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ip ulating ▁that ▁the ▁payment ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁constru ed ▁as ▁" an ▁ad mission ▁of ▁wrong do ing ▁or ▁li ability ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Red ▁Gran ite ". ▁ ▁J ho ▁Low ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁financial ▁deal ▁mak er ▁for ▁high ▁net ▁worth ▁individuals ▁and ▁international ▁institutions . ▁▁ 1 M DB ▁▁▁ ▁Naj ib ▁Raz ak ▁became ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁So on , ▁he ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁advis ers ▁for ▁ 1 M DB , ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁so ver eign ▁wealth ▁fund . ▁ ▁Although ▁J ho ▁Low ▁never ▁received ▁an ▁official ▁position , ▁he ▁adm its ▁that ▁he ▁occasionally ▁" cons ult ed " ▁with ▁ 1 M DB , ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁transactions ▁connecting ▁his ▁own ▁interests ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁ 1 M DB , ▁which ▁he ▁claimed ▁were ▁" ar ms - length ▁and ▁leg ally ▁sound ." ▁ ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁has ▁reported ▁that ▁a ▁$ 3 3 . 5 mill ion ▁cond omin ium ▁in ▁Manh attan ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁a ▁shell ▁company ▁under ▁control ▁of ▁Low ' s ▁family ▁trust , ▁and ▁then ▁was ▁sold ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁a ▁shell ▁company ▁controlled ▁by ▁Raz ak ' s ▁steps on . ▁Another ▁home ▁in ▁B ever ly ▁Hills , ▁" known ▁as ▁the ▁py ram id ▁house ▁for ▁a ▁gold ▁py ram id ▁in ▁its ▁garden ", ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁a ▁shell |
▁company ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁Low ▁family ▁trust , ▁and ▁was ▁sold ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁Raz ak ' s ▁steps on ▁by ▁transfer ring ▁shares ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁company ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Inter pol ▁published ▁a ▁red ▁notice ▁at ▁Singapore ' s ▁request ▁to ▁locate ▁and ▁arrest ▁Low ▁in ▁an ▁investigation ▁related ▁to ▁ 1 M DB ▁fund ▁flows ▁within ▁its ▁juris diction . ▁The ▁request ▁for ▁assistance ▁to ▁provision ally ▁arrest ▁Low ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁representative ▁for ▁Singapore ' s ▁police , ▁but ▁the ▁request ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁authorities . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁general ▁election ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁new ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Mah ath ir ▁Moh am ad ▁re - open ed ▁the ▁extensive ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁matter ▁and , ▁despite ▁prior ▁find ings ▁by ▁former ▁Malays ian ▁Att orney ▁General ▁Moh amed ▁Ap and i ▁Ali ▁and ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁Anti - Cor ruption ▁Commission ▁that ▁no ▁crime ▁had ▁been ▁committed , ▁issued ▁arrest ▁war r ants ▁against ▁Low . ▁The ▁fil ing ▁of ▁these ▁charges ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁arrest ▁war rant ▁were ▁described ▁by ▁a ▁sp ok esp erson ▁for ▁Low ▁as ▁" polit ical ▁repr is al " ▁by ▁the ▁Mah ath ir ▁regime ▁which ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁dis reg ard ▁for ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁law . ▁In ▁light |
▁of ▁the ▁war r ants , ▁some ▁consider ▁him ▁a ▁fug itive ▁as ▁he ▁has ▁reported ly ▁been ▁sought ▁by ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁authorities ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁matter , ▁not with standing ▁that ▁Low ▁agreed ▁to ▁assist ▁with ▁the ▁pro be . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁South ▁China ▁Mor ning ▁Post ▁reports , ▁J ho ▁Low ▁is ▁still ▁involved ▁in ▁affairs ▁of ▁his ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁companies . ▁He ▁signed ▁documents ▁for ▁private ▁equ ity ▁firm ▁J yn wel ▁Capital ▁and ▁non - pro fit ▁group ▁J yn wel ▁Char itable ▁Foundation ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁even ▁though ▁Malays ian ▁authorities ▁looking ▁to ▁arrest ▁him ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁sc andal ▁which ▁he ▁has ▁stated ▁as ▁polit ically ▁motiv ated . ▁He ▁was ▁alleg ed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁discuss ions ▁with ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁government ▁on ▁a ▁potential ▁deal , ▁but ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁government ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁deal . ▁ ▁Low ▁alleg edly ▁purchased ▁a ▁US $ 3 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁white ▁Ferr ari ▁as ▁a ▁wed ding ▁gift ▁for ▁Kim ▁K ard ash ian ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁( Do J ) ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁sought ▁rest itution ▁from ▁other ▁famous ▁cele brit ies ▁who ▁had ▁received ▁g ifts ▁from ▁Low , ▁among ▁them ▁Leon ardo ▁Di Cap rio , ▁who ▁has ▁since ▁returned ▁Pic asso ▁and ▁Bas qui at ▁paint ings ; ▁and |
▁Mir anda ▁K err ▁who ▁returned ▁diam ond ▁j ew ell ery ▁with ▁a ▁market ▁value ▁of ▁US $ 8 ▁million . ▁ ▁J ho ▁Low ▁inv ested ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁for ▁production ▁of ▁The ▁Wolf ▁of ▁Wall ▁Street , ▁which ▁was ▁subsequently ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁O sc ars . ▁Leon ardo ▁Di Cap rio ▁spe cially ▁thank ed ▁J ho ▁Low ▁for ▁his ▁invol vement ▁during ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁awards ▁cer emon ies . ▁Red ▁Gran ite , ▁a ▁produ ctions ▁company ▁that ▁was ▁back ed ▁by ▁J ho ▁Low , ▁threw ▁a ▁lav ish ▁party ▁in ▁C annes , ▁France , ▁complete ▁with ▁a ▁performance ▁by ▁K any e ▁West . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁US ▁Government , ▁in ▁proceed ings ▁brought ▁against ▁certain ▁assets ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁California , ▁sought ▁return ▁of ▁millions ▁worth ▁of ▁assets ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁ 1 M DB ▁wealth ▁fund . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Low ▁and ▁two ▁ex - G old man ▁Sach s ▁bank ers ▁were ▁ind icted ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁alleg ations . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁alleg ations ▁have ▁been ▁proven ▁in ▁a ▁court ▁of ▁law ▁and ▁J ho ▁Low ▁has ▁express ly ▁denied ▁any ▁wrong do ing ▁what so ever . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁J ho ▁Low ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁global , |
▁compreh ensive ▁settlement ▁with ▁the ▁US ▁government ▁forever ▁resol ving ▁all ▁civil , ▁criminal , ▁and ▁administrative ▁proceed ings ▁concerning ▁asset ▁for fe iture ▁claims ▁against ▁various ▁Low - link ed ▁assets . ▁ ▁The ▁settlement ▁did ▁not ▁resolve ▁the ▁government ' s ▁underlying ▁money ▁la und ering ▁and ▁b ri ber y ▁charges ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁otherwise ▁tied ▁to ▁the ▁on going ▁U . S . ▁criminal ▁case ▁against ▁him . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Low ▁made ▁news ▁again ▁for ▁his ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁Burn ing ▁Sun ▁sc andal , ▁however , ▁he ▁was ▁subsequently ▁cleared ▁of ▁any ▁wrong do ing ▁and ▁described ▁as ▁merely ▁being ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁cross f ires ▁of ▁two ▁compet ing ▁Korean ▁companies . ▁ ▁C yp ri ot ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁newsp apers ▁reported ▁that ▁J ho ▁Low ▁had ▁been ▁granted ▁a ▁C yp ri ot ▁pass port ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁J ho ▁Low ▁obtained ▁the ▁pass port ▁under ▁the ▁C yp ri ot ▁citizens hip ▁invest ment ▁scheme ▁" with in ▁two ▁days ▁after ▁invest ing ▁in ▁some ▁property " ▁in ▁Cy pr us . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁war rant ▁against ▁J ho ▁Low ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁sc andal , ▁however ▁he ▁was ▁already ▁under ▁investigation . ▁The ▁revel ation ▁concerning ▁J ho ▁Low ' s ▁C yp ri ot ▁citizens hip ▁came |
▁after ▁the ▁C yp ri ot ▁citizens hip ▁invest ment ▁scheme ▁came ▁under ▁scr ut iny ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁Cy pr us ▁government , ▁under ▁the ▁presiden cy ▁of ▁N icos ▁An ast asi ades , ▁had ▁granted ▁citizens hip ▁to ▁Camb od ian ▁el ites . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁E lection e ering ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁Cons istent ▁with ▁his ▁personal ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁Raz ak ▁family , ▁Low ▁supported ▁and ▁fund ed ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁with ▁ 1 M DB ▁c ash ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁elections . ▁He ▁organ ised ▁a ▁free ▁pro - g overn ment ▁concert ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁state ▁of ▁Pen ang ▁featuring ▁American ▁mus icians ▁B usta ▁Rh ym es ▁and ▁Lud ac ris , ▁which ▁was ▁critic ised ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁opposition ▁government ▁as ▁unf air ▁election e ering ▁even ▁though ▁Low ' s ▁close ▁friend ▁claimed ▁the ▁concert ▁was ▁for ▁char ity . ▁ ▁Lob by ing ▁activities ▁in ▁USA ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ' s ▁ind ict ment , ▁J ho ▁Low ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁consp i racy ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁to , ▁and ▁potentially ▁influence , ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama ' s ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁campaign ▁without ▁dis clos ing ▁the ▁foreign ▁orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁money ▁fun ne led ▁to ▁Ob ama ' s ▁Super ▁P AC . ▁The ▁ind ict ment ▁against ▁Low ▁revealed |
▁that ▁he ▁directed ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁US $ 2 1 . 6 ▁million ▁from ▁foreign ▁entities ▁to ▁former ▁F uge es ▁ra pper ▁Pr as ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁fun nel ing ▁into ▁the ▁US ▁election . ▁ ▁Low ▁was ▁also ▁helped ▁by ▁former ▁Justice ▁Department ▁employee ▁H ig gin both am , ▁who ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁to ▁a ▁charge ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁bank ▁accounts ▁for ▁a ▁lo bb ying ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁US ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁sc andal . ▁In ▁response , ▁a ▁sp okes man ▁for ▁Low ▁stated ▁that ▁" Mr . ▁Low ▁has ▁never ▁made ▁any ▁campaign ▁contribution ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ." ▁ ▁Social ▁life ▁ ▁Low ▁once ▁lived ▁a ▁high - profile ▁social ▁life ▁before ▁becoming ▁an ▁international ▁fug itive . ▁Low ' s ▁lav ish ▁l ifest yle ▁was ▁pur port edly ▁fund ed ▁by ▁money ▁pil fer ed ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁fund . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁ ▁Low ▁has ▁contributed ▁money ▁to ▁various ▁char ities . ▁However , ▁much , ▁if ▁not ▁all , ▁of ▁his ▁char itable ▁giving ▁occurred ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 M DB ▁sc andal ▁began ▁to ▁unfold , ▁and ▁thus ▁critics ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁money ▁provided ▁to ▁various ▁char ities ▁was ▁st olen ▁from ▁ 1 M DB ▁and ▁that ▁Low ' s ▁char itable ▁giving ▁is ▁simply ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁public ▁relations ▁strategy ▁to ▁burn ish ▁Low |
' s ▁t arn ished ▁image . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Web archive ▁template ▁way back ▁links ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁H arrow ▁School ▁Category : Wh art on ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pen ang ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁people ▁of ▁Chinese ▁descent ▁Category : F ug it ives ▁wanted ▁by ▁Malays ia ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁business people ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁sc and als ▁in ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wright ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁at ▁ 5 4 ▁V inal ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Som er ville , ▁Massachusetts . ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 2 . 5 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁c . ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁for ▁Walter ▁Wright , ▁owner ▁of ▁a ▁milk ▁can ▁manufact urer . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁pre domin antly ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁style ▁in ▁its ▁mass ing , ▁with ▁numerous ▁project ing ▁b ays , ▁including ▁a ▁tur ret - like ▁section ▁over ▁the ▁single ▁story ▁front ▁por ch . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁architect ural ▁elements , ▁however , ▁are ▁sh ing led , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁bands ▁of ▁decor ative ▁cut ▁sh ing les ▁in ▁various ▁places . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic |
▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Som er ville , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Som er ville , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Que en ▁Anne ▁architecture ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Sh ing le ▁Style ▁houses ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁SV T ▁World ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁television ▁channel ▁from ▁the ▁Swedish ▁broad c aster ▁Sver iges ▁Television . ▁The ▁channel ▁was ▁available ▁on ▁satellite ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁Africa , ▁Australia ▁and ▁Asia , ▁terrest ri ally ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Finland ▁and ▁world wide ▁via ▁IP TV . ▁ ▁The ▁channel ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁as ▁TV 4 ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁SV T 1 ▁and ▁SV T 2 ▁terrest ri ally ▁to ▁the ▁Swedish - spe aking ▁areas ▁of ▁southern ▁Finland . ▁The ▁channel ▁was ▁later ▁ ▁renamed ▁SV T 4 . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁the ▁channel ▁started ▁broadcast ing ▁from ▁the ▁Si ri us ▁ 2 ▁satellite ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁SV T ▁Europa . ▁Initial ly , ▁only ▁regular ▁households ▁and ▁hot els ▁in ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁countries ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁channel , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁cable ▁networks ▁in ▁Spain ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁the ▁channel ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁hot els ▁outside ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁countries ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁channel . ▁ ▁In |
▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁SV T ▁Europa ▁started ▁broadcast ing ▁on ▁the ▁Th a ic om ▁ 5 ▁satellite ▁and ▁thereby ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Africa , ▁Asia , ▁and ▁Australia , ▁although ▁this ▁requires ▁a ▁large ▁satellite ▁d ish ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 – 3 ▁metres . ▁SV T ▁Europa ▁no ▁longer ▁broadcast s ▁from ▁the ▁Si ri us ▁ 2 ▁satellite , ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁available ▁via ▁the ▁satellite ▁Euro bird ▁ 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁broadcast s ▁are ▁mostly ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁language ▁program mes ▁from ▁SV T 1 ▁and ▁SV T 2 . ▁If ▁both ▁SV T 1 ▁and ▁SV T 2 ▁show ▁a ▁programme ▁for ▁which ▁SV T ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁international ▁rights , ▁program mes ▁from ▁SV T 2 4 ▁or ▁Kun skap sk anal en ▁are ▁shown . ▁When ▁SV T 1 ▁and ▁SV T 2 ▁are ▁not ▁broadcast ing , ▁SV T 2 4 ▁is ▁shown . ▁Tele text ▁pages ▁from ▁SV T ▁Text ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁broadcast s . ▁The ▁radio ▁channels ▁Radio ▁Sweden ▁and ▁SR ▁P 4 ▁are ▁also ▁included ▁with ▁SV T ▁Europa . ▁ ▁Anal og ue ▁terrest rial ▁broadcast s ▁in ▁Finland ▁ceased ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁Finland ▁switched ▁completely ▁to ▁digital ▁television . ▁On ▁that ▁day , ▁SV T ▁Europa ▁started ▁broadcast ing ▁as ▁a ▁digital ▁pay - TV ▁channel ▁there . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁however , ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁free - |
to - air ▁channel ▁again , ▁sharing ▁a ▁channel ▁with ▁Y le ▁Fem ▁in ▁southern ▁Finland ▁and ▁the ▁Swedish - spe aking ▁Ost rob oth nia . ▁ ▁To ▁reflect ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁channel ▁is ▁now ▁broadcast ▁in ▁four ▁contin ents , ▁its ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁SV T ▁World ▁in ▁mid - A pril ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁With ▁the ▁name ▁change ▁the ▁channel ▁moved ▁its ▁pl ayout ▁centre , ▁which ▁allowed ▁it ▁to ▁broadcast ▁in ▁the ▁w ides creen ▁format ▁( inst ead ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 : 3 ▁letter box ▁format ▁used ▁until ▁then ) ▁and ▁time - shift ▁program mes ▁to ▁be ▁broadcast ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁night - time ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁The ▁channel ▁will ▁also ▁get ▁new ▁graphics . ▁ ▁Broadcast ing ▁in ▁the ▁Asian ▁region ▁via ▁Th a ic om ▁ 5 ▁was ▁stopped ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁channel ▁would ▁be ▁closed ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁decision ▁was ▁taken ▁because ▁the ▁business ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁seen ▁as ▁econom ically ▁vi able , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁increased ▁competition ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁imp ending ▁end ▁of ▁sim ul cast s ▁of ▁SV T ▁World ▁on ▁Y le ▁Fem ▁in ▁Finland , ▁when ▁it ▁and ▁Y le ▁Te ema ▁would ▁eventually ▁merge ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁single ▁channel ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Regional ▁programming ▁for |
▁the ▁world ▁SV T ▁World ▁broadcast ▁Regional a ▁Ny h eter ▁( Reg ional ▁News ) ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁at ▁ 1 : 4 0 – 6 : 0 0 ▁am ▁( 7 : 4 0 ▁am ▁– ▁ 1 : 0 0 ▁pm ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁broad c aster s ▁World ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Sweden ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Sweden ▁Category : Def unct ▁television ▁channels ▁in ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Pacific - 1 0 ▁Conference ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁was ▁played ▁March ▁ 8 – 1 1 ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁Activity ▁Center ▁in ▁Tem pe , ▁Arizona , ▁on ▁the ▁campus ▁of ▁Arizona ▁State ▁University . ▁The ▁final ▁game ▁featured ▁U CLA ▁and ▁Arizona , ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁teams ▁that ▁had ▁won ▁previous ▁Pac - 1 0 ▁tournament s . ▁ ▁The ▁champion ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁consecutive ▁ ▁year ▁was ▁Arizona , ▁which ▁received ▁the ▁Pac - 1 0 ' s ▁automatic ▁bid ▁to ▁the ▁NCAA ▁tournament . ▁ ▁The ▁Most ▁Out standing ▁Player ▁was ▁Jud ▁B ue ch ler ▁of ▁Arizona . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁and ▁all |
▁ten ▁teams ▁participated . ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁not ▁held ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁eleven ▁seasons , ▁then ▁returned ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Bra cket ▁ ▁A ster isk ▁denotes ▁over time ▁period . ▁ ▁Tournament ▁Notes ▁ ▁Third ▁seed ed ▁Arizona , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁win ▁that ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁# 1 ▁seed , ▁in ▁this ▁tournament ' s ▁history . ▁▁ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁tournament ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁conference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century . ▁ ▁This ▁year ' s ▁tournament ▁had ▁the ▁lowest ▁total ▁attend ance ▁ever , ▁and ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Arizona ▁since . ▁ ▁California ▁and ▁Stan ford ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁pair ▁of ▁any ▁arch - rival s ▁ever ▁to ▁meet ▁in ▁a ▁Pac - 1 0 ▁Tournament . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁game ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁ 1 7 2 ▁points ▁scored ▁( 9 4 - 7 8 ) ▁in ▁a ▁record ▁high ▁for ▁a ▁Pac - 1 0 / 1 2 ▁final ▁game ▁that ▁still ▁stands . ▁▁ ▁Arizona ' s ▁ 5 6 ▁reb ounds ▁vs . ▁US C ▁set ▁a ▁tournament ▁game ▁record , ▁which ▁still ▁stands . ▁ ▁U CLA ▁and ▁Oregon ▁combined ▁for ▁ 9 4 ▁reb ounds ▁( 4 9 ▁and ▁ 4 5 ), ▁a ▁record ▁for ▁two ▁teams ▁in ▁a ▁tournament ▁game , ▁which ▁still ▁stands . ▁▁ ▁Arizona ▁State ' s ▁Isaac ▁Austin ▁set ▁an ▁individual ▁tournament ▁record ▁for ▁ ▁field ▁goal ▁%, ▁making ▁ 7 |
9 . 1 % ▁( 1 9 ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁in ▁ 3 ▁games ), ▁which ▁still ▁stands . ▁ ▁Oregon ▁had ▁ 4 2 ▁personal ▁fou ls ▁in ▁their ▁loss ▁to ▁U CLA , ▁setting ▁a ▁Pac - 1 0 ▁Tournament ▁game ▁record ▁that ▁still ▁stands . ▁ ▁That ▁game ▁also ▁set ▁the ▁combined ▁personal ▁f ow l ▁single ▁game ▁record ▁of ▁ 6 8 ▁( 4 2 ▁for ▁Oregon ▁and ▁ 2 6 ▁for ▁U CLA ) ▁which ▁also ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Matt ▁M ue h le bach ▁of ▁Arizona ▁was ▁a ▁perfect ▁ 3 ▁of ▁ 3 ▁( 1 0 0 %) ▁for ▁ 3 ▁point ▁F G s ▁vs . ▁U CLA . ▁This ▁tied ▁the ▁individual ▁ 3 ▁pt . ▁F G % ▁record ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁by ▁Greg ▁Hill ▁( W ashington ). ▁ ▁Oregon ▁had ▁their ▁best ▁seed ▁( 1 ) ▁in ▁any ▁Pac - 1 0 / 1 2 ▁tournament ▁in ▁this ▁year . ▁This ▁was ▁their ▁only ▁time ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁top - se eded . ▁ ▁Four ▁teams ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁NCAA ▁Tournament ▁from ▁the ▁conference . ▁The ▁Pac - 1 0 ▁sent ▁Arizona ▁with ▁the ▁automatic ▁bid . ▁U CLA , ▁Oregon ▁St . ▁and ▁California ▁also ▁received ▁at - large ▁b ids . ▁ ▁All ▁Tournament ▁Team ▁Jud ▁B ue ch ler , ▁Arizona ▁Matt ▁M ue h le bach , ▁Arizona ▁Adam ▁Ke efe , ▁Stan ford ▁Alex |
▁Austin , ▁Arizona ▁State ▁Tre vor ▁Wilson , ▁U CLA ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Tournament ▁Category : P ac - 1 2 ▁Conference ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament <0x0A> </s> ▁H ap lo group ▁O - K 1 8 ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁O - F 2 3 2 0 ▁and ▁( as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁H ap lo group ▁O 1 b 1 , ▁is ▁a ▁human ▁Y - chrom os ome ▁DNA ▁ha p lo group . ▁H ap lo group ▁O - K 1 8 ▁is ▁a ▁desc endant ▁branch ▁of ▁H ap lo group ▁O - P 3 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁high ▁frequency ▁of ▁its ▁O - M 9 5 ▁sub cla de ▁among ▁populations ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁and ▁among ▁speak ers ▁of ▁Aust ro asi atic ▁languages ▁in ▁South ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Origin ▁In ▁a ▁paper ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Chinese ▁research ers ▁affili ated ▁with ▁F ud an ▁University , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁China ▁is ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁ha p lo group ▁O - M 2 6 8 , ▁the ▁parent ▁ha p lo group ▁of ▁O - F 2 3 2 0 . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁H ap lo group ▁O - K 1 8 ▁is ▁distributed ▁widely ▁in ▁Asia , ▁from ▁southern ▁India ▁to ▁the ▁Al ta i ▁Mountains ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁and ▁from ▁Indones ia ▁to ▁northern ▁China ▁and ▁Japan |
▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁only ▁at ▁margin ally ▁low ▁frequencies ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 % ▁at ▁the ▁peri ph ery ▁of ▁its ▁distribution ▁in ▁southern ▁India , ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁northern ▁China , ▁and ▁Japan , ▁but ▁many ▁populations ▁within ▁the ▁vast ▁interven ing ▁territory ▁in ▁South ▁Asia , ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁and ▁southern ▁China ▁display ▁a ▁greatly ▁elev ated ▁frequency ▁of ▁H ap lo group ▁O - K 1 8 ▁Y - chrom os om es . ▁H ap lo group ▁O - M 1 2 2 , ▁which ▁att ains ▁its ▁peak ▁frequency ▁among ▁the ▁S ino - T ib et an ▁and ▁H m ong – M ien ▁pe op les ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁and ▁H ap lo group ▁O - M 1 1 9 , ▁which ▁pre domin ates ▁among ▁Taiwan ese ▁ab orig ines ▁and ▁many ▁populations ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁also ▁generally ▁occur ▁among ▁speak ers ▁of ▁Aust ro asi atic ▁languages ▁in ▁South ▁China ▁and ▁the ▁Ind och inese ▁Pen ins ula , ▁but ▁usually ▁at ▁much ▁lower ▁frequencies ▁than ▁H ap lo group ▁O - M 9 5 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Geographic ▁project ▁regarding ▁O - M 9 5 : ▁ ▁The ▁Aust ro - A si atic ▁language ▁family ▁developed ▁in ▁groups ▁containing ▁men ▁from ▁this ▁line age . ▁As ▁these ▁groups ▁spread ▁across ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁in ▁success ive ▁waves , ▁they ▁spread ▁their ▁language . ▁ ▁Today , |
▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁men ▁from ▁this ▁line age ▁matches ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁these ▁waves ▁of ▁migration . ▁It ▁is ▁ 4 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁male ▁line ages ▁in ▁Java , ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁male ▁line ages ▁in ▁Vietnam , ▁and ▁ 3 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁male ▁line ages ▁in ▁Bor neo . ▁It ▁accounts ▁for ▁ 2 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁population ▁in ▁Malays ia . ▁It ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁Sum atra ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 4 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁population . ▁In ▁main land ▁China , ▁it ▁is , ▁on ▁average , ▁about ▁ 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁population . ▁In ▁South ▁Asia , ▁it ▁is ▁ 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁P ard han , ▁between ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁And h , ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Na ik pod . ▁It ▁is ▁around ▁ 5 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁Bal inese ▁male ▁line ages . ▁ ▁Sub cla de ▁Distribution ▁ ▁O - K 1 8 ▁ ▁O - CT S 1 0 8 8 7 ▁ ▁Found ▁in ▁Han ▁Chinese , ▁Taiwan ▁pla ins ▁tribes , ▁Vietnam ese , ▁D ai , ▁Filip inos , ▁Kore ans , ▁Japanese , ▁West ▁Kal im ant an , ▁Haz ar as , ▁and ▁Arab s ▁( Q atar ). ▁T MR CA ▁of ▁Han ▁Chinese , ▁D ai , ▁Vietnam ese , ▁and ▁Japanese ▁members ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁ 1 3 , 7 0 0 ▁[ 9 5 % ▁CI ▁ |
1 1 , 3 0 0 ▁< -> ▁ 1 6 , 3 0 0 ] ▁y bp . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁of ▁DNA ▁extracted ▁from ▁a ▁to oth ▁from ▁what ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁C ao ▁D ing ▁shows ▁that ▁he ▁belonged ▁to ▁this ▁cla de . ▁The ▁research ers ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁Y - chrom os ome ▁of ▁C ao ▁D ing ▁matches ▁those ▁of ▁self - proc laimed ▁living ▁descend ants ▁of ▁C ao ▁C ao ▁who ▁hold ▁line age ▁records ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁gener ations ▁ago . ▁C ao ▁C ao ▁laid ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁C ao ▁Wei , ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁major ▁states ▁that ▁succeeded ▁the ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁China . ▁ ▁O - PK 4 ▁ ▁O - F 8 3 8 ▁ ▁This ▁line age ▁has ▁been ▁re located ▁up stream ▁of ▁M 9 5 ▁following ▁a ▁paper ▁published ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Found ▁in ▁three ▁samples ▁of ▁Han ▁Chinese : ▁ 3 / 6 5 ▁= ▁ 4 . 6 % ▁South ▁China , ▁ 1 / 1 2 9 ▁= ▁ 0 . 8 % ▁North ▁China , ▁ 1 / 1 6 7 ▁= ▁ 0 . 6 % ▁East ▁China . ▁ ▁P eng ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁found ▁O - PK 4 ( x M 9 5 ), ▁which ▁probably ▁should ▁belong ▁to ▁O - F 8 3 |
8 ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ph y log en etic ▁tree ▁of ▁human ▁Y - D NA ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁resolved , ▁in ▁a ▁B amar ▁individual ▁in ▁Ay ey ar w ady ▁Region , ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁Tre j aut ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁found ▁O - PK 4 ( x M 9 5 ) ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁individuals ▁sample d ▁on ▁Am bon ▁Island , ▁Indones ia , ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁individuals ▁sample d ▁in ▁H ano i , ▁Vietnam , ▁six ▁of ▁ 2 5 8 ▁mis cell aneous ▁Han ▁volunte ers ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁one ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁Minn an ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁ 8 5 ▁Si ray a ▁in ▁P ingt ung , ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Wang ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁found ▁O - PK 4 ( x M 9 5 ) ▁in ▁two ▁of ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁ 4 6 ▁Kh ams ▁Tib et ans ▁from ▁X in long ▁County , ▁S ich uan . ▁ ▁O - M 9 5 ▁This ▁sub cla de ▁is ▁down stream ▁from ▁O - PK 4 . ▁It ▁reaches ▁high ▁frequencies ▁among ▁the ▁populations ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Sum atra , ▁Java , ▁B ali , ▁and ▁Bor neo ▁in ▁western ▁Indones ia ▁ ▁( Kar af et ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁Y - chrom os |
ome ▁ha p lo group ▁among ▁the ▁Bal inese , ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁approximately ▁ 5 8 . 6 % ▁( 3 2 3 / 5 5 1 ) ▁of ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁Bal inese ▁men . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 7 . 1 % ▁( 6 / 3 5 ) ▁of ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁Mal ag asy ▁in ▁Mad agas car ▁( H ur les ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁( 1 / 6 0 ) ▁of ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁Sw ah ili ▁people ▁in ▁Kil ifi , ▁Ken ya . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁frequently ▁occurr ing ▁Y - D NA ▁ha p lo groups ▁among ▁men ▁in ▁Malays ia , ▁Th ailand , ▁La os , ▁Camb odia , ▁Vietnam , ▁and ▁My an mar . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁common ▁among ▁minor ity ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁in ▁India ▁and ▁China , ▁especially ▁those ▁who ▁have ▁eth n ol ingu istic ▁connections ▁with ▁populations ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁( e . g . ▁M unda ▁pe op les , ▁K has i ▁people , ▁and ▁Nic obar ese ▁people ▁in ▁India ▁and ▁Kra - D ai ▁pe op les , ▁Bl ang ▁people , ▁and ▁Mang ▁people ▁in ▁China ). ▁ ▁O - M 9 5 ( x M 8 8 ) ▁is ▁relatively ▁inf re quent ▁in ▁other ▁populations , ▁but ▁a ▁study ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁has ▁found ▁it ▁in ▁samples |
▁of ▁Da urs ▁( 6 / 3 9 ▁= ▁ 1 5 . 4 % ), ▁Q i ang ▁people ▁( 3 / 3 3 ▁= ▁ 9 . 1 % ), ▁She ▁people ▁( 3 / 3 4 ▁= ▁ 8 . 8 % ), ▁H ani ▁people ▁( 2 / 3 4 ▁= ▁ 5 . 9 % ), ▁Y ao ▁people ▁in ▁L ian nan , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁( 2 / 3 5 ▁= ▁ 5 . 7 % ), ▁Japanese ▁people ▁( 2 / 4 7 ▁= ▁ 4 . 3 % ), ▁Even ks ▁in ▁China ▁( 1 / 2 6 ▁= ▁ 3 . 8 % ), ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁in ▁L anz hou , ▁G ans u ▁( 1 / 3 0 ▁= ▁ 3 . 3 % ), ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁in ▁Y ili , ▁X in ji ang ▁( 1 / 3 2 ▁= ▁ 3 . 1 % ), ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁in ▁Ch eng du , ▁S ich uan ▁( 1 / 3 4 ▁= ▁ 2 . 9 % ), ▁and ▁Y ao ▁people ▁in ▁B ama , ▁Gu ang xi ▁( 1 / 3 5 ▁= ▁ 2 . 9 %). ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁found ▁O - M 9 5 ( x M 1 1 1 ) ▁in ▁ 5 7 . 3 % ▁( 3 6 7 / 6 4 1 ) ▁B ali , ▁ 4 9 . 2 % ▁( 3 |
0 / 6 1 ) ▁Java , ▁ 3 1 . 3 % ▁( 1 0 / 3 2 ) ▁Malays ia , ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁( 1 8 / 8 6 ) ▁Bor neo ▁( Ind ones ia ), ▁ 1 5 . 8 % ▁( 6 / 3 8 ) ▁T oba ▁people ▁in ▁Sum atra , ▁ 1 3 . 0 % ▁( 7 / 5 4 ) ▁Mand ar ▁people ▁in ▁Sul aw esi , ▁ 7 . 1 % ▁( 5 / 7 0 ) ▁Vietnam , ▁ 6 . 1 % ▁( 1 0 / 1 6 5 ) ▁Han ▁Chinese , ▁ 4 . 6 % ▁( 1 8 / 3 9 4 ) ▁Fl ores , ▁ 3 . 4 % ▁( 2 / 5 8 ) ▁M iao ▁in ▁China , ▁ 2 . 1 % ▁( 1 / 4 8 ) ▁Philippines , ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁( 1 / 6 0 ) ▁Y ao ▁in ▁China , ▁and ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁( 1 / 3 5 0 ) ▁Sum ba . ▁( Kar af et ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Tre j aut ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁found ▁O - M 9 5 ( x M 8 8 ) ▁in ▁ 3 6 . 2 % ▁( 5 1 / 1 4 1 ) ▁Java , ▁ 2 9 . 4 % ▁( 5 / 1 7 ) ▁Sul |
aw esi , ▁ 2 5 . 3 % ▁( 1 9 / 7 5 ) ▁general ▁population ▁of ▁Th ailand , ▁ 2 5 % ▁( 2 / 8 ) ▁Malays ia , ▁ 2 2 . 2 % ▁( 4 / 1 8 ) ▁Am bon , ▁ 1 9 . 2 % ▁( 5 / 2 6 ) ▁Sum atra , ▁ 1 2 . 0 % ▁( 3 / 2 5 ) ▁Kal im ant an , ▁ 1 0 . 0 % ▁( 3 / 3 0 ) ▁Y ami , ▁ 8 . 3 % ▁( 2 / 2 4 ) ▁H ano i , ▁Vietnam , ▁ 6 . 7 % ▁( 4 / 6 0 ) ▁Minn an ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁ 5 . 9 % ▁( 2 / 3 4 ) ▁H ak ka ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁ 3 . 7 % ▁( 1 / 2 7 ) ▁Ak ka ▁in ▁Th ailand , ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁( 9 / 2 5 8 ) ▁mis cell aneous ▁Han ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁( 1 / 5 5 ) ▁Han ▁in ▁F uj ian , ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁( 6 / 3 7 0 ) ▁Taiwan ▁Pla ins ▁Trib es . ▁The ▁authors ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁any ▁cases ▁of ▁O - M 9 5 ( x M 8 8 ) ▁among ▁their ▁samples ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines ▁( 0 / 1 4 6 ) ▁or ▁Taiwan ▁High lands |
▁Trib es ▁( 0 / 3 2 5 ). ▁ ▁O - M 8 8 ▁This ▁sub cla de ▁is ▁down stream ▁from ▁O - M 9 5 . ▁According ▁to ▁Y Full ▁Y Tree ▁v 7 . 0 3 . 0 0 , ▁all ▁ext ant ▁members ▁of ▁O - M 8 8 , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁O - M 1 1 1 , ▁share ▁a ▁most ▁recent ▁common ▁ancest or ▁approximately ▁ 6 , 2 0 0 ▁[ 9 5 % ▁CI ▁ 5 , 1 0 0 ▁< -> ▁ 7 , 3 0 0 ] ▁years ▁before ▁present . ▁The ▁entire ▁O - M 8 8 ▁cla de ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁share ▁a ▁most ▁recent ▁common ▁ancest or ▁with ▁its ▁nearest ▁out group , ▁O - CT S 5 8 5 4 ▁( i . e . ▁O - F 2 9 2 4 ( x M 8 8 ), ▁most ▁members ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁southern ▁China , ▁La os , ▁and ▁Th ailand , ▁but ▁some ▁also ▁in ▁northern ▁China , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁the ▁Philippines ), ▁approximately ▁ 9 , 7 0 0 ▁[ 9 5 % ▁CI ▁ 8 , 6 0 0 ▁< -> ▁ 1 0 , 8 0 0 ] ▁years ▁before ▁present . ▁ ▁O - M 8 8 ▁is ▁frequently ▁found ▁among ▁Tai ▁pe op les , ▁Vietnam ese ▁people , ▁H ani - A k ha ▁people , ▁She ▁people , ▁and ▁some ▁trib al |
▁pe op les ▁in ▁La os ▁( including ▁A he u ▁people , ▁X in h ▁Mul ▁people , ▁A lak ▁people , ▁K uy ▁people , ▁and ▁So ▁people ), ▁with ▁a ▁moder ate ▁distribution ▁among ▁Camb od ians , ▁Q i ang ▁people , ▁Y i ▁people , ▁T uj ia ▁people , ▁H la i , ▁M iao , ▁Y ao , ▁Cham ▁people , ▁Taiwan ese ▁ab orig ines , ▁populations ▁of ▁Bor neo , ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁and ▁Malays ia ▁ ▁( Kar af et ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁of ▁S ich uan , ▁Hun an , ▁Gu ang xi , ▁Gu ang d ong , ▁Y unn an , ▁and ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Tre j aut ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁found ▁O - M 8 8 ▁in ▁ 3 7 . 5 % ▁( 2 1 / 5 6 ) ▁Bun un , ▁ 2 5 . 9 % ▁( 7 / 2 7 ) ▁Ak ka ▁in ▁Th ailand , ▁ 2 5 . 0 % ▁( 6 / 2 4 ) ▁H ano i , ▁Vietnam , ▁ 1 7 . 3 % ▁( 1 3 / 7 5 ) ▁general ▁population ▁of ▁Th ailand , ▁ 5 . 0 % ▁( 7 / 1 4 1 ) ▁Java , ▁ 3 . 4 % ▁( 5 / 1 4 6 ) ▁Philippines , ▁ 3 . 3 % ▁( 1 / 3 0 ) ▁Y |
ami , ▁ 2 . 9 % ▁( 1 / 3 4 ) ▁H ak ka ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁( 1 / 6 0 ) ▁Minn an ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁ 1 . 5 5 % ▁( 4 / 2 5 8 ) ▁Han ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁and ▁ 0 . 5 4 % ▁( 2 / 3 7 0 ) ▁Taiwan ▁Pla ins ▁Trib es ▁( including ▁ 1 / 1 8 ▁Pap ora ▁and ▁ 1 / 3 8 ▁Si ray a ▁from ▁the ▁T ain an ▁coast ). ▁ ▁O - M 2 9 7 ▁More ▁research ▁is ▁needed ▁on ▁this ▁line age . ▁It ▁is ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁down stream ▁from ▁M 9 5 ▁and ▁parallel ▁to ▁M 8 8 . ▁ ▁Ph y log en et ics ▁ ▁Ph y log en etic ▁history ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁there ▁were ▁in ▁academic ▁literature ▁at ▁least ▁seven ▁naming ▁systems ▁for ▁the ▁Y - Ch rom os ome ▁Ph y log en etic ▁tree . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁considerable ▁confusion . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁major ▁research ▁groups ▁came ▁together ▁and ▁formed ▁the ▁Y - Ch rom os ome ▁Cons ort ium ▁( Y CC ). ▁They ▁published ▁a ▁joint ▁paper ▁that ▁created ▁a ▁single ▁new ▁tree ▁that ▁all ▁agreed ▁to ▁use . ▁Later , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁citiz en ▁scient ists ▁with ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁population ▁gen et ics ▁and ▁gen etic ▁gene al ogy |
▁formed ▁a ▁working ▁group ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁amateur ▁tree ▁aim ing ▁at ▁being ▁above ▁all ▁tim ely . ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁brings ▁together ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁land mark ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Y CC ▁Tree . ▁This ▁allows ▁a ▁research er ▁review ing ▁older ▁published ▁literature ▁to ▁quickly ▁move ▁between ▁nom en cl atures . ▁ ▁Research ▁publications ▁The ▁following ▁research ▁teams ▁per ▁their ▁publications ▁were ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Y CC ▁Tree . ▁ ▁Ph y log en etic ▁trees ▁This ▁ph y log en etic ▁tree ▁of ▁ha p lo group ▁O ▁sub cl ades ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Y CC ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁tree ▁ ▁and ▁subsequent ▁published ▁research . ▁ ▁O - M 9 5 ▁( M 9 5 ) ▁O - M 8 8 ▁( M 8 8 , ▁M 1 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Table ▁of ▁frequencies ▁of ▁O - M 8 8 / M 1 1 1 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Gen et ics ▁ ▁Y - D NA ▁O ▁sub cl ades ▁ ▁Y - D NA ▁back bone ▁tree ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Works ▁c ited ▁Books ▁ ▁Conference ▁Post ers ▁ ▁J ourn als ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁O - M 9 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Del cro ix ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁surname ▁derived ▁from ▁de ▁la ▁Cro ix ▁(" of ▁the ▁Cross "). ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Catherine ▁Del cro ix ▁( born ▁ 1 9 |
5 5 ), ▁French ▁soci ologist ▁ ▁( 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 8 2 ), ▁German ▁actor ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Belg ian ▁politician ▁L udo ▁Del cro ix ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁Belg ian ▁cycl ist ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁French ▁writer ▁and ▁journalist ▁Patrick ▁Del cro ix ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁French ▁dan cer ▁and ▁ch ore ograph er ▁Tob ias ▁Del cro ix ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 7 ), ▁French ▁photograph er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁de ▁la ▁Cro ix ▁Del ac ro ix ▁ ▁Category : F rench - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁An ous h ▁( also ▁An ush , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁five - act ▁opera ▁composed ▁by ▁Armen ▁Tig ran ian , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁hom onymous ▁poem ▁written ▁by ▁H ov h annes ▁T um any an ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁Origin ally ▁composed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁performed ▁in ▁Alexand ropol , ▁but ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁for ▁its ▁full ▁professional ▁st aging ▁at ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁National ▁Opera ▁Theater . ▁Until ▁now ad ays , ▁An ous h ▁remains ▁in ▁the ▁re per toire ▁of ▁the ▁the ater . ▁ ▁The ▁opera ▁has ▁special ▁importance ▁to ▁Armen ian ▁musical ▁history ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁most ▁significant ▁accomplish ments . ▁Being ▁a ▁work ▁of ▁national |
▁character , ▁An ous h ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁opera ▁truly ▁inspired ▁by ▁Armen ian ▁folk ▁music ▁and ▁culture , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁Armen ian ▁musical ▁and ▁the atr ical ▁work . ▁▁ ▁The ▁opera ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁tra ged y ▁of ▁a ▁pe asant ▁girl ▁( An ous h ) ▁whose ▁short ▁love ▁affair ▁ends ▁in ▁loss ▁and ▁death ▁because ▁of ▁conflict ▁between ▁her ▁lo ver ▁( S aro ) ▁and ▁her ▁brother ▁( M oss y ). ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁The ▁trag ic ▁love ▁story ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁typical ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Armen ian ▁village . ▁An ous h ▁is ▁a ▁young ▁village ▁girl ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁a ▁she ph erd , ▁named ▁Sar o . ▁One ▁evening , ▁at ▁a ▁village ▁wed ding ▁celebr ation , ▁M oss y , ▁An ous h ' s ▁brother , ▁and ▁Sar o ▁wrest le ▁in ▁a ▁friendly ▁match . ▁However , ▁instead ▁of ▁ending ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁draw , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁custom , ▁Sar o ▁viol ates ▁the ▁local ▁code ▁of ▁honor ▁and ▁hum ili ates ▁him ▁by ▁pin ning ▁him ▁down . ▁En rag ed , ▁M oss y ▁v ows ▁to ▁destroy ▁Sar o , ▁whom ▁he ▁now ▁cons iders ▁his ▁enemy . ▁E ff ort s ▁for ▁recon c ili ation ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁failing , ▁and ▁finding ▁their ▁hopes ▁of ▁marriage ▁dashed , ▁An ous h ▁and ▁Sar o ▁run ▁away . ▁Event ually , ▁while |
▁An ous h ▁is ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁for ▁recon c ili ation , ▁M oss y ▁finds ▁Sar o ▁and ▁sho ots ▁him ▁dead . ▁Upon ▁this ▁loss , ▁An ous h ▁los es ▁her ▁san ity ▁and ▁ends ▁her ▁life ▁by ▁throwing ▁herself ▁off ▁a ▁cl iff . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Armen ian ▁opera ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Opera : ▁An ous h , ▁Classic ▁of ▁Armen ia , ▁in ▁Detroit ▁by ▁John ▁Rock well , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁music ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁oper as ▁Category : Oper as ▁Category : Ar men ian - language ▁oper as ▁Category : Oper as ▁by ▁Armen ▁Tig ran ian ▁Category : Oper as ▁based ▁on ▁literature <0x0A> </s> ▁Washington ▁Street ▁T unnel ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Washington ▁Street ▁T unnel ▁( Ch icago ), ▁a ▁road ▁tunnel ▁in ▁Chicago ▁Washington ▁Street ▁T unnel ▁( B oston ), ▁a ▁sub way ▁tunnel ▁in ▁Boston <0x0A> </s> ▁Re ! ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁Greek ▁album ▁by ▁singer ▁Anna ▁V iss i ▁released ▁in ▁Greece ▁and ▁Cy pr us ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁London ▁at ▁Whit field ▁Street ▁Rec ording ▁Studios ▁and ▁released ▁by ▁Sony ▁Music ▁Greece . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁ac oust ic ▁album ▁V iss i ▁has ▁released ▁up ▁to ▁date . ▁It ▁was ▁rep |
ack aged ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁songs ▁" A min ", ▁" E len i " ▁and ▁a ▁rem ix ▁of ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala ". ▁Music ▁and ▁lyr ics ▁are ▁by ▁Nik os ▁Kar vel as ▁and ▁E vi ▁Dr out sa . ▁ ▁Release ▁Re ! ▁was ▁originally ▁released ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁featuring ▁ten ▁songs . ▁In ▁early ▁to ▁mid ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁songs ▁" A min " ▁ ▁and ▁" E len i " ▁and ▁a ▁rem ix ▁of ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala ". ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁the ▁bonus ▁tracks , ▁though , ▁were ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁album ' s ▁l iner ▁notes ▁and ▁over ally ▁no ▁significant ▁change ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁album ' s ▁original ▁art work . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁a ▁Turkish ▁artist ▁H ü ly a ▁Av ş ar ▁covered ▁the ▁single ▁" E len i " ▁with ▁the ▁Turkish ▁lyr ics ▁as ▁" Se v dim " ▁( I ▁loved ), ▁which ▁met ▁moder ate ▁success , ▁while ▁radio ▁stations ▁also ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁original ▁version ▁by ▁Anna ▁V iss i . ▁Sony ▁Music ▁Turkey ▁then ▁decided ▁upon ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Re ! ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁The ▁album ▁reached ▁ 2 x ▁Pl atin um ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Original ▁ 1 |
9 9 4 ▁LP ▁and ▁CD ▁release ▁ ▁" Re !" ▁( H ey ▁you !) ▁ ▁" 3 0 ▁K ai ▁V ale " ▁( Th irty ▁something ) ▁ ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala " ▁( I ' m ▁very ▁well ) ▁ ▁" Par ag raf os ▁ 6 2 " ▁( Par agraph ▁ 6 2 ) ▁ ▁" To ▁Al lo ▁Mou ▁E go " ▁( My ▁other ▁self ) ▁ ▁" I ▁V ark a " ▁( The ▁boat ) ▁ ▁" M el an hol ies " ▁( M el anch ol ies ) ▁ ▁" Di ad il osi " ▁( The ▁protest ) ▁ ▁" E ft a ▁Zo es " ▁( Se ven ▁lives ) ▁ ▁" Pal io ▁Period iko " ▁( Old ▁magazine ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Re - release ▁( Only ▁on ▁CD ) ▁ ▁" Re !" ▁( H ey ▁you !) ▁ ▁" 3 0 ▁K ai ▁V ale " ▁( Th irty ▁something ) ▁ ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala " ▁( I ' m ▁very ▁well ) ▁ ▁" Par ag raf os ▁ 6 2 " ▁( Par agraph ▁ 6 2 ) ▁ ▁" To ▁Al lo ▁Mou ▁E go " ▁( My ▁other ▁self ) ▁ ▁" I ▁V ark a " ▁( The ▁boat ) ▁ ▁" M el an hol ies " ▁( M el anch ol ies ) ▁ ▁" Di ad |
il osi " ▁( The ▁protest ) ▁ ▁" E ft a ▁Zo es " ▁( Se ven ▁lives ) ▁ ▁" Period iko " ▁( Mag azine ) ▁ ▁" A min " ▁( A men ) ▁ ▁" E len i " ▁( H elen ) ▁ ▁" I me ▁Pol i ▁K ala ▁( D ance ▁Mix )" ▁( I ' m ▁very ▁well ▁( D ance ▁Mix )) ▁ ▁Turkish ▁Release ▁ ▁" E len i " ▁ ▁" A min " ▁ ▁" Re !" ▁ ▁" 3 0 ▁K ai ▁V ale " ▁ ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala " ▁ ▁" Par ag raf os ▁ 6 2 " ▁ ▁" To ▁Al lo ▁Mou ▁E go " ▁ ▁" I ▁V ark a " ▁ ▁" M el an hol ies " ▁ ▁" Di ad il osi " ▁ ▁" E ft a ▁Zo es " ▁ ▁" Period iko " ▁ ▁Singles ▁The ▁following ▁songs ▁were ▁released ▁as ▁singles ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁and ▁were ▁accompanied ▁by ▁music ▁videos . ▁ ▁" Re !" ▁ ▁" E im ai ▁Pol i ▁K ala " ▁ ▁" A min ▁ ▁" E len i " ▁ ▁Cred its ▁and ▁personnel ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Ag ap itos ▁- ▁bou z ou ki ▁on ▁track ▁“ E len i ” ▁Nik os ▁Ch atz op oul os ▁- ▁viol in ▁ ▁E vi ▁Dr out sa ▁- ▁lyr ics ▁Nik os ▁Kar vel as |
▁- ▁music , ▁lyr ics , ▁key boards , ▁guitar ▁on ▁the ▁track ▁“ I ▁V ark a ” ▁Alex is ▁M p oul g ourt z is ▁- ▁per cuss ions ▁( dar b hu ka , ▁b end ir , ▁tamb hit , ▁b ong us , ▁con ga , ▁triangle , ▁c ym b als ) ▁Sak is ▁Pil atos ▁- ▁bass ▁on ▁track ▁“ E len i ” ▁Pan agi ot is ▁Ster gi ou ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁gu it ars , ▁ü ti , ▁bou z ou ki , ▁t z our as , ▁bag lam as , ▁ac oust ic ▁bass ▁John ▁Th em is ▁- ▁gu it ars ▁on ▁track ▁“ Par ag raf os ▁ 6 2 ” ▁Anna ▁V iss i ▁- ▁vocals ▁ ▁Production ▁Nik os ▁Kar vel as / S ony ▁Music ▁- ▁production ▁management , ▁arrang ements , ▁instrument ation ▁Mart yn ▁‘ Max ’ ▁He yes ▁- ▁recording ▁engineering ▁at ▁Whit field ▁Street ▁Rec ording ▁Studios ▁( Lond on ) ▁ ▁U . B . A . ▁- ▁pre production ▁at ▁Studio ▁H amp st ead ▁ ▁Jason ▁West bro ok ▁- ▁assistant ▁recording ▁engineer ▁▁ ▁Design ▁Brian ▁Ar is ▁- ▁photos ▁Michael ▁Char al amb ous ▁- ▁hair ▁sty ling ▁from ▁Ne ville ▁& ▁Daniel ▁Kn ights bridge ▁ ▁Y ian nis ▁Do x as ▁- ▁cover ▁design ▁Sh ery ll ▁Ph el ps ▁Gard ener ▁- ▁make ▁up ▁artist ▁ ▁Cred its ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁album ' |
s ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : An na ▁V iss i ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁albums ▁Category : G reek - language ▁albums ▁Category : S ony ▁Music ▁Greece ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Nik os ▁Kar vel as <0x0A> </s> ▁S amba - K ou ni ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Grande ▁Com ore ▁in ▁the ▁Com or os . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁census ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Grande ▁Com ore <0x0A> </s> ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁magazine ▁foc using ▁on ▁c ott age ▁l ifest yle ▁content . ▁First ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁publication ▁features ▁how - to ▁articles , ▁bu ying ▁gu ides , ▁and ▁tips ▁on ▁aspects ▁of ▁c ott age ▁living ▁and ▁l ifest yle . ▁ ▁Form ally ▁published ▁by ▁Qu arto ▁Communic ations , ▁the ▁magazine ▁is ▁currently ▁owned ▁by ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁Media ▁Inc ., ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Blue ▁Ant ▁Media . ▁ ▁Sp in - offs ▁The ▁first ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁brand ▁was ▁the ▁Spring ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁Show , ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁held ▁every ▁spring ▁since . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁The ▁Fall ▁C ott age ▁Life |
▁Show ▁was ▁launched ▁to ▁c ater ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁popular ity ▁of ▁year - round ▁c ott aging . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Blue ▁Ant ▁Media ▁purchased ▁a ▁ 1 5 % ▁interest ▁in ▁Qu arto ▁Communic ations . ▁Qu arto ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁license ▁for ▁a ▁Category ▁B ▁service ▁known ▁as ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁Television ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁focused ▁on ▁programming ▁dealing ▁with ▁c ott age ▁communities ▁and ▁l ifest yles . ▁ ▁Four ▁months ▁after ▁announ cing ▁its ▁intent ▁to ▁ac quire ▁B old , ▁a ▁re - brand ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁C BC ▁Country ▁Canada ▁channel ▁( which ▁was ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁with ▁Cor us ▁Entertainment ), ▁Blue ▁Ant ▁would ▁later ▁purchase ▁the ▁remaining ▁shares ▁in ▁Qu arto ▁Communic ation ▁and ▁rename ▁the ▁company ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁Media . ▁B old ▁would ▁subsequently ▁rela unch ▁as ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁on ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁c ott ag el ife . com ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁issues ▁of ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁ ▁The ▁C ott age ▁Life ▁Environment ▁Grant ▁ ▁Category : Blue ▁Ant ▁Media ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁l ifest yle ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁bi - month ly ▁mag az ines ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : |
Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁S eter ▁or ▁S æ ter ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Farm ing ▁S eter ▁or ▁S æ ter , ▁a ▁Sc and in av ian ▁mountain ▁past ure ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁trans hum ance ▁ ▁People ▁Ar ne ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁Ein ar ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 9 1 7 – 2 0 1 0 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁triple ▁j um per , ▁resistance ▁member , ▁newspaper ▁editor ▁and ▁writer ▁In ge br igt ▁H ald ors en ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 8 7 5 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁and ▁far mer ▁ ▁John ▁Hou ▁S æ ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 8 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁in ▁mid field ▁for ▁St ab æ k ▁Lars ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 8 8 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Christian ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁Mor de ca i ▁S eter ▁( 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁a ▁Russian - born ▁Isra eli ▁composer ▁O la f ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁rif le ▁shoot er ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁O lav ▁J ør gen ▁S æ ter ▁( 1 8 8 4 – 1 9 5 |
1 ), ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁school te acher , ▁newspaper ▁editor ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁Places ▁S eter , ▁A uk ra , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁A uk ra ▁in ▁M ø re ▁og ▁R oms dal ▁county , ▁Norway ▁S eter , ▁Ind re ▁F osen , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁in ▁Ind re ▁F osen ▁in ▁Tr ø nd el ag ▁county , ▁Norway ▁S eter , ▁O sen , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁in ▁O sen ▁in ▁Tr ø nd el ag ▁county , ▁Norway ▁S æ ter ▁( station ), ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁Norway ▁S æ ter ▁Chap el , ▁an ▁old ▁chap el ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁Norway ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁S äter ▁Municip ality <0x0A> </s> ▁K ount ouri ot ika ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Ath ens , ▁Greece , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁adm iral ▁and ▁later ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁Greece ▁Pav los ▁K ount ouri ot is . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁A mp el ok ip oi . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ne igh bour hood s ▁in ▁Ath ens <0x0A> </s> ▁D ere ch ▁Ha Sh em ▁( The ▁" W ay ▁of ▁the ▁Name ") ▁is ▁a ▁philosoph ical ▁text ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 3 0 s ▁by ▁Rab bi ▁Mos he ▁Cha im ▁Lu zz atto . ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁qu int ess ential ▁hand books ▁of ▁Jewish ▁thought . ▁The ▁text ▁covers ▁a ▁vast ▁gam |
ut ▁of ▁philosoph ical ▁topics ▁in ▁the ▁vast ▁spectrum ▁of ▁classical ▁J uda ism ' s ▁out look ▁on ▁the ▁world . ▁These ▁topics ▁include : ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁creation , ▁the ▁Cre ator , ▁human ▁responsibility , ▁the ▁spiritual ▁real ms , ▁prov idence , ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁nations , ▁ast ro log y , ▁the ▁human ▁soul , ▁the ur gy , ▁prop he cy , ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁Tor ah , ▁prayer , ▁and ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁mit z v ah ▁observ ance . ▁All ▁these ▁are ▁brought ▁in ▁a ▁clear ▁flow ing ▁structure ▁that ▁builds ▁on ▁previous ▁topics . ▁ ▁Princi ples ▁ ▁The ▁text ▁system at izes ▁the ▁basic ▁principles ▁of ▁Jewish ▁belief ▁regarding ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁God , ▁God ' s ▁purpose ▁in ▁creation , ▁and ▁the ▁logical ▁consequence ▁of ▁other ▁concepts ▁in ▁J uda ism . ▁The ▁reader ▁is ▁led ▁from ▁thought ▁to ▁idea , ▁from ▁idea ▁to ▁a ▁logical ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁Jewish ▁belief . ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁core ▁assert ions ▁is ▁that ▁man ▁was ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁ear ning ▁clos eness ▁to ▁the ▁cre ator ▁by ▁struggling ▁against ▁evil ▁incl in ations . ▁According ▁to ▁Lu zz atto , ▁the ▁world ▁calls ▁for ▁mes iras ▁ne f esh ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁retain ▁san ct ity ▁and ▁overcome ▁evil . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁concept ▁interpreted ▁as ▁the ▁" dev otion ▁to ▁Hash em ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁total ▁self - neg ation ". ▁It , ▁therefore , ▁out lines ▁ide als |
▁concerning ▁daily ▁living . ▁For ▁instance , ▁it ▁maintain s ▁that ▁hash em ▁increases ▁self - este em ▁whereas ▁dependence ▁on ▁others ▁for ▁su sten ance ▁dimin ishes ▁it . ▁▁ ▁Pres ented ▁from ▁a ▁Kab bal istic ▁perspective , ▁yet ▁pres upp osing ▁no ▁prior ▁knowledge ▁and ▁without ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Kab bal istic ▁termin ology , ▁this ▁work ▁provides ▁a ▁foundation ▁for ▁understanding ▁the ▁world view ▁and ▁ideas ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁throughout ▁Jewish ▁works ▁on ▁these ▁topics . ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁organized ▁into ▁four ▁main ▁sections : ▁the ▁general ▁basis ▁of ▁all ▁existence , ▁God ' s ▁Div ine ▁Prov idence ▁and ▁interface ▁with ▁Cre ation , ▁prop he cy ▁and ▁the ▁Human ▁soul , ▁and ▁practical ▁religious ▁observ ance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Heb rew ▁Full text , ▁da at . ac . il ▁ ▁L ect ure ▁series ▁el uc id ating ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁D ere ch ▁Hash em ▁& ▁Ma ' amer ▁Ha I k kar im ▁▁ ▁Online ▁classes , ▁Rab bi ▁Ya akov ▁Feld man , ▁tor ah . org ▁ ▁The ▁Way ▁of ▁God , ▁trans . ▁A ry eh ▁Kap lan , ▁Feld heim ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁▁ ▁First ▁step ▁on ▁the ▁lad der ▁of ▁as cent , ▁Rab bi ▁Av raham ▁Green baum ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 3 0 s ▁books ▁Category : J ew ish ▁philosoph ical ▁literature ▁Category : K ab bal ah ▁texts <0x0A> </s> ▁De And re ▁Te jan ▁K |
p ana - Qu am oh ▁( M arch ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁track ▁& ▁field ▁star ▁at ▁East ▁Nash ville ▁Mag net ▁School . ▁He ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁T SS AA ▁track ▁state ▁champion ships ▁but ▁was ▁fat ally ▁shot ▁five ▁days ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁state ▁track ▁meet , ▁just ▁days ▁after ▁his ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁De And re ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁at ▁V ander b ilt ▁University ▁Medical ▁Center ▁to ▁Samuel ▁Christopher ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Terr ice ▁( née ▁R ame y ). ▁The ▁family ▁has ▁roots ▁in ▁the ▁African ▁city ▁of ▁Fre et own , ▁Sierra ▁Le one ▁where ▁relative ▁Joseph ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁attended ▁Albert ▁Academy ▁before ▁imm igr ating ▁to ▁America ▁and ▁ear ning ▁degrees ▁from ▁Li ps comb ▁University ▁and ▁F isk ▁University . ▁ ▁The ▁K p ana - Qu am oh s ▁became ▁active ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ▁members ▁and ▁Joseph ▁even ▁served ▁as ▁minister ▁of ▁two ▁such ▁con greg ations ▁in ▁Middle ▁Tennessee , ▁Scott ▁Avenue ▁Church ▁and ▁East ▁Main ▁Street ▁at ▁Arnold ▁Lane ▁Church . ▁De And |
re ▁attended ▁East ▁Nash ville ▁Mag net ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁track ▁& ▁field , ▁football , ▁and ▁wrest ling . ▁He ▁joined ▁Al pha ▁Nu ▁Th eta ▁frat ern ity ▁and ▁often ▁spent ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Margaret ▁M add ox ▁Family ▁Y M CA ▁a ▁mile ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Mil ton ▁Drive ▁in ▁the ▁In gle wood ▁area , ▁four ▁miles ▁from ▁the ▁school , ▁where ▁they ▁be fri ended ▁long - time ▁neighbor ▁and ▁Gram my - n omin ated ▁singer ▁Will ▁H oge . ▁To ▁save ▁up ▁money ▁De And re ▁took ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁a ▁K ro ger ▁super market ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 4 1 0 ▁Gall atin ▁Pi ke ▁down ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁his ▁family ' s ▁home . ▁ ▁High ▁school ▁career ▁ ▁Soph om ore ▁season ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁s oph om ore ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁ran ▁first ▁leg ▁on ▁East ▁Nash ville ' s ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 4 0 0 ▁m ▁relay ▁team ▁that ▁clock ed ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 3 : 2 5 . 0 3 , ▁breaking ▁the ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁Section al ▁record ▁of ▁ 3 : 2 5 . 5 4 ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁Br ent wood ▁Academy . ▁His ▁team m ates ▁were ▁Christian ▁Washington ▁( leg ▁ 2 ), ▁Isa iah ▁Ol ige ▁( leg |
▁ 3 ), ▁and ▁Mel vin ▁Well s ▁( leg ▁ 4 ). ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁that ▁same ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 4 0 0 ▁m ▁squad ▁won ▁the ▁state ▁championship ▁at ▁M TS U ▁with ▁the ▁fifth - fast est ▁time ▁in ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁history ▁at ▁ 3 : 2 2 . 0 9 . ▁Ol ige ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁sign ▁with ▁Tennessee ▁State ▁University ' s ▁track ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Junior ▁season ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁junior ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁competed ▁at ▁Li ps comb ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁Section al ▁dec ath lon ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁state ▁championship ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁finish ▁sevent h ▁overall . ▁During ▁the ▁dec ath lon ▁state ▁final s ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 ▁he ▁ran ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 0 m ▁in ▁ 4 : 5 1 . 3 0 , ▁the ▁fifth - fast est ▁time ▁in ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Senior ▁season ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁ 3 0 0 m ▁hur d ler ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁winning ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 3 9 . 6 8 |
, ▁ed ging ▁his ▁closest ▁compet itor ▁by ▁ 0 . 2 2 ▁seconds . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second - fast est ▁ 3 0 0 m ▁hur d le ▁time ▁in ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁that ▁season ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁fast est ▁times ▁in ▁classification ▁history . ▁Additionally ▁his ▁personal ▁best ▁triple ▁jump ▁of ▁ 4 3 ’ ▁ 0 ” ▁( 1 3 . 1 ▁m ) ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁best ▁marks ▁in ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁His ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁class room ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁full ▁academic ▁scholar ship ▁to ▁Alabama ▁State ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁planned ▁to ▁run ▁track . ▁ ▁Death ▁On ▁Sunday , ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁finished ▁his ▁evening ▁shift ▁at ▁K ro ger ▁and ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁a ▁friend ' s ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 7 0 0 ▁block ▁of ▁Hy des ▁Fer ry ▁Road . ▁While ▁exam ining ▁a ▁gun ▁pres umed ▁to ▁be ▁un loaded ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁home ' s ▁bed rooms , ▁the ▁fire arm ▁dis charg ed . ▁Offic ers ▁were ▁dispatch ed ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 4 5 p . m . ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁V ander b ilt ▁University ▁Medical ▁Center ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁pron ounced ▁dead , ▁only ▁three ▁days ▁after ▁ear ning ▁his ▁ 3 0 |
0 m ▁hur d le ▁gold ▁medal ▁and ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁state ▁championship . ▁ ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁adult ▁accident ally ▁shot ▁and ▁the ▁e ighth ▁person ▁accident ally ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁gun ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( after ▁no ▁such ▁death s ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁T SS AA ▁state ▁championship ▁at ▁M TS U ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁ 3 0 0 m ▁hur d le ▁event ▁for ▁which ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁had ▁qualified , ▁a ▁moment ▁of ▁silence ▁was ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁stad ium . ▁The ▁fun eral ▁service ▁was ▁held ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁at ▁River wood ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ▁with ▁the ▁bur ial ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁Spring ▁Hill ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Mad ison , ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁Personal ▁best s ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁“ Video ▁of ▁De And re ▁K p ana - Qu am oh ▁running ▁first ▁leg ” ▁in ▁the ▁Class ▁A - AA ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁Section al ▁record - setting ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 4 0 0 ▁m ▁relay ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ( Event ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 2 : 0 2 ▁mark ▁of ▁the ▁video ) ▁ ▁" Ob itu ary ▁of ▁De And re ▁K p ana - |
Qu am oh " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁Tennessee ▁Category : American ▁male ▁hur d lers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Acc ident al ▁death s ▁in ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁T ark a ▁S ast ra ▁is ▁a ▁science ▁of ▁dialect ics , ▁logic ▁and ▁reasoning , ▁and ▁art ▁of ▁debate ▁that ▁analy zes ▁the ▁nature ▁and ▁source ▁of ▁knowledge ▁and ▁its ▁valid ity . ▁S ast ra ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁means ▁that ▁which ▁gives ▁teaching , ▁instruction ▁or ▁command . ▁T ark a ▁means ▁debate ▁or ▁an ▁argument . ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁reck oning , ▁there ▁are ▁six ▁s astr as . ▁V y ak ar ana ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁them . ▁Four ▁of ▁the ▁s astr as ▁are ▁particularly ▁important ▁V y ak ar ana , ▁M im ams a , ▁T ark a , ▁and ▁V ed anta . ▁ ▁The ▁s ast ra ▁has ▁concepts ▁called ▁" po or va ▁pak sha " ▁and ▁" ap ara ▁pak sha ". ▁When ▁one ▁ra ises ▁a ▁point ▁( po or va ▁pak sha ) ▁the ▁other ▁one ▁critic izes ▁it ▁( ap ara ▁pak sha ). ▁Then ▁the ▁debate ▁starts . ▁Each ▁one ▁tries ▁to ▁support ▁his ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁getting ▁various ▁references . ▁The ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁t ark a ▁also ▁is ▁specific , ▁in |
▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁imply ▁a ▁pure ▁logical ▁analysis ▁but ▁a ▁complex ▁activity ▁of ▁disc ourse ▁gu ided ▁by ▁strict ▁definitions ▁and ▁goals ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁have . ▁This ▁concept ▁is ▁referred ▁in ▁Bh ag aw ad ▁G ita ▁as ▁" v A da H ▁prav ad at Am as mi " ▁( v ib ho oti ▁y O ga ). ▁ ▁T ark as am gra ha ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁found ational ▁text ▁of ▁logic ▁and ▁disc ourse ▁was ▁al ▁the ▁text ▁followed ▁as ▁a ▁Gu idel ines ▁for ▁disc ourses . ▁T ark a ▁may ▁be ▁translated ▁as ▁" h yp oth et ical ▁argument ." ▁T ark a ▁is ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁question ing ▁and ▁cross - question ing ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁particular ▁conclusion . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁supp osition ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁aid ▁to ▁the ▁att ain ment ▁of ▁valid ▁knowledge . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁sch ol ars ▁well - vers ed ▁in ▁T ark a ▁S astr as ▁– ▁Ad i ▁Sh ank ara ▁( 7 8 8 - 8 2 0 ▁CE ), ▁Ram an uj ach ary a , Mad h wach ary a , ▁U dd y ot kar ▁( N y ay av art ik , ▁ 6 th - 7 th ▁century ), ▁V ā c asp ati ▁Mi ś ra ▁( T at p ary at ika , ▁ 9 th ▁century ), ▁U day an ach ary a ▁( T at p ary ap |
ar ish ud d hi , ▁ 1 0 th ▁century ), ▁Jay anta ▁B hat ta ▁( N y ay aman j ari , ▁ 9 th ▁century ), ▁V ish wan ath ▁( N y ay as ut rav r tt i , ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ), ▁and ▁Rad ham oh an ▁G os w ami ▁( N y ay as ut rav iv aran , ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ), ▁K um aran ▁As an . ▁Par uth iy ur ▁Kr ish na ▁S ast ri ▁and ▁S eng al ip ur am ▁An ant ar ama ▁D ik sh itar ▁were ▁special ized ▁in ▁V y ak ar ana , ▁M im ams a ▁and ▁T ark a ▁S ast ra . ▁Also , ▁Kr ish na ▁S ast ri ▁excel led ▁all ▁those ▁sch ol ars ▁of ▁his ▁contemporary ▁period ▁in ▁T ark a ▁S ast ra . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁J ST OR : ▁ ▁World cat : ▁Kr ish na ▁J ain ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁T ark a - ś ā stra : ▁e ka ▁r ū pa - re kh ā ▁( R aj ▁Ver ma ▁Sin ha , ▁transl ator ) ▁[ A ▁text book ▁of ▁logic : ▁an ▁introduction ]. ▁Na ī ▁D ill ī : ▁ <0xE1> <0xB8> <0x8C> ī . ▁Ke . ▁Pri ṇ ṭ av ar l ḍ a . ▁, ▁, ▁[ language : ▁H indi , ▁translated ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 |
7 ▁English ▁original ▁, ▁, ▁] ▁ ▁Pav it ra ▁K um ā ra ▁Ś arm ā ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁T ark a ▁ś ā stra . ▁Jay ap ura : ▁Ha ṃ s ā ▁P rak ā ś ana . ▁ ▁[ language : ▁H indi ] ▁Gul ā bar ā ya . ▁T ark a ▁ś ā stra . ▁K ā ś ī : ▁N ā gar ī p rac ā ri ṇ ī ▁Sab h ā . ▁ ▁[ language : ▁H indi ] ▁( on ▁H indu ▁logic ) ▁George ▁William ▁Brown ▁( 1 9 1 5 ). ▁H indi ▁logic . ▁J ub bul p ore : ▁Christian ▁Mission ▁Press . ▁ ▁[ language : ▁H indi ] ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁M im ams a ▁V y ak ar ana ▁V ed anta ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁T ark a ▁Sh ast ra ▁- ▁Sh ast ra ▁N eth ral aya ▁Sam sk ara ▁- ▁The ▁Fort y ▁Sam sk ar as ▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁philosoph ical ▁concepts ▁Category : H erm ene ut ics ▁Category : R it ual <0x0A> </s> ▁Ban ▁Ph achi ▁J unction ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁j unction ▁located ▁in ▁Ph achi ▁District , ▁Ay ut th aya ▁Province , ▁Th ailand . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Class ▁ 1 ▁Station ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁j unction ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁N ort he astern ▁Line ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Railway ▁of ▁Th ailand . ▁Ban ▁Ph achi ▁J unction ▁had |
▁to ▁be ▁re built ▁after ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁after ▁being ▁hit ▁by ▁Al lied ▁Bomb ing . ▁Some ▁super ▁express ▁and ▁express ▁trains ▁do ▁not ▁call ▁at ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁special ty ▁at ▁this ▁station ▁that ▁is ▁recommended ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁pass ▁this ▁station . ▁That ▁is ▁the ▁" Ph achi " ▁Co con ut ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁sold ▁by ▁ha w k ers ▁with ▁t ray s ▁walking ▁along ▁platforms ▁and ▁is ▁normally ▁e aten ▁using ▁a ▁pl astic ▁st raw ▁( as ▁it ▁will ▁m elt ▁easily ). ▁The ▁dess ert ▁is ▁quite ▁famous ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁mentioned ▁on ▁some ▁Th ai ▁shows . ▁But ▁since ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Ph achi ▁Co con ut ▁Ice ▁C ream ▁was ▁sold ▁at ▁this ▁j unction , ▁sales ▁ended ▁perman ently . ▁ ▁Train ▁services ▁Ban ▁Ph achi ▁J unction ▁serves ▁ 4 7 ▁trains ▁daily . ▁The ▁trains ▁that ▁stop ▁here ▁are ▁of ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 0 3 / 3 0 4 ▁Bang k ok - L op b uri - B ang k ok ▁( No . 3 0 3 ▁Service ▁on ▁Monday ▁to ▁Friday ) ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 3 9 / 3 4 0 ▁Bang k ok - K a eng ▁K ho i ▁J unction - B ang k ok ▁( Service ▁on ▁Monday ▁to ▁Friday ) ▁ ▁Local ▁ 4 0 9 ▁Ay ut th aya - L op b |
uri ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 3 5 / 1 4 0 ▁Bang k ok - U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 1 1 / 1 0 8 ▁Bang k ok - Den ▁Ch ai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Express ▁ 7 5 / 7 8 ▁Bang k ok - N ong ▁Kh ai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Express ▁ 7 7 / 7 6 ▁Bang k ok - N ong ▁Kh ai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁ 2 0 1 / 2 0 2 ▁Bang k ok - Ph its an ul ok - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Express ▁ 7 1 / 7 2 ▁Bang k ok - U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁ 2 0 9 / 2 1 0 ▁Bang k ok - B an ▁Tak h li - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁ 2 3 3 / 2 3 4 ▁Bang k ok - Sur in - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 0 9 / 1 0 2 ▁Bang k ok - Ch i ang ▁Mai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁ 2 1 1 / 2 1 2 ▁Bang k ok - T ap han ▁Hin - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁ 2 0 7 / 2 0 8 ▁Bang k ok - N akh on |
▁S aw an - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 4 5 / 1 3 6 ▁Bang k ok - U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 0 1 / 3 0 2 ▁Bang k ok - L op b uri - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 1 3 / 3 1 4 ▁Bang k ok - B an ▁Ph achi - B ang k ok ▁( Service ▁on ▁Monday ▁to ▁Friday ) ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 4 1 / 3 4 2 ▁Bang k ok - K a eng ▁K ho i - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Comm uter ▁ 3 1 7 / 3 1 8 ▁Bang k ok - L op b uri - B ang k ok ▁( Service ▁on ▁Monday ▁to ▁Friday ) ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 3 9 / 1 4 6 ▁Bang k ok - U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 0 7 / 1 1 2 ▁Bang k ok - Den ▁Ch ai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 0 5 / 1 0 6 ▁Bang k ok - S ila ▁At - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 3 3 / 1 3 4 ▁Bang k ok - N ong ▁Kh ai - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Express ▁ 6 7 / 6 8 ▁Bang k ok |
- U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁Rap id ▁ 1 4 1 / 1 4 2 ▁Bang k ok - U bon ▁R atch ath ani - B ang k ok ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Prote in ▁structure ▁prediction ▁is ▁the ▁inference ▁of ▁the ▁three - dimensional ▁structure ▁of ▁a ▁protein ▁from ▁its ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence — that ▁is , ▁the ▁prediction ▁of ▁its ▁fol ding ▁and ▁its ▁secondary ▁and ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ▁from ▁its ▁primary ▁structure . ▁Str ucture ▁prediction ▁is ▁fund ament ally ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁inverse ▁problem ▁of ▁protein ▁design . ▁ ▁Prote in ▁structure ▁prediction ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁goals ▁purs ued ▁by ▁bio in format ics ▁and ▁theoretical ▁chem istry ; ▁it ▁is ▁highly ▁important ▁in ▁medicine ▁( for ▁example , ▁in ▁drug ▁design ) ▁and ▁bi ote chn ology ▁( for ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁novel ▁en zym es ). ▁Every ▁two ▁years , ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁current ▁methods ▁is ▁ass essed ▁in ▁the ▁C AS P ▁experiment ▁( C rit ical ▁Ass ess ment ▁of ▁Te chni ques ▁for ▁Prote in ▁Str ucture ▁Pred iction ). ▁A ▁continuous ▁evaluation ▁of ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁web ▁servers ▁is ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁community ▁project ▁CA ME O 3 D . ▁ ▁Prote in ▁structure ▁and ▁termin ology ▁ ▁Prote ins ▁are ▁ch ains ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁joined ▁together ▁by ▁pe pt ide ▁b |
onds . ▁Many ▁conform ations ▁of ▁this ▁chain ▁are ▁possible ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁chain ▁about ▁each ▁C α ▁atom . ▁It ▁is ▁these ▁conform ational ▁changes ▁that ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁three ▁dimensional ▁structure ▁of ▁prote ins . ▁Each ▁am ino ▁acid ▁in ▁the ▁chain ▁is ▁polar , ▁i . e . ▁it ▁has ▁separated ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁charged ▁regions ▁with ▁a ▁free ▁car b ony l ▁group , ▁which ▁can ▁act ▁as ▁hydro gen ▁bond ▁accept or ▁and ▁an ▁N H ▁group , ▁which ▁can ▁act ▁as ▁hydro gen ▁bond ▁don or . ▁These ▁groups ▁can ▁therefore ▁interact ▁in ▁the ▁protein ▁structure . ▁The ▁ 2 0 ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁can ▁be ▁class ified ▁according ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁chem istry ▁of ▁the ▁side ▁chain ▁which ▁also ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁struct ural ▁role . ▁G ly c ine ▁takes ▁on ▁a ▁special ▁position , ▁as ▁it ▁has ▁the ▁smallest ▁side ▁chain , ▁only ▁one ▁hydro gen ▁atom , ▁and ▁therefore ▁can ▁increase ▁the ▁local ▁flex ibility ▁in ▁the ▁protein ▁structure . ▁C yst e ine ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand ▁can ▁react ▁with ▁another ▁c yst e ine ▁resid ue ▁and ▁thereby ▁form ▁a ▁cross ▁link ▁stabil izing ▁the ▁whole ▁structure . ▁ ▁The ▁protein ▁structure ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure ▁elements , ▁such ▁as ▁α ▁hel ices ▁and ▁ β ▁sheets , ▁which ▁together ▁const itute ▁the ▁overall ▁three - dimensional ▁configuration ▁of ▁the ▁protein ▁chain . ▁In ▁these ▁secondary ▁structures ▁regular ▁patterns |
▁of ▁H ▁b onds ▁are ▁formed ▁between ▁neighbor ing ▁am ino ▁ac ids , ▁and ▁the ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁have ▁similar ▁ Φ ▁and ▁ Ψ ▁angles . ▁ ▁The ▁formation ▁of ▁these ▁structures ▁neutral izes ▁the ▁polar ▁groups ▁on ▁each ▁am ino ▁acid . ▁The ▁secondary ▁structures ▁are ▁tight ly ▁pack ed ▁in ▁the ▁protein ▁core ▁in ▁a ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁environment . ▁Each ▁am ino ▁acid ▁side ▁group ▁has ▁a ▁limited ▁volume ▁to ▁occup y ▁and ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁possible ▁interactions ▁with ▁other ▁nearby ▁side ▁ch ains , ▁a ▁situation ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁into ▁account ▁in ▁mole cular ▁model ing ▁and ▁align ments . ▁ ▁α ▁Hel ix ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁α ▁ ▁hel ix ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁abund ant ▁type ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure ▁in ▁prote ins . ▁The ▁α ▁hel ix ▁has ▁ 3 . 6 ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁per ▁turn ▁with ▁an ▁H ▁bond ▁formed ▁between ▁every ▁fourth ▁resid ue ; ▁the ▁average ▁length ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁( 3 ▁turns ) ▁or ▁ 1 0 ▁Å ▁but ▁var ies ▁from ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁( 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁turns ). ▁The ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁H ▁b onds ▁creates ▁a ▁di pole ▁moment ▁for ▁the ▁hel ix ▁with ▁a ▁resulting ▁partial ▁positive ▁charge ▁at ▁the ▁am ino ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁hel ix . ▁Because ▁this ▁region ▁has ▁free ▁N H 2 ▁ ▁groups , ▁it ▁will ▁interact ▁with ▁neg atively ▁charged ▁groups ▁such |
▁as ▁ph osph ates . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁location ▁of ▁▁ ▁α ▁hel ices ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁protein ▁cores , ▁where ▁they ▁provide ▁an ▁interface ▁with ▁the ▁a que ous ▁environment . ▁The ▁inner - f acing ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁hel ix ▁tends ▁to ▁have ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁and ▁the ▁outer - f acing ▁side ▁hydro ph il ic ▁am ino ▁ac ids . ▁Thus , ▁every ▁third ▁of ▁four ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁along ▁the ▁chain ▁will ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁hydro ph ob ic , ▁a ▁pattern ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁quite ▁readily ▁detected . ▁In ▁the ▁le uc ine ▁z i pper ▁mot if , ▁a ▁repeating ▁pattern ▁of ▁le uc ines ▁on ▁the ▁facing ▁sides ▁of ▁two ▁adjacent ▁hel ices ▁is ▁highly ▁predict ive ▁of ▁the ▁mot if . ▁A ▁hel ical - w heel ▁plot ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁show ▁this ▁repeated ▁pattern . ▁Other ▁ ▁α ▁ ▁hel ices ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁protein ▁ ▁core ▁ ▁or ▁ ▁in ▁ ▁cell ular ▁memb ran es ▁ ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁more ▁ ▁regular ▁ ▁distribution ▁ ▁of ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁am ino ▁ac ids , ▁and ▁are ▁highly ▁predict ive ▁of ▁such ▁structures . ▁Hel ices ▁exposed ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁have ▁a ▁lower ▁proportion ▁of ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁am ino ▁ac ids . ▁A min o ▁acid ▁content ▁can ▁be ▁predict ive ▁of ▁an ▁▁ ▁α ▁- hel ical ▁region . ▁Reg ions ▁rich er ▁in ▁al an |
ine ▁( A ), ▁gl ut am ic ▁acid ▁( E ), ▁le uc ine ▁( L ), ▁and ▁m eth ion ine ▁( M ) ▁and ▁poor er ▁in ▁pro line ▁( P ), ▁g ly c ine ▁( G ), ▁ty ros ine ▁( Y ), ▁and ▁ser ine ▁( S ) ▁tend ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁▁ ▁α ▁ ▁hel ix . ▁Pro line ▁dest abil izes ▁or ▁breaks ▁an ▁▁ ▁α ▁ ▁hel ix ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁present ▁in ▁longer ▁hel ices , ▁forming ▁a ▁b end . ▁▁ β ▁sheet ▁▁ β ▁sheets ▁are ▁formed ▁by ▁H ▁b onds ▁between ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 – 1 0 ▁consecutive ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁one ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁chain ▁with ▁another ▁ 5 – 1 0 ▁farther ▁down ▁the ▁chain . ▁The ▁interact ing ▁regions ▁may ▁be ▁adjacent , ▁with ▁a ▁short ▁loop ▁in ▁between , ▁or ▁far ▁apart , ▁with ▁other ▁structures ▁in ▁between . ▁Every ▁chain ▁may ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁direction ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁parallel ▁sheet , ▁every ▁other ▁chain ▁may ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁reverse ▁chemical ▁direction ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁anti ▁parallel ▁sheet , ▁or ▁the ▁ch ains ▁may ▁be ▁parallel ▁and ▁anti ▁parallel ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁mixed ▁sheet . ▁The ▁pattern ▁of ▁H ▁bond ing ▁is ▁different ▁in ▁the ▁parallel ▁and ▁anti ▁parallel ▁configurations . ▁Each ▁am ino ▁acid ▁in ▁the ▁interior ▁str ands ▁of ▁the ▁sheet ▁forms ▁two ▁H ▁b onds ▁with ▁neighbor ing ▁am ino ▁ac ids , ▁whereas ▁each ▁am ino ▁acid |
▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁str ands ▁forms ▁only ▁one ▁bond ▁with ▁an ▁interior ▁str and . ▁Looking ▁across ▁the ▁sheet ▁at ▁right ▁angles ▁to ▁the ▁str ands , ▁more ▁distant ▁str ands ▁are ▁rot ated ▁slightly ▁counter clock wise ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁left - hand ed ▁tw ist . ▁The ▁C α ▁ ▁atoms ▁alternate ▁above ▁and ▁below ▁the ▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ple ated ▁structure , ▁and ▁the ▁R ▁side ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁alternate ▁above ▁and ▁below ▁the ▁ple ats . ▁The ▁ Φ ▁ ▁and ▁ Ψ ▁ ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁sheets ▁vary ▁consider ably ▁in ▁one ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁Ram ach and ran ▁plot . ▁It ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁▁▁ β ▁sheets ▁than ▁of ▁α ▁hel ices . ▁The ▁situation ▁impro ves ▁somewhat ▁when ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁variation ▁in ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁align ments ▁is ▁taken ▁into ▁account . ▁ ▁Loop ▁Lo ops ▁are ▁regions ▁of ▁a ▁protein ▁chain ▁that ▁are ▁ 1 ) ▁between ▁▁ ▁α ▁hel ices ▁and ▁▁ β ▁ ▁sheets , ▁ 2 ) ▁of ▁various ▁lengths ▁and ▁three - dimensional ▁configurations , ▁and ▁ 3 ) ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁structure . ▁ ▁H air pin ▁loops ▁that ▁represent ▁a ▁complete ▁turn ▁in ▁the ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain ▁joining ▁two ▁ant ip ar allel ▁▁ β ▁ ▁str ands ▁may ▁be ▁as ▁short ▁as ▁two ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁length . ▁Lo ops ▁interact ▁with ▁the ▁surrounding ▁a que ous |
▁environment ▁and ▁other ▁prote ins . ▁Because ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁loops ▁are ▁not ▁const rained ▁by ▁space ▁and ▁environment ▁as ▁are ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁the ▁core ▁region , ▁and ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁in ▁the ▁core , ▁more ▁substitution s , ▁insert ions , ▁and ▁delet ions ▁may ▁occur . ▁Thus , ▁in ▁a ▁sequence ▁alignment , ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁these ▁features ▁may ▁be ▁an ▁indic ation ▁of ▁a ▁loop . ▁The ▁positions ▁of ▁intr ons ▁in ▁genom ic ▁DNA ▁sometimes ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁locations ▁of ▁loops ▁in ▁the ▁encoded ▁protein ▁. ▁Lo ops ▁also ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁charged ▁and ▁polar ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁and ▁are ▁frequently ▁a ▁component ▁of ▁active ▁sites . ▁A ▁detailed ▁exam ination ▁of ▁loop ▁structures ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁they ▁fall ▁into ▁distinct ▁families . ▁ ▁Co ils ▁A ▁region ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁α ▁hel ix , ▁a ▁ β ▁sheet , ▁or ▁a ▁recogn izable ▁turn ▁is ▁commonly ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁co il . ▁ ▁Prote in ▁classification ▁ ▁Prote ins ▁may ▁be ▁class ified ▁according ▁to ▁both ▁struct ural ▁and ▁sequence ▁similarity . ▁For ▁struct ural ▁classification , ▁the ▁sizes ▁and ▁spatial ▁arrang ements ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁above ▁paragraph ▁are ▁compared ▁in ▁known ▁three - dimensional ▁structures . ▁Classification ▁based ▁on ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁was ▁histor ically ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁used . ▁Initial ly , ▁similarity ▁based ▁on ▁align ments ▁of ▁whole ▁sequences ▁was ▁performed . ▁Later |
, ▁prote ins ▁were ▁class ified ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁conser ved ▁am ino ▁acid ▁patterns . ▁Dat ab ases ▁that ▁class ify ▁prote ins ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁of ▁these ▁schemes ▁are ▁available . ▁In ▁considering ▁protein ▁classification ▁schemes , ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁ ▁to ▁keep ▁several ▁observations ▁in ▁mind . ▁First , ▁two ▁entirely ▁different ▁protein ▁sequences ▁from ▁different ▁evolution ary ▁orig ins ▁may ▁fol d ▁into ▁a ▁similar ▁structure . ▁Con vers ely , ▁the ▁sequence ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁gene ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁structure ▁may ▁have ▁diver ged ▁consider ably ▁in ▁different ▁species ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁same ▁basic ▁struct ural ▁features . ▁Rec ogn izing ▁any ▁remaining ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁in ▁such ▁cases ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁very ▁difficult ▁task . ▁Second , ▁two ▁prote ins ▁that ▁share ▁a ▁significant ▁degree ▁of ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁either ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁or ▁with ▁a ▁third ▁sequence ▁also ▁share ▁an ▁evolution ary ▁origin ▁and ▁should ▁share ▁some ▁struct ural ▁ ▁features ▁also . ▁However , ▁gene ▁dup lication ▁and ▁gen etic ▁re arr ang ements ▁during ▁evolution ▁may ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁new ▁gene ▁copies , ▁which ▁can ▁then ▁evol ve ▁into ▁prote ins ▁with ▁new ▁function ▁and ▁structure . ▁ ▁Term s ▁used ▁for ▁class ifying ▁protein ▁structures ▁and ▁sequences ▁The ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁terms ▁for ▁evolution ary ▁and ▁struct ural ▁relationships ▁among ▁prote ins ▁are ▁listed ▁below . ▁Many ▁additional ▁terms ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁various ▁kinds ▁of ▁struct ural ▁features ▁found ▁in ▁prote ins . ▁Descri ptions |
▁of ▁such ▁terms ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁C ATH ▁Web ▁site , ▁the ▁Struct ural ▁Classification ▁of ▁Prote ins ▁( S CO P ) ▁Web ▁site , ▁and ▁a ▁Gla x o ▁Well come ▁tutorial ▁on ▁the ▁Swiss ▁bio in format ics ▁Exp asy ▁Web ▁site . ▁ ▁Active ▁site ▁a ▁local ized ▁combination ▁of ▁am ino ▁acid ▁side ▁groups ▁within ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁( three - dimensional ) ▁or ▁qu atern ary ▁( prote in ▁sub unit ) ▁structure ▁that ▁can ▁interact ▁with ▁a ▁chem ically ▁specific ▁substr ate ▁and ▁that ▁provides ▁the ▁protein ▁with ▁bi ological ▁activity . ▁Prote ins ▁of ▁very ▁different ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequences ▁may ▁fol d ▁into ▁a ▁structure ▁that ▁produces ▁the ▁same ▁active ▁site . ▁Architecture ▁is ▁the ▁relative ▁orient ations ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁in ▁a ▁three - dimensional ▁structure ▁without ▁regard ▁to ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁they ▁share ▁a ▁similar ▁loop ▁structure . ▁F old ▁( top ology ) ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁architecture ▁that ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁conser ved ▁loop ▁structure . ▁Block s ▁is ▁a ▁conser ved ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence ▁pattern ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁prote ins . ▁The ▁pattern ▁includes ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁possible ▁matches ▁at ▁each ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁represented ▁sequences , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁not ▁any ▁inserted ▁or ▁deleted ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁pattern ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁sequences . ▁By ▁way ▁of ▁contrast , ▁sequence ▁profiles ▁are ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁scoring ▁matrix ▁that ▁represents ▁a ▁similar ▁set ▁of ▁patterns ▁that ▁includes ▁insert ions ▁and ▁delet ions . ▁Class ▁a |
▁term ▁used ▁to ▁class ify ▁protein ▁domains ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁secondary ▁struct ural ▁content ▁and ▁organization . ▁Four ▁classes ▁were ▁originally ▁recognized ▁by ▁Lev itt ▁and ▁Ch oth ia ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁and ▁several ▁others ▁have ▁been ▁added ▁in ▁the ▁S CO P ▁database . ▁Three ▁classes ▁are ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁C ATH ▁database : ▁mainly - α , ▁mainly - β , ▁and ▁α – β , ▁with ▁the ▁α – β ▁class ▁including ▁both ▁altern ating ▁α / β ▁and ▁α + β ▁structures . ▁Core ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁a ▁fol ded ▁protein ▁mole c ule ▁that ▁compr ises ▁the ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁interior ▁of ▁ ▁α - hel ices ▁and ▁ β - sheets . ▁The ▁compact ▁structure ▁brings ▁together ▁side ▁groups ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁into ▁close ▁enough ▁proxim ity ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁interact . ▁When ▁comparing ▁protein ▁structures , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁S CO P ▁database , ▁core ▁is ▁the ▁region ▁common ▁to ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁structures ▁that ▁share ▁a ▁common ▁fol d ▁or ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁super family . ▁In ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁core ▁is ▁sometimes ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁that ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁conser ved ▁during ▁evolution ary ▁change . ▁Domain ▁( sequence ▁context ) ▁a ▁segment ▁of ▁a ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain ▁that ▁can ▁fol d ▁into ▁a ▁three - dimensional ▁structure ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁other ▁segments ▁of ▁the ▁chain . ▁The ▁separate ▁domains ▁of ▁a ▁given ▁protein |
▁may ▁interact ▁extens ively ▁or ▁may ▁be ▁joined ▁only ▁by ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain . ▁A ▁protein ▁with ▁several ▁domains ▁may ▁use ▁these ▁domains ▁for ▁functional ▁interactions ▁with ▁different ▁mole cules . ▁Family ▁( sequence ▁context ) ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁prote ins ▁of ▁similar ▁bio chem ical ▁function ▁that ▁are ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 % ▁identical ▁when ▁aligned . ▁This ▁same ▁cut off ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Prote in ▁Information ▁Resource ▁( PI R ). ▁A ▁protein ▁family ▁compr ises ▁prote ins ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁function ▁ ▁in ▁different ▁organ isms ▁( orth olog ous ▁sequences ) ▁but ▁may ▁also ▁include ▁prote ins ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁organ ism ▁( par alog ous ▁sequences ) ▁derived ▁from ▁gene ▁dup lication ▁and ▁re arr ang ements . ▁If ▁a ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁of ▁a ▁protein ▁family ▁reve als ▁a ▁common ▁level ▁of ▁similarity ▁throughout ▁the ▁lengths ▁of ▁the ▁prote ins , ▁P IR ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁as ▁a ▁home omorphic ▁family . ▁The ▁aligned ▁region ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁home omorphic ▁domain , ▁and ▁this ▁region ▁may ▁compr ise ▁several ▁smaller ▁hom ology ▁domains ▁that ▁are ▁shared ▁with ▁other ▁families . ▁Famil ies ▁may ▁be ▁further ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁sub famil ies ▁or ▁grouped ▁into ▁super famil ies ▁based ▁on ▁respective ▁higher ▁or ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁sequence ▁similarity . ▁The ▁S CO P ▁database ▁reports ▁ 1 2 9 6 ▁families ▁and ▁the ▁C ATH ▁database ▁( version ▁ 1 . 7 ▁beta ), ▁reports |
▁ 1 8 4 6 famil ies . ▁When ▁the ▁sequences ▁of ▁prote ins ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁function ▁are ▁exam ined ▁in ▁greater ▁detail , ▁some ▁are ▁found ▁to ▁share ▁high ▁sequence ▁similarity . ▁They ▁are ▁obviously ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁family ▁by ▁the ▁above ▁criteria . ▁However , ▁others ▁are ▁found ▁that ▁have ▁very ▁little , ▁or ▁even ▁ins ign ific ant , ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁with ▁other ▁family ▁members . ▁In ▁such ▁cases , ▁the ▁family ▁relationship ▁between ▁two ▁distant ▁family ▁members ▁A ▁and ▁C ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁demonstrated ▁by ▁finding ▁an ▁additional ▁family ▁member ▁B ▁that ▁shares ▁significant ▁similarity ▁with ▁both ▁A ▁and ▁C . ▁Thus , ▁B ▁provides ▁a ▁connecting ▁link ▁between ▁A ▁and ▁C . ▁Another ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁examine ▁distant ▁align ments ▁for ▁highly ▁conser ved ▁matches . ▁At ▁a ▁level ▁of ▁identity ▁of ▁ 5 0 %, ▁prote ins ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁three - dimensional ▁structure , ▁and ▁the ▁identical ▁atoms ▁in ▁the ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁will ▁also ▁super im pose ▁within ▁approximately ▁ 1 ▁Å ▁in ▁the ▁struct ural ▁model . ▁Thus , ▁if ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁one ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁is ▁known , ▁a ▁reliable ▁prediction ▁may ▁be ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁and ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁identity ▁level , ▁the ▁more ▁reliable ▁the ▁prediction . ▁Prote in ▁struct ural ▁model ing ▁can ▁be ▁performed ▁by ▁exam ining ▁how ▁well ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁substitution s ▁fit ▁into ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁three - dimensional ▁structure . ▁Family |
▁( struct ural ▁context ) ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁F SS P ▁database ▁( Famil ies ▁of ▁struct ur ally ▁similar ▁prote ins ) ▁and ▁the ▁D AL I / F SS P ▁Web ▁site , ▁two ▁structures ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁level ▁of ▁struct ural ▁similarity ▁but ▁not ▁necessarily ▁significant ▁sequence ▁similarity . ▁F old ▁similar ▁to ▁struct ural ▁mot if , ▁includes ▁a ▁larger ▁combination ▁of ▁secondary ▁struct ural ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁configuration . ▁Thus , ▁prote ins ▁sharing ▁the ▁same ▁fol d ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁combination ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁that ▁are ▁connected ▁by ▁similar ▁loops . ▁An ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁Ross man ▁fol d ▁compr ising ▁several ▁altern ating ▁ ▁α ▁ ▁hel ices ▁and ▁parallel ▁ β ▁str ands . ▁In ▁the ▁S CO P , ▁C ATH , ▁and ▁F SS P ▁databases , ▁the ▁known ▁protein ▁structures ▁have ▁been ▁class ified ▁into ▁hier arch ical ▁levels ▁of ▁struct ural ▁complexity ▁with ▁the ▁fol d ▁as ▁a ▁basic ▁level ▁of ▁classification . ▁Hom olog ous ▁domain ▁( sequence ▁context ) ▁an ▁extended ▁sequence ▁pattern , ▁generally ▁found ▁by ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁methods , ▁that ▁indicates ▁a ▁common ▁ ▁evolution ary ▁origin ▁among ▁the ▁aligned ▁sequences . ▁A ▁hom ology ▁domain ▁is ▁generally ▁longer ▁than ▁mot ifs . ▁The ▁domain ▁may ▁include ▁all ▁of ▁a ▁given ▁protein ▁sequence ▁or ▁only ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁sequence . ▁Some ▁domains ▁are ▁complex ▁and ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁several ▁smaller ▁hom ology ▁domains ▁that ▁became ▁joined ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁larger ▁one ▁during ▁evolution |
. ▁A ▁domain ▁that ▁covers ▁an ▁ ▁entire ▁ ▁sequence ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁home omorphic ▁domain ▁by ▁P IR ▁( Pro te in ▁Information ▁Resource ). ▁Module ▁a ▁region ▁of ▁conser ved ▁am ino ▁acid ▁patterns ▁compr ising ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁mot ifs ▁and ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁fundamental ▁unit ▁of ▁structure ▁or ▁function . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁module ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁class ify ▁prote ins ▁into ▁families . ▁Mot if ▁( sequence ▁context ) ▁a ▁conser ved ▁pattern ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁that ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁prote ins . ▁In ▁the ▁Pro site ▁catalog , ▁a ▁mot if ▁is ▁an ▁am ino ▁acid ▁pattern ▁that ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁prote ins ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁similar ▁bio chem ical ▁activity , ▁and ▁that ▁often ▁is ▁near ▁the ▁active ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁protein . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁sequence ▁mot if ▁databases ▁are ▁the ▁Pro site ▁catalog ▁and ▁the ▁Stan ford ▁Mot ifs ▁Database . ▁Mot if ▁( struct ural ▁context ) ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁several ▁secondary ▁struct ural ▁elements ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁fol ding ▁of ▁adjacent ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain ▁into ▁a ▁specific ▁three - dimensional ▁configuration . ▁An ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁hel ix - loop - hel ix ▁mot if . ▁Struct ural ▁mot ifs ▁are ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁super second ary ▁structures ▁and ▁fol ds . ▁Position - specific ▁scoring ▁matrix ▁( sequence ▁context , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁weight ▁or ▁scoring ▁matrix ) ▁represents ▁a ▁conser ved ▁region |
▁in ▁a ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁with ▁no ▁g aps . ▁Each ▁matrix ▁column ▁represents ▁the ▁variation ▁found ▁in ▁one ▁column ▁of ▁the ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment . ▁Position - specific ▁scoring ▁matrix — 3 D ▁( struct ural ▁context ) ▁represents ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁variation ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁alignment ▁of ▁prote ins ▁that ▁fall ▁into ▁the ▁same ▁struct ural ▁class . ▁Matrix ▁columns ▁represent ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁variation ▁found ▁at ▁one ▁am ino ▁acid ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁aligned ▁structures . ▁Primary ▁structure ▁the ▁linear ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence ▁of ▁a ▁protein , ▁which ▁chem ically ▁is ▁a ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain ▁composed ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁joined ▁by ▁pe pt ide ▁b onds . ▁Profile ▁( sequence ▁context ) ▁a ▁scoring ▁matrix ▁that ▁represents ▁a ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁of ▁a ▁protein ▁family . ▁The ▁profile ▁is ▁usually ▁obtained ▁from ▁a ▁well - con ser ved ▁region ▁in ▁a ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment . ▁The ▁profile ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁matrix ▁with ▁each ▁column ▁representing ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁alignment ▁and ▁each ▁row ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁ac ids . ▁Matrix ▁values ▁give ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁each ▁am ino ▁acid ▁at ▁the ▁corresponding ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁alignment . ▁The ▁profile ▁is ▁moved ▁along ▁the ▁target ▁sequence ▁to ▁locate ▁the ▁best ▁scoring ▁regions ▁by ▁a ▁dynamic ▁programming ▁algorithm . ▁G aps ▁are ▁allowed ▁during ▁matching ▁and ▁a ▁gap ▁penalty ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁as ▁a ▁negative ▁score ▁when ▁no ▁am ino ▁acid ▁is ▁matched . ▁A ▁sequence ▁profile |
▁may ▁also ▁be ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁hidden ▁Mark ov ▁model , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁profile ▁H MM . ▁Profile ▁( struct ural ▁context ) ▁a ▁scoring ▁matrix ▁that ▁represents ▁which ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁should ▁fit ▁well ▁and ▁which ▁should ▁fit ▁poor ly ▁at ▁sequ ential ▁positions ▁in ▁a ▁known ▁protein ▁structure . ▁Profile ▁columns ▁represent ▁sequ ential ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁structure , ▁and ▁profile ▁rows ▁represent ▁the ▁ 2 0 ▁am ino ▁ac ids . ▁As ▁with ▁a ▁sequence ▁profile , ▁the ▁struct ural ▁profile ▁is ▁moved ▁along ▁a ▁target ▁sequence ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁highest ▁possible ▁alignment ▁score ▁by ▁a ▁dynamic ▁programming ▁algorithm . ▁G aps ▁may ▁be ▁included ▁and ▁receive ▁a ▁penalty . ▁The ▁resulting ▁score ▁provides ▁an ▁indic ation ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁target ▁protein ▁might ▁adopt ▁such ▁a ▁structure . ▁Qu atern ary ▁structure ▁the ▁three - dimensional ▁configuration ▁of ▁a ▁protein ▁mole c ule ▁compr ising ▁several ▁independent ▁pol ype pt ide ▁ch ains . ▁Second ary ▁structure ▁the ▁interactions ▁that ▁occur ▁between ▁the ▁C , ▁O , ▁and ▁N H ▁groups ▁on ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁in ▁a ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain ▁to ▁form ▁α - hel ices , ▁ β - sheets , ▁turns , ▁loops , ▁and ▁other ▁forms , ▁and ▁that ▁facil itate ▁the ▁fol ding ▁into ▁a ▁three - dimensional ▁structure . ▁Super family ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁protein ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁or ▁different ▁lengths ▁that ▁are ▁related ▁by ▁distant ▁yet ▁detect able ▁sequence ▁similarity . ▁M embers ▁of |
▁a ▁given ▁super family ▁thus ▁have ▁a ▁common ▁evolution ary ▁origin . ▁Origin ally , ▁Day hoff ▁defined ▁the ▁cut off ▁for ▁super family ▁status ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁chance ▁that ▁the ▁sequences ▁are ▁not ▁related ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁ 6 , ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁an ▁alignment ▁score ▁( Day hoff ▁et ▁al . ▁ 1 9 7 8 ). ▁Prote ins ▁with ▁few ▁ident ities ▁in ▁an ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁sequences ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁convin cing ly ▁common ▁number ▁of ▁struct ural ▁and ▁functional ▁features ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁super family . ▁At ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁three - dimensional ▁structure , ▁super family ▁prote ins ▁will ▁share ▁common ▁struct ural ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁common ▁fol d , ▁but ▁there ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁arrangement ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures . ▁The ▁P IR ▁resource ▁uses ▁the ▁term ▁home omorphic ▁super famil ies ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁super famil ies ▁that ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁sequences ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁aligned ▁from ▁end ▁to ▁end , ▁representing ▁a ▁sharing ▁of ▁single ▁sequence ▁hom ology ▁domain , ▁a ▁region ▁of ▁similarity ▁that ▁extends ▁throughout ▁the ▁alignment . ▁This ▁domain ▁may ▁also ▁compr ise ▁smaller ▁hom ology ▁domains ▁that ▁are ▁shared ▁with ▁other ▁protein ▁families ▁and ▁super famil ies . ▁Although ▁a ▁given ▁protein ▁sequence ▁may ▁contain ▁domains ▁found ▁in ▁several ▁super famil ies , ▁thus ▁indicating ▁a ▁complex ▁evolution ary ▁history , ▁sequences ▁will ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁only ▁one ▁home omorphic ▁ ▁super family ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁similarity ▁throughout ▁a |
▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment . ▁The ▁super family ▁alignment ▁may ▁also ▁include ▁regions ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁align ▁either ▁within ▁or ▁at ▁the ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁alignment . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁sequences ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁family ▁align ▁well ▁throughout ▁the ▁alignment . ▁Super second ary ▁structure ▁a ▁term ▁with ▁similar ▁meaning ▁to ▁a ▁struct ural ▁mot if . ▁T ert i ary ▁structure ▁is ▁the ▁three - dimensional ▁or ▁glob ular ▁structure ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁pack ing ▁together ▁or ▁fol ding ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁of ▁a ▁pol ype pt ide ▁chain . ▁ ▁Second ary ▁structure ▁▁ ▁Second ary ▁structure ▁prediction ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁techniques ▁in ▁bio in format ics ▁that ▁aim ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁local ▁secondary ▁structures ▁of ▁prote ins ▁based ▁only ▁on ▁knowledge ▁of ▁their ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence . ▁For ▁prote ins , ▁a ▁prediction ▁consists ▁of ▁assigning ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence ▁as ▁likely ▁alpha ▁hel ices , ▁beta ▁str ands ▁( o ften ▁noted ▁as ▁" ext ended " ▁conform ations ), ▁or ▁turns . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁a ▁prediction ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁comparing ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁D SS P ▁algorithm ▁( or ▁similar ▁e . g . ▁STR IDE ) ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁cry stal ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁protein . ▁Special ized ▁algorithms ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁for ▁the ▁detection ▁of ▁specific ▁well - defined ▁patterns ▁such ▁as ▁transm emb rane ▁hel ices ▁and ▁co iled ▁co ils ▁in ▁prote ins . ▁ ▁The ▁best ▁modern ▁methods ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction ▁in ▁prote ins |
▁reach ▁about ▁ 8 0 % ▁accuracy ; ▁this ▁high ▁accuracy ▁allows ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁predictions ▁as ▁feature ▁impro ving ▁fol d ▁recognition ▁and ▁ab ▁init io ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁classification ▁of ▁struct ural ▁mot ifs , ▁and ▁ref in ement ▁of ▁sequence ▁align ments . ▁The ▁accuracy ▁of ▁current ▁protein ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction ▁methods ▁is ▁ass essed ▁in ▁week ly ▁benchmark s ▁such ▁as ▁Live Ben ch ▁and ▁E VA . ▁ ▁Background ▁Early ▁methods ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁focused ▁on ▁ident ifying ▁likely ▁alpha ▁hel ices ▁and ▁were ▁based ▁mainly ▁on ▁hel ix - co il ▁transition ▁models . ▁Sign ific antly ▁more ▁accurate ▁predictions ▁that ▁included ▁beta ▁sheets ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁re lied ▁on ▁statistical ▁assess ments ▁based ▁on ▁probability ▁parameters ▁derived ▁from ▁known ▁solved ▁structures . ▁These ▁methods , ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁sequence , ▁are ▁typically ▁at ▁most ▁about ▁ 6 0 - 6 5 % ▁accurate , ▁and ▁often ▁under predict ▁beta ▁sheets . ▁The ▁evolution ary ▁conservation ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures ▁can ▁be ▁explo ited ▁by ▁simultaneously ▁assess ing ▁many ▁hom olog ous ▁sequences ▁in ▁a ▁multiple ▁sequence ▁alignment , ▁by ▁calculating ▁the ▁net ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prop ens ity ▁of ▁an ▁aligned ▁column ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids . ▁In ▁concert ▁with ▁larger ▁databases ▁of ▁known ▁protein ▁structures ▁and ▁modern ▁machine ▁learning ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁neural ▁n ets |
▁and ▁support ▁vector ▁machines , ▁these ▁methods ▁can ▁achieve ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 0 % ▁overall ▁accuracy ▁in ▁glob ular ▁prote ins . ▁The ▁theoretical ▁upper ▁limit ▁of ▁accuracy ▁is ▁around ▁ 9 0 %, ▁partly ▁due ▁to ▁id ios ync ras ies ▁in ▁D SS P ▁assignment ▁near ▁the ▁ends ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures , ▁where ▁local ▁conform ations ▁vary ▁under ▁native ▁conditions ▁but ▁may ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁assume ▁a ▁single ▁con formation ▁in ▁cry st als ▁due ▁to ▁pack ing ▁constraints . ▁Lim itations ▁are ▁also ▁im posed ▁by ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction ' s ▁in ability ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ; ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁sequence ▁predicted ▁as ▁a ▁likely ▁hel ix ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁beta - str and ▁con formation ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁a ▁beta - sheet ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁protein ▁and ▁its ▁side ▁ch ains ▁pack ▁well ▁with ▁their ▁neighb ors . ▁D ram atic ▁conform ational ▁changes ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁protein ' s ▁function ▁or ▁environment ▁can ▁also ▁alter ▁local ▁secondary ▁structure . ▁ ▁Historical ▁perspective ▁To ▁date , ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁different ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁developed . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁algorithms ▁was ▁Ch ou - F as man ▁method , ▁which ▁re lies ▁pre domin antly ▁on ▁probability ▁parameters ▁determined ▁from ▁relative ▁frequencies ▁of ▁each ▁am ino ▁acid ' s ▁appearance ▁in ▁each ▁type ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure . ▁The ▁original ▁Ch ou - F as man ▁parameters , ▁determined ▁from ▁the ▁small ▁sample |
▁of ▁structures ▁solved ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁produce ▁poor ▁results ▁compared ▁to ▁modern ▁methods , ▁though ▁the ▁parameter ization ▁has ▁been ▁updated ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁published . ▁The ▁Ch ou - F as man ▁method ▁is ▁roughly ▁ 5 0 - 6 0 % ▁accurate ▁in ▁predict ing ▁secondary ▁structures . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁notable ▁program ▁was ▁the ▁G OR ▁method , ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁three ▁scient ists ▁who ▁developed ▁it ▁— ▁G arn ier , ▁O sg ut hor pe , ▁and ▁Rob son , ▁is ▁an ▁information ▁theory - based ▁method . ▁It ▁uses ▁the ▁more ▁powerful ▁probabil istic ▁technique ▁of ▁Bay esian ▁inference . ▁The ▁G OR ▁method ▁takes ▁into ▁account ▁not ▁only ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁each ▁am ino ▁acid ▁having ▁a ▁particular ▁secondary ▁structure , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁conditional ▁probability ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁assuming ▁each ▁structure ▁given ▁the ▁contributions ▁of ▁its ▁neighb ors ▁( it ▁does ▁not ▁assume ▁that ▁the ▁neighb ors ▁have ▁that ▁same ▁structure ). ▁ ▁The ▁approach ▁is ▁both ▁more ▁sensitive ▁and ▁more ▁accurate ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁Ch ou ▁and ▁F as man ▁because ▁am ino ▁acid ▁struct ural ▁prop ens ities ▁are ▁only ▁strong ▁for ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁am ino ▁ac ids ▁such ▁as ▁pro line ▁and ▁g ly c ine . ▁ ▁We ak ▁contributions ▁from ▁each ▁of ▁many ▁neighb ors ▁can ▁add ▁up ▁to ▁strong ▁effects ▁overall . ▁The ▁original ▁G OR ▁method ▁was ▁roughly ▁ 6 5 % ▁accurate ▁and ▁is ▁dram |
atically ▁more ▁successful ▁in ▁predict ing ▁alpha ▁hel ices ▁than ▁beta ▁sheets , ▁which ▁it ▁frequently ▁mis pred icted ▁as ▁loops ▁or ▁dis organ ized ▁regions . ▁ ▁Another ▁big ▁step ▁forward , ▁was ▁using ▁machine ▁learning ▁methods . ▁First ▁artificial ▁neural ▁networks ▁methods ▁were ▁used . ▁As ▁a ▁training ▁sets ▁they ▁use ▁solved ▁structures ▁to ▁identify ▁common ▁sequence ▁mot ifs ▁associated ▁with ▁particular ▁arrang ements ▁of ▁secondary ▁structures . ▁These ▁methods ▁are ▁over ▁ 7 0 % ▁accurate ▁in ▁their ▁predictions , ▁although ▁beta ▁str ands ▁are ▁still ▁often ▁under pred icted ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁three - dimensional ▁struct ural ▁information ▁that ▁would ▁allow ▁assess ment ▁of ▁hydro gen ▁bond ing ▁patterns ▁that ▁can ▁promote ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁extended ▁con formation ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁complete ▁beta ▁sheet . ▁P SI PRE D ▁and ▁J PRE D ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁known ▁programs ▁based ▁on ▁neural ▁networks ▁for ▁protein ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction . ▁Next , ▁support ▁vector ▁machines ▁have ▁proven ▁particularly ▁useful ▁for ▁predict ing ▁the ▁locations ▁of ▁turns , ▁which ▁are ▁difficult ▁to ▁identify ▁with ▁statistical ▁methods . ▁ ▁Ext ensions ▁of ▁machine ▁learning ▁techniques ▁attempt ▁to ▁predict ▁more ▁fine - gra ined ▁local ▁properties ▁of ▁prote ins , ▁such ▁as ▁back bone ▁di hed ral ▁angles ▁in ▁un ass igned ▁regions . ▁Both ▁S VM s ▁and ▁neural ▁networks ▁have ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁this ▁problem . ▁More ▁recently , ▁real - value ▁t ors ion ▁angles ▁can ▁be ▁accur ately ▁predicted ▁by ▁SP INE - |
X ▁and ▁successfully ▁employed ▁for ▁ab ▁init io ▁structure ▁prediction . ▁ ▁Other ▁improvements ▁It ▁is ▁reported ▁that ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁protein ▁sequence , ▁secondary ▁structure ▁formation ▁depends ▁on ▁other ▁factors . ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁is ▁reported ▁that ▁secondary ▁structure ▁t endencies ▁depend ▁also ▁on ▁local ▁environment , ▁sol vent ▁access ibility ▁of ▁resid ues , ▁protein ▁struct ural ▁class , ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁organ ism ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁prote ins ▁are ▁obtained . ▁Based ▁on ▁such ▁observations , ▁some ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction ▁can ▁be ▁improved ▁by ▁addition ▁of ▁information ▁about ▁protein ▁struct ural ▁class , ▁resid ue ▁accessible ▁surface ▁area ▁and ▁also ▁contact ▁number ▁information . ▁ ▁T ert i ary ▁structure ▁ ▁The ▁practical ▁role ▁of ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁is ▁now ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁ever . ▁Mass ive ▁amounts ▁of ▁protein ▁sequence ▁data ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁modern ▁large - scale ▁DNA ▁sequ encing ▁efforts ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Human ▁Gen ome ▁Project . ▁Despite ▁community - wide ▁efforts ▁in ▁struct ural ▁genom ics , ▁the ▁output ▁of ▁experiment ally ▁determined ▁protein ▁structures — typ ically ▁by ▁time - consum ing ▁and ▁relatively ▁expensive ▁X - ray ▁cry stal log raph y ▁or ▁N MR ▁spect ro sc opy — is ▁lag ging ▁far ▁behind ▁the ▁output ▁of ▁protein ▁sequences . ▁ ▁The ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁remains ▁an ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁and ▁un resol ved ▁undert aking . ▁The ▁two ▁main ▁problems ▁are ▁calculation ▁of ▁protein ▁free ▁energy ▁and ▁finding ▁the ▁global ▁minimum ▁of ▁this ▁energy . ▁A |
▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁method ▁must ▁explore ▁the ▁space ▁of ▁possible ▁protein ▁structures ▁which ▁is ▁astronom ically ▁large . ▁These ▁problems ▁can ▁be ▁partially ▁by pass ed ▁in ▁" com par ative " ▁or ▁hom ology ▁model ing ▁and ▁fol d ▁recognition ▁methods , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁search ▁space ▁is ▁pr un ed ▁by ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁protein ▁in ▁question ▁adopt s ▁a ▁structure ▁that ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁experiment ally ▁determined ▁structure ▁of ▁another ▁hom olog ous ▁protein . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁de ▁nov o ▁or ▁ab ▁init io ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁methods ▁must ▁explicitly ▁resolve ▁these ▁problems . ▁The ▁progress ▁and ▁challeng es ▁in ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁has ▁been ▁review ed ▁in ▁Z hang ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Before ▁mod elling ▁ ▁Most ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ▁mod elling ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁Ros etta , ▁are ▁optimized ▁for ▁mod elling ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ▁of ▁single ▁protein ▁domains . ▁A ▁step ▁called ▁domain ▁parsing , ▁or ▁domain ▁boundary ▁prediction , ▁is ▁usually ▁done ▁first ▁to ▁split ▁a ▁protein ▁into ▁potential ▁struct ural ▁domains . ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁this ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁compar atively ▁from ▁known ▁structures ▁or ▁ab ▁init io ▁with ▁the ▁sequence ▁only ▁( us ually ▁by ▁machine ▁learning , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁cov ari ation ). ▁The ▁structures ▁for ▁individual ▁domains ▁are ▁dock ed ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁process ▁called ▁domain ▁assembly ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁final ▁t ert i ary ▁structure |
. ▁ ▁Ab ▁init io ▁protein ▁mod elling ▁ ▁Energy - ▁and ▁fragment - based ▁methods ▁Ab ▁init io - ▁or ▁de ▁nov o - ▁protein ▁mod elling ▁methods ▁seek ▁to ▁build ▁three - dimensional ▁protein ▁models ▁" from ▁scratch ", ▁i . e ., ▁based ▁on ▁physical ▁principles ▁rather ▁than ▁( direct ly ) ▁on ▁previously ▁solved ▁structures . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁possible ▁procedures ▁that ▁either ▁attempt ▁to ▁m im ic ▁protein ▁fol ding ▁or ▁apply ▁some ▁st ochastic ▁method ▁to ▁search ▁possible ▁solutions ▁( i . e ., ▁global ▁optimization ▁of ▁a ▁suitable ▁energy ▁function ). ▁These ▁procedures ▁tend ▁to ▁require ▁vast ▁computational ▁resources , ▁and ▁have ▁thus ▁only ▁been ▁carried ▁out ▁for ▁tiny ▁prote ins . ▁To ▁predict ▁protein ▁structure ▁de ▁nov o ▁for ▁larger ▁prote ins ▁will ▁require ▁better ▁algorithms ▁and ▁larger ▁computational ▁resources ▁like ▁those ▁afford ed ▁by ▁either ▁powerful ▁super comput ers ▁( such ▁as ▁Blue ▁Gene ▁or ▁MD GR AP E - 3 ) ▁or ▁distributed ▁computing ▁( such ▁as ▁F old ing @ home , ▁the ▁Human ▁Prote ome ▁F old ing ▁Project ▁and ▁Ros etta @ Home ). ▁Although ▁these ▁computational ▁bar riers ▁are ▁vast , ▁the ▁potential ▁benefits ▁of ▁struct ural ▁genom ics ▁( by ▁predicted ▁or ▁experimental ▁methods ) ▁make ▁ab ▁init io ▁structure ▁prediction ▁an ▁active ▁research ▁field . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁a ▁ 5 0 - res id ue ▁protein ▁could ▁be ▁sim ulated ▁atom - by - atom ▁on ▁a ▁super comput er |
▁for ▁ 1 ▁mill isecond . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁compar able ▁stable - state ▁sampling ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁on ▁a ▁standard ▁desktop ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁graphics ▁card ▁and ▁more ▁s oph istic ated ▁algorithms . ▁A ▁much ▁larger ▁simulation ▁times cal es ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁using ▁co arse - gra ined ▁model ing . ▁ ▁E volution ary ▁cov ari ation ▁to ▁predict ▁ 3 D ▁contacts ▁As ▁sequ encing ▁became ▁more ▁common place ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁several ▁groups ▁used ▁protein ▁sequence ▁align ments ▁to ▁predict ▁correl ated ▁mut ations ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁hoped ▁that ▁these ▁co e vol ved ▁resid ues ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁predict ▁t ert i ary ▁structure ▁( using ▁the ▁anal ogy ▁to ▁distance ▁constraints ▁from ▁experimental ▁procedures ▁such ▁as ▁N MR ). ▁The ▁assumption ▁is ▁when ▁single ▁resid ue ▁mut ations ▁are ▁slightly ▁de le ter ious , ▁compens atory ▁mut ations ▁may ▁occur ▁to ▁rest abil ize ▁resid ue - res id ue ▁interactions . ▁This ▁early ▁work ▁used ▁what ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁local ▁methods ▁to ▁calculate ▁correl ated ▁mut ations ▁from ▁protein ▁sequences , ▁but ▁suffered ▁from ▁indirect ▁false ▁correl ations ▁which ▁result ▁from ▁tre ating ▁each ▁pair ▁of ▁resid ues ▁as ▁independent ▁of ▁all ▁other ▁pairs . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁a ▁different , ▁and ▁this ▁time ▁global ▁statistical ▁approach , ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁predicted ▁co e vol ved ▁resid ues ▁were ▁sufficient ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁fol d |
▁of ▁a ▁protein , ▁providing ▁there ▁are ▁enough ▁sequences ▁available ▁( > 1 , 0 0 0 ▁hom olog ous ▁sequences ▁are ▁needed ). ▁The ▁method , ▁E V fold , ▁uses ▁no ▁hom ology ▁model ing , ▁ ▁thread ing ▁or ▁ 3 D ▁structure ▁fragments ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁run ▁on ▁a ▁standard ▁personal ▁computer ▁even ▁for ▁prote ins ▁with ▁hundreds ▁of ▁resid ues . ▁The ▁accuracy ▁of ▁the ▁contacts ▁predicted ▁using ▁this ▁and ▁related ▁approaches ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁demonstrated ▁on ▁many ▁known ▁structures ▁and ▁contact ▁maps , ▁including ▁the ▁prediction ▁of ▁experiment ally ▁un sol ved ▁transm emb rane ▁prote ins . ▁ ▁Compar ative ▁protein ▁model ing ▁ ▁Compar ative ▁protein ▁mod elling ▁uses ▁previously ▁solved ▁structures ▁as ▁starting ▁points , ▁or ▁templates . ▁This ▁is ▁effective ▁because ▁it ▁appears ▁that ▁although ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁actual ▁prote ins ▁is ▁vast , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁limited ▁set ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁struct ural ▁mot ifs ▁to ▁which ▁most ▁prote ins ▁belong . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁only ▁around ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁distinct ▁protein ▁fol ds ▁in ▁nature , ▁though ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁millions ▁of ▁different ▁prote ins . ▁ ▁These ▁methods ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁groups : ▁ ▁Hom ology ▁model ing ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁reasonable ▁assumption ▁that ▁two ▁hom olog ous ▁prote ins ▁will ▁share ▁very ▁similar ▁structures . ▁Because ▁a ▁protein ' s ▁fol d ▁is ▁more ▁evolution arily ▁conser ved ▁than ▁its ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence , ▁a |
▁target ▁sequence ▁can ▁be ▁mode led ▁with ▁reasonable ▁accuracy ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁dist antly ▁related ▁template , ▁provided ▁that ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁target ▁and ▁template ▁can ▁be ▁disc ern ed ▁through ▁sequence ▁alignment . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁primary ▁bott l ene ck ▁in ▁compar ative ▁mod elling ▁ar ises ▁from ▁difficulties ▁in ▁alignment ▁rather ▁than ▁from ▁errors ▁in ▁structure ▁prediction ▁given ▁a ▁known - good ▁alignment . ▁Un sur pr ising ly , ▁hom ology ▁mod elling ▁is ▁most ▁accurate ▁when ▁the ▁target ▁and ▁template ▁have ▁similar ▁sequences . ▁ ▁Prote in ▁thread ing ▁sc ans ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequence ▁of ▁an ▁unknown ▁structure ▁against ▁a ▁database ▁of ▁solved ▁structures . ▁ ▁In ▁each ▁case , ▁a ▁scoring ▁function ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁assess ▁the ▁compatibility ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁to ▁the ▁structure , ▁thus ▁yield ing ▁possible ▁three - dimensional ▁models . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁method ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ 3 D - 1 D ▁fol d ▁recognition ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁compatibility ▁analysis ▁between ▁three - dimensional ▁structures ▁and ▁linear ▁protein ▁sequences . ▁This ▁method ▁has ▁also ▁given ▁rise ▁to ▁methods ▁performing ▁an ▁inverse ▁fol ding ▁search ▁by ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁compatibility ▁of ▁a ▁given ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁database ▁of ▁sequences , ▁thus ▁predict ing ▁which ▁sequences ▁have ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁given ▁fol d . ▁ ▁Side - chain ▁geometry ▁prediction ▁Acc ur ate ▁pack ing ▁of ▁the ▁am ino ▁acid ▁side ▁ch ains ▁represents ▁a ▁separate ▁problem ▁in ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction . ▁Method s ▁that |
▁specifically ▁address ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁predict ing ▁side - chain ▁geometry ▁include ▁dead - end ▁elim ination ▁and ▁the ▁self - cons istent ▁mean ▁field ▁methods . ▁The ▁side ▁chain ▁conform ations ▁with ▁low ▁energy ▁are ▁usually ▁determined ▁on ▁the ▁rig id ▁pol ype pt ide ▁back bone ▁and ▁using ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁discrete ▁side ▁chain ▁conform ations ▁known ▁as ▁" rot am ers ." ▁The ▁methods ▁attempt ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁rot am ers ▁that ▁minim ize ▁the ▁model ' s ▁overall ▁energy . ▁ ▁These ▁methods ▁use ▁rot amer ▁libraries , ▁which ▁are ▁collections ▁of ▁favor able ▁conform ations ▁for ▁each ▁resid ue ▁type ▁in ▁prote ins . ▁Rot amer ▁libraries ▁may ▁contain ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁con formation , ▁its ▁frequency , ▁and ▁the ▁standard ▁devi ations ▁about ▁mean ▁di hed ral ▁angles , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁sampling . ▁Rot amer ▁libraries ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁struct ural ▁bio in format ics ▁or ▁other ▁statistical ▁analysis ▁of ▁side - chain ▁conform ations ▁in ▁known ▁experimental ▁structures ▁of ▁prote ins , ▁such ▁as ▁by ▁clust ering ▁the ▁observed ▁conform ations ▁for ▁t etra hed ral ▁car b ons ▁near ▁the ▁st agger ed ▁( 6 0 ° , ▁ 1 8 0 ° , ▁- 6 0 ° ) ▁values . ▁ ▁Rot amer ▁libraries ▁can ▁be ▁back bone - in dependent , ▁secondary - structure - dependent , ▁or ▁back bone - dependent . ▁Back bone - in dependent ▁rot amer ▁libraries ▁make ▁no ▁reference ▁to ▁back bone ▁con |
formation , ▁and ▁are ▁calculated ▁from ▁all ▁available ▁side ▁ch ains ▁of ▁a ▁certain ▁type ▁( for ▁instance , ▁the ▁first ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁rot amer ▁library , ▁done ▁by ▁P onder ▁and ▁Rich ards ▁at ▁Y ale ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ). ▁Second ary - structure - dependent ▁libraries ▁present ▁different ▁di hed ral ▁angles ▁and / or ▁rot amer ▁frequencies ▁for ▁- hel ix , ▁- sheet , ▁or ▁co il ▁secondary ▁structures . ▁Back bone - dependent ▁rot amer ▁libraries ▁present ▁conform ations ▁and / or ▁frequencies ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁local ▁back bone ▁con formation ▁as ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁back bone ▁di hed ral ▁angles ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁regardless ▁of ▁secondary ▁structure . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ▁versions ▁of ▁these ▁libraries ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁most ▁software ▁are ▁presented ▁as ▁mult id im ensional ▁distributions ▁of ▁probability ▁or ▁frequency , ▁where ▁the ▁pe aks ▁correspond ▁to ▁the ▁di hed ral - angle ▁conform ations ▁considered ▁as ▁individual ▁rot am ers ▁in ▁the ▁lists . ▁Some ▁versions ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁very ▁carefully ▁cur ated ▁data ▁and ▁are ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁structure ▁validation , ▁while ▁others ▁emphas ize ▁relative ▁frequencies ▁in ▁much ▁larger ▁data ▁sets ▁and ▁are ▁the ▁form ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Dun bra ck ▁rot amer ▁libraries . ▁ ▁Side - chain ▁pack ing ▁methods ▁are ▁most ▁useful ▁for ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁protein ' s ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁core , ▁where ▁side ▁ch ains ▁are ▁more ▁closely ▁pack ed ; ▁they ▁have ▁more ▁difficulty |
▁address ing ▁the ▁lo oser ▁constraints ▁and ▁higher ▁flex ibility ▁of ▁surface ▁resid ues , ▁which ▁often ▁occup y ▁multiple ▁rot amer ▁conform ations ▁rather ▁than ▁just ▁one . ▁ ▁Pred iction ▁of ▁struct ural ▁classes ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁for ▁predict ing ▁struct ural ▁classes ▁of ▁prote ins ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁am ino ▁acid ▁composition , ▁pseudo ▁am ino ▁acid ▁composition ▁and ▁functional ▁domain ▁composition . ▁Second ary ▁structure ▁pred icion ▁also ▁implicitly ▁generates ▁such ▁a ▁prediction ▁for ▁singular ▁domains . ▁ ▁Qu atern ary ▁structure ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁complex es ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁prote ins , ▁where ▁the ▁structures ▁of ▁the ▁prote ins ▁are ▁known ▁or ▁can ▁be ▁predicted ▁with ▁high ▁accuracy , ▁protein – prote in ▁dock ing ▁methods ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁complex . ▁Information ▁of ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁mut ations ▁at ▁specific ▁sites ▁on ▁the ▁aff inity ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁helps ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁complex ▁structure ▁and ▁to ▁guide ▁dock ing ▁methods . ▁ ▁Software ▁▁ ▁A ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁software ▁tools ▁for ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁exist . ▁Appro aches ▁include ▁hom ology ▁model ing , ▁protein ▁thread ing , ▁ab ▁init io ▁methods , ▁secondary ▁structure ▁prediction , ▁and ▁transm emb rane ▁hel ix ▁and ▁signal ▁pe pt ide ▁prediction . ▁Some ▁recent ▁successful ▁methods ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁C AS P ▁experiments ▁include ▁I - TA SS ER ▁and ▁H H pred . ▁For ▁complete ▁list ▁see ▁main ▁article . ▁ ▁E valu ation ▁of ▁automatic |
▁structure ▁prediction ▁servers ▁▁ ▁C AS P , ▁which ▁stands ▁for ▁Crit ical ▁Ass ess ment ▁of ▁Te chni ques ▁for ▁Prote in ▁Str ucture ▁Pred iction , ▁is ▁a ▁community - wide ▁experiment ▁for ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁taking ▁place ▁every ▁two ▁years ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁C AS P ▁provides ▁with ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁assess ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁available ▁human , ▁non - autom ated ▁method ology ▁( human ▁category ) ▁and ▁automatic ▁servers ▁for ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁( server ▁category , ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁C AS P 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁CA ME O 3 D ▁Cont inu ous ▁Autom ated ▁Model ▁E valu ati On ▁Server ▁evalu ates ▁autom ated ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁servers ▁on ▁a ▁week ly ▁basis ▁using ▁blind ▁predictions ▁for ▁newly ▁release ▁protein ▁structures . ▁CA ME O ▁publish es ▁the ▁results ▁on ▁its ▁website . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Prote in ▁design ▁ ▁Prote in ▁function ▁prediction ▁ ▁Prote in ▁structure ▁prediction ▁software ▁ ▁De ▁nov o ▁protein ▁structure ▁prediction ▁ ▁M ole cular ▁design ▁software ▁ ▁M ole cular ▁model ing ▁software ▁ ▁Mod elling ▁bi ological ▁systems ▁ ▁Fragment ▁libraries ▁ ▁L attice ▁prote ins ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁potential ▁ ▁Prote in ▁circular ▁dich ro ism ▁data ▁bank ▁ ▁MO DE LL ER ▁- ▁a ▁computer ▁program ▁for ▁hom ology ▁mod elling ▁ ▁Ros etta @ home ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁C AS P ▁experiments ▁home ▁page ▁ ▁Ex P AS y ▁Prote om ics ▁tools |
▁— ▁list ▁of ▁prediction ▁tools ▁and ▁servers ▁ ▁Category : B io in format ics ▁Category : Pro te in ▁structure ▁Category : Pro te in ▁methods <0x0A> </s> ▁Object - 1 0 0 ▁U tes ▁( U ty os ) ▁or ▁S ot ka ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁Navy ▁anti - ship ▁miss ile ▁coast al ▁defense ▁division ▁built ▁in ▁Soviet ▁times , ▁using ▁b unker ▁T EL ▁( similar ▁to ▁N ike ▁Her cules ▁S AM ▁AB M ) ▁with ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁SS - N - 3 ▁Sh add ock ▁P - 3 5 B ▁ 4 K 4 4 B ▁( same ▁used ▁operated ▁on ▁Red ut ▁complex ) ▁SS - N - 3 b ▁Sh add ock ▁ 3 M 4 4 ▁Progress ▁, ▁can ▁also ▁launch ▁different ▁ones ▁like ▁P - 6 ▁P - 3 5 B ▁S - 3 5 . ▁ ▁Modern ▁times ▁Rec ently , ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁refer endum ▁and ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Crime a , ▁Russia ▁started ▁rest oring ▁and ▁react iv ating ▁the ▁site ▁( over ▁also ▁start ▁planning ▁ship building ▁in ▁Se v ast opol , ▁Fe odos ia ▁and ▁Ker ch ▁yard ▁wh ar ves ▁plus ▁various ▁industrial ▁fact ories ▁in ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁along ▁agricult ure , ▁transport ▁infrastr uct ures ), ▁can ▁also ▁operate ▁mobile ▁T EL ▁Bast ion ▁P - 8 0 0 , ▁sil o ▁K 3 0 0 S ▁On iks , ▁Mos kit ▁T EL , ▁Bal , |
▁Kal ibr ▁and ▁B iry u za ▁and ▁maybe ▁I sk ander - K ▁R - 5 0 0 ▁( it ▁is ▁unknown ▁if ▁ 3 M 5 1 ▁Al fa ▁miss iles ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁air ▁launched ▁and ▁T EL ▁like ▁other ▁miss ile ▁complex es ). ▁" B ast ion " ▁sil o - based ▁miss ile ▁complex ▁should ▁be ▁deployed ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁U tes , ▁or ▁S ot ka , ▁Object - 1 0 0 ▁miss iles ▁are ▁situated ▁right ▁on ▁a ▁cl iff , ▁with ▁the ▁sea ▁beneath , ▁ 5 0 – 1 0 0 ▁m ▁from ▁sea ▁level , ▁station ed ▁at ▁two ▁firing ▁positions ▁( b unker ▁T EL ) ▁alongside ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁base ▁facilities . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁cre ws ▁of ▁a ▁ 4 K 4 4 ▁U ty os ▁( SS - C - 1 B ▁Se pal ) ▁station ary ▁coast al ▁defense ▁miss ile ▁system ▁in ▁Crime a ▁test ▁fired ▁a ▁P - 3 5 ▁( SS - C - 3 ) ▁cru ise ▁miss ile ▁at ▁a ▁sea ▁target . ▁The ▁miss ile ▁has ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 km ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁high - expl os ive ▁war head . ▁ ▁Operation ▁▁ ▁main ▁▁ ▁P - 3 5 B ▁ 4 K 4 4 B ▁ 3 M 4 4 ▁Progress ▁in ▁b unker ▁T EL ▁( similar ▁to ▁N ike ▁Her |
cules ▁or ▁North ▁Korean ▁coast al ▁A Sh M ▁sites ). ▁ ▁capable ▁deploy ing ▁ ▁SS - N - 2 ▁St y x ▁- ▁P - 1 5 \ 2 0 \ 2 2 ▁R ube zh ▁ ▁SS - N - 3 ▁Sh add ock ▁- ▁P - 3 5 ▁Red ut ▁▁ 3 M - 5 4 ▁Kl ub ▁- ▁complex ▁Kal ibr ▁\ ▁B iry u za ▁operating ▁ 3 M 5 4 \ E \ E 1 , ▁ 3 M 1 4 ▁and ▁other ▁▁ ▁P - 8 0 0 ▁On iks ▁, ▁Bast ion - P ▁- ▁P - 8 0 0 ▁variant , ▁also ▁K - 3 0 0 S ▁sil o ▁based ▁ ▁SS - N - 2 5 ▁Switch bla de ▁- ▁Kh - 3 5 ▁version ▁ 3 M 2 4 ▁complex ▁Bal ▁ ▁I sk ander - K ▁- ▁R - 5 0 0 ▁A Sh M ▁cru ise ▁derived ▁from ▁R K - 5 5 , ▁ 3 M 1 0 , ▁ 3 M 5 4 \ 1 4 , ▁Kh 1 0 1 \ 1 0 2 ▁. ▁▁ 3 M - 5 1 ▁Al fa ▁- ▁capable ▁to ▁deploy ▁coast al ▁T EL ▁launch ers ▁if ▁there ▁made ▁version ▁for ▁it ▁. ▁ ▁Oper ator ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁VM F ▁▁ ▁Crime an ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁▁▁ ▁BR a V ▁C m F ▁В М Ф ▁Ч м Ф ▁Б Р В ▁( Black ▁Sea ▁Fle et ▁Coast al |
▁Miss ile ▁Forces ), ▁ ▁Crime an ▁Navy ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁SS - N - 3 ▁Sh add ock ▁Bast ion - P ▁- ▁and ▁sil o ▁K - 3 0 0 S ▁P - 8 0 0 ▁variant ▁. ▁R - 5 0 0 ▁ 9 M 7 2 8 ▁Kh - 3 5 ▁ 3 M 2 4 ▁SS - N - 2 5 , ▁Bal ▁ 3 M - 5 4 ▁Kl ub ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Navy ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁install ations ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁install ations ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Summer ▁Records ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁reg ga e ▁record ▁label , ▁active ▁between ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Based ▁in ▁Mal ton , ▁Ontario , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Toronto , ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁Canada ' s ▁first ▁Black - owned ▁record ▁labels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁release ▁Canadian - made ▁reg ga e ▁music . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁label ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁by ▁Jerry ▁Brown , ▁a ▁J ama ican ▁imm igr ant ▁to ▁Canada . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁Brown ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁singer ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁J ama icans , ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁group ▁just ▁before ▁they ▁became ▁popular . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁st int ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁cru ise ▁ship |
, ▁Brown ▁decided ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁but ▁fe ared ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁did , ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁draft ed ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁Vietnam . ▁So ▁he ▁came ▁to ▁Canada ▁instead , ▁where ▁he ▁found ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁growing ▁Car ib bean ▁music ▁scene . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁Brown ▁heard ▁around ▁him ▁was ▁s ka ▁and ▁cal y ps o , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁more ▁interested ▁in ▁reg ga e . ▁So ▁with ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁full - time ▁mechan ic , ▁Brown , ▁with ▁partner ▁O sw ald ▁Cre ary , ▁bought ▁a ▁house ▁on ▁a ▁dead - end ▁street ▁in ▁Mal ton , ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁small ▁recording ▁studio ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement . ▁This ▁would ▁be ▁where ▁all ▁of ▁Summer ▁Records ▁music ▁would ▁be ▁recorded . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁songs ▁on ▁the ▁label , ▁" L ove ▁M akes ▁the ▁World ▁Go ▁Round " ▁and ▁" S un r ise " ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Os bourne ▁with ▁Bun ny ▁Brown , ▁were ▁still ▁built ▁around ▁rh yth ms ▁imported ▁from ▁J ama ica . ▁Re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁single ▁sold ▁poor ly , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁get ▁any ▁air play ▁on ▁radio . ▁F ew ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Canada ▁played ▁reg ga e ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁the ▁few ▁that ▁did ▁played ▁only ▁songs ▁by ▁well - known ▁artists , ▁such ▁as ▁Eric ▁Cla pton ' s ▁" I ▁Sh ot ▁the ▁Sher |
iff ". ▁But ▁this ▁did ▁not ▁d eter ▁Brown . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Brown ▁met ▁Lloyd ▁James ▁( aka ▁Prince ▁Jam my , ▁later ▁King ▁Jam my ) ▁at ▁the ▁Mason ic ▁Temple ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁King ▁Jam my ▁joined ▁Summer ▁Records , ▁but ▁his ▁arrival ▁caused ▁fr iction ▁between ▁Brown ▁and ▁Cre ary . ▁Cre ary ▁soon ▁left ▁to ▁found ▁his ▁own ▁record ▁label , ▁Half ▁Moon ▁Records . ▁Summer ▁Records ▁continued ▁to ▁release ▁singles ▁which , ▁while ▁ignored ▁at ▁home ▁in ▁Canada , ▁were ▁being ▁noticed ▁abroad . ▁In ▁J ama ica , ▁there ▁was ▁some ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁records ▁were ▁not ▁made ▁there , ▁but ▁Brown ▁got ▁over ▁that ▁by ▁putting ▁a ▁" M ade ▁in ▁J ama ica " ▁label ▁on ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁Summer ▁Records ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁full - length ▁record , ▁In noc ent ▁Youth s . ▁It ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Earth , ▁Ro ots ▁and ▁Water , ▁a ▁group ▁that ▁had ▁played ▁on ▁many ▁Summer ▁Records ▁artists ' ▁music . ▁The ▁band ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁opening ▁act ▁for ▁The ▁Police , ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁gig ▁the ▁UK ▁band ▁did ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁The ▁two ▁bands ▁got ▁along ▁well , ▁and ▁The ▁Police ▁brought ▁a ▁copy ▁of ▁In noc ent ▁Youth s ▁home ▁with ▁them . ▁It ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁inspir ations ▁behind ▁the ▁album ▁Out land os ▁d ' Am our , ▁and ▁The ▁Police ▁wanted ▁to ▁have ▁Earth |
, ▁Ro ots ▁and ▁Water ▁open ▁for ▁them ▁on ▁their ▁North ▁American ▁tour . ▁However , ▁by ▁that ▁point , ▁poor ▁record ▁sales ▁had ▁already ▁caused ▁the ▁Canadian ▁group ▁to ▁dis band . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁former ▁Sound ▁Dim ension ▁and ▁Sk atal ites ▁member ▁Jack ie ▁Mit to o ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Will i ▁Williams ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁new ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁" Real ▁Rock ". ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Summer ▁Records ▁as ▁" Ar mag ide on ▁Time ", ▁and ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁UK ▁band ▁The ▁Cl ash . ▁Williams ▁would ▁latter ▁create ▁another ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song , ▁called ▁" R ock ing ▁Univers ally " ▁which ▁Summer ▁also ▁released . ▁A ▁third ▁version ▁would ▁be ▁released , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" R ock ing ▁Univers ally ", ▁but ▁this ▁version ▁was ▁by ▁No el ▁Ell is , ▁another ▁Summer ▁Records ▁artist . ▁ ▁Ell is ▁released ▁a ▁self - t itled ▁album ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁last ▁full - length ▁LP ▁that ▁Summer ▁Records ▁would ▁release . ▁Sales ▁were ▁poor , ▁so ▁Brown ▁decided ▁that ▁Summer ▁would , ▁going ▁forward , ▁only ▁release ▁singles , ▁which ▁were ▁che aper ▁to ▁produce . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁King ▁Jam my ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁J ama ica ▁and ▁had ▁created ▁the ▁" Sl eng ▁T eng " ▁beat , ▁a ▁digital ▁rh ythm ▁style ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Wayne ▁Smith ▁song ▁" Under ▁Me ▁Sl |
eng ▁T eng ". ▁This ▁started ▁a ▁f ad ▁in ▁reg ga e ▁music ▁for ▁using ▁electronic ▁instruments . ▁Summer ▁Records ▁would ▁follow ▁that ▁tr end ▁by ▁re le asing ▁songs ▁like ▁" Call ▁Me ▁Nob ody ▁Else " ▁by ▁Un ique ▁M ado o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁" S ka ▁Do o " ▁and ▁" Run ▁Th em ▁a ▁Run " ▁by ▁Williams . ▁" Call ▁Me ▁Nob ody ▁Else " ▁was ▁a ▁hit ▁for ▁the ▁label ▁and ▁sold ▁several ▁hundred ▁copies . ▁However , ▁Brown ▁preferred ▁traditional ▁instruments ▁and ▁Summer ▁Records ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁school ▁style . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Brown ▁who ▁was ▁still ▁working ▁full - time ▁as ▁a ▁mechan ic , ▁and ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁family ▁to ▁support , ▁could ▁no ▁longer ▁afford ▁to ▁keep ▁Summer ▁Records ▁going . ▁He ▁sold ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁Mal ton , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁equipment , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁he ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁J ama ica . ▁The ▁entire ▁Summer ▁Records ▁catalog ue ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁print , ▁and ▁became ▁scar ce . ▁This ▁began ▁to ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁as ▁the ▁US ▁record ▁label ▁Light ▁in ▁the ▁Att ic ▁Records ▁re - re leased ▁some ▁of ▁Summer ▁Records ▁music ▁on ▁CD , ▁vin yl ▁and ▁digital ▁formats . ▁Re leases ▁include ▁Summer ▁Records ▁Anth ology ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 8 8 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁re |
issue ▁of ▁In noc ent ▁Youth s . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Black ▁Canadian ▁culture ▁in ▁Toronto ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁independent ▁record ▁labels ▁Category : Car ib bean - Can ad ian ▁culture ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : Def unct ▁record ▁labels ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Record ▁labels ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : Record ▁labels ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : Reg ga e ▁record ▁labels <0x0A> </s> ▁V era ▁Z von are va ▁was ▁the ▁two - time ▁def ending ▁champion , ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁Daniel a ▁H ant uch ová ▁in ▁the ▁semif inals . ▁Daniel a ▁H ant uch ová ▁won ▁the ▁title , ▁defe ating ▁S ara ▁Er ran i ▁ 6 - 0 , ▁ 6 - 2 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Qual ifying ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Top ▁Half ▁{{ 1 6 Team Bra cket - Comp act - T ennis 3 ▁| ▁R D 1 = First ▁Round ▁| ▁R D 2 = Second ▁Round ▁| ▁R D 3 = Qu arter final s ▁| ▁R D 4 = Sem if inals ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 1 = 1 ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 1 = ▁V ▁Z von are va ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 1 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 1 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 |
1 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 2 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 2 = ▁T ▁Pas zek ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 2 - 1 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 2 - 2 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 2 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 3 = Q ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 3 = ▁Z ▁Di y as ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 3 - 1 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 3 - 2 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 3 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 4 = Q ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 4 = ▁N ▁W ann as uk ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 4 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 4 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 4 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 5 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 5 = ▁E ▁Balt ach a ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 5 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 5 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 5 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 6 = W |
C ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 6 = ▁N ▁L ert pit ak sin ch ai ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 6 - 1 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 6 - 2 = 3 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 6 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 7 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 7 = ▁Y - j ▁Chan ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 7 - 1 = 6 8 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 7 - 2 = 0 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 7 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 8 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 8 = ▁S ▁P eng ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 8 - 1 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 8 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 8 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 0 9 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 0 9 = ▁D ▁H ant uch ová ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 9 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 9 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 0 9 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 0 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 0 = |
▁K ▁N ara ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 0 - 1 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 0 - 2 = 1 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 0 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 1 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 1 = ▁K ▁Date - K rum m ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 1 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 1 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 1 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 2 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 2 = ▁R ▁Vor á č ová ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 2 - 1 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 2 - 2 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 2 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 3 = ▁T ▁Male k ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 3 - 1 = 6 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 3 - 2 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 3 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 4 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 4 = ▁C ▁Sche ep ers ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 4 - |
1 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 4 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 4 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 5 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 5 ={{ Now rap | ▁A ▁A man m ur ad ova }} ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 5 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 5 - 2 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 5 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 1 - seed 1 6 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 1 - team 1 6 = ▁J ▁Zh eng ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 6 - 1 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 6 - 2 = 6 6 ▁| ▁R D 1 - score 1 6 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 1 = 1 ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 1 = ▁V ▁Z von are va ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 1 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 1 - 2 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 1 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 2 = Q ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 2 = ▁N ▁W ann as uk ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 2 - 1 = 1 ▁| ▁R D |
2 - score 0 2 - 2 = 5 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 2 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 3 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 3 = ▁E ▁Balt ach a ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 3 - 1 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 3 - 2 = 1 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 3 - 3 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 4 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 4 = ▁S ▁P eng ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 4 - 1 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 4 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 4 - 3 = 6 ▁ ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 5 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 5 = ▁D ▁H ant uch ová ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 5 - 1 = 7 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 5 - 2 = 6 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 5 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 6 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 6 = ▁K ▁Date - K rum m ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 6 - 1 = 6 3 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 6 - 2 = 3 ▁| ▁R D |
2 - score 0 6 - 3 = ▁ ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 7 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 7 = ▁C ▁Sche ep ers ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 7 - 1 = 2 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 7 - 2 = 4 ▁| ▁R D 2 - score 0 7 - 3 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - seed 0 8 = ▁| ▁R D 2 - team 0 8 = ▁ ▁B ottom ▁Half ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Main ▁Draw ▁Qual ifying ▁Draw ▁ ▁Singles ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁P TT ▁P att aya ▁Open ▁- ▁Singles ▁P TT <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁international ▁Ga on ▁Digital ▁Chart ▁is ▁a ▁chart ▁that ▁ranks ▁the ▁best - perform ing ▁international ▁songs ▁in ▁South ▁Korea . ▁The ▁data ▁is ▁collected ▁by ▁the ▁Korea ▁Music ▁Content ▁Association . ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁songs ▁that ▁to pped ▁the ▁week ly ▁and ▁month ly ▁charts , ▁as ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Ga on ▁ 국 외 ▁( Foreign ) ▁Digital ▁Chart . ▁The ▁Digital ▁Chart ▁ranks ▁songs ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁performance ▁on ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Download , ▁Stream ing , ▁and ▁B GM ▁charts . ▁ ▁Week ly ▁chart ▁ ▁Month ly ▁chart ▁ ▁Year - end ▁chart ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Korea ▁international ▁International ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁South ▁Korean ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season |
▁is ▁the ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁season ▁in ▁An orth osis ▁Fam ag usta ▁FC ▁history ▁and ▁their ▁ 6 3 rd ▁consecutive ▁season ▁in ▁C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division , ▁the ▁top ▁division ▁of ▁Cy pr us ▁football . ▁It ▁covers ▁a ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁An orth osis ▁Fam ag usta ▁began ▁the ▁season ▁in ▁Second ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁of ▁Europa ▁League . ▁An orth osis ▁faced ▁the ▁cup ▁winner ▁of ▁Georg ian ▁for ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 , ▁G ag ra ▁Georgia , ▁On ▁the ▁first ▁match ▁An orth osis ▁Fam ag usta ▁defeat ▁the ▁Georg ian ▁club ▁ 3 - 0 ▁in ▁And on is ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁stad ium , ▁with ▁mv p ▁the ▁first ▁sc orer ▁in ▁European ▁competition ▁Jan ▁Re zek . ▁After ▁a ▁very ▁bad ▁game ▁An orth osis ▁Fam ag usta ▁defeated ▁ 2 - 0 ▁at ▁home ▁of ▁g ag ra , ▁after ▁some ▁mistakes ▁of ▁the ▁goal keeper ▁Mat ú š ▁K oz á č ik ▁especially ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁goal . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁An orth osis ▁encountered ▁FK ▁Rab ot ni č ki ▁Sk op je . ▁The ▁first ▁match ▁on ▁Anton is ▁Pap ad op oul os ▁Stadium ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁ideal ▁for ▁the ▁C yp ri ot ▁club , ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁ 7 0 ▁minutes ▁the |
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