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▁po pe . ▁ ▁The ▁Pope ’ s ▁reception ▁of ▁San ▁Mart ino ▁( 1 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 0 ) ▁was ▁un friendly . ▁P ius ▁IX ▁allowed ▁violent ▁out bur sts ▁to ▁escape ▁him . ▁Throw ing ▁the ▁King ’ s ▁letter ▁upon ▁the ▁table ▁he ▁excl aimed : ▁" F ine ▁loyalty ! ▁You ▁are ▁all ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁v ip ers , ▁of ▁wh ited ▁sep ul ch res , ▁and ▁wanting ▁in ▁faith ." ▁He ▁was ▁perhaps ▁all uding ▁to ▁other ▁letters ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁King . ▁Later , ▁growing ▁cal mer , ▁he ▁excl aimed : ▁" I ▁am ▁no ▁prop het , ▁nor ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁prop het , ▁but ▁I ▁tell ▁you , ▁you ▁will ▁never ▁enter ▁Rome !" ▁San ▁Mart ino ▁was ▁so ▁mort ified ▁that ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁ ▁Military ▁resistance ▁to ▁Italy ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁Italy ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁Pap al ▁States , ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Army , ▁commanded ▁by ▁General ▁R aff a ele ▁Cad orna , ▁crossed ▁the ▁pap al ▁front ier ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁and ▁advanced ▁slowly ▁toward ▁Rome , ▁hoping ▁that ▁a ▁peaceful ▁entry ▁could ▁be ▁negoti ated . ▁The ▁Italian ▁Army ▁reached ▁the ▁A ure l ian ▁W alls ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁and ▁placed ▁Rome ▁under ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁sie ge . ▁Although ▁the ▁po pe ' s ▁tiny ▁army ▁was ▁incap able ▁of ▁defending ▁the ▁city , ▁P ius ▁IX ▁ordered ▁it ▁to
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▁put ▁up ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁token ▁resistance ▁to ▁emphas ize ▁that ▁Italy ▁was ▁acqu iring ▁Rome ▁by ▁force ▁and ▁not ▁consent . ▁The ▁city ▁was ▁captured ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁Rome ▁and ▁Lat ium ▁were ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁after ▁a ▁ple bis cite ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁October . ▁ ▁Capt ure ▁of ▁Rome ▁ ▁This ▁event , ▁described ▁in ▁Italian ▁history ▁books ▁as ▁a ▁liber ation , ▁was ▁taken ▁very ▁bitter ly ▁by ▁the ▁Pope . ▁The ▁Italian ▁government ▁had ▁offered ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁Pope ▁to ▁retain ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Leon ine ▁City ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁T iber , ▁but ▁P ius ▁rejected ▁the ▁over t ure . ▁Early ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Italy ▁was ▁moved ▁from ▁Florence ▁to ▁Rome . ▁The ▁Pope , ▁whose ▁previous ▁residence , ▁the ▁Qu ir inal ▁Palace , ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁royal ▁palace ▁of ▁the ▁Kings ▁of ▁Italy , ▁withd rew ▁in ▁protest ▁into ▁the ▁V atic an , ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁as ▁a ▁self - pro claimed ▁" prison er ", ▁ref using ▁to ▁leave ▁or ▁to ▁set ▁foot ▁in ▁St . ▁Peter ' s ▁Square , ▁and ▁for b idding ▁( Non ▁Ex ped it ) ▁Cath ol ics ▁on ▁pain ▁of ▁ex commun ication ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁Italian ▁state , ▁an ▁action ▁which ▁effectively ▁guaranteed ▁that ▁only ▁persons ▁hostile ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁would ▁be ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁government .
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▁ ▁Pr ison er ▁of ▁the ▁V atic an ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁pap acy ▁– ▁then ▁under ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XI ▁– ▁ren ounced ▁its ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁Pap al ▁States ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁Italy ▁the ▁Later an ▁Treat y , ▁which ▁created ▁the ▁independent ▁State ▁of ▁V atic an ▁City , ▁" under ▁the ▁sovere ig nt y ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Pont iff ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁P ou ge ois , ▁Hist oire ▁de ▁P ie ▁IX , ▁son ▁pont ific at ▁et ▁son ▁sie cle , ▁Vol ▁I - VI , ▁Paris , ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁ ▁Sch mid lin , ▁Josef , ▁Pap st gesch ichte , ▁Vol ▁I - IV , ▁Kö st el - P us zt et ▁München , ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Category : P ope ▁P ius ▁IX ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Pap al ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁the ▁Pap al ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁P ie z og aster ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁leaf - fo oted ▁bugs ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Core idae . ▁There ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 0 ▁described ▁species ▁in ▁P ie z og aster . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁These ▁ 3 3 ▁species ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁P ie z og aster : ▁▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁a ch ille l us ▁Bra il ov sky ▁and ▁Barr era , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁i ▁c
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▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁a ch illes ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁ac umin atus ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁ash m ead i ▁( Mont andon , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁aur ic ul atus ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁bas il icus ▁Bra il ov sky ▁and ▁Barr era , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁bol iv ian us ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁cal car ator ▁( F ab ric ius , ▁ 1 8 0 3 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁b ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁camp osi ▁( Mont andon , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁ch ir iqu inus ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁ch ont al ensis ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁con gru us ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁i
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▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁dil at atus ▁( D allas , ▁ 1 8 5 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁her rich i ▁( Bl ö te , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁hum eral is ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁hum eros us ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁inde cor us ▁( Walk er , ▁ 1 8 7 1 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁b ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁lac rim ifer ous ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁l oric ata ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁mult is pin us ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁ob l atus ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁obsc ur atus ▁( Mont andon , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁od ios us ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie
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z og aster ▁orb icular is ▁Bra il ov sky , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁re cl us us ▁Bra il ov sky ▁and ▁Barr era , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁rub ron ot atus ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁rub rop ict us ▁( Mont andon , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁sc it us ▁Bra il ov sky ▁and ▁Barr era , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁sc ut ell aris ▁St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁sp ur c us ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁b ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁t etric us ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁th or ac icus ▁( D istant , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁P ie z og aster ▁v ates ▁( St å l , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁Data ▁sources : ▁i ▁= ▁IT IS , ▁c ▁= ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁Life , ▁g ▁= ▁GB IF , ▁b
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▁= ▁Bug gu ide . net ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : N emat op od ini ▁Category : Core idae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁K ah ur ▁Kol agh ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁K ah ū r ▁Kol ā gh ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Dow lat abad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁J iro ft ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁J iro ft ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁W AS A ▁FC ▁is ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁from ▁St . ▁Joseph ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Super ▁League ▁in ▁Tr in idad , ▁of ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁champions ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 – ▁National ▁FA ▁Cup ▁Champions ▁▁
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2 0 0 7 – ▁National ▁Super ▁League ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 – ▁ 3 rd ▁Place ▁National ▁Super ▁League ; ▁President ' s ▁Cup ▁Champions ▁( E FA ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁League ▁Cup ▁Champions ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 – ▁Eastern ▁Football ▁Association ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁Champions ; ▁President ' s ▁Cup ▁( E FA ); ▁ 2 nd ▁Place ▁National ▁Super ▁League ; ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 – ▁Super ▁League ▁Champions ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago <0x0A> </s> ▁Phil od oria ▁h ib isc ella , ▁the ▁h ib isc us ▁leaf ▁miner , ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Gr ac ill ari idae . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Otto ▁S we ze y ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁islands ▁of ▁O ahu ▁and ▁Hawaii . ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁H ib isc us ▁ar not t ian us ▁and ▁H ib isc us ▁ro sa - sin ensis . ▁They ▁mine ▁the ▁leaves ▁of ▁their ▁host ▁plant . ▁The ▁mine ▁starts ▁towards ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁leaf , ▁proceed ing ▁upward ▁ir regular ly ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁margin ▁for ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁course , ▁eventually ▁reaching ▁the ▁a pe x , ▁then ▁following ▁down ▁the ▁opposite
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▁margin ▁of ▁the ▁leaf ▁and ▁rapidly ▁wid ening ▁until ▁the ▁l ar va ▁has ▁finished ▁its ▁growth . ▁Full - g rown ▁l ar va e ▁are ▁about ▁ 9 mm ▁long ▁and ▁pale ▁bl u ish ▁green . ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va ▁breaks ▁through ▁the ▁epid erm is ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁white ▁o val ▁coc oon ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁leaf . ▁The ▁pup a ▁is ▁ 5 mm ▁long ▁and ▁pale ▁test ace ous ▁green ish . ▁The ▁pup al ▁stage ▁last s ▁about ▁a ▁week . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Phil od oria ▁Category : Le af ▁min ers ▁Category : End emic ▁m oth s ▁of ▁Hawaii <0x0A> </s> ▁Hur ricane ▁Kl aus ▁was ▁a ▁minimal ▁Atlantic ▁hur ricane ▁that ▁dropped ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁across ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁The ▁ele vent h ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁and ▁sixth ▁hur ricane ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Atlantic ▁hur ricane ▁season , ▁Kl aus ▁developed ▁from ▁a ▁tropical ▁wave ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁east ▁of ▁Domin ica . ▁It ▁drift ed ▁north west ward , ▁and ▁quickly ▁intens ified ▁to ▁att ain ▁hur ricane ▁status ▁on ▁October ▁ 5 . ▁Though ▁its ▁closest ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes ▁was ▁within ▁ 1 2 m iles ▁( 1 9 km ), ▁the ▁strongest ▁winds ▁remained ▁to ▁its ▁nort heast ▁due ▁to ▁strong ▁wind ▁she ar , ▁which ▁caused ▁Kl
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aus ▁to ▁stead ily ▁we aken . ▁After ▁deter ior ating ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁depression , ▁Kl aus ▁briefly ▁rest re ng then ed ▁over ▁the ▁Bah amas ▁before ▁diss ip ating ▁on ▁October ▁ 9 ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁developing ▁tropical ▁storm , ▁Marco . ▁ ▁Heavy ▁rain fall ▁on ▁Saint ▁Luc ia ▁destroyed ▁about ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁its ▁year ly ▁ban ana ▁crop . ▁Dam age ▁was ▁heav iest ▁on ▁Martin ique , ▁where ▁seven ▁casual ties ▁occurred ▁and ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 people ▁were ▁left ▁homeless ▁as ▁the ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁caused ▁severe ▁flo oding ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁resulting ▁in ▁some ▁land sl ides . ▁The ▁rem nant ▁moisture ▁of ▁Kl aus ▁entered ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁United ▁States , ▁dropping ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁and ▁causing ▁four ▁casual ties ; ▁the ▁same ▁area ▁was ▁affected ▁with ▁more ▁precip itation ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁by ▁T rop ical ▁Storm ▁Marco . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁damage ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁storm , ▁the ▁name ▁Kl aus ▁was ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁names . ▁ ▁M ete or ological ▁history ▁ ▁A ▁tropical ▁wave ▁moved ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Africa ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 7 . ▁It ▁track ed ▁west ward ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁a ▁sub t rop ical ▁r idge , ▁becoming ▁conve ct ively ▁active , ▁and ▁a ▁low - level ▁circulation ▁was ▁observed ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁islands ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 . ▁The
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▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁conve ction ▁oscill ated ▁over ▁the ▁subsequent ▁days , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁times ▁the ▁system ▁showed ▁signs ▁of ▁developing ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁depression . ▁As ▁it ▁approached ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes ▁it ▁organized ▁further , ▁and ▁despite ▁unf avor able ▁upper - level ▁wind ▁she ar ▁the ▁system ▁developed ▁into ▁T rop ical ▁Dep ression ▁Th irteen ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 ▁while ▁located ▁about ▁ 1 1 5 m iles ▁( 1 8 5 km / h ) ▁east ▁of ▁Domin ica . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁weak ▁ste ering ▁current s , ▁the ▁depression ▁drift ed ▁to ▁the ▁north west , ▁and ▁about ▁six ▁hours ▁after ▁first ▁developing ▁the ▁cy clone ▁intens ified ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ; ▁the ▁National ▁Hur ricane ▁Center ▁designated ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁Kl aus . ▁ ▁Upon ▁becoming ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm , ▁Kl aus ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 9 m ph ▁( 4 7 km / h ) ▁of ▁wind ▁she ar , ▁although ▁con current ly ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁over ▁warm ▁water ▁temperatures ▁of ▁ 8 3 . 1 ° F ▁( 2 8 . 4 ° C ). ▁Track ing ▁through ▁a ▁highly ▁bar oc lin ic ▁environment , ▁the ▁storm ▁became ▁better ▁organized , ▁and ▁at ▁ 1 2 0 0 UTC ▁on ▁October ▁ 5 ▁Kl aus ▁att ained ▁hur ricane ▁status ▁about ▁ 3 0 m iles ▁( 5 0 km ) ▁east
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▁of ▁Ant igua ; ▁shortly ▁there after , ▁it ▁passed ▁ 1 2 m iles ▁( 1 9 km ) ▁east ▁of ▁Barb uda , ▁its ▁closest ▁point ▁of ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes . ▁Kl aus ▁reached ▁peak ▁winds ▁of ▁ 8 0 m ph ▁( 1 3 0 km / h ) ▁and ▁a ▁minimum ▁central ▁pressure ▁of ▁, ▁though ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁deep ▁conve ction ▁and ▁strong ▁winds ▁remained ▁to ▁its ▁nort heast ▁due ▁to ▁wind ▁she ar . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁hur ricane ▁was ▁forecast ▁to ▁continue ▁tracking ▁to ▁the ▁north - n orth west . ▁However , ▁after ▁we aken ing ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁on ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁Kl aus ▁turned ▁west ward . ▁ ▁Kl aus ▁continued ▁tracking ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes , ▁and ▁after ▁continuing ▁to ▁deter ior ate ▁from ▁the ▁wind ▁she ar , ▁the ▁cy clone ▁weak ened ▁to ▁a ▁tropical ▁depression ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁Later ▁that ▁day , ▁conve ction ▁re develop ed ▁over ▁the ▁center , ▁and ▁Kl aus ▁re - att ained ▁tropical ▁storm ▁status ▁as ▁it ▁acceler ated ▁toward ▁the ▁nort heast ▁Bah amas ; ▁it ▁briefly ▁reached ▁winds ▁of ▁ 5 0 m ph ▁( 8 5 km / h ). ▁A ▁low ▁pressure ▁area ▁to ▁its ▁west ▁over ▁Cuba ▁had ▁been ▁stead ily ▁intens ifying ▁and ▁building ▁toward ▁the ▁surface , ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 9 ▁it
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▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁tropical ▁depression ; ▁the ▁cy clone ▁became ▁the ▁dominant ▁system , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁Marco , ▁and ▁Kl aus ▁diss ip ated ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁late ▁on ▁October ▁ 9 . ▁The ▁rem nant ▁moisture ▁continued ▁to ▁the ▁north west , ▁reaching ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁by ▁October ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁Pre par ations ▁Short ly ▁after ▁Kl aus ▁att ained ▁tropical ▁storm ▁status ▁early ▁on ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁warning ▁was ▁issued ▁for ▁the ▁northern ▁Le eward ▁Islands ▁from ▁Saint ▁Martin ▁to ▁Ant igua , ▁which ▁was ▁up graded ▁to ▁a ▁hur ricane ▁warning ▁as ▁its ▁quick ▁strengthen ing ▁became ▁apparent ; ▁additionally , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁France ▁issued ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁warning ▁for ▁Gu adel ou pe . ▁A ▁hur ricane ▁watch ▁was ▁issued ▁for ▁the ▁Virgin ▁Islands , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁dropped ▁as ▁Kl aus ▁began ▁to ▁we aken . ▁In ▁Gu adel ou pe , ▁officials ▁advised ▁citizens ▁to ▁transport ▁liv est ock ▁to ▁safer ▁areas , ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁avoid ▁potentially ▁flo oded ▁areas . ▁Prior ▁to ▁its ▁arrival , ▁schools ▁were ▁closed ▁in ▁Martin ique , ▁S int ▁Ma arten , ▁and ▁Ant igua . ▁The ▁V C ▁Bird ▁International ▁Airport ▁was ▁closed ▁during ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁hur ricane . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁its ▁duration , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁The ▁Bah amas ▁issued ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm ▁warning ▁for ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁later ▁northern ▁Bah amas , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁dis contin ued ▁as ▁the ▁cy
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clone ▁diss ip ated . ▁Due ▁to ▁Hur ricane ▁Kl aus , ▁Space ▁Sh utt le ▁Columbia ' s ▁launch ▁was ▁delayed . ▁ ▁Impact ▁Hur ricane ▁Kl aus ▁dropped ▁moderate ▁to ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁across ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Ant illes , ▁potentially ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 1 5 in ches ▁( 3 8 0 mm ); ▁the ▁hur ricane ▁affected ▁many ▁areas ▁struck ▁by ▁Hur ricane ▁Hugo ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁On ▁Barb ados , ▁flo oding ▁from ▁the ▁rain fall ▁blocked ▁a ▁few ▁roads ▁and ▁forced ▁a ▁few ▁families ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁safer ▁areas ; ▁lightning ▁from ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁the ▁storm ▁left ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁without ▁power . ▁High ▁winds ▁and ▁rain fall ▁affected ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Saint ▁Luc ia , ▁which ▁destroyed ▁about ▁ 1 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁ban ana ▁crop ▁for ▁the ▁year ; ▁damage ▁total ed ▁about ▁$ 1 mill ion ▁( 1 9 9 0 US D ). ▁ ▁The ▁rain fall ▁resulted ▁in ▁severe ▁flo oding ▁on ▁Martin ique , ▁which ▁acc ru ed ▁to ▁almost ▁ 1 0 fe et ▁( 3 m ) ▁in ▁some ▁locations ; ▁two ▁sisters ▁d rowned ▁near ▁Saint - J ose ph ▁after ▁a ▁bridge ▁was ▁washed ▁away . ▁Several ▁land sl ides ▁were ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁The ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁cy clone ▁left ▁damaged ▁and ▁power ▁and ▁telephone ▁systems . ▁ 7 5 0 people ▁evac uated ▁their ▁homes ▁in
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▁Le ▁L ament in ▁due ▁to ▁flo oding , ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 res idents ▁were ▁left ▁homeless ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁Off shore , ▁rough ▁conditions ▁damaged ▁a ▁fishing ▁vessel , ▁leaving ▁its ▁two ▁passengers ▁dr ifting ▁on ▁the ▁boat ▁for ▁ 2 5 days ▁before ▁being ▁resc ued ▁about ▁ 6 4 0 m iles ▁( 1 0 3 5 km ) ▁to ▁the ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁Martin ique . ▁In ▁all , ▁seven ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁On ▁Domin ica , ▁winds ▁from ▁the ▁hur ricane ▁damaged ▁power ▁lines ▁and ▁down ed ▁trees ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁High ▁winds ▁on ▁Ant igua ▁damaged ▁a ▁few ▁roof s , ▁and ▁also ▁down ed ▁communications ▁from ▁two ▁radio ▁networks . ▁The ▁outer ▁rain bands ▁of ▁the ▁storm ▁dropped ▁light ▁rain fall ▁on ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands , ▁reaching ▁about ▁ 1 . 2 5 in ches ▁( 3 2 mm ) ▁on ▁Saint ▁Thomas ; ▁wind ▁g ust s ▁pe aked ▁at ▁ 3 3 m ph ▁( 5 3 km / h ) ▁on ▁Saint ▁Cro ix . ▁Mod er ate ▁rain fall ▁continued ▁into ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁and ▁Ca icos ▁Islands , ▁with ▁Grand ▁Turk ▁reporting ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 in ches ▁( 1 0 0 mm ) ▁in ▁ 3 6 h ours . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁east ▁coast
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▁of ▁Florida , ▁Kl aus ▁produced ▁ 1 5 foot ▁( 4 . 5 m ) ▁waves ▁and ▁t ides ▁of ▁ 3 fe et ▁( 1 m ) ▁above ▁normal . ▁Beach ▁er os ion ▁was ▁reported ▁along ▁the ▁east ▁coast , ▁due ▁to ▁persistent ▁eas ter ly ▁winds . ▁As ▁the ▁rem nant ▁moisture ▁of ▁Kl aus ▁entered ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁United ▁States , ▁it ▁produced ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁between ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 in ches ▁( 2 5 0 – 3 8 0 mm ) ▁of ▁rain fall ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁with ▁slightly ▁lower ▁tot als ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁In ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁the ▁rain fall ▁caused ▁a ▁dam ▁to ▁burst , ▁killing ▁four ▁people . ▁About ▁two ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Kl aus ▁entered ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁United ▁States , ▁T rop ical ▁Storm ▁Marco ▁made ▁land fall ▁on ▁north western ▁Florida , ▁dropping ▁more ▁heavy ▁rain fall ▁and ▁causing ▁heavy ▁damage ▁across ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁impact ▁on ▁Martin ique , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁France ▁requested ▁the ▁retirement ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁Kl aus ; ▁the ▁World ▁M ete or ological ▁Organization ▁retired ▁the ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁tropical ▁cy clone ▁names ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁and ▁replaced ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁Kyle . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁retired ▁Atlantic ▁hur ricane ▁names ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁hur ric anes ▁( 1 9 8
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0 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁N HC ▁Kl aus ▁Pre liminary ▁Report ▁( gif ▁format ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Month ly ▁We ather ▁Review ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁Atlantic ▁hur ricane ▁season ▁Category : Category ▁ 1 ▁Atlantic ▁hur ric anes ▁Category : Ret ired ▁Atlantic ▁hur ric anes ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁the ▁Le eward ▁Islands ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁the ▁Wind ward ▁Islands ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Barb ados ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Saint ▁Luc ia ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Martin ique ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Domin ica ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Gu adel ou pe ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Saint ▁Bar th é le my ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Saint ▁Martin ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Ang u illa ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁the ▁Bah amas ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : H ur ric anes ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁natural ▁dis asters ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁( , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁- ▁ 1 9
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7 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Viet names e ▁journalist ▁and ▁writer . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁has ▁a ▁real ▁name ▁Ch u ▁V ă n ▁B ì nh ▁( 朱 文 平 ), ▁he ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁at ▁M ía ▁Village , ▁S ơ n ▁T â y ▁Province ▁( now ▁H ano i ). ▁He ▁has ▁graduated ▁as ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Law s ▁of ▁the ▁E cole ▁Sup érie ure ▁de ▁D roit ▁et ▁Administration . ▁He ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁academic ▁year ▁with ▁N gu y ễ n ▁Th á i ▁H ọ c . ▁In ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁he ▁followed ▁V N Q DD ' s ▁leader ▁N gu y ễ n ▁Kh ắ c ▁N hu ▁to ▁attack ▁H ư ng ▁H ó a ▁Fort rest . ▁However , ▁V N Q DD ▁was ▁failed ▁fast ly , ▁so ▁he ▁sw am ▁through ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁returned ▁H ano i ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁study . ▁ ▁In ▁Vi ệ t ▁Min h ▁era , ▁Ch u ▁V ă n ▁B ì nh ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁lawyer . ▁During ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Vietnam , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁principal ▁of ▁Ph ù ng ▁H ư ng ▁Private ▁School ▁in ▁Ha iph ong ▁and ▁then ▁L ê ▁V ă n ▁Tr ung ▁Primary - secondary ▁School ▁in ▁T â y ▁Nin h . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Sa ig on ▁Cou
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p ▁when ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁was ▁respected , ▁he ▁has ▁established ▁Living ▁Daily ▁News ▁( N h ậ t - b á o ▁S ố ng ) ▁at ▁H ồ ▁X u ân ▁H ư ơ ng ▁Road ▁( old ▁Sa ig on ) ▁and ▁started ▁using ▁pen ▁name ▁Ch u ▁T ử . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁Living ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁U BS V ▁forces . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁shot ▁ 4 ▁with ▁Col t ▁ 9 ▁shots ▁near ▁his ▁house ▁( next ▁Ho à i ▁An ▁School , ▁Ph ú ▁N hu ậ n ▁District , ▁Sa ig on ) ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁lucky ▁to ▁live . ▁This ▁event ▁was ▁which ▁Sa ig on ' s ▁public ▁opinion ▁doubt ed ▁Vi ệ t ▁C ộ ng ▁but ▁Republic ▁of ▁Vietnam ' s ▁press es ▁found ▁out ▁quickly ▁the ▁cul prit ▁being ▁U BS V ' s ▁rifle ▁shot . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁Living ▁was ▁blocked ▁forever ▁for ▁the ▁pound ing ▁condem n ation ▁when ▁Viet names e ▁government ▁allowed ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁full ▁powers ▁to ▁use ▁Cam ▁Ran h ▁Bay . ▁Living ' s ▁articles ▁called ▁that ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁" bet ray ing ▁the ▁country ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁has ▁re - est ab lished ▁it ▁as ▁T idal ▁W ave ▁Daily ▁News ▁( N h
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ậ t - b á o ▁S ó ng - Th ầ n ), ▁then ▁Viet ▁People ▁D . N . ▁( D ân - Vi ệ t ), ▁Life ▁D . N . ▁( Ð ờ i ), ▁but ▁these ▁newspapers ▁also ▁existed ▁in ▁very ▁short ▁times . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 , ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁was ▁dead ▁by ▁R PG - 2 ▁when ▁he ▁stood ▁on ▁the ▁Vi ệ t ▁Nam ▁Th ư ơ ng ▁T ín ▁ship ▁to ▁leave ▁Sa ig on . ▁He ▁with ▁one ▁boy ▁were ▁buried ▁at ▁C ầ n ▁Gi ờ ▁water ▁front . ▁ ▁Career ▁Bes ide ▁journal , ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁has ▁established ▁more ▁short ▁stories ▁and ▁novels . ▁ ▁Love ▁( Y ê u , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ). ▁Based ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁movie ▁by ▁director ▁ Đ ỗ ▁Ti ế n ▁ Đ ứ c . ▁ ▁Cha os ▁ 1 ▁: ▁Living ▁( S ố ng , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Cha os ▁ 2 ▁( Lo ạ n , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁P ond ▁for ▁d ucks ▁( A o ▁th ả ▁v ị t , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁Low ▁wind ▁( G ió ▁th ấ p ) ▁ ▁Je alous y ▁( G hen ) ▁ ▁Money ▁( T i ề n ) ▁ ▁Family ▁Ch
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u ▁T ử ▁had ▁four ▁children : ▁ ▁Ch u ▁Vi ▁S ơ n ▁( son ): ▁Rep orter ▁of ▁Front ▁Daily ▁News ▁( N h ậ t - b á o ▁Ti ề n - T uy ế n ) ▁pre - 1 9 7 5 . ▁He ▁settled ▁in ▁Br ainer d , ▁M N ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁has ▁ 4 ▁children ▁( 3 ▁daughters ▁and ▁ 1 ▁son ). ▁▁ ▁Ch u ▁V ị ▁Th ủ y ▁( d aughter ). ▁She ▁has ▁ 3 ▁children ▁( 3 ▁sons ). ▁▁ ▁Ch u ▁Long ▁( son ). ▁He ▁has ▁one ▁child ▁( 1 ▁daughter ). ▁▁ ▁Ch u ▁Tr ọ ng ▁Ly ▁( son ): ▁Who ▁has ▁killed ▁himself ▁by ▁M 1 ▁carb ine ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁About ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁ ▁Ch u ▁T ử ▁- ▁The ▁fierce ▁and ▁pat hetic ▁death ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁H ano i ▁Category : V iet names e ▁journalists ▁Category : V iet names e ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁Ex od us ▁narrative , ▁Yam ▁Sup h ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁which ▁the ▁Israel ites ▁crossed ▁following ▁their ▁ex od us ▁from ▁Egypt . ▁The ▁same ▁phrase ▁appears ▁in ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁other ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁He brew ▁Bible . ▁While ▁tradition ally ▁understood ▁to ▁refer
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▁to ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁( the ▁salt water ▁in let ▁located ▁between ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula ), ▁the ▁appropriate ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁phrase ▁remains ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁dispute ; ▁as ▁does ▁the ▁exact ▁location ▁referred ▁to . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁often ▁translated ▁as ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁— ▁with ▁several ▁competing ▁theories ▁as ▁to ▁where ▁this ▁was . ▁ ▁Trans lation ▁and ▁location ▁The ▁He brew ▁word ▁y am ▁means ▁' sea ', ▁and ▁the ▁word ▁su ph ▁by ▁itself ▁means ▁' reed ', ▁e . g . ▁in ▁; ▁hence , ▁a ▁literal ▁translation ▁of ▁y am ▁su ph — with ▁the ▁two ▁words ▁combined ▁in ▁construct ▁state — y ield s ▁' sea ▁of ▁re eds '. ▁This ▁was ▁pointed ▁out ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century ▁by ▁R ashi , ▁who ▁nonetheless ▁identified ▁the ▁y am ▁su ph ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁loc ust ▁pl ague ▁as ▁the ▁salt water ▁in let ▁located ▁between ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula — known ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea . ▁More ▁recently , ▁alternative ▁western ▁schol arly ▁understand ings ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁have ▁been ▁proposed ▁for ▁those ▁pass ages ▁where ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Israel ite ▁Cross ing ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁as ▁told ▁in ▁; ▁as ▁such , ▁y am ▁su ph ▁is ▁often ▁rendered ▁as ▁' sea ▁of ▁re eds ' ▁or ▁' sea ▁of ▁sea we ed ' ▁in ▁modern ▁transl ations , ▁rather ▁than ▁as ▁' Red ▁Sea '. ▁ ▁Pro pos
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als ▁for ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁y am ▁su ph ▁of ▁Ex od us ▁are ▁manifold . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁lake ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea , ▁which ▁has ▁since ▁dried ▁up ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Sue z ▁Canal . ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁specifically ▁in ▁the ▁Sue z ▁valley ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Pen insula , ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Sue z . ▁It ▁could ▁also ▁be ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁E il at , ▁which ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁the ▁Books ▁of ▁Kings ▁( ). ▁The ▁Lake ▁of ▁Tan is , ▁a ▁former ▁coastal ▁l ago on ▁fed ▁by ▁the ▁Pel us iac ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁N ile , ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁proposed ▁as ▁the ▁place ▁Moses ▁part ed ▁the ▁waters . ▁Heinrich ▁Bru g sch ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁Reed ▁Sea ▁is ▁Sab ḫ at ▁al ▁B ard aw ī l , ▁a ▁large ▁l ago on ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Pen insula . ▁ ▁More ▁con ject ur ally , ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁su ph ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁He brew ▁su ph ah ▁(" storm ") ▁or ▁soph ▁(" end "), ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Reed / Red ▁Sea ▁escape ▁itself : ▁ ▁The ▁crossing ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁sign aled ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁so jour n ▁in ▁Egypt ▁and ▁it ▁certainly ▁was ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁army ▁that ▁purs ued ▁the ▁fle eing ▁He bre ws ▁( Ex ▁ 1
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4 : 2 3 - 2 9 ; ▁ 1 5 : 4 - 5 ). ▁After ▁this ▁event ▁at ▁Yam ▁Sup h , ▁perhaps ▁the ▁verb ▁Soph , ▁meaning ▁" destroy " ▁and ▁" come ▁to ▁an ▁end ," ▁origin ated ▁( cf . ▁Am os ▁ 3 : 1 5 ; ▁Jer ▁ 8 : 1 3 ; ▁Isa ▁ 6 6 : 1 7 ; ▁P sa ▁ 7 3 : 1 9 ). ▁Another ▁possible ▁development ▁of ▁this ▁root ▁is ▁the ▁word ▁su ph ah , ▁meaning ▁" storm - wind " ... The ▁mean ings ▁" end " ▁and ▁" storm - wind " ▁would ▁have ▁const ituted ▁nice ▁pun s ▁on ▁the ▁event ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Yam ▁Sup h . ▁ ▁Occ ur ren ces ▁( The ▁following ▁transl ations ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁section : ▁K J V , ▁Author ized ▁King ▁James ▁Version ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁Bible ; ▁N J PS , ▁New ▁Jewish ▁Public ation ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁Version ▁of ▁the ▁Tan akh ; ▁SET , ▁' St one ▁Edition ▁Tan ach ' ▁from ▁Mes or ah ▁Public ations ▁Ltd . ▁Brooklyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁Greek ▁Sept u ag int ▁translation ▁is ▁, ▁" red ▁sea ", ▁except ▁where ▁indicated ▁below ). ▁ ▁The ▁occur ren ces ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁are ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁the ▁e ighth ▁Pl ague ▁of ▁Egypt : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁the ▁L ORD ▁turned ▁a ▁might y ▁strong ▁west
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▁wind , ▁which ▁took ▁away ▁the ▁loc ust s , ▁and ▁cast ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ; ▁there ▁remained ▁not ▁one ▁loc ust ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁coast s ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" The ▁L ORD ▁caused ▁a ▁shift ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁west ▁wind , ▁which ▁lifted ▁the ▁loc ust s , ▁and ▁hur led ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ; ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁loc ust ▁remained ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁SET : ▁" HAS HE M ▁turned ▁back ▁a ▁very ▁powerful ▁west ▁wind ▁and ▁it ▁carried ▁the ▁loc ust - sw arm ▁and ▁hur led ▁it ▁toward ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ; ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁loc ust ▁remained ▁within ▁the ▁entire ▁border ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁ ▁Pro log ue ▁to ▁The ▁Ex od us : ▁K J V : ▁" But ▁God ▁led ▁the ▁people ▁about , ▁through ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁wild erness ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea : ▁and ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁Israel ▁went ▁up ▁h arn essed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" So ▁God ▁led ▁the ▁people ▁round about , ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁wild erness ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁Now ▁the ▁Israel ites ▁went ▁up ▁armed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁SET : ▁" So ▁God ▁turned ▁the ▁people ▁toward ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds .< ref > An
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not . :" 1 3 : 1 8 . ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁This ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Sue z , ▁which ▁branches ▁north ward ▁from ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁and ▁separ ates ▁Egypt ▁from ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Des ert ; ▁but ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁today ▁as ▁Red ▁Sea ▁is ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Pen insula ▁and ▁so ▁far ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁pop ulated ▁area ▁of ▁Egypt ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁unlikely ▁that ▁the ▁Ex od us ▁and ▁the ▁later ▁S pl itting ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁could ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁there . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁that ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁was ▁the ▁Great ▁B itter ▁Lake , ▁which ▁is ▁between ▁the ▁Gulf ▁and ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁Sea ; ▁or ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Egypt ; ▁or ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁southern ▁Mediterranean ." </ ref > ▁The ▁Children ▁of ▁Israel ▁were ▁armed ▁when ▁they ▁went ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Egypt ." ▁ ▁The ▁Pass age ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea . ▁After ▁the ▁purs uing ▁Egypt ians ▁have ▁been ▁d rowned ▁in ▁" the ▁waters " ▁of ▁" the ▁sea ": ▁K J V : ▁" Ph ara oh ' s ▁char i ots ▁and ▁his ▁host ▁h ath ▁he ▁cast ▁into ▁the ▁sea : ▁his ▁chosen ▁capt ains ▁also ▁are ▁d rowned ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" Ph ara oh ' s ▁char i ots ▁and ▁his ▁army ▁he ▁has ▁cast ▁into ▁the ▁sea : ▁and ▁the ▁pick
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▁of ▁his ▁officers ▁are ▁d rowned ▁in ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁SET : ▁" Ph ara oh ' s ▁char i ots ▁and ▁army ▁He ▁threw ▁in ▁the ▁sea , ▁and ▁the ▁pick ▁of ▁his ▁officers ▁were ▁m ired ▁in ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁ ▁The ▁Ex od us ▁continuing : ▁K J V : ▁" So ▁Moses ▁brought ▁Israel ▁from ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁and ▁they ▁went ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁of ▁Sh ur ; ▁and ▁they ▁went ▁three ▁days ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness , ▁and ▁found ▁no ▁water ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" Then ▁Moses ▁caused ▁Israel ▁to ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁They ▁went ▁on ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁of ▁Sh ur ; ▁they ▁traveled ▁three ▁days ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness ▁and ▁found ▁no ▁water ." ▁SET : ▁" M oses ▁caused ▁Israel ▁to ▁journey ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁and ▁they ▁went ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁of ▁Sh ur ; ▁they ▁went ▁for ▁a ▁three - day ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁Wild erness , ▁but ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁water . ▁" ▁ ▁During ▁God ' s ▁further ▁instruction ▁to ▁Moses ▁after ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁I ▁will ▁set ▁thy ▁bounds ▁from ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ▁even ▁unt o ▁the ▁sea ▁of ▁the ▁Phil ist ines , ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁desert ▁unt o ▁the ▁river : ▁for ▁I ▁will ▁deliver ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁into ▁your
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▁hand ; ▁and ▁thou ▁sh alt ▁drive ▁them ▁out ▁before ▁the e ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" And ▁I ▁will ▁set ▁your ▁borders ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Phil ist ia , ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁wild erness ▁to ▁the ▁E up hr ates : ▁for ▁I ▁will ▁deliver ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁into ▁your ▁hands ; ▁and ▁you ▁will ▁drive ▁them ▁out ▁before ▁you ." ▁SET : ▁" I ▁shall ▁set ▁your ▁border ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁the ▁Phil ist ines . ▁" ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁wild erness , ▁before ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁C ana an : ▁K J V : ▁"( Now ▁the ▁Am ale k ites ▁and ▁the ▁C ana an ites ▁dw elt ▁in ▁the ▁valley .) ▁Tom orrow ▁turn ▁you , ▁and ▁get ▁you ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁Other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" Now ▁the ▁Am ale k ites ▁and ▁the ▁C ana an ites ▁occup y ▁the ▁val le ys . ▁Start ▁out , ▁then , ▁tomorrow , ▁and ▁march ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁SET : ▁" And ▁H AS HE M ▁said , ▁“ ... ▁The ▁Am ale k ite ▁and ▁the ▁C ana an ite ▁dwell ▁in ▁the ▁valley ▁- ▁tomorrow , ▁turn ▁and ▁journey ▁toward ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁Sea
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▁of ▁Re eds .” " ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁King ▁James ▁Version ▁transl ates ▁" the ▁Way ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea " ▁( cap ital ized ) ▁at ▁each ▁occur rence , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁the ▁Israel ites ▁may ▁have ▁used ▁an ▁ancient ▁trade ▁route , ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁reflected ▁in ▁other ▁English ▁transl ations ▁and ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Bible ▁for ▁Schools ▁and ▁Col leg es ▁arg ues ▁that ▁' no ▁defin ite ▁road ▁is ▁meant '. ▁ ▁Just ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Aaron : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁they ▁journey ed ▁from ▁mount ▁Hor ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁to ▁compass ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om : ▁and ▁the ▁soul ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁was ▁much ▁discour aged ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁way ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" They ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁Mount ▁Hor ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁to ▁skirt ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om . ▁But ▁the ▁people ▁grew ▁rest ive ▁on ▁the ▁journey ," ▁SET : ▁" They ▁journey ed ▁from ▁Mount ▁Hor ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁to ▁go ▁around ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om , ▁and ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁grew ▁short ▁on ▁the ▁way ." ▁ ▁Contin uing ▁the ▁w ander ings ▁in ▁the ▁Wild erness : ▁K J V : ▁"( 1 0 ) ▁And ▁they ▁removed ▁from ▁El im , ▁and ▁enc amped ▁by ▁the ▁Red ▁sea . ▁( 1 1 ) ▁And ▁they ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁Red
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▁sea , ▁and ▁enc amped ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness ▁of ▁Sin ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁"( 1 0 ) ▁They ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁El im , ▁and ▁enc amped ▁by ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁( 1 1 ) ▁They ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁and ▁enc amped ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness ▁of ▁Sin ." ▁SET : ▁" They ▁journey ed ▁from ▁El im ▁and ▁enc amped ▁by ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁( 1 1 ) ▁They ▁journey ed ▁from ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁and ▁enc amped ▁in ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁of ▁Sin ." ▁ ▁The ▁opening ▁verse ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁of ▁De uter onomy ▁has ▁an ▁occur rence ▁of ▁Sup h '' ▁on ▁its ▁own . ▁Some ▁transl ations , ▁including ▁the ▁Sept u ag int , ▁have ▁taken ▁this ▁as ▁an ▁ab bre vi ation ▁for ▁the ▁full ▁form , ▁others ▁not : ▁K J V : ▁" These ▁be ▁the ▁words ▁which ▁Moses ▁sp ake ▁unt o ▁all ▁Israel ▁on ▁this ▁side ▁Jordan ▁in ▁the ▁wild erness , ▁in ▁the ▁plain ▁over ▁against ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁between ▁Par an , ▁and ▁Top hel , ▁and ▁Lab an , ▁and ▁Haz er oth , ▁and ▁D iz ah ab ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" These ▁are ▁the ▁words ▁that ▁Moses ▁addressed ▁to ▁all ▁Israel ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Jordan . ▁— ▁Through ▁the ▁wild erness , ▁in ▁the
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▁Arab ah ▁near ▁Sup h , ▁between ▁Par an , ▁and ▁Top hel , ▁Lab an , ▁and ▁Haz er oth , ▁and ▁Di - z ah ab ," ▁SET : ▁" These ▁are ▁the ▁words ▁that ▁Moses ▁spoke ▁to ▁all ▁Israel , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Jordan , ▁concerning ▁the ▁Wild erness , ▁concerning ▁the ▁Arab ah , ▁opposite ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁between ▁Par an ▁and ▁Top hel , ▁and ▁Lab an , ▁and ▁Haz er oth , ▁and ▁Di - z ah ab ; ▁eleven ▁days ▁from ▁H ore b , ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁Mount ▁Se ir ▁to ▁K adesh - bar nea ." ▁ ▁Moses ▁reviews ▁the ▁strategy ▁after ▁the ▁initial ▁failure ▁to ▁inv ade ▁C ana an . ▁K J V : ▁" But ▁as ▁for ▁you , ▁turn ▁you , ▁and ▁take ▁your ▁journey ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" As ▁for ▁you , ▁turn ▁about , ▁and ▁march ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁SET : ▁" And ▁as ▁for ▁you , ▁turn ▁your selves ▁around ▁and ▁journey ▁to ▁the ▁Wild erness , ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁ ▁As ▁above : ▁K J V : ▁" Then ▁we ▁turned , ▁and ▁took ▁our ▁journey ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁as ▁the ▁L ORD ▁sp ake ▁unt
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o ▁me : ▁and ▁we ▁compass ed ▁mount ▁Se ir ▁many ▁days ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" Th us , ▁after ▁you ▁had ▁remained ▁at ▁K adesh ▁all ▁that ▁long ▁time , ▁we ▁mar ched ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁wild erness ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁as ▁the ▁L ORD ▁had ▁spoken ▁to ▁me : ▁and ▁skirt ed ▁the ▁hill ▁country ▁of ▁Se ir ▁a ▁long ▁time . ▁" ▁SET : ▁" We ▁turned ▁and ▁jou ney ed ▁to ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁toward ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁as ▁H AS HE M ▁spoke ▁to ▁me , ▁and ▁we ▁cir cl ed ▁Mount ▁Se ir ▁for ▁many ▁days . ▁" ▁ ▁Looking ▁back ▁on ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Ex od us : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁what ▁he ▁did ▁unt o ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁Egypt , ▁unt o ▁their ▁horses , ▁and ▁to ▁their ▁char i ots ; ▁how ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁water ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ▁to ▁overflow ▁them ▁as ▁they ▁purs ued ▁after ▁you , ▁and ▁how ▁the ▁L ORD ▁h ath ▁destroyed ▁them ▁unt o ▁this ▁day ;" ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" what ▁He ▁did ▁to ▁Egypt ’ s ▁army , ▁its ▁horses ▁and ▁char i ots ; ▁how ▁the ▁L ORD ▁rolled ▁back ▁upon ▁them ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁purs uing ▁you , ▁thus ▁destroying ▁them ▁once ▁and ▁for ▁all ;" ▁SET :
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▁" and ▁what ▁He ▁did ▁to ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁Egypt , ▁to ▁its ▁horses ▁and ▁its ▁char i ots , ▁over ▁whom ▁He ▁swept ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁when ▁they ▁purs ued ▁you , ▁and ▁H AS HE M ▁caused ▁them ▁to ▁per ish ▁until ▁this ▁day ; ▁" ▁ ▁Test im ony ▁of ▁Rah ab ▁to ▁Joshua ' s ▁sp ies ▁before ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Jer ich o : ▁K J V : ▁" For ▁we ▁have ▁heard ▁how ▁the ▁L ORD ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁water ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ▁for ▁you , ▁when ▁ye ▁came ▁out ▁of ▁Egypt ; ▁and ▁what ▁ye ▁did ▁unt o ▁the ▁two ▁kings ▁of ▁the ▁Am or ites , ▁that ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁Jordan , ▁S ih on ▁and ▁Og , ▁whom ▁ye ▁utterly ▁destroyed ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" For ▁we ▁have ▁heard ▁how ▁the ▁L ORD ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁water ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁for ▁you , ▁when ▁you ▁left ▁Egypt ; ▁and ▁what ▁you ▁did ▁to ▁S ih on ▁and ▁Og , ▁the ▁two ▁Am or ite ▁kings ▁across ▁the ▁Jordan , ▁whom ▁you ▁do omed ." ▁SET : ▁" for ▁we ▁have ▁heard ▁how ▁H AS HE M ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁for ▁you ▁when ▁you ▁went ▁forth ▁from ▁Egypt ▁and ▁what ▁you ▁did ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁kings ▁of ▁the ▁Am or ites ▁who ▁were ▁across ▁the ▁Jordan ▁- ▁to ▁S
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ih on ▁and ▁to ▁Og ▁- ▁whom ▁you ▁utterly ▁destroyed ." ▁ ▁Joshua ’ s ▁speech ▁to ▁the ▁troops ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁Jer ich o : ▁K J V : ▁" For ▁the ▁L ORD ▁your ▁God ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁Jordan ▁from ▁before ▁you , ▁until ▁ye ▁were ▁passed ▁over , ▁as ▁the ▁L ORD ▁your ▁God ▁did ▁to ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁which ▁he ▁dried ▁up ▁from ▁before ▁us , ▁until ▁we ▁were ▁gone ▁over :" ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" For ▁the ▁L ORD ▁your ▁God ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Jordan ▁before ▁you , ▁until ▁you ▁crossed , ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁L ORD ▁your ▁God ▁did ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁which ▁He ▁dried ▁up ▁before ▁us , ▁until ▁we ▁crossed ." ▁SET : ▁" For ▁H AS HE M , ▁your ▁God , ▁dried ▁up ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Jordan ▁before ▁you ▁until ▁you ▁crossed , ▁as ▁H AS HE M , ▁your ▁God , ▁did ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁which ▁He ▁dried ▁up ▁before ▁us ▁until ▁we ▁crossed ." ▁ ▁In ▁Joshua ’ s ▁final ▁speech ▁to ▁the ▁Israel ites : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁I ▁brought ▁your ▁f athers ▁out ▁of ▁Egypt : ▁and ▁ye ▁came ▁unt o ▁the ▁sea ; ▁and ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁purs ued ▁after ▁your ▁f athers ▁with ▁char i ots ▁and ▁horse men ▁unt o ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁
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▁N J PS : ▁" — ▁I ▁freed ▁your ▁f athers ▁— ▁from ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁you ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁Sea . ▁But ▁the ▁Egypt ians ▁purs ued ▁your ▁f athers ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁with ▁char i ots ▁and ▁horse men ." ▁SET : ▁" I ▁brought ▁your ▁fore f athers ▁out ▁of ▁Egypt ▁and ▁you ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁sea . ▁The ▁Egypt ians ▁purs ued ▁your ▁fore f athers ▁with ▁char iot ▁and ▁horse men ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁ ▁King ▁Sol omon ’ s ▁fleet : ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁king ▁Sol omon ▁made ▁a ▁navy ▁of ▁ships ▁in ▁Ez ion ge ber , ▁which ▁is ▁beside ▁El oth , ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁sea , ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁The ▁Sept u ag int ▁here ▁has ▁, ▁meaning ▁" on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁the ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁the ▁sea " ▁N J PS : ▁" King ▁Sol omon ▁also ▁built ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ships ▁at ▁Ez ion - ge ber , ▁which ▁is ▁near ▁El oth ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om ." ▁SET : ▁" King ▁Sol omon ▁made ▁a ▁fleet ▁in ▁Ez ion - ge ber , ▁which ▁is ▁near ▁El oth , ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ed om ." ▁ ▁Jer em iah ▁be mo aned ▁his ▁own ▁fate .
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▁Why ▁had ▁he ▁been ▁the ▁one ▁chosen ▁to ▁not ▁only ▁fore t ell ▁the ▁hor rors ▁of ▁destruction ▁but ▁to ▁witness ▁them , ▁and ▁even ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁the ▁mercy ▁of ▁the ▁bre th ren ▁he ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁save ? ▁But ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁that ▁the ▁ex iled ▁Jews ▁in ▁Bab ylon ▁found ▁strength ▁in ▁his ▁prop he cy ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁red em ption ▁and ▁glory ▁seventy ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁Temple . ▁Jer em iah ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁prop he cy ▁ful filled , ▁but ▁many ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁heard ▁his ▁prop he cies ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁ones ▁who ▁returned ▁with ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁Ne hem iah ▁to ▁inaugur ate ▁the ▁Second ▁Temple . ▁K J V : ▁" The ▁earth ▁is ▁moved ▁at ▁the ▁noise ▁of ▁their ▁fall , ▁at ▁the ▁cry ▁the ▁noise ▁there of ▁was ▁heard ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" At ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁their ▁down fall ▁The ▁earth ▁shall ▁shake ; ▁The ▁sound ▁of ▁screaming ▁Sh all ▁be ▁heard ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁A ▁translation ▁of ▁this ▁text ▁does ▁not ▁occur ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁Sept u ag int . ▁An ▁approximate ▁correspondence ▁is ▁found ▁at ▁Jer em iah ▁ 2 9 : 2 1 , ▁referring ▁to ▁just ▁" the ▁sea ". ▁SET : ▁"( 2 0 ) ▁Therefore , ▁hear ▁the ▁counsel ▁of ▁H AS HE M ▁that ▁He
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▁has ▁dev ised ▁against ▁Ed om , ▁and ▁His ▁thoughts ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁con ceived ▁against ▁the ▁dwell ers ▁of ▁Tem an : ▁the ▁youngest ▁of ▁the ▁fl ock ▁will ▁indeed ▁drag ▁them ▁off ; ▁he ▁will ▁indeed ▁devast ate ▁their ▁past ure . ▁( 2 1 ) ▁From ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁their ▁fall ▁the ▁earth ▁qu akes ; ▁a ▁cry , ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁their ▁voice ▁is ▁heard ." ▁ ▁God ' s ▁presence ▁and ▁loving kind ness ▁are ▁always ▁near ; ▁one ▁need ▁but ▁have ▁open ▁eyes ▁and ▁an ▁open ▁heart ▁to ▁see ▁them : ▁K J V : ▁"( 7 ) ▁Our ▁f athers ▁understood ▁not ▁thy ▁w onders ▁in ▁Egypt ; ▁they ▁remembered ▁not ▁the ▁mult itude ▁of ▁thy ▁mer cies ; ▁but ▁prov oked ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁sea , ▁even ▁at ▁the ▁Red ▁sea . ▁ ▁( 8 ) ▁Nevertheless ▁he ▁saved ▁them ▁for ▁his ▁name ' s ▁sake , ▁that ▁he ▁might ▁make ▁his ▁might y ▁power ▁to ▁be ▁known . ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁He ▁reb uk ed ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ▁also , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁dried ▁up : ▁so ▁he ▁led ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁depth s , ▁as ▁through ▁the ▁wild erness ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁"( 7 ) ▁Our ▁fore f athers ▁in ▁Egypt ▁did ▁not ▁per ceive ▁Your ▁w onders ; ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁remember ▁Your ▁abund ant ▁love , ▁but ▁reb elled ▁at ▁the ▁sea , ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds .
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▁ ▁( 8 ) ▁Yet ▁He ▁saved ▁them , ▁as ▁bef its ▁His ▁name , ▁to ▁make ▁known ▁His ▁might . ▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁He ▁sent ▁is ▁blast ▁against ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ; ▁it ▁became ▁dry ; ▁he ▁led ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁deep , ▁as ▁through ▁a ▁wild erness ." ▁SET : ▁"( 7 ) ▁Our ▁f athers ▁in ▁Egypt ▁did ▁not ▁cont emplate ▁Your ▁w onders , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁mind ful ▁of ▁Your ▁abund ant ▁kindness , ▁and ▁they ▁reb elled ▁by ▁the ▁sea , ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁( 8 ) ▁But ▁He ▁saved ▁them ▁for ▁His ▁Name ' s ▁sake , ▁to ▁make ▁known ▁His ▁might . ▁( 9 ) ▁He ▁ro ared ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁dry , ▁and ▁He ▁led ▁them ▁through ▁the ▁depth s ▁as ▁through ▁a ▁desert . ▁" ▁ ▁God ' s ▁presence ▁and ▁loving kind ness ▁are ▁always ▁near ; ▁one ▁need ▁but ▁have ▁open ▁eyes ▁and ▁an ▁open ▁heart ▁to ▁see ▁them : ▁K J V : ▁" W ond rous ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ham , ▁and ▁terrible ▁things ▁by ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" w ond rous ▁de eds ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ham , ▁awesome ▁de eds ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁SET : ▁" w ond rous ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁Ham , ▁awesome ▁things ▁by ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ." ▁ ▁A
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▁song ▁of ▁God ' s ▁creation ▁and ▁rul ership ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁general ▁and ▁Israel ▁in ▁particular : ▁K J V : ▁"( 1 3 ) ▁To ▁him ▁which ▁divided ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ▁into ▁parts : ▁for ▁his ▁mercy ▁end ure th ▁for ▁ever : ▁ ▁( 1 4 ) ▁And ▁made ▁Israel ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁it : ▁for ▁his ▁mercy ▁end ure th ▁for ▁ever : ▁ ▁( 1 5 ) ▁But ▁over th rew ▁Ph ara oh ▁and ▁his ▁host ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁sea : ▁for ▁his ▁mercy ▁end ure th ▁for ▁ever ." ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁"( 1 3 ) ▁Who ▁split ▁apart ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁His ▁stead fast ▁love ▁is ▁eternal ; ▁ ▁( 1 4 ) ▁and ▁made ▁Israel ▁pass ▁through ▁it , ▁His ▁stead fast ▁love ▁is ▁eternal ; ▁ ▁( 1 5 ) ▁Who ▁hur led ▁Ph ara oh ▁and ▁his ▁army ▁into ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁His ▁stead fast ▁love ▁is ▁eternal ;" ▁SET : ▁"( 1 3 ) ▁To ▁Him ▁Who ▁divided ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ▁into ▁parts , ▁for ▁His ▁kindness ▁end ures ▁forever ; ▁( 1 4 ) ▁and ▁caused ▁Israel ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁it , ▁for ▁His ▁kindness ▁end ures ▁forever ; ▁( 1 5 ) ▁and ▁threw ▁Ph ara oh ▁and ▁his ▁army ▁into ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds , ▁for ▁His ▁kindness ▁end ures ▁forever ." ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Second ▁Temple ▁was ▁re
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built ▁( 3 4 9 B CE ), ▁Ne hem iah ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Men ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Assembly , ▁a ▁council ▁which ▁function ed ▁over ▁several ▁generations ▁and ▁re ju ven ated ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Nation . ▁They ▁pray ed ▁successfully ▁against ▁Id ol at ry , ▁composed ▁the ▁standard ▁Jewish ▁prayers ▁and ▁brought ▁about ▁the ▁dramatic ▁flower ing ▁of ▁the ▁O ral ▁law , ▁the ▁primary ▁repository ▁of ▁divine ▁wisdom ▁( see : ▁Tan akh ). ▁K J V : ▁" And ▁did st ▁see ▁the ▁aff lict ion ▁of ▁our ▁f athers ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁heard est ▁their ▁cry ▁by ▁the ▁Red ▁sea ;" ▁other ▁transl ations : ▁ ▁N J PS : ▁" You ▁took ▁note ▁of ▁our ▁f athers ’ ▁aff lict ion ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁heard ▁their ▁cry ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds ;" ▁SET : ▁" You ▁observed ▁the ▁suffering ▁of ▁our ▁fore f athers ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁You ▁heard ▁their ▁out c ry ▁at ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Re eds . ▁" ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cross ing ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁ ▁Trans j ord an ▁in ▁the ▁Bible ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Tor ah ▁places ▁Category : M oses <0x0A> </s> ▁Rav ind ra ▁Kum ar ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Rav ind ra ▁Kum ar ▁( polit ical ▁scientist ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Political ▁Scient ist , ▁Peace ▁Educ ator , ▁an ▁Ind
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ologist , ▁a ▁Human ist , ▁Cultural ▁Anth rop ologist , ▁Gand h ian ▁Think er , ▁and ▁a ▁Former ▁Vice - Ch ancell or ▁of ▁C CS ▁University , ▁Me er ut ▁( Ind ia ). ▁Rav ind ra ▁Kum ar ▁( editor ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁editor ▁and ▁managing ▁director ▁of ▁The ▁States man , ▁one ▁of ▁India ' s ▁best - known ▁and ▁oldest ▁newspapers . <0x0A> </s> ▁A ja ▁Kim ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁F ay ette ville , ▁NC ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁PA ▁A ja ▁Kim ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁public ▁attention ▁when ▁she ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁rock ▁and ▁roll ▁sa x oph on ist , ▁Cl aren ce ▁C lem ons ▁( who ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Bruce ▁Spring ste en ' s ▁E ▁Street ▁Band ) ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Japan - only ▁CD ▁release ▁A ja ▁and ▁the ▁Big ▁Man ▁- ▁Get ▁It ▁On . ▁Three ▁songs ▁she ▁co - w rote ▁were ▁her ▁solo ▁vocal ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁CD , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁du et ▁with ▁Cl aren ce ▁of ▁the ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁classic ▁" B aby , ▁Get ▁It ▁On ." ▁She ▁was ▁prom in ently ▁featured ▁alongside ▁Mr . ▁C lem ons ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁release . ▁Sub sequently , ▁they ▁performed ▁as ▁" Cl aren ce ▁C lem ons ▁and ▁A ja "
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▁at ▁various ▁ven ues ▁and ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁Coast , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁at ▁a ▁pre - W inter ▁Olympic ▁celebration ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Village ▁in ▁Utah ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁fre el ance ▁session ▁vocal ist ▁and ▁voice ▁over ▁actor ▁throughout ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁on ▁radio ▁and ▁television ▁commercial s ▁and ▁sang ▁on ▁CD ▁releases ▁by ▁both ▁major ▁label ▁and ▁independent ▁artists , ▁including ▁the ▁com eb ack ▁CD , ▁Stra ight ▁from ▁the ▁Heart , ▁of ▁former ▁Top ▁Jimmy ▁& ▁The ▁R hythm ▁P igs ▁member , ▁Carlos ▁Gu it arl os . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁she ▁also ▁tou red ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁with ▁a ▁diverse ▁collection ▁of ▁artists ▁ranging ▁from ▁former ▁Tower ▁of ▁Power ▁guitar ist , ▁Bruce ▁Con te , ▁to ▁South ▁American ▁rock ▁super st ars ▁Wil ma ▁Pal ma ▁e ▁V amp iros ▁before ▁independently ▁releasing ▁her ▁first ▁solo ▁CD , ▁Modern ▁Bab ylon . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Kim ▁joined ▁the ▁all - fem ale ▁t ribute ▁band ▁The ▁Iron ▁M aid ens , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁holding ▁aud itions ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁following ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁member ▁Jenny ▁Warren . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁on stage ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁M aid ens ▁at ▁the ▁Galaxy ▁Theater
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▁in ▁Santa ▁Ana , ▁CA , ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁surprised ▁the ▁band , ▁management ▁and ▁fans ▁by ▁recording ▁all ▁of ▁her ▁lead ▁and ▁background ▁vocal ▁tracks ▁for ▁the ▁M aid ens ' ▁self - t itled ▁debut ▁album ▁in ▁a ▁span ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁three ▁days . ▁This ▁CD ▁was ▁notable ▁for ▁the ▁cover ▁artwork ▁created ▁by ▁original ▁Iron ▁M aid en ▁album ▁cover ▁artist , ▁D erek ▁R ig gs . ▁She ▁received ▁a ▁" R ock ie " ▁ ▁that ▁year ▁for ▁" Best ▁Fem ale ▁V ocal ist " ▁from ▁The ▁Rock ▁City ▁News ▁Awards ▁. ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Kim ▁announced ▁in ▁her ▁fan ▁news letter , ▁Advent ures ▁in ▁A j aland , ▁her ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁Iron ▁M aid ens ▁to ▁resume ▁her ▁solo ▁recording ▁and ▁writing ▁career . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁subsequently ▁reported , ▁along ▁with ▁news ▁of ▁her ▁song writing ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Mot ör head ▁guitar ist , ▁Phil ▁Campbell , ▁on ▁Bl ab ber mouth . net . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁A ja ▁and ▁The ▁Big ▁Man ▁- ▁Get ▁It ▁On ▁( Cl aren ce ▁C lem ons ) ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Stra ight ▁from ▁the ▁Heart ▁( C arl os ▁Gu it arl os ) ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁- ▁" A in ' t ▁That ▁L oving ▁You " ▁( with ▁Mike ▁W
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att ) ▁▁ ▁Sh ades ▁Of ▁Blue ▁( B ru ce ▁Con te ) ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Modern ▁Bab ylon ▁( A ja ▁Kim ) ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁World ' s ▁Only ▁Fem ale ▁T ribute ▁to ▁Iron ▁M aid en ▁( The ▁Iron ▁M aid ens ) ▁( 2 0 0 5 / 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Route ▁ 6 6 6 ▁( The ▁Iron ▁M aid ens ) ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Root ▁of ▁All ▁Ev il ▁( The ▁Iron ▁M aid ens ) ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Media ▁ ▁A ja ▁Kim ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist , ▁with ▁Cl aren ce ▁C lem ons ▁and ▁with ▁The ▁Iron ▁M aid ens , ▁in ▁The ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times , ▁Gu itar ▁World , ▁Metal ▁Ham mer , ▁Ham mer world ▁( H ung ary ), ▁Metal ▁Edge , ▁K err ang , ▁The ▁Japan ▁Times , ▁Gib son ▁L ifest yle , ▁F H M , ▁Max im , ▁Music ▁Connection ▁Magazine , ▁Japan ' s ▁Burn ▁Magazine , ▁Korea ' s ▁Hot ▁Music ▁Magazine , ▁The ▁O C ▁Register , ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City ▁Week ly , ▁Phoenix ▁New ▁Times , ▁Houston ▁Press , ▁Sp ok ane ▁ 7 , ▁Fair b anks ▁Daily ▁News , ▁An ch orage ▁Daily ▁News , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ▁with ▁Jay ▁L eno , ▁K CAL ' s ▁ 9
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▁on ▁the ▁Town ▁( L . A .), ▁K DB C ▁ 4 ▁News ▁( El ▁Pas o , ▁TX ) ▁and ▁ 9 7 . 1 ▁K LS X - FM ' s ▁The ▁Two ▁Media ▁Wh ores ▁w / ▁David ▁Ad elson ▁& ▁Con way ▁and ▁Whit man ▁( L . A .). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁A ja ▁Kim ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁A ja ▁Kim ▁Official ▁My Space ▁Site ▁ ▁Cl aren ce ▁C lem ons ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁F ay ette ville , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : American ▁female ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : American ▁heavy ▁metal ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : American ▁rock ▁song writ ers ▁Category : American ▁female ▁heavy ▁metal ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁musicians ▁of ▁Korean ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁women ▁of ▁Korean ▁descent ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Ž yg ai č ia i ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁T aur ag ė ▁County , ▁in ▁western ▁L ith u ania . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 4 2 ▁people . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T
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own s ▁in ▁L ith u ania ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁T aur ag ė ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Á rp ád ▁Mak ay ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁cin emat ographer . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁film ography ▁ ▁Dead ly ▁Spring ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁R óz s af ab ot ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁G ül ▁B aba ▁( 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁H á ry ▁J án os ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁I ▁Am ▁Gu ilty ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Mag d ol na ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Something ▁Is ▁in ▁the ▁Water ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Corn fields ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁Tre as ured ▁Earth ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Burn s , ▁Bryan . ▁World ▁Cin ema : ▁Hung ary . ▁Fair le igh ▁Dick inson ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : H ung arian ▁cin emat ograph ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Sk ir ne ▁which ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁By gg ve ▁deposit ▁is ▁an ▁off shore ▁gas ▁field ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Sea ▁located ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁He im dal ▁gas ▁field ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁St av anger , ▁Norway
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. ▁The ▁depth ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁area ▁is ▁. ▁Both ▁Sk ir ne ▁and ▁By gg ve ▁are ▁considered ▁satell ites ▁to ▁He im dal ▁field ▁and ▁are ▁connected ▁to ▁it ▁by ▁sub sea ▁pip elines . ▁Total F ina El f ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁operator ▁had ▁received ▁the ▁approval ▁from ▁Norweg ian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Pet role um ▁and ▁Energy ▁for ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁fields ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁company ▁holds ▁ 4 0 % ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁project . ▁Other ▁stake holders ▁are ▁Pet oro ▁and ▁Cent r ica . ▁ ▁Both ▁Sk ir ne ▁and ▁By gg ve ▁have ▁an ▁estimated ▁ ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 0 mill ion ▁barrel s ▁of ▁cond ens ate , ▁combined . ▁ ▁Sk ir ne ▁deposit ▁The ▁Sk ir ne ▁field ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁Middle ▁Jur ass ic ▁sand st ones ▁of ▁the ▁B rent ▁Group . ▁Sk ir ne ▁deposit ▁lies ▁ ▁deep . ▁ ▁By gg ve ▁deposit ▁The ▁By gg ve ▁field ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁He im dal ▁gas ▁field ▁and ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁Middle ▁Jur ass ic ▁sand st ones ▁of ▁the ▁B rent ▁Group . ▁By gg ve ▁deposit ▁lies ▁ ▁deep . ▁ ▁Production ▁Production ▁at ▁Sk ir ne ▁and ▁By gg ve ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Ex pected ▁project ▁duration ▁is
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▁ 6 year s ▁and ▁produce ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁cond ens ate . ▁ ▁The ▁fields ▁are ▁inter connected ▁through ▁two ▁single - well ▁tie - backs ▁and ▁transport ed ▁to ▁treatment ▁facilities ▁at ▁He im dal ▁Gas ▁Center , ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁processed ▁gas ▁is ▁then ▁export ed ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁through ▁the ▁V ester led ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁Total ▁investment ▁including ▁the ▁V ale ▁satellite ▁has ▁been ▁nearly ▁ 4 b illion ▁N OK ▁which ▁also ▁included ▁modifications ▁on ▁He im dal , ▁dr illing ▁operations , ▁sub sea ▁templates ▁and ▁pip elines . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁He im dal ▁gas ▁field ▁V ale ▁gas ▁field ▁O se berg ▁Transport ▁System ▁Gr ane ▁oil ▁field ▁O se berg ▁oil ▁field ▁North ▁Sea ▁oil ▁Econom y ▁of ▁Norway ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Total ▁official ▁website ▁display ing ▁the ▁map ▁with ▁location ▁of ▁Sk ir ne ▁and ▁By gg ve ▁fields ▁ ▁Category : O il ▁fields ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : N at ural ▁gas ▁fields ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : N orth ▁Sea ▁energy ▁Category : Total ▁S . A . <0x0A> </s> ▁Micro ca ec ilia ▁i w ok r ama e ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ca ec il ian ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁S iph on op idae . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁Guy ana ▁and ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁its ▁type ▁local ity ▁in ▁the ▁I w ok r ama ▁Forest . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁as ▁Ca ec il
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ita ▁i w ok r ama e ▁in ▁the ▁mon ot yp ic ▁genus ▁Ca ec il ita , ▁before ▁being ▁recognised ▁as ▁belonging ▁to ▁Micro ca ec ilia . ▁ ▁Micro ca ec ilia ▁i w ok r ama e ▁was ▁first ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁second ▁known ▁species ▁of ▁lung less ▁ca ec il ian ▁and ▁first ▁from ▁a ▁ter rest rial ▁habitat , ▁the ▁other ▁lung less ▁species ▁being ▁the ▁aqu atic ▁At re to cho ana ▁e is elt i . ▁Micro ca ec ilia ▁i w ok r ama e ▁is ▁small ▁and ▁ter rest rial , ▁and ▁does ▁have ▁a ▁lung . ▁The ▁hol otype , ▁found ▁in ▁Guy ana , ▁in ▁the ▁scrub ▁of ▁I w ok r ama ▁Forest , ▁was ▁ ▁in ▁length , ▁with ▁ 1 0 2 ▁ann uli . ▁Its ▁colour ▁in ▁life ▁was ▁not ▁recorded , ▁but ▁in ▁preserv ative ▁it ▁was ▁light ▁yellow - b rown ▁with ▁m ott ling . ▁Unlike ▁previously ▁reported , ▁this ▁species ▁does ▁have ▁open ▁external ▁na res , ▁and ▁possess es ▁a ▁single , ▁well - develop ed ▁lung , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁Micro ca ec ilia ▁in ▁having ▁an ▁orbit ▁mostly ▁covered ▁by ▁bone ▁( closed ). ▁ ▁Micro ca ec ilia ▁i w ok r ama e ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁reasonably ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁type ▁local ity . ▁Spec im ens ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁by ▁digging ▁soil , ▁particularly ▁under ▁rott ing ▁wood ▁or
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▁leaf ▁litter ▁or ▁between ▁the ▁butt ress ▁roots ▁of ▁trees . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁i w ok r ama e ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Guy ana ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Guy ana ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Society ▁for ▁Mass ▁Spect rom etry ▁is ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁prom otes ▁mass ▁spect rom etry ▁in ▁Canada . ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁society ▁is ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁interest ▁and ▁collabor ations ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁mass ▁spect rom etry ▁community . ▁The ▁society ▁organ izes ▁con ferences , ▁awards ▁prices ▁and ▁runs ▁an ▁online ▁job ▁board . ▁The ▁society ▁is ▁an ▁affiliate ▁society ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁International ▁Mass ▁Spect rom etry ▁Foundation . ▁Its ▁current ▁president ▁is ▁L ek ha ▁S len o . ▁ ▁The ▁society ▁awards ▁the ▁annual ▁Fred ▁P . ▁Loss ing ▁Award . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁CS MS ▁- ▁Canadian ▁Society ▁for ▁Mass ▁Spect rom etry ▁ ▁Category : C hem istry ▁education ▁Category : C hem istry ▁societies ▁Category : L ear ned ▁societies ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Mass ▁spect rom etry ▁Category : S ci ence ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Sc ient ific ▁societies ▁based ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Nas cent es ▁do ▁L ago ▁J ari ▁National ▁Park ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Amazon as , ▁Brazil . ▁It ▁protect s ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁Amazon ▁rain fore st ▁in
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▁the ▁BR - 3 1 9 ▁highway ▁area ▁of ▁influence . ▁ ▁Location ▁ ▁The ▁Nas cent es ▁do ▁L ago ▁J ari ▁National ▁Park ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁bi ome . ▁The ▁park ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁BR - 3 1 9 ▁highway ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Pur us ▁River , ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁L ago ▁J ari ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Mat up iri ▁State ▁Park . ▁About ▁ 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Ber uri ▁municip ality ▁and ▁ 9 4 % ▁in ▁the ▁T ap au á ▁municip ality , ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Amazon as . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁protect s ▁the ▁bas in ▁of ▁the ▁J ari ▁River , ▁an ▁important ▁right ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Pur us ▁in ▁its ▁middle ▁course , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁natural ▁resources ▁and ▁associated ▁fish . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁important ▁ec ological ▁corridor ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁between ▁the ▁Pur us ▁and ▁Made ira ▁rivers ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁the ▁Ap ur in ã ▁do ▁I gar ap é ▁T au am ir im ▁Ind igenous ▁Terr itory , ▁ ▁Ab uf ari ▁Bi ological ▁Reserve ▁and ▁ ▁Pi aga ç u - P ur us ▁S ustain able ▁Development ▁Reserve ▁on ▁the ▁Pur us ▁River ▁and ▁the ▁L ago ▁do ▁C apan ã ▁Grande ▁Ex tract ive ▁Reserve , ▁Rio ▁A map á ▁S ustain able ▁Development ▁Reserve ▁and ▁the ▁Mat
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up iri ▁State ▁Park ▁near ▁the ▁Made ira . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Nas cent es ▁do ▁L ago ▁J ari ▁National ▁Park ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁dec ree ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁is ▁administer ed ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ico ▁Mend es ▁Institute ▁for ▁B iod ivers ity ▁Conserv ation ▁( IC MB io ). ▁An ▁advis ory ▁council ▁was ▁created ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁An ▁ordin ance ▁of ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁provided ▁for ▁a ▁consistent ▁and ▁integrated ▁approach ▁to ▁preparing ▁management ▁plans ▁for ▁the ▁conservation ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁BR - 3 1 9 ▁area ▁of ▁influence . ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁Ab uf ari ▁Bi ological ▁Reserve , ▁C uni ã ▁Ec ological ▁Station , ▁Nas cent es ▁do ▁L ago ▁J ari ▁and ▁Map ingu ari ▁national ▁parks , ▁Bal ata - T uf ari , ▁Hum ait á ▁and ▁I quir i ▁national ▁forests , ▁and ▁the ▁ ▁L ago ▁do ▁C apan ã - Gr ande , ▁Rio ▁It ux i , ▁M éd io ▁Pur us ▁and ▁L ago ▁do ▁C uni ã ▁extract ive ▁reserves . ▁The ▁conservation ▁unit ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁Amazon ▁Region ▁Prote cted ▁Are as ▁Program . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : National ▁parks ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁of ▁Amazon as ▁( B raz il ian ▁state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 2 8 ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁highway ▁of
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▁Japan ▁connecting ▁H ak od ate , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁and ▁Es ashi , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁in ▁Japan , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁ 1 5 1 . 5 km ▁( 9 4 . 1 4 mi ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : National ▁high ways ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : R oad s ▁in ▁H ok ka ido <0x0A> </s> ▁Ru isse au - de - l ' Ind ien ▁Ec ological ▁Reserve ▁is ▁an ▁ec ological ▁reserve ▁in ▁Quebec , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁from ▁Government ▁of ▁Qu é bec ▁ ▁Category : N ature ▁reserves ▁in ▁Out a ou ais ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁V atten fall ▁Cy class ics ▁road ▁cycl ing ▁race ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁in ▁Hamburg , ▁Germany ▁and ▁saw ▁an ▁all - Austral ian ▁pod ium ▁with ▁Rob bie ▁Mc E wen ▁of ▁ ▁beating ▁Mark ▁R ens h aw ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁All an ▁Davis ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁in ▁Road ▁Cycl ing ▁ ▁V atten fall ▁Cy class ics ▁V atten fall ▁Cy class ics ▁ 2 0 0 8 <0x0A>
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</s> ▁Tele gr ass ▁is ▁a ▁cannab is ▁distribution ▁network ▁in ▁Israel ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁members , ▁that ▁uses ▁the ▁enc rypted ▁mess aging ▁application ▁Tele gram . ▁The ▁network ▁enables ▁anonymous ▁cannab is ▁delivery ▁and ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁rate ▁the ▁product ▁and ▁the ▁vendors . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁reven ues ▁of ▁Tele gr ass ▁are ▁ 6 0 ▁million ▁N IS ▁monthly . ▁According ▁to ▁Ha aret z , ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Tele gr ass ▁users ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 , 3 0 0 ▁deal ers , ▁and ▁the ▁numbers ▁are ▁constantly ▁increasing . ▁According ▁to ▁Times ▁of ▁Israel , ▁there ▁are ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁registered ▁users . ▁The ▁usage ▁of ▁the ▁application ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Am os ▁Silver , ▁a ▁ 3 3 - year - old ▁Israeli ▁activ ist . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Israeli ▁and ▁Ukrain ian ▁police ▁arrested ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁Tele gr ass , ▁including ▁the ▁CEO . ▁Silver ▁was ▁extr ad ited ▁to ▁Israel ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁E tti ▁A br am ov , ▁‘ Tele gr ass ▁steps ▁in ▁where ▁the ▁state ▁fails ’, ▁Y net news , ▁March ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Category : C ann ab is ▁traff icking ▁Category : C
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ann ab is ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁private ▁equity ▁firm , ▁owned ▁by ▁Legend ▁Hold ings . ▁Legend ▁Hold ings ▁provided ▁H ony , ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁China ' s ▁private ▁equity ▁industry , ▁with ▁its ▁start - up ▁capital . ▁H ony ▁has ▁about ▁US $ 1 0 ▁billion ▁under ▁management . ▁H ony ▁also ▁invest s ▁in ▁overseas ▁consumer ▁brands ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁create ▁value ▁by ▁expanding ▁their ▁presence ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁has ▁invested ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁pharm aceut ical ▁and ▁healthcare , ▁consumption ▁and ▁cater ing , ▁culture ▁and ▁media , ▁environmental ▁protection ▁and ▁new ▁energy , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁high - end ▁manufacturing . ▁H ony ' s ▁portfolio ▁companies ▁include ▁China ▁Sh ij iaz hu ang ▁Ph arm aceut ical ▁Group ▁( C SP C ), ▁Z oom l ion , ▁Shanghai ▁City ▁Invest ment ▁Hold ings , ▁Shanghai ▁Jin ▁Ji ang ▁International , ▁E NN , ▁P izza Express ▁( UK ), ▁ST X ▁( US ), ▁We Work ▁( US ), ▁etc . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁private ▁equity ▁company ▁registered ▁in ▁Q ian h ai ▁S hen z hen - H ong ▁Kong ▁Modern ▁Service ▁Industry ▁Co operation ▁Zone . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁has ▁established ▁Hospital ▁Corporation ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁Best ▁Food ▁Hold ing ▁Company ▁Limited ▁as ▁its ▁investment ▁management ▁platforms ▁to ▁explore ▁systematic ▁opportunities
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▁in ▁healthcare , ▁chain ▁food ▁and ▁be verage ▁industries . ▁ ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁currently ▁man ages ▁over ▁US $ 1 0 . 0 ▁billion ▁of ▁assets ▁and ▁has ▁invested ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁companies ▁dom est ically ▁and ▁abroad . ▁ ▁Invest ments ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁H ony ▁assist ed ▁Z oom l ion ▁Heavy ▁Industry ▁Science ▁& ▁Technology ▁to ▁purchase ▁Italian ▁equipment ▁manufacturer ▁Comp agn ia ▁Ital iana ▁Form e ▁Acc ia io . ▁ ▁P izza Express ▁Through ▁its ▁subs idi ary ▁H ony ▁Capital , ▁Legend ▁acquired ▁P izza Express ▁for ▁US $ 1 . 5 4 ▁billion ▁from ▁private ▁equity ▁fund ▁Cin ven ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁H ony ▁plans ▁to ▁open ▁hundreds ▁of ▁new ▁P izza Express ▁restaurants ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁India . ▁H ony ▁claims ▁it ▁can ▁help ▁P izza Express ▁create ▁more ▁value ▁in ▁China ▁using ▁its ▁extensive ▁experience ▁and ▁network ▁in ▁its ▁home ▁market . ▁H ony ▁paid ▁with ▁US $ ▁billion ▁in ▁debt ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁amount ▁in ▁equity . ▁J P ▁Morgan ▁acted ▁as ▁H ony ' s ▁adv iser ▁for ▁this ▁transaction . ▁ ▁ST X ▁Entertainment ▁ ▁H ony ▁worked ▁with ▁American ▁buy out ▁firm ▁T PG ▁Capital ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁invest ▁about ▁US $ 1 ▁billion ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁Hollywood ▁movie ▁studio , ▁ST X ▁Entertainment , ▁to ▁make ▁films ▁for ▁worldwide ▁distribution . ▁ST X ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁film ▁producer ▁Robert ▁Sim onds .
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▁The ▁studio ▁produces ▁movies ▁with ▁budget s ▁of ▁$ 1 0 ▁million ▁to ▁$ 8 0 ▁million . ▁ST X ▁says ▁it ▁will ▁release ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 1 5 ▁films ▁per ▁year ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁ST X ▁has ▁direct ▁distribution ▁agreements ▁with ▁North ▁American ▁theater ▁chains ▁A MC , ▁Reg al , ▁Cin emark ▁and ▁Carm ike . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ST X ▁signed ▁a ▁multi year ▁television ▁output ▁agreement ▁to ▁release ▁its ▁films ▁exclusively ▁to ▁Show time ▁Network s ▁during ▁the ▁premium ▁television ▁window , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁covering ▁the ▁studio ' s ▁the atr ical ▁releases ▁through ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ST X ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁multi - year ▁partnership ▁with ▁Universal ▁Studios ▁Home ▁Entertainment , ▁with ▁Universal ▁handling ▁marketing , ▁sales ▁and ▁distribution ▁services ▁for ▁Bl u - ray , ▁DVD ▁and ▁V OD ▁platforms ▁of ▁ST X ' s ▁the atr ical ▁titles ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ST X ▁announced ▁its ▁first ▁four ▁films : ▁The ▁G ift , ▁a ▁thr iller ▁star ring ▁Jason ▁Bat eman , ▁Rebecca ▁Hall ▁and ▁Joel ▁Ed g ert on , ▁and ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Ed g ert on ; ▁Secret ▁in ▁Their ▁E yes , ▁a ▁rem ake ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Argent ine ▁film , ▁star ring ▁Ch iw et el ▁E
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j io for , ▁Nicole ▁Kid man ▁and ▁Julia ▁Roberts , ▁and ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Billy ▁Ray ; ▁The ▁Boy , ▁a ▁psychological ▁horror ▁thr iller ▁directed ▁by ▁William ▁B rent ▁Bell ▁and ▁star ring ▁Lauren ▁C oh an ; ▁The ▁Free ▁State ▁of ▁Jones , ▁a ▁Civil ▁War ▁drama ▁star ring ▁Matthew ▁Mc Con aug he y ▁and ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Gary ▁Ross ; ▁and ▁Russ ▁and ▁Roger ▁Go ▁Beyond , ▁star ring ▁Will ▁F erre ll ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁true ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁collaboration ▁between ▁Russ ▁Mey er ▁and ▁Roger ▁E bert . ▁ST X ▁also ▁acquired ▁worldwide ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁action ▁film ▁Hard core ▁for ▁$ 1 0 ▁million ▁after ▁its ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁studio ' s ▁first ▁acquisition . ▁ ▁CP SC ▁Ph arm aceut ical ▁Through ▁firms ▁it ▁controls , ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁sold ▁off ▁about ▁US $ 1 . 2 6 ▁billion ▁in ▁stock ▁in ▁C SP C ▁Ph arm aceut ical ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁rising ▁share ▁prices . ▁H ony ▁completely ▁div ested ▁itself ▁of ▁C SP C ▁Ph arm aceut ical ▁equity . ▁The ▁shares ▁were ▁sold ▁at ▁prices ▁ranging ▁from ▁H K $ 7 . 0 3 ▁TO ▁H K $ 7 . 1 5 ▁each . ▁ ▁Sant os ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁H ony ▁agreed ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁minority ▁stake ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁company
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▁Sant os ▁for ▁A $ 5 0 0 ▁million . ▁According ▁to ▁regulatory ▁fil ings , ▁H oney ▁will ▁purchase ▁ 7 5 . 5 3 ▁million ▁shares ▁at ▁A $ 6 . 8 ▁per ▁share . ▁Sant os ▁will ▁use ▁the ▁money ▁to ▁pay ▁off ▁debt ▁and ▁increase ▁its ▁cash ▁balance . ▁H ony ▁paid ▁roughly ▁a ▁ 1 5 % ▁premium ▁over ▁market ▁prices ▁and ▁agreed ▁not ▁to ▁div est ▁its ▁shares ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 2 ▁months . ▁H ony ▁increased ▁its ▁equity ▁in ▁Sant os ▁from ▁ 1 . 4 % ▁to ▁ 7 . 9 % ▁via ▁this ▁transaction . ▁ ▁Cl ients ▁Invest ors ▁in ▁H ony ' s ▁private ▁equity ▁funds ▁include ▁numerous ▁American ▁and ▁Canadian ▁pension ▁funds , ▁the ▁Bill ▁& ▁Mel inda ▁G ates ▁Foundation , ▁Gold man ▁Sach s , ▁and ▁China ' s ▁national ▁social ▁insurance ▁fund . ▁ ▁Lead ership ▁▁ ▁H ony ▁Capital ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁Z ha o , ▁its ▁founder ▁and ▁CEO , ▁who ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁Executive ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Legend ▁Hold ings . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Private ▁equity ▁firms ▁of ▁China ▁Category : Ch inese ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Beijing <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁genus ▁Ker od on ▁contains ▁two ▁species ▁of ▁South ▁American ▁rock ▁cav ies , ▁related ▁to ▁cap y bar as ▁and ▁gu inea ▁p igs . ▁They ▁are ▁found ▁in
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▁sem iar id ▁regions ▁of ▁nort heast ▁Brazil ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ca ating a . ▁This ▁area ▁has ▁a ▁rock y ▁terrain ▁with ▁large ▁gran ite ▁b ould ers ▁that ▁contain ▁r ifts ▁and ▁hollow s ▁where ▁Ker od on ▁s pp . ▁primarily ▁live . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁They ▁are ▁h yst ric omorph ▁rod ents , ▁medium - sized , ▁with ▁rab bit - like ▁bodies , ▁a ▁squ ir rel - like ▁face , ▁and ▁heavily ▁p added ▁feet . ▁Their ▁nails ▁are ▁bl unt ▁on ▁all ▁dig its ▁except ▁a ▁small ▁groom ing ▁cl aw ▁on ▁the ▁outer most ▁digit ▁of ▁the ▁foot . ▁F ully ▁grown ▁adults ▁weigh ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁g ▁or ▁ 3 1 - 3 5 ▁oz , ▁and ▁range ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 0 ▁mm ▁or ▁ 7 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁in . ▁They ▁for age ▁for ▁mostly ▁leaves , ▁grass es , ▁seeds , ▁and ▁tree ▁bark . ▁They ▁breed ▁year ▁round , ▁usually ▁having ▁one ▁to ▁three ▁lit ters ▁per ▁year ▁and ▁one ▁to ▁three ▁young ▁per ▁pregnancy . ▁Gest ation ▁last ▁around ▁ 7 6 ▁days ▁and ▁the ▁young ▁are ▁we aned ▁from ▁the ▁mother ▁within ▁ 3 3 ▁days . ▁They ▁reach ▁sexual ▁mat urity ▁at ▁ 1 3 3 ▁days . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁Like ▁their ▁relatives , ▁the ▁cap y bar as ▁and ▁the ▁mar as , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Ker od on ▁are
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▁highly ▁social . ▁▁ ▁Ker od on ▁s pp ., ▁like ▁the ▁cap y bar as , ▁are ▁pol yg yn ous , ▁with ▁males ▁forming ▁h are ms . ▁They ▁are ▁very ▁vocal ▁creatures ▁and ▁make ▁many ▁different ▁whist les , ▁ch ir ps , ▁and ▁sque aks . ▁M ales ▁claim ▁one ▁or ▁several ▁rock ▁p iles ▁as ▁their ▁own ▁and ▁defend ▁their ▁territory . ▁Each ▁male ▁has ▁a ▁few ▁female ▁m ates ▁and ▁a ▁hierarchy ▁exists ▁within ▁each ▁group . ▁They ▁are ▁most ▁often ▁active ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁day . ▁ ▁Class ification ▁Trad itionally , ▁the ▁genus ▁Ker od on ▁has ▁been ▁considered ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁sub family ▁C avi ina e ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁gu inea ▁p igs ▁and ▁other ▁cav ies . ▁ ▁M ole cular ▁results ▁have ▁consistently ▁suggested ▁Ker od on ▁is ▁most ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁cap y bara , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁evolved ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁C avi idae . ▁ ▁This ▁led ▁Woods ▁and ▁Kil pat rick ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁to ▁un ite ▁the ▁two ▁into ▁the ▁sub family ▁H ydro cho er ina e ▁within ▁the ▁C avi idae . ▁ ▁Using ▁a ▁molecular ▁clock ▁approach , ▁Op az o ▁suggested ▁Ker od on ▁diver ged ▁from ▁H ydro cho er us ▁( the ▁cap y bara ) ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁Mi oc ene . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁Ker od on ▁ac rob ata ▁M oo jen , ▁L ocks ▁& ▁Lang g uth , ▁
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1 9 9 7 ▁– ▁climbing ▁c avy ▁Ker od on ▁r up est ris ▁W ied - Ne uw ied , ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁– ▁rock ▁c avy ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Now ak , ▁Ronald ▁M . ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Walker ' s ▁M amm als ▁of ▁the ▁World , ▁ 6 th ▁edition . ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Category : C av ies ▁Category : R od ent ▁gener a ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Fr éd éric ▁C uv ier <0x0A> </s> ▁Jul ius ▁Is id or ▁Ros ent hal ▁( 1 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁phys i ologist ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Lab isch in . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Berlin , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Em il ▁du ▁Bo is - Re ym ond ▁( 1 8 1 8 - 1 8 9 6 ). ▁After wards ▁he ▁remained ▁in ▁Berlin ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁inst itute ▁of ▁phys i ology , ▁where ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁professor ▁of ▁phys i ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Er lang en . ▁ ▁Ros ent hal ▁made ▁contributions ▁in
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▁the ▁phys i ological ▁research ▁of ▁resp iration , ▁and ▁in ▁investig ations ▁of ▁heat ▁regulation ▁in ▁warm - blo oded ▁animals . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁articles ▁in ▁Lud im ar ▁Herm ann ' s ▁Le hr buch ▁der ▁Phys i ologie , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁became ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁journal ▁Bi olog isches ▁Zent ral bl att . ▁His ▁book ▁All geme ine ▁Phys i ologie ▁der ▁Mus k eln ▁und ▁N erv en ▁( General ▁Phys i ology ▁of ▁Mus cles ▁and ▁N erves ) ▁was ▁later ▁translated ▁into ▁English . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁publications ▁▁ ▁Die ▁A the mb ew eg ungen ▁und ▁I hre ▁Be zie h ungen ▁zum ▁N erv us ▁V ag us , ▁( B re ath ing ▁mot ions ▁and ▁their ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁vag us ▁nerve ); ▁Berlin , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁ ▁Zur ▁Ken nt n iss ▁der ▁W ä rm ereg ul ir ung ▁bei ▁den ▁W arm bl üt igen ▁Th ieren , ▁( Reg arding ▁regulatory ▁heat ▁in ▁warm - blo oded ▁animals ) ▁Er lang en , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁ ▁Ele ktr icit ä ts le hre ▁für ▁Med iz iner ▁und ▁Ele kt ro ther ap ie , ▁( Less ons ▁on ▁electricity ▁for ▁phys icians ▁and ▁electro ther apy ); ▁ib . ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁( third ▁edition ▁with ▁Martin ▁Bern hard t ▁( 1 8 4 4 - 1 9
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1 5 ), ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁ ▁All geme ine ▁Phys i ologie ▁der ▁Mus k eln ▁und ▁N erv en ▁( General ▁phys i ology ▁of ▁muscles ▁and ▁nerves ), ▁Le ips ic , ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁( second ▁edition ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁▁ ▁B ier ▁und ▁Br annt we in ▁in ▁I hren ▁Be zie h ungen ▁zur ▁Vol ks ges und heit sp f lege , ▁( Be er ▁and ▁spirits ▁in ▁their ▁importance ▁to ▁public ▁health ), ▁Berlin , ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁ ▁Vor les ungen ▁über ▁O eff ent liche ▁und ▁Private ▁Ges und heit sp f lege ▁( L ect ures ▁on ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁health ▁care ); ▁Er lang en , ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁bi ography ▁@ ▁Jewish ▁En cycl op edia ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁phys i ologists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Er lang en - N ure mber g ▁faculty ▁Category : 1 8 3 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁ 8 - Az ag uan ine ▁is ▁a ▁pur ine ▁analog ▁with ▁the ▁chemical ▁formula ▁C 4 H 4 N 6 O . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁studied ▁for ▁its ▁biological ▁activity . ▁It ▁shows ▁ant ine opl astic ▁activity ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁ac ute ▁le uk em ia . ▁ ▁Use ▁in ▁chem otherapy ▁The ▁compound ▁closely ▁re semb les ▁gu an
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ine ▁and ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁competitive ▁with ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁met abol ism ▁of ▁living ▁organ isms . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁cause ▁ret ard ation ▁of ▁some ▁m align ant ▁ne op las ms ▁when ▁administer ed ▁to ▁tum ors ▁in ▁animals . ▁ 8 - Az ag uan ine ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁pur ine ▁analog ue ▁discovered ▁to ▁inhib it ▁experimental ▁tum ors ▁in ▁m ice . ▁ ▁Syn ony ms ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁▁ 2 - A min o - 6 - h ydro xy - 8 - az ap ur ine ▁▁ 2 - A min o - 6 - oxy - 8 - az ap ur ine ▁▁ 5 - A min o - 1 , 4 - d ih ydro - 7 H - 1 , 2 , 3 - tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - one ▁▁ 5 - A min o - 1 , 6 - d ih ydro - 7 H - v - tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - one ▁▁ 5 - A min o - 1 H - tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - ol ▁▁ 5 - A min o - 1 H - v - tri az olo ( d ) py rim id in - 7 - ol ▁▁ 5 - A min
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o - 1 H -( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - ol ▁▁ 5 - A min o - 7 - h ydro xy - 1 H - v - tri az olo ( d ) py rim id ine ▁▁ 7 H - 1 , 2 , 3 - Tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - one , ▁ 5 - am ino - 1 , 4 - d ih ydro - ▁( 9 CI ) ▁▁ 7 H - 1 , 2 , 3 - Tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in one , ▁ 5 - am ino - 1 , 4 - d ih ydro - ▁▁ 7 H - v - Tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - one , ▁ 5 - am ino - 1 , 6 - d ih ydro - ▁▁ 8 ▁AG ▁▁ 8 aza G ▁ ▁Az ag uan ine ▁| ▁ ▁Az ag uan ine - 8 ▁ ▁Az an ▁ ▁A Z G ▁ ▁B - 2 8 ▁ ▁Gu an az ol ▁ ▁Gu an az olo ▁ ▁N SC - 7 4 9 ▁ ▁Path oc id in ▁ ▁Path oc id ine ▁ ▁SF - 3 3 7 ▁ ▁SK ▁ 1 1
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5 0 ▁ ▁Tri az olog uan ine ▁ ▁v - Tri az olo ( 4 , 5 - d ) py rim id in - 7 - ol , 5 - am ino - ▁ ▁* ▁S ources : http :// www . chem cas . com / ms ds / cas / ms ds 1 3 7 / 1 3 4 - 5 8 - 7 . asp ▁Ret riev ed ▁on ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 - 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Digital ▁render ings ▁of ▁the ▁mole cule ▁ ▁Some ▁deriv atives ▁and ▁similar ▁mole cules ▁ ▁Web - based ▁ 3 D ▁view er ▁with ▁the ▁mole cule ▁ ▁" C AS : ▁ 1 3 4 - 5 8 - 7 " ▁on ▁Chem C AS ▁ ▁" Az ag uan ine " ▁on ▁the ▁Mer ck ▁Index ▁ ▁" Az ag uan ine " ▁( C ID ▁ 8 6 4 6 ) ▁on ▁Pub C hem ▁ ▁Category : Tri az ol opy rim id ines ▁Category : Exper imental ▁cancer ▁drugs <0x0A> </s> ▁R amp ura ▁Ph ul ▁Assembly ▁Const itu ency ▁( Sl . ▁No .: ▁ 9 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Pun j ab ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁Bath inda ▁district , ▁Pun j ab ▁state , ▁India . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁India ▁Category : B ath inda ▁district <0x0A>
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</s> ▁Br ze z ink a ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Cz ap line k , ▁within ▁Draw sko ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Cz ap line k , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Draw sko ▁Pom ors kie , ▁and ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Br ze z ink a <0x0A> </s> ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i ▁( δ S ag itt ari i , ▁ab bre vi ated ▁Delta S gr , ▁ δ S gr ), ▁formally ▁named ▁K aus ▁Media ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁double ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁z od iac ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁S ag itt arius . ▁The ▁apparent ▁visual ▁magnitude ▁of ▁this ▁star ▁is ▁+ 2 . 7 0 , ▁making ▁it ▁easily ▁visible ▁to ▁the ▁naked ▁eye . ▁Par all ax ▁measurements ▁place ▁the ▁distance ▁at ▁roughly ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Sun . ▁ ▁Properties ▁ ▁E gg leton ▁and ▁Tok ov in in ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁list ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i ▁as ▁a ▁binary ▁star ▁system ▁consisting ▁of ▁an ▁evolved ▁K - type ▁giant ▁star ▁with ▁a ▁stellar ▁classification ▁of ▁K 3 III , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁d
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warf ▁companion . ▁The ▁giant ▁is ▁a ▁weak ▁b arium ▁star , ▁most ▁likely ▁having ▁had ▁its ▁surface ▁abundance ▁of ▁s - process ▁elements ▁enhanced ▁through ▁mass ▁transfer ▁from ▁its ▁orbit ing ▁companion . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁times ▁the ▁mass ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ▁and ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 6 0 ▁million ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i ▁has ▁three ▁dim ▁visual ▁companions : ▁ ▁a ▁ 1 4 th ▁magnitude ▁star ▁at ▁a ▁separation ▁of ▁ 2 6 ▁arc seconds , ▁ ▁a ▁ 1 5 th ▁magnitude ▁star ▁at ▁a ▁separation ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁arc seconds , ▁and ▁ ▁a ▁ 1 3 th ▁magnitude ▁star ▁at ▁a ▁separation ▁of ▁ 5 8 ▁arc seconds ▁from ▁the ▁primary . ▁ ▁N omen cl ature ▁▁ δ S ag itt ari i ▁( L atin ised ▁to ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i ) ▁is ▁the ▁star ' s ▁B ayer ▁design ation . ▁ ▁It ▁bore ▁the ▁traditional ▁names ▁K aus ▁Media , ▁K aus ▁Mer id ional is , ▁and ▁Media , ▁which ▁derive ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁ ق و س ▁( q aws , ▁meaning ▁" bow ") ▁and ▁Latin ▁media ▁( mean ing ▁" middle "). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁International ▁Astr onom ical ▁Union ▁organized ▁a ▁Working ▁Group ▁on ▁Star ▁Names ▁( W G SN ) ▁to ▁catalog ▁and ▁standard ize ▁proper ▁names ▁for ▁stars . ▁The ▁W G SN '
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s ▁first ▁bullet in ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁included ▁a ▁table ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁bat ches ▁of ▁names ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁W G SN ; ▁which ▁included ▁K aus ▁Media ▁for ▁this ▁star . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁c atalogue ▁of ▁stars ▁in ▁the ▁Cal end arium ▁of ▁Al ▁A chs asi ▁al ▁M ou ak ket , ▁this ▁star ▁was ▁designated ▁Th ani ▁al ▁War id ah , ▁meaning ▁' second ▁of ▁War ida '. ▁ ▁In ▁Chinese , ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁W inn owing ▁Basket , ▁refers ▁to ▁an ▁aster ism ▁consisting ▁of ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁G amma ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁E psilon ▁S ag itt ari i ▁and ▁E ta ▁S ag itt ari i . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁Chinese ▁name ▁for ▁Delta ▁S ag itt ari i ▁itself ▁is ▁ ▁( , ▁. ) ▁ ▁This ▁star , ▁together ▁with ▁G amma ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁E psilon ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁Z eta ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁L ambda ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁S igma ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁T au ▁S ag itt ari i ▁and ▁Ph i ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁compr ise ▁the ▁aster ism ▁' Te ap ot '. ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Hindu ▁system ▁of ▁ast rol ogy , ▁this ▁star ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁Pur v ash ada ▁Nak sh atra . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Delta ▁S ag itt
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ari i ▁in ▁fiction ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁K aus ▁Media ▁ ▁Category : K - type ▁gi ants ▁Category : B arium ▁stars ▁Category : White ▁d war fs ▁Category : Binary ▁stars ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁Delta ▁Category : S ag itt arius ▁( const ell ation ) ▁Category : St ars ▁with ▁proper ▁names ▁S ag itt ari i , ▁ 1 9 ▁ 0 8 9 9 3 1 ▁ 6 8 5 9 ▁ 1 6 8 4 5 4 ▁Category : D urch m uster ung ▁objects <0x0A> </s> ▁F . ▁cris pa ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Ferr aria ▁cris pa , ▁a ▁flower ing ▁plant ▁species ▁ ▁Fre y lin ia ▁cris pa , ▁a ▁shr ub ▁species ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cris pa ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁( , ▁, ▁or ▁, ▁; ▁Bur m ese ▁Era ▁( BE ) ▁or ▁My an mar ▁Era ▁( ME )) ▁is ▁a ▁lun is olar ▁calendar ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁months ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁lun ar ▁months ▁and ▁years ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁sid ere al ▁years . ▁The ▁calendar ▁is ▁largely ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁older ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Hindu ▁calendar , ▁though ▁unlike ▁the ▁Indian ▁systems , ▁it ▁em plo ys ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Met onic ▁cycle . ▁The ▁calendar ▁therefore ▁has ▁to ▁reconc ile ▁the ▁ ▁sid ere al ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Hindu ▁calendar ▁with ▁the ▁Met onic ▁cycle ' s ▁near
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▁tropical ▁years ▁by ▁adding ▁inter cal ary ▁months ▁and ▁days ▁at ▁ir regular ▁intervals . ▁ ▁The ▁calendar ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁continuously ▁in ▁various ▁Bur m ese ▁states ▁since ▁its ▁pur port ed ▁launch ▁in ▁ 6 4 0 ▁CE ▁in ▁the ▁Sri ▁K set ra ▁Kingdom , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁Py u ▁era . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁calendar ▁in ▁other ▁main land ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁Ar ak an , ▁Lan ▁Na , ▁X ish u ang b anna , ▁Lan ▁X ang , ▁S iam , ▁and ▁Camb od ia ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Today ▁the ▁calendar ▁is ▁used ▁only ▁in ▁My an mar ▁as ▁the ▁traditional ▁civil ▁calendar , ▁alongside ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁calendar . ▁It ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁to ▁mark ▁traditional ▁holidays ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁New ▁Year , ▁and ▁other ▁traditional ▁fest ivals , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁Bur m ese ▁Budd hist ▁in ▁nature . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁chron icles ▁trace ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁to ▁ancient ▁India ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁K ali ▁Y uga ▁Era ▁in ▁ 3 1 0 2 ▁B CE . ▁That ▁sem inal ▁calendar ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁rec al ibr ated ▁by ▁King ▁A ñ j ana ▁( ), ▁the ▁mater nal ▁grandfather ▁of ▁the ▁Budd ha , ▁in ▁ 6 9 1 ▁B CE . ▁That ▁calendar ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁rec al ibr
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ated ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁Era ▁with ▁the ▁starting ▁year ▁of ▁ 5 4 4 ▁B CE . ▁The ▁Budd hist ▁Era ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁adopted ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Py u ▁city - states ▁by ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Common ▁Era . ▁Then ▁in ▁ 7 8 ▁CE , ▁a ▁new ▁era ▁called ▁the ▁Sh al iv ah ana ▁era , ▁also ▁called ▁Sak ra ▁Era ▁or ▁S aka ▁Era , ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁India . ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁new ▁era ▁was ▁adopted ▁in ▁the ▁Py u ▁state ▁of ▁Sri ▁K set ra , ▁and ▁the ▁era ▁later ▁spread ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Py u ▁states . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁chron icles , ▁the ▁P agan ▁Kingdom ▁at ▁first ▁followed ▁the ▁prev ailing ▁S aka ▁Py u ▁Era , ▁but ▁in ▁ 6 4 0 ▁CE ▁King ▁Pop a ▁Saw ra han ▁( r . ▁ 6 1 3 – 6 4 0 ) ▁rec al ibr ated ▁the ▁calendar , ▁n aming ▁the ▁new ▁era ▁K aw za ▁The k kar it ▁( ▁) ▁with ▁a ▁Year ▁Zero ▁starting ▁date ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 6 3 8 ▁CE . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁civil ▁calendar , ▁while ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁Era ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁as ▁the ▁religious ▁calendar . ▁ ▁Sch olar ship ▁accepts ▁the ▁chron icle ▁narrative ▁regarding ▁the ▁North ▁Indian ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁calendar ▁and ▁the ▁chron ology ▁of ▁adoption ▁in ▁Bur ma ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Mah ā s ak ar aj
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▁Era . ▁Recent ▁research ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁Gu pt a ▁Era ▁( epoch al ▁year ▁of ▁ 3 2 0 ▁CE ) ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁Py u ▁states . ▁Main stream ▁scholarship , ▁however , ▁holds ▁that ▁the ▁rec al ibr ated ▁calendar ▁was ▁launched ▁at ▁Sri ▁K set ra , ▁and ▁later ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁up start ▁princip ality ▁of ▁P agan . ▁ ▁Sp read ▁The ▁adoption ▁by ▁an ▁asc endant ▁P agan ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁calendar ' s ▁adoption ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁P agan ▁Empire ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁centuries . ▁The ▁calendar ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁peripher al ▁regions ▁or ▁neighbour ing ▁states ▁such ▁as ▁Ar ak an ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁various ▁Shan ▁states ▁in ▁modern ▁northern ▁Thailand ▁and ▁La os ▁in ▁the ▁east , ▁which ▁adopted ▁the ▁calendar ▁alongside ▁fol kl ore ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁New ▁Year . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Chi ang ▁Mai ▁Chron icles ▁and ▁the ▁Chi ang ▁Sa en ▁Chron icles , ▁Chi ang ▁Mai ▁and ▁Chi ang ▁Sa en ▁and ▁their ▁t ribut ary ▁states ▁of ▁middle ▁and ▁upper ▁Tai ▁country ▁( except ▁Lam ph un ▁and ▁Su kh oth ai ) ▁submitted ▁to ▁King ▁An aw ra ht a ▁and ▁adopted ▁the ▁calendar ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 1 th ▁century ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁Mah ā s ak ar aj , ▁the ▁standard ▁calendar ▁of ▁the ▁Kh mer ▁Empire . ▁However ,
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▁scholarship ▁says ▁the ▁earliest ▁evidence ▁of ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁in ▁modern ▁Thailand ▁dates ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁mid - 1 3 th ▁century . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁calendar ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁spread ▁south ward ▁to ▁Su kh oth ai ▁and ▁east ward ▁to ▁La ot ian ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁centuries , ▁the ▁official ▁adoption ▁farther ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁Ay ut th aya ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁farther ▁east ▁by ▁Lan ▁X ang ▁came ▁only ▁after ▁King ▁Bay in na ung ' s ▁conqu ests ▁of ▁those ▁kingdom s ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁Si ames e ▁kingdom s ▁retained ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁calendar ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Ch ulas ak ar at ▁( P ali : ▁C ul ā s ak ar aj ) ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁The ▁Si ames e ▁adoption ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁main ▁catal yst ▁for ▁the ▁calendar ' s ▁usage ▁in ▁Camb od ia , ▁a ▁periodic ▁v ass al ▁of ▁S iam ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁calendar ▁spread ▁to ▁the ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁region ▁of ▁Beng al , ▁which ▁was ▁dominated ▁by ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁M ra uk - U ▁Kingdom ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁to ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁changes ▁The ▁calculation ▁system ▁of ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁was ▁originally ▁based ▁on ▁Th uri
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ya ▁The idd anta ▁( ▁, ▁which ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁chief ly ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁" original " ▁S ury a ▁S idd h anta ▁system ▁of ▁ancient ▁India ▁( i . e . ▁Ar d har at rika ▁school ). ▁One ▁key ▁difference ▁from ▁Indian ▁systems ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁system ▁followed ▁a ▁ 1 9 - year ▁inter cal ation ▁schedule ▁( Met onic ▁cycle ). ▁It ▁is ▁un clear ▁from ▁where , ▁when ▁or ▁how ▁the ▁Met onic ▁system ▁was ▁introduced ; ▁hypothes es ▁range ▁from ▁China ▁to ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁system ▁thus ▁uses ▁a ▁" str ange " ▁combination ▁of ▁sid ere al ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁calendar ▁with ▁the ▁Met onic ▁cycle , ▁which ▁is ▁better ▁for ▁tropical ▁years ▁than ▁sid ere al ▁years , ▁so ▁necess itating ▁inter cal ation ▁adjust ments ▁to ▁reconc ile ▁the ▁differences . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁system ▁did ▁not ▁incorporate ▁advances ▁in ▁Indian ▁calculation ▁methods ▁of ▁the ▁sid ere al ▁year ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century . ▁( The ▁original ▁Th uri ya ▁The idd anta ▁system ▁is ▁ 0 . 5 6 ▁second ▁a ▁year ▁slower ▁( and ▁more ▁accurate ) ▁than ▁later ▁Indian ▁systems .) ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁attempts ▁on ▁record ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁calendar ▁were ▁super f icial . ▁On ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁calendar ▁( 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 4 3 8 ), ▁King ▁Moh ny in ▁Th ado
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▁rec al ibr ated ▁the ▁calendar ▁to ▁Year ▁ 2 ▁( with ▁Year ▁Zero ▁beginning ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 4 3 6 ). ▁But ▁the ▁king ▁died ▁just ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁launch , ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁era ▁died ▁out ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later . ▁The ▁next ▁proposed ▁change ▁came ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 6 3 8 ▁from ▁King ▁Pr as at ▁Th ong ▁of ▁S iam ▁who ▁in ▁preparation ▁of ▁the ▁upcoming ▁mill ennial ▁anniversary ▁( 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 6 3 8 ) ▁wanted ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁change ▁to ▁the ▁governing ▁animals ▁of ▁the ▁months . ▁As ▁the ▁practice ▁was ▁not ▁preval ent ▁in ▁Bur ma , ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁King ▁Th al un . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁growing ▁cum ulative ▁discre p ancy ▁between ▁the ▁civil ▁solar ▁and ▁l uni - s olar ▁years ▁attracted ▁increasing ▁attention . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 0 th ▁anniversary ▁year ▁( 1 7 3 8 ▁CE ) ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁of ▁calculation ▁was ▁proposed ▁that ▁aimed ▁to ▁correct ▁the ▁errors ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁system , ▁but ▁the ▁T ou ng oo ▁court ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁any ▁action . ▁The ▁present ▁S ury a ▁S idd h anta ▁( i . e ., ▁Sa ura ▁school ) ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁Kon ba ung ▁court ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Bur m ese ▁after ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁years . ▁Finally , ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁called ▁Th ande ik
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ta ▁was ▁proposed ▁by ▁N ya ung gan ▁Say ad aw , ▁a ▁Budd hist ▁mon k , ▁in ▁Year ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁( 1 8 3 8 ▁CE ). ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁system ▁was ▁a ▁hybrid ▁between ▁the ▁original ▁and ▁the ▁updated ▁S ury a ▁schools . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁new ▁S ury a , ▁Th ande ik ta ▁does ▁not ▁adopt ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁apparent ▁reck oning ; ▁mean ▁years ▁and ▁mean ▁months ▁are ▁still ▁used . ▁It ▁also ▁ret ains ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁placing ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁always ▁next ▁to ▁Was o ▁and ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁always ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁N ay on , ▁and ▁only ▁in ▁a ▁year ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month . ▁But ▁Th ande ik ta ▁follows ▁the ▁new ▁S ury a ▁in ▁small ▁alter ations ▁of ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁the ▁month . ▁The ▁prev ailing ▁Met onic ▁schedule ▁was ▁modified , ▁and ▁inter cal ary ▁months ▁were ▁so ▁fixed ▁as ▁to ▁prevent ▁further ▁diver gence ▁between ▁the ▁solar ▁and ▁l uni - s olar ▁years . ▁With ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁Princess ▁S ek ky a ▁D ew i , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁chief ▁queen ▁of ▁King ▁Mind on , ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁was ▁fully ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁adjust ment ▁to ▁then ▁existing ▁Met onic ▁Cy cle ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁putting ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 1 ▁ME ▁( 1 8 3
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9 ▁CE ) ▁instead ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 2 ▁ME ▁( 1 8 4 0 ). ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁has ▁seemingly ▁narrow ed ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁calendar ' s ▁solar ▁and ▁lun ar ▁years , ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁made ▁the ▁calendar ▁more ▁accurate ▁when ▁compared ▁against ▁the ▁actual ▁tropical ▁year . ▁Indeed , ▁it ▁is ▁slightly ▁worse ▁than ▁the ▁old ▁system . ▁( The ▁Th ande ik ta ▁solar ▁year ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 3 ▁minutes ▁ 5 1 . 4 3 0 4 ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁mean ▁solar ▁year ▁whereas ▁Mak ar anta ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 3 ▁minutes ▁ 5 0 . 8 7 0 4 ▁seconds ▁ahead .) ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁calendar ▁has ▁kept ▁on ▁dr ifting ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁actual ▁solar ▁year . ▁The ▁calendar ists ▁have ▁period ically ▁res orted ▁to ▁mod ifying ▁its ▁inter cal ation ▁schedule , ▁based ▁on ▁apparent ▁reck oning , ▁to ▁keep ▁pace , ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁making ▁publishing ▁future ▁cal end ars ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁out ▁all ▁but ▁impossible . ▁ ▁In ▁sum , ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁the ▁calendar ▁has ▁used ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁slightly ▁different ▁methods ▁of ▁calculation ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁insert ion ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁and ▁month . ▁ ▁Current ▁status ▁The ▁calendar ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁status ▁in ▁several ▁main land ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁kingdom s ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁colonial
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ism . ▁The ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar ▁replaced ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁in ▁Camb od ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁Bur ma ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁and ▁La os ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁independent ▁kingdom ▁in ▁Sout heast ▁Asia , ▁S iam , ▁also ▁replaced ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁and ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁civil ▁calendar ▁and ▁Rat an ak os in ▁Era ▁( with ▁ 1 7 8 2 ▁CE ▁as ▁Year ▁ 1 ) ▁as ▁the ▁traditional ▁lun is olar ▁calendar . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁calendar ▁is ▁used ▁purely ▁for ▁cultural ▁and ▁religious ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁My an mar . ▁Thailand ▁has ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁version ▁of ▁Budd hist ▁calendar ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁although ▁the ▁Ch ulas ak ar at ▁era ▁dates ▁remain ▁the ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁and ▁preferred ▁form ▁of ▁entry ▁by ▁the ▁academ ia ▁for ▁historical ▁studies . ▁The ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁Mag i - San ▁calendar , ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar , ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁by ▁certain ▁ethnic ▁minor ities ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁Day ▁The ▁calendar ▁recogn ises ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁day : ▁astronom ical ▁and ▁civil . ▁The ▁mean ▁Bur m ese ▁astronom ical ▁day ▁is ▁from ▁midnight ▁to ▁midnight , ▁and ▁represents ▁ 1 / 3 0 th ▁of ▁a ▁syn od ic ▁month
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▁or ▁ 2 3 ▁hours , ▁ 3 7 ▁minutes ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 0 8 ▁seconds . ▁The ▁civil ▁day ▁compris es ▁two ▁hal ves , ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁beginning ▁at ▁sun rise ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁at ▁sun set . ▁In ▁practice , ▁four ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁astronom ical ▁and ▁civil ▁day ▁( sun rise , ▁noon , ▁sun set , ▁and ▁midnight ) ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁reference ▁points . ▁The ▁civil ▁day ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 8 ▁b aho ▁( ▁) ▁( 3 ▁hours ) ▁or ▁ 6 0 ▁n ay i ▁( ▁) ▁( 2 4 ▁minutes ), ▁each ▁b aho ▁equ alling ▁ 7 . 5 ▁n ay i . ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁a ▁g ong ▁( ▁) ▁was ▁struck ▁every ▁n ay i ▁while ▁a ▁drum ▁( ▁) ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁bell ▁( ▁) ▁were ▁struck ▁to ▁mark ▁every ▁b aho . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁popular ▁usage ▁never ▁extended ▁beyond ▁b aho ▁and ▁n ay i ▁measurements , ▁the ▁calendar ▁consists ▁of ▁time ▁units ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁mill isecond ▁level . ▁ ▁Only ▁the ▁following ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁cal end rical ▁calculations : ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁modern ▁time ▁units ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁as : ▁ ▁Week ▁The ▁civil ▁week ▁consists ▁of ▁seven ▁days . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁custom ary ▁to ▁denote ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁week ▁by ▁its ▁pre ass igned ▁numerical ▁value ▁between ▁zero ▁and ▁six . ▁The ▁names ▁Tan ing an we ▁( S und ay ) ▁and ▁Tan in la ▁( M
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ond ay ) ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁Old ▁Bur m ese ▁but ▁the ▁rest ▁from ▁S ansk rit . ▁ ▁Month ▁The ▁calendar ▁recogn ises ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁months : ▁syn od ic ▁month ▁and ▁sid ere al ▁month . ▁The ▁Syn od ic ▁months ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁comp ose ▁the ▁years ▁while ▁the ▁ 2 7 ▁lun ar ▁sid ere al ▁days ▁( ▁; ▁from ▁S ansk rit ▁n ak sh atra ), ▁alongside ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁signs ▁of ▁the ▁z od iac , ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁ast rolog ical ▁calculations . ▁( The ▁calendar ▁also ▁recogn ises ▁a ▁solar ▁month ▁called ▁Th uri ya ▁Math a , ▁which ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁ 1 / 1 2 th ▁of ▁a ▁year . ▁But ▁the ▁solar ▁month ▁varies ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁year ▁such ▁as ▁tropical ▁year , ▁sid ere al ▁year , ▁etc .) ▁Bas ically , ▁in ▁My an mar ▁calendar , ▁one ▁month ▁sp ans ▁the ▁period ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁moon ▁gradually ▁become ▁into ▁its ▁full ▁circle ▁and ▁then ▁gradually ▁disappe ars , ▁completing ▁its ▁one ▁oscill ation ▁of ▁appearance ; ▁the ▁words ▁for ▁" m oon " ▁and ▁" month " ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁" la ( <0xE1> <0x80> <0x9C> )" ▁in ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁The ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁are ▁counted ▁in ▁two ▁hal ves , ▁wax ing ▁( ▁) ▁and ▁w aning ▁( ▁). ▁The ▁ 1 5 th ▁of ▁the ▁wax ing ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁the ▁civil ▁full ▁moon ▁day . ▁The ▁civil ▁new
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▁moon ▁day ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁( 1 4 th ▁or ▁ 1 5 th ▁w aning ). ▁The ▁mean ▁and ▁real ▁( true ) ▁New ▁Mo ons ▁rarely ▁coinc ide . ▁The ▁mean ▁New ▁Moon ▁often ▁preced es ▁the ▁real ▁New ▁Moon . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁Syn od ic ▁lun ar ▁month ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 2 9 . 5 ▁days , ▁the ▁calendar ▁uses ▁altern ating ▁months ▁of ▁ 2 9 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁days . ▁The ▁ 2 9 - day ▁months ▁are ▁called ▁yet - ma - son ▁la ▁( ), ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 0 - day ▁months ▁are ▁called ▁yet - son ▁la ▁( ). ▁Unlike ▁in ▁other ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁traditions , ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁uses ▁Bur m ese ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁month ▁names . ▁Although ▁the ▁names ▁sound ▁foreign ▁in ▁origin ▁to ▁modern ▁Bur m ese ▁ears , ▁all ▁but ▁three ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁Old ▁Bur m ese . ▁The ▁three ▁exceptions — M let a / My w eta ▁( ), ▁N anka ▁( ), ▁Th ant u ▁() — which ▁all ▁fall ▁during ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁L ent , ▁have ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁newer ▁Bur m ese ▁names ▁( Was o , ▁W aga ung , ▁Th ading y ut ), ▁which ▁used ▁to ▁mean ▁just ▁the ▁Full ▁Moon ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁months . ▁ ▁In ▁great ▁leap ▁years , ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁N ay on ▁gets ▁an ▁extra ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁called ▁yet
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- l un ▁() ▁or ▁yet - ng in ▁() ▁and ▁has ▁ 3 0 ▁days . ▁In ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar , ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁T agu ▁gets ▁the ▁extra ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁in ▁great ▁leap ▁years . ▁ ▁Year ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁astronom ical ▁year ▁The ▁calendar ▁recogn ises ▁three ▁types ▁of ▁astronom ical ▁year : ▁tropical ▁year , ▁sid ere al ▁year ▁and ▁anom al istic ▁year . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁calendar ▁year ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁is ▁a ▁lun is olar ▁calendar ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁months ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁lun ar ▁months ▁and ▁years ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁solar ▁years . ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁primary ▁objectives ▁is ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁lun ar ▁part ▁that ▁it ▁will ▁keep ▁pace ▁with ▁the ▁solar ▁part . ▁The ▁lun ar ▁months , ▁normally ▁twelve ▁of ▁them , ▁consist ▁altern ately ▁of ▁ 2 9 ▁days ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁days , ▁such ▁that ▁a ▁normal ▁lun ar ▁year ▁will ▁contain ▁ 3 5 4 ▁days , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁solar ▁year ▁of ▁~ 3 6 5 . 2 5 ▁days . ▁Therefore , ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁lun ar ▁year ▁( of ▁inter cal ation ) ▁is ▁necessary . ▁The ▁overall ▁basis ▁for ▁it ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁cycles ▁of ▁ 5 7 ▁years . ▁Ele ven ▁extra ▁days ▁are ▁inserted ▁in ▁every ▁ 5 7 ▁years , ▁and ▁seven ▁extra ▁months ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁are ▁inserted ▁in ▁every ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁( 2
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1 ▁months ▁in ▁ 5 7 ▁years ). ▁This ▁provides ▁ 2 0 8 1 9 ▁complete ▁days ▁to ▁both ▁cal end ars . ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁the ▁calendar ▁adds ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁( ▁) ▁in ▁leap ▁years ▁( ▁) ▁and ▁sometimes ▁also ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁( ▁) ▁in ▁great ▁leap ▁years ▁( ▁). ▁The ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁not ▁only ▁correct s ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁but ▁also ▁correct s ▁the ▁accum ulating ▁error ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁to ▁extent ▁of ▁half ▁a ▁day . ▁The ▁average ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁is ▁further ▁corrected ▁by ▁adding ▁a ▁day ▁to ▁N ay on ▁at ▁ir regular ▁intervals — a ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁seven ▁times ▁in ▁two ▁cycles ▁( 3 9 ▁years ). ▁The ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁is ▁never ▁inserted ▁except ▁in ▁a ▁year ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month . ▁The ▁Hindu ▁calendar ▁in serts ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁of ▁year ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁accum ulated ▁fra ctions ▁amount ▁to ▁one ▁month . ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁however ▁always ▁in serts ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁month ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁after ▁the ▁summer ▁sol st ice ▁while ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar ▁in serts ▁it ▁after ▁the ▁ver nal ▁equ in ox . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁calendar ▁year ▁( W aw h aram ath a ▁H nit , ▁) ▁consists ▁of ▁ 3 5 4 , ▁ 3 8 4 ▁or ▁ 3 8 5
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▁days . ▁ ▁The ▁Th ai ▁Ch ulas ak ar at ▁calendar ▁uses ▁a ▁slightly ▁different ▁method ▁to ▁place ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁day . ▁Instead ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁leap ▁year ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁system , ▁the ▁Th ai ▁system ▁places ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁year . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Th ai ▁small ▁leap ▁year ▁has ▁ 3 5 5 ▁days ▁while ▁the ▁Th ai ▁great ▁leap ▁year ▁has ▁ 3 8 4 ▁days . ▁Both ▁systems ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁number ▁of ▁days ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 - year ▁cycle ▁however . ▁Furthermore , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁Indian ▁cal end ars , ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁follows ▁a ▁Met onic ▁cycle ▁in ▁which ▁inter cal ary ▁months ▁are ▁inserted ▁on ▁a ▁set ▁schedule . ▁However , ▁because ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁has ▁to ▁adjust ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Indian - calendar - der ived ▁sid ere al ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁Met onic ▁cycle ' s ▁tropical ▁years , ▁maintaining ▁a ▁set ▁Met onic ▁cycle ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁challenge . ▁ ▁The ▁calendar ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁employed ▁several ▁sched ules ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁will ▁be ▁inter cal ary ▁years . ▁To ▁find ▁out ▁which ▁year ▁will ▁have ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁month , ▁divide ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁year ▁by ▁ 1 9 . ▁The ▁quot ient ▁is ▁the ▁exp ired ▁cycles . ▁The ▁remainder , ▁if ▁tall ies ▁with ▁the ▁set ▁sequence ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁prev ailing ▁Met onic
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▁cycle , ▁then ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁an ▁inter cal ary ▁year . ▁ ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁Since ▁the ▁main ▁purpose ▁of ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁is ▁to ▁keep ▁pace ▁with ▁the ▁solar ▁year , ▁the ▁new ▁year ▁is ▁always ▁marked ▁by ▁the ▁solar ▁year , ▁which ▁falls ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁Sun ▁enters ▁A ries . ▁The ▁date , ▁which ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁falls ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 6 ▁or ▁ 1 7 ▁April , ▁has ▁slowly ▁drift ed ▁over ▁the ▁centuries . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁fell ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁or ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁it ▁fell ▁on ▁ 9 ▁or ▁ 1 0 ▁April . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁of ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁fall ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁month ▁of ▁T agu ; ▁in ▁fact , ▁it ▁almost ▁never ▁does ▁fall ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁wax ing ▁of ▁T agu . ▁T agu ▁is ▁almost ▁always ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁parts ▁H na ung ▁T agu ▁( ▁; ▁" L ate ▁T agu "), ▁before ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁and ▁O o ▁T agu ▁( ▁; ▁" E arly ▁T agu ") ▁on ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day . ▁In ▁some ▁years , ▁the ▁year ▁was ▁so ▁behind ▁the ▁solar ▁year ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁year ▁falls ▁in ▁K ason ▁and
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▁both ▁H na ung ▁T agu ▁and ▁H na ung ▁K ason ▁( ▁; ▁" L ate ▁K ason ") ▁exist . ▁Therefore , ▁just ▁saying ▁" Tag u ▁of ▁ 1 3 7 3 ▁ME " ▁is ▁not ▁complete ▁as ▁" O o ▁T agu ▁of ▁ 1 3 7 3 " ▁corresponds ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁CE ▁while ▁" H na ung ▁T agu ▁of ▁ 1 3 7 3 " ▁corresponds ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁CE . ▁ ▁Cy cle ▁The ▁calendar ▁used ▁to ▁employ ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year ▁J ov ian ▁cycle ▁that ▁rede ployed ▁the ▁lun ar ▁month ▁names ▁and ▁attached ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁years . ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁cycle ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁more ▁familiar ▁J ov ian ▁cycle ▁of ▁India ▁with ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁in ▁it . ▁The ▁practice ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁P agan ▁period ▁but ▁had ▁died ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁E poch ▁Bur m ese ▁tradition ▁recogn ises ▁the ▁following ▁er as . ▁The ▁Budd hist ▁Era ▁and ▁K aw za ▁Era ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁Acc ur acy ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁uses ▁lun ar ▁months ▁but ▁tries ▁to ▁keep ▁pace ▁with ▁the ▁solar ▁year . ▁The ▁present ▁Th ande ik ta ▁system ' s ▁solar ▁year ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 3 ▁minutes ▁ 5 1 . 4 3 ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁actual ▁mean ▁tropical ▁year ▁of ▁ 3 6 5 .
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2 4 1 2 8 9 ▁days . ▁The ▁older ▁Mak ar anta ▁system ▁was ▁actually ▁slightly ▁more ▁accurate , ▁with ▁ 2 3 ▁minutes ▁ 5 0 . 8 7 ▁seconds ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁actual ▁year . ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁how ▁Th ande ik ta ▁pur ports ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁narrow er ▁difference ▁( hen ce ▁better ▁accuracy ) ▁over ▁Mak ar anta . ▁ ▁The ▁gain ▁in ▁accuracy ▁is ▁ 0 . 0 0 1 0 3 9 1 6 3 4 ▁day ▁( 8 9 . 7 8 3 7 1 7 7 6 ▁seconds ) ▁over ▁ 1 9 ▁years , ▁or ▁about ▁ 4 . 7 2 5 4 6 ▁seconds ▁a ▁year . ▁However , ▁this ▁gain ▁is ▁ill us ory ▁as ▁Th ande ik ta ▁achie ves ▁the ▁gain ▁by ▁re def ining ▁the ▁mean ▁lun ar ▁month ▁( l un ation ), ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁more ▁accurate ▁and ▁the ▁solar ▁year , ▁which ▁is ▁less ▁accurate . ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁solar ▁years ▁of ▁both ▁systems ▁in ▁comparison ▁with ▁the ▁actual ▁mean ▁tropical ▁year . ▁Th ande ik ta ▁is ▁ 0 . 5 6 ▁second ▁a ▁year ▁less ▁accurate ▁than ▁Mak ar anta . ▁ ▁In ▁sum , ▁both ▁systems ▁are ▁about ▁ 2 4 ▁minutes ▁per ▁year ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁actual ▁tropical ▁year ; ▁the ▁systems ' ▁methods ▁of ▁inter cal ation ▁fix es ▁only ▁their ▁internal ▁error ; ▁and ▁Th ande ik ta ▁slightly ▁acceler ates ▁the ▁annual ▁drift .
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▁The ▁accum ulating ▁error ▁means ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁which ▁used ▁to ▁fall ▁near ▁the ▁ver nal ▁equ in ox ▁at ▁its ▁launch ▁in ▁ 6 3 8 ▁now ▁falls ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 — a ▁drift ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁days , ▁( after ▁adjust ing ▁to ▁the ▁Julian ▁and ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar ▁switch ). ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ists ▁have ▁dealt ▁with ▁the ▁issue ▁by ▁using ▁apparent ▁reck oning ▁and ▁period ically ▁mod ifying ▁the ▁inter cal ation ▁schedule ▁in ▁the ▁Met onic ▁cycle . ▁One ▁major ▁down side ▁of ▁this ▁approach ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁publish ▁future ▁cal end ars ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁( o ften ▁even ▁a ▁year ) ▁ahead . ▁ ▁Z od iac ▁ ▁Se asons ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁z od iac , ▁like ▁the ▁Western ▁z od iac , ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 2 ▁signs ▁called ▁y ath i ▁( ▁). ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁signs ▁are ▁identical ▁to ▁Indian ▁and ▁Western ▁signs ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁derived ▁from ▁Indian ▁and ▁ultimately ▁Western ▁z od iac . ▁Each ▁y ath i ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 3 0 ▁degrees ▁( ▁); ▁each ▁degree ▁into ▁ 6 0 ▁minutes ▁( ▁); ▁and ▁each ▁minute ▁into ▁ 6 0 ▁seconds ▁( ▁). ▁ ▁L un ar ▁m ans ions ▁ ▁The ▁z od iac ▁month ▁consists ▁of ▁ 2 7 ▁days , ▁approxim ating ▁the ▁mean ▁sid ere al ▁month ▁of ▁ 2
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7 . 3 2 1 6 6 1 ▁days . ▁Thus ▁each ▁z od iac ▁day , ▁called ▁ne kk hat , ▁represents ▁a ▁lun ar ▁m ansion , ▁or ▁a ▁segment ▁of ▁the ▁e cl ipt ic ▁along ▁which ▁the ▁moon ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁earth . ▁Though ▁the ▁names ▁are ▁Bur m ese ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁names , ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁system ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁modern ▁Indian ▁system . ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁system ▁uses ▁une qual ▁spaces ▁for ▁each ▁segment ▁( from ▁ 5 ° ▁to ▁ 2 6 ° ), ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁segment , ▁Ath aw ani , ▁begins ▁at ▁ 3 5 0 ° ▁long itude . ▁The ▁modern ▁Indian ▁system ▁uses ▁equal ▁segments ▁of ▁ 1 3 ° ▁ 2 0 ' ▁( 3 6 0 ° ▁divided ▁by ▁ 2 7 ), ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁segment , ▁As v ini , ▁begins ▁at ▁ 0 ° . ▁The ▁list ▁below ▁follows ▁the ▁Th ande ik ta ▁system . ▁ ▁Week days ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁z od iac ▁recogn ises ▁eight ▁signs ▁in ▁a ▁seven - day ▁week . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁vari ants ▁inside ▁present - day ▁My an mar ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁outside . ▁The ▁vari ants ▁outside ▁My an mar ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁al beit ▁under ▁a ▁different ▁year ▁number ing ▁system . ▁ ▁Ar ak an ese ▁According ▁to ▁Ar ak an ese ▁(
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R akh ine ) ▁tradition , ▁the ▁calendar ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁King ▁Th uri ya ▁The ht a ▁of ▁D h any aw addy ▁D yn asty . ▁At ▁least ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar ▁used ▁the ▁Mak ar anta ▁system ▁although ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁had ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Th ande ik ta ▁system ▁since ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar , ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁T agu ▁gets ▁the ▁extra ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁in ▁great ▁leap ▁years . ▁Moreover , ▁in ▁Ar ak an ese ▁tradition , ▁only ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁is ▁observed . ▁The ▁Ar ak an ese ▁calendar ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Mag i - San ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Mag h ▁people ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Ch ulas ak ar at ▁ ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁adopted ▁in ▁present - day ▁northern ▁Thailand ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 3 th ▁century , ▁and ▁in ▁central ▁Thailand ▁by ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Although ▁then ▁main land ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁Lan ▁Na , ▁Lan ▁X ang , ▁S iam , ▁and ▁later ▁Camb od ia ▁adopted ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁epoch ▁starting ▁at ▁ 6 3 8 ▁CE , ▁each ▁region ▁retained ▁its ▁own ▁traditions ▁and / or ▁introduced ▁its ▁own ▁modifications ▁afterwards . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁K eng t ung
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, ▁Lan ▁Na , ▁Lan ▁X ang , ▁and ▁Su kh oth ai ▁cal end ars ▁still ▁retained ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁number ing ▁the ▁months ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁stopped ▁using ▁the ▁number ed ▁months ▁alongside ▁the ▁month ▁names . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁number ing ▁system ▁may ▁have ▁pre dated ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁since ▁each ▁region ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁number ing ▁system . ▁The ▁first ▁number ed ▁month ▁in ▁K eng t ung , ▁Lan ▁Na , ▁Lan ▁X ang ▁and ▁Su kh oth ai ▁cal end ars ▁is ▁T aza ung mon ▁( K art t ika ), ▁Th ading y ut ▁( As v ina ), ▁( N ad aw ) ▁Marg as ir sha , ▁and ▁( N ad aw ) ▁Marg as ir sha , ▁respectively . ▁This ▁means ▁reading ▁ancient ▁texts ▁and ▁in scriptions ▁in ▁Thailand ▁requires ▁constant ▁vig il ance , ▁not ▁just ▁in ▁making ▁sure ▁one ▁is ▁correctly ▁operating ▁for ▁the ▁correct ▁region , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁variations ▁within ▁regions ▁itself ▁when ▁in curs ions ▁cause ▁a ▁variation ▁in ▁practice . ▁( Note : ▁The ▁Su kh oth ai ▁and ▁Lan ▁X ang ▁number ing ▁systems ▁and ▁the ▁now ▁abandoned ▁Bur m ese ▁number ing ▁system ▁are ▁the ▁same .) ▁ ▁Like wise , ▁Camb od ian ▁and ▁Th ai ▁systems ▁have ▁retained ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁giving ▁animal ▁names ▁to ▁the ▁years ▁from ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁ 1 2 . ▁The ▁practice ▁also ▁existed ▁in
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▁Bur ma ▁in ▁the ▁P agan ▁period ▁but ▁later ▁died ▁out . ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁Ch ulas ak ar at ▁uses ▁three ▁similar ▁but ▁not ▁identical ▁types ▁of ▁lun ar ▁years ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar . ▁Each ▁calendar ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁regular ▁year ▁of ▁ 3 5 4 ▁days ▁and ▁a ▁leap ▁year ▁of ▁ 3 8 4 ▁days . ▁However , ▁whereas ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁adds ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁only ▁in ▁a ▁leap ▁cycle ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁Met onic ▁cycle , ▁the ▁Si ames e ▁calendar ▁adds ▁the ▁inter cal ary ▁day ▁to ▁a ▁regular ▁year . ▁The ▁Si ames e ▁calendar ▁does ▁add ▁the ▁extra ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁place ▁( J yes tha / N ay on ), ▁however . ▁ ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁calculation ▁methods ▁also ▁diver ged ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁when ▁Kon ba ung ▁D yn asty ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Th ande ik ta ▁method , ▁which ▁is ▁ 0 . 5 6 ▁second ▁per ▁year ▁longer ▁than ▁the ▁old ▁system . ▁ ▁D ai ▁The ▁traditional ▁D ai ▁calendar ▁of ▁D ai ▁people ▁of ▁X ish u ang b anna ▁in ▁China ▁is ▁largely ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁although ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁some ▁Chinese ▁influences . ▁ ▁Current ▁usage ▁The ▁Bur m ese ▁calendar ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁public ▁holidays ▁in ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ch ula ▁Sak ar at ▁ ▁Budd hist
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▁calendar ▁ ▁Bur m ese ▁z od iac ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁Years ▁of ▁My an mar ▁Cal endar ▁by ▁Cool ▁Emer ald ▁ ▁My an mar ▁Cal endar ▁by ▁Bur m ese ▁Class ics ▁ ▁* ▁Category : Spec ific ▁cal end ars ▁Cal endar <0x0A> </s> ▁Domin ic ▁Land ucc i ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁aqu an aut ▁with ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Wil ming ton ▁( UN C W ). ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Network ▁Anal yst ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Ocean ic ▁and ▁At m ospher ic ▁Administration ' s ▁Aqu arius ▁Re ef ▁Base , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁only ▁under sea ▁research ▁laboratory . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁army ▁career ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota , ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Alb any , ▁Oregon , ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁subsequently ▁en listed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁where ▁he ▁specialized ▁in ▁communications . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁under w ent ▁basic ▁training ▁at ▁Fort ▁Jackson , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁served ▁at ▁Fort ▁Gordon , ▁Georgia ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Infan try ▁Division ▁in ▁K itz ingen , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁joined ▁NO AA ' s ▁National ▁Under sea ▁Research ▁Center ▁( N UR C ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Aqu arius ▁▁ ▁Land
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ucc i ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁Network ▁Anal yst ▁and ▁Network ▁Administr ator ▁at ▁Aqu arius ▁Re ef ▁Base ▁for ▁N UR C . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁person ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁Aqu arius ' ▁computer ▁network , ▁Land ucc i ▁has ▁introduced ▁improvements ▁in ▁broad band ▁access ▁for ▁researchers ▁aboard ▁Aqu arius . ▁ ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁Land ucc i ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁attachment ▁of ▁Orth og on ▁Systems ▁anten nas ▁onto ▁an ▁off shore ▁bu oy ▁in ▁heavy ▁seas . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁commented , ▁" We ▁now ▁have ▁a ▁better ▁learning ▁environment . ▁ ▁Without ▁the ▁hass le ▁of ▁in ade quate ▁technology ▁to ▁deal ▁with , ▁the ▁scientists ▁conducting ▁experiments ▁within ▁Aqu arius , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁rece ivers ▁of ▁data ▁at ▁the ▁land - based ▁office , ▁can ▁focus ▁all ▁their ▁efforts ▁on ▁their ▁mission ▁and ▁the ▁important ▁data ▁being ▁gathered ." ▁ ▁He ▁institut ed ▁a ▁" h oot ▁and ▁h oll er " ▁voice ▁system ▁link ing ▁the ▁habitat ▁and ▁the ▁on shore ▁Watch ▁Des k , ▁where ▁safety ▁instruments ▁are ▁mon it ored ▁during ▁Aqu arius ▁missions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁when ▁Aqu arius ▁received ▁the ▁Info World ▁ 1 0 0 ▁award ▁for ▁innovative ▁use ▁of ▁wireless ▁solutions , ▁Land ucc i ▁commented , ▁" By ▁using ▁OS - G em ini , ▁we ▁over c ame ▁tremendous ▁challenges , ▁such ▁as ▁rough ▁seas , ▁great ▁distances ▁and ▁un predict able ▁weather , ▁to ▁deploy ▁a ▁reliable
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▁connection ▁between ▁our ▁land ▁base ▁and ▁the ▁Aqu arius ▁laboratory ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁ocean ." ▁ ▁N UR C ▁also ▁received ▁a ▁C IO ▁ 1 0 0 ▁award ▁for ▁information ▁technology ▁innovation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁received ▁a ▁Staff ▁Award ▁of ▁Excell ence ▁from ▁UN C W ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁has ▁used ▁web c ams ▁inside ▁and ▁outside ▁Aqu arius ▁to ▁transmit ▁live ▁video ▁and ▁audio ▁to ▁class rooms ▁around ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁has ▁taken ▁part ▁as ▁a ▁habitat ▁techn ician ▁in ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁NASA ▁Ext reme ▁Environment ▁Mission ▁Operations ▁( NE E MO ) ▁missions , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁NASA - NO AA ▁missions ▁which ▁use ▁Aqu arius ▁as ▁an ▁analog ▁environment ▁for ▁space ▁exploration . ▁ ▁Land ucc i ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁habitat ▁techn ician ▁during ▁the ▁following ▁missions : ▁N EE MO ▁ 1 0 : ▁July ▁ 2 2 – 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁N EE MO ▁ 1 2 : ▁May ▁ 7 – 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁N EE MO ▁ 1 2 ▁mission , ▁Land ucc i ▁assist ed ▁with ▁the ▁computer ▁technology ▁aspects ▁of ▁a ▁teles ur gery ▁demonstr ation ▁for ▁the ▁American ▁Tele med ic ine ▁Association ▁meeting ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Domin ic ' s ▁Website ▁
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▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : American ▁under water ▁divers ▁Category : A qu an aut s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Alb any , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Wil ming ton ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁divers <0x0A> </s> ▁B ý č í ▁sk á la ▁C ave ▁( in ▁Czech ▁B ý č í ▁sk á la , ▁in ▁German ▁St ier f els en , ▁in ▁English ▁The ▁Bull ▁Rock ▁C ave ) ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁longest ▁cave ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁Mor avia , ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁famous ▁for ▁archae ological ▁discover ies . ▁Except ▁for ▁the ▁entrance , ▁the ▁cave ▁is ▁not ▁accessible ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁although ▁occasionally ▁it ▁is ▁opened ▁for ▁visitors . ▁ ▁The ▁cave ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Kar st , ▁in ▁the ▁Josef ov ské ▁Valley ▁( J ose f ov ské ▁ú d ol í ) ▁between ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Adam ov ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁K ř tiny . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁cave ▁system ▁Rud ické ▁prop ad ání ▁B ý č í ▁sk á la ▁forms ▁the ▁second ▁longest ▁cave ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁after ▁the ▁Am at ér sk á ▁C ave . ▁Its ▁known ▁length ▁is ▁over ▁ 1 3 km . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁cave ▁was ▁always
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▁known ▁locally , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁written ▁mention ▁coming ▁from ▁ 1 6 6 9 . ▁The ▁cave ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁two ▁European ▁mon arch s : ▁on ▁ 7 . 9 . 1 8 0 4 ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁Francis ▁II ▁and ▁on ▁another ▁occasion ▁A lo is ▁I , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Lie chten stein . ▁During ▁ 1 8 6 7 - 1 8 7 3 , ▁the ▁part ▁named ▁P ř eds ín ě ▁was ▁explored ▁by ▁the ▁archae ologist ▁J ind ř ich ▁W ank el , ▁who ▁discovered ▁a ▁Pal ae ol ith ic ▁settlement ▁from ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁Later , ▁a ▁stat u ette ▁of ▁a ▁bronze ▁bull ▁was ▁found , ▁and ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁a ▁large ▁Hall st att ▁culture ▁site ▁had ▁been ▁exc av ated . ▁The ▁site ▁contained ▁animal ▁and ▁material ▁offer ings , ▁crops , ▁text iles , ▁cer amic ▁and ▁sheet - met al ▁vessels , ▁jew ell ery , ▁glass ▁and ▁am ber ▁be ads . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁W ank el , ▁the ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁one ▁man ▁and ▁forty ▁young ▁women ▁were ▁found . ▁Some ▁women ▁were ▁be headed , ▁some ▁missing ▁legs ▁or ▁hands . ▁On ▁a ▁small ▁" alt ar " ▁a ▁skull ▁and ▁sever ed ▁hands ▁were ▁placed . ▁W ank el ' s ▁romantic ▁interpretation ▁was ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁discovered ▁the ▁grave
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▁of ▁a ▁noble man , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁rit ually ▁killed ▁women . ▁Other ▁theories ▁suggest ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁people ▁hiding ▁in ▁the ▁cave ▁during ▁a ▁war ▁or ▁from ▁an ▁explosion ▁of ▁a ▁gas ▁or ▁dust . ▁Later ▁research ▁identified ▁sevent een ▁ske let ons ▁as ▁men ; ▁the ▁people ▁r anged ▁from ▁children ▁up ▁to ▁adults ▁of ▁ 5 0 – 6 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁when ▁water ▁was ▁pump ed ▁out , ▁another ▁cave ▁was ▁discovered , ▁the ▁" N ová ▁b ý č í ▁sk á la " ▁( The ▁New ▁Bull ▁Rock ▁C ave ), ▁with ▁the ▁Jed ov nick ý ▁bro ok ▁( J ed ov nick ý ▁pot ok ) ▁running ▁through ▁it . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁Naz is ▁built ▁an ▁underground ▁factory ▁in ▁the ▁cave , ▁dam aging ▁the ▁entrance ▁area . ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁a ▁few ▁more ▁c aves ▁have ▁been ▁discovered ▁( S ob ol ova ▁( Bar ová ), ▁M áj ová , ▁Pro l omen á ▁and ▁Pro pl avan á ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁exploration ▁of ▁the ▁bro ok ▁was ▁completed . ▁ ▁The ▁cave ▁contains ▁a ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁picture , ▁currently ▁the ▁oldest ▁cave ▁painting ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁It ▁dep icts ▁a ▁ge omet rical ▁shape ▁re sem bling ▁a ▁gr ill ▁with ▁a ▁size ▁of ▁ 3 0 x 4 0 ▁cm , ▁painted ▁in ▁char co al ▁on
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