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▁team ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁championship s . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁her ▁ 7 th ▁Australian ▁Open ▁singles ▁title , ▁she ▁won ▁her ▁ 2 3 rd ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁title ▁and ▁sur pass ed ▁Ste ff i ▁Graf ' s ▁Open ▁Era ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 2 . ▁Williams ▁now ▁trails ▁only ▁Margaret ▁Court ' s ▁all - time ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁titles . ▁( D uring ▁Court ' s ▁Australian ▁Open ▁wins ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 6 4 , ▁there ▁were ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁athletes ▁per ▁Australian ▁Open . ▁Current ▁grand ▁sl ams ▁have ▁ 1 2 8 ▁athletes ▁in ▁every ▁main ▁draw . ▁This ▁is ▁why ▁there ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁Open ▁Era ▁which ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ 1 3 ▁of ▁Court ' s ▁ 2 4 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁titles ▁came ▁before ▁the ▁Open ▁Era .) ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁Williams ▁holds ▁a ▁ 3 1 6 – 4 3 ▁singles ▁record ▁in ▁grand ▁sl ams , ▁winning ▁ 1 1 4 ▁of ▁those ▁since ▁turning ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁Her ▁ 3 1 6 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁match ▁wins ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁Roger ▁Feder er ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁in ▁tennis ▁history , ▁for ▁men ▁and ▁women . ▁Her ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Australian ▁Open ▁crown ▁was |
▁her ▁ 1 0 th ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁title ▁since ▁reaching ▁her ▁ 3 0 th ▁birthday . ▁No ▁other ▁female ▁player ▁has ▁won ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁titles ▁after ▁turning ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁( Note : ▁Ste ff i ▁Graf ▁was ▁ ▁when ▁she ▁won ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁shortly ▁before ▁ret iring .) ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁Williams ▁has ▁won ▁ 1 0 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁titles ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁Box ▁Set ▁( winning ▁the ▁singles , ▁same ▁gender ▁dou bles , ▁and ▁mixed ▁dou bles ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁grand ▁sl am ▁tour naments ). ▁The ▁only ▁ 2 ▁she ' s ▁lacking ▁are ▁the ▁mixed ▁dou bles ▁titles ▁at ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open . ▁Her ▁best ▁fin ishes ▁in ▁those ▁events ▁were ▁runner - up ▁fin ishes ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Australian ▁Open . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁player , ▁male ▁or ▁female , ▁to ▁win ▁ 1 0 + ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁titles ▁in ▁two ▁separate ▁decades ▁( 1 0 ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s ). ▁ ▁Prize ▁money ▁and ▁earnings ▁First ▁woman ▁to ▁win |
▁US $ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁prize ▁money ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁year : ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁First ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 1 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁prize ▁money ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁year : ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁( Record : ▁$ 1 2 , 3 8 5 , 5 7 2 ) ▁First , ▁and ▁only , ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁First , ▁and ▁only , ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ). ▁First , ▁and ▁only , ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 6 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁First , ▁and ▁only , ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 7 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁First , ▁and ▁only , ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁US $ 8 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁career ▁prize ▁money ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ). ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 1 8 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 |
▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 7 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 1 5 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 7 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 6 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 6 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 5 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 |
0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 3 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 9 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁H olds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁most ▁seasons ▁( 2 ) ▁earning ▁US $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁more . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁She ▁stands ▁as ▁the ▁highest ▁earning ▁female ▁ath lete ▁of ▁all - time ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁prize ▁money ▁across ▁all ▁sports , ▁with ▁$ 8 4 , 4 6 3 , 1 3 1 ▁( as ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁is ▁about ▁$ 4 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁highest ▁women , ▁Maria ▁Shar ap ova ▁and ▁Ven us ▁Williams , ▁respectively . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Williams ▁has ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁highest ▁career ▁earnings , ▁$ 9 2 , 5 9 0 , 4 1 6 , ▁of ▁any ▁tennis ▁player , ▁male ▁or ▁female . ▁ ▁She ▁trails ▁Nov ak ▁D j ok ov ic ▁($ 1 3 1 , 0 4 0 , 9 |
3 2 ), ▁Roger ▁Feder er ▁($ 1 2 3 , 6 3 2 , 2 0 4 ▁), ▁and ▁Raf ael ▁Nad al ▁($ 1 0 6 , 9 5 7 , 1 8 6 ▁). ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁singles ▁and ▁dou bles ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁Olympics ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁decorated ▁tennis ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Olympics ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 4 ▁gold ▁med als ▁shared ▁with ▁sister , ▁Ven us . ▁( V en us ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁ 5 th ▁Olympic ▁medal , ▁a ▁silver , ▁in ▁the ▁M ixed ▁Dou bles ▁event ) ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Olympics ▁in ▁London , ▁Ser ena ▁Williams ▁won ▁gold ▁med als ▁in ▁singles ▁and ▁dou bles , ▁joining ▁sister ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁( 2 0 0 0 ▁Sydney ) ▁and ▁Helen ▁W ills ▁( 1 9 2 4 ▁Paris ) ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁women ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁both ▁singles ▁and ▁dou bles ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁– ▁singles ▁in ▁London , ▁Williams ▁lost ▁the ▁least ▁number ▁of ▁games ▁in ▁history ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁winning ▁the ▁Olympic ▁gold . ▁She ▁lost ▁just ▁ 1 7 ▁games ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁ 6 ▁matches . ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁sets ▁played , ▁ 7 ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁either ▁ 6 – 0 ▁or ▁ 6 – 1 ▁and ▁she ▁lost ▁no |
▁more ▁than ▁ 3 ▁games ▁in ▁any ▁given ▁set . ▁R 6 4 ▁# 2 0 ▁J el ena ▁J ank ov ic ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁R 3 2 ▁# 4 4 ▁Urs z ula ▁Rad w anska ▁ 6 – 2 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁R 1 6 ▁# 1 4 ▁V era ▁Z v on are va ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 6 – 0 ▁Q F ▁# 8 ▁Caroline ▁W oz ni ack i ▁ 6 – 0 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁SF ▁# 1 ▁Victoria ▁Az aren ka ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁F ▁# 3 ▁Maria ▁Shar ap ova ▁ 6 – 0 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁and ▁sister , ▁Ven us , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁record ▁ 3 ▁dou bles ▁g olds ▁in ▁the ▁Olympics ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁( won ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Old est ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁all ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁titles ▁in ▁singles ▁and ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Gold ▁in ▁singles , ▁simultaneously ▁( O lymp ics ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁US ▁Open ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁W im bled on ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁Old est ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁No . 1 ▁ranking ▁at ▁ ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . |
▁Old est ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁at ▁ ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Old est ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁grand ▁sl am ▁singles ▁title ▁at ▁ ▁when ▁she ▁won ▁her ▁ 7 th ▁Australian ▁Open ▁crown ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁At ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Amer ite ch ▁Cup ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁became ▁the ▁lowest ▁ranked ▁player ▁in ▁tennis ▁history ▁( No . 3 0 4 ) ▁to ▁defeat ▁two ▁Top - 1 0 ▁players , ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁Mon ica ▁S eles ▁and ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁Mary ▁Pier ce , ▁in ▁one ▁tournament . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Ser ena ▁and ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁sisters ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spots ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁rank ings , ▁respectively . ▁Ser ena ▁Williams ▁would ▁sup plant ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁for ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁on ▁ 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁they ▁would ▁remain ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁in ▁the ▁rank ings ▁until ▁Ven us ▁fell ▁to ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁became ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁player ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁in ▁both ▁singles ▁and ▁dou bles , ▁simultaneously . |
▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁dou bles ▁title , ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁co - world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁players ▁in ▁women ' s ▁dou bles . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Ser ena ▁and ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁again ▁occupied ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁spots ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁rank ings , ▁respectively . ▁This ▁came ▁almost ▁exactly ▁ 8 ▁years ▁after ▁first ▁accompl ishing ▁this ▁feat . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Williams ▁was ▁three ▁months ▁shy ▁of ▁her ▁ 2 9 th ▁birthday ▁and ▁Ven us ▁had ▁just ▁celebrated ▁her ▁ 3 0 th ▁birthday , ▁both ▁ages ▁at ▁which ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁peers ▁had ▁retired . ▁At ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Miami ▁Open ▁became ▁lowest ▁ranked ▁player ▁( No . ▁ 1 8 ) ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁Top - 2 ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁tournament ▁by ▁defe ating ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁Hen in ▁& ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁Shar ap ova ▁Long est ▁winning ▁streak ▁against ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁player ▁( year s ): ▁ 4 ▁( shared ▁with ▁D aven port , ▁Graf ▁and ▁Ven us ▁Williams ). ▁By ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁U . S . ▁Open ▁she ▁makes ▁the ▁longest - ever ▁gap ▁between ▁st int s ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( five ▁years , ▁one ▁month ) ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 |
2 ▁Miami ▁Open , ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁player , ▁after ▁Ste ff i ▁Graf , ▁in ▁the ▁Open ▁Era ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( J enn ifer ▁Cap ri ati ), ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( V en us ▁Williams ), ▁and ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁( Mart ina ▁H ing is ) ▁ranked ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁tournament . ▁Her ▁sister , ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁third , ▁and ▁last , ▁to ▁accomplish ▁this ▁feat ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁W TA ▁Tour ▁Championships ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁wins ▁being ▁over ▁Ser ena . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁player ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁twice ▁as ▁many ▁points ▁as ▁anyone ▁else ▁on ▁the ▁W TA ▁Rank ings . ▁H eld ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁ 1 8 6 ▁consecutive ▁weeks ▁( 1 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁– ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ), ▁which ▁is ▁tied ▁for ▁first ▁place ▁all - time ▁( w / Ste ff i ▁Graf ). ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ser ena ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁time . ▁Chris ▁E vert ▁and ▁Mart ina ▁Nav rat il ova ▁have ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁on ▁a ▁record ▁ 9 ▁different ▁occasions . ▁As ▁of ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 , ▁Ser ena ▁has ▁held ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁ranking ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 1 9 ▁weeks , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁all - time . ▁( Ste ff i ▁Graf ▁holds ▁the ▁record ▁with ▁ 3 7 7 ▁weeks ▁and ▁Mart ina ▁Nav rat il ova ▁sits ▁in ▁second ▁place ▁with ▁ 3 3 2 ▁weeks ). ▁Ser ena ▁holds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁longest ▁time ▁between ▁first ▁asc ending ▁to ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁( 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁and ▁last ▁holding ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁position ▁( 1 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ), ▁. ▁( Second ▁longest ▁was ▁Chris ▁E vert , ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁ 2 1 ▁days ) ▁ ▁Other ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Miami ▁event ▁became ▁the ▁fastest ▁woman ▁in ▁tennis ▁history ▁to ▁record ▁ 5 ▁top - 1 0 ▁wins ▁( in ▁only ▁ 1 6 ▁matches ) ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Ir ina ▁Sp î r le a ▁in ▁ 2 nd ▁Round . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Open ▁Gaz ▁de ▁France ▁in ▁Paris ▁mark ing ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁tennis ▁history ▁that ▁sisters ▁won ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁week ▁( V en us ▁Williams ▁won ▁Oklahoma ▁City ) ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Indian ▁Wells ▁event , ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁non - seed ed ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁T ier ▁I ▁event ▁when ▁she ▁beat ▁Ste ff i ▁Graf ▁in ▁the ▁final |
. ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Miami ▁event , ▁Ser ena ▁and ▁Ven us ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁pair ▁of ▁sisters ▁in ▁the ▁Open ▁Era ▁to ▁meet ▁in ▁a ▁tournament ▁final ▁with ▁Ven us ▁the ▁event ual ▁vict or . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁W TA ▁Tour ▁Championships , ▁Ser ena ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁in ▁tennis ▁history ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Season - End ing ▁Championships ▁on ▁her ▁debut . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ser ena ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁player , ▁male ▁or ▁female , ▁in ▁history ▁to ▁win ▁singles ▁titles ▁at ▁( 1 ) ▁a ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁event , ▁( 2 ) ▁a ▁Premier ▁Mand atory ▁event , ▁( 3 ) ▁the ▁Olympics ▁[ gold ▁medal ], ▁and ▁( 4 ) ▁the ▁W TA ▁Championships ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁season . ▁( In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Andy ▁Murray ▁joined ▁Ser ena ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁players ▁in ▁history ▁to ▁accomplish ▁this ▁feat .) ▁Only ▁player , ▁male ▁or ▁female , ▁to ▁ever ▁accomplish ▁a ▁Career ▁Golden ▁Sl am ▁in ▁singles ▁and ▁dou bles ▁[ Sing les : ▁US ▁Open ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁W im bled on ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Australian ▁Open ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁US ▁Open ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁W |
im bled on ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Australian ▁Open ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁ 2 0 0 0 ]. ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁in ▁singles ▁would ▁have ▁her ▁complete ▁the ▁Career ▁Golden ▁Sl am ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time . ▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ser ena ▁won ▁a ▁record ▁ 8 th ▁Miami ▁Masters ▁title ▁from ▁her ▁record ▁ 1 0 th ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁Miami ▁final . ▁No ▁male ▁or ▁female ▁has ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 ▁Miami ▁Masters ▁singles ▁titles ▁( And re ▁Ag ass i ▁& ▁Nov ak ▁D j ok ov ic ▁each ▁own ▁ 6 ▁titles ). ▁Since ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁mill enn ium , ▁Ser ena ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Ven us ▁Williams ▁have ▁dominated ▁the ▁W im bled on ▁singles ▁title . ▁ ▁They ▁won ▁ 1 2 ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 7 ▁W im bled on ▁singles ▁crow ns ▁with ▁Ven us ▁winning ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁& ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Ser ena ▁winning ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁& ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Ven us ▁won ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁with ▁Ser ena ▁winning ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Additionally , |
▁they ▁have ▁partner ed ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁women ' s ▁dou bles ▁titles . ▁Since ▁returning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁from ▁a ▁medical ▁break , ▁Ser ena ▁has ▁made ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁final ▁in ▁each ▁year ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁title ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁six ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁two ▁of ▁those ▁years , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁& ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁won ▁ 2 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁titles , ▁while ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁she ▁won ▁ 3 ▁grand ▁sl am ▁titles . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Ser ena ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁Open ▁era ▁( m ale ▁or ▁female ) ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁title ▁in ▁ 4 ▁different ▁decades ▁after ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁A uck land ▁Open . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁W TA ▁New com er ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁T ennis ▁Magazine / Role x ▁R ookie ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁W TA ▁Most ▁Impro ved ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁T ennis ▁Magazine ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁W TA ▁Dou bles ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year |
▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁Te en ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁– ▁Extra ord inary ▁A chie vement ▁Award ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Sports ▁Foundation ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁for ▁team ▁sports ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 7 1 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 7 2 ) ▁ ▁G azz etta ▁dello ▁Sport ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Sports ▁Academy ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ 3 4 th ▁NA AC P ▁Image ▁Awards ▁President ' s ▁Award ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁La ure us ▁World ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Av on ▁Foundation ▁Cele br ity ▁Role ▁Model ▁Award ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁W TA ▁Come back ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year |
▁ ▁Family ▁Circle / P rud ential ▁Financial ▁Player ▁Who ▁M akes ▁a ▁D ifference ▁Award ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 2 ) ▁ ▁Te en ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁– ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁Award ▁ ▁Gl am our ▁Magazine ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 2 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 2 ) ▁ ▁D irty ▁Awards ▁– ▁Best ▁Sports ▁Ath lete ▁Fem ale ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁La ure us ▁World ▁Come back ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 |
0 ▁( No . 6 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁SI . com ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁ ▁Gl am our ▁Magazine ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Dou bles ▁World ▁Champion ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁ESP N ▁Second ▁Best ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁( with ▁Roger ▁Feder er ▁at ▁No . 1 ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Dou bles ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁Dou bles ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁D oh a ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ▁Lead ers ▁Awards ▁– ▁Out standing ▁Lead ership ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 |
7 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁La ure us ▁World ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁TIME ▁The ▁World ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Most ▁In flu ential ▁People ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 1 ) ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁Dou bles ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁For bes ▁ 3 0 ▁Ut ter ly ▁Insp iring ▁Role ▁Mod els ▁ ▁Te en ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁– ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁Award ▁ ▁For bes ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Most ▁Power ful ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁( No . 5 5 ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 8 4 ) ▁ ▁TIME ▁ 3 0 ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁T ennis ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁US ▁Open ▁Series ▁Champion ▁ ▁For bes ▁Most ▁Power ful ▁Black ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁( No . 1 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Root ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁In flu enc ers |
▁and ▁Icon oc last s ▁( No . 4 1 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 7 7 ) ▁ ▁B ET ▁Award ▁for ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁Dou bles ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( with ▁Ven us ▁Williams ) ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁L ' É qu ipe ▁Champion ▁of ▁Champions ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Sports ▁Academy ▁Fem ale ▁Athlet es ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁ ▁Te en ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁– ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁Award ▁ ▁International ▁Sports ▁Press ▁Association ▁( A IPS ) ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁US ▁Open ▁Series ▁Champion ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁L ' É qu ipe ▁Champion ▁of ▁Champions ▁ ▁esp n W ▁Impact ▁ 1 0 ▁( |
No . 1 ) ▁ ▁International ▁Sports ▁Press ▁Association ▁( A IPS ) ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ ▁G azz etta ▁dello ▁Sport ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁B ET ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁TIME ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Most ▁In flu ential ▁People ▁ ▁For bes ▁The ▁Cele br ity ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( No . 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Te en ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁– ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁Award ▁ ▁US ▁Open ▁Series ▁Champion ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁ESP N ▁T ennis ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁International ▁Sports ▁Press ▁Association ▁( A IPS ) ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁B ET ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁ESP N ▁T ennis ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Woman ' s ▁Sports ▁Foundation ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁F avorite ▁Fem ale ▁Sports ▁Star ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Athlet es ▁of ▁All - Time ▁( No . 4 ) ▁ ▁Harris ▁Poll ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Great est ▁T ennis ▁Player |
▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Social ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁– ▁Post ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Social ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁– ▁A ww ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁W TA ▁Social ▁F an ▁F avorite ▁– ▁W om ance ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( with ▁Caroline ▁W oz ni ack i ) ▁ ▁IT F ▁Women ' s ▁Singles ▁World ▁Champion ▁ ▁Sports ▁Ill ustr ated ▁Sport sp erson ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Sports ▁Academy ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁L ' É qu ipe ▁Champion ▁of ▁Champions ▁ ▁International ▁Sports ▁Press ▁Association ▁( A IPS ) ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ ▁Nick el ode on ▁Kid ' s ▁Choice ▁Awards - ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sw ag ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁La ure us ▁World ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁B ET ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Sports ▁Ill ustr ated ▁F ashion able ▁ 5 0 ▁Athlet es ▁( No . 4 ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁Best ▁D ressed ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( W im bled on ) ▁ ▁N iel sen ▁Most ▁Market able ▁Athlet es ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁( No . 4 ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁B ET ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁N iel sen ▁Most ▁Market able ▁Athlet |
es ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁( No . 1 ) ▁ ▁International ▁Sports ▁Press ▁Association ▁( A IPS ) ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁La ure us ▁World ▁Sport sw oman ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁ ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁T ennis ▁Player ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁ ▁Sports ▁Ill ustr ated ▁F ashion able ▁ 5 0 ▁ ▁The ▁Independent ' s ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁ ▁T ennis ▁Magazine ▁The ▁Women ' s ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁ ▁Sky ▁Sports ▁Sport sp erson ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁Fem ale ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁T ennis ▁Magazine ▁ranked ▁her ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 7 th - best ▁player ▁in ▁ 4 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" 3 0 ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁T ennis : ▁Past , ▁Present ▁and ▁Future " ▁by ▁Time . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁she ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁ESP N W ' s ▁Impact ▁ 2 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Open ▁Era ▁tennis ▁records ▁ ▁W TA ▁Tour ▁ ▁W TA ▁Awards ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁career ▁Category : T ennis ▁career ▁statistics <0x0A> </s> ▁N w agi ▁( N ep ali : ▁ न |
् व ा ग ी ), ▁also ▁sp elled ▁Nu agi ▁or ▁U d ha uli , ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁festival ▁celebrated ▁the ▁by ▁Kir at ▁community . ▁ ▁N w agi ▁is ▁celebrated ▁prior ▁to ▁eating ▁the ▁harvest ed ▁food ▁crops , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁offered ▁to ▁ancestors ▁and ▁nature ▁gods . ▁Loc als ▁believe ▁that ▁if ▁somebody ▁e ats ▁the ▁crops ▁without ▁celebr ating ▁N w agi , ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁cur sed ▁by ▁their ▁ancestors . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : F est ivals ▁in ▁Nep al <0x0A> </s> ▁E ry th rant he ▁fl or ib unda ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mon key fl ower ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁common ▁name ▁many - fl ower ed ▁mon key fl ower . ▁It ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁western ▁North ▁America ▁from ▁western ▁Canada ▁to ▁California ▁and ▁northern ▁Mexico , ▁to ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountains . ▁It ▁grows ▁in ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁habitat , ▁especially ▁moist ▁areas . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁M im ulus ▁fl or ib und us . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁This ▁plant ▁is ▁variable ▁in ▁morph ology , ▁taking ▁several ▁forms . ▁In ▁general ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁her b ▁with ▁a ▁thin ▁stem ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 5 0 ▁cent im eters ▁long , ▁growing ▁upright ▁or ▁dec umb ent . ▁In ▁texture ▁it ▁is ▁hair y ▁and ▁sometimes ▁slim y . ▁The ▁oppos it ely ▁arranged ▁leaves ▁vary ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁shape . ▁The ▁tub ular ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁flower ▁is ▁enc aps ulated |
▁in ▁a ▁hair y ▁cal y x ▁of ▁sep als ▁with ▁pointed ▁lob es . ▁The ▁cor oll a ▁of ▁the ▁flower ▁is ▁yellow ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 ▁cent im eters ▁long . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Cal fl ora ▁Database : ▁M im ulus ▁fl or ib und us ▁( Fl or ifer ous ▁mon key fl ower , ▁Many ▁flower ed ▁mon key ▁flower ▁J ep son ▁Man ual ▁e Fl ora ▁( T J M 2 ) ▁treatment ▁of ▁M im ulus ▁fl or ib und us ▁US DA ▁Pl ants ▁Profile ▁for ▁M im ulus ▁fl or ib und us ▁( many fl ower ed ▁mon key fl ower ) ▁U . C . ▁Phot os ▁gallery ▁− ▁M im ulus ▁fl or ib und us ▁ ▁fl or ib unda ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁the ▁North western ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁the ▁South western ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁California ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Nevada ▁( U . S .) ▁Category : N at ural ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁chap ar ral ▁and ▁wood lands ▁Category : N at ural ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Pen ins ular ▁R anges ▁Category : N at ural ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Trans verse ▁R anges <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph yll on ory ct er ▁l atus ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Gr ac ill ari idae . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁widespread ▁throughout ▁the ▁western ▁United ▁States , |
▁but ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁In yo ▁County ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁Grand ▁and ▁Al am osa ▁count ies ▁in ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁ 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm . ▁Adult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁in ▁August ▁in ▁one ▁generation . ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁Pop ulus ▁trem ul oid es . ▁They ▁mine ▁the ▁leaves ▁of ▁their ▁host ▁plant . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁The ▁specific ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁l atus ▁( broad ) ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁relatively ▁broad ▁v inc ulum , ▁the ▁most ▁diagnostic ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁species . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁l atus ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Ellen ▁Price ▁( 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 7 ), ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁novel ist , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Henry ▁Wood . ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁her ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁novel ▁East ▁Lyn ne , ▁but ▁many ▁of ▁her ▁books ▁became ▁international ▁best s ellers ▁and ▁widely ▁read ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁her ▁time , ▁she ▁sur pass ed ▁the ▁fame ▁of ▁Charles ▁Dick ens ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Life ▁Ellen ▁Price ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wor cester ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁she ▁married ▁Henry ▁Wood , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁banking ▁and ▁shipping ▁trade ▁in ▁D au |
ph in é ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁of ▁France , ▁where ▁they ▁lived ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁On ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁Wood ' s ▁business , ▁the ▁family ▁( including ▁four ▁children ) ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Upper ▁Nor wood ▁near ▁London , ▁where ▁Ellen ▁Wood ▁turned ▁to ▁writing . ▁This ▁supported ▁the ▁family . ▁Henry ▁Wood ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁She ▁wrote ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁novels , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁( especially ▁East ▁Lyn ne ) ▁enjoyed ▁remarkable ▁popularity . ▁Among ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁are ▁Dan es bury ▁House , ▁O sw ald ▁C ray , ▁Mrs . ▁Hall ib ur ton ' s ▁T rou bles , ▁The ▁Ch ann ings , ▁Lord ▁Oak burn ' s ▁D aughters ▁and ▁The ▁Shadow ▁of ▁Ash ly dy at . ▁Her ▁writing ▁tone ▁would ▁be ▁described ▁as ▁" con serv ative ▁and ▁Christian ," ▁occasionally ▁express ing ▁religious ▁rhet oric . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁Wood ▁purchased ▁the ▁English ▁magazine ▁Arg os y , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁founded ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Str ahan ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁She ▁wrote ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁herself , ▁but ▁other ▁contributors ▁included ▁H es ba ▁Stre tt on , ▁Julia ▁K avan agh , ▁Christ ina ▁Ros set ti , ▁Sarah ▁D oud ney ▁and ▁Rosa ▁Nou chet te ▁Care y . ▁Wood ▁continued ▁as ▁its ▁editor ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁when ▁her ▁son ▁Charles ▁Wood |
▁took ▁over . ▁ ▁Wood ' s ▁works ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁many ▁languages , ▁including ▁French ▁and ▁Russian . ▁Leo ▁Tol st oy , ▁in ▁a ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁letter ▁to ▁his ▁older ▁brother ▁Serge i , ▁noted ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" read ing ▁Mrs . ▁Wood ' s ▁wonderful ▁novel ▁In ▁the ▁M aze ". ▁ ▁Wood ▁wrote ▁several ▁works ▁of ▁super natural ▁fiction , ▁including ▁" The ▁Ghost " ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁and ▁the ▁of t – anth olog ized ▁" Re ality ▁or ▁Del usion ?" ▁( 1 8 6 8 ). ▁ ▁At ▁her ▁death , ▁caused ▁by ▁bron ch itis , ▁Wood ' s ▁estate ▁was ▁valued ▁at ▁over ▁£ 3 6 , 0 0 0 , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁considerable ▁sum . ▁She ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁High gate ▁C emetery , ▁London . ▁A ▁monument ▁to ▁her ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁in ▁Wor cester ▁Cat hedral ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁first ▁published ▁UK ▁ed itions ▁as ▁catalog ued ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Library , ▁with ▁supplement ary ▁information ▁from ▁a ▁specialist ▁books ellers ' ▁c atalogue . ▁{{ columns - list | col width = 3 0 em | ▁Dan es bury ▁House ▁( 1 8 6 0 ) ▁East ▁Lyn ne ▁( 1 8 6 1 ) ▁The ▁El chester ▁College ▁Boys ▁( 1 8 6 1 ) ▁A ▁Life ' s ▁Secret ▁( 1 8 6 2 ) |
▁Mrs . ▁Hall ib ur ton ' s ▁T rou bles ▁( 1 8 6 2 ) ▁The ▁Ch ann ings ▁( 1 8 6 2 ) ▁The ▁F og gy ▁Night ▁at ▁Off ord : ▁A ▁Christmas ▁G ift ▁for ▁the ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Fund ▁( 1 8 6 3 ) ▁The ▁Shadow ▁of ▁Ash ly dy at ▁( 1 8 6 3 ) ▁Ver ner ’ s ▁Pr ide ▁( 1 8 6 3 ) ▁Lord ▁Oak burn ’ s ▁D aughters ▁( 1 8 6 4 ) ▁O sw ald ▁C ray ▁( 1 8 6 4 ) ▁T rev lyn ▁Hold ; ▁or , ▁S quire ▁T rev lyn ’ s ▁He ir ▁( 1 8 6 4 ) ▁William ▁All air ; ▁or , ▁Running ▁away ▁to ▁Sea ▁( 1 8 6 4 ) ▁M ild red ▁Ark ell : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 5 ) ▁The ▁Arg os y ▁( 1 8 6 5 ) ▁El ster ’ s ▁F olly : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 6 ) ▁St . ▁Martin ’ s ▁Eve : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 6 ) ▁Lady ▁Ad ela ide ’ s ▁O ath ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁Or ville ▁College : ▁A ▁Story ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Ghost ▁of ▁the ▁H ollow ▁Field ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁Anne ▁Here ford : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 8 ) ▁Castle ▁Wa fer ; ▁or |
, ▁The ▁Pl ain ▁Gold ▁Ring ▁( 1 8 6 8 ) ▁The ▁Red ▁Court ▁Farm : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 8 ) ▁Roland ▁Y or ke : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁B ess y ▁R ane : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁George ▁Can ter bury ’ s ▁Will ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁D ene ▁H ollow ▁( 1 8 7 1 ) ▁Within ▁the ▁M aze : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁The ▁Master ▁of ▁Grey lands ▁( 1 8 7 2 ) ▁Johnny ▁Lud low ▁( 1 8 7 4 ) ▁B ess y ▁Wells ▁( 1 8 7 5 ) ▁T old ▁in ▁the ▁Tw il ight : ▁Cont aining ▁“ P ark water ” ▁and ▁nine ▁shorter ▁stories ▁( 1 8 7 5 ) ▁Adam ▁Gra inger : ▁A ▁T ale ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) ▁Ed ina ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) ▁Our ▁Children ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) ▁Park water : ▁With ▁four ▁other ▁tales ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) ▁P omer oy ▁Ab bey ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) ▁Lady ▁Ad ela ide ▁( 1 8 7 9 ) ▁Johnny ▁Lud low , ▁Second ▁Series ▁( 1 8 8 0 ) ▁A ▁T ale ▁of ▁Sin ▁and ▁Other ▁T ales ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁Court ▁Nether le igh : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 8 1 ) ▁About ▁O |
urs el ves ▁( 1 8 8 3 ) ▁Johnny ▁Lud low . ▁Third ▁Series ▁( 1 8 8 5 ) ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁and ▁Other ▁Stories ▁( 1 8 8 7 ) ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Charles ▁Str ange ▁( 1 8 8 8 ) ▁Fe ather ston ' s ▁Story . ▁A ▁T ale ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Lud low ▁( 1 8 8 9 ) ▁The ▁Un hol y ▁W ish ▁and ▁Other ▁Stories ▁( 1 8 9 0 ) ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Hall i well . ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 1 8 9 0 ) ▁Ash ley ▁and ▁Other ▁Stories ▁( 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Victor ▁Ser en us ▁( 1 8 9 8 ) ▁Johnny ▁Lud low . ▁Fifth ▁series ▁( 1 8 9 9 ) ▁Johnny ▁Lud low . ▁Six th ▁series ▁( 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Some ▁transl ations ▁Les ▁Ch anning . ▁Trad uit ▁de ▁l ' Ang l ais ▁par ▁M me ▁A br ic - En cont re ▁( 1 8 6 4 ) Les ▁F illes ▁de ▁Lord ▁Oak burn : ▁Roman ▁trad uit ▁de ▁l ' ang l ais ▁par ▁L . ▁B oc het ▁( 1 8 7 6 ) La ▁G lo ire ▁des ▁Ver ner : ▁Roman ▁trad uit ▁de ▁l ' ang l ais ▁par ▁L . ▁de ▁L ’ Est rive ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) Le ▁Ser ment ▁de ▁Lady ▁Ad ela ï de : ▁Roman ▁trad uit ▁de ▁l ' ang l ais ▁par |
▁Lé on ▁B oc het ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) ▁}} ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁P he g ley , ▁Jennifer ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁" Dom estic ating ▁the ▁S ens ation ▁Nov el ist : ▁Ellen ▁Price ▁Wood ▁as ▁Author ▁and ▁Editor ▁of ▁the ▁' Arg os y ▁Magazine ', " ▁Victorian ▁Period icals ▁Review , ▁Vol . ▁XXX V III , ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁pp . ▁ 1 8 0 – 1 9 8 . ▁See com be , ▁Thomas ▁( 1 9 0 0 ). ▁" W ood , ▁Ellen ▁( 1 8 1 4 – 1 8 8 7 ), " ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁National ▁Biography : ▁William son - Word en , ▁Vol . ▁L X II , ▁pp . ▁ 3 5 5 – 5 7 . ▁Sergeant , ▁Ad eline ▁( 1 8 9 7 ). ▁" M rs . ▁Henry ▁Wood ". ▁In : ▁Women ▁Nov el ists ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria ' s ▁Re ign . ▁London : ▁Hur st ▁& ▁Black ett , ▁pp . ▁ 1 7 4 – 1 9 2 . ▁Wood , ▁Charles ▁W . ▁( 1 8 8 7 ). ▁" M rs . ▁Henry ▁Wood . ▁In ▁Mem or ian ," ▁The ▁Arg os y ' ', ▁Vol . ▁X L III , ▁pp . ▁ 2 5 1 , ▁ 3 3 4 ▁and ▁ 4 4 2 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Works ▁by ▁Mrs . ▁Henry ▁Wood |
▁at ▁H ath i ▁Trust ▁▁▁ ▁Mrs . ▁Henry ▁Wood ▁website ▁ ▁Mrs ▁Henry ▁Wood ▁Bibli ography ▁Of ▁Contribut ions ▁To ▁Period icals ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁novel ists ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁British ▁novel ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Wor cester ▁Category : English ▁Christians ▁Category : English ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : English ▁horror ▁writers ▁Category : G host ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁High gate ▁C emetery ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁bron ch itis ▁Category : W omen ▁horror ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁British ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁British ▁writers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁magazine ▁ed itors ▁Category : W omen ▁magazine ▁ed itors <0x0A> </s> ▁Tar aw era ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁K aw er au , ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁secondary ▁school ▁serving ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁serves ▁students ▁from ▁Years ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 3 . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁formed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁both ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁and ▁K aw er au ▁Inter mediate ▁School , ▁and ▁sits ▁on ▁the ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁site . ▁The ▁school ▁had ▁a ▁roll ▁of ▁ 4 6 0 ▁as ▁of ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Students ▁ |
▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education , ▁Tar aw era ▁High ▁School ▁has ▁a ▁gender ▁composition ▁of ▁ 5 6 % ▁male , ▁and ▁ 4 4 % ▁female . ▁The ▁major ▁ethnic ity ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁is ▁M ā ori , ▁being ▁ 8 6 % ▁of ▁students . ▁This ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁New ▁Zealand ▁European ▁with ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁students . ▁ ▁Cl os ure ▁of ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁and ▁creation ▁ ▁Tar aw era ▁High ▁School ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁formed ▁by ▁mer ging ▁the ▁former ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁and ▁K aw er au ▁Inter mediate . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁old ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁site , ▁on ▁River ▁Road , ▁and ▁uses ▁the ▁facilities ▁already ▁there . ▁Helen ▁Tu hor o , ▁who ▁was ▁Deputy ▁Pr incipal ▁of ▁K aw er au ▁College ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁before ▁being ▁Deputy ▁Pr incipal ▁at ▁Tr ident ▁High ▁School , ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁principal . ▁ ▁Re - develop ment ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Education ▁Minister ▁He k ia ▁Par ata , ▁and ▁Associ ate ▁Education ▁Minister ▁Nik ki ▁Kay e , ▁announced ▁a ▁$ 1 5 . 6 4 ▁million ▁investment ▁in ▁new ▁facilities ▁for ▁the ▁school . ▁The ▁announcement ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁facilities ▁would ▁be ▁progress ively ▁built , ▁so ▁the ▁school ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁continue ▁operating ▁during ▁construction . |
▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁re - develop ment ▁began , ▁with ▁construction ▁set ▁for ▁September . ▁The ▁new ▁facilities ▁will ▁replace ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁buildings , ▁and ▁will ▁provide ▁a ▁modern ▁teaching ▁space ▁for ▁ 5 2 5 ▁students ▁with ▁a ▁library , ▁a ▁wh aren ui , ▁technology ▁and ▁performance ▁spaces , ▁an ▁administration ▁block , ▁and ▁a ▁wireless ▁fib re ▁network . ▁The ▁re - develop ment ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁feature ▁environment ally ▁sustainable ▁initiatives , ▁such ▁as ▁solar ▁heating . ▁Work ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁School ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁Bay ▁of ▁Pl enty ▁Region ▁Category : K aw er au ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Bart lett ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Paul ▁Bart lett ▁( p ain ter ) ▁( 1 8 8 1 – 1 9 6 5 ), ▁American ▁landscape ▁painter ▁Paul ▁Alexander ▁Bart lett ▁( 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 9 0 ), ▁American ▁writer ▁and ▁poet ▁Paul ▁D ought y ▁Bart lett ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 9 7 ), ▁American ▁chem ist ▁Paul ▁Way land ▁Bart lett ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 2 5 ), ▁American ▁sculpt or <0x0A> </s> ▁Log istics ▁is ▁generally ▁the ▁detailed ▁organization ▁and ▁implementation ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁operation . ▁In ▁a ▁general ▁business ▁sense , ▁log istics |
▁is ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁things ▁between ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁and ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁consumption ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁customers ▁or ▁corporations . ▁The ▁resources ▁managed ▁in ▁log istics ▁may ▁include ▁tang ible ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁materials , ▁equipment , ▁and ▁supplies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁consum able ▁items . ▁The ▁log istics ▁of ▁physical ▁items ▁usually ▁involves ▁the ▁integration ▁of ▁information ▁flow , ▁materials ▁handling , ▁production , ▁packaging , ▁inventory , ▁transportation , ▁ware h ousing , ▁and ▁often ▁security . ▁ ▁In ▁military ▁science , ▁log istics ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁maintaining ▁army ▁supply ▁lines ▁while ▁disrupt ing ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁enemy , ▁since ▁an ▁armed ▁force ▁without ▁resources ▁and ▁transportation ▁is ▁defens eless . ▁Military ▁log istics ▁was ▁already ▁pract iced ▁in ▁the ▁ancient ▁world ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁modern ▁military ▁has ▁a ▁significant ▁need ▁for ▁log istics ▁solutions , ▁advanced ▁implement ations ▁have ▁been ▁developed . ▁In ▁military ▁log istics , ▁log istics ▁officers ▁manage ▁how ▁and ▁when ▁to ▁move ▁resources ▁to ▁the ▁places ▁they ▁are ▁needed . ▁ ▁Log istics ▁management ▁is ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁supply ▁chain ▁management ▁and ▁supply ▁chain ▁engineering ▁that ▁plans , ▁implements , ▁and ▁controls ▁the ▁efficient , ▁effective ▁forward , ▁and ▁reverse ▁flow ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁goods , ▁services , ▁and ▁related ▁information ▁between ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁and ▁point ▁of ▁consumption ▁to ▁meet ▁customer ' s ▁requirements . ▁The ▁complexity ▁of ▁log istics ▁can ▁be ▁model ed , ▁analyzed , ▁visual ized , ▁and ▁optim ized |
▁by ▁dedicated ▁simulation ▁software . ▁The ▁minim ization ▁of ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁resources ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁motivation ▁in ▁all ▁log istics ▁fields . ▁A ▁professional ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁log istics ▁management ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁log istic ian . ▁ ▁N omen cl ature ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁ ▁is ▁att ested ▁in ▁English ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁and ▁is ▁from ▁, ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁either ▁co ined ▁or ▁popular ized ▁by ▁military ▁officer ▁and ▁writer ▁Ant oine - Hen ri ▁J om ini , ▁who ▁defined ▁it ▁in ▁his ▁Summary ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁War ▁( ). ▁The ▁term ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁edition , ▁then ▁titled ▁Anal yt ic ▁Table ▁( Table au ▁Anal yt ique ), ▁and ▁J om ini ▁explains ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁ ▁( c ogn ate ▁to ▁English ▁), ▁in ▁the ▁terms ▁ ▁and ▁: ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁cred ited ▁to ▁J om ini , ▁and ▁the ▁term ▁and ▁its ▁et ym ology ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Georges ▁de ▁Ch amb ray ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁writing : ▁ ▁Ch amb ray ▁also ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁term ▁ ▁was ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁algebra . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁hom onym ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁mathematical ▁term , ▁from ▁, ▁a ▁traditional ▁division ▁of ▁Greek ▁mathemat ics ; ▁the ▁mathematical ▁term ▁is ▁presumably ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁log istic ▁in ▁log istic ▁growth ▁and ▁related ▁terms . ▁Some ▁sources |
▁give ▁this ▁instead ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁log istics , ▁either ▁ignorant ▁of ▁J om ini ' s ▁statement ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁, ▁or ▁dub ious ▁and ▁instead ▁believing ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁of ▁Greek ▁origin , ▁or ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁existing ▁term ▁of ▁Greek ▁origin . ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁J om ini ▁originally ▁defined ▁log istics ▁as : ▁ ▁The ▁Oxford ▁English ▁Dictionary ▁defines ▁log istics ▁as ▁" the ▁branch ▁of ▁military ▁science ▁relating ▁to ▁pro cur ing , ▁maintaining ▁and ▁transport ing ▁material , ▁personnel ▁and ▁facilities ". ▁However , ▁the ▁New ▁Oxford ▁American ▁Dictionary ▁defines ▁log istics ▁as ▁" the ▁detailed ▁coord ination ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁operation ▁involving ▁many ▁people , ▁facilities , ▁or ▁supplies ", ▁and ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Dictionary ▁on - line ▁defines ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁detailed ▁organization ▁and ▁implementation ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁operation ". ▁As ▁such , ▁log istics ▁is ▁commonly ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁engineering ▁that ▁creates ▁" people ▁systems " ▁rather ▁than ▁" machine ▁systems ". ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Management ▁Prof ession als ▁( pre viously ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Log istics ▁Management ), ▁log istics ▁is ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁planning , ▁implementing ▁and ▁controlling ▁procedures ▁for ▁the ▁efficient ▁and ▁effective ▁transportation ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁goods ▁including ▁services ▁and ▁related ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁consumption ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁conform ing ▁to ▁customer ▁requirements ▁and ▁includes ▁in bound , ▁out bound , ▁internal ▁and ▁external ▁movements . ▁ ▁Academ ics ▁and |
▁practition ers ▁tradition ally ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁terms ▁operations ▁or ▁production ▁management ▁when ▁referring ▁to ▁physical ▁transform ations ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁business ▁location ▁( factory , ▁restaurant ▁or ▁even ▁bank ▁cl erk ing ) ▁and ▁reserve ▁the ▁term ▁log istics ▁for ▁activities ▁related ▁to ▁distribution , ▁that ▁is , ▁moving ▁products ▁on ▁the ▁territory . ▁Man aging ▁a ▁distribution ▁center ▁is ▁seen , ▁therefore , ▁as ▁pert aining ▁to ▁the ▁realm ▁of ▁log istics ▁since , ▁while ▁in ▁theory , ▁the ▁products ▁made ▁by ▁a ▁factory ▁are ▁ready ▁for ▁consumption ▁they ▁still ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁moved ▁along ▁the ▁distribution ▁network ▁according ▁to ▁some ▁logic , ▁and ▁the ▁distribution ▁center ▁aggreg ates ▁and ▁processes ▁orders ▁coming ▁from ▁different ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁territory . ▁That ▁being ▁said , ▁from ▁a ▁modeling ▁perspective , ▁there ▁are ▁similar ities ▁between ▁operations ▁management ▁and ▁log istics , ▁and ▁companies ▁sometimes ▁use ▁hybrid ▁professionals , ▁with ▁for ▁example ▁a ▁" Direct or ▁of ▁Operations " ▁or ▁a ▁" Log istics ▁Officer " ▁working ▁on ▁similar ▁problems . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁term ▁supply ▁chain ▁management ▁originally ▁refers ▁to , ▁among ▁other ▁issues , ▁having ▁an ▁integrated ▁vision ▁of ▁both ▁production ▁and ▁log istics ▁from ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁to ▁point ▁of ▁production . ▁All ▁these ▁terms ▁may ▁suffer ▁from ▁sem antic ▁change ▁as ▁a ▁side ▁effect ▁of ▁advertising . ▁ ▁Log istics ▁activities ▁and ▁fields ▁▁ ▁In bound ▁log istics ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁primary ▁processes ▁of ▁log istics ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁purchasing ▁and ▁arr anging ▁the ▁in bound |
▁movement ▁of ▁materials , ▁parts , ▁or ▁un finished ▁inventory ▁from ▁suppliers ▁to ▁manufacturing ▁or ▁assembly ▁plants , ▁ware h ouses , ▁or ▁retail ▁stores . ▁ ▁Out bound ▁log istics ▁is ▁the ▁process ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁storage ▁and ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁product ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁information ▁flows ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁production ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁end - user . ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁services ▁performed ▁by ▁log ist icians , ▁the ▁main ▁fields ▁of ▁log istics ▁can ▁be ▁broken ▁down ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁ ▁Pro c ure ment ▁log istics ▁ ▁Distribution ▁log istics ▁ ▁After - s ales ▁log istics ▁ ▁Dis posal ▁log istics ▁ ▁Re verse ▁log istics ▁ ▁Green ▁log istics ▁ ▁Global ▁log istics ▁ ▁Dom est ics ▁log istics ▁ ▁Con c ier ge ▁service ▁ ▁Rel i ability , ▁availability , ▁and ▁maintain ability ▁ ▁As set ▁control ▁log istics ▁ ▁Point - of - s ale ▁material ▁log istics ▁ ▁Emer gency ▁log istics ▁ ▁Production ▁log istics ▁ ▁Construction ▁log istics ▁ ▁Capital ▁project ▁log istics ▁ ▁Digital ▁log istics ▁ ▁Pro c ure ment ▁log istics ▁consists ▁of ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁market ▁research , ▁requirements ▁planning , ▁make - or - b uy ▁decisions , ▁supplier ▁management , ▁ordering , ▁and ▁order ▁controlling . ▁The ▁targets ▁in ▁proc ure ment ▁log istics ▁might ▁be ▁contrad ict ory : ▁maxim izing ▁efficiency ▁by ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁core ▁compet ences , ▁outs our cing ▁while ▁maintaining ▁the ▁aut onomy ▁of ▁the ▁company , |
▁or ▁minim izing ▁proc ure ment ▁costs ▁while ▁maxim izing ▁security ▁within ▁the ▁supply ▁process . ▁ ▁Adv ance ▁Log istics ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁activities ▁required ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁or ▁establish ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁log istics ▁activities ▁to ▁occur . ▁ ▁Global ▁Log istics ▁is ▁technically ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁managing ▁the ▁' flow ' ▁of ▁goods ▁through ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁supply ▁chain , ▁from ▁its ▁place ▁of ▁production , ▁to ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁This ▁often ▁requires ▁an ▁inter modal ▁transport ▁system , ▁transport ▁via ▁ocean , ▁air , ▁rail , ▁and ▁truck . ▁This ▁is ▁possibly ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁time - consum ing ▁and ▁complicated ▁forms ▁of ▁log istics . ▁▁ ▁Distribution ▁log istics ▁has , ▁as ▁main ▁tasks , ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁finished ▁products ▁to ▁the ▁customer . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁order ▁processing , ▁ware h ousing , ▁and ▁transportation . ▁Distribution ▁log istics ▁is ▁necessary ▁because ▁the ▁time , ▁place , ▁and ▁quantity ▁of ▁production ▁differ ▁with ▁the ▁time , ▁place , ▁and ▁quantity ▁of ▁consumption . ▁ ▁Dis posal ▁log istics ▁has ▁as ▁its ▁main ▁function ▁to ▁reduce ▁log istics ▁cost ( s ) ▁and ▁enhance ▁service ( s ) ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁dispos al ▁of ▁waste ▁produced ▁during ▁the ▁operation ▁of ▁a ▁business . ▁ ▁Re verse ▁log istics ▁denotes ▁all ▁those ▁operations ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁re use ▁of ▁products ▁and ▁materials . ▁The ▁reverse ▁log istics ▁process ▁includes ▁the ▁management ▁and ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁sur pl uses , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁products |
▁being ▁returned ▁to ▁vendors ▁from ▁buyers . ▁Re verse ▁log istics ▁stands ▁for ▁all ▁operations ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁re use ▁of ▁products ▁and ▁materials . ▁It ▁is ▁" the ▁process ▁of ▁planning , ▁implementing , ▁and ▁controlling ▁the ▁efficient , ▁cost - effective ▁flow ▁of ▁raw ▁materials , ▁in - process ▁inventory , ▁finished ▁goods ▁and ▁related ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁consumption ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁rec apt uring ▁value ▁or ▁proper ▁dispos al . ▁More ▁precisely , ▁reverse ▁log istics ▁is ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁moving ▁goods ▁from ▁their ▁typical ▁final ▁destination ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁capt uring ▁value , ▁or ▁proper ▁dispos al . ▁The ▁opposite ▁of ▁reverse ▁log istics ▁is ▁forward ▁log istics ." ▁ ▁Green ▁Log istics ▁describes ▁all ▁attempts ▁to ▁measure ▁and ▁minimize ▁the ▁ec ological ▁impact ▁of ▁log istics ▁activities . ▁This ▁includes ▁all ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁forward ▁and ▁reverse ▁flows . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁through ▁inter modal ▁fre ight ▁transport , ▁path ▁optimization , ▁vehicle ▁sat uration ▁and ▁city ▁log istics . ▁ ▁RAM ▁Log istics ▁( see ▁also ▁Log istic ▁engineering ) ▁comb ines ▁both ▁business ▁log istics ▁and ▁military ▁log istics ▁since ▁it ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁highly ▁complicated ▁technological ▁systems ▁for ▁which ▁Rel i ability , ▁Av ailability ▁and ▁M aint ain ability ▁are ▁essential , ▁ex : ▁weapon ▁systems ▁and ▁military ▁super comput ers . ▁ ▁As set ▁Control ▁Log istics : ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁retail ▁channels , ▁both ▁organized ▁retail ers ▁and ▁suppliers , ▁often ▁deploy |
▁assets ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁display , ▁preserv ation , ▁promotion ▁of ▁their ▁products . ▁Some ▁examples ▁are ▁refriger ators , ▁stands , ▁display ▁mon itors , ▁season al ▁equipment , ▁poster ▁stands ▁& ▁frames . ▁ ▁Emer gency ▁log istics ▁( or ▁Human itarian ▁Log istics ) ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁log istics , ▁supply ▁chain , ▁and ▁manufacturing ▁industries ▁to ▁denote ▁specific ▁time - crit ical ▁modes ▁of ▁transport ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁goods ▁or ▁objects ▁rapidly ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁an ▁emergency . ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁en list ing ▁emergency ▁log istics ▁services ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁production ▁delay ▁or ▁anticipated ▁production ▁delay , ▁or ▁an ▁urgent ▁need ▁for ▁specialized ▁equipment ▁to ▁prevent ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁aircraft ▁being ▁ground ed ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁" air craft ▁on ▁ground "— A OG ), ▁ships ▁being ▁delayed , ▁or ▁tele commun ications ▁failure . ▁Human itarian ▁log istics ▁involves ▁governments , ▁the ▁military , ▁aid ▁agencies , ▁don ors , ▁non - govern ment al ▁organizations ▁and ▁emergency ▁log istics ▁services ▁are ▁typically ▁sour ced ▁from ▁a ▁specialist ▁provider . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁production ▁log istics ▁describes ▁log istic ▁processes ▁within ▁a ▁value - adding ▁system ▁( ex : ▁factory ▁or ▁a ▁mine ). ▁Production ▁log istics ▁aims ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁each ▁machine ▁and ▁work station ▁receives ▁the ▁right ▁product ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁quantity ▁and ▁quality ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁time . ▁The ▁concern ▁is ▁with ▁production , ▁testing , ▁transportation , ▁storage , ▁and ▁supply . ▁Production ▁log istics ▁can ▁operate ▁in |
▁existing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁new ▁plants : ▁since ▁manufacturing ▁in ▁an ▁existing ▁plant ▁is ▁a ▁constantly ▁changing ▁process , ▁machines ▁are ▁ex changed ▁and ▁new ▁ones ▁added , ▁which ▁gives ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁production ▁log istics ▁system ▁accordingly . ▁Production ▁log istics ▁provides ▁the ▁means ▁to ▁achieve ▁customer ▁response ▁and ▁capital ▁efficiency . ▁Production ▁log istics ▁becomes ▁more ▁important ▁with ▁decre asing ▁batch ▁sizes . ▁In ▁many ▁industries ▁( e . g . ▁mobile ▁phones ), ▁the ▁short - term ▁goal ▁is ▁a ▁batch ▁size ▁of ▁one , ▁allowing ▁even ▁a ▁single ▁customer ' s ▁demand ▁to ▁be ▁ful filled ▁efficiently . ▁Track ▁and ▁tracing , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁essential ▁part ▁of ▁production ▁log istics ▁due ▁to ▁product ▁safety ▁and ▁reli ability ▁issues , ▁is ▁also ▁gaining ▁importance , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁autom otive ▁and ▁medical ▁industries . ▁ ▁Construction ▁Log istics ▁has ▁been ▁employed ▁by ▁civil is ations ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years . ▁As ▁the ▁various ▁human ▁civil izations ▁tried ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁best ▁possible ▁works ▁of ▁construction ▁for ▁living ▁and ▁protection . ▁Now ▁construction ▁log istics ▁has em er ged ▁as ▁a ▁vital ▁part ▁of ▁construction . ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁few ▁years , ▁construction ▁log istics ▁has ▁emerged ▁as ▁a ▁different ▁field ▁of ▁knowledge ▁and ▁study ▁within ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁supply ▁chain ▁management ▁and ▁log istics . ▁ ▁Military ▁log istics ▁▁ ▁In ▁military ▁science , ▁maintaining ▁one ' s ▁supply ▁lines ▁while ▁disrupt ing ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁is ▁a ▁crucial — some ▁would ▁say ▁the ▁most ▁crucial |
— element ▁of ▁military ▁strategy , ▁since ▁an ▁armed ▁force ▁without ▁resources ▁and ▁transportation ▁is ▁defens eless . ▁The ▁historical ▁leaders ▁Hann ib al , ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁and ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁W elling ton ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁log ist ical ▁genius es : ▁Alexander ' s ▁expedition ▁benef ited ▁considerably ▁from ▁his ▁met ic ulous ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁provision ing ▁of ▁his ▁army , ▁Hann ib al ▁is ▁cred ited ▁to ▁have ▁" t aught ▁log istics " ▁to ▁the ▁Romans ▁during ▁the ▁P unic ▁Wars ▁and ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - Port ug uese ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁Pen insula ▁War ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁effectiveness ▁of ▁W elling ton ' s ▁supply ▁system , ▁despite ▁the ▁numerical ▁disadv antage . ▁The ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁and ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁A xis ▁in ▁the ▁African ▁theater ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁are ▁attributed ▁by ▁some ▁scholars ▁to ▁log ist ical ▁failures . ▁ ▁Mil it aries ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁need ▁for ▁log istics ▁solutions ▁and ▁so ▁have ▁developed ▁advanced ▁implement ations . ▁Integr ated ▁Log istics ▁Support ▁( IL S ) ▁is ▁a ▁discipline ▁used ▁in ▁military ▁industries ▁to ▁ensure ▁an ▁easily ▁support able ▁system ▁with ▁a ▁robust ▁customer ▁service ▁( log istic ) ▁concept ▁at ▁the ▁lowest ▁cost ▁and ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁( o ften ▁high ) ▁reli ability , ▁availability , ▁maintain ability , ▁and ▁other ▁requirements , ▁as ▁defined ▁for ▁the ▁project . ▁ ▁In ▁military ▁log |
istics , ▁Log istics ▁Off ic ers ▁manage ▁how ▁and ▁when ▁to ▁move ▁resources ▁to ▁the ▁places ▁they ▁are ▁needed . ▁ ▁Supp ly ▁chain ▁management ▁in ▁military ▁log istics ▁often ▁deals ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁variables ▁in ▁predict ing ▁cost , ▁deter ior ation , ▁consumption , ▁and ▁future ▁demand . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Ar med ▁Forces ' ▁categor ical ▁supply ▁classification ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁categories ▁of ▁supply ▁with ▁similar ▁consumption ▁variables ▁are ▁group ed ▁together ▁for ▁planning ▁purposes . ▁For ▁instance , ▁pe ac etime ▁consumption ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁and ▁fuel ▁will ▁be ▁considerably ▁lower ▁than ▁w art ime ▁consumption ▁of ▁these ▁items , ▁whereas ▁other ▁classes ▁of ▁supply ▁such ▁as ▁subs istence ▁and ▁clothing ▁have ▁a ▁relatively ▁consistent ▁consumption ▁rate ▁regardless ▁of ▁war ▁or ▁peace . ▁ ▁Some ▁classes ▁of ▁supply ▁have ▁a ▁linear ▁demand ▁relationship : ▁as ▁more ▁troops ▁are ▁added , ▁more ▁supply ▁items ▁are ▁needed ; ▁or ▁as ▁more ▁equipment ▁is ▁used , ▁more ▁fuel ▁and ▁am mun ition ▁are ▁consumed . ▁Other ▁classes ▁of ▁supply ▁must ▁consider ▁a ▁third ▁variable ▁besides ▁usage ▁and ▁quantity : ▁time . ▁As ▁equipment ▁ages , ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁repair ▁parts ▁are ▁needed ▁over ▁time , ▁even ▁when ▁usage ▁and ▁quantity ▁stay ▁consistent . ▁By ▁recording ▁and ▁analy zing ▁these ▁trends ▁over ▁time ▁and ▁applying ▁them ▁to ▁future ▁scenarios , ▁the ▁US ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁can ▁accurately ▁supply ▁troops ▁with ▁the ▁items ▁necessary ▁at ▁the ▁precise ▁moment ▁they ▁are ▁needed . ▁History ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁good |
▁log ist ical ▁planning ▁creates ▁a ▁lean ▁and ▁efficient ▁fighting ▁force . ▁The ▁lack ▁there of ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁cl unk y , ▁slow , ▁and ▁ill - equ ipped ▁force ▁with ▁too ▁much ▁or ▁too ▁little ▁supply . ▁ ▁Business ▁log istics ▁▁ ▁One ▁definition ▁of ▁business ▁log istics ▁speaks ▁of ▁" h aving ▁the ▁right ▁item ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁quantity ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁right ▁price ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁condition ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁customer ". ▁Business ▁log istics ▁incorpor ates ▁all ▁industry ▁sectors ▁and ▁aims ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁fru ition ▁of ▁project ▁life ▁cycles , ▁supply ▁chains , ▁and ▁result ant ▁eff ici encies . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" business ▁log istics " ▁has ▁evolved ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁increasing ▁complexity ▁of ▁supp lying ▁businesses ▁with ▁materials ▁and ▁shipping ▁out ▁products ▁in ▁an ▁increasingly ▁global ized ▁supply ▁chain , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁call ▁for ▁professionals ▁called ▁" supp ly ▁chain ▁log ist icians ". ▁ ▁In ▁business , ▁log istics ▁may ▁have ▁either ▁an ▁internal ▁focus ▁( in bound ▁log istics ) ▁or ▁an ▁external ▁focus ▁( out bound ▁log istics ), ▁covering ▁the ▁flow ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁materials ▁from ▁point ▁of ▁origin ▁to ▁point ▁of ▁consumption ▁( see ▁supply - chain ▁management ). ▁The ▁main ▁functions ▁of ▁a ▁qualified ▁log istic ian ▁include ▁inventory ▁management , ▁purchasing , ▁transportation , ▁ware h ousing , ▁consultation , ▁and ▁the ▁organ izing ▁and ▁planning ▁of ▁these ▁activities . |
▁Log ist icians ▁combine ▁professional ▁knowledge ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁functions ▁to ▁coordinate ▁resources ▁in ▁an ▁organization . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁fundament ally ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁log istics : ▁one ▁optim izes ▁a ▁steady ▁flow ▁of ▁material ▁through ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁transport ▁links ▁and ▁storage ▁nodes , ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁coordinates ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁resources ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁some ▁project ▁( e . g ., ▁re struct uring ▁a ▁warehouse ). ▁ ▁N odes ▁of ▁a ▁distribution ▁network ▁ ▁The ▁nodes ▁of ▁a ▁distribution ▁network ▁include : ▁ ▁F act ories ▁where ▁products ▁are ▁manufactured ▁or ▁assembled ▁ ▁A ▁dep ot ▁or ▁deposit , ▁a ▁standard ▁type ▁of ▁warehouse ▁for ▁st oring ▁merch and ise ▁( high ▁level ▁of ▁inventory ) ▁ ▁Distribution ▁centers ▁for ▁order ▁processing ▁and ▁order ▁fulfill ment ▁( lower ▁level ▁of ▁inventory ) ▁and ▁also ▁for ▁receiving ▁returning ▁items ▁from ▁clients ▁ ▁Trans it ▁points ▁for ▁cross ▁dock ing ▁activities , ▁which ▁consist ▁of ▁re assem bling ▁cargo ▁units ▁based ▁on ▁deliver ies ▁scheduled ▁( only ▁moving ▁merch and ise ) ▁ ▁Trad itional ▁retail ▁stores ▁of ▁the ▁Mom ▁and ▁Pop ▁variety , ▁modern ▁super mark ets , ▁hyper mark ets , ▁discount ▁stores ▁or ▁also ▁volunt ary ▁chains , ▁consumers ' ▁co - oper ative , ▁groups ▁of ▁consumer ▁with ▁collective ▁buying ▁power . ▁Note ▁that ▁subs idi aries ▁will ▁be ▁mostly ▁owned ▁by ▁another ▁company ▁and ▁franch is ers , ▁although ▁using ▁other ▁company ▁brands , ▁actually ▁own ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁sale . ▁ ▁There ▁may |
▁be ▁some ▁inter medi aries ▁operating ▁for ▁representative ▁matters ▁between ▁nodes ▁such ▁as ▁sales ▁agents ▁or ▁bro kers . ▁ ▁Log istic ▁families ▁and ▁metrics ▁ ▁A ▁log istic ▁family ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁products ▁that ▁share ▁a ▁common ▁characteristic : ▁weight ▁and ▁vol um etric ▁characteristics , ▁physical ▁st oring ▁needs ▁( t emperature , ▁radiation , ... ), ▁handling ▁needs , ▁order ▁frequency , ▁package ▁size , ▁etc . ▁The ▁following ▁metrics ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁organize ▁its ▁products ▁in ▁different ▁families : ▁ ▁Physical ▁metrics ▁used ▁to ▁evaluate ▁inventory ▁systems ▁include ▁stock ing ▁capacity , ▁select ivity , ▁super f icial ▁use , ▁vol um etric ▁use , ▁transport ▁capacity , ▁transport ▁capacity ▁use . ▁ ▁Mon etary ▁metrics ▁used ▁include ▁space ▁holding ▁costs ▁( building , ▁shel ving , ▁and ▁services ) ▁and ▁handling ▁costs ▁( people , ▁handling ▁machinery , ▁energy , ▁and ▁maintenance ). ▁ ▁Other ▁metrics ▁may ▁present ▁themselves ▁in ▁both ▁physical ▁or ▁mon etary ▁form , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁In ventory ▁turn over . ▁ ▁Hand ling ▁and ▁order ▁processing ▁▁ ▁Unit ▁loads ▁are ▁combinations ▁of ▁individual ▁items ▁which ▁are ▁moved ▁by ▁handling ▁systems , ▁usually ▁employ ing ▁a ▁pal let ▁of ▁norm ed ▁dimensions . ▁ ▁Hand ling ▁systems ▁include : ▁trans - p allet ▁hand lers , ▁counter weight ▁handler , ▁re tract able ▁mast ▁handler , ▁bil ateral ▁hand lers , ▁tr il ateral ▁hand lers , ▁AG V ▁and ▁other ▁hand lers . ▁ ▁Storage ▁systems ▁include |
: ▁pile ▁stock ing , ▁cell ▁r acks ▁( e ither ▁static ▁or ▁mov able ), ▁cant ile ver ▁r acks ▁and ▁gravity ▁r acks . ▁ ▁Order ▁processing ▁is ▁a ▁sequ ential ▁process ▁involving : ▁processing ▁withdrawal ▁list , ▁picking ▁( select ive ▁removal ▁of ▁items ▁from ▁loading ▁units ), ▁sort ing ▁( assem bling ▁items ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁destination ), ▁package ▁formation ▁( weight ing , ▁label ing , ▁and ▁packing ), ▁order ▁consolid ation ▁( gather ing ▁packages ▁into ▁loading ▁units ▁for ▁transportation , ▁control ▁and ▁bill ▁of ▁l ading ). ▁ ▁P icking ▁can ▁be ▁both ▁manual ▁or ▁automated . ▁Man ual ▁picking ▁can ▁be ▁both ▁man ▁to ▁goods , ▁i . e . ▁operator ▁using ▁a ▁cart ▁or ▁convey or ▁belt , ▁or ▁goods ▁to ▁man , ▁i . e . ▁the ▁operator ▁benef iting ▁from ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁mini - load ▁AS RS , ▁vertical ▁or ▁horizontal ▁car ousel ▁or ▁from ▁an ▁Autom atic ▁Vert ical ▁Storage ▁System ▁( AV SS ). ▁Autom atic ▁picking ▁is ▁done ▁either ▁with ▁disp ens ers ▁or ▁dep allet izing ▁rob ots . ▁ ▁Sort ing ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁manually ▁through ▁cart s ▁or ▁convey or ▁bel ts , ▁or ▁automatically ▁through ▁sor ters . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁▁ ▁C argo , ▁i . e . ▁merch and ise ▁being ▁transport ed , ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁through ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁transportation ▁means ▁and ▁is ▁organized ▁in ▁different ▁ship ment ▁categories . ▁Unit ▁loads ▁are ▁usually ▁assembled ▁into ▁higher ▁standard ized |
▁units ▁such ▁as : ▁ISO ▁containers , ▁swap ▁bodies ▁or ▁semi - tr ail ers . ▁Especially ▁for ▁very ▁long ▁distances , ▁product ▁transportation ▁will ▁likely ▁benefit ▁from ▁using ▁different ▁transportation ▁means : ▁mult im od al ▁transport , ▁inter modal ▁transport ▁( no ▁handling ) ▁and ▁combined ▁transport ▁( min imal ▁road ▁transport ). ▁When ▁moving ▁cargo , ▁typical ▁constraints ▁are ▁maximum ▁weight ▁and ▁volume . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁involved ▁in ▁transportation ▁include : ▁all ▁train , ▁road ▁vehicles , ▁boats , ▁air pl anes ▁companies , ▁cou riers , ▁fre ight ▁forward ers ▁and ▁multi - modal ▁transport ▁operators . ▁ ▁Mer ch and ise ▁being ▁transport ed ▁internation ally ▁is ▁usually ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁Inc ot erm s ▁standards ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Commerce . ▁ ▁Configuration ▁and ▁management ▁▁ ▁Similarly ▁to ▁production ▁systems , ▁log istic ▁systems ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁properly ▁configured ▁and ▁managed . ▁Actually ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁method ologies ▁have ▁been ▁directly ▁borrow ed ▁from ▁operations ▁management ▁such ▁as ▁using ▁Economic ▁Order ▁Quant ity ▁models ▁for ▁managing ▁inventory ▁in ▁the ▁nodes ▁of ▁the ▁network . ▁Distribution ▁resource ▁planning ▁( DR P ) ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁MR P , ▁except ▁that ▁it ▁doesn ' t ▁concern ▁activities ▁inside ▁the ▁nodes ▁of ▁the ▁network ▁but ▁planning ▁distribution ▁when ▁moving ▁goods ▁through ▁the ▁links ▁of ▁the ▁network . ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁in ▁log istics ▁configuration ▁may ▁be ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁warehouse ▁( node ) ▁or ▁at ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁system ▁( network ). ▁ ▁Reg |
arding ▁a ▁single ▁warehouse , ▁besides ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁designing ▁and ▁building ▁the ▁warehouse , ▁configuration ▁means ▁solving ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁inter related ▁technical - econom ic ▁problems : ▁dimension ing ▁rack ▁cells , ▁choosing ▁a ▁pal let izing ▁method ▁( man ual ▁or ▁through ▁rob ots ), ▁rack ▁dimension ing ▁and ▁design , ▁number ▁of ▁r acks , ▁number ▁and ▁typ ology ▁of ▁retriev al ▁systems ▁( e . g . ▁stack er ▁cr anes ). ▁Some ▁important ▁constraints ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁satisfied : ▁fork ▁and ▁load ▁be ams ▁resistance ▁to ▁b ending ▁and ▁proper ▁placement ▁of ▁spr ink lers . ▁Although ▁picking ▁is ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁tact ical ▁planning ▁decision ▁than ▁a ▁configuration ▁problem , ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁into ▁account ▁when ▁deciding ▁the ▁layout ▁of ▁the ▁r acks ▁inside ▁the ▁warehouse ▁and ▁buying ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁hand lers ▁and ▁motor ized ▁cart s ▁since ▁once ▁those ▁decisions ▁are ▁taken ▁they ▁will ▁work ▁as ▁constraints ▁when ▁managing ▁the ▁warehouse , ▁the ▁same ▁reasoning ▁for ▁sort ing ▁when ▁designing ▁the ▁convey or ▁system ▁or ▁install ing ▁automatic ▁disp ens ers . ▁ ▁Configuration ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁system ▁concerns ▁primarily ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁nodes ▁in ▁ge ographic ▁space ▁and ▁distribution ▁of ▁capacity ▁among ▁the ▁nodes . ▁The ▁first ▁may ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁facility ▁location ▁( with ▁the ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁site ▁selection ) ▁while ▁the ▁latter ▁to ▁as ▁capacity ▁allocation . ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁outs our cing ▁typically ▁ar ises ▁at ▁this ▁level : |
▁the ▁nodes ▁of ▁a ▁supply ▁chain ▁are ▁very ▁rarely ▁owned ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁enterprise . ▁Distribution ▁networks ▁can ▁be ▁characterized ▁by ▁numbers ▁of ▁levels , ▁namely ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁inter medi ary ▁nodes ▁between ▁supplier ▁and ▁consumer : ▁ ▁Direct ▁store ▁delivery , ▁i . e . ▁zero ▁levels ▁ ▁One ▁level ▁network : ▁central ▁warehouse ▁ ▁Two ▁level ▁network : ▁central ▁and ▁peripher al ▁ware h ouses ▁ ▁This ▁distinction ▁is ▁more ▁useful ▁for ▁modeling ▁purposes , ▁but ▁it ▁rel ates ▁also ▁to ▁a ▁tact ical ▁decision ▁regarding ▁safety ▁stocks : ▁considering ▁a ▁two - level ▁network , ▁if ▁safety ▁inventory ▁is ▁kept ▁only ▁in ▁peripher al ▁ware h ouses ▁then ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁dependent ▁system ▁( from ▁suppliers ), ▁if ▁safety ▁inventory ▁is ▁distributed ▁among ▁central ▁and ▁peripher al ▁ware h ouses ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁an ▁independent ▁system ▁( from ▁suppliers ). ▁Transport ation ▁from ▁producer ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁level ▁is ▁called ▁primary ▁transportation , ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁level ▁to ▁a ▁consumer ▁is ▁called ▁secondary ▁transportation . ▁ ▁Although ▁config uring ▁a ▁distribution ▁network ▁from ▁zero ▁is ▁possible , ▁log ist icians ▁usually ▁have ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁re struct uring ▁existing ▁networks ▁due ▁to ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁factors : ▁changing ▁demand , ▁product ▁or ▁process ▁innovation , ▁opportunities ▁for ▁outs our cing , ▁change ▁of ▁government ▁policy ▁toward ▁trade ▁barriers , ▁innovation ▁in ▁transportation ▁means ▁( both ▁vehicles ▁or ▁thorough f ares ), ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁regulations ▁( not ably ▁those ▁regarding ▁pollution ) ▁and ▁availability ▁of ▁I |
CT ▁supporting ▁systems ▁( e . g . ▁ER P ▁or ▁e - commerce ). ▁ ▁Once ▁a ▁log istic ▁system ▁is ▁configured , ▁management , ▁meaning ▁tact ical ▁decisions , ▁takes ▁place , ▁once ▁again , ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁warehouse ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁network . ▁Dec isions ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁under ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁constraints : ▁internal , ▁such ▁as ▁using ▁the ▁available ▁infrastructure , ▁or ▁external , ▁such ▁as ▁comp lying ▁with ▁the ▁given ▁product ▁shelf ▁lif es ▁and ▁exp iration ▁dates . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁warehouse ▁level , ▁the ▁log istic ian ▁must ▁decide ▁how ▁to ▁distribute ▁merch and ise ▁over ▁the ▁r acks . ▁Three ▁basic ▁situations ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁considered : ▁shared ▁storage , ▁dedicated ▁storage ▁( r ack ▁space ▁reserved ▁for ▁specific ▁merch and ise ) ▁and ▁class - based ▁storage ▁( class ▁meaning ▁merch and ise ▁organized ▁in ▁different ▁areas ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁access ▁index ). ▁ ▁P icking ▁efficiency ▁varies ▁greatly ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁situation . ▁For ▁a ▁man ▁to ▁goods ▁situation , ▁a ▁distinction ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁between ▁high - level ▁picking ▁( vertical ▁component ▁significant ) ▁and ▁low - level ▁picking ▁( vertical ▁component ▁ins ign ific ant ). ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁tact ical ▁decisions ▁regarding ▁picking ▁must ▁be ▁made : ▁ ▁R outing ▁path : ▁standard ▁alternatives ▁include ▁trans vers al ▁rout ing , ▁return ▁rout ing , ▁mid point ▁rout ing , ▁and ▁largest ▁gap ▁return ▁rout ing ▁ ▁Re pl en ishment ▁method : ▁standard ▁alternatives |
▁include ▁equal ▁space ▁supply ▁for ▁each ▁product ▁class ▁and ▁equal ▁time ▁supply ▁for ▁each ▁product ▁class . ▁ ▁P icking ▁logic : ▁order ▁picking ▁vs ▁batch ▁picking ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁network , ▁tact ical ▁decisions ▁involve ▁mainly ▁inventory ▁control ▁and ▁delivery ▁path ▁optimization . ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁log istic ian ▁may ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁reverse ▁flow ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁forward ▁flow . ▁ ▁W are house ▁management ▁system ▁and ▁control ▁▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁some ▁overlap ▁in ▁functionality , ▁warehouse ▁management ▁systems ▁( W MS ) ▁can ▁differ ▁significantly ▁from ▁warehouse ▁control ▁systems ▁( W CS ). ▁Simply ▁put , ▁a ▁W MS ▁plans ▁a ▁weekly ▁activity ▁forecast ▁based ▁on ▁such ▁factors ▁as ▁statistics ▁and ▁trends , ▁whereas ▁a ▁W CS ▁acts ▁like ▁a ▁floor ▁super visor , ▁working ▁in ▁real - time ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁job ▁done ▁by ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁means . ▁For ▁instance , ▁a ▁W MS ▁can ▁tell ▁the ▁system ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁need ▁five ▁of ▁stock - keeping ▁unit ▁( SK U ) ▁A ▁and ▁five ▁of ▁SK U ▁B ▁hours ▁in ▁advance , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁acts , ▁other ▁consider ations ▁may ▁have ▁come ▁into ▁play ▁or ▁there ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁log j am ▁on ▁a ▁convey or . ▁A ▁W CS ▁can ▁prevent ▁that ▁problem ▁by ▁working ▁in ▁real - time ▁and ▁ad ap ting ▁to ▁the ▁situation ▁by ▁making ▁a ▁last - minute ▁decision ▁based ▁on ▁current ▁activity ▁and ▁operational ▁status . ▁Working ▁syn erg |
istically , ▁W MS ▁and ▁W CS ▁can ▁resolve ▁these ▁issues ▁and ▁maxim ize ▁efficiency ▁for ▁companies ▁that ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁effective ▁operation ▁of ▁their ▁warehouse ▁or ▁distribution ▁center . ▁ ▁Log istics ▁outs our cing ▁ ▁Log istics ▁outs our cing ▁involves ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁a ▁company ▁and ▁an ▁L SP ▁( log istic ▁service ▁provider ), ▁which , ▁compared ▁with ▁basic ▁log istics ▁services , ▁has ▁more ▁custom ized ▁offer ings , ▁en compass es ▁a ▁broad ▁number ▁of ▁service ▁activities , ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁a ▁long - term ▁orientation , ▁and ▁thus ▁has ▁a ▁strategic ▁nature . ▁ ▁Out s our cing ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁complete ▁external ization ▁to ▁an ▁L SP , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁partial : ▁ ▁A ▁single ▁contract ▁for ▁supp lying ▁a ▁specific ▁service ▁on ▁occasion ▁ ▁C reation ▁of ▁a ▁spin - off ▁ ▁C reation ▁of ▁a ▁joint ▁venture ▁ ▁Third - party ▁log istics ▁( 3 PL ) ▁involves ▁using ▁external ▁organizations ▁to ▁execute ▁log istics ▁activities ▁that ▁have ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁performed ▁within ▁an ▁organization ▁itself . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁definition , ▁third - party ▁log istics ▁includes ▁any ▁form ▁of ▁outs our cing ▁of ▁log istics ▁activities ▁previously ▁performed ▁in ▁house . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁company ▁with ▁its ▁own ▁ware h ousing ▁facilities ▁decides ▁to ▁employ ▁external ▁transportation , ▁this ▁would ▁be ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁third - party ▁log istics . ▁Log istics ▁is ▁an ▁emerging ▁business ▁area ▁in ▁many ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁concept ▁of |
▁a ▁fourth - party ▁log istics ▁( 4 PL ) ▁provider ▁was ▁first ▁defined ▁by ▁Anders en ▁Consult ing ▁( now ▁Acc ent ure ) ▁as ▁an ▁integr ator ▁that ▁as semb les ▁the ▁resources , ▁planning ▁capabilities , ▁and ▁technology ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁organization ▁and ▁other ▁organizations ▁to ▁design , ▁build , ▁and ▁run ▁comprehensive ▁supply ▁chain ▁solutions . ▁Where as ▁a ▁third - party ▁log istics ▁( 3 PL ) ▁service ▁provider ▁targets ▁a ▁single ▁function , ▁a ▁ 4 PL ▁targets ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁process . ▁Some ▁have ▁described ▁a ▁ 4 PL ▁as ▁a ▁general ▁contract or ▁that ▁man ages ▁other ▁ 3 PL s , ▁truck ers , ▁forward ers , ▁custom ▁house ▁agents , ▁and ▁others , ▁essentially ▁taking ▁responsibility ▁of ▁a ▁complete ▁process ▁for ▁the ▁customer . ▁ ▁Hor izontal ▁all iances ▁between ▁log istics ▁service ▁providers ▁▁ ▁Hor izontal ▁business ▁all iances ▁often ▁occur ▁between ▁log istics ▁service ▁providers , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁cooperation ▁between ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁log istics ▁companies ▁that ▁are ▁potentially ▁competing . ▁In ▁a ▁horizontal ▁alliance , ▁these ▁partners ▁can ▁benefit ▁two fold . ▁On ▁one ▁hand , ▁they ▁can ▁" ▁resources ▁which ▁are ▁directly ▁explo itable ". ▁In ▁this ▁example ▁extending ▁common ▁transportation ▁networks , ▁their ▁warehouse ▁infrastructure ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁provide ▁more ▁complex ▁service ▁packages ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁combining ▁resources . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁partners ▁can ▁" access ▁int ang ible ▁resources , ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁directly ▁explo itable ". ▁This ▁typically |
▁includes ▁know - how ▁and ▁information ▁and , ▁in ▁turn , ▁innovation . ▁ ▁Log istics ▁autom ation ▁▁ ▁Log istics ▁autom ation ▁is ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁computer ▁software ▁or ▁automated ▁machinery ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁log istics ▁operations . ▁Typ ically ▁this ▁refers ▁to ▁operations ▁within ▁a ▁warehouse ▁or ▁distribution ▁center ▁with ▁broader ▁tasks ▁undert aken ▁by ▁supply ▁chain ▁engineering ▁systems ▁and ▁enterprise ▁resource ▁planning ▁systems . ▁ ▁Industrial ▁machinery ▁can ▁typically ▁identify ▁products ▁through ▁either ▁bar code ▁or ▁RF ID ▁technologies . ▁Information ▁in ▁traditional ▁bar ▁codes ▁is ▁stored ▁as ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁bars ▁varying ▁in ▁width , ▁which ▁when ▁read ▁by ▁laser ▁is ▁translated ▁into ▁a ▁digital ▁sequence , ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁fixed ▁rules ▁can ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁decimal ▁number ▁or ▁other ▁data . ▁Sometimes ▁information ▁in ▁a ▁bar ▁code ▁can ▁be ▁trans mitted ▁through ▁radio ▁frequency , ▁more ▁typically ▁radio ▁transmission ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁RF ID ▁tags . ▁An ▁RF ID ▁tag ▁is ▁a ▁card ▁containing ▁a ▁memory ▁chip ▁and ▁an ▁anten na ▁that ▁transm its ▁signals ▁to ▁a ▁reader . ▁RF ID ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁merch and ise , ▁animals , ▁vehicles , ▁and ▁people ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Log istics : ▁profession ▁and ▁organizations ▁ ▁A ▁log istic ian ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁log istics ▁practition er . ▁Professional ▁log ist icians ▁are ▁often ▁certified ▁by ▁professional ▁associations . ▁One ▁can ▁either ▁work ▁in ▁a ▁pure ▁log istics ▁company , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁shipping ▁line , ▁airport , ▁or ▁fre ight ▁forward |
er , ▁or ▁within ▁the ▁log istics ▁department ▁of ▁a ▁company . ▁However , ▁as ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁log istics ▁is ▁a ▁broad ▁field , ▁en compass ing ▁proc ure ment , ▁production , ▁distribution , ▁and ▁dispos al ▁activities . ▁Hence , ▁career ▁pers pectives ▁are ▁broad ▁as ▁well . ▁A ▁new ▁trend ▁in ▁the ▁industry ▁is ▁the ▁ 4 PL , ▁or ▁fourth - party ▁log istics , ▁firms , ▁consulting ▁companies ▁offering ▁log istics ▁services . ▁ ▁Some ▁universities ▁and ▁academic ▁institutions ▁train ▁students ▁as ▁log ist icians , ▁offering ▁under graduate ▁and ▁post graduate ▁programs . ▁A ▁university ▁with ▁a ▁primary ▁focus ▁on ▁log istics ▁is ▁K üh ne ▁Log istics ▁University ▁in ▁Hamburg , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁is ▁non - profit ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁K üh ne - Foundation ▁of ▁the ▁log istics ▁entrepreneur ▁Kl aus ▁Michael ▁K üh ne . ▁ ▁The ▁Ch arter ed ▁Institute ▁of ▁Log istics ▁and ▁Transport ▁( C IL T ), ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁received ▁a ▁Royal ▁Ch arter ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁Ch arter ed ▁Institute ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁professional ▁bodies ▁or ▁institutions ▁for ▁the ▁log istics ▁and ▁transport ▁sectors ▁that ▁offer ▁professional ▁qual ifications ▁or ▁degrees ▁in ▁log istics ▁management . ▁C IL T ▁programs ▁can ▁be ▁studied ▁at ▁centers ▁around ▁the ▁UK , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁also ▁offer ▁distance ▁learning ▁options . ▁The ▁inst itute ▁also ▁have ▁overseas ▁branches ▁namely ▁The ▁Ch arter ed ▁Institute |
▁of ▁Log istics ▁& ▁Transport ▁Australia ▁( C IL TA ) ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁Ch arter ed ▁Institute ▁of ▁Log istics ▁and ▁Transport ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁( C IL TH K ) ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁In ▁the ▁UK , ▁Log istics ▁Management ▁programs ▁are ▁conducted ▁by ▁many ▁universities ▁and ▁professional ▁bodies ▁such ▁as ▁C IL T . ▁These ▁programs ▁are ▁generally ▁offered ▁at ▁the ▁post graduate ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁Global ▁Institute ▁of ▁Log istics ▁established ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁is ▁a ▁Think ▁tank ▁for ▁the ▁profession ▁and ▁is ▁primarily ▁concerned ▁with ▁inter contin ental ▁mar itime ▁log istics . ▁It ▁is ▁particularly ▁concerned ▁with ▁container ▁log istics ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁se ap ort ▁authority ▁in ▁the ▁mar itime ▁log istics ▁chain . ▁The ▁Institute ▁has ▁developed ▁a ▁community ▁of ▁over ▁ 8 , 5 0 0 ▁log ist icians ▁who ▁act ▁a ▁global ▁knowledge ▁network ▁committed ▁to ▁supporting ▁the ▁Institute ' s ▁mission ▁of ▁contributing ▁to ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁legacy ▁challenges ▁in ▁global ▁log istics . ▁Chall eng es ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁traditional ▁approach ▁of ▁managing ▁single ▁transport ▁modes , ▁modal ▁systems ▁as ▁stand - alone ▁operations . ▁The ▁key ▁to ▁over coming ▁these ▁legacy ▁challenges ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁stake holder ▁groups ▁within ▁the ▁log istics ▁chain ▁to ▁actively ▁engage ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁promotion ▁of ▁this ▁agenda ▁is ▁the ▁Institute ' s ▁work . ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Public ▁Health ▁Log ist icians ▁( I AP HL ) ▁is ▁a |
▁professional ▁network ▁that ▁prom otes ▁the ▁professional ▁development ▁of ▁supply ▁chain ▁managers ▁and ▁others ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁public ▁health ▁log istics ▁and ▁commod ity ▁security , ▁with ▁particular ▁focus ▁on ▁developing ▁countries . ▁The ▁association ▁supports ▁log ist icians ▁worldwide ▁by ▁providing ▁a ▁community ▁of ▁practice , ▁where ▁members ▁can ▁network , ▁exchange ▁ideas , ▁and ▁improve ▁their ▁professional ▁skills . ▁ ▁Log istics ▁museum s ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁which ▁cover ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁practical ▁log istics . ▁These ▁include ▁museum s ▁of ▁transportation , ▁customs , ▁packing , ▁and ▁industry - based ▁log istics . ▁However , ▁only ▁the ▁following ▁museum s ▁are ▁fully ▁dedicated ▁to ▁log istics : ▁ ▁General ▁log istics : ▁ ▁Log istics ▁Museum ▁( Saint ▁Peters burg , ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Museum ▁of ▁Log istics ▁( Tok yo , ▁Japan ) ▁ ▁Beijing ▁W uz i ▁University ▁Log istics ▁Museum ▁( Be ijing , ▁China ) ▁ ▁Military ▁log istics : ▁ ▁Royal ▁Log istic ▁Corps ▁Museum ▁( Sur rey , ▁England , ▁United ▁Kingdom ) ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁Log istics ▁Museum ▁( Mont real , ▁Quebec , ▁Canada ) ▁ ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁Log istics ▁( H ano i , ▁Vietnam ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Physical ▁inventory ▁ ▁Document ▁autom ation ▁in ▁supply ▁chain ▁management ▁and ▁log istics ▁ ▁Autom ated ▁identification ▁and ▁data ▁capture ▁ ▁Storage ▁management ▁system ▁ ▁In ventory ▁management ▁software ▁ ▁Fre ight ▁claim ▁ ▁Sales ▁territory ▁ ▁Integr ated ▁Service |
▁Pro vider ▁ ▁Performance - based ▁log istics ▁ ▁Log istics ▁Performance ▁Index ▁Fre ight ▁forward er ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Eng els , ▁Donald ▁W . ▁( 1 9 8 0 ). ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great ▁and ▁the ▁Log istics ▁of ▁the ▁M aced on ian ▁Army , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press ▁( 1 9 4 ▁pages ). ▁online ▁ ▁H ess , ▁Earl ▁J . ▁Civil ▁War ▁Log istics : ▁A ▁Study ▁of ▁Military ▁Transport ation ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁online ▁review ▁ ▁H ust on , ▁James ▁A . ▁( 1 9 6 6 ). ▁The ▁S ine ws ▁of ▁War : ▁Army ▁Log istics , ▁ 1 7 7 5 – 1 9 5 3 , ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁( 7 8 9 ▁pages ). ▁online ▁ ▁Hand field , ▁R . B ., ▁Stra ube , ▁F ., ▁P fo hl , ▁H . C . ▁& ▁W iel and , ▁A ., ▁T rend s ▁and ▁Strateg ies ▁in ▁Log istics ▁and ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Management : ▁Em br acing ▁Global ▁Log istics ▁Complex ity ▁to ▁Drive ▁Market ▁Adv antage , ▁B VL ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Ronald ▁H . ▁Ball ou , ▁Sam ir ▁K . ▁S riv ast ava , ▁Business ▁Log istics : ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Management , ▁Pear son ▁Education , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Donald ▁Bow ers ox , ▁David ▁Cl oss , ▁M . ▁B ix by ▁Cooper , ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Log |
istics ▁Management , ▁McG raw - H ill ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁M . ▁Christopher : ▁Log istics ▁& ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Management : ▁creating ▁value - adding ▁networks , ▁P rent ice ▁Hall ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁online ▁ ▁J . ▁V . ▁Jones : ▁Integr ated ▁Log istics ▁Support ▁Hand book , ▁McG raw - H ill ▁Log istics ▁Series ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁B . ▁S . ▁Bl anch ard : ▁Log istics ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Management , ▁Pear son ▁P rent ice ▁Hall ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁R . G . ▁Pol u ha : ▁The ▁Qu int ess ence ▁of ▁Supp ly ▁Chain ▁Management : ▁What ▁You ▁Really ▁Need ▁to ▁Know ▁to ▁Man age ▁Your ▁Process es ▁in ▁Pro c ure ment , ▁Manufact uring , ▁W are h ousing , ▁and ▁Log istics ▁( Qu int ess ence ▁Series ). ▁First ▁Edition . ▁Spring er ▁He idel berg ▁New ▁York ▁D ord recht ▁London ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ ▁Pre cl í k ▁V rat isl av : ▁Pr ů mys l ová ▁log ist ika ▁( Ind ust rial ▁log istics ), ▁ 3 5 9 ▁p ., ▁, ▁First ▁issue ▁Nak lad atel ství ▁Č V UT ▁v ▁Pra ze , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁pp . ▁ 7 ▁- ▁ 5 0 , ▁ 6 3 ▁- ▁ 7 3 , ▁ 7 5 ▁- ▁ 8 5 , ▁ 1 2 3 |
▁- ▁ 3 4 7 , ▁Pr ague ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁▁ ▁Category : Bus iness ▁terms ▁Category : H uman ▁activities ▁with ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁environment ▁▁ ▁Category : System s ▁engineering <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁T ipping ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Thomas ▁T ipping ▁( k night ) ▁( 1 6 1 4 – 1 6 9 3 ), ▁Parliament arian ▁during ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁T ipping , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 1 6 5 3 – 1 7 1 8 ), ▁English ▁bar on et ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Thomas ▁T ipping ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 7 6 ), ▁MP ▁for ▁L outh ▁( Par liament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁constitu ency ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association ▁( G IA ) ▁is ▁an ▁association ▁of ▁poll ing ▁organizations ▁registered ▁in ▁Zur ich , ▁Switzerland . ▁The ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁L ox wood ▁Hall , ▁Sus sex , ▁UK . ▁Dr . ▁George ▁H . ▁Gall up ▁served ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁President , ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁management ▁headquarters ▁has ▁been ▁located ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁Austria . ▁▁ ▁Gall up , ▁Inc . ▁US ▁and ▁the ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association ▁( G IA ) ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁legal ▁dispute ▁over ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Gall up ▁name . ▁ ▁Gall up |
▁International ▁Association ▁or ▁its ▁members ▁are ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁Gall up ▁Inc ., ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Washington ▁D . C ▁which ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association . ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association ▁does ▁not ▁accept ▁responsibility ▁for ▁opinion ▁poll ing ▁other ▁than ▁its ▁own . ▁Gall up ▁International ▁requires ▁that ▁their ▁surveys ▁be ▁cred ited ▁fully ▁as ▁Gall up ▁International ▁( not ▁Gall up ▁or ▁Gall up ▁Poll ). ▁ ▁The ▁Board ▁includes ▁Kan cho ▁Sto y che v ▁( Pres ident ), ▁Michael ▁N its che ▁( Execut ive ▁Vice ▁President ), ▁Steven ▁K ang ▁( V ice ▁President ), ▁Johnny ▁He ald ▁( V ice ▁President ), ▁Dr . ▁And rey ▁M ile k hin ▁( V ice ▁President ) ▁and ▁Dr . ▁Mun q ith ▁D ag her ▁( Reg ional ▁Director ▁M EN A ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Gall up ▁International ▁Association ▁Category : Service ▁companies ▁of ▁Switzerland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 5 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁S cul pt ures ▁are ▁ 2 0 ▁sculpt ures ▁ere cted ▁in ▁I stan bul ▁that ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁selected ▁Turkish ▁sculpt ors ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Republic . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁Cele br ations , ▁gathered ▁at ▁the ▁I stan bul ▁Govern ors ▁headquarters ▁and ▁initially ▁they ▁wanted |
▁ 5 0 ▁sculpt ures ▁to ▁be ▁created ▁to ▁celebrate ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁however ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁funds ▁they ▁reduced ▁the ▁number ▁to ▁ 2 0 . ▁ ▁On ▁Sept , ▁ 1 3 ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁sk et ches ▁and ▁photos ▁sent ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 0 ▁selected ▁artists ▁are ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁board ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁committee . ▁ ▁Context ▁in ▁Turkish ▁sculpt ure ▁It ▁was ▁difficult ▁for ▁Turkish ▁sculpt ors ▁to ▁get ▁exposure ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁What ▁sculpt ors ▁need ▁is ▁for ▁their ▁sculpt ures ▁to ▁be ▁displayed ▁in ▁public ▁spaces . ▁S cul pt ures , ▁other ▁than ▁mon uments , ▁were ▁not ▁really ▁present ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁to ▁create ▁ 5 0 ▁sculpt ures ▁for ▁I stan bul ▁within ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Republic ▁was ▁a ▁turning ▁point ▁for ▁Turkish ▁sculpt ure . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁sculpt ors ▁were ▁given ▁a ▁chance , ▁outside ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁mon uments , ▁to ▁create ▁sculpt ures ▁for ▁pre - det erm ined ▁locations . ▁This ▁allowed ▁for ▁a ▁shift ▁to ▁modern ▁sculpt ure ▁from ▁monument al ▁sculpt ure . ▁The ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁project , ▁which ▁initially ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁create ▁ 5 0 ▁sculpt ures , ▁were ▁ 2 0 ▁sculpt ures ▁ere cted ▁in ▁I stan b uls ▁public |
▁spaces ▁by ▁important ▁sculpt ors ▁which ▁reflected ▁their ▁original ▁sculpt ing ▁style . ▁ ▁The ▁sculpt ures ▁ ▁Dr am atic ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁sculpt ures ▁Sur pr ising ly , ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁ 2 0 ▁sculpt ures ▁met ▁a ▁dramatic ▁end ▁or ▁were ▁dist urbed , ▁damaged ▁and / or ▁removed ▁from ▁their ▁location , ▁some ▁not ▁even ▁few ▁days ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁ere cted . ▁ ▁G ü zel ▁ İ stan bul , ▁by ▁G ür dal ▁D uy ar , ▁is ▁removed ▁from ▁its ▁foundation ▁at ▁Kar ak ö y ▁square , ▁being ▁found ▁' inde cent ', ▁and ▁is ▁removed ▁to ▁the ▁Y ı ld ı z ▁Park ▁being ▁damaged ▁in ▁the ▁process ; ▁ İ ş ç i ▁by ▁M uz aff er ▁E rt or an ▁becomes ▁the ▁targeted ▁in ▁attacks ; ▁the ▁fate ▁of ▁N us ret ▁Sum ans ▁M im ar ▁Sin an ▁is ▁unknown ; ▁ İ kim iz ▁by ▁Nam ı k ▁Den iz han ▁is ▁removed ▁due ▁to ▁' dam age ▁from ▁external ▁factors '; ▁B irl ik ▁by ▁Me h met ▁U yan ı k , ▁becomes ▁the ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁municipal ▁compress or ▁gun ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ; ▁Y ü ks eli ş ▁by ▁Bi hr at ▁M av it ran ▁is ▁sacrific ed ▁to ▁road ▁construction ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ; ▁Ya ğ m ur ▁by ▁Fer it ▁Ö z ş en ▁suff ers ▁n atures ▁wr ath ; ▁the ▁abstract ▁composition |
▁by ▁F ü sun ▁On ur ▁is ▁removed ▁during ▁Bed rett in ▁Dal ans ▁Municipal ▁ten ure ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ; ▁the ▁abstract ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁Se y h un ▁Top uz ▁coll aps es ▁due ▁to ▁' natural ▁causes ' ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ; ▁the ▁abstract ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁T amer ▁Ba ş o ğ lu ▁disappe ars ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ; ▁the ▁abstract ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁Y av uz ▁G ö rey ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁stolen ▁for ▁its ▁material ▁( br on ze ) ▁and ▁similarly ▁the ▁abstract ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁Met in ▁H ase ki ▁disappe ars ▁for ▁its ▁material ▁( cop per ). ▁ ▁Recent ▁events ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁sculpt ures ▁were ▁cleaned ▁and ▁restored ▁in ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁" sc ulpt ure ▁project ". ▁H ü sey in ▁An ka ▁Ö zk ans ▁Y ank ı ▁was ▁worked ▁on ▁for ▁ 6 ▁hours ▁under ▁the ▁consult ancy ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Ü z lif at ▁Ö z g ü m ü ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁was ▁reported ly ▁restored ▁to ▁its ▁original ▁state . ▁Within ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁rest or ations ▁the ▁sculpt ures ▁to ▁be ▁restored ▁till ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁are ▁the ▁Abstract ▁in ▁Ma ç ka , ▁Bah ar ▁in ▁Em ir gan ▁Park , ▁the ▁Republic ▁ 5 0 . ▁Years ▁Mon ument ▁in ▁Gal at as ar ay ▁Square |
, ▁Day an ı ş ma ▁in ▁F ı nd ı kl ı ▁Park , ▁Fig ür ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Mu hs in ▁E rt u ğ r ul ▁Theater , ▁and ▁the ▁abstract ▁sculpt ure ▁at ▁B eb ek ▁children ' s ▁park . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : S cul pt ures ▁in ▁Turkey ▁S cul pt ures ▁Category : Culture ▁in ▁I stan bul ▁Category : Events ▁in ▁I stan bul <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁was ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁cru iser ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy , ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁final ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁. ▁She ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Germ ania wer ft ▁ship yard ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 – 0 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁primary ▁arm ament ▁consisted ▁of ▁three ▁ ▁tor ped o ▁tub es ▁and ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁ ▁guns , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁capable ▁of ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁early ▁career ▁was ▁une vent ful ; ▁the ▁Ital o - Tur k ish ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 1 – 1 2 ▁passed ▁without ▁any ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁fleet . ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁saw ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁B alk an ▁Wars ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 3 ▁in ▁the ▁A e ge an ▁and ▁Black ▁Se as , ▁against |
▁Greek ▁and ▁Bulgar ian ▁opponents , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁entered ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁was ▁employed ▁in ▁patrol s ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁These ▁included ▁attacks ▁on ▁Russian ▁ports ▁with ▁the ▁ex - G erman ▁war ships ▁Y av uz ▁S ultan ▁Sel im ▁and ▁Mid ill i . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁struck ▁a ▁naval ▁mine ▁while ▁escort ing ▁a ▁conv oy ▁to ▁Z ong uld ak ; ▁the ▁explosion ▁severely ▁damaged ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁kept ▁her ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁For ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁she ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁renamed ▁Ber k ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁modern ized ▁twice , ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁late - 1 9 3 0 s . ▁She ▁remained ▁in ▁service ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁str icken ▁from ▁the ▁naval ▁register . ▁Ber k ▁was ▁ultimately ▁broken ▁up ▁for ▁scrap ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 5 5 . ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet , ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁cru iser ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy ▁( tor p ido - k ru v az ör ), ▁was ▁also ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁gun boat . ▁She ▁was ▁ ▁long , |
▁with ▁a ▁beam ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁. ▁She ▁displ aced ▁ ▁while ▁on ▁sea ▁trials . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁powered ▁by ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁vertical ▁triple - exp ansion ▁engines ▁each ▁driving ▁a ▁screw ▁prop eller . ▁The ▁engines ▁were ▁rated ▁at ▁ ▁for ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁; ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁had ▁a ▁cru ising ▁radius ▁of ▁. ▁Her ▁crew ▁number ed ▁ 1 0 5 off ic ers ▁and ▁en listed ▁men . ▁ ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat v ets ▁primary ▁offensive ▁arm ament ▁was ▁her ▁three ▁ ▁tor ped o ▁tub es . ▁One ▁was ▁mounted ▁in ▁the ▁bow , ▁above ▁water , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁were ▁in ▁deck - mount ed ▁sw ivel ▁launch ers ▁amid ships . ▁She ▁was ▁armed ▁with ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁ ▁guns ▁that ▁were ▁placed ▁in ▁shield ed ▁single ▁mount s ▁on ▁the ▁forecast le ▁and ▁quarter deck . ▁She ▁also ▁carried ▁six ▁ ▁guns , ▁four ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁mounted ▁in ▁spons ons , ▁and ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁ ▁guns . ▁She ▁had ▁no ▁armor ▁protection . ▁ ▁Service ▁history ▁ ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁was ▁ordered ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁laid ▁down ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁at ▁the ▁Germ ania wer ft ▁ship yard ▁in ▁K iel , ▁Germany . ▁She ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 ▁December ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁After |
▁completing ▁sea ▁trials , ▁she ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy , ▁arriving ▁in ▁Constant in ople ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁formally ▁commissioned ▁into ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁fleet . ▁The ▁name ▁meant ▁the ▁Light ing ▁of ▁the ▁Al m ight y . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁fleet ▁man eu ver ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy ▁in ▁twenty ▁years . ▁During ▁the ▁Ital o - Tur k ish ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 1 – 1 2 , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Division , ▁which ▁was ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁elderly ▁iron cl ads ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁conflict , ▁since ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁fleet ▁spent ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁port . ▁ ▁B alk an ▁Wars ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁to ▁reinforce ▁the ▁squad ron ▁there ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁B alk an ▁War . ▁Later ▁that ▁month , ▁she ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁A e ge an ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁operations ▁against ▁the ▁Gree ks . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁December , ▁she , ▁the ▁protected ▁cru iser ▁, ▁and ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁tor ped o ▁boats ▁left ▁the ▁D ard an elles ▁for ▁I mb ros ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁trap ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Greek ▁destroy ers ▁that ▁was ▁operating ▁off ▁the ▁stra its |
. ▁At ▁ 0 9 : 5 5 , ▁the ▁two ▁Ott oman ▁cru is ers ▁encountered ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁six ▁Greek ▁destroy ers , ▁but ▁after ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁of ▁firing , ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁dis eng aged ▁and ▁fled . ▁While ▁cru ising ▁off ▁Bo z ca ada ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 4 0 , ▁they ▁found ▁the ▁Greek ▁destroy er ▁. ▁A sp is ▁turned ▁and ▁fled , ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁pursuit , ▁M ec idi ye ▁was ▁attacked ▁un success fully ▁by ▁the ▁submar ine ▁. ▁At ▁ 1 1 : 0 0 , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁and ▁M ec idi ye ▁broke ▁off ▁the ▁chase ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁stra its . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁action ▁around ▁Bo z ca ada , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Army ▁became ▁convinced ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁rec apture ▁the ▁island ▁from ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁conting ent ▁of ▁troops , ▁and ▁so ▁planning ▁began ▁for ▁an ▁am ph ib ious ▁assault ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet , ▁M ec idi ye , ▁and ▁the ▁protected ▁cru iser ▁ ▁were ▁to ▁provide ▁fire ▁support ▁during ▁the ▁landing . ▁The ▁three ▁cru is ers ▁depart ed ▁ Ç an ak k ale ▁at ▁ 0 6 : 0 0 ▁on ▁ 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁passed ▁Cape ▁H elles ▁at ▁around ▁ 7 : 1 5 , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁squad ron ▁of ▁destroy ers . |
▁Fif teen ▁minutes ▁later , ▁they ▁encountered ▁a ▁Greek ▁squad ron ▁and ▁at ▁ 7 : 4 0 ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁began ▁a ▁short ▁exchange ▁of ▁fire ▁at ▁long ▁range ▁but ▁neither ▁side ▁sought ▁to ▁press ▁the ▁attack . ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁and ▁M ec idi ye ▁turned ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁force ▁from ▁a ▁possible ▁attack ▁from ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Bo z ca ada . ▁By ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁battles hip ▁division ▁had ▁joined ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁fleet , ▁and ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁position ▁ast ern ▁of ▁the ▁battles hip s . ▁With ▁the ▁Greek ▁squad ron ▁threatening ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁D ard an elles ▁by ▁ 1 1 : 3 0 , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁turned ▁back ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁stra its . ▁A ▁short ▁engagement ▁forced ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁to ▁withdraw ▁without ▁either ▁side ▁in cur ring ▁damage , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 5 : 3 0 , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁fleet ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁ Ç an ak k ale . ▁The ▁army ▁subsequently ▁abandoned ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁ret aking ▁Bo z ca ada . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁bomb arded ▁Bulgar ian ▁positions ▁at ▁ Ş ark ö y ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of |
▁Mar m ara ▁in ▁preparation ▁for ▁an ▁am ph ib ious ▁assault . ▁Four ▁days ▁later , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁navy ▁returned ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁landing ▁at ▁ Ş ark ö y . ▁T urg ut ▁Re is ▁and ▁Bar bar os ▁Hay red d in , ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁small ▁cru is ers ▁provided ▁artillery ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁fl ank ▁of ▁the ▁inv ading ▁force ▁once ▁it ▁went ▁ash ore . ▁The ▁ships ▁were ▁positioned ▁about ▁one ▁kil ometer ▁off ▁shore , ▁with ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁leading ▁the ▁line , ▁which ▁also ▁included ▁M ec idi ye ▁and ▁the ▁pre - d read n ought ▁battles hip s ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁The ▁Bulgar ian ▁army ▁res isted ▁fier c ely , ▁which ▁ultimately ▁forced ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁to ▁retreat , ▁though ▁the ▁withdrawal ▁was ▁successful ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁gun fire ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁fleet . ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁and ▁M ec idi ye ▁covered ▁the ▁left ▁fl ank ▁while ▁the ▁two ▁battles hip s ▁supported ▁the ▁left ▁during ▁the ▁evac uation . ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁operation , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁had ▁fired ▁eight y - four ▁ 1 0 5 mm ▁shell s . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁March , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁joined ▁a ▁sweep ▁toward ▁I mb ros , ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁A e ge an ▁Sea ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Sar os ; ▁she ▁briefly |
▁engaged ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁Greek ▁destroy ers ▁and ▁stopped ▁a ▁ste amer ▁flying ▁under ▁the ▁French ▁flag . ▁The ▁vessel , ▁which ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁supp lying ▁Bulgar ian ▁forces , ▁was ▁taken ▁as ▁a ▁prize ▁by ▁the ▁destroy er ▁. ▁Later ▁in ▁March , ▁she ▁again ▁esc orted ▁Bar bar os ▁Hay red d in ▁and ▁T urg ut ▁Re is ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁while ▁the ▁two ▁battles hip s ▁bomb arded ▁Bulgar ian ▁troops ▁that ▁were ▁attempting ▁to ▁bre ach ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁def enses ▁at ▁ Ç atal ca . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁April , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁joined ▁a ▁fleet ▁consisting ▁of ▁Bar bar os ▁Hay red d in , ▁T urg ut ▁Re is , ▁ Â s â r - ı ▁T ev f ik , ▁and ▁several ▁smaller ▁war ships . ▁The ▁ships ▁sort ied ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁D ard an elles ▁and ▁encountered ▁a ▁Greek ▁fleet . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁engagement ▁at ▁extreme ▁range , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁Gree ks ▁withd rew ▁to ▁the ▁D ard an elles ▁and ▁I mb ros , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁Europe , ▁though ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁initially ▁remained ▁neutral . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁August , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁joined ▁patrol s ▁of ▁the ▁D ard an elles , ▁the ▁def enses ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁strengthen ed ▁with |
▁several ▁new ▁mine fields . ▁T ensions ▁between ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁a ▁British ▁fleet ▁pat rolling ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁D ard an elles ▁increased ▁until ▁ 5 ▁November , ▁when ▁Britain ▁and ▁France ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁In ▁the ▁meantime , ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁had ▁been ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁cru iser ▁Mid ill i , ▁formerly ▁the ▁German ▁B res l au , ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁Russian ▁port ▁of ▁Nov or oss i ysk ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October . ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁another ▁attack , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁battle c ru iser ▁Y av uz ▁S ultan ▁Sel im , ▁formerly ▁the ▁German ▁Go eben . ▁The ▁battle c ru iser ▁shell ed ▁Sev ast opol ▁while ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁observed ; ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁sent ▁with ▁Y av uz ▁S ultan ▁Sel im ▁primarily ▁to ▁train ▁her ▁crew . ▁ ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁sort ied ▁with ▁her ▁sister ▁and ▁Y av uz ▁S ultan ▁Sel im ▁on ▁ 5 ▁December ▁to ▁provide ▁distant ▁support ▁to ▁a ▁tro op ▁conv oy ▁headed ▁to ▁R ize . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁at ▁ 1 5 : 0 0 , ▁she , ▁Mid ill i , ▁and ▁the ▁cru iser ▁ ▁ste amed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Bos por us ▁to ▁escort ▁a ▁transport ▁to ▁Z ong uld |
ak , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁three ▁cru is ers ▁are ▁to ▁conduct ▁a ▁patrol ▁off ▁the ▁port . ▁At ▁ 1 8 : 0 0 ▁into ▁the ▁voyage , ▁a ▁Russian ▁mine ▁expl oded , ▁which ▁led ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat v ets ▁commander ▁to ▁take ▁ev as ive ▁action . ▁The ▁ship ▁struck ▁a ▁mine ▁in ▁the ▁darkness , ▁which ▁caused ▁significant ▁damage . ▁The ▁mine ▁destroyed ▁both ▁of ▁her ▁prop ellers ▁and ▁caused ▁serious ▁flo oding ▁at ▁her ▁stern . ▁Two ▁t ugs ▁arrived ▁and ▁tow ed ▁Ber k - i ▁Sat vet ▁to ▁ İ st iny e ▁with ▁Ham idi ye ▁as ▁an ▁escort . ▁The ▁damage ▁was ▁so ▁severe ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁disabled ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁After ▁length y ▁repairs , ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁patrol s ▁between ▁Constant in ople ▁and ▁Bat umi . ▁She ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁November , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁signed ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁of ▁M ud ros ▁with ▁the ▁Ent ente ▁powers , ▁which ▁concluded ▁the ▁conflict . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁renamed ▁Ber k ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Turkey ▁replace ▁the ▁old ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁ship ▁had ▁been ▁placed ▁out ▁of ▁service . ▁From |
▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁she ▁was ▁modern ized ▁at ▁the ▁G öl c ü k ▁Naval ▁Ship yard ▁and ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁the ▁ship ▁visited ▁ İ z mir . ▁She ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 9 ▁and ▁incorporated ▁substantial ▁improvements . ▁Her ▁stem ▁was ▁replaced ▁and ▁her ▁super structure ▁was ▁re built . ▁The ▁old ▁gun ▁arm ament ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁▁ 4 5 - cal iber ▁guns ▁and ▁four ▁ 3 7 mm ▁ 4 0 - cal iber ▁guns , ▁and ▁equipment ▁to ▁handle ▁ 2 5 ▁mines ▁was ▁installed . ▁The ▁ship ▁continued ▁in ▁service ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁str icken ▁from ▁the ▁naval ▁register . ▁She ▁was ▁h ul ked ▁at ▁the ▁G öl c ü k ▁ship yard ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁and ▁broken ▁up ▁for ▁scrap ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ru is ers ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Navy ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁K iel ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 ▁ships ▁Category : P ey k - i ▁ Ş ev ket - class ▁cru iser <0x0A> </s> ▁Bow ling ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁T |
ian he ▁Bow ling ▁Hall , ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁China ▁from ▁December ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁Ret riev ed ▁from ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Official ▁Website . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 1 ▁December ▁ 1 4 ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 2 ▁December ▁ 1 4 ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 3 ▁December ▁ 1 4 ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 8 ▁December ▁ 1 5 ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 9 ▁December ▁ 1 5 ▁ ▁Singles ▁T PB 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 5 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁T PB 1 + TP B 3 ▁December ▁ 1 6 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁T PB 2 + TP B 2 ▁December ▁ 1 6 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁T PB 8 + TP B 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 6 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁T PB 9 + TP B 9 ▁December ▁ 1 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games ▁events ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games ▁Category : B ow ling ▁at ▁the ▁Asian ▁Para ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Harvard ▁Crim son ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁Harvard ▁University ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁I ▁F CS ▁football ▁season ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁I vy ▁League . ▁They ▁were ▁led ▁by ▁ 2 6 th - year ▁head ▁coach |
▁Tim ▁Murphy ▁and ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Harvard ▁Stadium . ▁They ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁ 4 – 6 ▁overall ▁and ▁ 2 – 5 ▁in ▁I vy ▁League ▁play ▁to ▁tie ▁for ▁sixth ▁place . ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁season ▁The ▁Crim son ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 4 – 3 ▁in ▁I vy ▁League ▁play ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁third ▁place . ▁ ▁Pre season ▁ ▁Pre season ▁media ▁poll ▁The ▁I vy ▁League ▁released ▁their ▁pre season ▁media ▁poll ▁on ▁August ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁Crim son ▁were ▁picked ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁fourth ▁place . ▁ ▁Schedule ▁ ▁Game ▁summar ies ▁ ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁ ▁Brown ▁ ▁Howard ▁ ▁Corn ell ▁ ▁at ▁Holy ▁Cross ▁ ▁at ▁Pr inceton ▁ ▁D art mouth ▁ ▁at ▁Columbia ▁ ▁Penn ▁ ▁at ▁Yale ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Harvard ▁Category : Har vard ▁Crim son ▁football ▁seasons ▁Harvard ▁Football <0x0A> </s> ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup , ▁Brazil ▁participated ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁event . ▁The ▁country ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁national ▁team ▁to ▁have ▁participated ▁in ▁every ▁install ment ▁of ▁the ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup . ▁Brazil ▁won ▁all ▁seven ▁matches ▁they ▁played , ▁achieving ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁of ▁matches ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁tournament ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup . ▁Brazil ▁reached ▁the ▁final ▁where ▁they ▁defeated ▁Germany ▁ 2 – 0 |
. ▁ ▁Squad ▁Head ▁coach : ▁Lu iz ▁Fel ipe ▁S col ari ▁ ▁Brazil ▁vs ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Brazil ▁vs ▁China ▁PR ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁vs ▁Brazil ▁ ▁Brazil ▁vs ▁Belgium ▁ ▁England ▁vs ▁Brazil ▁ ▁Brazil ▁vs ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Count ries ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup <0x0A> </s> ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁( fo aled ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁thorough b red ▁race hor se ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Bel mont ▁St akes ▁in ▁an ▁upset ▁over ▁Big ▁Brown . ▁ ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁was ▁a ▁ 3 8 - 1 ▁under dog ▁entering ▁the ▁post ▁at ▁Bel mont . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁trained ▁by ▁Nick ▁Z ito , ▁his ▁j ockey ▁is ▁Alan ▁Gar cia , ▁and ▁his ▁s ire ▁is ▁T iz now . ▁ ▁Two - Year - Old ▁Season ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁first ▁race , ▁a ▁ 7 - f url ong ▁maid en ▁event ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁track ▁at ▁Bel mont ▁Park , ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁lost ▁to ▁his ▁stable mate , ▁An ak ▁Nak al , ▁by ▁a ▁length , ▁finishing ▁second ▁and ▁beating ▁the ▁third ▁place ▁horse ▁by ▁a ▁nose . ▁ ▁Alan ▁Gar cia , ▁who ▁rode ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁to ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Bel mont ▁St akes , ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁j ockey ▁that ▁day . ▁ ▁The |
▁col t ▁failed ▁to ▁break ▁his ▁maid en ▁as ▁a ▁two - year - old , ▁finishing ▁fourth ▁in ▁a ▁Cal der ▁maid en ▁race ▁in ▁December . ▁ ▁Three - Year - Old ▁Season ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁led ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁nine - f url ong ▁maid en ▁race ▁at ▁Gulf stream . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁entered ▁in ▁an ▁allow ance ▁race ▁shortly ▁after ▁and ▁finished ▁third , ▁beaten ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁four ▁lengths ▁after ▁du eling ▁on ▁the ▁lead . ▁Al ready ▁based ▁at ▁Gulf stream ▁Park , ▁trainer ▁Nick ▁Z ito ▁decided ▁to ▁enter ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁in ▁the ▁Grade ▁ 1 ▁Florida ▁Der by . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁entries ▁included ▁Z ito ' s ▁F ount ain ▁of ▁Youth ▁winner ▁Cool ▁Coal ▁Man , ▁South ▁American ▁Champion ▁Tom c ito , ▁and ▁Big ▁Brown , ▁who ▁had ▁won ▁both ▁of ▁his ▁two ▁previous ▁starts . ▁ ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁finished ▁ 9 th : ▁ 2 3 ½ ▁lengths ▁behind ▁the ▁winner , ▁Big ▁Brown . ▁ ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁Der by ▁T rial , ▁ ▁finishing ▁fifth . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Bar bar o ▁St akes , ▁at ▁ 8 . 5 ▁f url ongs , ▁he ▁finished ▁second ▁behind ▁Roman ▁Emperor . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Bel mont ▁St akes , ▁Da ' ▁T ara , ▁the ▁longest ▁shot |
▁in ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁ 3 8 - 1 ▁odds , ▁moved ▁swift ly ▁to ▁the ▁lead ▁under ▁Alan ▁Gar cia ▁and ▁led ▁wire ▁to ▁wire , ▁winning ▁by ▁ 5 . 2 5 ▁lengths ▁over ▁Dennis ▁of ▁C ork , ▁with ▁An ak ▁Nak al ▁and ▁Read y ' s ▁E cho ▁dead - he ating ▁for ▁third ▁another ▁three ▁lengths ▁in ▁ar re ars . ▁Pre viously ▁und efe ated ▁and ▁heavy ▁favorite ▁Big ▁Brown ▁pulled ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁in ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁Crown . ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁($ 7 9 ) ▁ran ▁the ▁ 1 ▁ 1 / 2 ▁miles ▁in ▁the ▁relatively ▁slow ▁time ▁ ▁of ▁ 2 : 2 9 . 6 5 ▁on ▁a ▁dirt ▁track ▁rated ▁fast ▁( with ▁quarter - mile ▁fra ctions ▁of ▁ 2 3 . 8 2 ▁seconds , ▁ 4 8 . 3 0 , ▁ 1 : 1 2 . 9 0 , ▁ 1 : 3 7 . 9 6 , ▁and ▁ 2 : 0 3 . 2 1 ). ▁ ▁By ▁winning ▁the ▁Bel mont ▁St akes ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁horse ▁since ▁A mber oid ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁have ▁won ▁a ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁Tri ple ▁Crown ▁and ▁not ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁s ire ▁line ▁of ▁Dar ley ▁Arab ian . ▁ ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁another ▁race ▁after ▁the ▁Bel mont ▁St |
akes . ▁He ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁the ▁Ke en eland ▁stock ▁sale ▁in ▁Lex ington ▁for ▁$ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁F oy e ▁Gen etics . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁put ▁back ▁into ▁training ▁in ▁Florida , ▁but ▁never ▁started ▁in ▁a ▁race . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Da ' ▁T ara ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Los ▁A gu ac ates ▁Stud , ▁where ▁he ▁initially ▁stood ▁in ▁O cal a , ▁Florida , ▁and ▁was ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁Car ab ob o , ▁Venezuela , ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Da ' ▁T ara ' s ▁ped ig ree ▁and ▁partial ▁racing ▁stats ▁ ▁Video ▁www . n tra . com , ▁Video , ▁Bel mont ▁S . ▁- ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁race hor se ▁birth s ▁Category : Bel mont ▁St akes ▁winners ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁b red ▁in ▁Kentucky ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Th orough b red ▁family ▁ 5 - i ▁Category : God olph in ▁Arab ian ▁s ire ▁line <0x0A> </s> ▁York r ak ine ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Whe at b elt ▁region ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ; ▁it ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Tam min , ▁ |
▁east ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁capital , ▁Per th . ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁York r ak ine ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 1 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁local ity ▁was ▁once ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁school ▁and ▁general ▁store ▁but ▁decl ining ▁population ▁and ▁improved ▁transport ▁links ▁have ▁seen ▁them ▁both ▁close . ▁The ▁Agricult ural ▁Hall ▁( built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁continues ▁to ▁host ▁community ▁functions . ▁ ▁Major ▁land marks ▁include ▁York r ak ine ▁Rock , ▁a ▁large ▁gran ite ▁rock ▁located ▁on ▁York r ak ine ▁Rock ▁Reserve ▁on ▁the ▁Tam min W y alk at chem ▁Road , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁spot ▁for ▁pic n ics ▁and ▁bush ▁walking . ▁The ▁rock ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁height ▁and ▁occup ies ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁rock ▁is ▁good ▁habitat ▁for ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁and ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁York ▁g um ▁and ▁jam ▁wood lands . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁York r ak ine ▁Rock ▁P ools ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁sites ▁in ▁the ▁Av on - Whe at b elt ▁area ▁recognised ▁as ▁a ▁DI WA ▁wet land . ▁ ▁The ▁West ▁York r ak ine ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁sport ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁Wy alk at chem ▁Cr icket ▁Association . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁first ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁farm ▁settlement ▁scheme ▁inst ig ated ▁by ▁the ▁Minister ▁for ▁L ands ▁and ▁Agricult |
ure , ▁James ▁Mitchell . ▁ ▁The ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁produce ▁wheat ▁and ▁other ▁cere al ▁crops . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁a ▁rece ival ▁site ▁for ▁Cooper ative ▁Bul k ▁Hand ling . ▁ ▁A ▁biological ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁conducted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Whe at b elt ▁( W estern ▁Australia ) ▁Category : Gr ain ▁rece ival ▁points ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Polish ▁Mar athon ▁( Pol ish : Mar aton ▁pol ski ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁Polish ▁silent ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Wik tor ▁B ie ga ński ▁and ▁star ring ▁M ie cz ys ław ▁Cy bul ski , ▁W anda ▁Sm os ars ka ▁and ▁Jer zy ▁K ob usz . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁M ie cz ys ław ▁Cy bul ski ▁as ▁Jan ek ▁▁ ▁W anda ▁Sm os ars ka ▁as ▁Nar zec z ona ▁J anka ▁▁ ▁Jer zy ▁K ob usz ▁as ▁F ili pe k ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁S ka ff , ▁She ila . ▁The ▁Law ▁of ▁the ▁Looking ▁Glass : ▁Cin ema ▁in ▁Poland , ▁ 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 3 9 . ▁Ohio ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : |
Pol ish ▁films ▁Category : Pol ish ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Pol ish ▁silent ▁films ▁Category : Pol ish - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Wik tor ▁B ieg ans ki ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Pol ish ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁You ▁and ▁You ▁Al one ▁is ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁R andy ▁Tr avis . ▁His ▁first ▁album ▁for ▁Dream Work s ▁Records ▁Nash ville , ▁it ▁produced ▁four ▁singles ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁country ▁music ▁charts ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁" Out ▁of ▁My ▁B ones ", ▁" The ▁H ole ", ▁" Sp irit ▁of ▁a ▁Boy , ▁Wis dom ▁of ▁a ▁Man ", ▁and ▁" Str anger ▁in ▁My ▁Mir ror ", ▁which ▁pe aked ▁at ▁numbers ▁ 2 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 1 6 , ▁respectively , ▁on ▁the ▁country ▁charts . ▁Count ing ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁side ▁project ▁Wind ▁in ▁the ▁Wire , ▁this ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁three ▁studio ▁albums ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁produced ▁by ▁long time ▁producer ▁Kyle ▁Le h ning ▁( Tr avis ' ▁succeed ing ▁album , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ' s ▁A ▁Man ▁A in ' t ▁Made ▁of ▁Stone , ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁project ▁that ▁Le h ning ▁did ▁not ▁produce ). ▁Instead , ▁Tr avis ▁co - |
produ ced ▁the ▁album ▁with ▁By ron ▁Gall imore ▁and ▁James ▁Str oud . ▁ ▁" Sp irit ▁of ▁a ▁Boy , ▁Wis dom ▁of ▁a ▁Man " ▁was ▁originally ▁recorded ▁by ▁Mark ▁Coll ie ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁album , ▁Tennessee ▁Pl ates . ▁" H orse ▁Call ed ▁Music " ▁is ▁a ▁Will ie ▁Nelson ▁cover ▁from ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁album , ▁A ▁Horse ▁Call ed ▁Music . ▁" S atisf ied ▁Mind " ▁is ▁a ▁Hal ▁K etch um ▁cover ▁from ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁greatest - h its ▁album , ▁The ▁H its . ▁ ▁" Only ▁W orse " ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁a ▁d iner ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁comedy ▁film ▁Road ▁T rip . ▁ ▁Patrick ▁S way ze , ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Tr avis ', ▁sang ▁background ▁vocals ▁on ▁the ▁track ▁" I ▁Did ▁My ▁Part ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" The ▁H ole " ▁( Skip ▁E wing , ▁James ▁Dean ▁H icks ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 8 ▁" Out ▁of ▁My ▁B ones " ▁( G ary ▁Bur r , ▁Robin ▁L er ner , ▁Sh aron ▁V augh n ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁" Sp irit ▁of ▁a ▁Boy , ▁Wis dom ▁of ▁a ▁Man " ▁( G len ▁B urt nik , ▁T rey ▁Bruce ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁" Only ▁W orse " ▁( John ▁J |
arr ard , ▁Kent ▁Rob b ins ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 3 ▁" One ▁Word ▁Song " ▁( J arr ard , ▁Max ▁T . ▁Barn es ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁" I ▁Did ▁My ▁Part " ▁( Don ▁Schl itz , ▁Billy ▁Liv sey ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁feat . ▁Patrick ▁S way ze ▁on ▁background ▁vocals ▁" H orse ▁Call ed ▁Music " ▁( W ay ne ▁Cars on ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 3 0 ▁" I ' m ▁Still ▁Here , ▁You ' re ▁Still ▁G one " ▁( R alph ▁Murphy , ▁Kevin ▁Brand t ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁" E asy ▁to ▁Love ▁You " ▁( De anna ▁Bry ant , ▁Danny ▁Or ton ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 7 ▁" Str anger ▁in ▁My ▁Mir ror " ▁( E wing , ▁Kim ▁Williams ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 5 ▁" You ▁and ▁You ▁Al one " ▁( M el ba ▁Mont gomery , ▁Les lie ▁S atch er , ▁Tim ▁Ryan ▁Rou ill ier ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 9 ▁" S atisf ied ▁Mind " ▁( T ony ▁Ar ata ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 8 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Comp iled ▁from ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁▁ ▁Eddie ▁Bay ers ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Larry ▁Bei ard ▁– ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Mike ▁Br ign ard ello ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Larry ▁By rom ▁– ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Duncan |
▁– ▁f iddle ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franklin ▁– ▁steel ▁guitar , ▁Dob ro ▁ ▁Son ny ▁G arr ish ▁– ▁steel ▁guitar , ▁Dob ro ▁ ▁V ince ▁Gill ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Aub rey ▁Hay nie ▁– ▁f iddle , ▁mand olin ▁ ▁Jeff ▁King ▁– ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Al ison ▁K ra uss ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Paul ▁Le im ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Terry ▁Mc Mill an ▁– ▁harmon ica ▁ ▁B rent ▁Mason ▁– ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Mel ba ▁Mont gomery ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Steve ▁Nathan ▁– ▁key boards , ▁piano , ▁Ham mond ▁B - 3 ▁organ ▁ ▁Michael ▁Rh odes ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Matt ▁Roll ings ▁– ▁piano , ▁Ham mond ▁B - 3 ▁organ ▁ ▁B rent ▁Row an ▁– ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁John ▁Wes ley ▁R yles ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Les lie ▁S atch er ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Patrick ▁S way ze ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁on ▁" I ▁Did ▁My ▁Part " ▁ ▁R andy ▁Tr avis ▁– ▁lead ▁vocals ▁ ▁Dan ▁T ym inski ▁– ▁background ▁vocals , ▁v ib raph one ▁ ▁L on nie ▁Wilson ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Glen n ▁W orf ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Curt is ▁Wright ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Curt is ▁Young ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁albums ▁Category : D ream Work s ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : R andy ▁Tr avis ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁By |
ron ▁Gall imore ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Str oud <0x0A> </s> ▁Our ▁Tw isted ▁Hero ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁Y i ▁Mun y ol . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁alleg ory ▁of ▁Korea ' s ▁transition ▁from ▁dict ators hip ▁to ▁democracy , ▁with ▁themes ▁of ▁how ▁total itarian ism ▁can ▁crush ▁intellectual ▁opposition , ▁either ▁by ▁intimid ation ▁or ▁ass im ilation . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁World ▁Liter ature ▁() ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁Y i ▁Mun y ol ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Y i ▁S ang ▁Liter ary ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁novel . ▁ ▁This ▁book ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁hit ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁made ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁film ▁adaptation , ▁Our ▁Tw isted ▁Hero , ▁directed ▁by ▁Park ▁J ong - won . ▁It ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁by ▁Kevin ▁O ' R our ke , ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Hy per ion ▁East ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Han ▁Py ong ta e ▁- ▁protagon ist ▁ ▁Om ▁S ok da e ▁- ▁class ▁monitor ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁grade ▁▁ 5 th ▁grade ▁teacher ▁▁ 6 th ▁grade ▁teacher ▁▁ 8 th ▁grade ▁teacher ▁ ▁Py ong ta e ' s ▁W ife ▁ ▁Plot ▁This ▁story ▁is ▁told ▁by ▁a ▁man ▁named ▁Han ▁By e ong - ta e ▁( or ▁Py ŏ ng t ' |
ae ), ▁recall ing ▁his ▁memories ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁ 5 th ▁grade ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁ 6 th ▁grade . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁By e ong - ta e ' s ▁father ▁failing ▁in ▁business , ▁they ▁move ▁to ▁a ▁low ▁town ▁and ▁go ▁to ▁Y ▁Element ary ▁School . ▁There , ▁he ▁meets ▁E om ▁Se ok da e ▁( or ▁ <0xC5> <0x8E> m ▁S ŏ k da e ), ▁a ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁grade ▁and ▁one ▁who ▁holds ▁everything ▁in ▁his ▁grade , ▁more ▁than ▁his ▁teacher . ▁However , ▁E om ▁Se ok da e ▁forces ▁students ▁with ▁threats ▁and ▁violence ▁to ▁follow ▁him . ▁By e ong - ta e ▁fights ▁So ek da e ' s ▁reign ▁and ▁tries ▁everything ▁in ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁bul ly . ▁However , ▁every ▁single ▁student ▁in ▁their ▁class ▁supports ▁So ek da e . ▁Therefore , ▁everything ▁goes ▁wrong ▁for ▁him ; ▁his ▁parents ▁misunder stand ▁him , ▁his ▁grades ▁go ▁down ▁and ▁his ▁power ▁ranking ▁also ▁goes ▁down . ▁Hence ▁he ▁los es , ▁gives ▁up , ▁and ▁gives ▁up ▁under ▁Se ok da e ' s ▁power . ▁ ▁After , ▁Se ok da e ▁treats ▁him ▁spec ially , ▁grant ing ▁him ▁more ▁power ▁and ▁allowing ▁him ▁to ▁gain ▁popularity . ▁First , ▁he ▁rest ores ▁By e ong - ta e ' s ▁fighting ▁rank ▁to ▁even ▁higher ▁than ▁before . ▁Second , ▁he ▁makes ▁everyone ▁hang ▁out |
▁with ▁By e ong - ta e ▁so ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁alone . ▁By e ong - ta e ▁also ▁gets ▁his ▁grades ▁back ▁up . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁narr ator ▁begins ▁to ▁have ▁mixed ▁feelings ▁for ▁Se ok da e , ▁ranging ▁from ▁gratitude ▁to ▁fear . ▁" I ▁was ▁thank ful ▁to ▁Se ok da e . ▁But ▁when ▁I ▁think ▁it ▁back , ▁those ▁things ▁were ▁the ▁things ▁I ▁had ▁lost ▁to ▁Se ok da e . ▁He ▁had ▁just ▁given ▁it ▁back ." ▁ ▁But ▁when ▁By e ong - ta e ▁goes ▁to ▁ 6 th ▁grade , ▁Se ok da e ' s ▁power ▁breaks , ▁because ▁the ▁new ▁teacher ▁takes ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁strange ▁distribution ▁of ▁power ▁among ▁the ▁class mates . ▁After ▁Se ok da e ' s ▁che ating ▁and ▁bul lying ▁have ▁been ▁out ed ▁by ▁the ▁teacher , ▁he ▁leaves ▁school ▁and ▁is ▁never ▁heard ▁from ▁again . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁turns ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁present . ▁By e ong - ta e , ▁now ▁grown ▁up , ▁ends ▁up ▁seeing ▁a ▁familiar ▁man ▁getting ▁dragged ▁down ▁by ▁the ▁police ▁in ▁a ▁station . ▁As ▁the ▁man ▁turns ▁his ▁face , ▁By e ong - ta e ▁recogn izes ▁the ▁distinctive ▁features ▁as ▁Se ok da e . ▁Se ok da e ▁seems ▁un changed , ▁still ▁controlling ▁people ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁trying ▁to . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁Han ▁By e ong - ta e ▁fights ▁against ▁E om ▁Se ok |
da e ▁until ▁he ▁is ▁left ▁with ▁nothing . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point ▁he ▁breaks ▁and ▁gives ▁up ▁his ▁principles , ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁rem inis cent ▁of ▁a ▁parallel ▁one ▁in ▁Or well ’ s ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁turning ▁instead ▁to ▁fight ▁to ▁gain ▁E om ' s ▁respect . ▁He ▁is ▁reward ed ▁for ▁this ▁turn ▁by ▁being ▁made ▁E om ' s ▁second - in - command , ▁a ▁privile ged ▁position . ▁When ▁the ▁new ▁teacher ▁breaks ▁Se ok da e ' s ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁school , ▁while ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁students ▁turn ▁on ▁Se ok da e , ▁only ▁By e ong - ta e ▁ref uses ▁to ▁admit ▁to ▁Se ok da e ' s ▁wrong do ings . ▁This ▁is ▁seemingly ▁because ▁he ▁cannot ▁give ▁up ▁the ▁power ▁that ▁cost ▁him ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁original ▁beliefs ▁of ▁freedom . ▁ ▁Se ok da e ’ s ▁order ly ▁rule ▁is ▁an ▁alleg ory ▁of ▁Korea ▁under ▁its ▁corrupt ▁dict ator ial ▁reg imes ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁where ▁freedom ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁were ▁sacrific ed ▁for ▁social ▁stability ▁and ▁economic ▁growth . ▁In ▁the ▁novel , ▁under ▁S ok da e ’ s ▁discipline , ▁his ▁class ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best - per forming ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁therefore ▁earn ▁many ▁per ks , ▁and ▁S ok da e ▁also ▁def ends ▁the ▁students ▁under ▁his ▁control ▁from ▁external |
▁threats . ▁The ▁new ▁order ▁that ▁ou sts ▁Se ok da e ▁is ▁an ▁un rom antic ised ▁representation ▁of ▁early ▁democracy ▁in ▁Korea , ▁which ▁were ▁ideal istic ▁and ▁un successful ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁dict ators hip s . ▁Y i ▁as serts ▁that , ▁though ▁the ▁people ▁should ▁contest ▁corrupt ▁leadership ▁and ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁order ▁and ▁success , ▁good ▁political ▁intentions ▁are ▁not ▁enough ▁on ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Korean ▁literature ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ 우 리 들 의 ▁ 일 그 러 진 ▁ 영 웅 ▁: ▁ 이 문 열 ▁ 소 설 ▁▁ ▁Analysis / Review ▁of ▁Our ▁Tw isted ▁Hero ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁novels ▁Category : South ▁Korean ▁novels ▁adapted ▁into ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Holland ▁ 6 ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁Holland - class ▁submar ine . ▁But ▁Holland ▁ 6 ▁had ▁many ▁improvements ▁made ▁to ▁her , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁class ed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁boats ▁called ▁the ▁British ▁A - class ▁submar ine . ▁ ▁See ▁H MS ▁A 1 ▁for ▁details ▁of ▁her ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Sub mar ines , ▁War ▁B eneath ▁The ▁W aves , ▁From ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁To ▁The ▁Present ▁Day , ▁by ▁Robert ▁H utch inson . ▁ ▁Category : H oll and - class ▁submar ines <0x0A> </s> ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁is ▁a ▁Has id |
ic ▁movement ▁located ▁in ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁Me ah ▁She ar im ▁neighborhood . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁Has id ic ▁group ▁T old os ▁Ah aron , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁turn ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁Sh omer ▁Em un im . ▁It ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁its ▁Reb be , ▁Rab bi ▁Sh mu el ▁Ya akov ▁K ohn . ▁ ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁groups ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁Ed ah ▁Ha Ch are id is . ▁Until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Rab bi ▁Me ir ▁Br ands d or fer ▁served ▁as ▁both ▁the ▁hal ach ic ▁decis or ▁of ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Bad atz ▁of ▁the ▁Ed ah ▁Ha Ch are id is . ▁ ▁History ▁▁▁ ▁Rab bi ▁Ah aron ▁Roth ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁anti - Z ion ist , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁Has id im ▁today ▁continue ▁that ▁tradition , ▁particularly ▁the ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁and ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itch ok ▁groups . ▁They ▁owe ▁their ▁strong ▁opinions ▁on ▁Z ion ism ▁to ▁the ▁literal ▁reading ▁of ▁the ▁Tal m ud ' s ▁pro clam ation ▁that ▁Jews ▁should ▁not ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁holy ▁land ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁coming ▁of ▁the ▁Mess iah . ▁( For ▁more ▁information ▁about ▁this ▁subject , ▁see ▁Three ▁O ath s |
; ▁compare ▁also ▁Sat mar ' s ▁opposition ▁to ▁Z ion ism . ▁While ▁Rab bi ▁Ah aron ' s ▁opposition ▁to ▁Z ion ism ▁pre dated ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁Sat mar ▁R ov ' s ▁book ▁V ay o el ▁Mos he , ▁the ▁Sat mar ▁R ov ' s ▁reasoning ▁and ▁Rab bi ▁Ah aron ' s ▁reasoning ▁for ▁oppos ing ▁Z ion ism ▁are ▁similar ▁if ▁not ▁identical .) ▁ ▁When ▁Rab bi ▁Ah aron ▁died , ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁his ▁son - in - law ▁both ▁became ▁re bb es ▁in ▁their ▁own ▁right . ▁The ▁dyn astic ▁chain ▁being : ▁ ▁Reb be ▁Ah aron ▁" Reb ▁Are le h " ▁Roth ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁- ▁author ▁of ▁Sh om rei ▁Em un im , ▁Sh ul chan ▁Ha T ah or , ▁and ▁T ah ar as ▁Ha K odes h ▁- ▁founding ▁Reb be ▁of ▁Sh om rei ▁Em un im ▁dyn asty ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Sat mar , ▁Hung ary , ▁and ▁Jerusalem . ▁Reb be ▁Av ro hom ▁Ch aim ▁Roth ▁- ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Sh om rei ▁Em um im ▁Reb be ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁B ne i ▁Br ak ▁- ▁son ▁of ▁" Reb ▁Are le h " ▁Roth . ▁Reb be ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁K ohn ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁- ▁author ▁of ▁Div rei ▁Em un ah |
▁- ▁previous ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁- ▁son - in - law ▁of ▁" R ' ▁Are le h " ▁Roth . ▁Reb be ▁Sh mu el ▁Ya akov ▁K ohn ▁- ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁Reb be ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁- ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be . ▁Reb be ▁D ov id ▁K ohn ▁- ▁present ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁- ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be . ▁ ▁Rab bi ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁K ohn , ▁the ▁previous ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be , ▁died ▁during ▁Han uk k ah ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Rab bi ▁K ohn ▁had ▁many ▁sons , ▁two ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁re bb es ▁today . ▁After ▁Rab bi ▁K ohn ▁died , ▁these ▁two ▁sons ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁agreement ▁where by ▁the ▁younger ▁son ▁Rab bi ▁D uv id ▁K ohn ▁from ▁Mon sey , ▁New ▁York , ▁a ▁disc iple ▁of ▁the ▁Kl aus enburg ▁Reb be , ▁inherited ▁the ▁title ▁" T old os ▁Ah aron ▁Reb be ". ▁The ▁el dest ▁son , ▁Rab bi ▁Sh mu el ▁Ya akov ▁K ohn , ▁a ▁disc iple ▁of ▁the ▁V iz n itzer ▁Reb be , ▁became ▁a ▁reb be ▁as ▁well , ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁that ▁was ▁entitled ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y |
itz ch ok ▁named ▁after ▁his ▁father , ▁the ▁previous ▁reb be ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁The ▁main ▁be is ▁med r ash ▁of ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁is ▁also ▁in ▁Me ah ▁She ar im , ▁one ▁block ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁building . ▁Both ▁live ▁in ▁Jerusalem . ▁Another ▁son ▁is ▁a ▁ro sh ▁yes h iva ▁in ▁Kir y as ▁Joel , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁D ress ▁and ▁customs ▁In ▁Jerusalem , ▁married ▁men ▁wear ▁white ▁and ▁grey ▁" Z eb ra " ▁co ats ▁during ▁the ▁week ▁and ▁golden ▁bek ishes ▁( co ats ) ▁on ▁Sh abb os . ▁T old os ▁Ah aron ▁and ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁groups ▁where ▁boys ▁aged ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁older ▁( bar ▁mit z v ah ) ▁wear ▁the ▁golden ▁coat ▁and ▁a ▁s ht re im el , ▁as ▁married ▁men ▁do , ▁although ▁the ▁single ▁boys ▁wear ▁black ▁socks ▁and ▁the ▁married ▁men ▁wear ▁white ▁socks . ▁In ▁most ▁other ▁Has id ic ▁groups , ▁only ▁married ▁men ▁wear ▁a ▁s ht re im el . ▁All ▁boys ▁and ▁men ▁wear ▁a ▁traditional ▁Jerusalem ite ▁white ▁y arm ul ke . ▁Un mar ried ▁boys ▁wear ▁a ▁regular ▁black ▁coat ▁with ▁attached ▁belt ▁on ▁week days , ▁unlike ▁the ▁married ▁men , ▁who ▁wear ▁the ▁" Z eb ra " ▁style ▁coat . ▁ ▁Mar ried ▁women ▁sh |
ave ▁their ▁hair , ▁and ▁cover ▁their ▁heads ▁with ▁scar ves , ▁without ▁wearing ▁w igs , ▁and ▁the ▁standards ▁of ▁t z ni us ▁expected ▁from ▁them ▁are ▁the ▁strict est ▁among ▁all ▁Has id ic / Or th odox ▁Jewish ▁groups . ▁As ▁is ▁custom ary ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁Jerusalem ite ▁community , ▁un mar ried ▁girls ▁have ▁their ▁hair ▁in ▁two ▁bra ided ▁p igt ails , ▁unlike ▁most ▁other ▁H ared i ▁communities , ▁where ▁the ▁girls ▁wear ▁their ▁hair ▁in ▁a ▁simple ▁p ony tail . ▁ ▁The ▁Sh om rei ▁Em un im ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁f erv ent ▁and ▁vis ibly ▁emotional ▁prayer , ▁and ▁by ▁a ▁rigid ▁lifestyle ▁controlled ▁largely ▁by ▁" t ak anos " ▁- ▁decre es ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁Reb be . ▁ ▁One ▁such ▁dec ree , ▁for ▁example , ▁for b ade ▁wearing ▁wool . ▁( J ew ish ▁law ▁for b ids ▁wearing ▁anything ▁that ▁contains ▁both ▁wool ▁and ▁l inen . ▁Rab bi ▁Ah aron ▁worried ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁saf est ▁not ▁to ▁wear ▁wool ▁at ▁all , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁viol ating ▁the ▁law ▁altogether .) ▁A ▁strong ▁emphasis ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁full - time ▁Tor ah ▁study , ▁and ▁daily ▁imm ersion ▁in ▁ritual ▁bath s . ▁ ▁Has id ic ▁books ▁of ▁the ▁Sh omer ▁Em un im , ▁T old os ▁Ah aron , ▁and ▁T old os ▁Av ro hom ▁Y itz ch ok ▁groups |
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