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▁R ams ay ▁Lord ▁Bro ke ▁Charles ▁the ▁R ash ▁of ▁Burg und y ▁Margaret ▁of ▁York , ▁Richard ' s ▁a unt ▁Thomas ▁Ger ald ine , ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁Martin ▁Sw art z ▁René ▁of ▁An jou ▁John ▁Rad cl iffe , ▁ 9 th ▁Baron ▁Fitz W alter ▁Don ▁Rod r igo ▁P once ▁de ▁Leon , ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Cad iz ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁Dia z ▁S ire ▁de ▁B ever em ▁Bo ab d il ▁el ▁Ch ico ▁El ▁Zag al ▁El ▁Z ogo y bi ▁Count ▁de ▁T end illa ▁Al mor adi ▁G ome lez ▁Charles ▁VIII ▁of ▁France ▁Anne ▁of ▁Brit t any ▁Hub ert ▁Burg h ▁Sir ▁James ▁Ke ating , ▁prior ▁of ▁Kil main ham ▁and ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁ ▁Richard ▁Fitz roy ▁Sir ▁Simon ▁Mount ford ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Th wait es ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Les sey ▁William ▁Wor se ley , ▁Dean ▁of ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁Master ▁William ▁Bar ley ▁Baron ▁George ▁Ne ville . ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Maxim ilian ▁I , ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁Adam ▁F loy er ▁Lord ▁William ▁Daw ben ny ▁Thomas ▁C ress en or ▁Thomas ▁Ast wood ▁William ▁Rich ford ▁Thomas ▁Po yn s ▁Doctor ▁William ▁S utton ▁Robert ▁Lang bor ne ▁Sir ▁William ▁Les sey , ▁Gilbert ▁Daw ben ny , ▁brother ▁of ▁William ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Lis le ▁John ▁T ate , ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁London ▁Thomas ▁Howard , ▁ 3 rd ▁Duke |
▁of ▁Nor folk , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sur rey ▁Sir ▁John ▁Dig by , ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁Sir ▁John ▁Pe ach y ▁Lord ▁Ast ley ▁ ▁Sir ▁Patrick ▁Hamilton ▁of ▁K inc av il , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Mary ▁Bo yd , ▁su itor ▁of ▁James ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Kennedy , ▁su itor ▁of ▁James ▁Lord ▁Aud ley ▁Anne ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 8 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁John ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 4 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁Earl ▁of ▁Er rol ▁Earl ▁of ▁Douglas ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Tod d ▁Sir ▁R oder ick - de - L al ane ▁Andrew ▁Stewart , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Mor ay ▁Master ▁Her on , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o ▁Master ▁Sk el ton , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o ▁Master ▁Tre ire ife , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o ▁William ▁Cour ten ay , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Dev on , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁Adam ▁W icher ly ▁Mat ▁Old craft ▁John ▁de ▁Vere , ▁ 1 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Em pson ▁G art he ▁John ▁Chen ey ▁ ▁Sir ▁Harry ▁de ▁Vere ▁Cl im ▁of ▁T reg oth ius ▁Sw art z ▁( son ▁of ▁Martin ) ▁C ly m ▁of ▁the ▁Lyn , ▁a ▁for ester ▁and ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sir ▁Hugh ▁L ut tre ll , ▁Lan cast |
rian ▁ordered ▁to ▁take ▁Richard ▁prisoner ▁Long ▁Roger , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt ▁D ame ▁Mad ge , ▁Long ▁Roger ' s ▁wife ▁( un seen ▁character ) ▁Ab el ▁Ble w et , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁murder ous ▁near - d war f ▁Mat ▁Str ange ways , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁dr unk ▁Master ▁Ast wood , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁miser ▁ ▁in ▁flash back s ▁Richard ▁III ▁of ▁England , ▁Richard ' s ▁pat ernal ▁uncle , ▁who ▁alleg edly ▁orch estr ated ▁his ▁murder ▁Anthony ▁Wood ville , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁R ivers , ▁Richard ' s ▁mat ernal ▁uncle , ▁whose ▁death ▁was ▁orch estr ated ▁by ▁Richard ▁III ▁Edward ▁V ▁of ▁England , ▁Richard ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁George ▁Plant agen et , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Clar ence , ▁Richard ' s ▁pat ernal ▁uncle , ▁whose ▁death ▁was ▁orch estr ated ▁by ▁Richard ▁III ▁Sir ▁James ▁T ire ll , ▁v ass al ▁of ▁Richard ▁III ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁alleg ed ▁to ▁have ▁h ired ▁to ▁kill ▁Richard ▁ ▁John ▁D ight on , ▁servant ▁of ▁T ire ll ▁and ▁alleg ed ▁murder |
er ▁of ▁Richard ▁James ▁III ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁father ▁of ▁James ▁IV ▁Thomas ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁Roger ▁de ▁Cl iff ord , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron ▁de ▁Cl iff ord ▁Lady ▁Ma ud ▁Cl iff ord ▁M ist ress ▁Marg ery , ▁Richard ' s ▁gover ness ▁ ▁Qu ot ations ▁Each ▁chapter ▁opens ▁with ▁a ▁quot ation , ▁sometimes ▁two . ▁ ▁The ▁quot ations ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁following ▁authors : ▁ ▁Edmund ▁Sp enser , ▁( I : ▁ 1 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 5 ; ▁II : ▁ 1 5 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 ) ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁( us ually ▁sp elled ▁" Sh ak spe are "), ▁( I : ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 7 ; ▁II : ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 7 , ▁III : ▁ 3 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 7 , ▁Con clusion ) ▁Per cy ▁By ss he ▁Sh elle y , ▁( I : ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 2 ; ▁II : ▁ |
5 , ▁ 9 , ▁III : ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 1 ) ▁Francis ▁Be aum ont ▁and ▁John ▁F let cher , ▁( I : ▁ 7 ) ▁Old ▁Ball ad , ▁( I : ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 ; ▁III : ▁ 9 ) ▁Lord ▁By ron , ▁( I : ▁ 9 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 8 ) ▁H omer ' s ▁H ymn ▁to ▁Mercur y , ▁( I : ▁ 1 0 ) ▁The ▁Cy clo ps ▁[ ▁Per cy ▁By ss he ▁Sh elle y ▁], ▁( I : ▁ 1 0 ) ▁Thomas ▁Moore , ▁( I : ▁ 1 2 ; ▁III : ▁ 4 ) ▁Geoff rey ▁Ch au cer , ▁( I : ▁ 1 4 ) ▁Samuel ▁Taylor ▁Col er idge , ▁( I : ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 ) ▁John ▁Ford , ▁( I : ▁ 1 7 ; ▁II : ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 8 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 , ▁ 6 ) ▁The ▁He ir ▁of ▁Lyn ne , ▁ ▁( II : ▁ 1 ) ▁Two ▁No ble ▁K ins men , ▁[ John ▁F let cher ▁and ▁William ▁Shakespeare ] ▁( II : ▁ 7 , ▁III : ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Ball ad ▁of ▁Jane ▁Sh ore , ▁( II : ▁ 8 ) ▁Ben ▁J ons on , ▁ ▁( II : ▁ 1 6 ) ▁Friedrich ▁Sch |
iller ' s ▁W allen stein ▁( III : ▁ 1 , ▁ 8 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Ben nett , ▁Betty ▁T . ▁" The ▁Political ▁Philosoph y ▁of ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁Historical ▁nov els : ▁Val per ga ▁and ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁The ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁the ▁Im ag ination . ▁Ed s . ▁Donald ▁H . ▁Re iman , ▁Michael ▁C . ▁J aye , ▁and ▁Betty ▁T . ▁Ben nett . ▁New ▁York : ▁New ▁York ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Bre wer , ▁William ▁D . ▁" Will iam ▁God win , ▁Ch ival ry , ▁and ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁ ▁Pap ers ▁on ▁Language ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁ 3 5 . 2 ▁( Spring ▁ 1 9 9 9 ): ▁ 1 8 7 - 2 0 5 . ▁R pt . ▁on ▁b net . com . ▁Retrieved ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁B unn ell , ▁Char l ene ▁E . ▁" All ▁the ▁World ' s ▁a ▁Stage ": ▁D ram atic ▁S ens ibility ▁in ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁Nov els . ▁New ▁York : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁. ▁Gar bin , ▁L idia . ▁" M ary ▁Sh elle y ▁and ▁Walter ▁Scott : ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁and ▁the ▁Historical |
▁Nov el ". ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁F iction : ▁From ▁Fran ken stein ▁to ▁F alk ner . ▁Ed s . ▁Michael ▁E ber le - S in atra ▁and ▁N ora ▁Cro ok . ▁New ▁York : ▁Mac mill an ; ▁St . ▁Martin ' s , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Hop kins , ▁Lisa . ▁" The ▁Self ▁and ▁the ▁Mon str ous ". ▁Icon oc last ic ▁Depart ures : ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ▁after ▁" Fran ken stein ": ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Honor ▁of ▁the ▁B ic enten ary ▁of ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁B irth . ▁Ed s . ▁Sy nd y ▁M . ▁Cong er , ▁Frederick ▁S . ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Gregory ▁O ' De a . ▁Mad ison , ▁N J : ▁Fair le igh ▁Dick inson ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Lyn ch , ▁De id re . ▁" H istor ical ▁novel ist ". ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁Comp an ion ▁to ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y . ▁Ed . ▁Est her ▁Sch or . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁. ▁S ites , ▁Mel issa . ▁" Ch ival ry ▁and ▁U top ian ▁Dom estic ity ▁in ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁European ▁Rom antic ▁Review ▁ 1 6 . 5 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ): ▁ 5 2 5 - 4 3 . |
▁Spark , ▁Mur iel . ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y . ▁London : ▁Card inal , ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁. ▁W ake , ▁Ann ▁M ▁Frank . ▁" W omen ▁in ▁the ▁Active ▁Vo ice : ▁Rec over ing ▁Fem ale ▁History ▁in ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁Val per ga ▁and ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁Icon oc last ic ▁Depart ures : ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ▁after ▁" Fran ken stein ". ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Honor ▁of ▁the ▁B ic enten ary ▁of ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y ' s ▁B irth . ▁Ed . ▁Sy nd y ▁M . ▁Cong er , ▁Frederick ▁S . ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Gregory ▁O ' De a . ▁Mad ison , ▁N J : ▁Far le igh ▁Dick inson ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 3 0 ), ▁Volume ▁II ▁from ▁the ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 3 0 ), ▁Volume ▁III ▁from ▁the ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 5 7 ) ▁from ▁Google ▁Books ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 0 ▁British ▁nov els ▁Category : B rit ish ▁historical ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Mary ▁Sh elle y <0x0A> </s> ▁Great est ▁H its ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁album ▁by ▁Australian ▁soft ▁rock ▁group ▁Air ▁Supp ly . |
▁ ▁It ▁spent ▁one ▁week ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁( K ent ▁Music ▁Report ) ▁album ▁chart ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Jim ▁Stein man - written ▁and ▁produced ▁track ▁" M aking ▁Love ▁Out ▁of ▁Nothing ▁at ▁All " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁and ▁became ▁Air ▁Supp ly ' s ▁last ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁album ▁sold ▁over ▁ 7 ▁million ▁copies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁" L ost ▁in ▁Love " ▁" E ven ▁the ▁N ights ▁Are ▁Better " ▁" The ▁One ▁That ▁You ▁Love " ▁" Every ▁Woman ▁in ▁the ▁World " ▁" Ch ances " ▁" M aking ▁Love ▁Out ▁of ▁Nothing ▁at ▁All " ▁( J im ▁Stein man ) ▁( starts ▁Side ▁ 2 ▁on ▁LP ) ▁" All ▁Out ▁of ▁Love " ▁" Here ▁I ▁Am ▁( Just ▁When ▁I ▁Th ought ▁I ▁Was ▁Over ▁You )" ▁" S weet ▁Dream s " ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Russell ▁H itch cock ▁- ▁vocals ▁Graham ▁Russell ▁- ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Frank ▁Es ler - Smith ▁- ▁keyboard ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Google ▁Music : ▁Air ▁Supp ly ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : A ir ▁Supp ly ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Ar ista ▁Records ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Al |
bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Daw kins ▁( mus ician ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁a ▁highly ▁successful ▁single ▁deck , ▁double ▁deck ▁and ▁art ic ulated ▁bus ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁in ▁Mann heim , ▁West ▁Germany ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁complete ▁bus ▁or ▁a ▁bus ▁ch ass is ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁un ified ▁German ▁V ö V - Standard - Bus ▁design , ▁that ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁many ▁different ▁bus ▁manufact ur ers ▁including ▁B üss ing , ▁Mag irus - De utz , ▁M AN , ▁I kar us , ▁Gr ä f / Ste yr , ▁He ul iez , ▁Ren ault , ▁and ▁Peg aso . ▁The ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁single - de cker ▁bus , ▁however ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁red es igned ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁double - de cker ▁bodies . ▁ ▁Germany ▁ ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁un ve iled ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁prototype ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁production ▁in ▁Mann heim ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁A ▁slightly ▁el ong ated ▁Standard - Ü ber land bus ▁sub urban ▁model ▁( 1 1 . 3 m ) ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁O 3 0 7 ▁class |
▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁received ▁a ▁more ▁powerful ▁engine ▁and ▁an ▁ep icy clic ▁g ear ▁rear ▁ax le ▁plain ly ▁aud ible ▁by ▁its ▁distinct ive ▁singing ▁noise . ▁ ▁An ▁art ic ulated ▁version ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 G . ▁In ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Fal ken ried ▁rolling ▁stock ▁manufact urer ▁had ▁developed ▁a ▁transmission ▁concept ▁with ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁the ▁power ▁train ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁part . ▁After ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁had ▁acquired ▁the ▁pat ent , ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁prototype ▁was ▁deployed ▁by ▁the ▁Hamb urger ▁Hoch bahn ▁public ▁transport ▁operator . ▁Production ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁first ▁converted ▁t rol ley bus ▁version ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 T ▁was ▁deployed ▁in ▁Kais ers la ut ern , ▁Da im ler - B enz ▁built ▁five ▁art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁with ▁a ▁BBC - S é cher on ▁elect rical ▁equipment ▁( O 3 0 5 GT ) ▁which ▁served ▁the ▁public ▁transport ▁in ▁Kais ers la ut ern ▁and ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁t rol ley bus ▁system , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁in ▁Bas el , ▁and ▁finally ▁in ▁Bra ș ov , ▁Roman ia . ▁Four ▁dual - mode ▁bus ▁types ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁deployed ▁in ▁Ess lingen |
▁and ▁Ess en . ▁Tw enty ▁hy brid ▁electric ▁variants ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Stutt g arter ▁Straßen bah nen ▁public ▁transport ▁company ▁and ▁in ▁Wes el . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁C M TC ▁in ▁Brazil ▁imported ▁one ▁O 3 0 5 T ▁for ▁test ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁on wards , ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Standard - Lin ien bus ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 4 0 5 . ▁Production ▁of ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁ceased ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁ ▁In ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁bus ▁model ▁from ▁outside ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁countries ▁of ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Nations ▁to ▁be ▁purchased . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 1 ▁bus es ▁were ▁introduced , ▁with ▁the ▁prototype ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁All ▁were ▁with dra wn ▁and ▁subsequently ▁scra pped ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 / 0 2 ▁except ▁three , ▁which ▁are ▁preserved ▁by ▁groups ▁of ▁bus ▁enthus iast s ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁history ▁For ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁franch ised ▁bus ▁operators ▁were ▁required ▁by ▁law ▁to ▁purchase ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁produced ▁in ▁Commonwealth ▁countries . ▁After ▁repe aling ▁the ▁requirement ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 8 3 , ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁supplied ▁a ▁two - ax le ▁ 1 1 - met re ▁double - de cker ▁to ▁K ow lo on ▁Motor ▁Bus ▁( K MB ). ▁ ▁The ▁O 3 0 5 ▁demonstr ator ▁was ▁registered ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Following ▁successful ▁tri als , ▁K MB ▁ordered ▁another ▁ 4 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁with ▁improved ▁front al ▁design ▁and ▁vent ilation ▁system . ▁All ▁the ▁ 4 1 ▁bus es ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁Alexander ▁R H ▁bodies . ▁ ▁K MB ▁later ▁adopted ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁acqu iring ▁ 3 - ax le ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁of ▁similar ▁length . ▁Because ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁did ▁not ▁offer ▁a ▁ 3 - ax le ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 , ▁no ▁more ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁bus es ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁K MB . ▁ ▁In ▁service ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁first ▁bus ▁ran ▁on ▁route ▁ 1 0 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁new , ▁running ▁between ▁La i ▁Chi ▁K ok ▁and ▁She ung ▁W an . ▁However , ▁Cross ▁Har bour ▁T unnel ' s ▁environment ▁was ▁un su itable ▁for ▁this ▁model , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁to wing ▁of ▁these ▁bus es ▁by ▁the ▁to w ▁tr uck s ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁tunnel ▁authority ▁could ▁result ▁in ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁ch ass is , ▁so ▁entire ▁fleet |
▁were ▁real located ▁to ▁express ▁routes ▁running ▁between ▁Y uen ▁Long ▁and ▁T su en ▁W an / K ow lo on . ▁The ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁ren owned ▁for ▁their ▁speed ▁and ▁power , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 2 0 km / h ▁reported . ▁ ▁The ▁bus es ▁provided ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁tr unk ▁routes ▁in ▁Y uen ▁Long ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s . ▁With ▁newer ▁bus es ▁( es pecially ▁those ▁with ▁air ▁condition ing ) ▁available ▁for ▁tr unk ▁services , ▁the ▁Mer cedes ▁were ▁red ist ributed ▁to ▁North ▁District ▁and ▁Tai ▁Po ▁and ▁served ▁there ▁until ▁their ▁ret irement ▁on ▁ 2 2 Nov ember ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁These ▁bus es ▁had ▁a ▁unique ▁li very ▁designed ▁by ▁K MB , ▁but ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁the ▁li very ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁li very ▁of ▁K MB ▁non - air - condition ed ▁bus es ▁shortly ▁before ▁their ▁re - distribution . ▁ ▁Singapore ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Singapore ▁Bus ▁Services ▁( SB S ) ▁acquired ▁a ▁single ▁Will ow bro ok - b od ied ▁Mer cedes ▁Ben z ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁bus ▁in ▁June ▁for ▁trial ▁purposes . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁S BS ▁also ▁took ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁Mer cedes ▁Ben z ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁demonstr ator ▁with ▁a ▁prototype ▁Alexander ▁R - type |
▁body ▁make ▁that ▁was ▁previously ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Com mer cial ▁Motor ▁Show ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁These ▁bus es ▁were ▁retired ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Sat isf ied ▁with ▁the ▁trial , ▁S BS ▁purchased ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁bus es ▁with ▁Alexander - R ▁body work ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁They ▁featured ▁an ▁ 1 1 , 4 1 2 cc ▁O M 4 0 7 h ▁engine ▁with ▁its ▁mod ular ▁W 3 D 0 8 0 R ▁g ear box . ▁At ▁ 1 1 . 1 ▁metres ▁long ▁and ▁a ▁lic ensed ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 0 9 pass engers , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁largest ▁non - air ▁condition ed ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁They ▁entered ▁service ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁were ▁deployed ▁to ▁Ang ▁Mo ▁K io , ▁To a ▁Pay oh ▁and ▁H oug ang ▁bus ▁dep ots ▁throughout ▁their ▁lif es pan . ▁With draw als ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁units ▁were ▁retired ▁by ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Per th ▁Per th ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Australian ▁city ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁units ▁entered ▁service ▁with |
▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Transport ▁Trust ▁( MT T ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁eleven ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁purchased . ▁Trans per th ▁( as ▁the ▁M TT ▁was ▁re brand ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁its ▁contract ors ▁began ▁withdraw ing ▁this ▁s izable ▁fleet ▁of ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁although ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁until ▁the ▁last ▁were ▁with dra wn . ▁ ▁The ▁bodies ▁were ▁built ▁by ▁Fre ighter ▁Indust ries , ▁J W ▁Bol ton , ▁Hill quip ▁and ▁Howard ▁Por ter . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁unusual ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁operating ▁in ▁Per th . ▁Ex amples ▁include ▁ 4 4 4 , ▁which ▁featured ▁a ▁Ma uri ▁( Ital y ) ▁body ▁assemble d ▁locally ▁by ▁J W ▁Bol ton ▁and ▁ 0 0 7 , ▁an ▁experimental ▁bus ▁( model ▁O G 3 0 5 ) ▁with ▁an ▁L PG - f uel led ▁engine . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 0 0 8 ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁C NG - f uel led ▁bus ▁entered ▁service . ▁From ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁gas ▁bus es , ▁two ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁( 2 7 0 / 1 ) ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁L PG ▁operation ▁in ▁the |
▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁a ▁C NG - f uel led ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁was ▁ordered ▁and ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁as ▁ 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ 2 6 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁C NG . ▁ ▁Per th ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁Australian ▁city ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁art ic ulated ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 G . ▁Three ▁batch es ▁were ▁purchased ▁with ▁ 1 8 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁three ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 / 8 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁batch es ▁had ▁body work ▁completed ▁by ▁J W ▁Bol ton ▁and ▁Howard ▁Por ter ▁and ▁featured ▁model ▁O M 4 0 7 h ▁ 2 4 0 hp ▁( 1 7 7 k W ) ▁naturally ▁asp ir ated ▁engines . ▁To ▁overcome ▁sl ugg ish ness , ▁the ▁bus es ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁batch ▁( also ▁featuring ▁Howard ▁Por ter ▁bodies ▁but ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁V ö V - II ▁design ) ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁model ▁O M 4 0 7 h A ▁ 2 8 0 hp ▁( 2 0 6 k W ) ▁tur bo charg ed ▁engines . ▁ ▁Sydney ▁ ▁The ▁Public ▁Transport ▁Commission ▁and ▁its ▁success ors ▁operated ▁the ▁largest ▁fleet ▁of |
▁O 3 0 5 s , ▁purch asing ▁ 1 , 2 8 7 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁art ic ulated ▁O 3 0 5 G s , ▁all ▁bod ied ▁by ▁Press ed ▁Metal ▁Corporation ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁Sydney ▁and ▁New castle . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁with ▁Gal vas tr ess ▁Mark ▁ 1 ▁body work ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁with ▁one ▁built ▁with ▁a ▁prototype ▁Mark 2 ▁body . ▁These ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 5 5 0 ▁Gal vas tr ess ▁Mark 2 ▁bod ied ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁that ▁remains ▁the ▁largest ▁bus ▁order ▁in ▁Australia . ▁These ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁Wh ilst ▁the ▁bodies ▁on ▁the ▁Mark ▁ 1 s ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁effectively ▁the ▁existing ▁PM C ▁body ▁married ▁with ▁a ▁V ö V ▁front , ▁the ▁Mark 2 s ▁were ▁of ▁the ▁V ö V ▁design ▁with ▁a ▁lower ▁roof line ▁and ▁two - leaf ▁doors . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁order ▁saw ▁ 1 8 2 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁bod ied ▁by ▁with ▁the ▁Gal vas tr ess ▁Mark ▁ 3 ▁body ▁enter ▁service ▁between ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁with ▁one ▁built ▁with ▁a |
▁prototype ▁Mark 4 ▁body . ▁The ▁revis ions ▁to ▁the ▁body ▁were ▁minor , ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁notice able ▁were ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁four - pie ce ▁sl iding ▁windows ▁to ▁improve ▁vent ilation ▁and ▁to ▁ 2 0 3 mm ▁high ▁route ▁numbers ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 2 7 mm ▁examples ▁proved ▁un pop ular . ▁The ▁Mark 3 ▁body ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁art ic ulated ▁bus es . ▁A ▁trial ▁unit ▁was ▁delivered ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁production ▁units ▁between ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁A ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 3 5 5 ▁Mark ▁ 4 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁on ▁these ▁was ▁slightly ▁re vised , ▁being ▁fitted ▁with ▁A BS . ▁ ▁With draw als ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁examples ▁with dra wn ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁withdraw al , ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁bus es ▁had ▁accum ulated ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 mill ion ▁kilometres ▁of ▁service ▁ ▁Can ber ra ▁A CTION ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 8 5 ▁Ans air ▁bod ied ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁between ▁November ▁ |
1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁They ▁were ▁built ▁with ▁standard ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁" St UL B " ▁front s . ▁After ▁being ▁ref urb ished ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁first ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁several ▁other ▁intervals ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁All ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁private ▁bus ▁companies ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁Sydney ▁and ▁Melbourne ▁metropol itan ▁areas ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁being ▁export ed ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁to ▁operate ▁in ▁A uck land ▁and ▁Well ington . ▁ ▁Ans air ▁also ▁bod ied ▁five ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁between ▁February ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁These ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 / 9 8 ▁to ▁private ▁bus ▁companies ▁around ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Ad ela ide ▁The ▁State ▁Transport ▁Author ity ▁purchased ▁ 4 1 ▁O 3 0 5 ▁and ▁ 5 1 ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁for ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁O - B ahn ▁Bus way . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁were ▁heavily ▁modified ▁at ▁the ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mot ors ▁plant ▁in ▁T ons ley . ▁The ▁rig id ▁bus es ▁had ▁their ▁power ▁increased ▁to ▁ 2 4 0 hp ▁( 1 7 7 k W ) ▁and ▁the ▁art ic ulated s ▁to ▁ 2 8 0 |
hp ▁( 2 0 7 k W ); ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁bus es ▁to ▁travel ▁at ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 km / h ▁on ▁sub urban ▁routes . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁A uck land ▁A uck land ▁Regional ▁Author ity ▁and ▁its ▁success ors ▁had ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁bus es ▁which ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁other ▁bus ▁operators ▁or ▁converted ▁for ▁other ▁uses ▁including ▁mobile ▁homes . ▁All ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Motor ▁Bod ies ▁bodies , ▁Vo V ▁bodies ▁built ▁under ▁license . ▁One ▁has ▁been ▁preserved ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Technology . ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A uck land , ▁some ▁were ▁re built ▁with ▁low - floor ▁bodies ▁by ▁Design Line ▁and ▁Fair f ax ▁Indust ries , ▁for ▁further ▁sub urban ▁use . ▁ ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁City ▁Transport ▁purchased ▁seven ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁bus es ▁over ▁two ▁orders : ▁▁▁ 4 ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁( on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁A uck land ▁Regional ▁Author ity ▁order ). ▁▁ 3 ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Israel ▁E gg ed ▁in ▁Israel ▁purchased ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁O 3 0 5 s , ▁some ▁with ▁locally ▁made ▁bodies ▁including ▁by ▁Ha ' |
arg az ▁and ▁Mer v ak im ▁and ▁others ▁with ▁bodies ▁by ▁Mer cedes - B enz . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁SE L NE C ▁The ▁South ▁East ▁Lanc ash ire ▁North ▁East ▁Ch esh ire ▁Pass enger ▁Transport ▁Executive ▁purchased ▁two ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁had ▁them ▁fitted ▁with ▁Northern ▁Count ies ▁bodies ▁with ▁ 4 3 se ats ▁and ▁dual ▁doors . ▁They ▁were ▁evaluated ▁against ▁Ley land ▁National ▁and ▁Metro - Scan ias . ▁ ▁L ut on ▁Airport ▁L ut on ▁Airport ▁purchased ▁three ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁with ▁Lex ▁Services ▁bodies ▁based ▁on ▁He ul iez ▁fr aming ▁delivered ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁they ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁only ▁ 3 5 ▁seats ▁allowing ▁for ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁standing ▁and ▁lug g age ▁space . ▁As ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁within ▁the ▁air port ▁and ▁not ▁on ▁public ▁roads , ▁they ▁were ▁left ▁hand ▁drive . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁rear - eng ined ▁' push er ' ▁art ics ▁to ▁enter ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁Category : Bus ▁ch ass is ▁Category : Double - de cker ▁bus es ▁O 3 0 5 ▁Category : Single - deck ▁bus es ▁Category : T rol ley b uses ▁Category : V eh icles ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 |
9 <0x0A> </s> ▁E uf em io ▁A bre u ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁death ▁date ▁unknown ) ▁was ▁a ▁Cub an ▁baseball ▁catch er ▁in ▁Neg ro ▁league ▁baseball . ▁He ▁played ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁with ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Stars ▁( West ) ▁and ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁ABC s . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ▁Category : C ub an ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Ind ian apolis ▁ABC s ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mat anz as <0x0A> </s> ▁X E Z J - AM ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁on ▁ 1 4 8 0 ▁AM ▁in ▁San ▁Miguel , ▁J alis co . ▁It ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Rad ior ama ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁ 1 4 8 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁X E Z J ▁received ▁its ▁con cess ion ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁Jul io ▁Rom o ▁Val div ia ▁and ▁based ▁in ▁Z ap op an , ▁with ▁ 2 5 0 ▁w att s ▁of ▁power . ▁Carlos ▁F reg oso ▁M endo za ▁bought ▁X E Z J ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁and ▁power ▁increased ▁to ▁ 5 0 0 ▁and ▁later ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁w att s . ▁X E Z J ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Radio ▁Sele cciones ▁in |
▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Z ona ▁Ju ven il ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁ 1 4 - 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁sports - form atted ▁Solo ▁F útbol ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 0 6 , ▁and ▁carried ▁Radio ▁Tre ce ▁programs ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁X E Z J ▁broadcast ▁from ▁the ▁Federal ismo ▁Norte ▁AM ▁transmit ter ▁used ▁by ▁X EB ON - AM ▁ 1 2 8 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁X E Z J ▁f li pped ▁from ▁news / t alk ▁format ▁" C i udad ▁ 1 4 8 0 " ▁to ▁a ▁motiv ational ▁talk ▁format ▁known ▁as ▁" Sim plement e ▁Sup ér ate ", ▁but ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁station ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁" 1 4 8 0 " ▁mon iker . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Gu adal aj ara <0x0A> </s> ▁A uro st ib ite ▁is ▁an ▁is ometric ▁gold ▁ant imon ide ▁min eral ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁py rite ▁group . ▁A uro st ib ite ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁hydro ther mal ▁gold - qu art z ▁ve ins |
, ▁in ▁sul fur - def ic ient ▁environments ▁that ▁contain ▁other ▁ant im ony ▁min er als . ▁The ▁min eral ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Y ellow kn ife ▁in ▁the ▁North west ▁Territ ories ▁of ▁Canada , ▁and ▁the ▁Tim isk aming ▁District ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁Ant imon ides ▁are ▁rare ▁and ▁are ▁normally ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁sul f ide ▁class ▁by ▁min eral og ists . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁min er als ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G old ▁min er als ▁Category : Ant imon ides ▁Category : Ant imon ide ▁min er als ▁Category : Py rite ▁group ▁Category : C ub ic ▁min er als <0x0A> </s> ▁Camb odia ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁nation ▁had ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Wrestling ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁fre est yle ▁ ▁References ▁Official ▁Olympic ▁Re ports ▁sports - reference ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Olympic ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Cham al ▁Jay anth a ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁( S in h ala : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xA0> ම <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xBD> ් ▁ ර ා <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xA2> <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xB4> ක ් <0xE0> <0xB7> <0x82> ; ▁T amil : ▁ |
ச ம ல ் ▁ ர ா <0xE0> <0xAE> <0x9C> ப க ் <0xE0> <0xAE> <0xB7> ; ▁born ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁politician ▁who ▁was ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Pre viously ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁A viation ▁and ▁Ir rig ation ▁& ▁Water ▁Management . ▁He ▁ha ils ▁from ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁political ▁family ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁His ▁father , ▁D . ▁A . ▁Raj ap ak sa , ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁politician , ▁independence ▁ag it ator , ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁Minister ▁of ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Land ▁in ▁W ij ey an anda ▁D ah an ay ake ' s ▁government . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁elder ▁brother ▁of ▁Mah inda ▁Raj ap ak sa , ▁who ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁N ine ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁family ▁have ▁been ▁members ▁of ▁parliament ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁ ▁Sh ash ind ra ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁( eld est ▁son ▁of ▁Raj ap ak sa ) ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁U va ▁Provin cial ▁Council ▁and ▁former ▁Bas n ay aka ▁Nil ame ▁( L ay ▁C ust od ian ) ▁of ▁the ▁Ru h un u ▁Mah a ▁Kat ar ag ama ▁de |
val aya . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pal atu wa ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Mat ara ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Med am ul ana ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Hamb ant ota . ▁He ▁ha ils ▁from ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁political ▁family ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁had ▁his ▁entire ▁education ▁at ▁Richmond ▁College , ▁G alle . ▁As ▁a ▁student , ▁he ▁played ▁Soccer ▁for ▁the ▁School ▁and ▁was ▁an ▁Ath lete . ▁Having ▁left ▁school , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Public ▁Service . ▁ ▁Public ▁Service ▁Enter ed ▁the ▁Public ▁Service ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁as ▁a ▁Police ▁Officer ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁Police ▁Force ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁eight ▁years . ▁Ser ved ▁the ▁State ▁Tr ading ▁General ▁Corporation ▁as ▁the ▁As st . ▁General ▁Manager ▁before ▁getting ▁into ▁active ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁Cont ested ▁the ▁by - e lection ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁for ▁Mul kir ig ala ▁Elect or ate . ▁ ▁Enter ed ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁of ▁the ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Fre edom ▁Party ▁representing ▁Hamb ant ota ▁District . ▁Has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁continu ously ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁retain ing ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁all ▁elections ▁held ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁appointment ▁as ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁he ▁has ▁held ▁the ▁following ▁port fol ios . ▁ ▁Deput |
y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Land s ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁Southern ▁Development ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Plant ation ▁Indust ries ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Development ▁Minister ▁of ▁Ir rig ation ▁& ▁Water ▁Management ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁A viation ▁ ▁Honor ary ▁titles ▁" S ri ▁L anka ▁Jan ase va ▁V ib h ush ana " ▁ ▁Other ▁positions ▁held ▁President , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁– ▁Russia ▁Parliament ary ▁Friend ship ▁Association ▁President , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁– ▁Hung ary ▁Parliament ary ▁Friend ship ▁Association ▁Chair man , ▁District ▁Development ▁Committee , ▁Hamb ant ota ▁( D istrict ▁Secret ariat ) ▁Chair man , ▁Hamb ant ota ▁Development ▁Foundation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁political ▁families ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁An c est ry ▁A ▁people - based ▁politician ▁Parliament ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁Buddh ists ▁Category : Spe akers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka |
▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Richmond ▁College , ▁G alle ▁Cham al ▁Category : S in hal ese ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Queen ▁B ess ▁is ▁a ▁grade - II - list ed ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁Sc un th or pe , ▁Lincoln shire , ▁England . ▁It ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁remaining ▁examples ▁of ▁post war ▁pub s ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁alter ed , ▁closed ▁down ▁or ▁demol ished . ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁pub ▁is ▁on ▁Der w ent ▁Road , ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Ste el ▁Corporation ▁Sc un th or pe ▁Ste el works . ▁ ▁History ▁Design ed ▁by ▁local ▁architect s ▁Wil burn ▁and ▁Son , ▁the ▁pub ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Samuel ▁Smith ▁Old ▁Bre wer y — who ▁remain ▁the ▁own ers — and ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁similarly ▁titled ▁bl ast ▁furn ace ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁Apple by - F rod ingham ▁steel works , ▁which ▁had ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁was ▁at ▁that ▁point |
▁part ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁steel works ▁in ▁Britain . ▁The ▁sign ▁outside ▁the ▁pub ▁features ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁and ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁bl ast ▁furn ace ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁It ▁quickly ▁became ▁a ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁area . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁The ▁prem ises ▁has ▁been ▁largely ▁un alter ed ▁since ▁its ▁construction . ▁It ▁was ▁Gra de - II - list ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁post war ▁pub s — and ▁the ▁second ▁in ▁Sc un th or pe — to ▁be ▁awarded ▁this ▁status . ▁It ▁features ▁a ▁brick ▁exterior ▁and ▁a ▁plain ▁tile ▁roof , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁compatible ▁with ▁new ▁local ▁housing ▁develop ments . ▁ ▁The ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England ▁consider ▁the ▁pub ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁examples ▁of ▁post – World ▁War ▁II ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁pub ▁architecture , ▁and ▁notes ▁that ▁many ▁pub s ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁age ▁have ▁been ▁closed ▁or ▁demol ished . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁f itt ings ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁opening , ▁including ▁bar ▁coun ters , ▁fixed ▁se ating , ▁furn iture ▁and ▁doors . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁pub s ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁North ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : Sc un th or |
pe <0x0A> </s> ▁D ing y uan ▁County ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁of ▁An hui ▁Province , ▁China . ▁It ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁Ch uz hou ▁city . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Taiwan ese ▁business man ▁Z hang ▁Ji ul in ▁() ▁held ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁described ▁unf air ▁treatment ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁local ▁officials ▁in ▁D ing y uan ▁County ▁in ▁a ▁dispute ▁about ▁em be zz lement ▁at ▁a ▁company ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁owned ▁ ▁which ▁lead ▁to ▁Z hang ▁Ji ul in ▁serving ▁seven ▁months ▁in ▁j ail . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁Div isions ▁Town s : ▁D ing ch eng ▁( ), ▁Lu q iao ▁( ), ▁Z hang q iao ▁( ), ▁Ch ihe ▁( ), ▁Ji ang ji ▁( ), ▁Z hu wan ▁( ), ▁L ian ji ang ▁( ), ▁C ang ▁( ), ▁J ie pa iji ▁( ), ▁X is ad ian ▁( ; ▁H si - san - sh ih - li - t ien ▁ 西 三 十 里 店 ), ▁Y ong k ang ▁( ), ▁Sang j ian ▁( ), ▁San he ji ▁( ), ▁Out ang ▁( ), ▁Da q iao ▁( ), ▁W ux u ▁() ▁ ▁Town ships : ▁Q il it ang ▁Township ▁( ), ▁N en gren ▁Township ▁( ), ▁Er long ▁Hu iz u ▁Township ▁( ), ▁F ang ang ▁Township ▁( ), ▁Yan q iao ▁Township ▁( ), ▁F ux |
iao ▁() ▁ ▁Other ▁areas : ▁ ▁D ing y uan ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Techn ological ▁Development ▁Zone ▁( ), ▁D ing y uan ▁Salt ▁Chem ical ▁Indust rial ▁Park ▁( ), ▁L ing j ia hu ▁Farm ▁() ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ch uz hou <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁( D ip od om ys ▁spect abil is ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁rod ent ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁H eter omy idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁ar id ▁environments ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Mexico ▁where ▁it ▁lives ▁in ▁a ▁bur row ▁by ▁day ▁and ▁for ages ▁for ▁se eds ▁and ▁plant ▁matter ▁by ▁night . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁can ▁grow ▁to ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁The ▁d ors al ▁surface ▁is ▁och re - buff ▁with ▁some ▁black - ti pped ▁hair s ▁and ▁the ▁under parts ▁are ▁white . ▁The ▁species ' ▁most ▁distinct ive ▁characteristic ▁is ▁the ▁black - band ed , ▁white - ti pped ▁bush y ▁tail ▁which ▁is ▁w aved ▁like ▁a ▁b anner . ▁The ▁h ind ▁legs ▁of ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁are ▁much ▁longer ▁than ▁its ▁fore leg s ▁and ▁lo com otion ▁is ▁by ▁ho pping . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Mexico ▁in ▁two ▁isolated |
▁populations . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁northern ▁population ▁includes ▁ar id ▁parts ▁of ▁western ▁Texas , ▁much ▁of ▁Arizona ▁and ▁northern ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁the ▁Mexican ▁states ▁of ▁Son ora , ▁Ch ih u ah ua ▁and ▁Z ac ate cas . ▁The ▁southern ▁population ▁occurs ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁states ▁of ▁Agu as cal ientes ▁and ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í . ▁This ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁inhab its ▁desert ▁grass land ▁with ▁isolated ▁scr ub by ▁bush es . ▁It ▁dies ▁out ▁of ▁an ▁area ▁if ▁the ▁shr ub ▁cover ▁increases ▁to ▁over ▁ 2 0 %. ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁is ▁no ct urn al ▁and ▁sp ends ▁the ▁day ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁exc av ated ▁bur row . ▁On ▁the ▁surface , ▁a ▁characteristic ▁m ound ▁develop s ▁as ▁the ▁animal ▁dig s ▁and ▁rep airs ▁t unn els , ▁and ▁removes ▁old ▁bed ding , ▁spo iled ▁food ▁and ▁seed ▁hus ks . ▁The ▁exc av ated ▁material ▁is ▁e ject ed ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁ent ran ces ▁and ▁a ▁m ound ▁builds ▁up ▁over ▁time . ▁Observ ations ▁of ▁a ▁newly ▁constructed ▁tunnel ▁system ▁showed ▁that ▁a ▁m ound ▁ ▁in ▁diameter ▁and ▁ ▁high ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁about ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁that ▁each ▁bur row ▁system ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat . ▁The ▁sil ky ▁pocket ▁mouse ▁( Per ogn ath us ▁flav us ) ▁sometimes ▁shares |
▁a ▁bur row ▁with ▁the ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat . ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁fe eds ▁on ▁se eds ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁plants , ▁most ▁not ably ▁grass ▁se eds ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁whole ▁seed - head s . ▁It ▁c aches ▁sur plus ▁food ▁in ▁its ▁bur row , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁ass id uous ▁ho ard er ▁among ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁r ats . ▁In ▁a ▁research ▁study ▁where ▁the ▁r ats ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁radio - track ing ▁equipment , ▁individuals ▁had ▁a ▁home ▁range ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁which ▁over la pped ▁slightly ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁neighb ours . ▁K ang ar oo ▁r ats ▁emer ged ▁from ▁their ▁bur rows ▁soon ▁after ▁sun set ▁and ▁bounded ▁swift ly ▁to ▁feed ing ▁areas , ▁for aged ▁for ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁hours ▁and ▁then ▁hurried ▁back ▁to ▁its ▁bur row ▁where ▁it ▁remained . ▁Another ▁burst ▁of ▁activity ▁occurred ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁hours ▁before ▁dawn . ▁The ▁food st uff s ▁collected ▁and ▁carried ▁in ▁the ▁che ek ▁p ouch es ▁were ▁seed ▁heads ▁and ▁grass ▁tu ft s ▁and ▁were ▁stored ▁in ▁layers ▁in ▁the ▁bur row ▁in ▁ch amb ers ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁uses ▁foot - d rum ming ▁in ▁territorial ▁defense , ▁and ▁makes ▁a ▁different ▁foot - d rum ming ▁signal ▁when |
▁pred ators ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁g opher ▁s nake ▁( P itu oph is ▁mel an ols uc us ) ▁are ▁sp otted . ▁Foot - d rum ming ▁seems ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁warn ▁cons pec ific s ▁in ▁ad jo ining ▁ranges ▁of ▁danger , ▁instead ▁being ▁used ▁in ▁parent al ▁care ▁and ▁to ▁inform ▁the ▁pred ator ▁that ▁its ▁potential ▁pre y ▁is ▁alert , ▁making ▁the ▁ch ances ▁of ▁successful ▁pred ation ▁low . ▁ ▁Status ▁The ▁b anner - ta iled ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁has ▁very ▁specific ▁habitat ▁requirements ▁and ▁if ▁threatened ▁by ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁open ▁desert ▁grass land ▁by ▁cre os ote ▁bush , ▁mes qu ite ▁and ▁other ▁wo ody ▁plants . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁some ▁local ities , ▁but ▁in ▁general ▁the ▁population ▁tr end ▁is ▁down wards ▁and ▁the ▁IU CN ▁lists ▁its ▁conservation ▁status ▁as ▁" near ▁threatened ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁B anner - ta iled ▁K ang ar oo ▁Rat ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Pa ary ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sus iec , ▁within ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub el ski ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Tom |
asz ów ▁Lub el ski ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 8 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Pa ary <0x0A> </s> ▁Del ias ▁pa o ai ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁pier ine ▁but ter fly ▁ ▁en demic ▁to ▁ ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Lu zon , ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 5 2 – 5 6 mm . ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁originally ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁sub species ▁of ▁Del ias ▁nu y da orum , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁distinguished ▁by ▁the ▁pal er ▁yellow ▁mark ing ▁in ▁the ▁sub ap ical ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁for ew ings ▁and ▁h ind w ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁pa o ai ensis ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Jin ▁mer ch ants ▁ ▁( ), ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁Sh an xi ▁province , ▁China . ▁Jin ▁is ▁an ▁abbre vi ated ▁name ▁of ▁Sh an xi . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁notice able ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁can ▁be ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Period , ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁became ▁prominent ▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dynast |
ies , ▁and ▁their ▁dominant ▁influence ▁in ▁Chinese ▁commerce , ▁within ▁the ▁nation ▁and ▁with ▁neighbor ing ▁Mong olia , ▁Russia , ▁and ▁Japan , ▁last ed ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁years . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁also ▁operated ▁an ▁early ▁Chinese ▁type ▁of ▁draft ▁bank ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁pia oh ao , ▁these ▁were ▁the ▁dominant ▁form ▁of ▁banks ▁in ▁China ▁until ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁Chinese ▁business men ▁and ▁their ▁history ▁could ▁be ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Period ▁and ▁the ▁W arring ▁States ▁period . ▁Southern ▁Sh an xi ▁first ▁came ▁into ▁commercial ▁prom in ence ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁cent ers ▁of ▁ancient ▁China . ▁ ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dynast ies , ▁that ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁really ▁stood ▁out ▁among ▁other ▁Chinese ▁merchant ▁groups , ▁built ▁a ▁strong ▁and ▁long - last ing ▁commercial ▁network ▁and ▁accum ulated ▁enorm ous ▁wealth . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁M ing ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁government ▁was ▁in ▁constant ▁fighting ▁with ▁the ▁rem nant ▁of ▁the ▁exp elled ▁Mong ol ian ▁arm ies , ▁along ▁the ▁northern ▁border . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁log istics ▁to ▁transport ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁essential ▁supplies ▁to |
▁the ▁military , ▁the ▁M ing ▁government ▁decided ▁to ▁grant ▁salt ▁sales ▁license ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁deliver ▁supplies ▁for ▁the ▁front ier ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁salt ▁trade , ▁as ▁a ▁high ▁margin ▁trade ▁of ▁essential ▁goods , ▁had ▁been ▁histor ically ▁mon opol ized ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁ensure ▁enough ▁tax , ▁and ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁salt ▁sales ▁lic enses ▁served ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁profit ▁sources ▁for ▁the ▁early ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants . ▁Sh an xi ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁North ▁China ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁M ing - N or thern ▁Y uan ▁border , ▁and ▁Y unch eng ▁city ▁in ▁southern ▁Sh an xi ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁natural ▁salt ▁production ▁lake , ▁therefore ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁proxim ity ▁was ▁convenient ly ▁explo ited ▁by ▁these ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁In ▁Q ing ▁dynast y , ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁central ▁Sh an xi ▁bas in , ▁including ▁Yu ci , ▁Q ix ian , ▁Ta igu , ▁ ▁P ing ya o , ▁etc ▁pione ered ▁the ▁first ▁private ▁financial ▁system , ▁so - called ▁draft ▁banks ▁or ▁Pia oh ao , ▁throughout ▁and ▁even ▁beyond ▁China . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁thirty - two ▁pia oh ao ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁branches ▁were ▁in ▁business ▁covering ▁most ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Sh an xi ▁region ▁became ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁financial ▁cent res ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁period |
, ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁based ▁on ▁conventional ▁draft ▁banks ▁and ▁tea ▁trade ▁had ▁largely ▁fallen . ▁The ▁prominent ▁example ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁H . ▁H . ▁K ung , ▁who ▁was ▁highly ▁influ ential ▁in ▁determ ining ▁the ▁economic ▁policies ▁of ▁the ▁Ku om int ang - led ▁National ist ▁government . ▁ ▁L ega cies ▁ ▁Business ▁and ▁culture ▁legacy ▁ ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁active ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁hundred ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁M ing ▁dynast y , ▁creating ▁centuries - old ▁prosper ity , ▁leaving ▁significant ▁business ▁and ▁cultural ▁leg a cies . ▁Among ▁the ▁diverse ▁business es ▁scope ▁that ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁had ▁worked ▁on , ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁main ▁tr ades , ▁one ▁is ▁the ▁draft ▁bank ▁system , ▁or ▁Pia oh ao , ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁financial ▁institutions , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁tea ▁trade ▁to ▁Mong olia ▁and ▁Russia , ▁in ▁exchange ▁of ▁fur ▁and ▁European ▁goods . ▁ ▁All ▁pia oh ao ▁were ▁organ ised ▁as ▁single ▁propriet aries ▁or ▁partners hips , ▁where ▁the ▁own ers ▁carried ▁un limited ▁li ability . ▁They ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁inter pro vin cial ▁rem itt ances , ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁conduct ing ▁government ▁services . ▁From ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Ta ip ing ▁Reb ell ion , ▁when ▁transport ation ▁routes ▁between ▁the ▁capital ▁and ▁the ▁provinces ▁were ▁cut ▁off , ▁pia oh ao |
▁began ▁invol vement ▁with ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁government ▁tax ▁re venue . ▁Pia oh ao ▁grew ▁by ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁adv ancing ▁funds ▁and ▁arr anging ▁foreign ▁lo ans ▁for ▁provincial ▁govern ments , ▁issu ing ▁notes , ▁and ▁running ▁regional ▁tre as uries . ▁ ▁To ▁successfully ▁run ▁a ▁nation wide ▁financial ▁system , ▁cred ibility ▁was ▁of ▁param ount ▁importance ▁for ▁the ▁draft ▁banks . ▁There ▁were ▁numerous ▁stories ▁that ▁Sh an xi ▁draft ▁banks ▁hon ored ▁their ▁bank ▁notes ▁even ▁after ▁gener ations ▁or ▁major ▁dis aster s . ▁An ▁honor ary ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁degree ▁was ▁a ▁main ▁legacy ▁of ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁They ▁widely ▁employed ▁joint ▁vent ures ▁among ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁villages ▁or ▁towns , ▁yet ▁they ▁generally ▁avoided ▁using ▁direct ▁relative ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁management , ▁direct ▁relatives ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁own ers ▁together ▁but ▁not ▁man agers . ▁This ▁way ▁they ▁minim ized ▁the ▁inter ference ▁of ▁personal ▁bias ▁based ▁on ▁kin ship ▁with ▁professional ▁business ▁management . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁ownership ▁and ▁management ▁of ▁business es , ▁which ▁is ▁cru cial ▁for ▁professional ▁business ▁development , ▁such ▁as ▁draft ▁bank ▁financial ▁systems . ▁The ▁professional ism ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁Mer ch ants ▁was ▁also ▁well - known . ▁Their ▁professional ism ▁was ▁character ized ▁by ▁dedic ation ▁and ▁focus . ▁ ▁The ▁families ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁Mer ch ants ▁were ▁generally ▁different ▁from ▁histor ically ▁wealth |
y ▁families , ▁who ▁gained ▁wealth ▁mainly ▁through ▁political ▁privile ge ▁with ▁key ▁family ▁members ▁as ▁b ureau cr ats ▁in ▁the ▁court . ▁A ▁lot ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁t ended ▁to ▁run ▁business es ▁without ▁amb ition ▁in ▁politics . ▁Although ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁did ▁eventually ▁seek ▁higher ▁social ▁status ▁by ▁joining ▁the ▁Chinese ▁b ureau cr atic ▁system , ▁and ▁combined ▁the ▁business ▁network ▁and ▁wealth ▁with ▁political ▁power . ▁ ▁China ▁Central ▁Television ▁created ▁an ▁eight - part ▁document ary ▁about ▁them ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁legacy ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁enorm ous ▁wealth ▁accum ulated ▁from ▁the ▁international ▁trade ▁and ▁the ▁financial ▁institutions ▁had ▁enabled ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁to ▁build ▁lux ur ious ▁family ▁resid ences ▁The ▁houses ▁and ▁gard ens ▁built ▁by ▁them ▁are ▁culture ▁and ▁architecture ▁her it ages ▁now , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁buildings ▁are ▁scattered ▁throughout ▁the ▁central ▁Sh an xi ▁bas in . ▁ ▁The ▁notable ▁architecture ▁complex es ▁are : ▁ ▁Wang ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁L ing sh i , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁Cour ty ard ▁H ouses . ▁ ▁Q iao ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Q i ▁County ▁ ▁Qu ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Q i ▁County ▁ ▁Ch ang ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Yu ci ▁ ▁C ao ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Ta igu ▁ ▁The ▁K ung ▁Family ▁Res idence ▁in ▁Ta igu , ▁where ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁H . ▁H |
. ▁K ung ▁used ▁to ▁live . ▁ ▁The ▁M eng ▁Family ▁Cour ty ard ▁in ▁Ta igu , ▁later , ▁this ▁private ▁family ▁comp ound ▁was ▁transformed ▁to ▁the ▁M ing ▁H s ien ▁school ▁( <0xE9> <0x93> <0xAD> <0xE8> <0xB4> <0xA4> 学 校 ), ▁which ▁is ▁further ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁Agricult ural ▁University . ▁ ▁Sh en ▁Family ▁Comp ound , ▁( <0xE7> <0x94> <0xB3> 家 大 院 ) ▁in ▁Ch ang z hi . ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁B anks ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁still ▁no ▁cons ensus ▁on ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁origin ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁B anks . ▁Some ▁sch ol ars ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁banks ▁are ▁native ▁innov ation ▁from ▁China , ▁while ▁others ▁argue ▁a ▁potential ▁influence ▁from ▁Russia . ▁ ▁R ish eng ch ang ▁▁ ▁R ish eng ch ang , ▁the ▁first ▁draft ▁bank ▁or ▁pia oh ao ▁( <0xE7> <0xA5> <0xA8> <0xE8> <0x99> <0x9F> ), ▁origin ated ▁from ▁X iy ue ch eng ▁D ye ▁Company ▁P ing ya o ▁in ▁central ▁Sh an xi . ▁R ish eng ch ang ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁founded ▁during ▁the ▁Q ing ▁D ynast y ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 . ▁However , ▁the ▁exact ▁found ing ▁year ▁remains ▁controvers ial , ▁some ▁sch ol ars ▁argue ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 ▁or ▁ 1 8 2 4 . ▁To ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁c ash |
▁from ▁one ▁branch ▁to ▁another , ▁the ▁company ▁introduced ▁draft s , ▁c ash able ▁in ▁the ▁company ' s ▁many ▁branches ▁around ▁China . ▁Although ▁this ▁new ▁method ▁was ▁originally ▁designed ▁for ▁business ▁transactions ▁within ▁the ▁X iy ue ch eng ▁Company , ▁it ▁became ▁so ▁popular ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁the ▁owner ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁d ye ▁business ▁altogether ▁and ▁re organ ized ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁rem itt ance ▁firm , ▁R ish eng ch ang ▁Pia oh ao . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁thirty ▁years , ▁eleven ▁pia oh ao ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁Sh an xi ▁province , ▁including ▁P ing ya o ▁and ▁neighbor ing ▁count ies ▁of ▁Q i ▁County , ▁Ta igu , ▁and ▁Yu ci . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁thirty - two ▁pia oh ao ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁branches ▁were ▁in ▁business ▁covering ▁most ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Sh an xi ▁region ▁became ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁financial ▁cent res ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁bank ing ▁institutions ▁of ▁draft ▁bank ▁or ▁pia oh ao ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sh an xi ▁banks ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁owned ▁primarily ▁by ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁All ▁pia oh ao ▁were ▁organ ised ▁as ▁single ▁propriet aries ▁or ▁partners hips , ▁where ▁the ▁own ers ▁carried ▁un limited ▁li ability . ▁They ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁inter pro vin cial ▁rem itt ances , ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁conduct |
ing ▁government ▁services . ▁From ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Ta ip ing ▁Reb ell ion , ▁when ▁transport ation ▁routes ▁between ▁the ▁capital ▁and ▁the ▁provinces ▁were ▁cut ▁off , ▁pia oh ao ▁began ▁invol vement ▁with ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁government ▁tax ▁re venue . ▁Pia oh ao ▁grew ▁by ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁adv ancing ▁funds ▁and ▁arr anging ▁foreign ▁lo ans ▁for ▁provincial ▁govern ments , ▁issu ing ▁notes , ▁and ▁running ▁regional ▁tre as uries . ▁ ▁Mor ck ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Hyp oth esis ▁of ▁Russian ▁In flu ence ▁on ▁Sh an xi ▁D raft ▁Bank ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁centuries ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁less ▁fav ou rable ▁due ▁to ▁centuries ▁of ▁d eter ior ation ▁and ▁dest abil isation , ▁the ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁had ▁greatly ▁dep op ulated ▁Central ▁Asia ▁and ▁band its ▁had ▁completely ▁dra ined ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁commerce . ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁nearly ▁imp ass able ▁making ▁it ▁des olate ▁for ▁commercial ▁purposes . ▁Thus ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁did ▁business ▁in ▁the ▁X in ji ang ▁region , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁entry ▁into ▁western ▁China , ▁but ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁mer ch ants ▁would ▁trade ▁along ▁the ▁( former ) ▁route ▁itself ▁at ▁this ▁point . ▁As ▁the ▁trade ▁had ▁ceased ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁Western ▁re lic ▁hun ters ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 |
8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries ▁would ▁often ▁describe ▁ru ins ▁along ▁the ▁once ▁magnific ent ▁trad ing ▁and ▁commercial ▁route . ▁The ▁M ing ▁dynast y ▁had ▁made ▁trad ing ▁through ▁the ▁sea ▁illegal ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁ster il isation ▁of ▁a ▁ 5 0 ▁li ▁( or ▁ 1 6 ▁kilom eters ) ▁wide ▁area ▁along ▁the ▁entire ▁Chinese ▁coast , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Ar mu ▁le ve led ▁all ▁buildings ▁and ▁removed ▁all ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁in land ▁in ▁three ▁days , ▁this ▁move ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁isol ate ▁Southern ▁M ing ▁dynast y ▁reb els ▁on ▁Taiwan . ▁▁ ▁The ▁quar antine ▁band ▁around ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast ▁which ▁was ▁marked ▁with ▁signs ▁stating ▁" Any one ▁found ▁over ▁this ▁line ▁shall ▁be ▁be head ed ▁instantly ", ▁was ▁thoroughly ▁pat rolled ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁and ▁the ▁affected ▁area ▁was ▁w iden ed ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁three ▁times . ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 6 8 3 ▁the ▁coast al ▁areas ▁of ▁China ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁res ett led ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁at ▁the ▁port ▁cities ▁of ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁Z hang z hou , ▁N ing po , ▁and ▁Y unta i ▁a ▁more ▁limited ▁form ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁was ▁allowed ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y . ▁This ▁very |
▁limited ▁form ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁along ▁some ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast ▁was ▁ended ▁when , ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁the ▁Q ian long ▁Emperor ▁had ▁closed ▁off ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁port ▁cities ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁once ▁again . ▁Limited ▁trade ▁res umed ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou ▁following ▁the ▁un inv ited ▁arrival ▁of ▁British ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 9 ▁and ▁the ▁restricted ▁re open ing ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁restrictions ▁placed ▁on ▁foreign ▁trade ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁coh ong ▁system ▁( or ▁the ▁k ung ▁hung ▁system ), ▁only ▁select ▁Chinese ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁trade ▁with ▁pre - screen ed ▁and ▁completely ▁un ar med ▁male ▁foreign ▁mer ch ants ▁on ▁a ▁river bank ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁walls ▁of ▁Gu ang z hou ▁for ▁a ▁limited ▁time ▁during ▁a ▁designated ▁" tr ading ▁season ", ▁and ▁the ▁trade ▁conducted ▁during ▁these ▁" tr ading ▁seasons " ▁had ▁strict ▁quot as . ▁These ▁deal ings ▁were ▁super vised ▁by ▁cor rupt ▁government ▁officials ▁that ▁were ▁seeking ▁b rib es ▁from ▁the ▁parties ▁involved . ▁▁ ▁During ▁this ▁era ▁foreign ers ▁doing ▁business ▁in ▁China ▁risk ed ▁un predict able ▁fin es ▁im posed ▁on ▁them ▁by ▁cor rupt ▁government ▁officials , ▁enthus i astic ▁tort ure , ▁imprison ment ▁based ▁on ▁arbitrary ▁accus ations , ▁and ▁instant ▁death |
▁until ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁this ▁was ▁when ▁the ▁British ▁were ▁vict orious ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁O pi um ▁War . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁four ▁more ▁port ▁cities , ▁known ▁as ▁treat y ▁ports , ▁and ▁Common ▁Law ▁enc la ves ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁all ▁five ▁Chinese ▁treat y ▁port ▁cities ▁under ▁the ▁treat y . ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁pia oh ao ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁of ▁x en oph ob ia , ▁they ▁were ▁an ▁independently ▁formed ▁Chinese ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁bank ing ▁system ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁because ▁trade ▁along ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast lines ▁was ▁so ▁restricted ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁managed ▁to ▁form ▁international ▁trade ▁networks ▁across ▁different ▁routes . ▁ ▁Trade ▁with ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁During ▁its ▁history , ▁the ▁bank ing ▁industry ▁in ▁China ▁has ▁evol ved ▁parallel ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁world , ▁the ▁sudden ▁appearance ▁of ▁genu ine ▁banks ▁and ▁financial ▁companies ▁from ▁Europe ▁in ▁China ▁exposed ▁this . ▁It ▁is ▁sus pected ▁that ▁the ▁banks ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁might ▁have ▁actually ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁western ▁banks ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁trade ▁with ▁Russia . ▁As ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁completely ▁ch oked ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y , ▁and ▁its ▁government ▁had ▁the ▁Chinese ▁ports ▁basically ▁herm et ically ▁se aled ▁off ▁from ▁foreign ▁trade , |
▁only ▁a ▁small ▁amount ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁through ▁the ▁G obi ▁desert ▁was ▁conducted ▁starting ▁in ▁Sh an xi . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁was ▁eager ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁every ▁year ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁would ▁transport ▁various ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁sil k , ▁cloth , ▁tea , ▁sugar , ▁c igare tt es , ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁L anz hou ▁and ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁X in ji ang , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a ▁to ▁the ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁in ▁far ▁away ▁cities ▁like ▁Moscow ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Petersburg . ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁was ▁imported ▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁he fty ▁hard - pack ed ▁tea ▁br icks ▁which ▁allowed ▁each ▁cam el ▁to ▁carry ▁large ▁quantities ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁compact ▁manner ▁and ▁were ▁sometimes ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁currency . ▁ ▁The ▁trade ▁routes ▁between ▁imperial ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Te a ▁Road " ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁Ky ak ht a ▁Tre aty ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁the ▁trad ing ▁posts ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a , ▁Z ul uh ait u , ▁and ▁N er chin sk ▁were ▁opened ▁to ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁though ▁only ▁Ky ak ht a ▁ever ▁saw ▁any ▁significant ▁trade ▁and ▁basically ▁all ▁goods ▁from ▁and ▁to ▁China ▁went |
▁through ▁the ▁city . ▁Ky ak ht a ▁was ▁strateg ically ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Out er ▁Mong olia . ▁The ▁Te a ▁Road ▁was ▁a ▁trade ▁route ▁extending ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁kilom eters ▁through ▁land , ▁crossing ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁cities ▁in ▁China ▁( including ▁Out er ▁Mong olia ), ▁and ▁Russia ▁with ▁its ▁influence ▁extending ▁beyond ▁these ▁countries . ▁▁ ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁imperial ▁Russian ▁state ▁maintained ▁a ▁complete ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁the ▁luc r ative ▁trade ▁with ▁China , ▁further more ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁required ▁a ▁prior ▁prec lear ance ▁of ▁all ▁export ed ▁goods ▁in ▁its ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Be ij ing , ▁this ▁policy ▁initially ▁meant ▁that ▁trade ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁was ▁minimal . ▁But ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 5 , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁disp ensed ▁with ▁prec lear ance . ▁Trade ▁saw ▁another ▁bo om ▁when ▁Catherine ▁the ▁Great ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a ▁to ▁private ▁Russian ▁mer ch ants ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 6 2 . ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 0 0 s ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁s elling ▁long ▁Bo yar ▁car av ans ▁full ▁of ▁export ed ▁goods ▁that ▁head ed ▁to ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁for ▁res ale ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁The ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁the ▁dominant ▁Chinese ▁mer |
ch ants ▁operating ▁in ▁Ky ak ht a ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Russia ▁along ▁the ▁Te a ▁Road . ▁Both ▁the ▁Rus si ans ▁and ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁benef itted ▁greatly ▁from ▁this ▁trade ▁until ▁the ▁Q ing ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁several ▁of ▁its ▁port ▁cities ▁following ▁its ▁defeat ▁in ▁the ▁O pi um ▁Wars . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Sh an xi ▁province ▁itself ▁did ▁not ▁plant ▁tea ▁itself , ▁but ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁sold ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁through ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁Te a ▁Road ▁route ▁along ▁which ▁the ▁old ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁the ▁major ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁international ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁business ▁started ▁from ▁the ▁W uy i ▁Mountains ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁F uj ian ▁in ▁S out heast ▁China , ▁this ▁mountain ▁was ▁not ably ▁the ▁birth place ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁China ' s ▁ren owned ▁te as . ▁ ▁Possible ▁Russian ▁insp iration ▁for ▁the ▁pia oh ao ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁entered ▁Russia , ▁banks ▁in ▁imperial ▁Russia ▁took ▁depos its , ▁they ▁made ▁lo ans , ▁ex changed ▁different ▁curr encies , ▁and ▁let ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁trad ers ▁transfer ▁funds ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁though ▁they ▁primarily ▁only ▁made ▁lo ans ▁to ▁no blem en ▁they ▁fav oured . ▁Furthermore ▁the ▁banks ▁in ▁Russia ▁were ▁constantly ▁un stable ▁and ▁felt ▁high ▁pressure ▁to ▁l end ▁money ▁to ▁court ▁favour ites . ▁▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁Russian |
▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁was ▁the ▁western most ▁known ▁location ▁of ▁a ▁Sh an xi ▁merchant ▁operation , ▁further more ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁door way ▁of ▁Russia ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁status , ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁also ▁hous ed ▁many ▁branch ▁offices ▁of ▁Western ▁European ▁bank ing ▁and ▁financial ▁companies , ▁Thom p stone ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁described ▁the ▁city ▁as ▁being ▁" a ▁' City ▁of ▁London ' ▁in ▁mini ature " ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁huge ▁influence ▁of ▁British ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁their ▁banks ▁over ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Petersburg . ▁Rand all ▁Mor ck ▁and ▁F an ▁Yang , ▁in ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁paper ▁" The ▁Sh an xi ▁B anks " ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁pla us ible ▁explanation ▁that ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁these ▁British ▁banks ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁pia oh ao . ▁They ▁hypoth es ised ▁that ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁merchant ▁Li ▁Da qu an , ▁who ▁while ▁running ▁the ▁X iy uch eng ▁dy ed ▁goods ▁company ' s ▁operations , ▁organized ▁the ▁silver ▁ship ments ▁between ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁T ian jin ▁and ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Sh an xi . ▁The ▁goods ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁T ian jin ▁would ▁have ▁first ▁gone ▁through ▁Kal gan , ▁where ▁the ▁Russian ▁Ky ak ht a ▁car av ans ▁would ▁pass ▁beneath ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall . ▁They ▁proposed ▁that ▁Li ▁Da qu |
an ▁had ▁heard ▁about ▁how ▁the ▁European ▁bank ing ▁system ▁worked ▁through ▁other ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁that ▁had ▁done ▁business ▁in ▁European ▁Russia ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁it ▁in ▁China , ▁Rand all ▁Mor ck ▁and ▁F an ▁Yang ▁claimed ▁that ▁Li ▁Da qu an ▁deliber ately ▁omitted ▁saying ▁that ▁his ▁ideas ▁that ▁established ▁the ▁pia oh ao ▁were ▁of ▁European ▁origin ▁as ▁an ▁extreme ▁culture ▁of ▁x en oph ob ia ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁Possible ▁reasons ▁why ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁more ▁successful ▁than ▁those ▁from ▁other ▁provinces ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁proposed ▁reasons ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁found ▁success ▁during ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁era ▁while ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁other ▁provinces ▁were ▁generally ▁less ▁successful . ▁One ▁proposition ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁benef itted ▁from ▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁that ▁was ▁st olen ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁tre as ury ▁of ▁the ▁decl ining ▁M ing ▁dynast y . ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁a ▁coin ▁board ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁ton ▁pre - M ing ▁c ash ▁co ins ▁was ▁discovered ▁at ▁a ▁construction ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Sh an xi , ▁which ▁gave ▁this ▁proposed ▁reason ▁more ▁cred ence . ▁▁ ▁Another ▁pla us ible ▁explanation ▁for ▁the ▁position ▁that ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁had ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁defect ing ▁ 1 6 4 |
0 s ▁M ing ▁soldiers ▁re app ear ing ▁in ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁province ▁acting ▁as ▁private ▁security ▁to ▁the ▁region ' s ▁mer ch ants , ▁this ▁gave ▁the ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁this ▁province ▁a ▁distinct ▁edge ▁under ▁w an ing ▁rule ▁of ▁law ▁during ▁the ▁transition ▁from ▁M ing ▁to ▁Q ing . ▁A ▁similar ▁hypothesis ▁propos es ▁that ▁hiding ▁ 1 6 4 0 s ▁M ing ▁soldiers ▁were ▁redirect ing ▁their ▁tal ents ▁to ▁commerce . ▁While ▁loc als ▁from ▁Sh an xi ▁were ▁odd ly ▁absent ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁rank ▁imperial ▁exam ▁records ▁during ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁dynast y ' s ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁enthus ias m ▁for ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁the ▁pia oh ao ▁as pers es ▁this ▁hypothesis ▁somewhat . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁pla us ible ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁financial ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁states ▁that ▁its ▁salt ▁works ▁at ▁X ie chi ▁Lake ▁fost ered ▁merc ant ile ▁activity ▁that ▁would ▁ultimately ▁need ▁banks . ▁A ▁state ▁salt ▁mon opol y ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁government ▁pers isted , ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁minor ▁inter ru ptions , ▁from ▁the ▁Han ▁dynast y ▁until ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y . ▁In ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁began ▁using ▁its ▁salt ▁rights , ▁known ▁as ▁y an ▁y in , ▁which ▁were ▁initially |
▁re de em able ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁X ie chi ▁Lake , ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁transport ing ▁prov isions ▁to ▁Chinese ▁soldiers ▁station ed ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall . ▁As ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁handling ▁this ▁luc r ative ▁business ▁from ▁its ▁very ▁beg inn ings , ▁they ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁state ' s ▁mon opol y ▁and ▁the ▁imperial ▁government ▁quite ▁likely ▁n ett ed ▁more ▁reven ues ▁of ▁the ▁salt ▁mon opol y ▁because ▁of ▁higher ▁overall ▁efficiency . ▁This ▁policy ▁that ▁benef ited ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁remained ▁in ▁effect ▁long ▁enough ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁accum ulate ▁a ▁substantial ▁amount ▁of ▁wealth ▁for ▁themselves . ▁This ▁hypothesis ▁regarding ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Sh an xi ▁mer ch ants ▁also ▁acc ords ▁with ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁region ▁compr ising ▁the ▁current ▁Sh an xi ▁province ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁important ▁commercial ▁centre ▁until ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Sh an xi ▁ ▁Pia oh ao ▁ ▁Yan ▁X ish an ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁C CT V ▁document ary ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Sh an xi ▁Category : Mer ch ants ▁Category : E conom ic ▁history ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁K won ▁T ong - hy ok ▁( ; ▁born ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁Korean ▁sport ▁shoot er . ▁K won ▁represented ▁North ▁Korea ▁at ▁the ▁ |
2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Be ij ing , ▁where ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 1 0 ▁m ▁air ▁p istol , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team mate ▁Kim ▁J ong - Su . ▁He ▁finished ▁only ▁in ▁twenty - six th ▁place ▁by ▁two ▁points ▁ahead ▁of ▁Bel arus ' ▁Kan st ants in ▁L uk ash yk ▁from ▁the ▁final ▁attempt , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 7 5 ▁targets . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁N BC ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Olympics ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : N orth ▁Korean ▁male ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁shoot ers ▁of ▁North ▁Korea ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁North ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁H ig ashi y ama - ku , ▁Ky oto , ▁Ky oto ▁Pref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁L ines ▁Ke ih an ▁Electric ▁Railway ▁Ke ih an ▁Main ▁Line ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Ky oto <0x0A> </s> ▁Hum ph re ys ▁House ▁or ▁Hum ph re ys ▁Building ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁David ▁C . ▁Hum ph re ys ▁House |
, ▁Hun ts ville , ▁Alabama , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁( NR HP ) ▁Hum ph re ys - R yan ▁House , ▁Hot ▁Spr ings , ▁Ark ansas , ▁NR HP - list ed , ▁in ▁Gar land ▁County ▁Gen . ▁David ▁Hum ph re ys ▁House , ▁An son ia , ▁Connecticut , ▁NR HP - list ed ▁in ▁New ▁H aven ▁County ▁San ford - H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Se ym our , ▁Connecticut , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁New ▁H aven ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Sir ▁John ▁Hum ph re ys ▁House , ▁Sw amps c ott , ▁Massachusetts , ▁NR HP - list ed ▁Ros em ary - H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Green wood , ▁Mississippi , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Le fl ore ▁County , ▁Mississippi ▁Hum ph re ys ▁D rug store ▁Building , ▁Grand field , ▁Oklahoma , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NR HP ▁in ▁Till man ▁County , ▁Oklahoma ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Hum ph rey ▁House ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jer zy ▁Miller ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Jer zy ▁Miller , ▁a ▁Polish ▁poet ▁Jer zy ▁Miller , ▁Polish ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ip ch ik ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁T osh ku rov sky ▁Sel so vi et , ▁Balt ache v sky ▁District , ▁Bash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 6 |
▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 9 km ▁from ▁Star ob alt ach y ovo , ▁ 6 km ▁from ▁T osh ku ro vo . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Balt ache v sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Tob ique ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Rog ers ▁Township , ▁Cass ▁County , ▁Minnesota , ▁United ▁States , ▁near ▁Rem er . ▁It ▁is ▁along ▁Tob ique ▁Road ▁NE ▁near ▁Cass ▁County ▁Road ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Cass ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ DIS P LAY T IT LE : T au 2 ▁L up i }} ▁ ▁T au 2 ▁L up i , ▁Latin ized ▁from ▁ τ 2 ▁L up , ▁is ▁a ▁binary ▁star ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁L up us . ▁It ▁is ▁visible ▁to ▁the ▁n aked ▁eye ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁apparent ▁visual ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 4 . 3 4 . ▁Based ▁upon ▁an ▁annual ▁par alla x ▁shift ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 2 2 mas ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁Earth , ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁around ▁ 3 1 9 light ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁Sun . ▁The ▁two ▁components ▁ ▁orbit ▁each ▁other ▁with |
▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 2 6 . 2 year s ▁and ▁a ▁high ▁ecc ent ric ity ▁of ▁ 0 . 9 4 . ▁The ▁br ighter ▁component ▁is ▁a ▁magnitude ▁ 4 . 9 3 ▁sub gi ant ▁star ▁with ▁a ▁stell ar ▁classification ▁of ▁F 4 IV . ▁Its ▁companion ▁is ▁an ▁A - type ▁star ▁with ▁visual ▁magnitude ▁ 5 . 5 5 ▁and ▁class ▁A 7 : . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F - type ▁sub gi ants ▁Category : L up us ▁( const ell ation ) ▁L up i , ▁T au 2 ▁ 1 2 6 3 5 4 ▁ 0 7 0 5 7 6 ▁ 5 3 9 6 ▁Category : Binary ▁stars ▁Category : D urch m uster ung ▁objects <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁girls ' ▁ 1 0 0 ▁met re ▁breast stroke ▁event ▁in ▁sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁at ▁the ▁Nan j ing ▁Olympic ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁in ▁Nan j ing , ▁China . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁He ats ▁The ▁he ats ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 1 5 . ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁The ▁semif inals ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 8 : 4 5 . ▁ ▁Final ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 8 : 1 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Cer ro ▁C ora ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁Par agu ay an ▁film ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Par agu ay an ▁War . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Roberto ▁De ▁Fel ice ▁as ▁Francisco ▁Sol ano ▁López ▁ ▁Rosa ▁Ros ▁as ▁El iza ▁Lyn ch ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ac osta ▁ Ñ u ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cer ro ▁C ora ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Cer ro ▁C ora ▁at ▁YouTube ▁ ▁Category : Par agu ay an ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁films ▁Category : Gu aran í - language ▁films ▁Category : Par agu ay ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : W ar ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁b umble be e ▁that ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁sub gen us ▁Mel an ob omb us ▁in ▁the ▁simplified ▁sub generic ▁classification . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Southern , ▁Eastern ▁and ▁S out he astern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Asian ▁continent . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁ ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁species ▁of ▁b umble be e . ▁The ▁que ens ▁are ▁ 2 8 – 2 9 mm ▁() ▁long , ▁while ▁the ▁female ▁workers ▁are ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁male ▁workers ▁. ▁The ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁hair ▁on ▁the ▁thor ax ▁is ▁black , ▁and ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁mid ▁and ▁h ind ▁tib iae ▁and ▁the ▁bas it ars us ▁is ▁orange . ▁The |
▁bright ▁color ation ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁" yellow ish ▁red " ▁( via ▁). ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁mis ident ified ▁as ▁Bomb us ▁fla ves c ens . ▁ ▁The ▁close - up ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁shows ▁the ▁o cul om and ib ular ▁distance ▁( O MD ), ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁comp ound ▁eye ▁and ▁the ▁mand ible , ▁to ▁be ▁ 0 . 9 – 1 . 0 ▁times ▁the ▁mand ible ▁bread th . ▁The ▁lab rum , ▁i . e ., ▁lips , ▁have ▁irregular ▁l am ella , ▁but ▁are ▁mostly ▁straight . ▁The ▁inner ▁eye ▁margin ▁has ▁scattered ▁large ▁pun ct ures . ▁ ▁E col ogy ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁relatively ▁un common ▁in ▁low ▁alt itude ▁areas ▁between ▁ ▁around ▁the ▁S ich uan ▁bas in ▁area . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁H imal ay an ▁region , ▁My an mar , ▁Th ailand , ▁Vietnam , ▁China ▁( Y unn an , ▁X iz ang , ▁S ich uan , ▁F uj ian , ▁Ji ang xi , ▁Gu ang d ong , ▁Gu ang xi , ▁Gu iz hou ), ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B umble be es ▁Category : H ymen optera ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Be ata ▁Sz al win ska ▁( Pol ish : |
▁Be ata ▁S za ł wi ńska ), ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁pian ist , ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁classical ▁music ▁concert s ▁in ▁Poland , ▁Germany , ▁Belg ium , ▁Den mark , ▁France , ▁Luxemb ourg , ▁and ▁Switzerland ▁living ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁in ▁Luxemb ourg . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 8 0 : ▁E cole ▁de ▁musique ▁Emil ▁M lyn ar ski ▁ ▁in ▁Wars aw ▁( Pol and ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 : ▁Jó zef ▁Els ner ▁Second ary ▁Music ▁School ▁with ▁ ▁Anna ▁Rad zi won ow icz ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 : ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁- ▁Freder ic ▁Ch op in ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁with ▁professor ▁Barbara ▁Mus z yn ska ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 : ▁E cole ▁Norm ale ▁de ▁Mus ique ▁A . ▁Cort ot , ▁with ▁Marian ▁Ry b icki ▁in ▁Paris . ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 4 ▁: ▁‘ ’ Con serv atoire ▁de ▁Mus ique ▁d ’ O liv ier ▁Mess ia en ’ ’ ▁with ▁Ser gie i ▁Mark ar ov . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁CD ▁of ▁a ▁piano ▁concert ▁with ▁compos itions ▁of ▁R avel , ▁Sch ub ert , ▁Ch op in , ▁Sk ri ab in ▁and ▁Sz yman owski ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁Award |
▁for ▁the ▁best ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁IV ▁Sym phony ▁of ▁the ▁composer ▁Kar ol ▁Sz yman owski . ▁ ▁" Her ▁very ▁start ▁( p iano con cert : IV ▁Sim ph onie ▁of ▁Kar ol ▁Sz yman owski ) ▁showed ▁a ▁beautiful , ▁calm ▁phrase ▁with ▁almost ▁Ch op in - like ▁sound , ▁she ▁char med ▁with ▁her ▁colour ful ▁interpretation . ▁The ▁performance ▁t ended ▁to ▁a ▁classical ▁form , ▁but ▁was ▁brought ▁alive ▁by ▁art ic ulation ▁mot ifs , ▁attract ive ▁phr asing ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁fresh ▁approach . ▁Bey ond ▁any ▁doubt ▁Be ata ▁Sz al win ska ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁tal ented ▁pian ist ▁which ▁was ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁standing ▁ov ation , ": ▁App reci ation ▁by ▁: pl : K rz ysz to f ▁Bac ule w ski ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Home page ▁of ▁Be ata ▁Sz al win ska ▁( reference ▁page ) ▁ ▁Site ▁of ▁the ▁Quint ett ▁A con c agua ▁ ▁Biography ▁on ▁mus icians g allery ▁ ▁Category : Pol ish ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : Pol ish ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁mus icians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W omen ▁classical ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple , ▁often ▁abbre vi ated ▁L B T , ▁is ▁an ▁Independent ▁Fund amental ▁Bapt |
ist ▁( IF B ) ▁Form ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁its ▁present ▁location ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁The ▁church ▁has ▁a ▁bus ▁min istry ▁which ▁services ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Long view , ▁Gla de water , ▁Kil g ore , ▁and ▁Ty ler . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁refers ▁to ▁itself ▁as ▁a ▁" fund amental , ▁independent , ▁soul ▁winning , ▁separated , ▁Bible - pre aching ▁( K J V ▁Only ) ▁church " ▁and ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁family ▁out re ach ▁programs ▁and ▁fundamental ist ▁teach ings . ▁The ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁expanded ▁its ▁minist ries ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁by ▁establish ing ▁Texas ▁Independent ▁Bapt ist ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁School s ▁( former ly ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁College ), ▁a ▁four - year ▁un ac cred ited ▁Christian ▁college , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁L B T ▁School s , ▁which ▁provides ▁elementary ▁through ▁high ▁school ▁education . ▁ ▁As ▁Of ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁is ▁currently ▁head ed ▁by ▁senior ▁past or ▁Dr . ▁Bob ▁Gray ▁II . ▁ ▁Min ist ries ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁English ▁services , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Texas ▁Independent ▁Bapt ist ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁School s , ▁the ▁church ▁has ▁a ▁min istry ▁interpre ting ▁for ▁Spanish ▁members ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁de af ▁members . ▁J ail ▁and ▁n urs ing ▁home ▁minist ries , ▁as |
▁well ▁as ▁a ▁min istry ▁for ▁those ▁with ▁special ▁needs ▁of ▁all ▁types ] ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁added . ▁ ▁Sunday ▁school ▁classes ▁are ▁provided ▁for ▁children ▁from ▁the ▁nur ser y ▁department ▁through ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁Ad ult ▁Sunday ▁school ▁department ▁offers ▁classes ▁r anging ▁from ▁college ▁age ▁to ▁the ▁Young ▁at ▁Heart ▁Senior ▁Cit iz ens ▁Class . ▁ ▁L B T ▁supports ▁many ▁mission aries ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁home page ▁ ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁College ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁fundamental ism ▁Category : K ing ▁James ▁Only ▁movement ▁Category : Un ac cred ited ▁Christian ▁univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Christ ian ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Category : B apt ist ▁churches ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Long view , ▁Texas ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Jim ▁Ag ler ▁is ▁a ▁math ematic ian ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁for ▁" cont ribution s ▁to ▁operator ▁theory ▁and ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁analyt ic ▁functions ▁of ▁several ▁complex ▁variables ". ▁ ▁He ▁obtained ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁Indiana ▁University ▁Blo om ington ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁John ▁B . ▁Con |
way . ▁His ▁th esis ▁was ▁on ▁Sub - J ord an ▁operators . ▁ ▁Ag ler ▁and ▁ ▁John ▁E . ▁Mc Car thy ▁are ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁Pick ▁Inter pol ation ▁and ▁Hil bert ▁Function ▁Sp aces ▁( American ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Some ▁efforts ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁Her gl ot z ▁representation ▁theorem ▁are ▁described ▁in ▁Class ical ▁function ▁theory , ▁Oper ator ▁D ilation ▁Theory , ▁and ▁Machine ▁Comput ations ▁on ▁Mult ip ly - Conne cted ▁Dom ains . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁http :// www . math . uc sd . edu /~ j ag ler / pdf / C urr icul um % 2 0 V ita e . pdf ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Ind iana ▁University ▁Blo om ington ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Club ▁Deport ivo ▁E ld ense ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁football ▁team ▁based ▁in ▁E ld a , ▁in ▁the ▁autonom ous ▁community ▁of ▁Val encia . ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁it ▁plays ▁in ▁Ter cera ▁División ▁– ▁Group ▁ 6 , ▁holding ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁Estad io ▁Nue vo ▁P ep ico ▁Am at , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 |
3 6 ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁History ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Val enci an ▁Community , ▁E ld ense ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Val enci an ▁Football ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁and ▁started ▁compet ing ▁in ▁Ter cera ▁División ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁later . ▁It ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Segunda ▁División ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 5 7 ▁season , ▁narrow ly ▁avoid ing ▁re leg ation ▁after ▁finishing ▁in ▁ 1 6 th ▁position ; ▁the ▁first ▁spell ▁in ▁that ▁tier ▁last ed ▁three ▁years , ▁in ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁professional ▁level . ▁ ▁Match ▁fixing ▁alleg ations ▁On ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁E ld ense ▁coach ▁Fil ipp o ▁V ito ▁di ▁Pier ro ▁and ▁general ▁manager ▁N obile ▁Cap u ani ▁were ▁arrested ▁by ▁Spanish ▁authorities ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁cor ruption . ▁The ▁det ent ions ▁occurred ▁after ▁club ▁president ▁David ▁Agu ilar ▁made ▁compla ints ▁of ▁match ▁fixing ▁following ▁a ▁ 0 – 1 2 ▁loss ▁to ▁FC ▁Barcelona ▁B , ▁whilst ▁E ld ense ▁player ▁Che ikh ▁Sa ad ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁Agu ilar ▁arg uing ▁with ▁di ▁Pier ro ▁at ▁half - time ▁of ▁the ▁match , ▁calling ▁the ▁latter ▁a ▁" sc ound rel "; ▁subsequently , ▁the ▁former ▁asked ▁La ▁Liga ▁president ▁J avier ▁T eb as ▁to ▁investigate ▁those ▁alleg ations . ▁ ▁E ld ense ▁tempor arily ▁susp ended ▁all ▁sport ing ▁activities |
, ▁also ▁ending ▁its ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Italian ▁invest ment ▁group ▁represented ▁by ▁Cap u ani . ▁They ▁also ▁released ▁ 1 2 ▁players , ▁with ▁five ▁people ▁being ▁arrested ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁events . ▁ ▁Season ▁to ▁season ▁▁ 5 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Segunda ▁División ▁ 1 1 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Segunda ▁División ▁B ▁ 5 8 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Ter cera ▁División ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Ter cera ▁División : ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 5 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 – 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 – 6 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 – 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 – 8 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁ ▁Fam ous ▁players ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Fut bol me ▁team ▁profile ▁ ▁Club ▁& ▁stad ium ▁history ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Val enci an ▁Community ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁P ach y bra ch is ▁x anth ol uc ens ▁is ▁a ▁species |
▁of ▁case - b ear ing ▁leaf ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ch rys om el idae . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C rypto ce phal inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jah an ▁Kh v osh ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Jah ā n ▁Kh v osh , ▁Jah an ▁Kh osh , ▁and ▁Jah ā n ▁K how sh ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bor bor ud - e ▁G har bi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County , ▁Lor est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 1 9 , ▁in ▁ 8 4 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁Ab p ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁sh ipping ▁company ▁that ▁oper ates ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁fer ries ▁and ▁cru ise fer ries ▁between ▁Finland , ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands , ▁Sweden ▁and ▁Est onia . ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁shares ▁are ▁quoted ▁on ▁the ▁Hels ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange . ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁is ▁operated ▁from ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁ ▁Early ▁years : ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 6 6 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ' s ▁history ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 |
9 5 9 , ▁when ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁sea - ▁and ▁business men ▁from ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands ▁province ▁in ▁Finland ▁formed ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Vik ing lin jen , ▁purchased ▁a ▁steam - power ed ▁car - fer ry ▁SS ▁Din ard ▁from ▁the ▁UK , ▁renamed ▁her ▁ ▁and ▁began ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁Kor po ▁( Fin land ) – Marie ham n ▁( Å land ) – Gr ä dd ö ▁( Sw eden ). ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁Got land - based ▁R eder i ▁AB ▁Sl ite ▁began ▁a ▁service ▁between ▁Sim pn äs ▁( Sw eden ) ▁and ▁Marie ham n . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁a ▁disag re ement ▁caused ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁to ▁leave ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Vik ing lin jen ▁and ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁company , ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Å land sf är jan , ▁who ▁began ▁a ▁service ▁linking ▁Gr ä dd ö ▁and ▁Marie ham n ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁So on ▁the ▁three ▁companies , ▁all ▁compet ing ▁for ▁passengers ▁between ▁Å land ▁Islands ▁and ▁Sweden , ▁real ised ▁that ▁they ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁run ▁all ▁stood ▁to ▁lose ▁from ▁mut ual ▁competition . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Vik ing lin jen ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁began ▁collabor ating , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁market ing ▁company ▁for ▁all ▁three ▁companies . ▁At ▁this ▁time |
▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Vik ing lin jen ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Sol stad , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁market ing ▁company . ▁The ▁red ▁h ull ▁li very ▁was ▁adopted ▁from ▁Sl ite ' s ▁Å land sp ilen ▁service ▁( to ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁chairman ' s ▁wife ' s ▁lip st ick ! ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Å land sf är jan ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Sol stad ▁was ▁merged ▁into ▁its ▁mother ▁company ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁S ally . ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 – 8 5 ▁Because ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁market ing ▁company , ▁each ▁owner ▁company ▁retained ▁their ▁individual ▁fle ets ▁and ▁could ▁choose ▁on ▁which ▁routes ▁to ▁set ▁their ▁ships ▁( n atur ally ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁co - ord ination ▁on ▁sched ules ▁and ▁such ). ▁Each ▁company ' s ▁ships ▁were ▁easy ▁to ▁distinguish ▁by ▁name : ▁all ▁S ally ▁ships ▁had ▁a ▁" V ik ing " ▁prefix ▁on ▁their ▁names , ▁Sl ite ▁took ▁their ▁names ▁from ▁Roman ▁and ▁Greek ▁myth ologies , ▁while ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁names ▁ended ▁with ▁- ella ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁man aging ▁director ▁G unn ar ▁E kl und ' s ▁wife ▁Ellen ▁E kl und . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Vik ing |
▁expanded ▁greatly ▁and ▁over to ok ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁sh ipping ▁cons ort ium ▁on ▁the ▁Northern ▁Balt ic ▁Sea . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Sl ite ▁and ▁S ally ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁five ▁nearly ▁identical ▁ships ▁built ▁at ▁Meyer ▁Wer ft ▁Germany , ▁namely ▁MS ▁Apol lo ▁and ▁MS ▁D iana ▁for ▁Sl ite , ▁and ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁ 1 , ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁ 3 ▁and ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁ 4 ▁for ▁S ally . ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁ 5 , ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁was ▁an ▁en larg ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁design . ▁These ▁so - called ▁Pap enburg ▁sister s ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁ships ▁designs ▁of ▁all ▁times ▁( the ▁ship yard ▁built ▁three ▁additional ▁sister s ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁design ▁for ▁Trans b ord adores ▁for ▁ship ▁services ▁in ▁Mexico : ▁Cor om uel , ▁Puerto ▁Vall arta ▁and ▁Az te ca ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁started ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁Tur ku – Marie ham n – Sto ck holm ▁route , ▁directly ▁compet ing ▁with ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁S ally ▁began ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁traffic ▁between ▁Hels ink i ▁and ▁Stockholm . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁de cade ▁this ▁route ▁stayed ▁in ▁their ▁hands , ▁whereas ▁on ▁other ▁routes ▁the ▁three ▁companies ▁operated ▁together . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁latter |
▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁S ally ▁was ▁clearly ▁the ▁dominant ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁cons ort ium . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁they ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁three ▁new ▁fer ries ▁( MS ▁Vik ing ▁S aga , ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁S ally ▁and ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁Song ), ▁largest ▁to ▁have ▁sa iled ▁under ▁Vik ing ' s ▁colours . ▁This ▁further ▁established ▁their ▁domin ance ▁over ▁the ▁other ▁partners , ▁although ▁SF ▁Line ▁did ▁take ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁MS ▁T ure lla ▁and ▁MS ▁Ros ella ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁MS ▁D iana ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁S ally ▁started ▁expand ing ▁their ▁operations ▁to ▁other ▁waters , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁company ' s ▁failing ▁as ▁those ▁operations ▁were ▁largely ▁un prof itable ▁and ▁ultimately ▁made ▁S ally ▁unable ▁to ▁invest ▁on ▁new ▁t onn age ▁for ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁service . ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 – 9 3 ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁a ▁new ▁leaf ▁was ▁turned ▁in ▁Vik ing ▁Line ' s ▁history ▁when ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁brand - new ▁MS ▁Mar iella , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁largest ▁fer ry ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁replaced ▁MS ▁Vik ing ▁Song ▁on ▁Hels ink i – Sto ck holm ▁service , ▁breaking ▁S ally ' s ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁Sl ite |
▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁Mar iella ' s ▁sister ▁MS ▁Olymp ia ▁and ▁thus ▁forced ▁S ally ▁out ▁of ▁Hels ink i – Sto ck holm ▁traffic ▁completely . ▁While ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁were ▁planning ▁additional ▁new build s , ▁S ally ▁were ▁in ▁an ▁extremely ▁poor ▁position ▁finan cially ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁E ff oa ▁and ▁Johnson ▁Line , ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line , ▁purchased ▁S ally . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁forced ▁S ally ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁cons ort ium . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁SF ▁Line ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁three ▁new ▁ships ▁( MS ▁Am or ella , ▁MS ▁Isabel la ▁and ▁MS ▁C inder ella ) ▁while ▁Sl ite ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁two ▁( MS ▁Ath ena ▁and ▁MS ▁Kal y ps o ). ▁Unfortunately ▁W är ts il ä ▁Marine , ▁the ▁ship yard ▁building ▁one ▁of ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁new build s ▁and ▁both ▁of ▁Sl ite ' s , ▁went ▁bank rupt ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁SF ▁Line ▁avoided ▁financial ▁re per cuss ions , ▁their ▁C inder ella ▁had ▁been ▁continu ously ▁paid ▁for ▁as ▁her ▁construction ▁progress ed . ▁Hence ▁it ▁was ▁SF ▁Line ▁who ▁owned ▁the ▁almost ▁completed ▁ship ▁when ▁the ▁ship yard ▁went ▁bank rupt . ▁Sl ite ▁however ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁more ▁traditional ▁type ▁of ▁contract , ▁the ▁Kal y ps o |
▁was ▁to ▁be ▁paid ▁for ▁on ▁delivery . ▁Since ▁the ▁ship yard ▁owned ▁the ▁un fin ished ▁ship , ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁increased ▁cost ▁for ▁the ▁Kal y ps o — about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁SE K ▁more ▁than ▁had ▁been ▁originally ▁en vis aged . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁despite ▁the ▁financial ▁problems , ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁had ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁new est ▁cru ise fer ry ▁fleet ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Sl ite ▁started ▁planning ▁MS ▁Europa , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁j ew el ▁in ▁the ▁company ' s ▁crown , ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁lux ur ious ▁cru ise fer ry ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Unfortunately ▁for ▁them ▁Sweden ▁entered ▁a ▁financial ▁crisis ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁ship , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁de valu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁k ron a . ▁This ▁in ▁turn ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁for ▁the ▁Europa ▁increased ▁by ▁ 4 0 0 ▁million ▁SE K . ▁When ▁time ▁came ▁to ▁take ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁ship , ▁Sl ite ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁funds ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁it ▁and ▁their ▁main ▁fund ers ▁( S wed ish ▁Nord bank en , ▁who ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁main ▁fund ers ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line ) ▁refused ▁to ▁loan ▁them ▁the ▁money ▁needed . ▁Event ually ▁the ▁ship ▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁Sil ja ▁Line ' s ▁fleet ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁declare ▁bank rupt cy ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 1 0 ▁Following ▁the ▁bank rupt cy ▁of ▁R eder i ▁AB ▁Sl ite , ▁SF ▁Line ▁was ▁left ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁operator ▁under ▁the ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁brand . ▁The ▁remaining ▁two ▁Sl ite ▁ships , ▁Ath ena ▁and ▁Kal y ps o ▁were ▁au ction ed ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁SF ▁Line ▁made ▁a ▁bid ▁for ▁the ▁Kal y ps o , ▁but ▁both ▁ships ▁ended ▁up ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁Malays ian ▁cru ise ▁ship ▁operator ▁Star ▁Cru ises . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁SF ▁Line ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁into ▁Vik ing ▁Line . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁the ▁company ▁operated ▁a ▁fast ▁fer ry ▁service ▁from ▁Hels ink i ▁to ▁T all inn ▁during ▁the ▁sum mers ▁on ▁char tered ▁cat amar an ▁ships . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁they ▁purchased ▁MS ▁Sil ja ▁Sc and in avia ▁from ▁Sea - Link ▁Sh ipping ▁AB ▁and ▁renamed ▁her ▁ ▁for ▁Hels ink i – Sto ck holm ▁service . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁new ▁ships ▁for ▁the ▁Hels ink i – Sto ck holm ▁service ▁so ▁that ▁Vik ing ▁could ▁better ▁comp ete ▁with ▁Sil ja ▁on ▁that ▁route , ▁but ▁the ▁plans ▁were ▁sh el ved . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 |
6 ▁Sea ▁Cont ain ers ▁Ltd — that ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁main ▁owner ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 — pla ced ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁and ▁their ▁cargo - car ry ing ▁subs idi ary ▁Sea W ind ▁Line ▁for ▁sale , ▁except ▁for ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁were ▁transferred ▁under ▁Sea ▁Container ' s ▁direct ▁ownership ▁and ▁eventually ▁sold . ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁placed ▁a ▁bid ▁for ▁their ▁main ▁compet itor , ▁but ▁were ▁out bid ▁by ▁the ▁Est onian ▁T all ink . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁new ▁ship ▁built ▁for ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁since ▁Sl ite ' s ▁MS ▁Kal y ps o ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁, ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁from ▁A ker ▁Fin ny ards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁growing ▁competition ▁from ▁T all ink ▁on ▁the ▁Hels ink i – T all inn ▁route . ▁The ▁Vik ing ▁X PR S ▁eventually ▁entered ▁service ▁for ▁Vik ing ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁A ▁second ▁new ▁ship ▁was ▁ordered ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁when ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁placed ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁a ▁ ▁fer ry ▁at ▁the ▁Spanish ▁ship yard ▁Ast iller os ▁de ▁Se villa . ▁The ▁project ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁ship , ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁replaced ▁the ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁Marie ham n – K ap ell sk är ▁route , ▁was ▁Vik ing ▁AD CC . ▁Her ▁delivery ▁was ▁originally ▁expected ▁for |
▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁but ▁after ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁had ▁been ▁delayed ▁multiple ▁times , ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁decided ▁to ▁cancel ▁the ▁contract ▁altogether . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 – ▁ ▁N ils - E rik ▁E kl und ▁retired ▁as ▁Vik ing ▁Line ' s ▁CE O ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁M ika el ▁Back man , ▁who ▁has ▁previously ▁worked ▁with ▁Royal ▁Car ib bean . ▁In ▁inter views ▁Back man ▁has ▁stated ▁he ▁hopes ▁to ▁introduce ▁features ▁from ▁Car ib bean ▁cru ise ▁ships ▁to ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁vessels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁begin ▁s elling ▁Vik ing ' s ▁routes ▁to ▁North ▁American ▁customers ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁cru ise ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁sem inar ▁held ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Back man ▁stated ▁that ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁were ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁nine ▁different ▁ship y ards ▁about ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁construct ing ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁ ▁ships ▁to ▁replace ▁Am or ella ▁and ▁Isabel la ▁on ▁the ▁Tur ku – Sto ck holm ▁service . ▁The ▁possibility ▁of ▁using ▁li que f ied ▁natural ▁gas ▁engines ▁and ▁other ▁emission - redu cing ▁techn ologies ▁were ▁reported ly ▁research ed , ▁while ▁according ▁to ▁M ika el ▁Back man ▁the ▁ships ▁would ▁include ▁various ▁features ▁a kin ▁to ▁those ▁found ▁on board ▁cru ise ▁ships ▁such ▁as ▁Royal ▁Car ib bean ▁International ' |
s ▁. ▁Project ed ▁delivery ▁dates ▁for ▁the ▁vessels ▁were ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁signed ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁intent ▁with ▁ST X ▁Tur ku ▁for ▁a ▁ 5 7 , 0 0 0 ▁GT ▁cru ise fer ry ▁for ▁the ▁Tur ku – Sto ck holm ▁route . ▁Two ▁months ▁later , ▁the ▁formal ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁ship ▁was ▁placed . ▁The ▁new ▁ship , ▁christ ened ▁Vik ing ▁Grace , ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August . ▁The ▁ship ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁had ▁an ▁option ▁for ▁a ▁sister ▁ship ▁but ▁announced ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁build ▁it . ▁ ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁revealed ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁that ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁intent ▁had ▁been ▁signed ▁with ▁Chinese ▁ship yard ▁X iam en ▁Sh ip building ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁ 6 3 , 0 0 0 ▁GT ▁cru ise fer ry ▁that ▁would ▁on ▁completion ▁replace ▁the ▁Am or ella ▁in ▁the ▁Vik ing ▁Line ▁fleet . ▁The ▁new ▁ship ▁would ▁be ▁L NG ▁power ed ▁and ▁would ▁sport ▁F lett ner ▁rot ors ▁to ▁reduce ▁fuel ▁consumption . ▁ ▁Fle et ▁ ▁Current ▁fleet ▁ ▁Under ▁construction ▁ ▁Form er ▁ships ▁▁ |
▁Additionally ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁fer ries ▁were ▁char tered ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁for ▁season al ▁traffic . ▁ ▁Order ed ▁but ▁never ▁delivered ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Mar itime ▁Cl uster ▁List ▁of ▁Finn ish ▁companies ▁Vik ing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : F er ry ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Hels ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Category : C ru ise ▁lines <0x0A> </s> ▁D iod ora ▁p ica ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁F iss ure ll idae , ▁the ▁key hole ▁lim p ets ▁and ▁sl it ▁lim p ets . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁To ▁World ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Species ▁ ▁Category : F iss ure ll idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁neutral ▁unit ▁of ▁construction ▁or ▁neutral ▁unit ▁of ▁currency ▁( code : ▁N UC ) ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁currency ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁air line ▁industry , ▁to ▁record ▁fare ▁calculation ▁information . ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁exchange ▁rates ▁is ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Air ▁Transport ▁Association ▁( I ATA ) ▁every ▁month . ▁ ▁The ▁ticket ▁component ▁prices ▁are ▁converted ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁currency ▁( of |
▁the ▁country ▁of ▁comm enc ement ▁of ▁travel ) ▁and ▁recorded ▁on ▁the ▁air line ▁ticket . ▁ ▁The ▁N UC ▁system ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁having ▁su pers eded ▁the ▁older ▁" F are ▁Const ruction ▁Unit " ▁( FC U ) ▁system . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁N UC ▁depends ▁of ▁the ▁CO C ▁( Country ▁of ▁Com men cement ▁of ▁the ▁Tra vel . ▁Each ▁country ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁currency , ▁has ▁a ▁I RO E ▁too . ▁ ▁A ▁similar ▁unit , ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁railway ▁industry ▁is ▁the ▁U IC ▁Franc ▁( X F U ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Private ▁curr encies ▁Category : A ir line ▁tick ets ▁Category : Intern ational ▁Air ▁Transport ▁Association <0x0A> </s> ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁( born ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Turkish ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁forward ▁for ▁P ı nar ▁Kar ş ı y aka ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁B asket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁( BS L ). ▁▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁sl am ▁d unk ▁contest ▁twice , ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁B asket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁All - Star ▁week end ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁B asket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁All - star ▁week end . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁Euro le ague . net ▁Profile |
▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁T BL Stat . net ▁Profile ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁Euro b asket ▁Profile ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁T BL ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : An ad olu ▁E f es ▁S . K . ▁players ▁Category : Kar ş ı y aka ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Sm all ▁for wards ▁Category : T urk ish ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁At ros al arias ▁hol om el as , ▁the ▁brown ▁cor al ▁bl en ny , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁comb to oth ▁bl en ny ▁native ▁to ▁cor al ▁re ef s ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁central ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁aqu arium ▁trade . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁hol om el as ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ps il ocy be ▁pap u ana ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m ush room ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁St roph aria ceae . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ps il ocy bin ▁m ush rooms ▁Ps il ocy bin ▁m ush rooms ▁Ps il ocy be ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ent he og ens ▁Category : P s y cho active ▁fung i ▁pap u ana ▁Category : P s ych ed el ic ▁try pt am ine ▁carri ers ▁Category : F ung i ▁of ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ |
2 0 0 8 ▁Tennessee ▁Lady ▁Vol unte ers ▁soft ball ▁team ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁soft ball ▁team , ▁representing ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁NCAA ▁soft ball ▁season . ▁The ▁team ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Sher ri ▁Parker ▁Lee ▁Stadium . ▁The ▁team ' s ▁season ▁was ▁cut ▁short ▁by ▁Ang ela ▁T in cher ▁and ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Te ch ▁H ok ies ▁in ▁the ▁Kno x ville ▁Regional , ▁failing ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁College ▁World ▁Series ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁US F ▁Tournament ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁Tennessee ▁Classic ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁N F CA ▁Le ado ff ▁Classic ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁SE C ▁Tournament ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | N CAA ▁Kno x ville ▁Regional ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁soft ball ▁seasons ▁Tennessee ▁Tennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁soft ball ▁season ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁( J ay ) ▁B ▁Dick man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁photograph er , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁feature ▁phot ography ▁while ▁a ▁staff ▁member ▁for ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Times ▁Her ald |
. ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁World ▁Press ▁Golden ▁E ye ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador . ▁Dick man ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Journal ist ▁award ▁from ▁S igma ▁D elta ▁Chi , ▁and ▁multiple ▁awards ▁in ▁other ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁A ▁National ▁Geographic ▁photograph er , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁assign ments ▁for ▁the ▁N G ▁Society , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁co - author ▁of ▁Per fect ▁Digital ▁Phot ography , ▁an ▁extensive ▁guide ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁process ▁of ▁phot ography ▁in ▁the ▁digital ▁age . ▁ ▁Dick man ▁own s ▁and ▁conduct s ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁phot ographic ▁work sh ops , ▁First light ▁Work sh ops , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁review ed ▁in ▁multiple ▁publications . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Dick man ▁on ▁olymp us - es ystem . jp ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁photograph ers ▁Category : P ul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Fe ature ▁Phot ography ▁w inners ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁jump ing ▁sp ider ▁which ▁occurs ▁in ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁from ▁a ▁female ▁spec imen ▁by ▁the ▁ent om ologist ▁Nathan ▁B anks ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁as ▁At el ur ius ▁inc ert us . ▁Ara chn ologist ▁Arthur ▁M . ▁Ch ick |
ering ▁described ▁the ▁species , ▁including ▁a ▁male ▁all ot ype , ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁paper , ▁" The ▁Salt ic idae ▁( Sp iders ) ▁of ▁Pan ama ". ▁Ch ick ering ▁expressed ▁doub ts ▁about ▁whether ▁the ▁species ▁belonged ▁to ▁At el ur ius : ▁" I ▁am ▁unable ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁any ▁decision ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁correct ▁pla cement ▁of ▁this ▁species ... ▁I ▁know ▁nothing ▁better ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁present ▁than ▁to ▁retain ▁it ▁here ▁pending ▁further ▁knowledge ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ara chn ologist ▁María ▁El ena ▁Gal iano ▁re ass igned ▁Ch ick ering ' s ▁male ▁all ot ype ▁to ▁S ass ac us . ▁Regarding ▁the ▁female ▁type ▁spec imen , ▁she ▁remarked ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" without ▁a ▁doubt ▁f iss ident ate , ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁[ At el ur ius ] ." ▁C iting ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ch ick ering ▁noted ▁similar ities ▁with ▁Z yg ob all us , ▁Gal iano ▁transferred ▁the ▁species ▁out ▁of ▁At el ur ius ▁and ▁into ▁Z yg ob all us . ▁Character istics ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁were ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁Wayne ▁M add ison . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁World wide ▁database ▁of ▁jump ing ▁sp iders ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁Global ▁Species ▁Database ▁of ▁Salt ic idae ▁( |
A rane ae ) ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁Salt ic idae : ▁Di agnostic ▁Draw ings ▁Library ▁ ▁Category : S alt ic idae ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁Category : Sp iders ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Nathan ▁B anks <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ▁Dal y ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁P addy ▁Dal y ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁former ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁half . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁spell ▁in ▁England ▁with ▁A ston ▁Villa ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 – 5 0 ▁season ▁playing ▁just ▁three ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁B irmingham - based ▁club . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁his ▁one ▁and ▁only ▁senior ▁cap ▁for ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win ▁over ▁Finland ▁in ▁Dal ym ount ▁Park , ▁Dublin ▁in ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifying ▁game . ▁Dal y ' s ▁appearance ▁that ▁day ▁was ▁shr oud ed ▁in ▁controvers y , ▁however . ▁The ▁FA I ▁had ▁unw itting ly ▁in fr ing ed ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁tournament ▁by ▁bringing ▁on ▁a ▁substitute |
, ▁which ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁prohib ited ▁players ▁being ▁replaced . ▁ ▁Dal y ▁represented ▁the ▁League ▁of ▁Ireland ▁XI ▁on ▁ 3 ▁occasions ▁while ▁at ▁Glen mal ure ▁Park . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁League ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Sh ield ▁▁ ▁Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁- ▁ 1 9 5 1 / 5 2 ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁The ▁Ho ops ▁by ▁Paul ▁D ool an ▁and ▁Robert ▁G og g ins ▁() ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Pat ▁Dal y ▁at ▁A ston ▁Villa ▁Player ▁Database ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁from ▁County ▁Dublin ▁Category : Rep ublic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁association ▁football ers ▁Category : I reland ▁( FA I ) ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : A ston ▁Villa ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁XI ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter cont inental ▁Cup ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁FI BA ▁Inter cont inental ▁Cup ▁for ▁men ' s ▁professional ▁basketball ▁clubs ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁inter cont inental ▁tournament ▁for ▁clubs . ▁The ▁ 2 ▁game ▁aggregate ▁score ▁tournament ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the |
▁H SB C ▁Arena ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro , ▁Brazil , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 6 ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁world ▁club ▁champion . ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁cont ested ▁between ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season ▁Euro Le ague ▁champions , ▁Mac c abi ▁Elect ra , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁League ▁champions , ▁Fl am engo . ▁ ▁Series ▁summary ▁ ▁Fl am engo ▁won ▁the ▁series ▁by ▁aggregate ▁score ▁ 1 5 6 - 1 4 6 . ▁ ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Rost ers ▁ ▁Ref ere es ▁▁ ▁Re cep ▁An kar ali ▁▁ ▁Jorge ▁V áz quez ▁▁ ▁Daniel ▁H ierre z uel o ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁M VP ▁▁ ▁Nicol ás ▁Lap ro ví tt ola ▁- ▁( ▁Fl am engo ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Inter cont inental ▁Basketball ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter cont inental ▁Cup ▁Official ▁Site ▁Mic ros ite ▁by ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁Euro le ague . net ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter cont inental ▁Press ▁Conference ▁ ▁Inter cont inental ▁Cup ▁( B asketball ), ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : FI BA ▁Inter cont inental ▁Cup ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁( city ) ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 – |
1 5 ▁in ▁Brazil ian ▁basketball ▁Category : Intern ational ▁basketball ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Brazil ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁in ▁Isra eli ▁basketball <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Fitz ger ald ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁painter ▁based ▁in ▁Austin , ▁Texas . ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁Western ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁having ▁studied ▁under ▁Ed ▁Bere al . ▁After ▁his ▁college ▁education , ▁Fitz ger ald ▁spent ▁the ▁summer ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁France ▁studying ▁art ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Seattle ▁where ▁he ▁first ▁began ▁exhib iting ▁his ▁paint ings . ▁His ▁first ▁solo ▁show ▁sold ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁during ▁the ▁W TO ▁protest s . ▁Austin ▁Chron icle ▁visual ▁arts ▁writer ▁Rach el ▁K oper ▁listed ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁" f avor ite ▁individual ▁artists ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 " ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁" f avor ite ▁artists ▁by ▁body ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ". ▁Short list ed ▁for ▁Austin ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ' s ▁ 2 2 - To - Watch ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁exhibition ▁and ▁the ▁Ar th ouse ▁Texas ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Y ale ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Le ading ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁Y ale , ▁the ▁artist ▁created ▁the ▁Public ▁P aint ings ▁Project ▁by ▁distrib |
uting ▁small ▁paint ings ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁public ▁places . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁his ▁paint ings ▁were ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁American ▁P aint ings ▁publication . ▁Stud ying ▁under ▁Brian ▁Alfred ▁and ▁Robert ▁Y ar ber , ▁Fitz ger ald ▁received ▁his ▁M FA ▁from ▁P enn ▁State ▁University . ▁He ▁currently ▁holds ▁an ▁appointment ▁as ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁art ▁at ▁Con cord ia ▁University ▁Texas . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sa atch i ▁Gallery ▁Profile ▁ ▁Official ▁Christopher ▁Fitz ger ald ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang elo ▁B enc iv eng a ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁mid f iel der ▁for ▁Sant arc ang elo . ▁ ▁Career ▁B enc iv eng a ▁returned ▁to ▁Italy ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁U d inese ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁from ▁Swiss ▁side ▁La ▁Ch aux - de - F onds . ▁ ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁B enc iv eng a ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Par ma ▁F . C . ▁on ▁free ▁transfer , ▁but ▁joined ▁Sim one ▁Mal at esta ▁at ▁Pro ▁Ver |
cel li ▁in ▁a ▁co - own ership ▁soon ▁after , ▁for ▁€ 5 0 0 . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Par ma ▁became ▁full ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁player ▁again , ▁but ▁also ▁formed ▁a ▁new ▁temporary ▁deal ▁for ▁B enc iv eng a . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁T ern ana . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ital ian ▁football ers ▁Category : A . S . ▁Liv orno ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : Par ma ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁L ume zz ane ▁V . G . Z . ▁A . S . D . ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁Pro ▁Ver cel li ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁players ▁Category : T ern ana ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : U . S . ▁L ec ce ▁players ▁Category : Com o ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁place ▁name ▁Middle port ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Ontario ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Staff ord shire ▁in ▁England ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Ohio ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> |
▁Alexander ▁Gr ig orie v ich ▁M eln ik ov ▁( 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁Soviet ▁and ▁post - S ov iet ▁Russian ▁politician ; ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁high - ran king ▁official ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 1 ; ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( may or ) ▁of ▁Si ber ian ▁town ▁of ▁Sever sk , ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( g overn or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 6 ), ▁and ▁K emer ovo ▁regions . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 0 0 ' s ▁– ▁head ▁of ▁C IS ▁Ministry ▁Man aging ▁department , ▁ad visor ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁State ▁Secretary . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Alexander ▁M eln ik ov ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁O re kh ovo - Z u ye vo ▁of ▁Moscow ▁Region ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁public ▁servants . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁after ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Moscow ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engineering ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁where ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁on ▁Sov ien ▁N uc lear ▁project ▁near ▁Tom sk ▁( first ly ▁the ▁object |
▁was ▁called ▁" Post ▁box ▁number ▁ 5 ", ▁later ▁becoming ▁Tom sk - 7 ▁town , ▁the ▁future ▁Sever sk ▁town ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 5 5 ▁was ▁the ▁super vis ing ▁engineer ▁of ▁Si ber ian ▁Chem ical ▁Plant . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁got ▁second ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁University ▁of ▁Marx ism – Len in ism , ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁joined ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 6 3 ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁instruct or ▁and ▁then ▁chief ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁in ▁Tom sk - 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁Tom sk - 7 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁graduated ▁from ▁High er ▁Party ▁School . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( may or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk - 7 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁– ▁on ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Y eg or ▁Lig ache v ▁worked ▁as ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region , ▁deput y ▁secretary ▁and ▁then ▁second ▁secretary ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region . ▁( 1 9 7 3 – 1 9 8 3 ). ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁replaced ▁the ▁' ir replace able ' ▁Y eg or ▁Lig ache v ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( g |
overn or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region . ▁ ▁Since ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁in ▁Central ▁Committee ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 0 ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Si ber ia ▁– ▁worked ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁K emer ovo ▁Region , ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁K uz net sk ▁Bas in . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 1 ▁worked ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁Central ▁Committee ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Alexander ▁M eln ik ov ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁cre ators ▁of ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁Commun ist ▁Party , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Part ies ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 1 9 9 4 ▁– ▁CE O ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁company ▁Mon ol its ro i . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 – 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁on ▁inv itation ▁of ▁R F ▁Minister ▁A man ▁T ule ev ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁chief ▁of ▁Str ategy ▁Department ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁C IS ▁Co operation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁chief ▁ad visor ▁of ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁State . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Business ▁Co operation . ▁ ▁Hold ing ▁the ▁leading ▁positions ▁in ▁Tom sk ▁region ▁Alexander |
▁M eln ik ov ▁made ▁a ▁significant ▁contribution ▁to ▁construction ▁of ▁such ▁towns ▁as ▁Tom sk , ▁Sever sk , ▁Stre z he voy , ▁K ed rov y , ▁paid ▁much ▁attention ▁to ▁rural ▁development , ▁improvement ▁of ▁wood , ▁oil , ▁gas ▁and ▁nuclear ▁indust ries ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁public ▁needs , ▁thus ▁he ▁is ▁warm ly ▁remembered ▁in ▁Tom sk ▁and ▁K emer ovo ▁regions . ▁ ▁Was ▁married , ▁has ▁two ▁daughters , ▁three ▁grand d augh ters ▁and ▁one ▁grand son . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : S ov iet ▁polit icians ▁Category : Russ ian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁events ▁that ▁happened ▁or ▁will ▁happen ▁in ▁Argentina ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁President : ▁Maur icio ▁Mac ri ▁( until ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁- ▁Alberto ▁Fernández ▁( start ing ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁Vice ▁President : ▁Gab ri ela ▁Mich etti ▁( until ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁- ▁Crist ina ▁Fernández ▁de ▁Kirch ner ▁( start ing ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁January ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 : ▁J air ▁Bol son aro ▁is ▁inaugur ated ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁Chan cell or ▁Jorge ▁F aur ie ▁att ends ▁the ▁inaug uration , ▁as ▁president ▁Maur icio ▁Mac ri ▁was ▁on ▁vac ation . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 : ▁Form er ▁president ▁Fernando |
▁de ▁la ▁R ú a ▁is ▁hospital ized ▁because ▁of ▁card iac ▁problems . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 3 : ▁The ▁Argent ine ▁government ▁re ass ured ▁its ▁claim ▁in ▁the ▁F alk land ▁Islands ▁so vere ig nt y ▁dispute ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 º ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁occupation ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 4 : ▁C ac er ol az o ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁against ▁the ▁ra ises ▁in ▁tax es . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 0 : ▁No ▁Argent ine ▁polit icians ▁attend ▁the ▁second ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁Nicol ás ▁Mad uro ▁in ▁Venezuela . ▁Mac ri ▁calls ▁him ▁a ▁dict ator ▁in ▁his ▁Twitter ▁account . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 4 : ▁Mil ag ro ▁S ala ▁is ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁of ▁prison , ▁for ▁cor ruption ▁charges . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 5 : ▁Mac ri ▁makes ▁his ▁first ▁speech ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Province , ▁alongside ▁kir ch ner ite ▁governor ▁A lic ia ▁Kirch ner . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 6 : ▁Mac ri ▁meets ▁with ▁Bol son aro ▁in ▁Brasil . ▁Both ▁of ▁them ▁rejected ▁Mad uro ▁as ▁a ▁dict ator . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 8 : ▁The ▁K K L ▁hon ors ▁the ▁pro sec utor ▁Alberto ▁N is man ▁with ▁a ▁mem orial , ▁four ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 2 1 : ▁Mac ri ▁signs ▁a ▁dec ree ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁asset ▁recovery ▁from ▁cor |
ruption ▁cases . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 3 ▁ ▁Mac ri ▁acknowled ges ▁Juan ▁Gu a id ó ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Venez uel an ▁president ial ▁crisis . ▁▁ ▁Kirch ner ist ▁polit icians , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁support ▁Mad uro ▁and ▁consider ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁Gu a id ó ▁as ▁a ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Crist ina ▁Fernández ▁de ▁Kirch ner , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Mad uro ▁during ▁his ▁presiden cy , ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁comments . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 2 7 : ▁La ▁Rio ja ▁Province ▁celebr ates ▁a ▁refer endum ▁over ▁an ▁am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁provincial ▁constitution , ▁to ▁allow ▁governor ▁Ser gio ▁Cas as ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁term ▁of ▁office . ▁The ▁parties , ▁however , ▁do ▁not ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁results . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 9 : ▁After ▁some ▁weeks ▁of ▁spec ulation , ▁governor ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁Vid al ▁announ ces ▁that ▁the ▁provincial ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province ▁will ▁be ▁held ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Argent ine ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁January ▁ 3 0 ▁ ▁In ▁line ▁with ▁Vid al , ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁mayor ▁H ora cio ▁Rodríguez ▁Lar re ta ▁announ ces ▁that ▁the ▁election ▁in ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁city ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁held ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁ones . ▁ ▁Music ian ▁Manuel ▁Vil ca ▁is ▁hospital ized ▁in ▁Boliv ia , ▁and ▁has |
▁to ▁pay ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁US ▁dollars ▁for ▁the ▁treat ments . ▁This ▁starts ▁a ▁diplom atic ▁conflict ▁between ▁Ju ju y ▁governor ▁Ger ardo ▁Mor ales ▁and ▁Boliv ian ▁president ▁E vo ▁Mor ales , ▁as ▁Boliv ians ▁are ▁treated ▁in ▁Argent ine ▁hosp it als ▁for ▁free . ▁ ▁February ▁ ▁February ▁ 3 : ▁Ag ust ín ▁Z bar , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁A MI A , ▁res ign s . ▁He ▁had ▁proposed ▁the ▁DA IA ▁to ▁decl ine ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁former ▁president ▁Crist ina ▁Fernández ▁de ▁Kirch ner , ▁which ▁the ▁DA IA ▁rejected . ▁He ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁A riel ▁E ich baum . ▁ ▁March ▁ ▁April ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 5 : ▁Sin cer amente , ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁written ▁by ▁Crist ina ▁Fernández ▁de ▁Kirch ner , ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Argentina ▁and ▁current ▁Senator ▁for ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province , ▁is ▁released ▁ ▁Pred icted ▁and ▁scheduled ▁events ▁ ▁May ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Argent ine ▁Primera ▁División ▁tournament . ▁ ▁October ▁ ▁Argent ine ▁general ▁election , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Un known ▁month ▁ ▁Martín ▁F ier ro ▁Awards ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁Super cl ás ico ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁Leo ▁Sat rag no , ▁music ian . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Emil iano ▁S ala , ▁Argent ine ▁professional ▁footballer ▁( b . ▁ 1 |
9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁Ric ardo ▁Bo ech at , ▁Argent ine - born ▁Brazil ian ▁journalist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 7 ▁– ▁Edu ardo ▁Bau za , ▁first ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁of ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 3 ▁– ▁Nat ach a ▁Ja itt , ▁model . ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 6 ▁– ▁Christian ▁Bach , ▁actress . ▁ ▁March ▁ 2 ▁– ▁Franco ▁Mac ri , ▁Italian - Ar gent ine ▁business man ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁May ▁ 5 ▁– ▁Pac o ▁Cab as és , ▁Argent ine ▁professional ▁footballer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 9 ▁– ▁Fernando ▁de ▁la ▁R ú a , ▁ 4 3 rd ▁President ▁of ▁Argentina ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁César ▁P elli , ▁Argent ine - American ▁architect ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Hugo ▁C ó cc aro , ▁Argent ine ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁August ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁José ▁Luis ▁Brown , ▁Argent ine ▁footballer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Argent ine ▁films ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External |
▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : Year s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Argentina <0x0A> </s> ▁W iw ib log gs ▁is ▁a ▁website ▁and ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁launched ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁web ▁site ▁foc using ▁on ▁Euro vision . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁season al ▁audience , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁page ▁views ▁per ▁day ▁during ▁the ▁week ▁of ▁Euro vision ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁based ▁on ▁Google ▁Anal ytics ▁data . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁w iw ib log gs ▁won ▁Arts ▁& ▁Culture ▁B log ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁UK ▁B log ▁Awards , ▁recogn ising ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁blog ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁across ▁architecture , ▁design , ▁entertain ment ▁and ▁music . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁month , ▁William ▁Lee ▁Adams , ▁a ▁former ▁correspond ent ▁at ▁T IME ▁magazine , ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁Euro vision ▁blog ger ▁to ▁speak ▁on ▁a ▁panel ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 6 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Conference ▁in ▁London . ▁In ▁the ▁official ▁programme ▁for ▁the ▁event , ▁the ▁European ▁Broadcast ing ▁Union ▁described ▁w iw ib log gs ▁as ▁the ▁" most ▁popular ▁and ▁innov ative " ▁Euro vision ▁website |
. ▁ ▁During ▁Euro vision ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Adams ▁and ▁fellow ▁w iw ib log gs ▁correspond ent ▁Deb an ▁A der emi ▁served ▁as ▁special ▁guests ▁on ▁Studio ▁Euro vision , ▁the ▁official ▁Euro vision ▁preview ▁show ▁from ▁Swedish ▁host ▁broad c aster ▁SV T . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁the ▁hour ▁before ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁semi - final s ▁and ▁the ▁grand ▁final . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Wi wi B log gs . com ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁music ▁websites ▁Category : Internet ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est <0x0A> </s> ▁A ty ph ella ▁dal mat ia ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fire fly ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁A ty ph ella . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L amp yr idae ▁Category : Bi ol um ines cent ▁insect s ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Per ▁Johan ▁Gabriel ▁Wik ström ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁politician ▁of ▁the ▁Social ▁Democr ats . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁Public ▁Health , ▁Health care ▁and ▁Sports ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Government ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Wik ström ▁announced ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁on ▁sick ▁leave ▁due ▁sympt oms ▁related ▁ |
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