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, ▁"( an ) ▁early ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁production ▁( that ) ▁features ▁Paul ▁Bl ais d ell ' s ▁first ▁movie ▁monster ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Metro - Gold w yn ▁May er ▁sold ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁Mid night ▁Mov ies ▁DVD ▁catalog ▁as ▁a ▁double - feature ▁with ▁The ▁Ph ant om ▁from ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Le agues ▁( 1 9 5 5 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁L ent z , ▁Harris ▁M . ▁III . ▁Science ▁F iction , ▁Hor ror ▁& ▁Fant asy ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁C red its , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁McG ee , ▁Mark . ▁F aster ▁and ▁F uri ou ser : ▁The ▁Rev ised ▁and ▁F att ened ▁F able ▁of ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures . ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁. ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Gary ▁A . ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures ▁Video ▁Guide . ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Gary ▁A . ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures : ▁The ▁Golden ▁Years . ▁Alb any , ▁Georgia : |
▁Bear ▁Man or ▁Media , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁. ▁ ▁Warren , ▁Bill . ▁Keep ▁Watch ing ▁the ▁Sk ies : ▁American ▁Science ▁F iction ▁Films ▁of ▁the ▁F ift ies , ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ▁Edition ▁( rev ised ▁and ▁expanded ). ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁science ▁fiction ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁Category : Ali en ▁invas ions ▁in ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁" Love ▁Is ▁Fore ver " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Dan ish ▁singer ▁Leon ora ▁that ▁was ▁Denmark ' s ▁entry ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁mult iling ual ▁entry ▁from ▁Denmark ▁in ▁Euro vision ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁Dan ish ▁entry ▁with ▁Dan ish ▁lyrics ▁since ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁semi - final ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 |
, ▁and ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final , ▁where ▁it ▁placed ▁ 1 2 th ▁with ▁ 1 2 0 ▁points . ▁ ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁represented ▁Denmark ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁after ▁Leon ora ▁was ▁chosen ▁through ▁Dans k ▁Mel odi ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁music ▁competition ▁that ▁select s ▁Denmark ' s ▁entries ▁for ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁special ▁allocation ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁which ▁placed ▁each ▁country ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁semi - fin als , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁which ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁they ▁would ▁perform ▁in . ▁Denmark ▁was ▁placed ▁into ▁the ▁second ▁semi - final , ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁and ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁show . ▁Once ▁all ▁the ▁competing ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁contest ▁had ▁been ▁released , ▁the ▁running ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁semi - fin als ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁show ' s ▁producers ▁rather ▁than ▁through ▁another ▁draw , ▁so ▁that ▁similar ▁songs ▁were ▁not ▁placed ▁next ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁Denmark ▁performed ▁in ▁position ▁ 7 ▁and ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Denmark ▁performed ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁voting , ▁the ▁song ▁had ▁received ▁ |
1 2 0 ▁points , ▁ending ▁ 1 2 th . ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁songs ▁Category : E uro vision ▁songs ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁songs ▁of ▁Denmark ▁Category : Mult iling ual ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁L ise ▁Cab ble <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Mu ir ▁( 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁Castle ▁Douglas , ▁Scotland ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Rivers dale , ▁Cape ▁Province ) ▁was ▁a ▁medical ▁doctor , ▁natural ist ▁and ▁cultural ▁historian . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁John ▁Mu ir ▁spent ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 2 ▁studying ▁Arts ▁and ▁Medicine ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew s . ▁He ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁obtaining ▁a ▁M . B . ▁and ▁C . M . ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁an ▁M . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁he ▁came ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁pract ised ▁at ▁Wor cester , ▁S try den burg , ▁Ster k st room ▁and ▁Albert in ia ▁before ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Rivers dale . ▁He ▁collected ▁plants ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁seeds ▁found ▁along ▁the ▁coast line . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁to ▁dev ote ▁himself |
▁to ▁these ▁interests ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁shell s . ▁He ▁don ated ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁drift se eds ▁to ▁St ellen b os ch ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁honor ary ▁D . Sc . ▁As ▁the ▁recipient ▁of ▁a ▁Car ne gie ▁Tr av elling ▁Grant , ▁he ▁went ▁abroad ▁to ▁study ▁other ▁collections ▁of ▁ocean - borne ▁fruits ▁and ▁seeds . ▁He ▁presented ▁his ▁her bar ium ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Her bar ium , ▁P ret oria . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁fol kl ore ▁and ▁historical ▁objects ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁subject , ▁besides ▁contributing ▁ver n acular ▁names ▁of ▁birds , ▁plants ▁and ▁shell s ▁to ▁the ▁W oor de bo ek ▁van ▁die ▁Af rika anse ▁Ta al . ▁He ▁don ated ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁shell s ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁Museum , ▁some ▁particularly ▁minute ▁species ▁exciting ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁interest . ▁Besides ▁his ▁bot an ical ▁writ ings , ▁he ▁contributed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁articles ▁to ▁popular ▁scientific ▁and ▁soc io - hist or ical ▁publications , ▁a ▁fair ▁portion ▁of ▁these ▁written ▁in ▁Af rika ans . ▁He ▁is ▁comm emor ated ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Mu ir ia ▁N . E . Br . ▁and ▁in ▁many ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁Le uc os perm um ▁mu ir ii ▁Phillips , ▁Er ica ▁mu ir ii ▁L . B ol ., ▁Le uc ad end ron |
▁mu ir ii ▁Phillips ▁and ▁Con oph yt um ▁mu ir ii ▁N . E . Br .. ▁His ▁wife , ▁born ▁Sus anna ▁Ste yn , ▁is ▁also ▁remembered ▁in ▁Prote a ▁sus ann ae ▁Phillips ▁and ▁The s ium ▁sus ann ae ▁A . W . H ill , ▁while ▁Mu ir ia ▁h ort ense ae ▁N . E . Br . ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁daughter , ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁l umped ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁Gib ba e um ▁h ort ense ae ▁( N . E . Br .) ▁Th ied e ▁& ▁Kl ak . ▁Vol . ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁Fl ower ing ▁Pl ants ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁Public ations ▁The ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁Rivers dale , ▁South ▁Africa ▁Mem . ▁Bot . ▁Sur v . ▁S . A fr . ▁No . 1 3 ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Se ed - dr ift ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁ ▁Mem . ▁Bot . ▁Sur v . ▁S . A fr . ▁No . 1 6 ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Gew one ▁Plant name ▁in ▁Rivers dal ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Bot an ical ▁Expl oration ▁of ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁Mary ▁G unn ▁and ▁LE ▁C odd ▁( B alk ema ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Category : South ▁African ▁phys icians ▁Category : South ▁African ▁bot an ists ▁Category : South ▁African ▁natural ists ▁Category : South ▁African ▁cultural ▁histor ians ▁Category : People ▁from |
▁Castle ▁Douglas ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁South ▁African ▁scientists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁natural ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁Cat hedral ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o , ▁in ▁Saint - É t ienne , ▁Lo ire , ▁France . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁of ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁since ▁its ▁creation ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁constructed ▁as ▁an ▁elaborate ▁parish ▁church ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁in ▁a ▁primitive ▁ne o - G oth ic ▁style , ▁on ▁a ▁Latin ▁cross ▁ground plan ▁with ▁tr anse pt ▁and ▁triple ▁n ave , ▁and ▁a ▁bell t ower ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁front . ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁ ▁long , ▁ ▁wide ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁roof ▁vault ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁cho ir ▁dates ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁another ▁very ▁im posing ▁one ▁by ▁A . ▁Dur and ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁a ▁highly ▁ambitious ▁one ▁from ▁the ▁start , ▁and ▁remains ▁un finished . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁church ▁for |
▁a ▁new ▁parish ▁was ▁decided ▁upon ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁rising ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁consequ ent ▁upon ▁its ▁industrial ▁growth . ▁The ▁ded ication ▁to ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o ▁was ▁an ▁indirect ▁compliment ▁to ▁the ▁then ▁mon arch , ▁Charles ▁X . ▁▁ ▁A ▁prov is ional ▁chap el ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁R ue ▁É mile ▁Com bes ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁although ▁only ▁dedicated ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁as ▁a ▁temporary ▁measure ▁while ▁the ▁new ▁large ▁church ▁was ▁constructed . ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁the ▁prov is ional ▁structure ▁had ▁to ▁serve ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁extreme ▁delay ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁sustained ▁obst ruction ▁from ▁the ▁sec ular ist ▁authorities , ▁which ▁had ▁dis astr ous ▁consequences ▁for ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁of ▁Saint - É t ienne . ▁Pl ans ▁for ▁an ▁impressive ▁church ▁were ▁accepted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁Pierre ▁B oss an , ▁architect ▁to ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Ly on , ▁where ▁his ▁most ▁significant ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Not re - D ame ▁de ▁Four vi ère . ▁After ▁many ▁years ▁in ▁storage ▁they ▁were ▁destroyed ▁in ▁a ▁fire , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁recon struct ed ▁by ▁, ▁from ▁pre liminary ▁drawings ▁by ▁B oss an ' s ▁partner , ▁G in ie z , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁kept ▁by ▁his ▁children . ▁The ▁local |
▁architect ▁who ▁finally ▁built ▁the ▁church ▁from ▁them ▁was ▁Francis que ▁Dod at . ▁The ▁first ▁stone ▁was ▁blessed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁by ▁Mons ign or ▁Dé che lette , ▁A ux iliary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ly ons . ▁ ▁However , ▁two ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁further ▁delayed ▁construction ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁By ▁that ▁time ▁inflation ▁had ▁reduced ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁end ow ment ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁labour , ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁that ▁was ▁eventually ▁built , ▁which ▁was ▁finished ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁but ▁not ▁con sec rated ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁by ▁Card inal ▁Maur in , ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Ly ons , ▁was ▁significantly ▁less ▁than ▁what ▁had ▁been ▁planned : ▁it ▁is ▁missing ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁intended ▁four ▁bell t ow ers ▁and ▁a ▁d ome , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁quantities ▁of ▁external ▁and ▁internal ▁decor ations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁a ▁cat hedral ▁when ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁was ▁created . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁the ▁cho ir ▁was ▁rem od elled ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁pres criptions ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁inst igation ▁of ▁the ▁Abb é ▁Martin , ▁re ctor |
, ▁the ▁layout ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁epis cop al ▁cat hedral ▁co herent ▁with ▁the ▁alt ar ▁and ▁the ▁am bo , ▁on ▁drawings ▁by ▁the ▁architect ▁Michel ▁G oy et . ▁ ▁Built ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁French ▁law ▁on ▁the ▁Sep aration ▁of ▁the ▁Ch urches ▁and ▁the ▁State , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁France ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁di oc ese , ▁which ▁is ▁wh olly ▁responsible ▁for ▁its ▁up keep . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Catholic ▁Hier archy : ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁ ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁Cat hedral ▁at ▁The ▁Plan et ' s ▁Cat hed r als ▁ ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Lo ire ▁( de part ment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁( 1 1 th ▁edition ), ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁basketball ▁tournament ▁ ▁held ▁in ▁B am ako , ▁Mal i , ▁from ▁October ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁tournament , ▁organized ▁by ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁and ▁hosted ▁by ▁D j ol iba ▁AC , ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁ 8 ▁clubs ▁split ▁into ▁ |
2 ▁groups , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁knock - out ▁stage ▁( qu arter , ▁sem is ▁and ▁final ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁home ▁team ▁D j ol iba ▁AC ▁ ▁which ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁FI BA ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁League . ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Squad s ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁rounds ▁ ▁Times ▁given ▁below ▁are ▁local ▁UTC . ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁Kn ock out ▁stage ▁ ▁Quarter - fin als ▁▁ 5 th - 8 th ▁place ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁▁ 7 th ▁place ▁▁ 5 th ▁place ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁D j ol iba ▁AC ▁ro ster A min ata ▁Ser em é , ▁A min ata ▁Sin inta , ▁D jen aba ▁Sam ake , ▁D j én é b ou ▁D amba , ▁F anta ▁T ou re , ▁Fat ou m ata ▁D ia , ▁Fat ou m ata ▁Kon ate , ▁Fat ou m ata ▁San fo , ▁K ad iat ou ▁Tour é , ▁K ad id iat ou ▁Dr ame , ▁Mar iam a ▁Cam ara , ▁Me i ya ▁T ir era ▁Coach : ▁Moh amed ▁Ma ï ga ▁ ▁Stat ist ical ▁Lead ers ▁ ▁All ▁Tour nament ▁Team ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Championship |
▁Official ▁Website ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁FI BA <0x0A> </s> ▁Wil bur ▁St ark ▁( Aug ust ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁writer ▁and ▁film , ▁television , ▁and ▁radio ▁producer ▁and ▁director . ▁ ▁Life ▁St ark ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Douglas ▁St ark , ▁an ▁actor , ▁She ld on ▁St ark , ▁a ▁writer , ▁and ▁M idge ▁St ark , ▁another ▁producer . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Man ual ▁Training ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁he ▁was ▁hired ▁by ▁the ▁Christian ▁radio ▁station ▁WM CA , ▁becoming ▁a ▁top ▁sales man ▁there . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁established ▁a ▁radio ▁production ▁company , ▁going ▁into ▁partnership ▁with ▁Jerry ▁Lay ton ▁as ▁Wil bur ▁St ark - J erry ▁Lay ton ▁Produ ctions . ▁ ▁St ark ▁first ▁made ▁a ▁name ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁as ▁producer ▁of ▁Movie ▁Mat ine e , ▁a ▁radio ▁qu iz ▁show ▁on ▁W OR , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁produce ▁more |
▁than ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁shows ▁on ▁radio ▁and ▁a ▁thousand ▁on ▁television . ▁By ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁St ark ▁and ▁Lay ton ▁had ▁produced ▁nearly ▁eight ▁hundred ▁network ▁program ▁episodes , ▁many ▁for ▁Du Mont . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁they ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁setting ▁up ▁separate ▁offices , ▁but ▁would ▁continue ▁as ▁partners ▁splitting ▁the ▁packages ▁and ▁talent ▁they ▁already ▁represented . ▁ ▁St ark ' s ▁credits ▁as ▁a ▁television ▁producer ▁included ▁Col . ▁H umph rey ▁Fl ack ▁and ▁Rock y ▁King ▁Detect ive ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁The ▁Brothers ▁Br ann agan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 . ▁M oving ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁film ▁world , ▁St ark ▁was ▁producer ▁of ▁Act ▁of ▁Rep ris al ▁( 1 9 6 4 ), ▁My ▁L over , ▁My ▁Son ▁( 1 9 7 0 ), ▁All ▁I ▁Want ▁Is ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Cat ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 2 ), ▁and ▁The ▁Story t eller . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Phot op lay ▁noted ▁that ▁St ark ▁" m akes ▁a ▁profitable ▁habit ▁of ▁buying ▁up ▁good ▁old ▁movies ▁for ▁fashion able ▁re - t read s ▁( such ▁as ▁Cat ▁People , ▁last ▁year ) ▁is ▁planning ▁his ▁own , ▁more ▁contemporary ▁revision ▁of ▁Sus pic ion ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 |
4 5 ▁he ▁married ▁Kath i ▁Nor ris , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁radio ▁writer , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁two ▁daughters , ▁Pam ela ▁and ▁K oo , ▁and ▁two ▁sons , ▁Wil bur ▁Junior , ▁known ▁as ▁Brad , ▁and ▁Patrick . ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁beginning ▁a ▁new ▁life . ▁There ▁the ▁elder ▁daughter ▁was ▁purs ued ▁by ▁Sir ▁William ▁P ig ott ▁Brown , ▁but ▁ ▁according ▁to ▁Private ▁Eye ▁" So ▁v ile ▁were ▁P igg ott - B rown ' s ▁att ent ions ▁and ▁habits ▁that ▁St ark ▁bought ▁him ▁off , ▁presenting ▁the ▁re pt ile ▁with ▁a ▁che que ▁for ▁ 5 0 0 ▁dollars ." ▁However , ▁the ▁off ender ▁fr amed ▁the ▁che que ▁and ▁hung ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁wall . ▁Pam ela ▁graduated ▁from ▁God d ard ▁College ▁and ▁Harvard , ▁became ▁a ▁consultant ▁to ▁non - profit ▁organizations , ▁and ▁married ▁She ld on ▁Gu yer , ▁a ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁M err ill ▁Lyn ch , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁St ark ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁separated ▁and ▁divor ced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Fant asy ▁News letter ▁reported ▁that ▁St ark ▁had ▁bought ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁several ▁old ▁R K O ▁fantasy ▁films , ▁int ending ▁to ▁rem ake ▁them . ▁It ▁suggested ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁of ▁these ▁purchases ▁was ▁The ▁Th ing |
▁From ▁Another ▁World . ▁When ▁The ▁Th ing ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁made , ▁St ark ▁was ▁executive ▁producer . ▁ ▁St ark ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁director ▁and ▁writer , ▁his ▁writing ▁credits ▁including ▁V amp ire ▁Circ us ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁The ▁Love ▁Box , ▁and ▁The ▁Stud ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁St ark ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁cancer ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁Films ▁Act ▁of ▁Rep ris al ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁: ▁Produ cer ▁My ▁L over , ▁My ▁Son ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁: ▁Writer ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁V amp ire ▁Circ us ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁: ▁Writer ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁All ▁I ▁Want ▁Is ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁: ▁Produ cer ▁The ▁Th ing ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁: ▁Executive ▁producer ▁Cat ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁: ▁Executive ▁producer ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Wil bur ▁St ark ▁at ▁b fi . org . uk ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁film ▁producers ▁Category : American ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Man ' s |
▁World ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Sarah ▁V augh an , ▁arranged ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney , ▁Bob ▁James ▁and ▁Bob ▁F reed man . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁All mus ic ▁review ▁by ▁Ken ▁Dry den ▁awarded ▁the ▁album ▁three ▁stars ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁V augh an ' s ▁" lov ely ▁voice , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁great ▁form , ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁the ▁advent ur ous ▁spirit , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁impro vis er ▁on ▁the ▁date , ▁stret ching ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁ten ▁strong ▁compos itions ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Al f ie " ▁( B urt ▁Bach ar ach , ▁Hal ▁David ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" The ▁Man ▁That ▁Got ▁A way " ▁( Har old ▁Ar len , ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 2 8 ▁ ▁" T rou ble ▁Is ▁a ▁Man " ▁( A le c ▁Wild er ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 3 ▁ ▁" H app iness ▁is ▁a ▁Th ing ▁Call ed ▁Joe " ▁( Ar len , ▁Y ip ▁Har burg ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" For ▁Every ▁Man ▁There ' s ▁a ▁Woman " ▁( Ar len , ▁Leo ▁Robin ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 3 ▁ ▁" I ▁Got ▁a ▁Man ▁C razy ▁for ▁Me " ▁( Ne il ▁More t , ▁Richard ▁Wh iting ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 1 ▁ ▁" My |
▁Man ▁( Mon ▁Hom me )" ▁( J ac ques ▁Charles , ▁Ch anning ▁Poll ack , ▁Albert ▁W ille met z , ▁Maurice ▁Y v ain ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 2 ▁ ▁" I ' m ▁Just ▁Wild ▁About ▁Harry " ▁( E ub ie ▁Blake , ▁Nob le ▁S iss le ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 9 ▁ ▁" J im " ▁( C a esar ▁Pet r illo , ▁Edward ▁Ross , ▁Nelson ▁Sh awn ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" D anny ▁Boy " ▁( F re der ic ▁We ather ly ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 3 5 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Sarah ▁V augh an ▁- ▁vocals ▁Hal ▁Mo oney ▁- ▁Arr anger ▁Bob ▁James ▁Bob ▁F reed man ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mer cury ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : S ar ah ▁V augh an ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁arranged ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney ▁Category : album s ▁produced ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Chief ▁Technology ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁information ▁technology ▁development ▁official ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services . ▁ ▁The ▁position ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁office holders ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Chief ▁Technology ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁technology ▁officers ▁Category : S ci ence ▁and ▁technology ▁in |
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁officials <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ad ▁Allen ▁Br annon ▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Tom ball , ▁Texas ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor . ▁Br annon ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁Z ander ▁Smith ▁on ▁General ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ch ad ▁attended ▁Tom ball ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Texas . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁j ock ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁was ▁planning ▁on ▁studying ▁law ▁but ▁things ▁took ▁a ▁great ▁turn ▁after ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁d ared ▁him ▁to ▁try ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁high school ' s ▁comedy ▁" The ▁N erd " ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁lead . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁studying ▁theater ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁Sam ▁Houston ▁State ▁University ▁on ▁scholarship . ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁at ▁Sam ▁Houston , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ch ad ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁wife ▁C arly . ▁They ▁have ▁three ▁sons : ▁Hudson ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ▁Ford ▁( born ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁T ucker ▁( born ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁And ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁started ▁playing ▁Z ander ▁Smith ▁on ▁the |
▁day time ▁soap ▁opera ▁General ▁Hospital . ▁He ▁played ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 4 , ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁killed ▁off , ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Young er ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Dr ama ▁Series ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁guest ▁star red ▁on ▁Friday ▁Night ▁L ights , ▁Cold ▁Case , ▁and ▁Dead wood . ▁Another ▁of ▁his ▁roles ▁includes ▁Tol ten ▁from ▁the ▁Xbox ▁ 3 6 0 ▁R PG ▁Lost ▁Od ys sey . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁FO X ▁brought ▁on ▁Ch ad ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁network ▁announ cers ▁covering ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁hit ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Sim ps ons , ▁Family ▁Guy , ▁G lee , ▁S ons ▁of ▁T uc son , ▁American ▁Dad , ▁and ▁The ▁Cleveland ▁Show . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Br annon ▁returned ▁to ▁General ▁Hospital , ▁in ▁a ▁came o ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁known ▁only ▁as ▁Aaron . ▁He ▁appeared ▁alongside ▁Natal ia ▁Living ston , ▁who ▁was ▁playing ▁the ▁twin ▁of ▁her ▁previous ▁character . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁http :// www . im db . com / name / nm 0 1 0 5 1 7 2 / ▁http :// ch ad br annon . com / ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American |
▁male ▁soap ▁opera ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Young er ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Dr ama ▁Series ▁winners <0x0A> </s> ▁Act in op lan es ▁a tra ur anti ac us ▁is ▁a ▁Gram - pos itive ▁bacter ium ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁from ▁forest ▁soil ▁in ▁Y unn an ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Type ▁strain ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁a tra ur anti ac us ▁at ▁B ac D ive ▁- ▁ ▁the ▁B acter ial ▁D ivers ity ▁Met ad at abase ▁ ▁Category : Act in omy c et ales ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Patri ot ▁Or dn ance ▁Factory ▁( PO F - USA ) ▁manufact ures ▁and ▁distribut es ▁law ▁enforcement , ▁military ▁and ▁civilian ▁rif les ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁manufacturer ▁and ▁seller ▁of ▁gas - p ist on - oper ated ▁weapon ▁systems ▁on ▁AR - style ▁rif les ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁PO F - USA ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁a eros pace ▁engineer ▁Frank ▁De Som ma ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁of ▁solving ▁two ▁common ▁problems ▁with ▁gas ▁imp ing ement ▁systems ▁in ▁dust y ▁conditions ▁found ▁with ▁the ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 ▁which |
▁are ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue . ▁ ▁Products ▁PO F ▁P 3 0 8 ▁PO F ▁P 3 0 8 - FA ▁PO F ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁PO F ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁S PR ▁PO F ▁Old ▁School ▁. 3 0 8 ▁PO F ▁P 4 1 5 ▁PO F ▁P 4 1 5 ▁Edge ▁PO F ▁P 4 1 6 ▁PO F ▁P 6 . 5 ▁PO F ▁Ren eg ade ▁PO F ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁PO F ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁S PR ▁PO F ▁Revolution ▁PO F ▁Revolution ▁DI ▁PO F ▁The ▁Const able ▁PO F ▁War h og ▁ ▁PO F ▁Wonder ▁PO F ▁Min ut eman ▁PO F ▁Rog ue ▁PO F ▁Reb el ▁. 2 2 lr ▁PO F ▁P 1 9 ▁Gent lem ens ▁P ist ol ▁ ▁Innov ations ▁To ▁address ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue ▁related ▁to ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 s , ▁PO F - USA ▁developed ▁the ▁Reg ulated ▁Short - St roke ▁Gas ▁P ist on ▁System . ▁Rather ▁than ▁operating ▁gas ▁being ▁inject ed ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver ▁like ▁a ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 , ▁the ▁technology ▁p ushes ▁a ▁pist on ▁that ▁acts ▁on ▁an ▁operating ▁rod , ▁which ▁acts ▁on ▁the ▁bolt ▁carrier , ▁setting ▁extr action ▁and ▁re loading ▁into ▁motion . ▁This ▁action ▁type ▁offers ▁several ▁significant ▁improvements ▁over ▁the ▁direct ▁imp ing |
ement ▁method . ▁Because ▁hot ▁g ases ▁are ▁not ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver , ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁in ▁the ▁action ▁is ▁virtually ▁eliminated . ▁ ▁PO F - USA ' s ▁solution ▁to ▁timing ▁problems ▁related ▁to ▁AR - 1 5 ' s ▁with ▁short ▁gas ▁tub es , ▁PO F - USA ▁developed ▁precise ▁op - rod / p ist on ▁geometry ▁and ▁reg ulated ▁gas ▁pressure ▁to ▁enable ▁rif les ▁and ▁carb ines ▁to ▁be ▁properly ▁tim ed ▁and ▁bolt ▁speeds ▁( cycl ic ▁rates ) ▁to ▁be ▁precisely ▁controlled , ▁enh ancing ▁extr action ▁and ▁feeding ▁reli ability , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁reducing ▁wear ▁and ▁fat igue ▁on ▁critical ▁components . ▁The ▁gun ▁also ▁runs ▁cool er , ▁further ▁enh ancing ▁reli ability ▁and ▁safety . ▁ ▁PO F - USA ▁is ▁an ▁industry ▁leader ▁in ▁high - per formance ▁metal ▁fin ishes ▁and ▁coat ings . ▁PO F - USA ▁rif les ▁feature ▁N P 3 ™ ▁coat ings ▁and ▁hard , ▁cor ros ion ▁res istant , ▁nit ride ▁heat - tre ated ▁barrel s ▁and ▁gas ▁blocks , ▁elim inating ▁any ▁requirement ▁for ▁lub ric ation . ▁ ▁Additional ▁innov ations ▁developed ▁by ▁PO F - USA ▁include ▁the ▁integral ▁bolt - car rier ▁key ▁with ▁the ▁interface ▁behind ▁the ▁cam ▁pin , ▁overs ized ▁heat - s ink ▁barrel ▁nut , ▁roll er ▁cam ▁pin , ▁and ▁reg ulating ▁gas ▁plug . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . |
def ens ere view . com / pat ri ot - ord n ance - factory - p of - usa - re volt - light - 5 - 5 6 mm - n ato - 2 2 3 - rem - and - re volt - he avy - 7 - 6 2 mm - n ato - 3 0 8 - win - dm r - type - stra ight - pull - fast - action - t act ical - ar - rif le car b ines - range - video / ▁ ▁http :// www . s ade f ense journal . com / wp / pat ri ot - ord n ance - factory / ▁Category : Fire arm ▁manufacturers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Nov y ▁Ber k ad ak ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Ch ish m insky ▁District , ▁B ash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁streets . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁B ash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Ch ish m insky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁in ▁F uj imi , ▁S ait ama , ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁private ▁railway |
▁operator ▁Tob u ▁Railway . ▁ ▁L ines ▁T sur use ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁with ▁some ▁services ▁inter - running ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁Y ur ak uch o ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁on ward ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min ato ▁Mir ai ▁Line ▁to ▁. ▁Loc ated ▁between ▁M iz uh od ai ▁and ▁F uj im ino ▁stations , ▁it ▁is ▁ 2 2 . 0 ▁km ▁from ▁the ▁I ke b uk uro ▁termin us . ▁Only ▁Sem i ▁express ▁and ▁Local ▁services ▁stop ▁at ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁The ▁station ▁consists ▁of ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁two ▁tracks . ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁is ▁elev ated ▁and ▁located ▁above ▁the ▁platform . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁To jo ▁Railway ▁line ▁from ▁I ke b uk uro . ▁The ▁west ▁entrance ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁station ▁number ing ▁was ▁introduced ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line |
, ▁with ▁T sur use ▁Station ▁becoming ▁" T J - 1 7 ". ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min atom ir ai ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁statistics ▁In ▁fiscal ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 3 , 8 5 0 ▁passengers ▁daily . ▁ ▁Sur round ing ▁area ▁ ▁F uj imi ▁City ▁Office ▁ ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 5 4 ▁ ▁La L ap ort ▁F uj imi ▁shopping ▁m all ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tob u ▁station ▁information ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : St ations ▁of ▁Tob u ▁Railway ▁Category : T ob u ▁To jo ▁Main ▁Line ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁D ek ert ▁( 1 7 8 6 ▁– ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁aux iliary ▁A ux iliary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 9 – 1 8 6 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁mayor ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁Jan ▁D ek ert . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 |
7 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol ish ▁tit ular ▁b ish ops ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Sun shine ▁K aid i ▁( Fin land ) ▁New ▁Energy ▁Co . ▁O y ▁( K aid i ▁Finland ) ▁is ▁an ▁energy ▁company ▁that ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁bio f uel ▁ref inery ▁in ▁K emi , ▁Finland . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Chinese ▁Sun shine ▁K aid i ▁New ▁Energy ▁Group . ▁The ▁ref inery ▁would ▁utilize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology . ▁Its ▁investment ▁value ▁is ▁around ▁one ▁billion ▁e uros . ▁ ▁K emi ▁bio f uel ▁ref inery ▁▁ ▁The ▁bio f uel ▁ref inery ▁in ▁K emi ▁would ▁generate ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁bio f uel , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 5 % ▁would ▁be ▁b iod ies el ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁bio f uel . ▁The ▁feed stock ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ref inery ▁would ▁be ▁mainly ▁energy ▁wood ▁along ▁with ▁crop ▁resid ues ▁and ▁sur plus ▁materials ▁from ▁the ▁forest ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁ref inery ’ s ▁year ly ▁demand ▁for ▁wood ▁would ▁be ▁ 2 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁tons ▁of ▁energy ▁wood . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁he ct ares ▁of ▁forest ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁first ▁f elling ▁within ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 ▁kil ometer ▁range |
▁of ▁K emi . ▁An ▁amount ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁energy ▁wood ▁can ▁be ▁harvest ed ▁from ▁it ▁year ly . ▁Currently , ▁approximately ▁ 6 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁wood ▁is ▁left ▁over ▁in ▁the ▁woods ▁every ▁year . ▁K aid i ▁Finland ▁has ▁reported ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁also ▁proc ure ▁energy ▁wood ▁from ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁the ▁ref inery ▁would ▁have ▁on ▁employment ▁in ▁K emi ▁is ▁notable . ▁The ▁building ▁process ▁would ▁bring ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁person - year s ’ ▁worth ▁of ▁labor ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁When ▁the ▁ref inery ▁is ▁completed , ▁it ▁would ▁employ ▁ 1 5 0 ▁persons ▁full - time ▁while ▁bringing ▁hundreds ▁of ▁jobs ▁to ▁local ▁sub contract ors ▁and ▁energy ▁wood ▁providers . ▁The ▁domestic ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁around ▁ 5 0 ▁percent . ▁K aid i ▁will ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁decision ▁regarding ▁the ▁investment ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Technology ▁▁ ▁The ▁planned ▁ref inery ▁in ▁A jos , ▁K emi ▁would ▁utilize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology , ▁such ▁as ▁plasma ▁gas ification , ▁sy ng as ▁cleanup ▁and ▁the ▁F ischer - T ro ps ch ▁process . ▁Pl asma ▁gas ification ▁involves ▁heating ▁the ▁processed ▁material ▁to ▁a ▁notably ▁higher ▁temperature ▁than ▁in ▁other ▁gas ification ▁methods , ▁making ▁it ▁more ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁processing ▁of ▁demanding ▁materials , ▁such ▁as ▁wood . ▁The ▁process ▁increases ▁the ▁efficiency |
▁of ▁the ▁feed stock . ▁ ▁The ▁F ischer - T ro ps ch ▁process ▁is ▁a ▁catal yt ic ▁chemical ▁reaction , ▁where ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁and ▁hydro gen ▁are ▁transformed ▁into ▁liquid ▁hydro car b ons . ▁The ▁catal yst s ▁are ▁iron ▁and ▁c obal t ▁based ▁and ▁speed ▁up ▁the ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁in ▁certain ▁temperatures . ▁The ▁primary ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁synthetic ▁oil ▁replacement ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁synthetic ▁lub ric ant ▁or ▁fuel . ▁The ▁process ▁was ▁invented ▁by ▁Franz ▁F ischer ▁and ▁Hans ▁Tro ps ch ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁producing ▁liquid ▁fuel . ▁ ▁Second ▁generation ▁bio fu els ▁refer ▁to ▁fu els ▁that ▁utilize ▁municipal ▁solid ▁waste ▁and ▁materials ▁high ▁in ▁l ign oc ell ul ose ▁content ▁in ▁their ▁production . ▁ ▁Project ▁▁ ▁K aid i ▁first ▁began ▁planning ▁the ▁bio f uel ▁ref inery ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁project ▁by ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁was ▁dis contin ued . ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁similar ▁ref inery ▁in ▁A jos . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁is ▁already ▁well ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁ref inery ▁and ▁has ▁advanced ▁the ▁required ▁permit ▁applications . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁K aid i ▁Finland ▁planned ▁to ▁final ize ▁the ▁permit ▁applications ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁modeling |
▁of ▁the ▁ref inery . ▁The ▁building ▁project ▁would ▁start ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁ref inery ▁would ▁begin ▁producing ▁bio f uel ▁for ▁commercial ▁markets ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁In ▁Oct ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁K aid i ▁Finland ▁has ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁to ▁acquire ▁a ▁ 3 2 ▁he ct are ▁land ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁bio f uel ▁ref inery . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Energy ▁in ▁Finland ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : B iod ies el ▁producers ▁Category : R en ew able ▁energy ▁in ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁from ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁where ▁literature ▁scholars ▁analyze ▁texts ▁that ▁illustr ate ▁environmental ▁concerns ▁and ▁examine ▁the ▁various ▁ways ▁literature ▁treats ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁nature . ▁It ▁takes ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁analy zing ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁authors , ▁researchers ▁and ▁po ets ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁environmental ▁issues ▁and ▁nature . ▁Some ▁ec oc rit ics ▁brain storm ▁possible ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁correction ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁environmental ▁situation , ▁though ▁not ▁all ▁ec oc rit ics ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁purpose , ▁method ology , ▁or ▁scope ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁often ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study |
▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( AS LE ), ▁which ▁hosts ▁a ▁bien n ial ▁conference ▁for ▁scholars ▁who ▁deal ▁with ▁environmental ▁matters ▁in ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environmental ▁human ities ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁AS LE ▁pub l ishes ▁a ▁journal — Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( IS LE ) — in ▁which ▁current ▁international ▁scholarship ▁can ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁an ▁intention ally ▁broad ▁approach ▁that ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁design ations , ▁including ▁" green ▁( c ultural ) ▁studies ", ▁" ec op o etics ", ▁and ▁" environment al ▁literary ▁criticism ", ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁informed ▁by ▁other ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁ec ology , ▁sustainable ▁design , ▁bi opol it ics , ▁environmental ▁history , ▁environmental ism , ▁and ▁social ▁ec ology , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁In ▁comparison ▁with ▁other ▁' polit ical ' ▁forms ▁of ▁criticism , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁relatively ▁little ▁dispute ▁about ▁the ▁moral ▁and ▁philosoph ical ▁aims ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism , ▁although ▁its ▁scope ▁has ▁broad ened ▁from ▁nature ▁writing , ▁romantic ▁poetry , ▁and ▁canonical ▁literature ▁to ▁take ▁in ▁film , ▁television , ▁theatre , ▁animal ▁stories , ▁architect ures , ▁scientific ▁narr atives ▁and ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁range ▁of ▁literary ▁texts . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁ec oc rit icism ▁has ▁borrow ed ▁method ologies ▁and ▁theoret ically ▁informed ▁approaches ▁liber ally ▁from ▁other ▁fields ▁of ▁literary , ▁social ▁and ▁scientific ▁study . ▁ |
▁Cher yll ▁Gl ot fel ty ' s ▁working ▁definition ▁in ▁The ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁Read er ▁is ▁that ▁" ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁physical ▁environment ", ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁implicit ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁rec oup ▁professional ▁dignity ▁for ▁what ▁Gl ot fel ty ▁calls ▁the ▁" und erv al ued ▁genre ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ". ▁Lawrence ▁Bu ell ▁defines ▁"' ec oc rit icism ' ▁... ▁as ▁[ a ] ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁conducted ▁in ▁a ▁spirit ▁of ▁commitment ▁to ▁environmental ist ▁pra xis ". ▁ ▁Simon ▁Est ok ▁noted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁that ▁" ec oc rit icism ▁has ▁distinguished ▁itself , ▁deb ates ▁not with standing , ▁first ly ▁by ▁the ▁ethical ▁stand ▁it ▁takes , ▁its ▁commitment ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁an ▁important ▁thing ▁rather ▁than ▁simply ▁as ▁an ▁object ▁of ▁them atic ▁study , ▁and , ▁second ly , ▁by ▁its ▁commitment ▁to ▁making ▁connections ". ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁that ▁extends ▁ec oc rit icism ▁to ▁Shakespeare an ▁studies , ▁Est ok ▁arg ues ▁that ▁ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁" sim ply ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁Nature ▁or ▁natural ▁things ▁in ▁literature ; ▁rather , ▁it ▁is ▁any ▁theory ▁that ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁effect ing ▁change ▁by ▁analy zing ▁the ▁function – the matic , ▁artistic , ▁social , ▁historical , ▁ide ological , ▁theoretical , ▁or |
▁otherwise – of ▁the ▁natural ▁environment , ▁or ▁aspects ▁of ▁it , ▁represented ▁in ▁documents ▁( liter ary ▁or ▁other ) ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁material ▁practices ▁in ▁material ▁worlds ". ▁This ▁echo es ▁the ▁functional ▁approach ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁ec ology ▁branch ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism , ▁which ▁analy zes ▁the ▁analog ies ▁between ▁ecosystem s ▁and ▁imagin ative ▁texts ▁and ▁pos its ▁that ▁such ▁texts ▁potentially ▁have ▁an ▁ec ological ▁( reg ener ative , ▁rev ital izing ) ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁cultural ▁system . ▁ ▁As ▁Michael ▁P . ▁Cohen ▁has ▁observed , ▁" if ▁you ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ec oc rit ic , ▁be ▁prepared ▁to ▁explain ▁what ▁you ▁do ▁and ▁be ▁critic ized , ▁if ▁not ▁sat ir ized ." ▁Certain ly , ▁Cohen ▁adds ▁his ▁voice ▁to ▁such ▁critique , ▁noting ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism ▁has ▁been ▁what ▁he ▁calls ▁its ▁" p raise - s ong ▁school " ▁of ▁criticism . ▁All ▁ec oc rit ics ▁share ▁an ▁environmental ist ▁motivation ▁of ▁some ▁sort , ▁but ▁whereas ▁the ▁majority ▁are ▁' n ature ▁end ors ing ', ▁some ▁are ▁' n ature ▁s cept ical '. ▁In ▁part ▁this ▁ent ails ▁a ▁shared ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁' n ature ' ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁gender , ▁sexual ▁and ▁racial ▁norm s ▁( so ▁homosexual ity ▁has ▁been ▁seen ▁as ▁' unn at ural ', ▁for ▁example ), ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁involves ▁s cept |
icism ▁about ▁the ▁uses ▁to ▁which ▁' ec ological ' ▁language ▁is ▁put ▁in ▁ec oc rit icism ; ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁involve ▁a ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁cultural ▁norm s ▁of ▁nature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁contribute ▁to ▁environmental ▁de grad ation . ▁Greg ▁G arr ard ▁has ▁dub bed ▁' p ast oral ▁ec ology ' ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁nature ▁und ist urbed ▁is ▁balanced ▁and ▁harmon ious , ▁while ▁D ana ▁Phillips ▁has ▁critic ised ▁the ▁literary ▁quality ▁and ▁scientific ▁accuracy ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁in ▁" The ▁Truth ▁of ▁Ec ology ". ▁Similarly , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁Environmental ▁Justice ▁movement ▁in ▁re def ining ▁ec oc rit ical ▁disc ourse . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁what ▁ec oc rit icism ▁is ▁or ▁should ▁be , ▁Cam ilo ▁G om ides ▁has ▁offered ▁an ▁operational ▁definition ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁broad ▁and ▁discrim inating : ▁" The ▁field ▁of ▁en quiry ▁that ▁analy zes ▁and ▁prom otes ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁which ▁raise ▁moral ▁questions ▁about ▁human ▁interactions ▁with ▁nature , ▁while ▁also ▁motiv ating ▁audiences ▁to ▁live ▁within ▁a ▁limit ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁binding ▁over ▁generations ". ▁He ▁tests ▁it ▁for ▁a ▁film ▁( mal ) ad apt ation ▁about ▁Amazon ian ▁def orest ation . ▁Implement ing ▁the ▁G om ides ▁definition , ▁Joseph ▁Henry ▁V og el ▁makes ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁ec oc rit icism ▁const itutes ▁an ▁" econom ic ▁school ▁of ▁thought " ▁as ▁it ▁eng ages ▁audiences |
▁to ▁debate ▁issues ▁of ▁resource ▁allocation ▁that ▁have ▁no ▁technical ▁solution . ▁As ht on ▁Nich ols ▁has ▁recently ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁historical ▁d angers ▁of ▁a ▁romantic ▁version ▁of ▁nature ▁now ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁" ur ban at ural ▁ro ost ing ", ▁a ▁view ▁that ▁sees ▁urban ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁closely ▁linked ▁and ▁arg ues ▁for ▁humans ▁to ▁live ▁more ▁lightly ▁on ▁the ▁planet , ▁the ▁way ▁virtually ▁all ▁other ▁species ▁do . ▁ ▁In ▁literary ▁studies ▁Ec oc rit ics ▁investigate ▁such ▁things ▁as ▁the ▁underlying ▁ec ological ▁values , ▁what , ▁precisely , ▁is ▁meant ▁by ▁the ▁word ▁nature , ▁and ▁whether ▁the ▁examination ▁of ▁" place " ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁distinctive ▁category , ▁much ▁like ▁class , ▁gender ▁or ▁race . ▁Ec oc rit ics ▁examine ▁human ▁perception ▁of ▁wild erness , ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁has ▁changed ▁throughout ▁history ▁and ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁current ▁environmental ▁issues ▁are ▁accurately ▁represented ▁or ▁even ▁mentioned ▁in ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁modern ▁literature . ▁Sch ol ars ▁in ▁ec oc rit icism ▁engage ▁in ▁questions ▁regarding ▁anth rop oc entr ism , ▁and ▁the ▁" main stream ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁be ▁seen ▁primarily ▁as ▁a ▁resource ▁for ▁human ▁beings " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁critical ▁approaches ▁to ▁changing ▁ideas ▁in ▁" the ▁material ▁and ▁cultural ▁bases ▁of ▁modern ▁society ." ▁Recently , ▁" emp irical ▁ec oc rit ics " ▁have ▁begun ▁emp ir ically ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁ec of iction ▁on ▁its ▁readers . |
▁Other ▁discipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁history , ▁economics , ▁philosophy , ▁eth ics , ▁and ▁psychology , ▁are ▁also ▁considered ▁by ▁ec oc rit ics ▁to ▁be ▁possible ▁contributors ▁to ▁ec oc rit icism . ▁ ▁While ▁William ▁R ue ck ert ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁term ▁ec oc rit icism ▁( Bar ry ▁ 2 4 0 ) ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁essay ▁entitled ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Ec ology : ▁An ▁Exper iment ▁in ▁Ec oc rit icism , ▁ec oc rit icism ▁as ▁a ▁movement ▁o w es ▁much ▁to ▁Rachel ▁Cars on ' s ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁environmental ▁expos é ▁Sil ent ▁Spring . ▁Draw ing ▁from ▁this ▁critical ▁moment , ▁R ue ck ert ' s ▁intent ▁was ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁" the ▁application ▁of ▁ec ology ▁and ▁ec ological ▁concepts ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ". ▁ ▁Ec ologically ▁mind ed ▁individuals ▁and ▁scholars ▁have ▁been ▁publishing ▁progressive ▁works ▁of ▁ec othe ory ▁and ▁criticism ▁since ▁the ▁explosion ▁of ▁environmental ism ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁However , ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁organized ▁movement ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁ec ological / environment al ▁side ▁of ▁literature , ▁these ▁important ▁works ▁were ▁scattered ▁and ▁categor ized ▁under ▁a ▁lit any ▁of ▁different ▁subject ▁head ings : ▁past oral ism , ▁human ▁ec ology , ▁regional ism , ▁American ▁Studies ▁etc . ▁British ▁mar x ist ▁critic ▁Raymond |
▁Williams , ▁for ▁example , ▁wrote ▁a ▁sem inal ▁critique ▁of ▁past oral ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁ec oc rit ical ▁text , ▁Joseph ▁Me ek er ' s ▁The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁proposed ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁an ▁argument ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁to ▁dom inate ▁ec oc rit icism ▁and ▁environmental ▁philosophy ; ▁that ▁environmental ▁crisis ▁is ▁caused ▁primarily ▁by ▁a ▁cultural ▁tradition ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁of ▁separation ▁of ▁culture ▁from ▁nature , ▁and ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁to ▁moral ▁predomin ance . ▁Such ▁anth rop oc entr ism ▁is ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁tragic ▁con ception ▁of ▁a ▁hero ▁whose ▁moral ▁struggles ▁are ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁mere ▁biological ▁survival , ▁whereas ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁animal ▁eth ology , ▁Me ek er ▁as serts , ▁shows ▁that ▁a ▁" com ic ▁mode " ▁of ▁m udd ling ▁through ▁and ▁" making ▁love ▁not ▁war " ▁has ▁superior ▁ec ological ▁value . ▁In ▁the ▁later , ▁" second ▁wave " ▁ec oc rit icism , ▁Me ek er ' s ▁adoption ▁of ▁an ▁ec oph il osoph ical ▁position ▁with ▁apparent ▁scientific ▁san ction ▁as ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁literary ▁value ▁t ended ▁to ▁prev ail ▁over ▁Williams ' s ▁ide ological ▁and ▁historical ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁shifts ▁in ▁a ▁literary ▁genre ' s ▁representation ▁of ▁nature . ▁ ▁As ▁Gl ot fel ty ▁noted ▁in ▁The ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁Read er |
, ▁" One ▁indication ▁of ▁the ▁dis unity ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁efforts ▁is ▁that ▁these ▁critics ▁rarely ▁cited ▁one ▁another ' s ▁work ; ▁they ▁didn ' t ▁know ▁that ▁it ▁existed ... Each ▁was ▁a ▁single ▁voice ▁how ling ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness ." ▁Nevertheless , ▁ec oc rit icism — un like ▁femin ist ▁and ▁Marx ist ▁critic isms — failed ▁to ▁cryst all ize ▁into ▁a ▁co herent ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁indeed ▁only ▁did ▁so ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁scholars ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁collect ively ▁to ▁establish ▁ec oc rit icism ▁as ▁a ▁genre , ▁primarily ▁through ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Liter ature ▁Association ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁re val uation ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁as ▁a ▁non - f ict ional ▁literary ▁genre ▁could ▁function . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Nevada , ▁Ren o , ▁Gl ot fel ty ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁hold ▁an ▁academic ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment , ▁and ▁UN R , ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁now - ret ired ▁Gl ot fel ty ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁professor ▁Michael ▁P . ▁Branch , ▁has ▁retained ▁the ▁position ▁it ▁established ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁intellectual ▁home ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism ▁even ▁as ▁AS LE ▁has ▁bur ge oned ▁into ▁an ▁organization ▁with ▁thousands |
▁of ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁alone . ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁new ▁branches ▁of ▁AS LE ▁and ▁affili ated ▁organizations ▁were ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁Japan , ▁Korea , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( AS LE C - AN Z ), ▁India ▁( OS LE - Ind ia ), ▁Sout heast ▁Asia ▁( AS LE - ASE AN ), ▁Taiwan , ▁Canada ▁and ▁Europe . ▁The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁ec oc rit icism ▁in ▁British ▁literary ▁criticism ▁is ▁usually ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁publication ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁of ▁Rom antic ▁Ec ology : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the ▁Environmental ▁Trad ition ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁B ate . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Animal ▁studies ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁theory ▁ ▁Cultural ▁ec ology ▁ ▁E col ingu istics ▁ ▁E cos oph y ▁ ▁Eth n obi ology ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁A br am , ▁David . ▁The ▁Sp ell ▁of ▁the ▁S ens uous : ▁Per ception ▁and ▁Language ▁in ▁a ▁More - than - H uman ▁World . ▁New ▁York : ▁P ant he on , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Alex , ▁R ays on ▁K ., ▁S . ▁Susan ▁Deb or ah ▁& ▁Sach in dev ▁P . S . ▁Culture ▁and ▁Media : ▁Ec oc rit ical ▁Expl or ations . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁Sch ol ars ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Barry , ▁Peter . ▁" E c oc rit icism ". ▁Begin |
ning ▁Theory : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Liter ary ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Theory . ▁ 3 rd ▁ed . ▁Manchester : ▁Manchester ▁UP , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁B ate , ▁Jonathan . ▁Rom antic ▁Ec ology : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the ▁Environmental ▁Trad ition . ▁London ▁and ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁The ▁Environmental ▁Im ag ination : ▁Th ore au , ▁Nature ▁Writing , ▁and ▁the ▁Form ation ▁of ▁American ▁Culture . ▁ ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁London , ▁England : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Bil bro , ▁Jeff rey . ▁L oving ▁God ' s ▁Wild ness : ▁The ▁Christian ▁Root s ▁of ▁Ec ological ▁Eth ics ▁in ▁American ▁Liter ature . ▁T us cal o osa : ▁University ▁of ▁Alabama ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁" T ox ic ▁Dis course ." ▁Crit ical ▁In quiry ▁ 2 4 . 3 ▁( 1 9 9 8 ): ▁ 6 3 9 - 6 6 5 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁Writing ▁for ▁an ▁End ang ered ▁World : ▁ ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Environment ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Beyond . ▁ ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁London , ▁England : ▁The ▁Bel kn ap ▁Press ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Cohen , ▁Michael ▁P . ▁" Bl ues ▁in ▁Green |
: ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁Under ▁Crit ique ." ▁ ▁Environmental ▁History ▁ 9 . ▁ 1 ▁( Jan uary ▁ 2 0 0 4 ): ▁ 9 - 3 6 . ▁Coupe , ▁Lauren ce , ▁ed . ▁ ▁The ▁Green ▁Studies ▁Read er : ▁From ▁Rom antic ism ▁to ▁Ec oc rit icism . ▁ ▁London : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Cr an ston , ▁CA . ▁& ▁Robert ▁Z eller , ▁ed s . ▁" The ▁L itt oral ▁Zone : ▁Australian ▁Context s ▁and ▁their ▁Writ ers ". ▁New ▁York : ▁Rod op i , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Est ok , ▁Simon ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁" A ▁Report ▁Card ▁on ▁Ec oc rit icism ." ▁AU ML A ▁ 9 6 ▁( N ovember ): ▁ 2 0 0 - 3 8 . ▁Est ok , ▁Simon ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁" Sh akespeare ▁and ▁Ec oc rit icism : ▁An ▁Analysis ▁of ▁' Home ' ▁and ▁' Power ' ▁in ▁King ▁Lear ." ▁▁ ▁AU ML A ▁ 1 0 3 ▁( May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ): ▁ 1 5 - 4 1 . ▁For ns - Bro ggi , ▁Roberto . ▁" La ▁a vent ura ▁perd ida ▁del ▁ec op o ema " ▁in ▁F ór n ix ▁ 5 / 6 ▁( 2 0 0 7 ): ▁ 3 7 6 - 3 |
9 4 . ▁ ▁Frederick , ▁S ures h . ▁Cont emporary ▁Cont empl ations ▁on ▁E col iter ature . ▁New ▁Delhi : Author press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁G arr ard , ▁Greg , ▁Ec oc rit icism . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁G arr ard , ▁Greg ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Ec oc rit icism . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Gl ot fel ty , ▁Cher yll ▁and ▁Harold ▁From m ▁( Ed s ). ▁ ▁The ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁Read er : ▁Land marks ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁Ec ology . ▁At hens ▁and ▁London : ▁University ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁G om ides , ▁Cam ilo . ▁' Put ting ▁a ▁New ▁Definition ▁of ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁to ▁the ▁Test : ▁The ▁Case ▁of ▁The ▁Burn ing ▁Season , ▁a ▁film ▁( mal ) Ad apt ation ". ▁IS LE ▁ 1 3 . 1 ▁( 2 0 0 6 ): ▁ 1 3 - 2 3 . ▁He ise , ▁Urs ula ▁K . ▁" Green ing ▁English : ▁Recent ▁Int rodu ctions ▁to ▁Ec oc rit icism ." ▁Cont emporary ▁Liter ature ▁ 4 7 . 2 ▁( 2 0 0 6 ): ▁ 2 8 9 – 2 9 8 . ▁Indian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁K roe ber , ▁Karl . ▁ |
▁Ec ological ▁Liter ary ▁Crit icism : ▁Rom antic ▁Im ag ining ▁and ▁the ▁Bi ology ▁of ▁Mind . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Lind hold t , ▁Paul . ▁Expl or ations ▁in ▁Ec oc rit icism : ▁Adv oc acy , ▁Bi ore g ional ism , ▁and ▁Visual ▁Design , ▁Lan ham , ▁MD : ▁Lex ington ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Marx , ▁Leo . ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁in ▁the ▁Garden : ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Ide al ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁McK us ick , ▁James ▁C . ▁Green ▁Writing : ▁Rom antic ism ▁and ▁Ec ology . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁St . ▁Martin ' s , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Me ek er , ▁Joseph ▁W . ▁" The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival : ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁Ec ology ." ▁New ▁York : ▁Sc rib ner ' s , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Moore , ▁Bryan ▁L . ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁Liter ature : ▁Ec oc entric ▁Person ification ▁from ▁Ant iqu ity ▁to ▁the ▁Twenty - first ▁Century . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gr ave ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Mort on , ▁Tim othy . ▁The ▁Ec ological ▁Thought . ▁Cambridge , ▁M AL ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nich ols |
, ▁As ht on . ▁" B ey ond ▁Rom antic ▁Ec oc rit icism : ▁Tow ard ▁Urban at ural ▁Ro ost ing ." ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gr ave ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Paper back , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nicol son , ▁Mar jor ie ▁Hope . ▁ ▁Mountain ▁G lo om ▁and ▁Mountain ▁Gl ory : ▁The ▁Development ▁of ▁the ▁A est het ics ▁of ▁the ▁In finite . ▁ ▁Seattle : ▁Un iv . ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Phillips , ▁D ana . ▁The ▁Truth ▁of ▁Ec ology : ▁Nature , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁America . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁R ue ck ert , ▁William . ▁" L iter ature ▁and ▁Ec ology : ▁An ▁Exper iment ▁in ▁Ec oc rit icism ." ▁Iowa ▁Review ▁ 9 . 1 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): ▁ 7 1 - 8 6 . ▁Ro jas ▁Pé rez , ▁Walter . ▁La ▁ec ocr ít ica ▁h oy . ▁San ▁José , ▁Costa ▁R ica : ▁A ire ▁Modern o , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Sel v am ony , ▁N irm al , ▁N irm ald as an ▁& ▁R ays on ▁K . ▁Alex . ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Ec oc rit icism . ▁Delhi : ▁Sar up ▁and ▁S ons ▁and ▁OS LE - Ind ia , ▁ 2 0 |
0 8 . ▁Slov ic , ▁Scott . ▁Se eking ▁A ware ness ▁in ▁American ▁Nature ▁Writing : ▁Henry ▁Th ore au , ▁Annie ▁D ill ard , ▁Edward ▁Ab bey , ▁Wend ell ▁Ber ry , ▁Barry ▁L ope z . ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁U T : ▁University ▁of ▁Utah ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁V og el , ▁Joseph ▁Henry . ▁" E c oc rit icism ▁as ▁an ▁Economic ▁School ▁of ▁Thought : ▁Wood y ▁Allen ' s ▁Match ▁Point ▁as ▁Ex empl ary ." ▁O ME TE CA : ▁Science ▁and ▁Human ities ▁ 1 2 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 1 0 5 - 1 1 9 . ▁Williams , ▁Raymond . ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁London : ▁Ch atto ▁and ▁Wind us , ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Z ap f , ▁Hub ert . ▁" L iter ary ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁the ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁Text s ." ▁New ▁Liter ary ▁History ▁ 3 9 . 4 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 8 4 7 - 8 6 8 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁European ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁( E AS L CE ) ▁ ▁Is le : ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁ ▁Journal ▁of ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁ ▁E co zon @ : ▁European ▁Journal ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁ ▁Green ▁Let ters : |
▁Studies ▁in ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Po etry : ▁Doc uments / Stud ies / Review s , ▁No . ▁ 5 5 ▁( Fall / W inter ▁ 2 0 0 4 ): ▁Ec oc rit icism ▁and ▁Cont emporary ▁Canadian ▁Po etry ▁ ▁" D inn se anch as ", ▁E amon n ▁Wall , ▁Ber f ro is , ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁" G IE CO : ▁Gru po ▁de ▁Invest ig ación ▁en ▁Ec ocr ít ica " ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁Network ▁for ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Environmental ▁Studies ▁( NI ES ) ▁ ▁Category : L iter ary ▁criticism ▁Category : Environment al ▁human ities ▁Category : Environment al ▁studies <0x0A> </s> ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁Inc ▁is ▁a ▁W elling ton ▁organisation ▁which ▁aims ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁W elling ton ▁water front ▁from ▁excessive ▁development . ▁Throughout ▁its ▁history ▁it ▁has ▁frequently ▁engaged ▁in ▁legal ▁action ▁to ▁stop ▁what ▁it ▁sees ▁as ▁negative ▁developments . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁website , ▁the ▁organisation ▁describes ▁its ▁purpose ▁as : ▁ ▁We ▁are ▁committed ▁to ▁preserv ing ▁this ▁resource ▁for ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁W elling ton ▁and ▁whilst ▁we ▁will ▁support ▁appropriate ▁development ▁that ▁enh ances ▁public ▁spaces ▁and ▁usage , ▁we ▁will ▁question ▁any ▁excessive ▁development ▁that ▁seeks ▁to ▁priv at ise ▁and ▁restrict ▁public ▁access , ▁remove ▁views ▁and ▁view sh aft s , ▁down grades ▁our ▁heritage ▁or ▁introdu ces ▁excess ▁sh ading ▁or ▁wind ▁issues |
. ▁ ▁Not able ▁campaigns ▁ ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁proposal ▁– ▁term ed ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 ▁– ▁to ▁re develop ▁W elling ton ' s ▁water front ▁into ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁spaces . ▁The ▁proposal ▁drew ▁fierce ▁criticism ▁from ▁some ▁quarters , ▁and ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁proposal . ▁The ▁W elling ton ▁City ▁Council ▁received ▁a ▁record - breaking ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁public ▁subm issions , ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 4 % ▁opposed ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal ▁was ▁shel ved , ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Wait ang i ▁Park ▁remains ▁as ▁public ▁land . ▁ ▁North ▁Kum ut oto ▁development ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁W elling ton ▁Water front ▁Ltd ▁detailed ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁office ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁Kum ut oto ▁wh ar f ▁which ▁is ▁over ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁met re ▁height ▁limit ▁for ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁proposal ▁came ▁after ▁plans ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁a ▁ 6 - story ▁office ▁block ▁were ▁blocked ▁by ▁the ▁Environment ▁Court . ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁President ▁Paul ine ▁Sw ann ▁said ▁she ▁was ▁app alled ▁that ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁going ▁against ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁recommendation : ▁" We ' re ▁very ▁concerned . ▁I ' ve ▁had ▁a ▁word ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁coun c ill ors ▁about ▁it ." |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁W elling ton ▁Har bour ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁on ▁Facebook ▁W elling ton ▁Water front ▁Limited , ▁the ▁W elling ton ▁City ▁Council ▁controlled ▁organisation ▁charged ▁with ▁developing ▁the ▁water front ▁Prote ct ing ▁public ▁spaces , ▁story ▁at ▁Te ▁A ra : ▁The ▁En cycl op edia ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁W elling ton ▁Category : W elling ton ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Kh ang ▁Lang ▁Ph ap ▁( ), ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Behind ▁the ▁Pain ting , ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁romantic ▁novel ▁by ▁K ul ap ▁Sa ip rad it ▁( writing ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁S ib ur aph a ), ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁It ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁N op ph on , ▁a ▁Th ai ▁student ▁studying ▁in ▁Japan , ▁who ▁meets ▁and ▁develop s ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁arist ocratic ▁lady ▁Mom ▁Raj aw ong se ▁Kir ati , ▁the ▁newly ▁married ▁wife ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁acqu aint ance . ▁N op ph on ▁and ▁Kir ati ▁develop ▁romantic ▁feelings ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁acknowledge , ▁leading ▁to ▁t ensions ▁as ▁the ▁characters ▁face ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁their ▁feelings ▁and ▁famil ial ▁duties . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fore most ▁classic ▁novels ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁literary ▁canon . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁re print ed ▁almost ▁forty ▁times , ▁is ▁commonly ▁listed ▁as ▁required |
▁reading ▁for ▁secondary ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁into ▁two ▁films ▁( by ▁Pi ak ▁Post er ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁Cher d ▁Songs ri ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁and ▁three ▁stage ▁musical s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Th ai ▁literature ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁novels ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁novels <0x0A> </s> ▁Roth bury ▁Community ▁Hospital ▁is ▁a ▁health ▁facility ▁at ▁Roth bury , ▁North umber land , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁North umb ria ▁Health care ▁N HS ▁Foundation ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁original ▁facility ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁home ▁known ▁as ▁Co quet ▁House ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁Co quet dale ▁C ottage ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁A ▁m atern ity ▁ward ▁was ▁added , ▁as ▁a ▁lasting ▁memorial ▁to ▁soldiers ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁It ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁the ▁ad join ing ▁Haw th orn ▁C ottage ▁was ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁After ▁Haw th orn ▁C ottage ▁had ▁been ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁phys i otherapy ▁department , ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁re - op ened ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Sav ile ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁old ▁hospital ▁became ▁dil ap id ated , ▁modern ▁facilities ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Wh itt on ▁Bank |
▁Road ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁new ▁hospital ▁closed ▁to ▁in pat ients ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁trust ▁advised ▁that ▁a ▁group ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁proposals ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁remaining ▁services ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : H osp itals ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H osp itals ▁in ▁North umber land ▁Category : R oth bury ▁Category : N HS ▁hospitals ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Wild fl ower ▁Film ▁Awards ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁recogn izing ▁the ▁achievements ▁of ▁Korean ▁independent ▁and ▁low - bud get ▁films . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Liter ature ▁House ▁in ▁Se oul ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁▁ ▁This ▁year ▁awards ▁includes ▁a ▁new ▁category ▁for ▁Best ▁Music ▁and ▁Best ▁Produ cer . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁pri zes ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁films ▁nominated ▁across ▁ 1 0 ▁categories ▁for ▁both ▁documentary ▁and ▁narrative ▁works , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁budget ▁under ▁ ▁() ▁and ▁released ▁the at ric ally ▁between ▁January ▁ 1 ▁and ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁and ▁winners ▁( W inners ▁denoted ▁in ▁bold ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Wild fl ower |
▁Film ▁Awards ▁Category : W ild fl ower ▁Film ▁Awards ▁Wild fl ower ▁Film ▁Awards <0x0A> </s> ▁" Gl ory ▁Days " ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁by ▁UK ▁artist ▁Just ▁Jack ▁which ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁reached ▁ 3 2 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁fil med ▁down ▁the ▁world - f amous ▁Br ick ▁Lane ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁End ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" Gl ory ▁Days " ▁ ▁" Gl ory ▁Days " ▁( D J ▁Me h di ▁Rem ix ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁singles ▁Category : Just ▁Jack ▁songs ▁Category : Mer cury ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Ray no ch ▁Joseph ▁Thompson ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁line back er ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Arizona ▁Card inals ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁( 4 5 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee . ▁He ▁spent ▁ 5 ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁until ▁they ▁released ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season . ▁After ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , |
▁but ▁they ▁cut ▁him ▁before ▁the ▁season . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁All - American ▁and ▁a ▁But k us ▁Award ▁Final ist ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁National ▁Championship ▁team ▁that ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : St . ▁August ine ▁High ▁School ▁( New ▁Orleans ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : American ▁football ▁line back ers ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : A rizona ▁Card inals ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Aaron ▁Dun phy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁hur ler ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Championship ▁club ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il c ot ton ▁and ▁at ▁inter - count y ▁level ▁with ▁the ▁La ois ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁team . ▁He ▁usually ▁lines ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁wing - forward . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il c ot ton ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁La ois ▁Joe ▁Mc Don agh ▁Cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Aaron ▁Dun phy ▁profile ▁at ▁the ▁La ois ▁G AA ▁website |
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B or ris - in - O ss ory / K il c ot ton ▁h url ers ▁Category : L ao is ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Lan ' an ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tibet an ▁Aut onom ous ▁P ref ect ure ▁of ▁S ich uan , ▁China . ▁ ▁Rum ors ▁among ▁the ▁international ▁community ▁have ▁peg ged ▁the ▁town ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁front ▁runner ▁in ▁the ▁upcoming ▁Miss ▁Most ▁Beautiful ▁Small ▁Village ▁Page ant . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tibet an ▁Aut onom ous ▁P ref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁( also ▁called ▁dev otion als ▁or ▁Christian ▁living ▁literature ) ▁is ▁religious ▁writing ▁that ▁Christian ▁individuals ▁read ▁for ▁their ▁personal ▁growth ▁and ▁spiritual ▁formation . ▁ ▁Popular ▁dev otion als ▁ ▁Books ▁Con ferences ▁( ca . ▁ 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cass ian ▁The ▁Lad der ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Asc ent ▁( ca . ▁ 6 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cl im ac us ▁H ym ns ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 0 2 0 ), ▁by ▁Sym e on ▁the ▁New ▁The olog ian ▁On ▁L oving ▁God ▁( ca . ▁ 1 1 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cl air v aux ▁The ▁Fl owing ▁Light ▁of ▁Div inity ▁( ca |
. ▁ 1 2 7 0 ), ▁by ▁Me ch th ild ▁of ▁Mag de burg ▁The ▁Spirit ual ▁Esp ous als ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Jan ▁van ▁Ru us bro ec ▁The ▁Dialog ue ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Prov idence ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Catherine ▁of ▁S ien a ▁R evel ations ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁Julian ▁of ▁Nor wich ▁ ▁The ▁I mit ation ▁of ▁Christ ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 2 3 ), ▁by ▁Thomas ▁à ▁K emp is ▁The ▁Interior ▁Castle ▁( 1 5 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Ter esa ▁of ▁Av ila ▁Asc ent ▁of ▁Mount ▁Carm el ▁( 1 5 7 9 ), ▁by ▁John ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Dev out ▁Life ▁( 1 6 0 9 ), ▁by ▁François ▁de ▁Sales ▁True ▁Dev otion ▁to ▁Mary ▁( 1 7 1 2 ), ▁by ▁Louis ▁de ▁Mont fort ▁The ▁Practice ▁of ▁the ▁Pres ence ▁of ▁God ▁( 1 7 9 2 ), ▁by ▁Brother ▁Lawrence ▁The ▁Christian ▁Year ▁( 1 8 2 7 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Ke ble ▁My ▁Ut most ▁for ▁His ▁Hig hest ▁( ca . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁by ▁O sw ald ▁Ch ambers ▁Saint ▁August ine ' s ▁Pray er ▁Book ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁by ▁Loren ▁G av itt ▁and ▁Ar chie ▁D rake ▁( edit ors ) ▁Jesus ▁Call ing ▁( 2 |
0 0 4 ), ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Young ▁ ▁Book lets ▁The ▁Upper ▁Room ▁( 1 9 3 5 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁Port als ▁of ▁Pray er ▁( 1 9 3 7 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Con cord ia ▁Publishing ▁House ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁( 1 9 5 6 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁Online ▁Dev ot ional ▁Liter ature ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁dev otion als ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Online ▁arch ives ▁of ▁the ▁dev ot ional ▁are ▁available ▁back ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁began ▁email ing ▁the ▁Upper ▁Room ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁guide ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁following , ▁many ▁Christian ▁organizations ▁began ▁adding ▁a ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁to ▁their ▁website . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁an ▁in complete ▁list ▁of ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁services ▁available ▁through ▁recognized ▁Christian ▁organizations . ▁ ▁Camp us ▁Cr us ade ▁for ▁Christ ▁ ▁Cross walk . com ▁ ▁Grace ▁to ▁You ▁ ▁Luther an ▁H our ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁M ood y ▁Bible ▁Institute ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bible ▁study ▁( Christ ian ) ▁ ▁Qu iet ▁Time ▁ ▁Christian ▁contempl ation ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁spiritual ity ▁List ▁of ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁Category : Rel igious ▁literature ▁Dev ot ional |
▁Lit <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁rot ating ▁or ▁sliding ▁piece ▁in ▁a ▁mechanical ▁link age ▁used ▁especially ▁in ▁transform ing ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁into ▁linear ▁motion . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁wheel ▁( e . g . ▁an ▁ecc entric ▁wheel ) ▁or ▁shaft ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁with ▁an ▁ir regular ▁shape ) ▁that ▁strikes ▁a ▁lever ▁at ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁points ▁on ▁its ▁circular ▁path . ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁simple ▁tooth , ▁as ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁deliver ▁pul ses ▁of ▁power ▁to ▁a ▁steam ▁hammer , ▁for ▁example , ▁or ▁an ▁ecc entric ▁disc ▁or ▁other ▁shape ▁that ▁produces ▁a ▁smooth ▁recip roc ating ▁( back ▁and ▁forth ) ▁motion ▁in ▁the ▁f oll ower , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁lever ▁making ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁cam . ▁A ▁cam ▁timer ▁is ▁similar , ▁and ▁were ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁electric ▁machine ▁control ▁( an ▁elect rome chan ical ▁timer ▁in ▁a ▁washing ▁machine ▁being ▁a ▁common ▁example ) ▁before ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁in exp ensive ▁electron ics , ▁micro cont rollers , ▁integrated ▁circ uits , ▁program m able ▁logic ▁cont rollers ▁and ▁digital ▁control . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁device ▁that ▁rot ates ▁from ▁spher ical ▁to ▁recip roc ating ▁( or ▁sometimes ▁oscill ating ) ▁motion . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁cam sh aft ▁of ▁an ▁autom obile , ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁conver |
ts ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁recip roc ating ▁motion ▁necessary ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁val ves ▁of ▁the ▁cyl ind ers . ▁ ▁Dis placement ▁diagram ▁▁ ▁C ams ▁can ▁be ▁characterized ▁by ▁their ▁displ acement ▁diagram s , ▁which ▁reflect ▁the ▁changing ▁position ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁would ▁make ▁as ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁moves ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁f oll ower . ▁In ▁the ▁example ▁shown , ▁the ▁cam ▁rot ates ▁about ▁an ▁axis . ▁These ▁diagram s ▁relate ▁angular ▁position , ▁usually ▁in ▁degrees , ▁to ▁the ▁radial ▁displ acement ▁experienced ▁at ▁that ▁position . ▁Dis placement ▁diagram s ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁presented ▁as ▁graphs ▁with ▁non - negative ▁values . ▁A ▁simple ▁displ acement ▁diagram ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁motion ▁at ▁a ▁constant ▁velocity ▁rise ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁similar ▁return ▁with ▁a ▁dwell ▁in ▁between ▁as ▁depicted ▁in ▁figure ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁rise ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁cam ▁center , ▁dwell ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁where ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁is ▁at ▁rest , ▁and ▁return ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁toward ▁the ▁cam ▁center . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁type ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁val ve ▁act u ators ▁in ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engines . ▁Here , ▁the ▁cam ▁profile ▁is ▁commonly ▁symmetric ▁and ▁at ▁rot ational ▁speeds ▁generally ▁met ▁with , ▁very ▁high ▁acceler ation ▁forces ▁develop . ▁Ide ally , ▁a ▁convex ▁curve ▁between ▁the ▁on set ▁and ▁maximum ▁position ▁of ▁lift |
▁reduces ▁acceler ation , ▁but ▁this ▁requires ▁imp ract ically ▁large ▁shaft ▁diam eters ▁relative ▁to ▁lift . ▁Thus , ▁in ▁practice , ▁the ▁points ▁at ▁which ▁lift ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁profile . ▁This ▁is ▁continuous ▁with ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁tip ▁circle . ▁In ▁designing ▁the ▁cam , ▁the ▁lift ▁and ▁the ▁dwell ▁angle ▁ ▁are ▁given . ▁If ▁the ▁profile ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁large ▁base ▁circle ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁tip ▁circle , ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁common ▁tang ent , ▁giving ▁lift ▁, ▁the ▁relationship ▁can ▁be ▁calculated , ▁given ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁between ▁one ▁tang ent ▁and ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁symmetry ▁( ▁being ▁), ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁the ▁circles ▁( required ), ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁base ▁( g iven ) ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁tip ▁circle ▁( required ): ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Disc ▁or ▁plate ▁cam ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁cam ▁is ▁the ▁cam ▁plate ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁disc ▁cam ▁or ▁radial ▁cam ) ▁which ▁is ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁flat ▁metal ▁or ▁plate . ▁Here , ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam sh aft . ▁Several ▁key ▁terms ▁are ▁relevant ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁construction ▁of ▁plate ▁cam s : ▁base ▁circle , ▁prime ▁circle ▁( with ▁radius ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁radius |
▁and ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁radius ), ▁pitch ▁curve ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁curve ▁tr aced ▁out ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁radial ▁displ ac ements ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁prime ▁circle ▁across ▁all ▁angles , ▁and ▁the ▁l obe ▁separation ▁angle ▁( L SA ▁- ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁two ▁adjacent ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁cam ▁lob es ). ▁ ▁The ▁base ▁circle ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁circle ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁cam ▁profile . ▁ ▁A ▁once ▁common , ▁but ▁now ▁out dated , ▁application ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁automatic ▁machine ▁tool ▁programming ▁cam s . ▁Each ▁tool ▁movement ▁or ▁operation ▁was ▁controlled ▁directly ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁cam s . ▁Inst ructions ▁for ▁producing ▁programming ▁cam s ▁and ▁cam ▁generation ▁data ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁makes ▁of ▁machine , ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁engineering ▁references ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁modern ▁C NC ▁era . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁many ▁simple ▁elect rome chan ical ▁appl iances ▁cont rollers , ▁such ▁as ▁dis hw ash ers ▁and ▁clothes ▁washing ▁machines , ▁to ▁act uate ▁mechanical ▁sw itches ▁that ▁control ▁the ▁various ▁parts . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁cam ▁▁ ▁A ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁or ▁ ▁barrel ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁cam ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁r ides ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type , ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁r ides ▁in ▁a ▁gro ove ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁cam s ▁are ▁princip ally ▁used ▁to |
▁convert ▁rot ational ▁motion ▁to ▁linear ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁rot ational ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁A ▁cyl inder ▁may ▁have ▁several ▁gro oves ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁and ▁drive ▁several ▁followers . ▁C yl ind rical ▁cam s ▁can ▁provide ▁mot ions ▁that ▁involve ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁single ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁generally ▁provide ▁positive ▁position ing , ▁removing ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁provision ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁ ▁Ap plications ▁include ▁machine ▁tool ▁drives , ▁such ▁as ▁recip roc ating ▁saw s , ▁and ▁shift ▁control ▁barrel s ▁in ▁sequ ential ▁transm issions , ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁most ▁modern ▁motor cy cles . ▁ ▁A ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁this ▁cam ▁is ▁constant ▁lead , ▁where ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁as ▁in ▁a ▁lead ▁screw . ▁The ▁purpose ▁and ▁detail ▁of ▁implementation ▁influence ▁whether ▁this ▁application ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁cam ▁or ▁a ▁screw ▁thread , ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁the ▁nom en cl ature ▁may ▁be ▁ambig uous . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁cam s ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁an ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁along ▁the ▁cam . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁for ▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁fire ▁control |
▁mechanisms ▁for ▁guns ▁on ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computers . ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁with ▁two ▁inputs ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁du plic ating ▁lat he , ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Kl ot z ▁ax e ▁handle ▁lat he , ▁which ▁cuts ▁an ▁ax e ▁handle ▁to ▁a ▁form ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁pattern ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁cam ▁for ▁the ▁lat he ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁Face ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁produces ▁motion ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁riding ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁disk . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁has ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁ride ▁in ▁a ▁slot ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁capt ive ▁f oll ower ▁produces ▁radial ▁motion ▁with ▁positive ▁position ing ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁mechanism ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁generally ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁slot ▁for ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁on ▁each ▁face . ▁In ▁some ▁applications , ▁a ▁single ▁element , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁gear , ▁a ▁barrel ▁cam ▁or ▁other ▁rot ating ▁element ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁face , ▁may ▁do ▁duty ▁as ▁a ▁face ▁cam ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁other ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Face ▁cam s ▁may ▁provide ▁repet itive ▁motion ▁with ▁a ▁gro ove ▁that ▁forms ▁a ▁closed ▁curve ▁or ▁may ▁provide ▁function ▁generation ▁with ▁a ▁stopped ▁gro ove . ▁C ams ▁used ▁for ▁function ▁generation ▁may ▁have ▁gro oves ▁that ▁require ▁several ▁rev olutions ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁complete ▁function , |
▁and ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁function ▁generally ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁in vert ible ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁gro ove ▁does ▁not ▁self ▁inter sect , ▁and ▁the ▁function ▁output ▁value ▁must ▁differ ▁enough ▁at ▁corresponding ▁rot ations ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁sufficient ▁material ▁separ ating ▁the ▁adjacent ▁gro ove ▁segments . ▁A ▁common ▁form ▁is ▁the ▁constant ▁lead ▁cam , ▁where ▁the ▁displ acement ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁scroll ▁plate ▁in ▁a ▁scroll ▁chuck . ▁Non - in vert ible ▁functions , ▁which ▁require ▁the ▁gro ove ▁to ▁self - inter sect , ▁can ▁be ▁implemented ▁using ▁special ▁f oll ower ▁designs . ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁cam ▁provides ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁cam ▁rotation . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁s ash ▁window ▁lock , ▁where ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁mounted ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁s ash , ▁and ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁is ▁the ▁hook ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁s ash . ▁In ▁this ▁application , ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁mechanical ▁advantage ▁in ▁forcing ▁the ▁window ▁shut , ▁and ▁also ▁provides ▁a ▁self - lock ing ▁action , ▁like ▁some ▁worm ▁g ears , ▁due ▁to ▁fr iction . ▁ ▁Face ▁cam s ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁a ▁single ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁typically ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁f oll ower . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the |
▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁cam . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁is ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computation ▁and ▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems . ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁that ▁implements ▁three ▁outputs ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁rot ational ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁stere o ▁ph on ograph , ▁where ▁a ▁relatively ▁constant ▁lead ▁gro ove ▁guides ▁the ▁st yl us ▁and ▁tone arm ▁unit , ▁acting ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁rock er - type ▁( t one arm ) ▁or ▁linear ▁( linear ▁tracking ▁tur nt able ) ▁f oll ower , ▁and ▁the ▁st yl us ▁alone ▁acting ▁as ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁for ▁two ▁orth og onal ▁outputs ▁to ▁representing ▁the ▁audio ▁signals . ▁These ▁mot ions ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁record ▁and ▁at ▁angles ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁to ▁the ▁plane ▁of ▁the ▁disk ▁( normal ▁to ▁the ▁gro ove ▁faces ). ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁tone arm ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁tur nt ables ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁input , ▁such ▁as ▁to ▁turn ▁the ▁unit ▁off ▁or ▁to ▁load ▁the ▁next ▁disk ▁in ▁a ▁stack , ▁but ▁was ▁ignored ▁in ▁simple ▁units . ▁ ▁Heart ▁shaped ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁symmetric ▁heart , ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁return ▁a ▁shaft ▁holding ▁the ▁cam ▁to ▁a ▁set ▁position ▁by ▁pressure ▁from ▁a ▁roll er . ▁They ▁were ▁used ▁on ▁early ▁models ▁of ▁Post ▁Office ▁Master ▁cl ocks ▁to ▁synchron ise ▁the ▁clock ▁time ▁with ▁Green wich ▁Mean ▁Time ▁when ▁the ▁activ ating ▁f oll |
ower ▁was ▁pressed ▁onto ▁the ▁cam ▁automatically ▁via ▁a ▁signal ▁from ▁an ▁accurate ▁time ▁source . ▁ ▁Sn ail ▁drop ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁mechanical ▁time keeping ▁clock ing - in ▁cl ocks ▁to ▁drive ▁the ▁day ▁advance ▁mechanism ▁at ▁precisely ▁midnight ▁and ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁being ▁raised ▁over ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁by ▁the ▁cam ▁in ▁a ▁sp iral ▁path ▁which ▁term inated ▁at ▁a ▁sharp ▁cut ▁off ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁f oll ower ▁would ▁drop ▁down ▁and ▁activate ▁the ▁day ▁advance . ▁Where ▁timing ▁accuracy ▁is ▁required ▁as ▁in ▁clock ing - in ▁cl ocks ▁these ▁were ▁typically ▁ingen iously ▁arranged ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁roll er ▁cam ▁f oll ower ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁drop ▁weight ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁journey ▁to ▁near ▁its ▁full ▁height , ▁and ▁only ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁portion ▁of ▁its ▁travel ▁for ▁the ▁weight ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁over ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁solid ▁f oll ower ▁with ▁a ▁sharp ▁edge . ▁This ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁weight ▁dropped ▁at ▁a ▁precise ▁moment , ▁enabling ▁accurate ▁timing . ▁This ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁two ▁sn ail ▁cam s ▁mounted ▁co ax ially ▁with ▁the ▁roll er ▁initially ▁resting ▁on ▁one ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁solid ▁f oll ower ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁its ▁cam ▁profile . ▁Thus ▁the ▁roll er ▁cam ▁initially ▁carried ▁the ▁weight , ▁until ▁at ▁the ▁final ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁run ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁the ▁non - roller ▁cam ▁rose |
▁more ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁causing ▁the ▁solid ▁f oll ower ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁weight . ▁ ▁Line ar ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁one ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁cam ▁element ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ates . ▁The ▁cam ▁element ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block ▁but ▁maybe ▁any ▁cross - section . ▁The ▁key ▁feature ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁input ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁motion ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ational . ▁The ▁cam ▁profile ▁may ▁be ▁cut ▁into ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁edges ▁of ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block , ▁maybe ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁slots ▁or ▁gro oves ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁element , ▁or ▁may ▁even ▁be ▁a ▁surface ▁profile ▁for ▁a ▁cam ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁input . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁similar ▁to , ▁but ▁not ▁identical ▁to , ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁cam . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁for ▁a ▁pin ▁tum bler ▁lock . ▁The ▁p ins ▁act ▁as ▁followers . ▁This ▁behavior ▁is ▁exempl ified ▁when ▁the ▁key ▁is ▁du plicated ▁in ▁a ▁key ▁du plication ▁machine , ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁key ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁cam ▁for ▁cutting ▁the ▁new ▁key . ▁ ▁History ▁Cam ▁mechanisms ▁appeared ▁in ▁China ▁at ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross bow ▁trigger - me chan ism ▁with ▁a ▁cam - shaped ▁swing ▁arm . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁trigger ▁mechanism ▁did ▁not ▁rot ate ▁around ▁its ▁own ▁axis ▁and ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁technology ▁generally |
▁made ▁little ▁use ▁of ▁contin ously ▁rot ating ▁cam s . ▁Nevertheless , ▁later ▁research ▁showed ▁that ▁cam ▁mechanisms ▁appeared ▁in ▁water - driven ▁trip ▁h amm ers ▁by ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Han ▁D yn asty ▁( 2 0 6 ▁BC ▁- ▁ 8 ▁AD ) ▁as ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁H uan ▁Z i ▁X in ▁L un . ▁Complex ▁p est les ▁were ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁later ▁records ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Jin ▁Z hu ▁G ong ▁Z an ▁and ▁the ▁T ian ▁G ong ▁K ai ▁Wu , ▁amongst ▁many ▁other ▁records ▁of ▁water - driven ▁p est les . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁T ang ▁dyn asty , ▁the ▁wooden ▁clock ▁within ▁the ▁water - driven ▁astr ono ical ▁device , ▁the ▁sp urs ▁inside ▁a ▁water - driven ▁arm ill ary ▁sphere , ▁the ▁automated ▁alarm ▁within ▁a ▁five - whe eled ▁sand - driven ▁clock , ▁artificial ▁paper ▁fig ur ines ▁within ▁a ▁revol ving ▁lan tern , ▁all ▁utilized ▁cam ▁mechanisms .. ▁The ▁Chinese ▁h od ometer ▁which ▁utilized ▁a ▁bell ▁and ▁g ong ▁mechanism ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam , ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁Sh i . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁N ong sh u , ▁the ▁vertical ▁wheel ▁of ▁a ▁water - driven ▁wind ▁box ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁these ▁examples , ▁the ▁water - driven ▁p est le ▁and ▁the ▁water ▁driven ▁wind ▁wind ▁box ▁both ▁have ▁two ▁cam ▁mechanisms ▁inside . ▁. ▁C ams ▁that ▁rot ated ▁continuously ▁and |
▁function ed ▁as ▁integral ▁machine ▁elements ▁were ▁built ▁into ▁H ellen istic ▁water - driven ▁autom ata ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century ▁BC . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁later ▁appeared ▁in ▁mechanisms ▁by ▁Al - J az ari ▁and ▁Sh o os ht ari , ▁who ▁used ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁autom ata , ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 6 . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁appeared ▁in ▁European ▁mechanisms ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Cam ▁design ▁pages ▁Creates ▁animated ▁cam s ▁for ▁specified ▁f oll ower ▁mot ions . ▁ ▁Kin em atic ▁Mod els ▁for ▁Design ▁Digital ▁Library ▁( K MOD DL ) ▁- ▁Mov ies ▁and ▁photos ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁working ▁mechanical - system s ▁models ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University . ▁Also ▁includes ▁an ▁e - book ▁library ▁of ▁classic ▁texts ▁on ▁mechanical ▁design ▁and ▁engineering . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms ▁- ▁C ams ▁Class ification , ▁nom en cl ature , ▁motion , ▁and ▁design ▁of ▁cam s ; ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁course , ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms , ▁at ▁Car ne gie ▁M ell on ▁University . ▁ ▁Pol ynom ial ▁cam ▁function ▁with ▁exc el ▁V BA ▁file ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁its ▁motion ▁ ▁Category : Me chan isms ▁( engine ering ) <0x0A> </s> ▁G anded he ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Indian ▁K ann ada ▁language ▁romantic ▁action ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak |
ula ▁Sh iva ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Ram u ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter prises . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Ch ir anje ev i ▁Sar ja ▁and ▁R ag ini ▁D w ived i ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁roles . ▁Not ed ▁composer ▁Ch ak ri ▁scored ▁the ▁music . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Kr ish na ▁( Ch ir anje ev i ) ▁is ▁a ▁poor ▁college ▁going ▁boy ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁class mate ▁N and ini ▁( R ag ini ). ▁N and ini ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁rich ▁land lord ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁( Dev ar aj ). ▁Both ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁and ▁seeks ▁approval ▁from ▁their ▁parents . ▁N and ini ' s ▁father ▁is ▁much ▁against ▁the ▁alliance ▁and ▁dis appro ves ▁the ▁relationship . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁methods ▁adopted ▁by ▁Kr ish na ▁to ▁win ▁over ▁N and ini ' s ▁family ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁S MS ▁( R ag hu ) ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁solution ▁for ▁every ▁issue ▁that ▁Kr ish na ▁faces . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Ch ir anje ev i ▁Sar ja ▁as ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁R ag ini ▁D w ived i ▁as ▁N and ini ▁ ▁Dev ar aj ▁as ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁ ▁Rang ay ana ▁R ag hu ▁as ▁S MS ▁ ▁Shar ath ▁L oh it ash wa ▁▁ ▁R ames h ▁B hat ▁ ▁Ar una ▁Bal ar aj ▁ ▁K ashi ▁Jim ▁r |
avi ▁ ▁S ath y aj ith ▁ ▁K em peg ow da ▁ ▁Dom bara ▁Kr ish na ▁S ures h ▁ ▁P avan ▁Ben aka ▁ ▁Va ij an ath ▁Bir ad ar ▁ ▁S ury an ar ay ana ▁wa ali ▁▁ ▁Hon nav all i ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁Production ▁Ram u , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter prises , ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁film ▁writer ▁Ak ul ▁Sh iva ▁to ▁direct ▁his ▁debut ▁K ann ada ▁film ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁ro ped ▁in ▁actor ▁Ch ir anje ev i ▁Sar ja ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁lead ▁role . ▁Act ress ▁R ag ini ▁D w ived i ▁was ▁also ▁approached ▁and ▁signed ▁into ▁the ▁team . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁basically ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁college ▁campus ▁background . ▁The ▁unit ▁shot ▁two ▁songs ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Singapore ▁for ▁about ▁eight ▁days . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁▁ ▁Music ▁was ▁Com posed ▁by ▁Ch ak ri ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁An and ▁Audio ▁Video . ▁ ▁Release ▁▁ ▁The ▁film ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁across ▁K arn at aka . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁▁ ▁Upon ▁release , ▁the ▁film ▁generally ▁met ▁with ▁average ▁reviews ▁from ▁the ▁critics ▁and ▁audience . ▁▁ ▁S ify ▁in ▁its ▁review ▁Not ed ▁"' G anded he ' ▁is ▁a ▁predict able ▁fare ▁with ▁just ▁some ▁good ▁fight ▁scenes ▁thrown ▁in ." ▁ ▁One Ind ia ▁in ▁its |
▁review ▁said ▁" G anded he ▁has ▁super b ▁fight ▁sequence , ▁but ▁has ▁an ▁age ▁old ▁story . ▁It ▁lack s ▁fresh ness , ▁which ▁might ▁disappoint ▁the ▁movie ▁go ers ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ind i ag l itz ▁Review ▁ ▁G anded he ▁Songs ▁list ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁action ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁romance ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁romance ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : Rom antic ▁action ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Mount ▁Sk ook ▁David son , ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁Ke ch ika ▁R anges ▁of ▁the ▁Cass iar ▁Mountains ▁in ▁far ▁northern ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁It ▁overlook s ▁the ▁[[ D iam ond ▁ ▁J ▁R anch ]], ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁John ▁Og il v ie ▁David son , ▁known ▁as ▁" Sk ook " ▁David son ▁or ▁" Sk ook um " ▁David son ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁stat ure ▁( big ▁and ▁strong , ▁see ▁sk ook um ). ▁ ▁David son ▁was ▁a ▁notable ▁local ▁pione er ▁who ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁land ▁survey or ▁before ▁taking ▁up ▁packing ▁and ▁gu iding ▁and ▁ranch ing ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁ ▁He ▁helped ▁discover ▁and ▁select ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁Alaska ▁Highway . |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ch in ook ▁J arg on ▁plac en ames ▁ ▁Prom in ence ▁Its ▁top ographic ▁prom in ence ▁is ▁ 1 3 6 1 m ▁above ▁its ▁col ▁at ▁Den et iah ▁Lake . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Li ard ▁Country ▁Category : C ass iar ▁Mountains <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁is ▁a ▁R ural ▁Municip ali y ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Gand aki ▁Zone ▁of ▁northern - cent ral ▁Nep al . ▁After ▁mer ging ▁of ▁ 7 ▁village ▁development ▁committee , ▁it ' s ▁called ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Association ▁is ▁the ▁governing ▁body ▁of ▁association ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁territory ▁of ▁Gu am . ▁ ▁Association ▁staff ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁FIFA ▁website . ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁A FC ▁website . ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁in ▁Gu am ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Gu am <0x0A> </s> ▁Y and am inta ▁Par ish ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁remote ▁rural ▁local ity ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁in ▁far ▁north west ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The |
▁ge ography ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁is ▁mostly ▁the ▁flat , ▁ar id ▁landscape ▁of ▁the ▁Channel ▁Country . ▁The ▁nearest ▁town ▁is ▁Tib o ob ur ra ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Silver ▁City ▁Highway ▁and ▁lies ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁St urt ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁The ▁Par ish ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Y and am inta ▁Creek ▁which ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Italian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁was ▁the ▁sixth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁M oto GP ▁championship . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁weekend ▁of ▁ 1 – 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁the ▁M ug ello ▁Circ uit . ▁ ▁M oto GP ▁classification ▁▁ 2 5 0 ▁cc ▁classification ▁▁ 1 2 5 ▁cc ▁classification ▁ ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁after ▁the ▁race ▁( M oto GP ) ▁ ▁Below ▁are ▁the ▁stand ings ▁for ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁r iders ▁and ▁construct ors ▁after ▁round ▁six ▁has ▁concluded . ▁▁ ▁R iders ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Construct ors ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁▁ ▁Note : ▁Only ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁positions ▁are ▁included ▁for ▁both ▁sets ▁of ▁stand ings . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : It al ian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Italian ▁Motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix <0x0A> </s> ▁Doug ount oun y ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁sub |
- pref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁Mal i ▁P ref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁of ▁northern ▁Gu inea . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁Category : Sub - pref ect ures ▁of ▁Gu inea <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁Sh r ine ▁at ▁K ott uru ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁ancient ▁shr ine ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁K ud lig i ▁ ▁tal uk , ▁Bell ary ▁District , ▁North ▁K arn at aka , ▁India , ▁ 5 8 3 1 3 4 . ▁This ▁temple ▁is ▁ 1 9 km ▁from ▁K ud lig i , ▁ 2 8 km ▁from ▁H ag ar ib om man ah all i , ▁▁ 1 2 9 km ▁from ▁Dav an ag ere ▁and ▁ 2 5 3 ▁ km ▁from ▁Bang al ore . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁( K ann ada : ▁ ಕ <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x8A> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x82> ರ ು ) ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁K ott ures hw ara , ▁so ▁its ▁history ▁st ems ▁from ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Once ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁when ▁the ▁ ▁Ve er asha iva ▁S ect ▁was ▁under ▁threat , ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁and ▁Par v ath i ▁from ▁Heaven ▁( K ail asa ) ▁ordered ▁N and i ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁Sar |
as ip ura / Sh ik ap ura ▁( the ▁earlier ▁name ▁of ▁K ott ur ) ▁and ▁protect ▁the ▁innocent ▁people . ▁So ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁disgu ised ▁in ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁saint ▁and ▁reached ▁Sh ik ap ura . ▁ ▁This ▁Saint ▁was ▁later ▁called ▁by ▁people ▁as ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁( K ott u ▁or ▁K od u ▁in ▁K ann ada ▁means ▁" G ive " ▁and ▁E sh war ▁means ▁" L ord ▁Sh iva "), ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁gives ▁bless ings . ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁is ▁also ▁famous ▁for ▁a ▁dish ▁called ▁mand ak ki : ▁Men as in ak ai . ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁varieties ▁of ▁mand ak ki . ▁Dev ote es ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁point ▁to ▁have ▁this ▁dish ▁when ▁they ▁visit . ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁history ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁( or ▁Dod da ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁H ire ▁Mut ta ) ▁( Sh r ine ) ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Once ▁people ▁started ▁visiting ▁Lord ▁K ott ures w ara ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁bless ings , ▁they ▁stopped ▁worship ing ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁complained ▁about ▁this ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Then ▁the ▁G uru ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁occup y ▁another ▁place ▁called ▁K od ath g ud da ▁where ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁Sw amy ▁temple ▁is ▁now |
. ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁equally ▁famous ▁temple ▁in ▁this ▁region . ▁ ▁N and i ▁who ▁disappeared ▁from ▁the ▁K ail asa ▁( He aven ) ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁an ▁unt idy ▁saint ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ik ap ura ▁or ▁Sar as ip ura ▁Sh r ine ▁( M ur kal ▁Mut ta : ▁The ▁three ▁stone ▁temple ▁or ▁shr ine ). ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁R ush i ▁( s inger ▁of ▁sacred ▁h ym ns , ▁also ▁an ▁inspired ▁poet ▁or ▁sage ) ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Sar as ip ura . ▁People ▁started ▁trou bling ▁N and i ▁by ▁throwing ▁stones ▁and ▁using ▁bad ▁words . ▁All ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁trou bled ▁N and i ▁lost ▁their ▁eyes ▁and ▁become ▁blind . ▁The ▁people ▁realized ▁their ▁mistake ▁and ▁bow ed ▁their ▁heads ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁saint . ▁By ▁this ▁incident ▁N and i ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁disgu ise ▁form ▁became ▁famous ▁and ▁people ▁started ▁visiting ▁him ▁to ▁solve ▁their ▁problems . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁one ▁day , ▁a ▁buff alo ▁died ▁and ▁the ▁cow ▁boy ▁approached ▁to ▁the ▁Saint ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁buff alo ; ▁than ▁the ▁Saint ▁kept ▁his ▁hand ▁on ▁the ▁buff alo ' s ▁head , ▁the ▁dead ▁buff alo ▁got ▁back ▁its ▁life . ▁Day ▁by ▁day ▁the ▁popularity ▁of ▁the ▁saint ▁increased . ▁Saint ▁offered ▁his ▁bless ings ▁with ▁Sh iva ▁accompanied ▁in ▁his ▁heart ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁people ▁and ▁solved ▁the ▁people ' s ▁problem . ▁ ▁Lord ▁K |
ott ures hw ara ▁temple ▁has ▁been ▁classified ▁into ▁four ▁M utt as ▁( Sh r ines ): ▁▁ ▁Mur kal ▁Mut ta ▁( Three ▁Stone ▁Sh r ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁came ▁first ▁to ▁earth . ▁ ▁Th otal ▁Mut ta ▁( Sh r ine ▁with ▁C rad le ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁bless es ▁dev ote es ▁with ▁a ▁child . ▁ ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁Dod da ▁Mut ta ▁( K ings ▁Assembly ▁Sh r ine ▁or ▁Big ▁Sh r ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁he ▁used ▁solve ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁( M edit ating ▁Place ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁G uru ▁K ott ures w ara ▁reached ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁by ▁med itating . ▁ ▁K ott ur amma ▁( Par v ath i ' s ▁temple ) ▁is ▁neither ▁the ▁wife ▁or ▁related ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁God dess ▁Par v ath i . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁of ▁her . ▁The ▁K arn am ▁family ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁maint ains ▁it . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁festival ▁in ▁every ▁August ▁where ▁in ▁which ▁l ak hs ▁of ▁people ▁attend ▁this ▁festival ▁ ▁Temple ▁activities ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁annual ▁fair ▁which ▁happens ▁just ▁before ▁Mah a Sh iv ar atri . ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁K arn at aka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁as |
semble ▁here ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁fair ▁and ▁car ▁festival . ▁K arth ik ots ava ▁is ▁celebrated ▁during ▁December . ▁Kar ling es hw ara ▁family ▁members ▁are ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁this ▁de ity . ▁Only ▁their ▁family ▁members ▁perform ▁all ▁the ▁ritual ▁activities ▁for ▁the ▁de ity . ▁ ▁Festival ▁activities ▁ ▁Dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Kar an at aka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁visit ▁this ▁place ▁during ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁Ther u ▁( R ath oth s ava ) ▁held ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁Mah a ▁Sh iv ar atri ▁during ▁February ▁every ▁year . ▁The ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁id ol ▁is ▁kept ▁inside ▁the ▁R ath a ▁and ▁then ▁he ▁is ▁served ▁milk ▁( K ann ada : ▁ ಗ ಿ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> ು - <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB9> ಾ ಲ ು ) ▁by ▁the ▁trib al ▁people . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁every ▁year ▁cow ▁or ▁buff alo ▁or ▁go at ▁gives ▁birth ▁to ▁their ▁young ▁ones ▁on ▁this ▁day ▁to ▁this ▁trib al ▁family ; ▁the ▁milk ▁which ▁is ▁obtained ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁served ▁to ▁the ▁Lord . ▁Then ▁the ▁r ath a ▁moves ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁particular ▁Nak sh atra ▁called ▁m ula ▁which ▁matches ▁at ▁some ▁time ▁on ▁that ▁particular ▁day . ▁This ▁r ath a ▁does ▁not ▁move ▁unless ▁and ▁until ▁this ▁Nak sh atra ▁matches ▁to ▁m ula . ▁Once ▁the ▁Nak sh atra ▁is ▁matched , ▁the ▁r ath |
a ▁moves ▁a ▁bit ▁on ▁its ▁own . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁amazing ▁thing ▁to ▁watch ; ▁it ▁sign ifies ▁that ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁is ▁now ▁inside ▁the ▁r ath a . ▁Only ▁then ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁r ath a ▁by ▁chant ing ▁man tra ▁" Om ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ar aya ▁Nam aha ", ▁" K ott ures hw ara ▁D ore ye , ▁Nin agy aru ▁S ari ya , ▁S ari ▁S ari ▁Y end av ara , ▁Ag ny ana ▁Th ore ye .. ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak || ". ▁Later ▁when ▁the ▁r ath a ▁starts ▁moving , ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁offer ▁flower ▁gar lands , ▁coc on uts ▁and ▁ban anas ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁reach ▁K ott ur ▁by ▁walking ▁from ▁their ▁native ▁places ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁called ▁as ▁Pad ha ▁Y atra ▁( process ion ). ▁People ▁from ▁nearby ▁villages ▁serve ▁them ▁food , ▁fruit , ▁juice ▁and ▁medicine ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁On ▁reaching ▁the ▁place ▁K ott ur , ▁dev ote es ▁visit ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁first , ▁then ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁shr ines ▁and ▁then ▁stay ▁at ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁other ▁M utt as . |
▁ ▁During ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁December , ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁K arth ik ots ava ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁for ▁about ▁six ▁weeks , ▁where ▁they ▁light ▁the ▁di y as ▁in ▁the ▁temple . ▁Di ya ▁are ▁small ▁e art hen ▁lamp ▁that ▁is ▁spec ially ▁lit ▁on ▁Di w ali ▁for ▁pu ja ▁and ▁decor ation ▁purposes . ▁A ▁cotton ▁w ick ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁di y as ▁and ▁oil ▁or ▁g he e ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁burning ▁fuel . ▁The ▁whole ▁shr ine ▁will ▁be ▁gl owing ▁bright ▁with ▁these ▁beautiful ▁di y as . ▁ ▁Pr as ad am ▁activities ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁are ▁provided ▁with ▁Pr as ad am ▁on ▁R ath oth s ava ▁day ▁which ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Dav ang ere ▁in ▁form ▁of ▁d ana . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁Road ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad ur ga - J ag al ur - U jj ini - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad ur ga - K ud lig i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bell ary - H osp et - H ag ar ib om man ah all i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Dav ang ere - H ari h ara - Har apan ah all i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Ha ver i - H ari h ara - Har apan ah all i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Sh im oga |
- H ari h ara - Har apan ah all i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁direct ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁( K arn at aka ▁State ▁Road ▁Transport ▁Corporation ) ▁bus es ▁to ▁K ott uru ▁from ▁Bang al ore ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁Pass engers ▁have ▁to ▁board ▁the ▁bus ▁going ▁to ▁H ag ar ib om man ah all i ▁and ▁Har apan ah all i . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁special ▁bus es ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru ▁during ▁this ▁car ▁festival . ▁ ▁Railway ▁station ▁▁ ▁Bang al ore - H ari har - D ar war . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - D av ang ere - H ari har - Har apan ah all i - K ott uru ▁ ▁Al ight ▁at ▁H ari har ▁and ▁then ▁catch ▁a ▁bus ; ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁bus es ▁are ▁available ▁from ▁here ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru . ▁ ▁Air ports ▁The ▁nearest ▁airport ▁is ▁at ▁Hub li ▁and ▁an ▁international ▁airport ▁is ▁at ▁Beng al uru . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H ind u ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁Category : T empl es ▁in ▁K arn at aka <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ol iv et ans , ▁or ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Ol iv et , ▁are ▁a ▁mon astic ▁order ▁formally |
▁recognised ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 4 . ▁They ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁Ol iv et an ▁Cong regation ▁within ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁Confeder ation ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Ol iv et ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁order , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁by ▁Bern ardo ▁Tol ome i ▁( born ▁Giovanni ▁Tol ome i ) ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁from ▁the ▁noble ▁families ▁of ▁S ien a , ▁Pat riz io ▁Patri zi ▁and ▁Amb rog io ▁Pic col om ini . ▁They ▁initially ▁lived ▁as ▁her m its ▁in ▁the ▁" s av age ▁waste ▁of ▁Ac con a ". ▁The ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁here ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁appro b ation ▁of ▁the ▁foundation ▁char ter ▁by ▁Gu ido ▁T arl ati , ▁b ishop ▁of ▁Are z zo ▁( 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 3 1 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" O liv et an " ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁order ' s ▁original ▁her mit age , ▁called ▁Monte ▁Ol iv eto ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁Pass ion . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁" Mon te ▁Ol iv eto ▁Mag gi ore " ▁(" gre ater ") ▁to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁success ive ▁found ations ▁at ▁Florence , ▁San ▁G im ign ano , ▁Nap les ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁It ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁mother ▁house ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁or |
▁congreg ation . ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁followers , ▁the ▁nas cent ▁community ▁adopted ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁St . ▁Bened ict ▁and ▁was ▁recognised ▁by ▁Pope ▁C lement ▁VI ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 8 ▁Gregory ▁XII ▁gave ▁them ▁the ▁ext inct ▁monaster y ▁of ▁St . ▁Just ina ▁at ▁Pad ua , ▁which ▁they ▁occupied ▁until ▁the ▁institution ▁there ▁of ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁reform . ▁ ▁Today ▁Unlike ▁many ▁other ▁Bened ict ine ▁congreg ations , ▁the ▁Ol iv et ans ▁have ▁a ▁central ized ▁structure , ▁super vised ▁by ▁the ▁ab bot ▁general ▁at ▁Monte ▁Ol iv eto ▁Mag gi ore . ▁Ol iv et an ▁Bened ict ines ▁wear ▁a ▁white ▁habit . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ol iv et an ▁mon ks ▁run ▁B ec ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁France , ▁which ▁was ▁left ▁in ▁ru ins ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Ol iv et ans ▁from ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Holy ▁Hope ▁at ▁Mes nil - Saint - L oup ▁and ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁at ▁C orm e illes - en - Par is is ▁re - est ab lished ▁the ▁monaster y ▁at ▁B ec . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon ks ▁from ▁St . ▁Bened ict ' s ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁former ▁Tr app |
ist ▁monaster y ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Gu ad alu pe ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁P ec os , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁monaster y ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ol iv et an ▁congreg ation . ▁The ▁ab bey ▁offers ▁retreat s ▁and ▁spiritual ▁direction . ▁ ▁The ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁Christ ▁Our ▁Sav iour ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tur vey ▁Ab bey , ▁Bed ford shire . ▁Ad j acent ▁to ▁the ▁monaster y ▁is ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Peace ▁of ▁Ol iv et an ▁Bened ict ine ▁n uns . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁and ▁the ▁pri ory ▁share ▁worship ▁services . ▁While ▁the ▁mon ks ▁have ▁no ▁outside ▁apost olate , ▁guests ▁are ▁welcome . ▁The ▁pri ory ▁is ▁not ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁but ▁the ▁chap el ▁is ▁open ▁and ▁visitors ▁are ▁welcome . ▁ ▁The ▁Cong regation ▁also ▁maintain ▁ab be ys ▁and ▁prior al ▁churches ▁in ▁Italy , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Ireland , ▁Belgium , ▁Switzerland , ▁Israel , ▁Korea , ▁Mexico , ▁Gu atem ala ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁they ▁formed ▁the ▁Ol iv et an ▁Cong regation ▁within ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁Ol iv et an ▁Bened ict ine ▁Women ▁Ol iv et an ▁n uns ▁are ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁sisters ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁n uns ▁focus ▁primarily ▁on ▁the ▁Div ine ▁Office ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Rule |
▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict , ▁while ▁the ▁sisters ▁engage ▁in ▁outside ▁apost ol ates ▁such ▁as ▁religious ▁education ▁or ▁past oral ▁care , ▁and ▁therefore ▁follow ▁a ▁modified ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁rule . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁Bened ict ine ▁sisters ▁from ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁Maria ▁R icken bach ▁in ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Unter wal den , ▁Switzerland , ▁arrived ▁as ▁teachers ▁in ▁Mary ville , ▁Missouri . ▁Short ly ▁there after ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sisters ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Arkansas . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁the ▁Arkansas ▁community ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Ol iv et ans . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁they ▁opened ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Jones bor o . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁The ▁Prop he cy ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y ▁is ▁a ▁supposed ▁list ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 ▁pop es ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 3 ▁with ▁Pope ▁Cel est ine ▁II ▁and ▁continuing ▁apparently ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁discovered ▁around ▁ 1 5 9 5 ▁by ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon k ▁Arnold ▁de ▁Wy on , ▁who ▁attributes ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁Mal ach y ▁of ▁Arm agh . ▁Each ▁po pe ▁is ▁identified ▁with ▁a ▁short ▁crypt ic ▁mot to . ▁The ▁next ▁to ▁last ▁po pe ▁has ▁the ▁mot to ▁Gl oria ▁o li u æ ▁( Gl ory ▁of ▁the ▁olive ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Joseph |
▁R atz inger ▁to ▁the ▁pap acy ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁pro ponents ▁of ▁the ▁prop he cy ▁connected ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁to ▁last ▁po pe : ▁R atz inger ▁chose ▁the ▁name ▁Bened ict ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁congreg ations ▁is ▁the ▁Ol iv et ans , ▁thus , ▁Gl oria ▁o li u æ . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁particular ▁connection ▁between ▁the ▁Ol iv et an ▁Order ▁and ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI . ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 9 , ▁Mal ach y ▁visited ▁Rome , ▁stopping ▁at ▁Cl air v aux ▁Ab bey ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁return . ▁His ▁contemporary , ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cl air v aux ▁wrote ▁a ▁vita ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y , ▁providing ▁many ▁interesting ▁an ec d otes , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁mention ▁any ▁prop he cy . ▁Rep ut able ▁church ▁histor ians ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁have ▁considered ▁" The ▁Prop he cy ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y " ▁a ▁for gery , ▁most ▁likely ▁written ▁around ▁ 1 5 9 0 . ▁Most ▁scholars ▁consider ▁the ▁document ▁a ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁elaborate ▁ho ax , ▁bearing ▁similar ities ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 5 5 7 ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁pop es ▁by ▁On of rio ▁Pan vin io , ▁including ▁mistakes . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Gro ome , ▁of ▁Boston ▁College ▁said , ▁" ... the ▁' Prop he |
cies ▁of ▁St . ▁Mal ach y ' ▁are ▁a ▁grand ▁old ▁fun ▁tale ▁that ▁have ▁about ▁as ▁much ▁reli ability ▁as ▁the ▁morning ▁hor os cope ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Gi useppe ▁Pic asso . ▁" La ▁spiritual ità ▁dell ' ant ico ▁mon ache sim o ▁alle ▁orig ini ▁di ▁Monte ▁Ol iv eto ," ▁in ▁Gian car lo ▁And en na ▁/ ▁Mir ko ▁Bre iten stein ▁/ ▁G ert ▁Mel ville ▁( eds . ): ▁Char is ma ▁und ▁relig i ö se ▁Geme ins chaft en ▁im ▁Mittel alter . ▁Ak ten ▁des ▁ 3 . ▁International en ▁Kong ress es ▁des ▁" It al ien isch - de utschen ▁Zent rum s ▁für ▁Ver gle iche nde ▁Ord ens gesch ichte ". ▁Mün ster ▁/ ▁Hamburg ▁/ ▁Berlin ▁/ ▁London : ▁L IT ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( V ita ▁regular is . ▁Or dn ungen ▁und ▁De ut ungen ▁relig ios en ▁Lebens ▁im ▁Mittel alter , ▁ 2 6 ), ▁ 4 4 3 – 4 6 1 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Monte ▁Ol iv eto ▁Mag gi ore ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁Bened ict ▁Pope ▁John ▁Paul ▁II . ▁" Let ter ▁to ▁the ▁Ol iv et an ▁Bened ict ines ▁on ▁the ▁ 6 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Bernard ▁Tol ome i ", ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁▁ ▁Category : C ath olic ▁orders ▁and ▁societies ▁▁ |
▁Category : B ened ict ine ▁congreg ations ▁Category : 1 3 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Rel igious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 1 0 s ▁Category : C ath olic ▁religious ▁orders ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁Category : C ath olic ▁mon astic ▁orders <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Ad olph us ▁O ug ht on , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁of ▁T ach bro ok , ▁War wick shire ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 6 ), ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁O ug ht on ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Ad olph us ▁O ug ht on ▁and ▁Mary ▁Sam well , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sam well , ▁of ▁U pton , ▁North ampton shire . ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁( 1 7 0 3 ). ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁captain ▁and ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Foot ▁Gu ards ▁( 1 7 0 6 ), ▁a ▁ 1 st ▁major ▁and ▁colon el ▁in ▁the ▁Cold stream ▁Gu ards ▁( 1 7 1 5 ) ▁and ▁a ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁( 1 7 1 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁Dr ago ons , ▁of ▁which ▁reg iment ▁he ▁assumed ▁the ▁colon el cy ▁in ▁ 1 |
7 3 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁brig ad ier - general ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁G room ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ch amber ▁to ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁from ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 7 1 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁sat ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Cov entry ▁between ▁ 1 7 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁bar on et , ▁of ▁T etch bro ok ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁War wick . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 7 3 6 . ▁He ▁had ▁first ▁married ▁his ▁cousin , ▁Frances ▁W ag st affe , ▁daughter ▁and ▁he ir ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁W ag st affe ▁and ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Bag ot , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et , ▁M . P ., ▁of ▁Bl ith field , ▁Staff ord shire . ▁He ▁second ly ▁married ▁Elizabeth , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁Bab er ▁of ▁Sun ning hill , ▁Ber k shire . ▁He ▁had ▁no ▁legitimate ▁children ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁bar on et cy ▁became ▁ext inct , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁however ▁leave ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son , ▁James ▁Ad olph us ▁Dick enson ▁O ug ht on , ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁lieutenant - general ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Army . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 3 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category |
: Members ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁Category : B aron ets ▁in ▁the ▁Baron et age ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁officers ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 1 5 – 1 7 2 2 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 2 2 – 1 7 2 7 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 2 7 – 1 7 3 4 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 3 4 – 1 7 4 1 ▁Category : F re em asons ▁of ▁the ▁Premier ▁Grand ▁L odge ▁of ▁England ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Cov entry <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁nick names ▁in ▁the ▁sports ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁and ▁Canadian ▁football . ▁ ▁Players ▁▁▁ ▁" A - Tr ain " ▁– ▁Mike ▁Al st ott , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" All ▁Day " ▁– ▁Ad rian ▁Pet erson , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Ass ass in " ▁- ▁Jack ▁Tat um , ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers , ▁safety ▁ ▁" Av atar " ▁– ▁Jimmy ▁Graham , ▁tight ▁end ▁ ▁" Bad ▁Moon " ▁- ▁Andre ▁R ison , ▁many ▁teams , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" B agg ad on uts " ▁- ▁Frank ▁Win ters , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" The ▁Be arded |
▁P ony " ▁- ▁Andrew ▁Luck , ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁amazing ▁beard ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁he ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁Col ts . ▁▁ ▁" Be ast ▁Mode " ▁– ▁Mar sh awn ▁Lyn ch , ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁violent ▁running ▁style ▁and ▁unusual ▁ability ▁to ▁break ▁tack les ▁▁ ▁" Big ▁Dick ▁Nick " ▁- ▁Nick ▁F oles , ▁Philadelphia ▁E agles ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Big ▁Phil " ▁- ▁Phil ▁Load hol t , ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁offensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁" Blo od " ▁- ▁John ▁Mc N ally , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Bo ob " ▁- ▁Bernard ▁Dar ling , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" Bo omer " - ▁Bob ▁Brown , ▁tackle ▁ ▁" Broad way ▁Joe " ▁- ▁Joe ▁Nam ath , ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" B uck ets " ▁- ▁Charles ▁Golden berg , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁guard / running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Bus " ▁- ▁Jer ome ▁B ett is , ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Capt ain ▁Come back " ▁- ▁Roger ▁Sta ub ach , ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁Clay maker " ▁– ▁Clay ▁Matt he ws ▁III ▁ ▁" C ool ▁B rees " ▁– ▁D rew ▁B rees ▁ ▁" The ▁Cow boy " ▁– ▁Justin ▁Smith ▁ ▁" Cur ly " ▁ ▁- ▁Earl |
▁Louis ▁Lam be au , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁founder , ▁half back ▁and ▁coach ▁ ▁" Dan imal " ▁– ▁Dan ▁Ham pton ▁ ▁" De acon " ▁- ▁David ▁Jones , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams , ▁defensive ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁Dies el " ▁- ▁John ▁R igg ins , ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" Dir ty ▁Do zen " ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys ▁team ▁ ▁" The ▁Dod ger " ▁– ▁Roger ▁Sta ub ach , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁D ome ▁Pat rol " ▁– ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁S aints ▁football ▁team ' s ▁line back er ▁corps ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁D ome ▁Pat rol ▁was ▁rated ▁by ▁NFL ▁Network ▁as ▁the ▁# 1 ▁line back er ▁corps ▁of ▁all - time . ▁ ▁" E asy ▁E " ▁– ▁Eli ▁M anning , ▁quarter back , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁relaxed ▁de mean or ▁even ▁in ▁pressure ▁situations ▁ ▁" F amous ▁J ame is " ▁- ▁J ame is ▁W inst on , ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Fat so " - ▁Art ▁Don ovan , ▁defensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁" The ▁F reak " ▁- ▁J ev on ▁K ear se , ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁defensive ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁Fr idge " ▁– ▁William ▁Perry ▁( American ▁football ), ▁defensive ▁tackle |
▁ ▁" The ▁Ghost " ▁- ▁Dave ▁Cas per , ▁T ight ▁End ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁two ▁famous ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers ▁Pl ays : ▁ ▁" G host ▁to ▁the ▁Post " ▁& ▁" H oly ▁Roll er ▁( American ▁football )" ▁ ▁" The ▁Gray ▁Ghost ▁of ▁Gon z aga " - ▁Tony ▁Can ade o , ▁half back ▁ ▁" The ▁G uns ling er " ▁– ▁Bre tt ▁F av re , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" C razy ▁Leg s " ▁– ▁El roy ▁Hir sch , ▁running ▁back / wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" Gold en ▁Boy " ▁- ▁Paul ▁Horn ung , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁half ▁back / k icker ▁ ▁" Gre asy " - ▁E ar le ▁Ne ale , ▁Coach ▁ ▁" The ▁H ogs " ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 0 ' s / 1 9 9 0 ' s ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins ▁offensive ▁line ▁ ▁" High way ▁ 6 3 " ▁- ▁Gene ▁U ps h aw , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Guard ▁who ▁won ▁two ▁Super ▁Bow ls ▁with ▁the ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers ▁ ▁" The ▁Kr aken " ▁- ▁Greg ▁Hard y ▁Def ensive ▁End ▁ ▁" The ▁H ang man " - ▁Chris ▁Han bur ger - ▁line back er ▁ ▁" John ny ▁Football " ▁- ▁Johnny ▁Man z iel , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" The ▁Ju ice " ▁– ▁O . ▁J . ▁Sim pson , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" J J |
▁" Sw att " ▁– ▁J . ▁J . ▁W att , ▁Houston ▁Tex ans , ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁ability ▁to ▁bat ▁down ▁passes ▁at ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁sc rim m age ▁ ▁" J ug " ▁- ▁Franc s ▁Louis ▁E arp , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁center ▁ ▁" Leg at ron " ▁– ▁Greg ▁Z uer le in , ▁St . ▁Louis ▁R ams ▁ ▁" Leg ion ▁of ▁Bo om ™ " ▁– ▁defensive ▁back field ▁of ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁( Rich ard ▁Sher man , ▁Kam ▁Ch ancell or , ▁Earl ▁Thomas ), ▁named ▁for ▁their ▁hard - h itting ▁and ▁physical ▁style ▁of ▁play ▁ ▁" The ▁Lion " - ▁Leo ▁Nom ell ini , ▁defensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁" The ▁Man ster " ▁– ▁R andy ▁White , ▁defensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁" Me an ▁Joe " ▁- ▁Joe ▁Gre ene , ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers , ▁defensive ▁end ▁ ▁" M eg at ron " ▁– ▁Cal vin ▁Johnson , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" The ▁Minister ▁of ▁Defense " ▁- ▁Reg gie ▁White , ▁Philadelphia ▁E agles , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁defensive ▁end ▁ ▁" M init ron " ▁- ▁Julian ▁Ed el man , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" M J D " ▁- ▁Maurice ▁Jones - D rew , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Mus cle ▁Ham ster " ▁– ▁Doug ▁Martin , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁New ▁York ▁S ack ▁Exchange " ▁- ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁J ets ▁defensive |
▁line ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁" N ight ▁Train " ▁– ▁Dick ▁Lane , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁his ▁fear ▁of ▁flying ▁and ▁result ant ▁travel ▁to ▁road ▁games ▁on ▁night ▁trains . ▁ ▁" The ▁No ▁Fly ▁Zone " ▁– ▁defensive ▁back field ▁of ▁the ▁Denver ▁Bron cos ▁▁ ▁" Or ange ▁Cr ush " ▁– ▁the ▁ 3 – 4 ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁Denver ▁Bron cos ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁" Opt im us ▁Gr imes " ▁- ▁B rent ▁Gr imes ▁Cor ner back ▁ ▁" The ▁P ocket ▁Her cules " ▁– ▁Maurice ▁Jones - D rew , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" P ot ▁Ro ast " ▁– ▁Terr ance ▁Knight on , ▁defensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁" Prim etime " ▁– ▁De ion ▁Sand ers , ▁corner back ▁ ▁" P ur ple ▁Jesus " ▁- ▁Ad rian ▁Peters en , ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Pur ple ▁People ▁E aters " ▁- ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁defensive ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁ ▁" The ▁Ref r iger ator " ▁- ▁William ▁Perry , ▁Chicago ▁B ears , ▁nose ▁tackle ▁ ▁" Rob o - s ack " ▁- ▁Rob ▁Johnson , ▁quarter back ▁known ▁for ▁a ▁reputation ▁of ▁being ▁s acked ▁frequently ▁ ▁" Sh ady " ▁– ▁Le Se an ▁McC oy , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" The ▁Sher |
iff " ▁– ▁P ey ton ▁M anning , ▁quarter back ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁M anning ' s ▁pre - snap ▁routine , ▁which ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁recogn izable ▁in ▁the ▁NFL . ▁▁ ▁" Show time " - ▁Patrick ▁Mah omes , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Sm oking " ▁– ▁Jay ▁Cut ler , ▁quarter back ▁ ▁" Sn acks " ▁ ▁– ▁Dam on ▁Harrison , ▁Def ensive ▁T ack le . ▁▁ ▁" The ▁Sn ake " ▁- ▁Ken ny ▁St ab ler , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁quarter back ▁who ▁won ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁XI ▁with ▁the ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers ▁ ▁" Ste el ▁Curt ain " ▁– ▁the ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers ▁defensive ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁ ▁" The ▁St ork " ▁- ▁Ted ▁Hend r icks , ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Line back er ▁who ▁won ▁Super ▁Bow ls ▁with ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Col ts ▁and ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers ▁ ▁" Sw ede " ▁- ▁Che ster ▁John ston , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" S weet ness " ▁– ▁Walter ▁Pay ton , ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁" T iny " ▁- ▁Paul ▁En ge bre ts en , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁guard ▁ ▁" The ▁Tool box " ▁- ▁Ed ▁West , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁tight ▁end ▁ ▁" The ▁Tyler ▁Rose " ▁– ▁Earl ▁Campbell , ▁an ▁all usion ▁to ▁his ▁hom et own ▁Tyler , ▁Texas ▁ ▁" White |
▁Sh oes " ▁– ▁Billy ▁Johnson , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁" World " ▁- ▁Jerry ▁Rice , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁ ▁Te ams ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁nick names ▁of ▁professional ▁and ▁college ▁football ▁teams . ▁Many ▁are ▁merely ▁ab bre vi ations ▁or ▁dimin ut ives ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁name ; ▁otherwise , ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁nick name ▁( if ▁known ) ▁is ▁noted . ▁ ▁An ▁aster isk ▁(* ) ▁after ▁a ▁nick name ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁pe jor ative , ▁insult ing , ▁or ▁has ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁negative ▁intent , ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁by ▁opponents ▁or ▁det ract ors ▁( including ▁fans ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁is ▁performing ▁poorly ). ▁Note ▁on ▁ab bre vi ations : ▁C FL ▁– ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁League ; ▁NFL ▁– ▁National ▁Football ▁League ; ▁NC AA ▁– ▁National ▁Col leg iate ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁ ▁American ▁football ▁▁ ▁By ▁nick name ▁ ▁" A in ' ts *" ▁– ▁New ▁Orleans ▁S aints , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁non - standard ▁English ▁negative ▁ain ' t ▁ ▁" America ' s ▁Team " ▁– ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁by ▁sports ▁media ▁ ▁" B . I . L . L . S .* " ▁– ▁Buffalo ▁B ills , ▁by ▁det ract ors , ▁ac ron y ms ▁for ▁" B oy ▁I ▁Love ▁Los ing ▁Super ▁Bow ls ", ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁team ' |
s ▁failure ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁in ▁four ▁straight ▁tries ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ ▁" Big ▁Blue ▁( W reck ing ▁C rew )" ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁their ▁jer se ys , ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁nick name ▁of ▁IBM ▁ ▁" The ▁Black ▁and ▁Gold " ▁– ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁their ▁uniform ▁colors ▁ ▁" Black ▁and ▁Blue ▁Division " ▁– ▁N FC ▁North , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁division ' s ▁rug ged ▁style ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁( also ▁" F rost b ite ▁Division ") ▁ ▁" The ▁Blue ▁Gi ants " ▁– ▁Used ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁color ▁ ▁" B ol ts " ▁– ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Ch arg ers , ▁NFL ; ▁from ▁the ▁lightning ▁bolt ▁design ▁on ▁their ▁hel m ets ▁ ▁" B uc s / B uck ies " ▁– ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers , ▁NFL ; ▁ab bre vi ation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" The ▁B ung les " ▁– ▁C inc inn ati ▁Beng als , ▁NFL ; ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁ ▁The ▁Card iac ▁C ats ▁– ▁Carolina ▁Pan thers , ▁co ined ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁frequent ▁ 4 th - qu arter ▁com eb acks ▁and / or ▁losses ▁ ▁" Che ese heads " ▁– ▁Nick name |
▁used ▁for ▁residents ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁state ' s ▁large ▁d airy ▁industry . ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁employed ▁der og ator ily ▁by ▁neighbor ing ▁states , ▁the ▁mon iker ▁was ▁ ▁embr aced ▁by ▁residents , ▁particularly ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁fans , ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁Wisconsin ' s ▁football ▁culture . ▁( While ▁the ▁state ▁is ▁present ly ▁known ▁for ▁cheese ▁production , ▁the ▁Pack ers ▁team ▁itself ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁meat ▁packing ▁company ▁in ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁W I .) ▁ ▁" Che atri ots " ▁- New ▁England ▁Patri ots , N FL ; ▁Used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁as ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁Patri ots ▁che ating ▁alleg ations ▁during ▁Bill ▁Bel ich ick ▁and ▁Tom ▁Br ady ▁era ▁ ▁" The ▁Che fs " ▁– ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Ch iefs , ▁NFL ; ▁origin ▁Sn ick ers ▁candy ▁bar ▁commercial ; ▁however , ▁the ▁NFL ▁has ▁licensed ▁official ▁" K ansas ▁City ▁Chief ▁Head ▁Che f ▁C ookie ▁J ars " ▁ ▁" The ▁C hes ape ake ▁Wat ers hed ▁Region ▁Ind igenous ▁Pers ons " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁translation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁into ▁polit ically ▁correct ▁terms ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁" P ot om ac ▁Dr ain age ▁Bas in ▁Ind igenous ▁Pers ons " ▁( see ▁below ) ▁since ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Rav ens ▁also ▁share ▁the ▁C hes ape ake ▁Bay ▁region . ▁ ▁" Cl own s " ▁- |
▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns , ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁The ▁Cow girl s ▁- ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" Da ▁R aid ah s " ▁– ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁R aid ers , ▁NFL ; ▁The ▁way ▁Chris ▁B erman ▁of ▁ESP N ▁says , ▁" The ▁R aid ers ", ▁a ▁spo of ▁of ▁R aid ers ▁team ▁owner ▁Al ▁Davis ' ▁accent . ▁ ▁" D aw gs " ▁– ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns , ▁NFL ; ▁according ▁to ▁Han ford ▁D ixon , ▁then ▁a ▁corner back ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁Art ▁Mod ell - owned ▁Brow ns , ▁he ▁gave ▁his ▁defensive ▁team mates ▁this ▁nick name ▁to ▁inspire ▁them ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁season ▁ ▁" Dead S kins " ▁– ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing ▁play ▁on ▁team ▁name ; ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁or ▁dis gr unt led ▁fans . ▁ ▁" Det roit ▁Lie - down s " ▁– ▁Detroit ▁L ions , ▁NFL ; ▁ ▁so ▁called ▁because ▁they ▁just ▁lie ▁down ▁and ▁let ▁other ▁teams ▁run ▁over ▁them . ▁ ▁" The ▁D irty ▁Bird s " ▁– ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons , ▁NFL ; ▁team ▁dub bed ▁themselves ▁by ▁this ▁name ▁during ▁their ▁race ▁to ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁XXX III ▁ ▁" The ▁Dol ts " ▁– ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts , ▁NFL ; ▁rh ym ing ▁play ▁on ▁name ▁with ▁a ▁term ▁for ▁" id iot "; |
▁by ▁det ract ors ▁ ▁" The ▁Don ks " ▁- ▁Denver ▁Bron cos , ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" The ▁Empire " ▁- ▁Used ▁by ▁det ract ors ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁either ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁reputation ▁of ▁having ▁a ▁large ▁fan base , ▁lots ▁of ▁money , ▁and ▁several ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁rings , ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁reputation ▁of ▁also ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁hated ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ▁and ▁being ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁vill ain ▁for ▁the ▁league , ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁recent ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁dyn asty . ▁ ▁The ▁" role " ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor ▁is ▁usually ▁filled ▁by ▁Jerry ▁Jones ▁or ▁Bill ▁Bel ich ick . ▁ ▁" The ▁Fl aming ▁Th um bt acks " ▁– ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁NFL ; ▁a ▁hum orous ▁interpretation ▁of ▁their ▁team ▁logo , ▁actually ▁a ▁fl aming ▁st yl ized ▁letter ▁" T " ▁ ▁" The ▁F ins " ▁– ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins , ▁NFL ; ▁play ▁on ▁ab bre vi ation ▁of ▁name ▁with ▁the ▁append ages ▁of ▁a ▁dol ph in ▁ ▁" The ▁Fish " ▁– ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins , ▁NFL ; ▁while ▁the ▁m asc ot ▁and ▁team ▁logo ▁of ▁bott len ose ▁dol ph ins ▁are ▁not ▁fish , ▁but ▁mamm als . ▁ ▁The ▁rh yme ▁det ract ors ▁used ▁when ▁they ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bowl ▁was , ▁" s qu ish |
▁the ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁D ish ." ▁Now ▁rarely ▁used ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Florida ▁Mar l ins , ▁who ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁" The ▁Fish ". ▁ ▁" The ▁Fort y - Wh in ers / The ▁Wh in ers " ▁- ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 4 9 ers , ▁used ▁by ▁det ract ors . ▁ ▁" G - Men " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants , ▁NFL ; ▁initial ▁of ▁team ▁name , ▁possibly ▁a ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁government ▁( e . g ., ▁FBI ) ▁agent ▁ ▁" Go ats " ▁– ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams , ▁NFL ; ▁when ▁playing ▁poorly ▁ ▁" I gg les " ▁– ▁Philadelphia ▁E agles , ▁NFL ; ▁reference ▁to ▁how ▁some ▁Phil adel phi ans ▁pron ounce ▁" E agles " ▁ ▁" J ags " ▁– ▁Jackson ville ▁J agu ars , ▁NFL ; ▁ab bre vi ation ▁of ▁team ▁name ▁ ▁" G ang ▁Green " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁supporters ▁( reference ▁to ▁medical ▁condition ▁that ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁overcome )( Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ), ▁NFL ; ▁used ▁by ▁supporters ▁since ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ; ▁also ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁un off icial ▁team ▁m asc ot ▁who ▁is ▁given ▁home ▁field ▁credentials . ▁ ▁" J est " ▁– ▁New ▁York ▁J ets , ▁NFL ; ▁hum orous ▁miss p elling ▁of ▁team ▁name ; ▁used ▁when ▁team ▁is ▁performing ▁poorly ▁ ▁" |
Subsets and Splits