk ▁ 2 0 2 6 ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Plan , ▁the ▁city ▁plans ▁to ▁by pass ▁the ▁cross ro ads ▁community ▁of ▁Wh ale y ville ▁in ▁south western ▁Su ff olk ▁City . ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁( al ong ▁with ▁NC ▁Highway ▁ 1 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁strateg ic ▁highway ▁cor rid or ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁towards ▁Green ville . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁What ▁is ▁now ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁on ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sh ore ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁highway ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁as ▁State ▁Route ▁ 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁ren umber ed ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 4 ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁ren umber ing , ▁and ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁was ▁applied ▁to ▁its ▁whole ▁length ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁SR ▁ 3 4 ▁was ▁dropped ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁ren umber ing , ▁and ▁was ▁immediately ▁re used ▁on ▁a ▁route ▁through ▁Lawrence ville . ▁That ▁was ▁ren umber ed ▁to ▁State ▁Route ▁ 4 6 |
▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ren umber ing , ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 4 ▁was ▁designated ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Bridge – T unnel , ▁US ▁ 1 3 ▁continued ▁across ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁using ▁a ▁fer ry . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Virginia ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 3 ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 4 1 , ▁Center ville ▁west ▁to ▁Park s ley , ▁now ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 7 6 ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 4 2 , ▁Tas ley ▁west ▁to ▁On an cock , ▁now ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 2 6 ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 4 3 , ▁East ville ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Sh ore ▁Rail road , ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁State ▁Route ▁ 6 3 1 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 1 3 ▁ ▁Virginia ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 0 1 3 ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Bog ack a ▁Sz kl arn ia ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Kl uc z b ork , ▁within ▁Kl uc z b ork |
▁County , ▁O pole ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁south - western ▁Poland . ▁From ▁the ▁Pr uss ian - led ▁un ification ▁of ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁W W II , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Gl ash üt te ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁Upper ▁S iles ia ▁( G erman : ▁O bers ch les ien ) ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Pr uss ia , ▁and ▁settled ▁pre domin antly ▁by ▁eth nic ▁S lav s , ▁Evangel ical ▁Protest ants , ▁and ▁S iles ian ▁German ▁far mers . ▁No ▁other ▁evidence ▁ ▁of ▁protest ant ▁evangel ical ▁influence ▁remains , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁abandoned ▁school house ▁which ▁still ▁stands ▁behind ▁an ▁over g rown ▁cop se ▁of ▁trees ▁( Google ▁maps ▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁ 5 0 ° 5 7 ' 3 6 . 1 " N ▁ 1 8 ° 0 6 ' 3 7 . 8 " E ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bog ack a ▁Sz kl arn ia <0x0A> </s> ▁I acon e ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁The ▁following ▁people ▁have ▁the ▁surname : ▁Joe ▁I acon e ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ), ▁a ▁professional ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁Sim one ▁I acon e ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁an ▁Italian ▁auto ▁racing ▁driver <0x0A> </s> ▁L ester ▁Township ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁sevent een ▁rural ▁town ships ▁in ▁Black ▁Haw k ▁County , ▁Iowa , ▁USA . ▁ |
▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 5 0 4 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁L ester ▁Township ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁contains ▁one ▁incorpor ated ▁settlement , ▁D unk erton . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁US GS , ▁it ▁contains ▁two ▁c em eter ies : ▁Fair view - L ester ▁and ▁L ester ▁Township . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁US - Count ies . com ▁ ▁City - Data . com ▁ ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Black ▁Haw k ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁Category : W ater lo o ▁– ▁C ed ar ▁F alls ▁metropol itan ▁area ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Iowa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁Malays ia . ▁Comple ted ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁to ▁replace ▁an ▁older ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁site , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ' s ▁railway ▁hub ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁for ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Mal ay ▁States ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁its ▁successor ▁Ker et api ▁Tan ah ▁Mel ay u ▁( English : ▁Mal ay an ▁Rail ways ), ▁before ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Sent ral ▁assumed ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁architecture , ▁adopt ing ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Western ▁designs . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁along |
▁a ▁road ▁named ▁J al an ▁Sultan ▁H ish am ud din , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Vict ory ▁Avenue , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Dam ans ara ▁Road . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁closely ▁to ▁the ▁similarly ▁designed ▁Railway ▁Administration ▁Building , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁National ▁Mos que ▁and ▁Day ab umi ▁Complex . ▁The ▁Pas ar ▁Sen i ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁ 4 0 0 ▁metres ▁away , ▁across ▁the ▁K lang ▁River . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pre ced ing ▁stations ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁station , ▁two ▁stations ▁were ▁already ▁oper ational ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁nick named ▁Res ident ▁Station ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁British ▁High ▁Commission er , ▁was ▁completed ▁and ▁located ▁opposite ▁to ▁the ▁Sel ang or ▁Club ▁( today ▁Dat aran ▁Mer de ka ) ▁towards ▁the ▁west . ▁Con struct ed ▁of ▁wood ▁and ▁a ▁n ip ah ▁pal m ▁roof , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁linking ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁to ▁K lang ▁( P eng kal an ▁B atu ) ▁via ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁to ▁connect ▁the ▁city ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay ▁Pen ins ula ▁( o fficial ly ▁inaugur ated ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 6 ). ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁station , ▁Sultan ▁Street ▁station |
, ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁at ▁F och ▁Avenue ▁( now ▁Tun ▁Tan ▁Ch eng ▁Lock ▁Road ), ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁May bank ▁Tower , ▁the ▁P ud ur aya ▁bus ▁station ▁and ▁ ▁Pla za ▁Rak y at . ▁Its ▁design ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁Res ident ▁Station , ▁and ▁was ▁station ed ▁along ▁the ▁P ud u ▁railway ▁line , ▁a ▁new ▁line ▁that ▁branch ed ▁off ▁north ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁station , ▁and ▁connected ▁mines ▁from ▁A mp ang ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁approaching ▁Sultan ▁Street ▁Station ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁line ▁was ▁sand wich ed ▁between ▁two ▁carriage ways ▁of ▁F och ▁Avenue , ▁cutting ▁across ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Res ident ▁Station ▁was ▁demol ished ▁after ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁station ▁was ▁completed . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Sultan ▁Street ▁Station ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁smaller ▁terminal ▁station ▁when ▁the ▁tracks ▁at ▁F och ▁Avenue ▁were ▁dis m ant led ▁for ▁road ▁traffic , ▁and ▁was ▁demol ished ▁after ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁The ▁A mp ang - link ed ▁route ▁is ▁partially ▁re used ▁by ▁the ▁L RT ▁A mp ang ▁line . ▁ ▁Design , ▁construction ▁and ▁operation ▁Arthur ▁Ben ison ▁Hub back , ▁a ▁British ▁Arch itect ural ▁Ass istant ▁to ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁Public ▁Works , ▁under to ok ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁station . |
▁He ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁unique ▁Ang lo - As ian ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁on ▁the ▁station ' s ▁design . ▁The ▁" Ne o - M oor ish / M ug hal / Ind o - S ar ac en ic / Ne o - S ar ac en ic " ▁style ▁was ▁not ▁un common ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Similar ▁structures , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sultan ▁Abd ul ▁Sam ad ▁Building ▁( des igned ▁by ▁A . C . ▁Norman , ▁completed ▁ 1 8 9 7 ), ▁the ▁Old ▁City ▁Hall ▁( des igned ▁by ▁A . B . ▁Hub back , ▁completed ▁ 1 9 0 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁J ame k ▁Mos que ▁( des igned ▁by ▁A . B . ▁Hub back , ▁completed ▁ 1 9 0 9 ), ▁pre - date ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁station . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 2 3 , 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁completed ▁and ▁oper ational ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁Res ident ▁Station ▁and ▁the ▁isol ation ▁of ▁Sultan ▁Street ▁station , ▁the ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁station ▁became ▁the ▁main ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur . ▁A ▁railway ▁hotel , ▁the ▁Station ▁Hotel ▁( l ater ▁renamed ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Station ▁Hotel ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ), ▁occupied ▁the ▁northern ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁station ▁and ▁the ▁upper ▁flo ors ▁of ▁the |
▁station , ▁bo ast ing ▁ 1 7 0 ▁rooms ▁and ▁an ▁orn ate ▁lo bb y ▁housing ▁Char lies ▁R estaur ant ▁& ▁Bar ▁as ▁off ▁the ▁late - 2 0 0 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁access ▁to ▁K TM ▁Kom uter ▁services ▁was ▁introduced ▁at ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁di version ▁of ▁long - distance ▁inter city ▁rail ▁traffic ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁kilometer ▁south ▁to ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Sent ral ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁original ▁station ' s ▁importance ▁dimin ished . ▁While ▁inter city ▁trains ▁continue ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁station , ▁they ▁no ▁longer ▁stop ▁there , ▁re leg ating ▁the ▁station ▁to ▁being ▁a ▁stop ▁for ▁Kom uter ▁and ▁goods ▁services . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁decl ining ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁and ▁patron age , ▁redundant ▁station ▁facilities , ▁such ▁as ▁man ned ▁ticket ▁coun ters ▁for ▁inter city ▁services , ▁station ▁offices ▁and ▁r ented ▁business es ▁spaces , ▁were ▁de comm ission ed ▁or ▁slowly ▁vac ated . ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Station ▁Hotel ▁ceased ▁operation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁following ▁decl ining ▁patron age ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁mis managed ▁renov ations ▁in ▁the ▁late - 2 0 0 0 s ; ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁briefly ▁re open ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁before ▁closing ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁While ▁the ▁side ▁platforms ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁station , ▁which ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁raised ▁to ▁a ▁le |
ve led ▁height ▁for ▁smooth ▁emb ark ing ▁and ▁dis emb ark ing ▁for ▁inter city ▁coach es , ▁were ▁readily ▁us able ▁from ▁K TM ▁Kom uter ▁trains , ▁the ▁configuration ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁platform ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Kom uter ' s ▁service ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁station ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁maxim ised ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁transport ation ▁stop ▁for ▁electric ▁trains ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁renov ations ▁raised ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁platforms ▁( see ▁platform ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁months ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁Mal aya ' s ▁independence , ▁various ▁sources ▁reported ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁various ▁old ▁railway ▁equipment ▁from ▁a ▁railway ▁w are house ▁in ▁K lang ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁locations ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁station . ▁This ▁included ▁a ▁small ▁restored ▁sh unter ▁and ▁an ▁ant ique ▁fire ▁engine . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁officially ▁re open ed ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁as ▁a ▁railway ▁museum ▁( where ▁exhib itions ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁hall ▁and ▁platform ▁of ▁the ▁station ), ▁and ▁was ▁mo oted ▁to ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁cultural ▁centre . ▁ ▁Ren ov ations , ▁up gr ades ▁and ▁changes ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁has ▁under g one ▁several ▁major ▁changes ▁in ▁its ▁modern ▁history . ▁The ▁north ▁wing ▁was ▁converted ▁for |
▁office ▁use ▁by ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁closing ▁off ▁the ▁arch ed ▁ver and ah s ▁with ▁windows . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁more ▁extens ively ▁ref urb ished , ▁with ▁the ▁interior ▁and ▁relevant ▁windows ▁replaced ▁with ▁modern ▁counter parts ▁while ▁the ▁exterior ▁was ▁rep a ired ▁and ▁preserved , ▁and ▁additional ▁new ▁facilities ▁and ▁buildings , ▁including ▁air - condition ed ▁waiting ▁h alls , ▁tour ism ▁information ▁coun ters ▁and ▁sn ack ▁bars . ▁Part s ▁of ▁the ▁station ' s ▁original ▁interior ▁designs ▁and ▁frames ▁are ▁still ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Station ▁Hotel . ▁ ▁The ▁ref urb ishment ▁also ▁saw ▁an ▁additional ▁extension ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁sport ing ▁" R aj " ▁st yl ings ▁that ▁domin ates ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁front al ▁fa ç ade ▁for ▁the ▁north ▁wing ▁that ▁sports ▁similar ▁architect ural ▁elements , ▁mask ing ▁hints ▁of ▁Western ▁designs ▁from ▁the ▁front . ▁These ▁changes ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁sport ing ▁two ▁additional ▁ch hat ris , ▁two ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁each ▁wing , ▁alongside ▁the ▁original ▁four . ▁ ▁Other ▁modifications ▁made ▁onto ▁the ▁old ▁building ▁included ▁the ▁rear ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁car ved ▁open ▁and ▁extended ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁a ▁new ▁station ▁entrance , ▁tax i ▁stops , ▁several ▁office ▁and ▁ret ail ▁spaces , ▁while ▁additional ▁double - store y ▁ret ail ▁spaces ▁were ▁constructed ▁over ▁one ▁of |
▁the ▁two ▁adjacent ▁front al ▁access ▁roads ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁building . ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁rem od elling ▁also ▁saw ▁platform ▁extensions ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁station ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁which ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁General ▁Post ▁Office ▁at ▁the ▁then ▁newly ▁completed ▁Day ab umi ▁Complex ▁( construct ed ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 4 ). ▁▁ ▁When ▁K TM ▁Kom uter ▁services ▁were ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Raw ang - Ser emb an ▁Route ▁and ▁the ▁Sent ul - Port ▁K lang ▁Route , ▁ticket ▁coun ters ▁and ▁fare g ates ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁station , ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁K TM ▁Kom uter ▁stations . ▁The ▁location ▁of ▁Kom uter ▁facilities ▁meant ▁that ▁only ▁the ▁newer ▁island ▁platform ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁K TM ▁Kom uter ▁trains ▁( see ▁platform ). ▁ ▁After ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Sent ral ▁assumed ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁receiving ▁inter city ▁operations , ▁port ions ▁of ▁station ▁facilities ▁designated ▁for ▁inter city ▁services ▁were ▁de comm ission ed ▁or ▁removed . ▁Limited ▁inter city ▁services ▁were ▁re int rodu ced ▁to ▁the ▁station ▁following ▁the ▁station ' s ▁design ation ▁as ▁an ▁E TS ▁stop ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁contains ▁three ▁platforms ▁serving ▁four ▁railway ▁tracks , ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁side ▁platforms ▁( platform s ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 4 ) ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁and ▁one |
▁island ▁platform ▁( platform s ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ) ▁in ▁between . ▁The ▁number ed ▁design ations ▁originally ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁lengths ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁original ▁and ▁extended ▁platforms ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁renov ation ▁until ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁Kom uter ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁when ▁extensions ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁were ▁assigned ▁additional ▁" a " ▁suffix es , ▁i . e . ▁platforms ▁ 2 a ▁and ▁ 3 a , ▁while ▁design ations ▁for ▁platforms ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁remain ▁un changed . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁station ▁originally ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁all ▁platforms ▁were ▁elev ated ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁tracks ▁but ▁were ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁train ▁floor ; ▁all ▁platforms ▁were ▁connected ▁by ▁two ▁t unn els , ▁respect ably ▁accessible ▁via ▁st air ways ▁for ▁passengers ▁or ▁ram ps ▁for ▁t rolle ys . ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁renov ation , ▁which ▁added ▁extended ▁platforms ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁floor , ▁had ▁also ▁partially ▁raised ▁the ▁old ▁side ▁platforms ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁platforms ▁( the ▁tunnel ▁ent ran ces ▁were ▁una ffect ed ▁by ▁the ▁rem od elling ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁located ▁well ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁platform ▁edges ), ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁island ▁platform ▁largely ▁un changed . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁were ▁un prep ared ▁to |
▁deal ▁with ▁passengers ▁entering ▁and ▁exit ing ▁Kom uter ▁trains . ▁In ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁longer ▁E TS ▁and ▁Kom uter ▁EM Us , ▁renov ation ▁works ▁were ▁conducted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁raise ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁removing ▁century - old ▁surface - level ▁tunnel ▁rail ings ▁and ▁se aling ▁off ▁the ▁st air way ▁exit ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁t unn els ▁to ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . ▁Lar ger ▁cap ony ▁sh el ters ▁connecting ▁the ▁old ▁and ▁new ▁train ▁sh eds ▁were ▁also ▁added ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁platforms ▁have ▁been ▁designated ▁the ▁following ▁functions : ▁▁ ▁Until ▁Inter city ▁services ▁moved ▁to ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Sent ral ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁platforms ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁were ▁typically ▁assigned ▁to ▁service ▁Inter city ▁trains . ▁As ▁such , ▁ticket ▁coun ters ▁for ▁the ▁train ▁services ▁were ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁old ▁and ▁new ▁station ▁buildings . ▁When ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁at ▁the ▁platforms ▁ceased ▁after ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁platforms ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁transfer ▁goods ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁trains . ▁The ▁side ▁platforms , ▁like ▁the ▁lo bb y ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁station ▁building , ▁were ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁as ▁Kom uter ▁fare g ates ▁were ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁old ▁island ▁platform ▁rather ▁than ▁within ▁the ▁station ▁building |
. ▁Following ▁renov ations ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁platforms ▁were ▁rep ur posed ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁E TS ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁with ▁tick ets ▁sold ▁at ▁coun ters ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁railway ▁fan ▁club house . ▁ ▁Like ▁the ▁side ▁platforms , ▁the ▁island ▁platforms ▁( platform s ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁extension ) ▁originally ▁served ▁as ▁platforms ▁for ▁Inter city ▁trains ▁services . ▁When ▁Kom uter ▁services ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁platform ▁was ▁ren umber ed ▁to ▁platforms ▁ 2 a ▁and ▁ 3 a , ▁to ▁be ▁re ass igned ▁for ▁trains ▁serving ▁the ▁Raw ang - Ser emb an ▁and ▁Sent ul - Port ▁K lang ▁Rout es . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁still ▁low ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁island ▁platform , ▁Kom uter ▁trains ▁could ▁not ▁stop ▁at ▁the ▁original ▁stretch ▁of ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁ticket ▁fare g ates ▁for ▁Kom uter ▁services ▁were ▁installed ▁towards ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁modern ▁exit ▁for ▁platforms ▁ 2 a ▁and ▁ 3 a ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁This ▁also ▁left ▁the ▁original ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁dis used ▁following ▁the ▁dis continu ation ▁of ▁inter city ▁services ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁With ▁the ▁old |
▁island ▁platform ▁raised ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁platform ▁renov ation , ▁Kom uter ▁and ▁E TS ▁trains ▁could ▁stop ▁along ▁the ▁entire ▁stretch ▁of ▁platforms ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 , ▁moving ▁the ▁southern ▁fare g ates ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁platform ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁old ▁station ▁building . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁When ▁originally ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁railway ▁station ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁terminal ▁building ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁three ▁platforms ▁serving ▁four ▁railway ▁tracks ▁at ▁the ▁back . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁structure , ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁main ▁hall , ▁ticket ▁coun ters , ▁railway ▁offices ▁and ▁the ▁railway ▁hotel , ▁is ▁primarily ▁designed ▁in ▁a ▁" R aj " ▁sty ling , ▁mixture ▁of ▁Western ▁and ▁M ug hal ▁similar ▁to ▁Mo or ish ▁Rev ival ▁or ▁Ind o - S ar ac en ic ▁architecture . ▁Domin ated ▁by ▁horses ho e ▁and ▁o ge e ▁arch es , ▁and ▁large ▁ch hat ris ▁( six ▁originally , ▁with ▁two ▁added ▁later ) ▁at ▁the ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁accomp any ing ▁smaller ▁variations ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁compar able ▁to ▁its ▁contempor aries ▁like ▁the ▁Sultan ▁Abd ul ▁Sam ad ▁Building , ▁surrounding ▁structures ▁constructed ▁around ▁the ▁Mer de ka ▁Square ▁and ▁the ▁Railway ▁Administration ▁Building ▁directly ▁across ▁the ▁street . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁station ▁building , ▁a ▁three - store y ▁addition ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁wing ▁was ▁added ▁early |
▁in ▁its ▁operation , ▁adopt ing ▁more ▁Western ised ▁vern ac ular ▁designs ▁with ▁surrounding ▁ven rend ah s ▁and ▁segment al ▁arch es ▁of ▁various ▁width s . ▁The ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁is ▁completely ▁pl aster ed , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁buildings ▁of ▁similar ▁styles ▁that ▁opt ▁for ▁exposed ▁brick work , ▁and ▁painted ▁in ▁light ▁colours ▁( us ually ▁white ▁or ▁cre am ) ▁throughout ▁its ▁service . ▁ ▁The ▁platforms ▁are ▁covered ▁by ▁large ▁steel - fr amed ▁sh el ters , ▁which ▁were ▁initially ▁shorter ▁during ▁the ▁station ' s ▁early ▁operation . ▁The ▁roof s ▁were ▁originally ▁gla zed , ▁and ▁were ▁partially ▁opened ▁to ▁allow ▁smoke ▁from ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁to ▁escape ; ▁cor rug ated ▁roof ▁sheets ▁served ▁as ▁rep lac ements ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁station ' s ▁life . ▁The ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁platforms ▁not ▁ad jo ining ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁are ▁surrounded ▁by ▁walls ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁style ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁building . ▁The ▁platforms ▁and ▁main ▁building ▁are ▁linked ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁via ▁two ▁under ground ▁passage ways . ▁ ▁The ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁extended ▁platform ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁ref urb ishment ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁took ▁a ▁more ▁modern ist ▁approach , ▁consisting ▁simply ▁of ▁large ▁concrete ▁pill ars ▁supporting ▁a ▁l att iced ▁roof ▁and ▁a ▁ticket ▁office ▁on ▁concrete ▁sl abs ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁end , ▁susp ended ▁two ▁stories ▁above ▁ground . ▁White ▁walls ▁and ▁arch es ▁that ▁serve ▁as ▁decor ations |
▁to ▁the ▁extension ▁m im ic ▁design ▁c ues ▁from ▁both ▁the ▁old ▁station ▁and ▁the ▁Day ab umi ▁complex . ▁The ▁new ▁extension ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁to ▁Day ab umi ▁via ▁an ▁elev ated ▁walk way . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁station ▁ ▁Direct ly ▁across ▁J al an ▁Sultan ▁H ish am ud din : ▁ ▁Railway ▁Administration ▁Building ▁ ▁Hotel ▁Maj estic ▁ ▁National ▁Mos que ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Islam ic ▁Arts ▁Museum ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁National ▁Planet arium ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁south : ▁ ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Regional ▁Centre ▁for ▁Ar bitr ation ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north : ▁ ▁Day ab umi ▁Complex ▁ ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁General ▁Post ▁Office ▁ ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁K lang ▁River : ▁ ▁Bridge ▁to ▁ ▁Pas ar ▁Sen i ▁station ▁ ▁Central ▁Market ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Rail ▁transport ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁M RT ▁& ▁Kom uter ▁Integr ations ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Category : R ap id ▁trans it ▁stations ▁in ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Category : Raw ang - Ser emb an ▁Line ▁Category : Port ▁K lang ▁Line ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁Category : 1 |
9 1 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁Category : B rit ish ▁colonial ▁architecture ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁Category : Ind o - S ar ac en ic ▁Rev ival ▁architecture <0x0A> </s> ▁St ary ▁Br us ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁W łod awa ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁gmina ▁( admin istr ative ▁district ) ▁called ▁G mina ▁St ary ▁Br us . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁W łod awa ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁St ary ▁Br us <0x0A> </s> ▁Kon ary ▁ ▁( ▁or ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Wi ń sko , ▁within ▁Wo łów ▁County , ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁south - western ▁Poland . ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Wi ń sko , ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Wo łów , ▁and ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁W roc ław . ▁ ▁Under ▁Pr uss ian ▁rule , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁factory ▁for ▁extract ing ▁sugar ▁from ▁sugar ▁be ets ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁in ▁Kon ary ▁( then ▁known ▁as ▁Kun ern ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Wo łów ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Em |
hardt ▁( J uly ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁character ▁actor ▁who ▁worked ▁on ▁stage , ▁in ▁film ▁and ▁on ▁television . ▁The ▁port ly ▁Em hardt ▁was ▁frequently ▁ ▁cast ▁as ▁a ▁villa in , ▁often ▁a ▁cro oked ▁business man ▁or ▁cor rupt ▁politician . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁ ▁Em hardt ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana . ▁ ▁Career ▁Em hardt ▁studied ▁acting ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁in ▁London . ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁Broadway ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁as ▁an ▁under stud y ▁for ▁the ▁equally ▁heavy set ▁Sydney ▁Green street . ▁Em hardt ▁made ▁his ▁stage ▁debut ▁in ▁The ▁Pir ate ▁( 1 9 4 2 ). ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁found ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Act ors ▁Studio , ▁Em hardt ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Broadway ▁stage ▁production ▁of ▁The ▁Seven ▁Year ▁It ch . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Crit ics ▁Circle ▁Award ▁for ▁best ▁supporting ▁actor ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁Life ▁with ▁Mother ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 4 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁His ▁notable ▁film ▁appearances ▁include ▁ 3 : 1 0 ▁to ▁Y uma ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁and ▁Under world ▁U . S . A . ▁( 1 9 6 1 ). ▁ ▁On ▁television , ▁he ▁was ▁the |
▁first ▁actor ▁to ▁play ▁Mac ▁C ory ▁on ▁Another ▁World . ▁He ▁also ▁made ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁guest ▁appearances ▁on ▁such ▁series ▁as ▁Alfred ▁H itch cock ▁Pres ents , ▁River bo at , ▁The ▁T all ▁Man , ▁The ▁Tw il ight ▁Zone , ▁G E ▁True , ▁St oney ▁Bur ke , ▁Go ing ▁My ▁Way , ▁The ▁U nt ouch ables , ▁Perry ▁Mason , ▁The ▁N aked ▁City , ▁My ▁Three ▁S ons , ▁The ▁Wild ▁Wild ▁West , ▁The ▁Andy ▁Griff ith ▁Show , ▁▁ ▁Gun sm oke , ▁The ▁Man ▁From ▁U . N . C . L . E ., ▁The ▁Inv aders , ▁ ▁Adam - 1 2 , ▁The ▁Br ady ▁B unch , ▁ ▁C annon , ▁K oj ak , ▁The ▁Mary ▁Ty ler ▁Moore ▁Show , ▁Bon anza ▁and ▁Qu in cy , ▁M . E .. ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Em hardt ▁married ▁actress ▁Mar tha ▁Jones ▁( l ater ▁married ▁name ▁Mar tha ▁R of heart ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁appeared ▁on ▁Broadway ▁in ▁both ▁Har ri et ▁and ▁The ▁Pir ate . ▁After ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁marriage , ▁he ▁married ▁actress ▁Sil via ▁Sid eli ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁named ▁Christopher ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁named ▁M ia . ▁ ▁Em hardt ▁died ▁of ▁heart ▁problems ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁O ja i , ▁California , ▁on ▁December |
▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 0 . ▁ ▁Complete ▁film ography ▁ ▁Marco ▁Mill ions ▁( 1 9 3 9 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁The ▁D ag mar ▁Story ▁( 1 9 5 1 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Pa ▁Lewis ▁The ▁Iron ▁M ist ress ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁- ▁Gen . ▁C un y ▁The ▁Big ▁Kn ife ▁( 1 9 5 5 ) ▁- ▁Bit ▁Part ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ 3 : 1 0 ▁to ▁Y uma ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁- ▁Mr . ▁But ter field , ▁Stage ▁Line ▁O wner ▁All ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Men ▁( 1 9 5 8 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁The ▁Bad land ers ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁- ▁Sample ▁W ake ▁Me ▁When ▁It ' s ▁Over ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁- ▁Jo ab ▁Martin son ▁Under world ▁U . S . A . ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁- ▁Earl ▁Con n ors ▁The ▁In tr uder ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁- ▁Ver ne ▁Sh ip man ▁Kid ▁Gal ah ad ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁- ▁May n ard ▁The ▁Magn ific ent ▁Yan kee ▁( 1 9 6 5 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Henry ▁Adams ▁Diam ond ▁Jim : ▁Sk uld ugg ery ▁in ▁Sam anth a ▁( 1 9 6 5 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Sch ind ler ▁The ▁Group ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) |
▁- ▁Mr . ▁Andrew s ▁Host ile ▁G uns ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁- ▁R . ▁C . ▁C raw ford ▁Where ▁W ere ▁You ▁When ▁the ▁L ights ▁W ent ▁Out ? ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁- ▁Ot is ▁J . ▁Hend ers hot ▁Sr ▁Ras cal ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁- ▁Const able ▁Change ▁of ▁Hab it ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bank er ▁Suppose ▁They ▁G ave ▁a ▁War ▁and ▁Nob ody ▁C ame ? ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁- ▁L ester ▁Cal h oun ▁The ▁Boy ▁Who ▁Sto le ▁the ▁Ele ph ant ▁( 1 9 7 0 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Cy ▁Brown ▁Law man ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁- ▁H ers ham ▁Lock , ▁Stock ▁and ▁Bar rel ▁( 1 9 7 1 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Sam ▁Hart wig ▁Sc or pio ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁- ▁Man ▁in ▁hotel ▁The ▁Stone ▁K iller ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁- ▁F uss y ▁Man ▁Night ▁Games ▁( 1 9 7 4 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Judge ▁Am bro se ▁R ex ▁Harrison ▁Pres ents ▁St ories ▁of ▁Love ▁( 1 9 7 4 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁It ' s ▁A live ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁- ▁The ▁Executive ▁The ▁F . B . I . ▁Story : ▁The ▁F BI ▁Vers us ▁Al vin ▁Kar pis , ▁Public ▁En emy ▁Number ▁One ▁( 1 9 7 4 ▁TV |
▁movie ) ▁- ▁Dr . ▁Will ards ▁Dem on , ▁Dem on ▁( 1 9 7 5 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁Alex ▁& ▁the ▁Gy ps y ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁- ▁Judge ▁Ehr ling er ▁The ▁Cho pped ▁Liver ▁Brothers ▁( 1 9 7 7 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁D uff y ▁F rat ern ity ▁Row ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁- ▁Bro ther ▁Bob ▁A bern ath y ▁It ▁H app ened ▁One ▁Christmas ▁( 1 9 7 7 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Judge ▁The ▁Sen iors ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bishop ▁Die ▁Sister , ▁Die ! ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁- ▁James ▁L end on ▁Price ▁Ple asure ▁C ove ▁( 1 9 7 9 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁F at ▁Man ▁at ▁Bar ▁Institute ▁for ▁Re ven ge ▁( 1 9 7 9 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Senator ▁A unt ▁Mary ▁( 1 9 7 9 ▁TV ▁movie ) ▁- ▁Ber wick ▁For ced ▁Ven ge ance ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁- ▁Carl ▁Ger lich ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Indian apolis ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Pe |
ople ▁from ▁O ja i , ▁California ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁F uz hou ▁or ▁Fu ▁Pref ect ure ▁was ▁a ▁z hou ▁( p ref ect ure ) ▁in ▁imperial ▁China ▁in ▁modern ▁F uj ian , ▁China , ▁se ated ▁in ▁modern ▁F uz hou . ▁It ▁existed ▁( inter mitt ently ) ▁from ▁ 7 2 5 ▁until ▁ 1 2 7 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Ch angle ▁Pref ect ure ▁( 長 <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x82> 府 ) ▁between ▁ 9 3 3 ▁and ▁ 9 4 8 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Min . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁briefly ▁known ▁as ▁Fu ' an ▁Pref ect ure ▁( 福 安 府 ) ▁between ▁ 1 2 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 2 7 7 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ▁pre fect ure - level ▁city ▁F uz hou ▁retain s ▁its ▁name . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : P ref ect ures ▁of ▁the ▁Tang ▁dynast y ▁Category : P ref ect ures ▁of ▁Min ▁Kingdom ▁Category : P ref ect ures ▁of ▁W uy ue ▁Category : P ref ect ures ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁Category : Form er ▁pre fect ures ▁in ▁F uj ian ▁Category : 7 2 5 ▁establish ments ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁China ▁Category : 1 2 7 8 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category |
: 1 3 th - century ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Br anden berger ▁A che ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁Bav aria , ▁Germany , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁K uf stein ▁District , ▁Ty rol , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁long ▁left ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Inn . ▁It ▁starts ▁as ▁the ▁out flow ▁of ▁the ▁Sp itz ing see ▁in ▁southern ▁Bav aria , ▁and ▁flows ▁from ▁North ▁to ▁South ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁R atten berg ▁where ▁it ▁mer ges ▁with ▁the ▁Inn . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Ty rol ▁( state ) ▁Category : Br anden berg ▁Al ps ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Austria ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁women ▁writers ▁who ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁I v ory ▁Coast ▁or ▁whose ▁writ ings ▁are ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁that ▁country . ▁ ▁A ▁Jos ette ▁Ab ond io ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 ), ▁teacher , ▁writer , ▁play w right ▁Mar guer ite ▁Ab ou et ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁com ics ▁writer , ▁illustr ator ▁Anne - Marie ▁Ad ia ff i ▁( 1 9 5 1 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁novel ist ▁ ▁B ▁Ang èle ▁Bass ol é - O u éd ra ogo ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁I vor ian - born ▁Canadian ▁poet |
, ▁journalist ▁Tan ella ▁B oni ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 4 ), ▁poet , ▁journalist ▁ ▁C ▁Mich eline ▁Cou lib aly ▁( 1 9 5 0 – 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Vietnam - born ▁I vor ian ▁short ▁story ▁writer , ▁children ' s ▁writer ▁ ▁D ▁Henri ette ▁Di ab at é ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 5 ), ▁politician , ▁educ ator , ▁writer ▁Jean ne ▁de ▁Cav ally ▁( 1 9 2 6 – 1 9 9 2 ), ▁children ' s ▁book ▁writer ▁ ▁K ▁F at ou ▁Ke ï ta ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁children ' s ▁writer ▁Ad jou a ▁Fl ore ▁K ou am é ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁novel ist ▁ ▁L ▁W ere w ere ▁L ik ing ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁Cam ero on - born ▁novel ist , ▁play w right ▁A ké ▁L oba ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 2 0 1 2 ), ▁novel ist , ▁politician ▁ ▁T ▁V ér on ique ▁T ad jo ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 5 ), ▁poet , ▁novel ist , ▁children ' s ▁writer , ▁illustr ator ▁ ▁- ▁I vor ian ▁women ▁writers , ▁List ▁of ▁Writ ers ▁Women ▁writers , ▁List ▁of ▁I vor ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Operation ▁Manh unt ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁American ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Alexander ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Paul ▁Mon ash . |
▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Harry ▁Town es , ▁Ir ja ▁J ensen , ▁Jacques ▁A ub uch on , ▁Robert ▁Good ier , ▁Albert ▁Miller ▁and ▁Car en ▁Sh af fer . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ized ▁story ▁about ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁defe ction ▁of ▁Ig or ▁G ou zen ko , ▁a ▁former ▁Soviet ▁ci pher ▁cl erk ▁who ▁revealed ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁Soviet ▁agents ▁on ▁Canadian ▁soil . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Ig or ▁G ou zen ko , ▁a ▁crypt ography ▁cl erk ▁at ▁the ▁Soviet ▁emb ass y ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁has ▁defect ed ▁with ▁top ▁secret ▁documents ▁regarding ▁an ▁extensive ▁Soviet ▁esp ion age ▁network ▁in ▁Canada , ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁as yl um ▁with ▁new ▁ident ities ▁for ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁( his ▁wife ▁Kat ya , ▁and ▁his ▁children ▁Jean ▁and ▁Stephen ). ▁However , ▁the ▁G ou zen k os ▁- ▁now ▁living ▁under ▁the ▁assumed ▁name ▁M iel ick ▁- ▁live ▁in ▁constant ▁fear ▁of ▁ret ali ation ▁from ▁their ▁former ▁coun tr ymen . ▁G ou zen ko ▁has ▁been ▁writing ▁a ▁novel ▁about ▁his ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁S ovi ets , ▁with ▁Victor ▁Col lier ▁of ▁the ▁Montreal ▁publishing ▁house ▁Col lier ▁& ▁Grant ▁willing ▁to ▁public ize ▁the ▁manuscript ▁despite ▁Soviet ▁sp ies ▁( one ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁Col lier ' |
s ▁own ▁secretary ) ▁attempting ▁to ▁follow ▁his ▁trail ▁back ▁to ▁G ou zen ko . ▁ ▁About ▁nine ▁years ▁later , ▁Soviet ▁emb ass y ▁agent ▁Cher tok ▁receives ▁Vol ov , ▁a ▁K GB ▁agent ▁using ▁the ▁gu ise ▁of ▁an ▁assistant ▁cl erk . ▁The ▁emb ass y ' s ▁chief ▁military ▁attach é , ▁Colonel ▁Rost ov ich , ▁tasks ▁Vol ov ▁with ▁liquid ating ▁G ou zen ko ▁to ▁qu ell ▁further ▁defe ctions ▁by ▁Soviet ▁officials ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁Vol ov ▁pos es ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁def ector ▁and ▁sends ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁G ou zen ko ▁via ▁Col lier ▁& ▁Grant ▁to ▁ask ▁for ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁him . ▁G ou zen ko ▁meets ▁with ▁Col lier ▁at ▁the ▁M t . ▁Royal ▁Hotel ▁to ▁discuss ▁this , ▁but ▁as ▁Col lier ▁leaves ▁his ▁office , ▁he ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁Soviet ▁agents ▁to ▁the ▁hotel , ▁where ▁they ▁lose ▁his ▁trail ▁due ▁to ▁G ou zen ko ▁having ▁c oded ▁his ▁suite ▁number ▁in ▁his ▁call ▁with ▁Col lier . ▁Upon ▁seeing ▁the ▁message , ▁G ou zen ko ▁dec ides ▁to ▁respond , ▁but ▁suspect ing ▁a ▁trap , ▁he ▁consult s ▁Ins pect or ▁B ouch er ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁police ▁in ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁Upon ▁getting ▁the ▁answer , ▁the ▁S ovi ets ▁prepare ▁their ▁trap , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁can cell ing ▁any ▁further ▁attempts ▁to ▁track ▁G ou zen ko ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁l ull ▁him ▁into ▁a |
▁false ▁sense ▁of ▁security . ▁However , ▁G ou zen ko ▁lear ns ▁from ▁B ouch er ▁about ▁the ▁dis cre pan cies ▁in ▁Vol ov ' s ▁story , ▁and ▁B ouch er ▁agre es ▁to ▁assist ▁him ▁" uno fficial ly ". ▁Col lier ▁press ures ▁Vol ov ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁at ▁Morgan ' s ▁Department ▁Store ▁first , ▁where ▁Vol ov ▁imp at ient ly ▁dem ands ▁another ▁meeting ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁with ▁G ou zen ko ▁himself ▁in ▁Montreal . ▁Despite ▁his ▁growing ▁mis giv ings ▁about ▁Vol ov , ▁G ou zen ko ▁dec ides ▁to ▁go . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁Rost ov ich ▁sends ▁off ▁Vol ov ▁and ▁Cher tok ▁to ▁catch ▁G ou zen ko , ▁holding ▁a ▁threat ▁against ▁their ▁w ives ▁over ▁their ▁heads ▁as ▁an ▁ins urance ▁against ▁diss ention . ▁At ▁the ▁meeting ▁place , ▁a ▁crow ded ▁market , ▁G ou zen ko ▁follows ▁Vol ov ▁through ▁the ▁thr ong ▁of ▁people , ▁as ▁agreed , ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁Jacques ▁Cart ier ▁Bridge ▁to ▁Saint ▁Helen ' s ▁Island . ▁Once ▁in ▁the ▁se clusion ▁of ▁the ▁island ' s ▁park , ▁the ▁amb ush ▁is ▁spr ung ; ▁but ▁instead ▁of ▁killing ▁G ou zen ko , ▁Vol ov , ▁having ▁had ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁heart ▁since ▁his ▁army ▁service ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁having ▁since ▁pl otted ▁his ▁own ▁defe ction , ▁gives ▁him ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Soviet ▁sp ies ▁still ▁operating ▁in ▁Canada , ▁and |
▁Cher tok ▁is ▁arrested ▁by ▁B ouch er . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁after math ▁scene , ▁the ▁real ▁Ig or ▁G ou zen ko , ▁his ▁face ▁hidden , ▁ad ress es ▁the ▁audience , ▁personally ▁emphas izing ▁the ▁danger ▁Soviet ▁def ectors ▁face ▁from ▁their ▁former ▁government ▁and ▁express ing ▁hope ▁that ▁one ▁day ▁these ▁per sec utions ▁will ▁finally ▁ce ase . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Harry ▁Town es ▁as ▁Ig or ▁G ou zen ko / Peter ▁M iel ick ▁Ir ja ▁J ensen ▁as ▁Kat ya ▁G ou zen ko ▁Jacques ▁A ub uch on ▁as ▁Vol ov ▁Robert ▁Good ier ▁as ▁Victor ▁Col lier ▁Albert ▁Miller ▁as ▁Cher tok ▁Car en ▁Sh af fer ▁as ▁Jean ▁G ou zen ko ▁Kenneth ▁Wol fe ▁as ▁Stephen ▁G ou zen ko ▁Will ▁K ulu va ▁as ▁Rost ov ich ▁O v ila ▁L ég ar é ▁as ▁Ins pect or ▁B ouch er ▁Ig or ▁G ou zen ko ▁as ▁Him self ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Oklahoma ▁Tower ▁is ▁a ▁prominent ▁sk ys cra per ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Oklahoma ▁City ' s ▁central ▁business ▁district . ▁It ▁is ▁ 4 3 4 ft ▁( 1 3 2 m ) ▁tall ▁and ▁has ▁ 3 1 ▁flo ors |
. ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁The ▁tower ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁tall est ▁building ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁and ▁ 9 th ▁tall est ▁in ▁Oklahoma . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Oklahoma ▁Tower ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁commercial ▁space ▁of ▁ 6 1 0 , 3 7 5 ▁square ▁feet . ▁The ▁tower ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁for ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁by ▁own ers ▁Roy ▁T . ▁Oliver ▁and ▁Mark ▁Be ff ort . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁it ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁sale ▁with ▁an ▁asking ▁price ▁of ▁$ 6 2 . 5 ▁million . ▁ ▁Current ▁amen ities ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁include ▁ 2 4 ▁hour ▁avail ability , ▁confer encing ▁facility , ▁on site ▁ret ail ▁stores , ▁bank ing , ▁Sky walk ▁connection ▁to ▁par king ▁and ▁several ▁restaur ants . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁Architecture ▁for ▁the ▁Oklahoma ▁Tower ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁Morris - A ub ry . ▁The ▁Morris - A ub ry ▁firm ▁was ▁popular ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁oil ▁bo om , ▁but ▁the ▁firm ▁was ▁later ▁known ▁as ▁Morris ▁Arch itect s . ▁After ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁it ▁became ▁Hu itt - Z oll ars . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tall est ▁buildings ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁List ▁of ▁tall est ▁buildings ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Office ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Category |
: Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁Category : Sk ys cra per ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : I . ▁M . ▁Pe i ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁Le uc an opsis ▁pul vere a ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁William ▁Schaus ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁pul vere a ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Matthew ▁Bart on ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁professional ▁tennis ▁player . ▁Bart on ▁made ▁his ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁W im ble don ▁Championships ▁having ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁draw . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Bart on ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁Northern ▁Be aches ▁of ▁Sydney . ▁He ▁attended ▁St ▁Luke ' s ▁Gram mar ▁School . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Bart on ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁I TF ▁Fut ures ▁title ▁defe ating ▁Samuel ▁Gro th ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁ 7 - 6 ( 3 ) ▁ 6 - 3 . ▁ ▁Bart on ▁played ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Australian ▁Open ▁Wild card ▁Play off ▁defe ating ▁Th an asi ▁K ok kin ak is ▁and ▁Nick ▁K yr g ios . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Bart on ▁defeated ▁Cro at ian ▁I |
vo ▁Kar lo vić ▁ 6 – 7 ( 0 ) ▁ 7 – 6 ( 5 ) ▁ 7 – 6 ( 5 ) ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁Ap ia ▁International ▁Sydney , ▁Then ▁beat ▁T ats uma ▁I to ▁ 7 – 5 ▁ 6 – 1 . ▁Before ▁losing ▁to ▁B jör n ▁Ph au ▁of ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Bart on ▁reached ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open ▁with ▁John ▁Mill man ▁defe ating ▁Mar ink o ▁Mat ose vic ▁and ▁Daniel ▁G im eno - Tra ver ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round . ▁Before ▁losing ▁to ▁Kevin ▁Anderson ▁and ▁Jonathan ▁Er lich . ▁ ▁Bart on ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁ATP ▁Ch allen ger ▁Tour ▁Title ▁in ▁West ▁L akes ▁defe ating ▁the ▁number ▁ 2 ▁British ▁player ▁James ▁Ward ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ 6 – 3 . ▁ ▁Bart on ▁lost ▁round ▁ 1 ▁of ▁qual ification ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁Open , ▁W im ble don ▁and ▁lost ▁to ▁Donald ▁Young ▁at ▁the ▁US ▁Open . ▁Before ▁suffering ▁a ▁kne e ▁injury ▁which ▁forced ▁him ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Bart on ▁lost ▁in ▁round ▁ 1 ▁of ▁qual ifying ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Br is b ane ▁International , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Ap ia ▁International ▁Sydney ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Australian ▁Open ▁in ▁January , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁Ch allen ger ▁and ▁Fut ures |
▁circuit ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁Cro atia . ▁He ▁ended ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁with ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 5 2 4 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Bart on ▁played ▁Ch alleng ers ▁and ▁Fut ures ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁making ▁three ▁final s ▁and ▁winning ▁two ▁of ▁them . ▁He ▁ended ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁with ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 2 9 9 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Bart on ▁comm enced ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁by ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁A uck land . ▁He ▁defeated ▁Steve ▁Johnson ▁first ▁round ▁ 6 - 3 ▁ 3 - 6 ▁ 6 - 3 . ▁Bart on ▁then ▁lost ▁second ▁round ▁to ▁top ▁seed ▁and ▁world ▁number ▁ 8 ▁David ▁Fer rer ▁in ▁straight ▁sets . ▁Bart on ▁qualified ▁for ▁Houston . ▁He ▁defeated ▁Francis ▁T ia fo e ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round ▁before ▁losing ▁to ▁def ending ▁champion ▁Jack ▁So ck ▁second ▁round . ▁In ▁June , ▁Bart on ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁his ▁first ▁main ▁draw ▁grand ▁sl am ▁event ▁at ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁W im ble don ▁Championships , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁number ▁ 1 ▁seed ▁Kar en ▁Kh ach an ov ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁round ▁of ▁qual ifying . ▁In ▁the ▁main ▁draw , ▁Bart on ▁recorded ▁his ▁first ▁ever ▁grand ▁sl am ▁victory ▁over ▁French man ▁Alb ano ▁Oliv etti ▁in ▁ 5 ▁thr illing ▁sets ▁ 6 - 7 ( 7 ) ▁ 7 - |
6 ( 5 ) ▁ 6 - 3 ▁ 6 - 7 ( 5 ) ▁ 1 4 - 1 2 . ▁Bart on ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁John ▁Is ner ▁second ▁round ▁ 6 - 7 ( 8 ) ▁ 6 - 7 ( 3 ) ▁ 6 - 3 ▁ 7 - 5 ▁▁ 1 3 - 1 5 . ▁Bart on ▁ended ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁a ▁ ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁In ▁January , ▁Bart on ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Ap ia ▁International ▁Sydney ▁alongside ▁fellow ▁Northern ▁Be aches ▁local ▁Christopher ▁O ' Con nell . ▁He ▁ups et ▁K yle ▁Edmund ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round ▁on ▁centre ▁court ▁ 7 - 6 ( 3 ) ▁ 7 - 6 ( 5 ). ▁Before ▁losing ▁to ▁event ual ▁champion ▁G illes ▁M ull er ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁final s ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 4 ▁( 5 – 1 ) ▁ ▁Grand ▁S lam ▁results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sydney ▁Category : T ennis ▁people ▁from ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Wild life ▁includes ▁all ▁non - dom estic ated ▁plants , ▁animals , ▁and ▁other ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁Wild life ▁or ▁Wild ▁Life ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Mag az ines |
▁▁ ▁BBC ▁Wild life ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( mag azine ), ▁Australian ▁natural ▁history ▁magazine ▁published ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁Music ▁▁ ▁Wild life ▁( band ), ▁Toronto ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁band ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( W ings ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( P up il ▁album ) ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( M ott ▁the ▁Ho ople ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( An th ony ▁Phill ips ▁and ▁Jo ji ▁H iro ta ▁album ) ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( G irl school ▁EP ), ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁ ▁The ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( album ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁band ▁S la ugh ter ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( The ▁Cr ash ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( La ▁Dis put e ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( Head light s ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( J oe ▁Morris ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( H ed ley ▁album ), ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁" The ▁Wild ▁Life " ▁( song ), ▁by ▁Ban an ar ama ▁ ▁" W ild ▁Life " ▁( Jack ▁& ▁Jack ▁song ), ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁" W ild ▁Life ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Captain ▁Be ef heart ▁from ▁Tr out ▁M ask ▁Rep lica ▁ |
▁" The ▁Wild ▁Life ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁V ac ation er ▁( band ) ▁on ▁their ▁album ▁Rel ief . ▁ ▁Film ▁and ▁television ▁▁ ▁The ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁American ▁film ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( con cert ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁concert ▁tour ▁by ▁H ik aru ▁Ut ada ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( 2 0 1 1 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁animated ▁short ▁Wend y ▁T il by ▁and ▁Am anda ▁For bis ▁ ▁" W ild life " ▁( L aw ▁& ▁Order : ▁Special ▁Vict ims ▁Unit ), ▁a ▁ 1 0 th - season ▁episode ▁of ▁Law ▁& ▁Order : ▁Special ▁Vict ims ▁Unit ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( 2 0 1 4 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁French - Bel g ian ▁drama ▁film ▁ ▁Robinson ▁Cr us oe ▁( 2 0 1 6 ▁film ), ▁a ▁Belg ian - F rench ▁animated ▁film ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁as ▁The ▁Wild ▁Life ▁ ▁Wild life ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁drama ▁film ▁by ▁Paul ▁D ano ▁ ▁Other ▁▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( com ic ▁anth ology ), ▁a ▁fur ry ▁anth ology ▁com ic ▁book ▁published ▁by ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Press ▁ ▁Wild ▁Life ▁( m anga ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁m anga , ▁created ▁by ▁Mas ato ▁F uj is aki , ▁about ▁a ▁del in quent ▁who ▁is ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁veter |
in arian ▁Wild life ▁( nov el ), ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ford ▁and ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁White ▁Hor se ▁is ▁a ▁grade ▁II ▁listed ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁White hor se ▁Lane , ▁Burn ham ▁Green , ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁D atch worth ▁in ▁H ert ford shire . ▁The ▁building ▁dates ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Che qu ers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Pub s ▁in ▁H ert ford shire ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁pub s ▁in ▁England ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁H ert ford shire <0x0A> </s> ▁C ante en ▁Bre wh ouse ▁( former ly ▁Il ▁Vic ino ▁B rew ing ▁Company ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁craft ▁bre wer y ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁History ▁Origin ally ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Al bu quer que ▁Nob ▁Hill ▁location ▁of ▁Il ▁Vic ino ▁Wood ▁O ven ▁P izza ▁restaurant , ▁found ing ▁partners ▁Greg ▁At kin , ▁Rick ▁Post ▁and ▁Thomas ▁White , ▁along ▁with ▁former ▁partner ▁Tom ▁H enn ess y , ▁currently ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Colorado ▁Boy ▁B rew ing , ▁recognized ▁restaurant ▁customer ▁wishes ▁for ▁craft ▁be er ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁their ▁p izza . ▁They ▁created ▁their ▁first ▁be er , ▁Old ▁Route ▁ 6 6 ▁Golden ▁Ale , |
▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁months , ▁H enn ess y ▁needed ▁help ▁with ▁the ▁growing ▁bre wing ▁ende avor , ▁rec ruit ing ▁Br ady ▁Mc Ke own , ▁then ▁a ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico ▁student . ▁Mc Ke own ▁studied ▁under ▁H enn ess y , ▁receiving ▁ground - up ▁education ▁in ▁craft ▁bre wing , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁Il ▁Vic ino ' s ▁Head ▁Bre wer . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Il ▁Vic ino ' s ▁W et ▁Mountain ▁IP A ▁earned ▁the ▁young ▁bre wers ▁their ▁first ▁Great ▁American ▁Be er ▁Festival ▁medal , ▁starting ▁a ▁nearly ▁two - de cade ▁pro gression ▁of ▁achiev ements ▁for ▁the ▁bre wer y ▁and ▁Mc Ke own . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁partners ▁opened ▁the ▁Il ▁Vic ino ▁Bre wer y ▁( IV B ) ▁C ante en ▁tap room ▁in ▁Al bu quer que ' s ▁Bre wer y ▁District . ▁The ▁ 6 , 5 0 0 - square - foot ▁bre wing ▁facility ▁also ▁features ▁an ▁out door ▁pat io , ▁food ▁menu ▁and ▁live ▁music . ▁ ▁Awards ▁C ante en ▁Bre wh ouse / Il ▁Vic ino ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁has ▁gar ner ed ▁ 1 3 ▁Great ▁American ▁Be er ▁Festival ▁med als , ▁seven ▁World ▁Be er ▁Cup ▁med als , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁six - time ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Mexico ▁IP A ▁Challenge . ▁ ▁In ▁all |
, ▁the ▁bre wer y ▁has ▁won ▁over ▁ 1 1 5 ▁local , ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁awards , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁Al bu quer que ▁bre wer y ▁still ▁in ▁business . ▁ ▁Most ▁recently , ▁C ante en ▁Bre wh ouse ▁won ▁two ▁awards ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Great ▁American ▁Be er ▁Festival ▁- ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁in ▁the ▁American - Style ▁Am ber / Red ▁Ale ▁category ▁for ▁Doug ie ▁Style ▁Am ber ▁Ale , ▁and ▁Silver ▁Medal ▁in ▁the ▁A ged ▁Be er ▁category ▁for ▁Saint ▁Bob ' s ▁Imperial ▁St out ▁' 0 7 . ▁ ▁Name ▁change ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Il ▁Vic ino ▁B rew ing ▁Company ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁C ante en ▁Bre wh ouse . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Al bu quer que ▁craft ▁be er ▁market ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁bre wer ies ▁in ▁New ▁Mexico ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁micro bre wer ies ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Be er ▁bre wing ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Dr inking ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : R estaur ants ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : F ood ▁and ▁drink ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
9 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁inf ra orb ital ▁ar tery ▁is ▁an ▁ar tery ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁that ▁branches ▁off ▁the ▁max ill ary ▁ar tery , ▁emer ging ▁through ▁the ▁inf ra orb ital ▁for amen , ▁just ▁under ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁the ▁eye . ▁ ▁Cour se ▁The ▁inf ra orb ital ▁ar tery ▁appears , ▁from ▁its ▁direction , ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁tr unk ▁of ▁the ▁max ill ary ▁ar tery , ▁but ▁often ▁ar ises ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁posterior ▁superior ▁al ve olar ▁ar tery . ▁ ▁It ▁runs ▁along ▁the ▁inf ra orb ital ▁gro ove ▁and ▁canal ▁with ▁the ▁inf ra orb ital ▁n erve , ▁and ▁emer ges ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁through ▁the ▁inf ra orb ital ▁for amen , ▁beneath ▁the ▁inf ra orb ital ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁lev ator ▁lab ii ▁superior is ▁mus cle . ▁ ▁Branch es ▁While ▁in ▁the ▁canal , ▁it ▁gives ▁off ▁▁ ▁( a ) ▁orb ital ▁branches ▁which ▁assist ▁in ▁supp lying ▁the ▁inferior ▁rect us ▁and ▁inferior ▁ob lique ▁and ▁the ▁la cr imal ▁sac , ▁and ▁ ▁( b ) ▁anterior ▁superior ▁al ve olar ▁ar ter ies ▁- ▁branches ▁which ▁descend ▁through ▁the ▁anterior ▁al ve olar ▁can als ▁to ▁supply ▁the ▁upper ▁in cis or ▁and ▁can ine ▁teeth ▁and |
▁the ▁m uc ous ▁memb rane ▁of ▁the ▁max ill ary ▁sin us . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁face , ▁some ▁branches ▁pass ▁up ward ▁to ▁the ▁med ial ▁angle ▁of ▁the ▁orbit ▁and ▁the ▁la cr imal ▁sac , ▁an ast om osing ▁with ▁the ▁angular ▁ar tery , ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁fa cial ▁ar tery ; ▁others ▁run ▁toward ▁the ▁nose , ▁an ast om osing ▁with ▁the ▁d ors al ▁nas al ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁o ph th al mic ▁ar tery ; ▁and ▁others ▁descend ▁between ▁the ▁lev ator ▁lab ii ▁superior is ▁and ▁the ▁lev ator ▁ang uli ▁or is , ▁and ▁an ast om ose ▁with ▁the ▁fa cial ▁ar tery , ▁trans verse ▁fa cial ▁ar tery , ▁and ▁bu cc al ▁ar tery . ▁ ▁The ▁four ▁remaining ▁branches ▁arise ▁from ▁that ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁max ill ary ▁ar tery ▁which ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁p ter yg op al at ine ▁f ossa . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁images ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁() ▁ ▁Category : Ar ter ies ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁and ▁neck <0x0A> </s> ▁Gilbert ▁Tal bot , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron ▁Tal bot ▁( c . ▁ 1 3 3 2 – 1 3 8 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁no blem an ▁and ▁soldier . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grand father ▁of ▁John ▁Tal bot , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁Tal bot ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁of ▁Richard |
▁Tal bot , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Tal bot ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Elizabeth ▁de ▁Com yn . ▁The ▁Tal bot ▁family ▁had ▁been ▁locally ▁prominent ▁in ▁Here ford shire ▁since ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Henry ▁II ▁of ▁England , ▁and ▁had ▁blood ▁connections ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁and ▁Scottish ▁nob ility . ▁His ▁father ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 6 , ▁resulting ▁in ▁his ▁succession ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁Baron ▁Tal bot . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁ ▁Tal bot ▁served ▁in ▁several ▁English ▁military ▁campaign s . ▁He ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁H undred ▁Years ▁War ▁under ▁the ▁Black ▁Prince , ▁and ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁royal ▁fleet ▁under ▁Admir al ▁Michael ▁de ▁la ▁P ole , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Su ff olk . ▁During ▁the ▁Pe as ants ' ▁Revol t , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁commission ers ▁task ed ▁with ▁raising ▁forces ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁reb els . ▁He ▁served ▁under ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁in ▁Portugal ▁and ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 1 – 1 3 8 2 , ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁H igu era ▁la ▁Real . ▁During ▁this ▁I ber ian ▁service , ▁he ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁amb assador ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁forces ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁Portugal ▁to ▁demand ▁their ▁w ages . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁England , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁New castle ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 5 ▁for ▁service ▁against ▁the ▁Sc ots . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁with ▁John |
▁of ▁Ga unt ▁when ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁pressing ▁his ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁Cast ile . ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁pl ague ▁while ▁in ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 7 . ▁ ▁Mar ri ages ▁and ▁children ▁ ▁Tal bot ▁was ▁married ▁twice . ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 3 6 1 , ▁he ▁married ▁Pet ron illa , ▁daughter ▁of ▁James ▁Butler , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Or mond ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Ele an or ▁de ▁Boh un . ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁children : ▁ ▁Richard ▁Tal bot , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron ▁Tal bot , ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁Tal bot , ▁who ▁married ▁Henry ▁Grey , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron ▁Grey ▁de ▁Wil ton ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁second ly ▁Joan , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ralph ▁de ▁Staff ord , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Staff ord ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Margaret ▁de ▁Aud ley , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ess ▁Aud ley . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁ ▁Tal bot ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 3 8 7 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Richard . ▁He ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁spend th rift , ▁and ▁left ▁significant ▁deb ts ▁at ▁his ▁death . ▁A ▁year ▁earlier , ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁p ardon ed ▁for ▁out law ry ▁after ▁failing ▁to ▁answer ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁A rund el ▁concerning ▁a ▁deb t ▁of ▁£ 3 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁economic ▁problems ▁he ▁left ▁behind ▁were ▁still ▁affect ing ▁the ▁Tal bot ▁family |
▁in ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁grand son , ▁the ▁fifth ▁baron . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 3 8 7 ▁death s ▁Gilbert ▁Category : Bar ons ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁England ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁death s ▁from ▁pl ague ▁( d ise ase ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain <0x0A> </s> ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁ha ze ▁that ▁can ▁occur ▁in ▁materials : ▁Ref lection ▁ha ze ▁occurs ▁when ▁light ▁is ▁reflected ▁from ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁material . ▁Trans mission ▁ha ze ▁occurs ▁when ▁light ▁passes ▁through ▁a ▁material . ▁ ▁The ▁measurement ▁and ▁control ▁of ▁both ▁types ▁during ▁manufact ure ▁is ▁essential ▁to ▁ensure ▁optim um ▁quality , ▁accept ability ▁and ▁suit ability ▁for ▁ ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁product . ▁For ▁instance , ▁in ▁autom ot ive ▁manufact uring , ▁a ▁high ▁quality ▁reflect ive ▁appearance ▁is ▁des irable ▁with ▁low ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁and ▁high ▁contrast ▁whilst ▁in ▁pack aging ▁clear , ▁low ▁ha ze , ▁highly ▁trans miss ive ▁films ▁are ▁required ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁contents , ▁food s ▁etc ., ▁can ▁be ▁clearly ▁observed . ▁ ▁Ref lection ▁Haz e ▁▁ ▁Ref lection ▁Haz e ▁is ▁an ▁optical ▁phenomen on ▁usually ▁associated ▁with ▁high ▁gl oss ▁surfaces , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁surface ▁problem ▁that ▁can ▁affect ▁appearance ▁quality . ▁ ▁The ▁reflection ▁from ▁an ▁ideal ▁high ▁gl oss ▁surface ▁should ▁be ▁clear ▁and ▁radi ant , ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁scatter ing ▁at ▁imper fe ctions |
▁in ▁the ▁surface ▁caused ▁by ▁micro scop ic ▁structures ▁or ▁text ures ▁( ≈ ▁ 0 . 0 1 ▁mm ▁w avel ength ) ▁the ▁reflection ▁can ▁appear ▁mil ky ▁or ▁ha zy ▁reducing ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁its ▁overall ▁visual ▁appearance . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁C aus es ▁of ▁this ▁could ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁factors ▁– ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Po or ▁disp ersion ▁ ▁Method ▁of ▁applying ▁the ▁co ating ▁ ▁Vari ations ▁in ▁dry ing , ▁cur ing ▁or ▁b aking ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁materials ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁form ulation ▁ ▁Pol ishing ▁or ▁ab ras ion ▁ ▁A ▁high ▁gl oss ▁surface ▁with ▁ha ze ▁exhib its ▁a ▁mil ky ▁finish ▁with ▁low ▁reflect ive ▁contrast - ▁reflected ▁highlight s ▁and ▁low light s ▁are ▁less ▁pron ounced . ▁On ▁surfaces ▁with ▁ha ze , ▁hal os ▁are ▁visible ▁around ▁the ▁ref lections ▁of ▁strong ▁light ▁sources . ▁ ▁Me asure ment ▁ ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁is ▁primarily ▁defined ▁under ▁three ▁International ▁test ▁standards : ▁ ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁▁ ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁compr ises ▁three ▁test ▁methods : ▁ ▁Test ▁method ▁A ▁spec ifies ▁a ▁ 3 0 ° ▁angle ▁for ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁measurement , ▁ 2 8 ° ▁or ▁ 3 2 ° ▁for ▁narrow - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁and ▁ 2 5 ° ▁or ▁ 3 5 ° ▁for ▁wide - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement . ▁ ▁Test |
▁method ▁B ▁spec ifies ▁a ▁ 2 0 ° ▁angle ▁for ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁measurement ▁and ▁ 1 8 . 1 ° ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 9 ° ▁for ▁narrow - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement . ▁ ▁Test ▁method ▁C ▁spec ifies ▁a ▁ 3 0 ° ▁angle ▁for ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁measurement , ▁ 2 8 ° ▁or ▁ 3 2 ° ▁for ▁narrow - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁and ▁ 1 5 ° ▁wide - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement . ▁ ▁A ST M ▁D 4 0 3 9 ▁▁ ▁Test ▁method ▁spec ifies ▁gl oss ▁measurements ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁at ▁ 2 0 ° ▁and ▁ 6 0 ° , ▁the ▁ha ze ▁index ▁is ▁then ▁calculated ▁as ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁ 6 0 ° ▁and ▁ 2 0 ° ▁measurements . ▁ ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 8 0 3 ▁▁ ▁Test ▁method ▁spec ifies ▁a ▁ 2 0 ° ▁angle ▁for ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁measurement ▁and ▁ 1 8 . 1 ° ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 9 ° ▁for ▁narrow - angle ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁measurement . ▁ ▁All ▁test ▁methods ▁specify ▁that ▁measurements ▁should ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁visible ▁light ▁according ▁to ▁C IE ▁spectral ▁l umin ous ▁efficiency ▁function ▁V ( λ ) ▁in ▁the ▁C IE ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁standard ▁observer ▁and ▁C IE ▁standard ▁ill umin ant ▁C . ▁ ▁As ▁most ▁commer cially ▁available ▁gl oss met ers ▁have ▁gl oss ▁measurement ▁angles ▁of |
▁ 2 0 ° , ▁ 6 0 ° ▁and ▁ 8 5 ° ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁is ▁incorpor ated ▁at ▁either ▁ 2 0 ° ▁( ISO ▁ 1 3 8 0 3 ▁/ ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁method ▁B ) ▁or ▁at ▁ 2 0 ° ▁and ▁ 6 0 ° ▁( ▁A ST M ▁D 4 0 3 9 ). ▁There ▁are ▁however ▁some ▁manufact ur ers ▁that ▁offer ▁gl oss met ers ▁with ▁measurement ▁angles ▁of ▁ 3 0 ° ▁and ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁Method ▁A ▁and ▁C ▁but ▁are ▁fewer ▁in ▁number , ▁therefore ▁for ▁the ▁purposes ▁of ▁detail ing ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁theory ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁methods ▁will ▁be ▁included . ▁ ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 8 0 3 ▁/ ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁method ▁B ▁ ▁Both ▁test ▁methods ▁measure ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁and ▁ha ze ▁together ▁at ▁ 2 0 ° ▁that ▁means ▁light ▁is ▁transm itted ▁and ▁received ▁at ▁an ▁equal ▁but ▁opposite ▁angle ▁of ▁ 2 0 ° . ▁ ▁Spec ular ▁gl oss ▁is ▁measured ▁over ▁an ▁angular ▁range ▁that ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁a pert ure ▁dimensions ▁as ▁defined ▁in ▁A ST M ▁Test ▁Method ▁D 5 2 3 . ▁The ▁angular ▁measurement ▁range ▁for ▁this ▁at ▁ 2 0 ° ▁is ▁ ± 0 . 9 ° ▁( 1 9 . 1 ° ▁- ▁ 2 0 . 9 ° ). ▁For |
▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁additional ▁sens ors ▁are ▁used ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁this ▁range ▁at ▁ 1 8 . 1 ° ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 9 ° ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁the ▁scattered ▁light . ▁Both ▁solid ▁colours ▁and ▁those ▁containing ▁met all ics ▁can ▁be ▁measured ▁using ▁this ▁method ▁provided ▁ha ze ▁compens ation ▁is ▁used ▁( as ▁detailed ▁later ). ▁ ▁A ST M ▁D 4 0 3 9 ▁ ▁This ▁method ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁used ▁on ▁non met all ic ▁materials ▁having ▁a ▁ 6 0 ° ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁value ▁greater ▁than ▁ 7 0 ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁A ST M ▁Test ▁Method ▁D 5 2 3 ▁/ ▁ISO ▁ 2 8 1 3 . ▁Haz e ▁Index ▁is ▁calculated ▁from ▁gl oss ▁measurements ▁made ▁at ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 6 0 ▁degrees ▁as ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁measurements ▁( HI ▁= ▁G 6 0 - G 2 0 ). ▁ ▁As ▁measurements ▁of ▁spec ular ▁gl oss ▁depend ▁largely ▁on ▁the ▁ref ract ive ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁being ▁measured ▁ 2 0 ° ▁gl oss ▁will ▁change ▁more ▁notice ably ▁than ▁ 6 0 ° ▁gl oss , ▁therefore ▁as ▁ha ze ▁index ▁is ▁calculated ▁using ▁these ▁two ▁measurements ▁it ▁too ▁will ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁ref ract ive ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁material . ▁E valu ations ▁of ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁using ▁this ▁test ▁method ▁are ▁therefore ▁conf ined ▁to ▁samples ▁of ▁roughly ▁the ▁same ▁ref ract ive ▁index . ▁ ▁Haz |
e ▁compens ation ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁the ▁colour ▁( l umin ous ▁reflect ance ) ▁of ▁a ▁material ▁can ▁greatly ▁influence ▁the ▁measurement ▁of ▁reflection ▁ha ze . ▁As ▁colour ▁and ▁ha ze ▁are ▁both ▁components ▁of ▁scattered ▁light ▁( diff use ▁reflect ance ) ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁separated ▁so ▁that ▁only ▁the ▁ha ze ▁value ▁is ▁quant ified ; ▁this ▁is ▁also ▁true ▁for ▁met all ics ▁or ▁coat ings ▁containing ▁met all ic ▁p ig ments ▁where ▁a ▁higher ▁scatter ing ▁exists . ▁ ▁As ▁test ▁method ▁A ST M ▁D 4 0 3 9 ▁is ▁only ▁suitable ▁for ▁non met all ic ▁materials ▁of ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁the ▁same ▁ref ract ive ▁index ▁separation ▁of ▁the ▁colour ▁and ▁ha ze ▁components ▁is ▁not ▁detailed . ▁Haz e ▁index ▁calculations ▁and ▁measurements ▁using ▁this ▁test ▁method ▁will ▁therefore ▁produce ▁higher ▁ha ze ▁results ▁on ▁br ighter ▁col oured ▁materials ▁than ▁dark er ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁level ▁of ▁ha ze ▁present . ▁The ▁chart ▁below ▁shows ▁these ▁differences ▁for ▁various ▁colours :- ▁ ▁Both ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 8 0 3 ▁and ▁A ST M ▁E 4 3 0 ▁method ▁B ▁require ▁a ▁separate ▁measurement ▁of ▁l umin ous ▁reflect ance , ▁Y , ▁to ▁calculate ▁compens ated ▁ha ze . ▁The ▁tri - st im ulus ▁value ▁Y ▁gives ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁light ness ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁as ▁defined ▁in ▁ISO ▁ 7 7 2 4 - 2 ▁requiring ▁a ▁ 4 5 ° / 0 |
° ▁geometry ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁standard ▁ill umin ant ▁C ▁and ▁ 2 ° ▁observer ▁( although ▁it ▁is ▁mentioned ▁that ▁slightly ▁different ▁conditions ▁will ▁not ▁result ▁in ▁significant ▁errors ). ▁L umin ous ▁reflect ance ▁measurements , ▁Y , ▁are ▁required ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁sample ▁material ▁and ▁a ▁reference ▁white ; ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 8 0 3 ▁details ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁Ba SO 4 ▁standard ▁- ▁B arium ▁sul ph ate , ▁a ▁white ▁cry st all ine ▁solid ▁having ▁a ▁white ▁op aque ▁appearance ▁and ▁high ▁density ▁as ▁this ▁material ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁substitute ▁for ▁a ▁perfectly ▁reflect ing ▁diffus or ▁as ▁defined ▁under ▁ISO ▁ 7 7 2 4 - 2 . ▁ ▁Comp ens ated ▁ha ze ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁calculated ▁as ▁- ▁ ▁H ▁Comp ▁= ▁H ▁Linear ▁– ▁Y ▁Sample ▁/ ▁Y ▁Ba SO 4 ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁ISO ▁/ ▁A ST M ▁method ▁therefore ▁to ▁measure ▁l umin ous ▁reflect ance ▁produces ▁a ▁reliable ▁measurement ▁of ▁Y ▁for ▁non - met all ic ▁surfaces ▁as ▁the ▁diff use ▁component ▁is ▁l am bert ian , ▁i . e . ▁it ▁is ▁equal ▁in ▁amplitude ▁at ▁all ▁angles ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁sample ▁surface . ▁ ▁However , ▁for ▁met all ic ▁coat ings ▁and ▁those ▁containing ▁special ity ▁p ig ments , ▁as ▁the ▁particles ▁within ▁the ▁co ating ▁reflect ▁the ▁light ▁direction ally ▁around ▁the ▁spec ular ▁angle , ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁met all ic ▁reflection ▁is ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁angle ▁at |
▁which ▁the ▁lum inos ity ▁is ▁measured , ▁therefore ▁these ▁types ▁of ▁coat ings ▁have ▁an ▁unexpected ly ▁high ▁ha ze ▁reading . ▁ ▁Using ▁a ▁measurement ▁angle ▁which ▁is ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁region ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁ha ze ▁angle ▁has ▁proven ▁successful ▁in ▁providing ▁compatible ▁read ings ▁on ▁solid ▁colours ▁and ▁also ▁compens ating ▁for ▁direction al ▁reflection ▁from ▁met all ic ▁coat ings ▁and ▁special ity ▁p ig ments ▁ ▁App lications ▁▁ ▁Gener ally ▁measurement ▁of ▁reflection ▁ha ze ▁is ▁conf ined ▁to ▁high ▁gl oss ▁pain ts ▁and ▁coat ings ▁and ▁highly ▁pol ished ▁met als . ▁Although ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁some ▁degree ▁of ▁success ▁using ▁this ▁measurement ▁method ▁for ▁films ▁it ▁has ▁proven ▁un re li able ▁due ▁to ▁vari ability ▁caused ▁by ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁thick ness ▁( internal ▁ref raction ▁variations ) ▁and ▁the ▁background ▁colour ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁film ▁sample ▁is ▁placed . ▁Gener ally ▁ha ze ▁measurement ▁of ▁films ▁is ▁performed ▁using ▁a ▁transmission ▁type ▁ha zem eter ▁as ▁described ▁here after . ▁ ▁Trans mission ▁Haz e ▁ ▁Light ▁and ▁transparent ▁materials ▁▁ ▁When ▁light ▁strik es ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁transparent ▁material ▁the ▁following ▁interactions ▁occur ▁– ▁ ▁• <0x09> Light ▁is ▁reflected ▁from ▁the ▁front ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁ ▁• <0x09> Some ▁light ▁is ▁ref ract ed ▁within ▁the ▁material ▁( dep ending ▁on ▁thick ness ) ▁and ▁reflected ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁surface ▁ ▁• <0x09> Light ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁material ▁at ▁an ▁angle ▁which ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁the |
▁ref ract ive ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁and ▁the ▁angle ▁of ▁ill um ination . ▁ ▁The ▁light ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁transparent ▁material ▁can ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁irregular ities ▁within ▁it ; ▁these ▁can ▁include ▁poor ly ▁dispers ed ▁particles , ▁cont amin ants ▁( i . e . ▁dust ▁particles ) ▁and / or ▁air ▁spaces . ▁This ▁causes ▁the ▁light ▁to ▁scatter ▁in ▁different ▁directions ▁from ▁the ▁normal ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁which ▁being ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁size ▁and ▁number ▁of ▁irregular ities ▁present . ▁Small ▁irregular ities ▁cause ▁the ▁light ▁to ▁scatter , ▁or ▁diff use , ▁in ▁all ▁directions ▁whilst ▁large ▁ones ▁cause ▁the ▁light ▁to ▁be ▁scattered ▁forward ▁in ▁a ▁narrow ▁cone ▁shape . ▁These ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁scatter ing ▁behaviour ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁W ide ▁Ang le ▁Sc atter ing , ▁which ▁causes ▁ha ze ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁trans miss ive ▁contrast , ▁and ▁N arrow ▁Ang le ▁Sc atter ing ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁clar ity ▁or ▁the ▁" see ▁through ▁quality " ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁reduction ▁of ▁sharp ness . ▁ ▁These ▁factors ▁are ▁therefore ▁important ▁for ▁defining ▁the ▁transm itting ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁transparent ▁material - ▁ ▁Trans mission ▁– ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁light ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁material ▁without ▁being ▁scattered ▁ ▁Haz e ▁– ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁light ▁that ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁W ide ▁Ang le ▁Sc atter ing ▁( At ▁an ▁angle ▁greater ▁than ▁ 2 . 5 ° ▁from ▁normal ▁( AST M ▁D 1 |
0 0 3 )) ▁ ▁Clar ity ▁– ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁light ▁that ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁N arrow ▁Area ▁Sc atter ing ▁( At ▁an ▁angle ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 . 5 ° ▁from ▁normal ) ▁ ▁Me asure ment ▁▁ ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁these ▁factors ▁is ▁defined ▁in ▁two ▁International ▁test ▁standards - ▁ ▁A ST M ▁D 1 0 0 3 ▁▁ ▁A ST M ▁D 1 0 0 3 ▁compr ises ▁two ▁test ▁methods : ▁ ▁Pro cedure ▁A ▁– ▁using ▁a ▁Haz em eter ▁ ▁Pro cedure ▁B ▁– ▁using ▁a ▁Spect roph ot ometer ▁ ▁B S ▁EN ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 4 6 8 ▁Part s ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁▁ ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Using ▁a ▁single ▁beam ▁Haz em eter ▁ ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁– ▁Using ▁a ▁dual ▁beam ▁Haz em eter ▁ ▁The ▁test ▁methods ▁specify ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁Haz em eter ▁as ▁shown ▁below ▁- ▁ ▁A ▁col lim ated ▁beam ▁of ▁light ▁from ▁a ▁light ▁source ▁( AST M ▁D 1 0 0 3 ▁- ▁Ill umin ant ▁C , ▁B S ▁EN ▁ISO ▁ 1 3 4 6 8 ▁Part s ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁- ▁Ill umin ant ▁D 6 5 ▁) ▁passes ▁through ▁a ▁sample ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁entrance ▁port ▁of ▁an ▁integr ating ▁sphere . ▁ ▁The ▁light , ▁which ▁is ▁uniformly ▁distributed ▁by ▁a ▁mat te ▁white ▁highly ▁reflect ive ▁co ating ▁on ▁the ▁sphere ▁walls , ▁is ▁measured ▁by ▁a ▁phot od |
et ector ▁position ed ▁at ▁ 9 0 ° ▁from ▁the ▁entrance ▁port . ▁A ▁b aff le ▁mounted ▁between ▁the ▁phot od et ector ▁and ▁the ▁entrance ▁port ▁prevents ▁direct ▁expos ure ▁from ▁the ▁port . ▁ ▁The ▁exit ▁port ▁immediately ▁opposite ▁the ▁entrance ▁port ▁contains ▁a ▁light ▁trap ▁to ▁abs orb ▁all ▁light ▁from ▁the ▁light ▁source ▁when ▁no ▁sample ▁is ▁present . ▁A ▁sh utter ▁in ▁this ▁exit ▁port ▁co ated ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁co ating ▁as ▁the ▁sphere ▁walls ▁allows ▁the ▁port ▁to ▁be ▁opened ▁and ▁closed ▁as ▁required . ▁ ▁Total ▁trans mitt ance ▁is ▁measured ▁with ▁the ▁exit ▁port ▁closed . ▁ ▁Trans mitt ance ▁ha ze ▁is ▁measured ▁with ▁the ▁exit ▁port ▁open . ▁ ▁Com mer cially ▁available ▁Haz em eters ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁perform ▁both ▁measurements ▁automatically , ▁the ▁only ▁operator ▁interaction ▁being ▁the ▁pla cement ▁of ▁the ▁sample ▁material ▁on ▁the ▁measurement ▁( ent rance ) ▁port ▁of ▁the ▁device . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁G loss ▁( p aint ) ▁ ▁Visual ▁appearance ▁ ▁Dist inct ness ▁of ▁image ▁ ▁Trans par ency ▁meter ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ref lection ▁Haz e ▁measurement ▁theory ▁ ▁Category : Opt ical ▁phen omena <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁cold ▁drop ▁( , ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁arch a ic ▁meteor ological ▁term ▁used ▁popular ly ▁in ▁Spain ▁which ▁has ▁commonly ▁come ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁any ▁high ▁impact ▁ra inf all ▁events ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁the ▁aut umn ▁along ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Mediter rane an ▁coast . |
▁ ▁In ▁its ▁classic ▁sense ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁closed ▁upper - level ▁low ▁which ▁has ▁become ▁completely ▁disp la ced ▁( cut ▁off ) ▁from ▁basic ▁w ester ly ▁current , ▁and ▁moves ▁independently ▁of ▁that ▁current . ▁Cold ▁dro ps ▁may ▁remain ▁nearly ▁station ary ▁for ▁days , ▁or ▁on ▁occasion ▁may ▁move ▁west ward ▁opposite ▁to ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁flow ▁al o ft ▁( i . e ., ▁retro gression ). ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁meteor ological ▁phenomen on ▁associated . ▁In ▁Spain , ▁it ▁appears ▁when ▁a ▁front ▁of ▁very ▁cold ▁polar ▁air , ▁a ▁jet ▁stream , ▁adv ances ▁slowly ▁over ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁at ▁high ▁alt itude ▁( norm ally ▁ 5 – 9 km ▁or ▁ 3 – 5 . 5 mi ). ▁ ▁In ▁modern ▁usage ▁the ▁term ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁any ▁high ▁impact ▁ra inf all ▁event ▁during ▁the ▁Aut umn ▁along ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁coast ▁of ▁Spain ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁analog ous ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁" E pisode ▁Ce ven ol ", ▁or ▁Mediter rane an ▁E pisode . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁case ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁sudden ▁cut ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁stream ▁takes ▁place , ▁caused ▁by ▁various ▁reasons , ▁like ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁press ures , ▁a ▁pocket ▁of ▁cold ▁air ▁det aches ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁jet ▁stream , ▁pen etr ating ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁over ▁the ▁Py ren ees ▁into ▁the ▁warm ▁air ▁in ▁Spain , ▁causing ▁its ▁most ▁dram atic |
▁effects ▁in ▁the ▁S out heast ▁of ▁Spain , ▁particularly ▁along ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Mediter rane an ▁coast , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁Val enci an ▁Community . ▁ ▁This ▁phenomen on ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁extremely ▁violent ▁down p ours ▁and ▁storm s , ▁with ▁wind ▁spe eds ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 – 2 0 0 km ▁( 6 0 – 1 2 0 mi )/ hour , ▁but ▁not ▁always ▁accompanied ▁by ▁significant ▁ra inf all . ▁For ▁this ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁that ▁the ▁high ▁atmos pher ic ▁tor r ential ▁rain ▁inst ability ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁air ▁layers ▁to ▁combine ▁with ▁a ▁significant ▁amount ▁of ▁water ▁v ap ors . ▁Such ▁a ▁combination ▁causes ▁the ▁masses ▁of ▁cold ▁air ▁to ▁quickly ▁dis charge ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 0 0 lit ers ▁per ▁square ▁meter ▁in ▁extremely ▁rapid ▁rain ▁episodes . ▁This ▁phenomen on ▁usually ▁last s ▁a ▁very ▁short ▁time , ▁( from ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁four ▁days ) ▁as ▁it ▁exhaust s ▁its ▁water ▁res erves ▁without ▁receiving ▁a ▁new ▁supply . ▁ ▁The ▁clouds ▁are ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean . ▁The ▁more ▁extreme ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁temperature , ▁the ▁more ▁water ▁is ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁clouds . ▁The ▁Cold ▁Drop ▁can ▁produce ▁snow ▁or ▁ha il . ▁ ▁This ▁way ▁a ▁great ▁mass ▁of ▁cold ▁air ▁rot ates ▁and ▁flo ats ▁like ▁a ▁drop ▁over ▁a ▁warm ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁tor r ential ▁rain ▁caused ▁by ▁cold ▁drop ▁can ▁result ▁in |
▁dev ast ation ▁caused ▁by ▁tor r ents ▁and ▁flash ▁flo ods . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁great ▁Val encia ▁flo od ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁ 3 - day - long ▁cold ▁drop . ▁ ▁Cold ▁Dro ps ▁in ▁other ▁local ities ▁The ▁Cold ▁drop ▁( G ota ▁f ria ) ▁is ▁equally ▁apparent ▁near ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nev ada ▁de ▁Santa ▁Mart a ▁in ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁Car ib bean , ▁with ▁pe aks ▁sur pass ing ▁ 5 ▁km ▁in ▁alt itude ▁in ▁close ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁a ▁warm ▁sea . ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁A ▁sudden ▁rain ▁over ▁Val encia ▁is ▁a ▁plot ▁element ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Spanish ▁thr iller ▁C ien ▁años ▁de ▁perd ón . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁gives ▁name ▁to ▁a ▁hit ▁song ▁by ▁Colomb ian ▁singer ▁Carlos ▁V ives , ▁written ▁by ▁composer ▁Emil iano ▁Z ule ta ▁Ba qu ero . ▁The ▁song , ▁" La ▁got a ▁fr ía " ▁( The ▁Cold ▁Drop ), ▁describes ▁a ▁rival ry ▁while ▁all ud ing ▁to ▁the ▁weather ▁phenomen on ▁met ap hor ically . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Flo od ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Las ▁got as ▁fr ías / D AN As . ▁Ide as ▁y ▁concept os ▁b ás icos . ▁Francisco ▁Martín ▁León , ▁IN M . ▁▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : F lo od ▁Category : Types ▁of ▁cy clone ▁Category : At mos pher |
ic ▁dynamics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sch r öder ▁AS - 1 4 0 ▁M ücke ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁aut ogy ro , ▁designed ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Sch r öder ▁Ex ped itions ▁Gy ro cop ter ▁of ▁Ak els b arg ▁as ▁a ▁port able , ▁man - pack able ▁aircraft , ▁supplied ▁as ▁a ▁k it ▁for ▁amateur ▁construction ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁complete ▁ready - to - fly - air craft . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁development ▁The ▁AS - 1 4 0 ▁M ücke ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁loads ▁and ▁man - pack ed ▁on ▁exped itions ▁or ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁destination ▁and ▁then ▁assemble d ▁for ▁use . ▁When ▁broken ▁down ▁ ▁the ▁aircraft ▁can ▁be ▁pack ed ▁as ▁ ▁length ▁X ▁ ▁width ▁X ▁ ▁height ▁package ▁that ▁we igh s ▁. ▁It ▁features ▁a ▁single ▁main ▁rot or , ▁a ▁single - se at ▁open ▁co ck pit ▁without ▁a ▁wind sh ield , ▁a ▁T - tail , ▁tr icy cle ▁landing ▁g ear ▁without ▁wheel ▁p ants ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁Lim bach ▁Flug mot oren ▁or ▁ ▁Rock well ▁International ▁engine ▁in ▁push er ▁configuration . ▁ ▁The ▁aircraft ▁fus el age ▁is ▁made ▁from ▁bol ted - t ogether ▁al umin um ▁tub ing , ▁augment ed ▁by ▁st ain less ▁steel ▁sheet ▁components . ▁Its ▁ ▁diameter ▁two - bl aded ▁rot or ▁has ▁a ▁ch ord ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁perm iss ible ▁installed ▁engine ▁power ▁range ▁is ▁, ▁but ▁due |
▁to ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity ▁consider ations ▁the ▁engine ▁fitted ▁must ▁we igh ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁. ▁With ▁its ▁empty ▁weight ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁gross ▁weight ▁of ▁ ▁the ▁AS - 1 4 0 ▁has ▁a ▁useful ▁load ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁aircraft ▁is ▁supplied ▁assemble d , ▁but ▁the ▁manufact urer ▁can ▁supply ▁k its ▁upon ▁request . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁( AS - 1 4 0 ▁M ücke ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁German ▁sport ▁aircraft ▁Category : Single - eng ined ▁push er ▁aut ogy ros ▁Category : Home built ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁Ar che ological ▁Site ▁complex , ▁located ▁in ▁Cl all am ▁County ▁in ▁the ▁north western ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Washington , ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 - year - old ▁fish ing ▁camp . ▁H yd ra ul ic ▁exc av ation ▁methods , ▁which ▁were ▁first ▁developed ▁on ▁the ▁site , ▁and ▁artifact s ▁found ▁there ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁trad itions ▁and ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁Mak ah ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁inhab ited ▁the ▁north west ▁for ▁ 3 , 8 0 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁has ▁also ▁shed ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁food ▁storage ▁and ▁the ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁ 2 5 0 0 ▁B . P .. ▁Its ▁name ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁H oko ▁River . ▁ ▁H oko ▁River ▁ar |
che ological ▁exc av ation ▁background ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁ar che ological ▁site ▁complex ▁of ▁Washington ▁is ▁located ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 km ▁from ▁the ▁north west ▁tip ▁of ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Pen ins ula , ▁along ▁the ▁Stra it ▁of ▁Juan ▁de ▁Fu ca . ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁Site ▁is ▁often ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁O z ette ▁site ▁ 4 0 km ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁ ▁While ▁similar ▁exc av ation ▁techniques ▁and ▁general ▁conditions ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁both ▁sites , ▁the ▁H oko ▁River ▁site ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁older ▁than ▁the ▁O z ette ▁site . ▁ ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁site ▁was ▁initially ▁un ear th ed ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁when ▁a ▁flo od ▁er oded ▁the ▁to ps o il , ▁expos ing ▁various ▁artifact s ▁and ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁a ▁pre histor ic ▁cam ps ite ▁floor . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁site ▁remained ▁unknown ▁to ▁ar che olog ists ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁property ▁manager ▁not ified ▁Dr . ▁Richard ▁D augh ert y ▁and ▁Har vey ▁R ice ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁existence . ▁Con sequently , ▁ar che olog ists ▁Har vey ▁R ice , ▁Dr . ▁Ron ald ▁F ry z ell , ▁Dr . ▁May n ard ▁F os berg , ▁Robert ▁Johnson , ▁Ger ald ▁Gros so , ▁and ▁Ruth ▁Kirk ▁conducted ▁test ▁exc av ations . ▁H oko ▁River ▁marked ▁the |
▁first ▁use ▁of ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁exc av ation . ▁H yd ra ul ic ▁exc av ation ▁uses ▁a ▁jet ▁of ▁water ▁to ▁lo osen ▁soil , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁removed ▁by ▁su ction , ▁which ▁is ▁useful ▁when ▁exc av ating ▁under water ▁sites . ▁This ▁form ▁of ▁exc av ation ▁is ▁used ▁inf re qu ently ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁expensive ▁and ▁time - consum ing . ▁ ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁site ▁complex ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁components . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁sites ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁period ▁( 3 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 ▁B . P .), ▁while ▁the ▁third ▁was ▁occupied ▁more ▁recently ▁( 1 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 ▁B . P .). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁sites ▁are ▁an ▁up river , ▁water log ged ▁site ▁and ▁an ▁ad jo ining ▁cam ps ite ▁area . ▁ ▁These ▁two ▁sites ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁wet ▁and ▁dry ▁sites . ▁ ▁The ▁wet ▁and ▁dry ▁ar che ological ▁sites ▁grant ▁two ▁different ▁pers pect ives ▁into ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁n atives . ▁Water ▁preserved ▁more ▁artifact s ▁and ▁organ ic ▁material ▁at ▁the ▁wet ▁site ▁while ▁the ▁dry ▁site ▁offers ▁evidence ▁concerning ▁the ▁structure ▁and ▁layout ▁of ▁the ▁fish ing ▁camp . ▁ ▁The ▁wet ▁and ▁dry ▁sites ▁were ▁occupied ▁between ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 0 ▁B . P . ▁The ▁later ▁site , ▁occupied ▁from ▁ 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ |
1 0 0 ▁B . P . ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Rock ▁Sh elter , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁Mak ah ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁H oko ▁River ▁site ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁ancest ors ▁of ▁the ▁Mak ah ▁culture , ▁and ▁individuals ▁from ▁the ▁Mak ah ▁tribe ▁have ▁helped ▁ar che olog ists ▁with ▁the ▁exc av ation . ▁The ▁Mak ah ▁have ▁also ▁re created ▁the ▁dry ing ▁processes ▁and ▁fish ing ▁methods ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁ancient ▁H oko ▁fish erm en . ▁In ▁one ▁such ▁experiment , ▁the ▁Mak ah ▁a ided ▁ar che olog ists ▁in ▁creating ▁reprodu ctions ▁of ▁fish ing ▁equipment , ▁such ▁as ▁hook s ▁d ating ▁from ▁ 2 5 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 ▁B . P . ▁Later ▁experiments ▁were ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Aqu arium ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁study ▁how ▁these ▁hook s ▁would ▁have ▁performed . ▁ ▁S ites ▁Ex c av ation ▁of ▁the ▁H oko ▁River ▁W et / D ry ▁S ites ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁continues ▁today . ▁At ▁the ▁wet / d ry ▁site , ▁research ers ▁discovered ▁twenty - five ▁layers ▁of ▁well - pres erved ▁organ ic ▁veget al ▁m ats ▁in ▁the ▁s ilt ▁and ▁sand ▁depos its ▁along ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁Through ▁exc av ating ▁and ▁analyz ing ▁these ▁layers , ▁scient ists ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁draw ▁conclus ions ▁about ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁lived ▁here . |
▁ ▁W et ▁site ▁Arch ae olog ists ▁have ▁discovered ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁artifact s ▁from ▁the ▁wet ▁site . ▁ ▁Items ▁including : ▁basket ry , ▁c ords , ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁fish ing ▁hook s , ▁a ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 - year - old ▁fish net ▁( which ▁is ▁constructed ▁from ▁split ▁spr uce ▁b ough s ), ▁tiny ▁stone ▁bl ades ▁( with ▁their ▁original ▁ced ar ▁handles ▁still ▁int act ), ▁wood ▁working ▁tools , ▁anchor ▁stones ▁with ▁binding , ▁various ▁ha ft ed ▁mic rol ith s ▁( such ▁as ▁fish ▁kn ives ) ▁and ▁micro ▁bl ades , ▁car ved ▁wood ▁art , ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁wooden ▁objects , ▁animal ▁b one , ▁shell fish ▁remains , ▁and ▁plant ▁remains . ▁ ▁The ▁abund ance ▁of ▁flat fish , ▁round fish , ▁rock fish , ▁and ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁wooden ▁off sh ore - f ishing ▁hook s ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁wet ▁site ▁suggest ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁fish eries . ▁ ▁The ▁water ▁at ▁the ▁wet ▁site ▁preserved ▁artifact s ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁lost ▁under ▁normal ▁conditions . ▁ ▁These ▁items ▁required ▁particular ▁care ▁and ▁were ▁treated ▁with ▁an ▁a que ous ▁solution ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 5 0 % ▁white ▁gl ue ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁keep ▁them ▁int act . ▁Ar che olog ists ▁have ▁also ▁studied ▁large ▁veget al ▁m ats ▁at ▁the ▁wet ▁site . ▁ ▁Each ▁layer ▁in ▁the ▁mat ▁represents ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 |
▁years ▁el apsed . ▁ ▁At ▁least ▁ 4 5 ▁of ▁the ▁layers ▁found ▁are ▁from ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁B . P . ▁ ▁These ▁m ats ▁are ▁also ▁of ▁interest ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁fl ora ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁inhab ited . ▁ ▁D ry ▁site ▁At ▁the ▁dry ▁cam ps ite , ▁research ers ▁study ▁layers ▁of ▁earth ▁and ▁rock ▁and ▁compare ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁corresponding ▁wet ▁layers ▁of ▁organ ic ▁material ▁below ▁the ▁river ▁high ▁t ide ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁dry ▁depos its ▁do ▁not ▁contain ▁any ▁preserved ▁organ ic ▁de br is ▁such ▁as ▁veget al ▁m ats . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁artifact s ▁at ▁the ▁dry ▁site ▁are ▁more ▁poor ly ▁preserved ▁than ▁those ▁at ▁the ▁wet ▁site , ▁and ▁only ▁stone ▁artifact s ▁are ▁present . ▁ ▁The ▁dry ▁site ▁contains ▁cam ps ite ▁flo ors , ▁sl ab - lined ▁p its , ▁depos its ▁of ▁char red ▁and ▁crack ed ▁rocks ▁where ▁fires ▁would ▁have ▁burn ed , ▁and ▁locations ▁where ▁quart z ▁were ▁manufact ured ▁into ▁mic rol ith s . ▁ ▁An ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁at ▁the ▁dry ▁site ▁has ▁given ▁research ers ▁a ▁basic ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁camp ▁layout . ▁ ▁The ▁cam ps ▁were ▁probably ▁occupied ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁and ▁summer . ▁ ▁Pier ced ▁stri ps ▁of ▁ced ar ▁b ark ▁suggest ▁that ▁dwell ings ▁at ▁the ▁camp ▁were ▁roof ed ▁with ▁long |
s ▁sheets ▁of ▁ced ar ▁and ▁se wn ▁t ule ▁or ▁bul r ush ▁m ats ▁which ▁were ▁also ▁found ▁during ▁the ▁exc av ation . ▁ ▁The ▁inhabitants ▁would ▁have ▁sle pt ▁on ▁f urs ▁along ▁the ▁inner ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁shed - like ▁sh el ters . ▁ ▁Other ▁structures ▁and ▁remains ▁were ▁un cover ed ▁during ▁exc av ation , ▁such ▁as ▁evidence ▁of ▁can oe ▁runs , ▁dry ing ▁ra cks ▁and ▁pol es , ▁which ▁were ▁likely ▁used ▁as ▁platforms ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁can o es ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁onto ▁the ▁beach . ▁ ▁Rock ▁shelter ▁ ▁Ex c av ation ▁on ▁the ▁river - mouth ▁Rock ▁Sh elter ▁site ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁determined ▁that ▁the ▁site ▁had ▁been ▁occupied ▁by ▁humans ▁for ▁roughly ▁ 9 0 0 ▁years , ▁beginning ▁about ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁The ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁rock sh elter ▁covers ▁. ▁The ▁most ▁significant ▁discovery ▁from ▁the ▁rock ▁shelter ▁is ▁the ▁ 3 . 3 ▁vertical ▁meters ▁of ▁pr ist ine ▁shell ▁m idden . ▁ ▁In ▁excess ▁of ▁ 1 , 3 0 0 ▁distinct ▁layers ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁here . ▁ ▁Upon ▁analysis , ▁these ▁layers ▁show ▁elev ated ▁frequencies ▁of ▁fish bone , ▁which ▁have ▁given ▁ar che olog ists ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁food ▁sources ▁and ▁di et ary ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁n atives ▁that ▁lived ▁at ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁site ▁was ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁tens |
▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁remains ▁sea ▁m amm als ▁and ▁birds . ▁ ▁Food ▁models ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁models ▁for ▁food ▁consumption ▁of ▁the ▁H oko ▁River ▁inhabitants ▁which ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁Dr . ▁D ale ▁Cro es ▁and ▁Dr . ▁Steven ▁H ack een berger . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁model ▁predict s ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁a te ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁percentage ▁of ▁each ▁available ▁food ▁source ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Under ▁this ▁model , ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁H oko ▁River ▁Site ▁would ▁have ▁re lied ▁heavily ▁on ▁round fish , ▁hal ib ut , ▁flat fish , ▁and ▁el k ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁and ▁a ▁similar ▁di et ▁in ▁summer , ▁with ▁an ▁elev ated ▁reli ance ▁on ▁hal ib ut ▁and ▁flat fish . ▁The ▁spring ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁transition , ▁sh ifting ▁from ▁winter ▁food ▁sources ▁to ▁summer ▁food ▁sources . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁fall , ▁the ▁people ▁would ▁have ▁re lied ▁heav ier ▁on ▁sal mon ▁than ▁on ▁other ▁available ▁food ▁sources . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁model ▁of ▁food ▁consumption ▁became ▁more ▁popular ▁over time ▁beginning ▁in ▁approximate ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁B . P . ▁as ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁learned ▁how ▁to ▁preserve ▁food . ▁ ▁This ▁model ▁oper ates ▁under ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁would ▁have ▁re lied ▁on ▁a ▁food ▁storage ▁system , ▁evidence ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁two ▁models , ▁the ▁non - storage ▁model ▁predict s ▁a ▁more ▁bal |
anced ▁reli ance ▁on ▁all ▁food ▁sources ▁throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁while ▁the ▁storage ▁model ▁would ▁have ▁allowed ▁the ▁people ▁to ▁consume ▁hal ib ut ▁and ▁sal mon ▁in ▁greater ▁quantities ▁throughout ▁a ▁greater ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁leading ▁to ▁greater ▁consumption ▁of ▁their ▁favorite ▁food ▁sources ▁year ▁round . ▁ ▁The ▁food ▁storage ▁model ▁would ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁resource ▁de ple tion ▁over ▁time . ▁ ▁Community ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁ev id ences ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁de cade ▁about ▁the ▁H oko ▁River ▁Community . ▁As ▁ar che olog ists ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁exc av ate ▁the ▁location ▁and ▁sites ▁surr ound ▁this ▁river , ▁more ▁information ▁can ▁be ▁gathered ▁about ▁the ▁people ▁that ▁lived ▁along ▁this ▁beautiful ▁river ▁banks . ▁As ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁passage , ▁the ▁wet ▁sites ▁provided ▁excellent ▁pres ervation ▁for ▁artifact s . ▁The ▁rock ▁shelter ▁and ▁the ▁wet ▁sites ▁created ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁times ▁of ▁these ▁artifact s ▁and ▁items ▁found ▁alongside ▁the ▁river . ▁Ev idence ▁shows ▁that ▁Hal ib ut ▁and ▁C od ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁species ▁f ished ▁in ▁this ▁region . ▁H oko ▁River ▁community ▁f ished ▁Hal ib ut ▁and ▁C od , ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁these ▁types ▁of ▁fish ▁was ▁needed ▁to ▁make ▁through ▁the ▁off - season ▁months ▁when ▁fish ▁was ▁scar ce . ▁Wood en ▁dry ing ▁ra cks ▁were ▁found ▁during ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁exc av ation ▁sites ▁along ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁ra cks |
▁provided ▁safe ▁dry ing ▁area ▁where ▁fish ▁were ▁d ried ▁in ▁the ▁sun . ▁This ▁made ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁the ▁fish ▁to ▁be ▁extended . ▁Hook s , ▁flo ats , ▁and ▁cord age ▁were ▁also ▁found ▁along ▁the ▁river ▁that ▁suggests ▁fish ing ▁was ▁main ▁source ▁of ▁living ▁for ▁H oko ▁River ▁Community . ▁This ▁also ▁suggests ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁social ▁ranking ▁was ▁present ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁H oko ▁River ▁Digital ▁Image ▁Archive ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Kirk , ▁Ruth ; ▁D augh ert y , ▁Richard ▁D . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Arch ae ology ▁in ▁Washington , ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press , ▁. ▁ ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁of ▁Cl all am ▁County , ▁Washington ▁Category : R ock ▁sh el ters ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Cl all am ▁County , ▁Washington <0x0A> </s> ▁Gr ind stone ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Ha ak on ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁South ▁Dak ota . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁Gr ind stone ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁nearby ▁Gr ind stone ▁But te . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor |
por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Ha ak on ▁County , ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R ivers ide ▁Branch ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁built ▁double ▁track ▁branch ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁North umber land , ▁England , ▁that ▁ran ▁from ▁ ▁R ivers ide ▁J unction ▁between ▁Man ors ▁and ▁ ▁stations ▁via ▁seven ▁intermediate ▁stations ▁to ▁Per cy ▁Main ▁j unction ▁between ▁How don ▁and ▁Per cy ▁Main . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Open ing ▁The ▁New castle ▁and ▁North ▁Sh ield s ▁Railway ▁had ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁along ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Ty ne ; ▁although ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁me and ering ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁it ▁ran ▁some ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁sh or eline ▁at ▁its ▁eastern ▁end . ▁A ▁need ▁arose ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁loop ▁line ▁which ▁would ▁diver ge ▁from ▁this ▁line , ▁and ▁more ▁closely ▁follow ▁the ▁river ' s ▁sh or eline ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁developing ▁indust ries ▁and ▁communities ▁along ▁its ▁length . ▁Author ised ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁along ▁a ▁route ▁' the ▁most ▁part ▁of ▁t unn els , ▁brid ges , ▁c utt ings , ▁retain ing - w alls , ▁and ▁emb ank ments '. ▁The ▁line ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁the ▁delay ▁in ▁opening ▁it ▁reflected ▁the ▁scale ▁of ▁the ▁engineering ▁works ▁required ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁many |
▁t unn els , ▁c utt ings ▁and ▁retain ing ▁walls . ▁Although ▁techn ically ▁a ▁loop ▁line , ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁always ▁officially ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁R ivers ide ▁' B ranch '. ▁ ▁Elect r ification ▁The ▁R ivers ide ▁Branch ▁was ▁elect r ified ▁with ▁a ▁third - ra il ▁system ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁T yn es ide ▁Elect rics ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁T yn es ide ▁electric ▁network ▁it ▁was ▁de - elect r ified ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁and ▁converted ▁to ▁dies el ▁multiple ▁unit ▁operation . ▁ ▁Rund own ▁and ▁closure ▁From ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁an ▁hour ly ▁all ▁day ▁service ▁ran ▁on ▁the ▁line , ▁however ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 / 4 9 , ▁passenger ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁branch ▁were ▁reduced ▁to ▁peak ▁hours ▁only , ▁to ▁c ater ▁for ▁the ▁comm uter ▁traffic ▁from ▁the ▁area ' s ▁ship y ards ▁only , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁least ▁used ▁stations ; ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁were ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁respectively . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁traffic ▁on ▁the ▁line ▁had ▁dw ind led . ▁▁ ▁The ▁line ▁closed ▁to ▁passengers ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁last ▁train ▁having ▁run ▁the ▁previous ▁Friday ▁ 2 0 th |
▁ ▁and ▁to ▁goods ▁in ▁stages , ▁Car ville ▁Sw an ▁Hunter ▁S iding ▁to ▁Per cy ▁Main ▁West ▁J unction ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁St ▁Peters ▁She ph erd s ▁Sc rap ▁S iding ▁to ▁Car ville ▁Sw an ▁Hunter ▁S iding ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁and ▁R ivers ide ▁J unction ▁to ▁St ▁Peters ▁She ph erd s ▁Sc rap ▁S iding ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁North ▁T yn es ide ▁Loop ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N orth ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁( UK ) ▁Category : Cl osed ▁railway ▁lines ▁in ▁North ▁East ▁England ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁North umber land ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : 1 8 7 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Abb a ▁Are ▁the ▁enemy ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁by ▁Tom ▁H ing ley ▁and ▁the ▁Lo vers , ▁which ▁features ▁In sp iral ▁Car p ets ▁singer ▁Tom ▁H ing ley , ▁Steve ▁Han ley ▁and ▁Paul ▁Han ley ▁from ▁Manchester ▁punk ▁band ▁The ▁Fall . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁All ▁Songs ▁written ▁by ▁Tom ▁H ing ley , ▁Steve ▁Han ley , ▁Paul ▁Han ley , ▁Kelly ▁Wood , ▁James ▁Brown , ▁except ▁" H |
ole " ▁written ▁by ▁Tom ▁H ing ley . ▁L yr ics ▁on ▁" No ▁Way ▁Out " ▁by ▁Kelly ▁Wood . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁Tom ▁H ing ley : ▁V oc als , ▁Gu itar ▁Steve ▁Han ley : ▁Bass , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Paul ▁Han ley : ▁Dr ums , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Jason ▁Brown : ▁Gu itar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Kelly ▁Wood : ▁Far f isa ▁Key board , ▁Mel od ica , ▁Syn thesis er , ▁V ib raph one , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Gu est ▁mus icians ▁Julian ▁G askell : ▁P iano ▁strings ▁on ▁" T at ty fal ari ous " ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁six ▁out ▁of ▁ten ▁rating ▁by ▁Pop Mat ters , ▁with ▁rev iewer ▁John ▁Berg st rom , ▁calling ▁" On line ▁Ph arm acy " ▁a ▁" H end rix ▁redu x ", ▁and ▁stating ▁that ▁H ing ley ▁sounds ▁" like ▁the ▁bast ard ▁child ▁of ▁Paul ▁W eller ▁and ▁Roger ▁D alt rey ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Lo vers ▁Official ▁site ▁The ▁Lo vers ▁at ▁Mys pace ▁Online ▁Ph arm acy - ▁Video ▁ ▁The ▁Lo vers ▁at ▁Discogs ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : Tom ▁H ing ley ▁and ▁the ▁Lo vers ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ac ro bas is ▁c ary al b ella ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sn out ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Ac ro bas is . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Charles |
▁Russell ▁E ly ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁eastern ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁one ▁generation ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁lar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁C ary a ▁species , ▁including ▁C ary a ▁ov ata , ▁C ary a ▁t oment osa ▁and ▁C ary a ▁gl ab ra . ▁The ▁species ▁probably ▁over w inter s ▁in ▁the ▁lar val ▁stage . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Ac ro bas is ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁J OT X - D TV , ▁brand ed ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁often ▁abbre vi ated ▁as ▁, ▁a ▁bl end ▁of ▁" ter eb i " ▁and ▁" T ok yo ", ▁is ▁the ▁flags hip ▁station ▁of ▁the ▁T X N ▁Network ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁the ▁Sum it omo ▁F ud os an ▁Ro pp ong i ▁Grand ▁Tower ▁in ▁Ro pp ong i , ▁Min ato , ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan , ▁owned - and - oper ated ▁by ▁the ▁ ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁listed ▁cert ified ▁broadcast ing ▁holding ▁company ▁, ▁itself ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Nik ke i , ▁Inc . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁Tokyo ▁television ▁stations , ▁particularly ▁special izing ▁in ▁an ime . ▁ ▁History ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁Japan ▁Science ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁and ▁started ▁broadcast ing , ▁as |
▁ ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁took ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁its ▁V H F ▁frequency ▁channel ▁ 1 2 . ▁It ▁almost ▁went ▁bank rupt ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ; ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁that ▁year , ▁a ▁limited ▁li ability ▁company , ▁Tokyo ▁Channel ▁ 1 2 ▁Production ▁was ▁established ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁Nik ke i ▁and ▁Main ichi ▁Broadcast ing ▁System . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁the ▁Nik ke i ▁and ▁M BS ▁signed ▁a ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding ▁which ▁st ip ul ates ▁that ▁Tokyo ▁Channel ▁ 1 2 ▁should ▁share ▁programs ▁with ▁N ih on ▁Edu c ational ▁Television ▁( NET , ▁now ▁TV ▁As ah i ). ▁This ▁forms ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁al liance ▁which ▁last s ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Tokyo ▁Channel ▁ 1 2 ▁Production ▁was ▁renamed ▁; ▁and ▁short ened ▁the ▁channel ' s ▁name ▁to ▁, ▁dro pping ▁" S cience ▁TV " ▁from ▁its ▁name . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁station ▁moved ▁to ▁Sh iba ▁Park . ▁A ▁month ▁later , ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁general ▁purpose ▁TV ▁station ▁along ▁with ▁N ET . ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Tokyo ▁launched ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁company , ▁So ft x . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁again ▁renamed , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁Television ▁Tokyo |
▁Channel ▁ 1 2 , ▁Ltd . ▁d / b / a ▁TV ▁Tokyo ; ▁the ▁current ▁Japanese ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁also ▁assumed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁formed ▁the ▁M ega ▁T ON ▁Network ▁( now ▁T X ▁Network ) ▁with ▁TV ▁Os aka , ▁and ▁A ichi ▁Television ▁Broadcast ing . ▁The ▁company ▁shift ed ▁its ▁head ▁offices ▁from ▁Sh iba ▁Park ▁to ▁Tor an omon ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁On ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Tokyo ' s ▁production ▁company ▁So ft x ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Media Net . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Media Net ▁was ▁short ened ▁to ▁Media Net . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁company ▁assumed ▁its ▁current ▁English ▁name ▁of ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Corporation . ▁After ▁the ▁digital ▁transition , ▁the ▁channel ▁began ▁broadcast ing ▁on ▁digital ▁channel ▁ 7 . ▁On ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁moved ▁its ▁headquarters ▁to ▁new ▁building ▁at ▁Sum it omo ▁F ud os an ▁Ro pp ong i ▁Grand ▁Tower ▁from ▁its ▁old ▁stud ios ▁in ▁Tor an omon . ▁For ▁its ▁broadcast ▁of ▁animated ▁programs , ▁the ▁network ▁originally ▁used ▁a ▁Circle ▁ 7 - style ▁logo . ▁The ▁current ▁logo ▁is ▁a ▁cart oon ▁ban ana ▁with ▁eyes , ▁a ▁nose ▁and ▁a ▁mouth ▁which |
▁is ▁bent ▁into ▁a ▁ 7 , ▁named ▁Nan ana ▁( ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁has ▁been ▁updated ▁with ▁Copy right ▁on ▁YouTube ▁similar ▁to ▁Via com C BS ▁( former ly ▁Via com ▁( 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 9 ) ▁and ▁other ▁companies . ▁( such ▁as ▁an ime ) ▁When ▁is ▁video ▁cli ps ▁are ▁not ▁included . ▁( See ▁also ▁Copy right ▁in fr ing ement , ▁YouTube ▁copy right ▁strike , ▁YouTube ▁copy right ▁issues ) ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁companies ▁ ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Hold ings ▁() ▁ ▁B S ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁() ▁ ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Broad band ▁() ▁ ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Music ▁() ▁ ▁PRO TX ▁() ▁ ▁AT - X ▁() ▁ ▁FM ▁Inter - W ave ▁Inc . ▁() ▁ ▁Int ar ac TV ▁() ▁ ▁Nik ke i ▁C N BC ▁() ▁ ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁America ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Media Net ▁( former ly ▁TV ▁Tokyo ▁Media Net ▁& ▁So ft x ) ▁ ▁Sh opro , ▁stands ▁for ▁Sh og ak uk an - Sh ue ish a ▁Produ ctions ▁Co ., ▁Ltd . ▁( former ly ▁Sh og ak uk an ▁Produ ctions ▁Co ., ▁Ltd .) ▁ ▁Broadcast ing ▁ ▁Digital ▁Call ▁sign : ▁J OT X - D TV ▁Rem ote ▁controller ▁ID ▁ 7 ▁Tokyo ▁Sky tree : ▁Channel ▁ 2 3 ▁ ▁Anal og ▁Anal og ▁Trans mission ▁ceased ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Call |
▁sign : ▁J OT X - TV ▁Tokyo ▁Tower : ▁Channel ▁ 1 2 ▁ ▁Television ▁programs ▁ ▁News ▁programs ▁ ▁T X N ▁News ▁ ▁News ▁Mor ning ▁Sat ellite ▁ ▁E ▁Mor ning ▁ ▁NE WS ▁Answer ▁ ▁World ▁Business ▁Sat ellite ▁ ▁Y as u hi ro ▁T ase ' s ▁Week ly ▁News ▁Book store ▁() ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁programs ▁ ▁Nik ke i ▁special ▁The ▁Da wn ▁of ▁Ga ia ▁() ▁ ▁Nik ke i ▁special ▁The ▁Camb ria ▁Palace ▁() ▁ ▁Document ary ▁programs ▁ ▁Beaut y ▁gi ants ▁() ▁ ▁Sol omon ▁flow ▁() ▁ ▁Information ▁programs ▁ ▁Daily ▁▁ 7 ▁Studio ▁Br atch ! ▁ ▁Lad ies ▁ 4 ▁▁ ▁Saturday ▁ ▁Ad - m ach ick ▁T eng oku ▁() ▁ ▁Sports ▁programs ▁LP GA ▁Of ▁Japan ▁ ▁Ne o ▁Sports ▁ ▁Win ning ▁Hor se ▁racing ▁() ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁ ▁An ime ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁lists ▁on going ▁shows . ▁ ▁K ids ▁programs ▁▁▁ 1 0 1 ▁Dal m ati ans : ▁The ▁Series ▁ ▁Abb y ▁H atch er ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Al add in ▁ ▁Anim ania cs ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Aqu a ▁K ids ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Barb ap apa ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Bat man : ▁The ▁Anim ated ▁Series ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Be ast ▁Wars : ▁Trans form ers ▁( 1 |
9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁But ter bean ' s ▁C afé ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Cal im ero ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Ch ip ▁' n ▁D ale ▁Res cue ▁R angers ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Dark wing ▁D uck ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Dig by ▁Dragon ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Doc ▁Mc St uff ins ▁ ▁Don key ▁Kong ▁Country ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁D ora ▁the ▁Explorer ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁D uck T ales ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ep ic ▁T ales ▁of ▁Captain ▁Under p ants ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁F resh ▁Beat ▁Band ▁of ▁Sp ies ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Go of ▁Tro op ▁ ▁Hand y ▁Mann y ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Hi ▁Hi ▁P uff y ▁Am i Y umi ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁Mouse ▁ ▁Kim ▁Possible ▁ ▁L ego ▁N ex o ▁Kn ights ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Little ▁Ch arm ers ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Little ▁Ein ste ins ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Little ▁Mer ma id ▁ ▁Laz y T own ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Lo oney ▁T unes ▁( 1 9 8 9 – 9 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Magic ▁School ▁Bus ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) |
▁ ▁Mic key ▁Mouse ▁Club house ▁ ▁Mic key ▁Mouse ▁Works ▁ ▁My ▁Fri ends ▁T igger ▁& ▁Po oh ▁ ▁My ▁Little ▁P ony : ▁Friend ship ▁Is ▁Magic ▁( 2 0 1 3 - 1 4 ) ▁( sim cast ▁with ▁Cart oon ▁Network ) ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Advent ures ▁of ▁W inn ie ▁the ▁Po oh ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 9 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Wo ody ▁Wood pe cker ▁Show ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Nin j ago : ▁Masters ▁of ▁Sp in j itz u ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁No on b ory ▁and ▁the ▁Super ▁Seven ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁PA W ▁Pat rol ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Pe an uts ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Pe ppa ▁P ig ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Ph ine as ▁and ▁Fer b ▁ ▁The ▁P ink ▁Pan ther ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Power p uff ▁Girls ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Prin pr in ▁Mon og at ari ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Rain bow ▁R angers ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Rec ess ▁ ▁Rob oc ar ▁Pol i ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Rol ie ▁Pol ie ▁O lie ▁▁ ▁R ust y ▁Riv ets ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Sof ia ▁the ▁First ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Spider - Man |
▁( 1 9 6 7 ▁TV ▁series ) ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Star ▁Wars ▁Reb els ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Tele to on ▁Adv ance ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Te let ub b ies ▁ ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les ▁( 1 9 8 7 ▁TV ▁series ) ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les ▁( 2 0 0 3 ▁TV ▁series ) ▁ ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les ▁( 2 0 1 2 ▁TV ▁series ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁T iny ▁To on ▁Advent ures ▁( 1 9 9 1 – 9 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Back yard ig ans ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Tom ▁and ▁Jerry ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Tot ally ▁Sp ies ! ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Trans form ers : ▁Prime ▁ ▁T roll s : ▁The ▁Beat ▁Go es ▁On ! ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Ult imate ▁Spider - Man ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Veg gie T ales ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Way bul oo ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁World ▁of ▁Pi wi ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Z - S quad ▁( |
2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Vari ety ▁programs ▁▁ ▁K ai un ▁Nan demo ▁K ante idan ▁() ▁ ▁Ar ie hen ▁World ▁() ▁ ▁Y aris ug i ▁Ko zy ▁() ▁ ▁Japanese ▁General ▁Hon ke ▁( 、 TV ▁Os aka ) ▁ ▁Ch ok otto ▁i ik oto ▁- ▁Tak ashi ▁Ok am ura ▁& ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Happy ▁project ▁() ▁ ▁George ▁Tok oro ' s ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁I ▁not ▁tell ▁() ▁ ▁T akes hi ' s ▁N ipp on ▁no ▁Mik ata ▁() ▁ ▁Mo ya - Mo ya ▁Sum mers ▁ 2 ▁() ▁ ▁Mus cat ▁Night ▁() ▁ ▁Week ly ▁A KB ▁() ▁ ▁A KB ▁K ous agi ▁Do jo ▁() ▁ ▁Val iety ▁ 7 ▁ ▁O L ▁saw ▁dispatch ! ▁() ▁ ▁G ok uj ou ▁d ik ara ▁() ▁ ▁God - T an ▁() ▁ ▁K ira - K ira ▁Af ro ▁( , ▁TV ▁Os aka ) ▁ ▁K ud am aki ▁H ach ib ei ▁X ▁ （ ） ▁ ▁It ao ▁Roman ▁ ▁Ari - K en ▁() ▁ ▁Sh ins u ke ▁Min ami ▁DE K O - BO K O ▁Da ig ak kou ▁() ▁ ▁AS A Y AN ▁ ▁You ▁wa ▁N ani ▁sh i ▁ni ▁N ipp on ▁He ▁() ▁ ▁Little ▁Tokyo ▁Live ▁( リ ト ル ト ー キ ョ ー ラ イ フ ▁R itor ut ō ky ō ra if u ) ▁every ▁Wed nes day |
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