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, ▁because ▁a ▁lift ▁has ▁been ▁installed , ▁ ▁however ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁special ▁floor ▁layout ▁for ▁blind ▁persons . ▁In ▁case ▁of ▁war ▁it ▁also ▁has ▁its ▁function ▁as ▁a ▁fall out - s hel ter ▁for ▁ 4 , 5 0 0 ▁persons ▁like ▁the ▁Re eper bahn ▁and ▁Har burg - R ath aus ▁stations , ▁too . ▁ ▁Services ▁ ▁Tr ains ▁▁ ▁The ▁rapid ▁transit ▁trains ▁of ▁the ▁lines ▁S 1 , ▁S 2 ▁and ▁S 3 ▁of ▁the ▁Hamburg ▁S - B ahn ▁are ▁calling ▁the ▁station . ▁D irection ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁on ▁track ▁ 1 ▁is ▁Wed el ▁( S 1 ), ▁Hamburg - Al ton a ▁( S 2 ) ▁and ▁Pin ne berg ▁( S 3 ). ▁On ▁track ▁ 2 ▁the ▁trains ▁are ▁traveling ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁Pop pen b ü tt el ▁( S 1 ), ▁Ber ged orf ▁( S 2 ) ▁and ▁St ade ▁( S 3 ) ▁via ▁Hamburg ▁central ▁station . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁No ▁personnel ▁is ▁attending ▁the ▁station , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁S OS ▁and ▁information ▁tele phones , ▁and ▁ticket ▁machines . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Hamb ur ger ▁Ver kehr s verb und ▁( H V V ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Hamburg ▁S - B ahn ▁stations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Line ▁and ▁route ▁network ▁plans ▁by ▁h vv . de ▁▁ ▁Category : H amb urg ▁S - B ahn ▁stations ▁in ▁Hamburg ▁Category : R ail |
way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁located ▁underground ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Hamburg - M itte ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁West ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Le pt ox is ▁car in ata , ▁common ▁name ▁the ▁cre sted ▁mud alia , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fresh water ▁sn ail ▁with ▁an ▁oper cul um , ▁an ▁aqu atic ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ple uro cer idae . ▁ ▁Shell ▁description ▁ ▁Le pt ox is ▁car in ata ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁glob ose ▁shell , ▁with ▁highly ▁variable ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁In ▁various ▁c ree ks ▁and ▁rivers ▁throughout ▁its ▁range , ▁populations ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁with ▁sp iral ▁c ords , ▁a ▁single ▁car ina ▁or ▁ke el , ▁various ly ▁developed , ▁or ▁lacking ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁un poll ut ed ▁large ▁c ree ks ▁and ▁high - grad ient ▁rivers ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁drain ages ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁ ▁Le pt ox is ▁car in ata ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁high - grad ient ▁streams , ▁generally ▁in ▁the ▁faster ▁flowing ▁r iff les ▁and ▁drops , ▁where ▁it ▁cl ings ▁firmly ▁to ▁large ▁stones ▁and ▁bed rock ▁expos ures . ▁ ▁Life ▁cycle ▁ ▁Le pt ox is ▁car in ata ▁is ▁sem |
el par ous ▁bien n ial . ▁ ▁This ▁species , ▁unlike ▁so fter ▁shell ed ▁phys id ▁sn ails , ▁grows ▁very ▁slowly , ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁lowest ▁intr insic ▁rate ▁of ▁increase ▁( this ▁means ▁that ▁populations ▁grow ▁very ▁slowly ), ▁along ▁with ▁El im ia ▁vir gin ica , ▁in ▁this ▁environment . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Stewart ▁T . ▁W . ▁& ▁Gar cia ▁J . ▁E . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁" Environment al ▁F act ors ▁C aus ing ▁Local ▁Vari ation ▁in ▁D ensity ▁and ▁Bi om ass ▁of ▁the ▁Sn ail ▁Le pt ox is ▁car in ata , ▁in ▁Fish pond ▁Creek , ▁Virginia ". ▁American ▁Mid land ▁Natural ist ▁ 1 4 8 ( 1 ) ▁ 1 7 2 – 1 8 0 . ▁J ST OR . ▁ ▁Category : P le uro cer idae ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁May apan ▁( M à ay ap á an ▁in ▁Modern ▁May a ), ▁( in ▁Spanish ▁ ▁May ap án ), ▁( pr on ounced ▁m ī - ä - ˈ p än ) ▁is ▁a ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁May a ▁site ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁kilom eters ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Tel cha qu illo ▁in ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁T ec oh , ▁approximately ▁ 4 0 km ▁south - east ▁of ▁M ér ida ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 |
km ▁west ▁of ▁Ch ichen ▁It za ; ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Y uc at án , ▁Mexico . ▁May apan ▁was ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁May a ▁in ▁the ▁Y uc at án ▁Pen insula ▁during ▁the ▁Late ▁Post - Class ic ▁period ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 2 2 0 s ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 4 4 0 s . ▁Est im ates ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁city ▁population ▁are ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 – 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁and ▁the ▁site ▁has ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁structures ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁walls , ▁and ▁additional ▁dwell ings ▁outside . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁has ▁been ▁profession ally ▁survey ed ▁and ▁exc av ated ▁by ▁ar che ological ▁teams , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ; ▁five ▁years ▁of ▁work ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁and ▁additional ▁studies ▁were ▁done ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁collabor ative ▁Mexican - Un ited ▁States ▁team ▁has ▁been ▁conducting ▁exc av ations ▁and ▁recovery ▁at ▁the ▁site , ▁which ▁continue . ▁ ▁Layout ▁ ▁May apan ▁is ▁ 4 . 2 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁( about ▁ 1 . 6 ▁square ▁miles ) ▁and ▁has ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁structures , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁resid ences , ▁packed ▁into ▁this ▁compound ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁walls . ▁Built - |
up ▁areas ▁extend ▁a ▁half ▁kil ometer ▁beyond ▁the ▁city ▁walls ▁in ▁all ▁directions . ▁The ▁stone ▁per imeter ▁wall ▁has ▁twelve ▁gates , ▁including ▁seven ▁major ▁gates ▁with ▁vault ed ▁entr ances . ▁The ▁wall ▁is ▁ 9 . 1 km ▁( about ▁ 5 . 6 5 ▁miles ) ▁long ▁and ▁is ▁roughly ▁ov ate ▁with ▁a ▁pointed ▁nort heast ▁corner . ▁ ▁The ▁ceremon ial ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Square ▁Q ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁grid ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁wider ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁wall ed ▁en closure . ▁The ▁ceremon ial ▁center ▁has ▁a ▁tightly ▁packed ▁cluster ▁of ▁tem ples , ▁colon n aded ▁h alls , ▁or ator ies , ▁shr ines , ▁sanct u aries , ▁alt ars , ▁and ▁platforms ▁( for ▁or ation , ▁dancing , ▁or ▁st ela ▁display ). ▁A . L . ▁Smith , ▁an ▁ar che ologist ▁with ▁the ▁Car ne gie ▁Institute , ▁estimated ▁ 1 0 – 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁lived ▁within ▁the ▁wall ed ▁city . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Dr . ▁Gregory ▁Sim ons ▁survey ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁walls , ▁there ▁were ▁numerous ▁additional ▁dwell ings ▁and ▁he ▁rev ised ▁the ▁total ▁population ▁estimate ▁to ▁between ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 – 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁His ▁survey ▁results ▁are ▁posted ▁online ▁at ▁www . may apan per ipher y . net . ▁People ▁living ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁wall ▁engaged |
▁in ▁agriculture , ▁animal - raising , ▁and ▁specialized ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁l ime ▁production . ▁Russell ▁also ▁found ▁a ▁colon n aded ▁hall ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁wall , ▁revealing ▁much ▁is ▁still ▁to ▁be ▁discovered ▁regarding ▁the ▁complexity ▁of ▁this ▁urban ▁landscape . ▁ ▁The ▁Temple ▁of ▁K uk ul can , ▁a ▁large ▁py ram id ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Cast illo , ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁temple ▁in ▁May apan . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁immediately ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁C en ote ▁Ch ' en ▁Mul , ▁which ▁has ▁c aves ▁radi ating ▁from ▁it . ▁In ▁form , ▁the ▁Temple ▁of ▁K uk ul can ▁( Structure ▁Q - 1 6 2 ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁map ) ▁is ▁a ▁radial ▁four - st air case ▁temple ▁with ▁nine ▁terr aces ; ▁it ▁is ▁generally ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Temple ▁of ▁K uk ul can ▁at ▁the ▁earlier ▁site ▁of ▁Ch ichen ▁It za . ▁However , ▁the ▁May apan ▁temple ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁inferior ▁im itation ▁of ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁Ch ichen ▁It za , ▁and ▁the ▁city ' s ▁buildings ▁in ▁general ▁are ▁not ▁constructed ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁those ▁in ▁other ▁May an ▁cities . ▁For ▁example , ▁most ▁or ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁vault ed ▁roof s ▁in ▁May apan ▁have ▁collapsed , ▁while ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁better - built ▁buildings ▁at ▁Ch ichen ▁It za ▁remain ▁intact . ▁Other ▁major ▁tem ples ▁in ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁center ▁include ▁three ▁round ▁ones , ▁which ▁are ▁unusual ▁for ▁the |
▁May a ▁area ▁and ▁are ▁also ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁de ity ▁K uk ul kan / Qu etz al co at l ▁in ▁his ▁wind ▁god ▁( E he cat l ) ▁aspect . ▁Unlike ▁Ch ichen ▁It za , ▁May apan ▁has ▁no ▁ball c our ts . ▁ ▁The ▁extensive ▁residential ▁zones ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁dwell ings ▁and ▁anc ill ary ▁domestic ▁structures , ▁with ▁those ▁around ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁district ▁larger ▁and ▁of ▁higher ▁quality ▁and ▁those ▁toward ▁the ▁f ring es ▁being ▁generally ▁poor er . ▁The ▁houses ▁are ▁often ▁arranged ▁in ▁small ▁pat io ▁groups ▁surrounding ▁small ▁cour ty ards . ▁H ouses ▁were ▁built ▁h aph az ard ly ▁without ▁organized ▁streets . ▁L anes ▁wind ▁among ▁the ▁resid ences ▁and ▁walls . ▁ ▁The ▁residential ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁contain ▁many ▁c en otes , ▁perhaps ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 4 0 . ▁S ett lement ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁dense ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁where ▁c en otes ▁are ▁more ▁numerous . ▁ ▁Historical ▁overview ▁ ▁The ▁eth n oh ist or ical ▁sources – ▁such ▁as ▁Diego ▁de ▁Land a ' s ▁Rel acion ▁de ▁las ▁Cos as ▁de ▁Y uc atan , ▁compiled ▁from ▁native ▁sources ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century – ▁rec ount ▁that ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁K uk ul can ▁( the ▁May an ▁name ▁of ▁Qu etz al co at l , ▁the ▁Tol te c ▁king , |
▁culture ▁hero , ▁and ▁dem ig od ) ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Ch ichen ▁It za . ▁He ▁conven ed ▁the ▁l ords ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁who ▁agreed ▁to ▁found ▁a ▁new ▁capital ▁at ▁May apan . ▁The ▁l ords ▁divided ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Y uc at án ▁among ▁them , ▁and ▁chose ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ▁family ▁as ▁their ▁leader . ▁ ▁The ▁eth n oh ist or ical ▁sources ▁rec ount ▁multiple ▁different ▁hist ories ▁of ▁the ▁rise ▁and ▁fall ▁of ▁May apan ▁( Ro ys ▁ 1 9 6 2 ). ▁These ▁hist ories ▁are ▁often ▁confusing , ▁chron ologically ▁impl aus ible , ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁reconc ile . ▁For ▁example , ▁some ▁sources ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁May a ▁revol ted ▁in ▁ 1 2 2 1 ▁against ▁the ▁May a - T ol te c ▁l ords ▁of ▁Ch ichen ▁It za . ▁After ▁a ▁short ▁civil ▁war , ▁the ▁l ords ▁of ▁various ▁powerful ▁cities ▁and ▁families ▁met ▁to ▁restore ▁a ▁central ▁government ▁to ▁Y uc at án . ▁They ▁decided ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁capital ▁city ▁near ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Tel cha qu illo , ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Hun ac ▁Ce el , ▁the ▁general ▁who ▁defeated ▁the ▁rul ers ▁of ▁Ch ichen ▁It za . ▁The ▁new ▁city ▁was ▁built ▁within ▁a ▁defensive ▁wall ▁and ▁named ▁May apan , ▁meaning ▁" Standard ▁of ▁the ▁May a ▁people ". ▁ ▁The ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ▁family , ▁a ▁rich ▁and ▁ancient |
▁line age ▁that ▁had ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁revol t ▁against ▁Ch ichen , ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁king , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁noble ▁families ▁and ▁regional ▁l ords ▁were ▁to ▁send ▁members ▁of ▁their ▁families ▁to ▁May apan ▁to ▁play ▁parts ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁( and ▁perhaps ▁act ▁as ▁host ages ▁for ▁the ▁good ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁subs idi ary ▁cities ). ▁Mexican ▁mer cen aries ▁from ▁Tab as co ▁were ▁also ▁employed ▁to ▁keep ▁order ▁and ▁maintain ▁power . ▁ ▁Another ▁family , ▁the ▁X iu , ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁May apan ▁area ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ; ▁the ▁X iu ▁claim ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁line age ▁from ▁U x mal . ▁This ▁arrangement ▁lasted ▁for ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years . ▁( An ▁alternative ▁account ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁a ▁May a ▁chron icle ▁from ▁the ▁Col onial ▁era , ▁claiming ▁that ▁May apan ▁was ▁contemporary ▁with ▁Ch ichen ▁It za ▁and ▁U x mal ▁and ▁all ied ▁with ▁those ▁cities , ▁but ▁ar che ological ▁evidence ▁shows ▁this ▁version ▁to ▁be ▁less ▁likely .) ▁ ▁May apan ▁became ▁the ▁primary ▁city ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁allies ▁that ▁included ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁Y uc at án , ▁and ▁trade ▁partners ▁that ▁extended ▁directly ▁to ▁H ond uras , ▁Bel ize , ▁and ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁island ▁of ▁Co z um el , ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁to ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Though ▁May apan ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁a ▁council , ▁the |
▁J al ach ▁win ik ▁and ▁the ▁aj ▁k ’ in ▁( the ▁highest ▁rul er , ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁priest ) ▁dominated ▁the ▁political ▁sphere . ▁Below ▁the ▁two ▁primary ▁officials ▁were ▁many ▁other ▁officials ▁with ▁varying ▁respons ibilities . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁classes ▁went ▁from ▁the ▁nob ility , ▁down ▁to ▁slaves , ▁with ▁inter medi ary ▁classes ▁in ▁between . ▁The ▁social ▁climate ▁of ▁May apan ▁was ▁made ▁complicated ▁by ▁the ▁ant agon istic ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁nob les , ▁which ▁were ▁often ▁arranged ▁by ▁kin ship ▁( P ugh ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁Mil br ath ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁In ▁ 1 4 4 1 , ▁Ah ▁X up an ▁of ▁the ▁powerful ▁noble ▁family ▁of ▁X iu ▁became ▁resent ful ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁mach inations ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ▁rul ers ▁and ▁organized ▁a ▁revol t . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ▁family , ▁except ▁one ▁who ▁was ▁away ▁in ▁H ond uras ▁conducting ▁trade , ▁were ▁killed , ▁May apan ▁was ▁s acked , ▁burned , ▁and ▁abandoned , ▁all ▁the ▁larger ▁cities ▁went ▁into ▁decline , ▁and ▁Y uc at án ▁dev olved ▁into ▁war ring ▁city - states . ▁ ▁Arch ae ological ▁evidence ▁indicates ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁center ▁was ▁burned ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁occupation . ▁Ex c av ation ▁has ▁revealed ▁bur nt ▁roof ▁be ams ▁in ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁site ▁center . |
▁ ▁Ex c av ations ▁and ▁investig ations ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁John ▁L . ▁Step hens ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁document ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁May apan ▁site ▁with ▁two ▁important ▁illustr ations . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁Q - 1 5 2 ▁round ▁temple , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁K uk ul kan . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁long ▁string ▁of ▁expl or ers ▁who ▁drew ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁May apan . ▁The ▁first ▁large - scale ▁ar che ological ▁site ▁surveys ▁were ▁not ▁conducted ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁R . T . ▁P att on . ▁These ▁surveys ▁mapped ▁the ▁main ▁pl aza ▁group ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁wall , ▁and ▁were ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁later ▁maps ▁( R uss ell ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁archae ologists ▁of ▁the ▁Car ne gie ▁Inst itution , ▁including ▁A . ▁L . ▁Smith , ▁Robert ▁Smith , ▁Tat iana ▁Pro sk ouri ak off , ▁Ed win ▁Sh ook , ▁Karl ▁R up pert ▁and ▁J . ▁Eric ▁Thompson ▁conducted ▁five ▁years ▁of ▁int ensive ▁ar che ological ▁investig ations ▁at ▁May apan . ▁Their ▁work ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁a ▁m ime ograp hed ▁series ▁of ▁Current ▁Re ports . ▁The ▁Current ▁Re ports ▁have ▁recently ▁been ▁rep ub lished ▁in ▁their ▁entire ty ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Colorado ▁Press ▁( John ▁Week s ▁ 2 |
0 0 9 ). ▁The ▁final ▁report ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Car ne gie ▁Inst itution ▁as ▁May apan , ▁Y uc atan , ▁Mexico , ▁by ▁H . ▁E . ▁D . ▁Poll ock , ▁Ralph ▁L . ▁Ro ys , ▁A . ▁L . ▁Smith , ▁and ▁Tat iana ▁Pro sk ouri ak off ▁( 1 9 6 2 , ▁Public ation ▁ 6 1 9 ). ▁Robert ▁Smith ▁published ▁a ▁two - volume ▁mon ograph ▁on ▁The ▁Pot tery ▁of ▁May apan ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁( P apers ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ab ody ▁Museum ▁of ▁Arch ae ology ▁and ▁Eth n ology ▁ 6 6 , ▁Harvard ▁University ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Cl iff ord ▁T . ▁Brown ▁of ▁T ul ane ▁University ▁carried ▁out ▁exc av ations ▁in ▁the ▁residential ▁zones ▁of ▁May apan ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation ▁research . ▁Several ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Anth rop ology ▁and ▁History ▁( IN AH ) ▁of ▁Mexico ▁began ▁extensive ▁architect ural ▁exc av ations ▁and ▁consolid ation ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁archae ologist ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope . ▁This ▁work ▁continues ▁to ▁the ▁present . ▁It ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁many ▁important ▁art ifacts , ▁mur als , ▁st ucc oes , ▁and ▁architect ural ▁elements . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁further ▁investig ations ▁were ▁begun ▁at ▁the |
▁site ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Mar il yn ▁Mass on ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁University ▁New ▁York ▁at ▁Alb any , ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁of ▁IN AH , ▁and ▁Tim othy ▁S . ▁H are ▁of ▁More head ▁State ▁University . ▁This ▁" E conom ic ▁Found ations ▁of ▁May apan " ▁( PE MY ) ▁Project ▁performed ▁mapping , ▁surface ▁survey ▁and ▁collection , ▁test - p itting , ▁and ▁horizontal ▁exc av ation ▁across ▁the ▁city . ▁Major ▁findings ▁of ▁this ▁project ▁include ▁the ▁identification ▁of ▁diverse ▁occup ational ▁special ization ▁among ▁the ▁city ' s ▁common ers , ▁who ▁worked ▁as ▁craft s men , ▁con script ed ▁military ▁personnel , ▁farmers , ▁and ▁domestic ▁servants . ▁Great ▁variation ▁is ▁now ▁recognized ▁in ▁the ▁types ▁of ▁work ▁performed ▁by ▁common ers ▁of ▁different ▁households ▁and ▁their ▁degrees ▁of ▁aff lu ence . ▁This ▁project ▁has ▁also ▁identified ▁a ▁probable ▁major ▁market ▁pl aza ▁in ▁Square ▁K ▁( between ▁the ▁site ▁center ▁and ▁major ▁north ▁gate ▁D ); ▁Richard ▁Terry , ▁Bruce ▁D ah lin , ▁and ▁Daniel ▁B air ▁have ▁analyzed ▁soil ▁samples ▁from ▁this ▁location ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁this ▁local ity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁P EM Y ▁project ▁focused ▁exc av ations ▁on ▁an ▁out lying ▁ceremon ial ▁group ▁by ▁the ▁far ▁eastern ▁city ▁gate ▁( Gate ▁H ), ▁known ▁as ▁It z mal ▁Ch ' en , ▁as |
▁part ▁of ▁its ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁economic ▁and ▁social ▁links ▁between ▁governing ▁el ites ▁and ▁distant ▁neighborhood s ▁within ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Chron ology ▁ ▁Before ▁May apan ▁ ▁Some ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁overl apping ▁occupation ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁by ▁different ▁cultures . ▁Sh ook ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁said ▁that ▁there ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁Pu uc ▁" city " ▁somewhere ▁near ▁May apan ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁post - class ical ▁settlement . ▁The ▁mixture ▁of ▁Pu uc ▁pot ▁sh er ds ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁parts ▁of ▁May apan ▁lots ▁may ▁support ▁this , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁( 2 % ▁in ▁most ▁cases ▁and ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 % ▁in ▁others ). ▁ ▁Site ▁chron ology ▁based ▁on ▁cer am ics ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Robert ▁Smith , ▁the ▁cer amic ist ▁for ▁the ▁Car ne gie ▁Inst itution , ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁cer amic ▁phases ▁in ▁May apan : ▁h oc aba , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁started ▁around ▁A . D . ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁included ▁types ▁named ▁Mama ▁Red ▁and ▁Nav ula ▁Un sl ipped , ▁more ▁commonly ▁associated ▁with ▁southern ▁low land ▁settlement s . ▁( Mil br ath ▁and ▁Pere za ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁H oc aba ▁phase ▁starts ▁in ▁A . D . ▁ 1 1 0 0 , ▁which ▁fits ▁better ▁with ▁the ▁chron ology ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁low land ▁sites .) ▁The ▁second ▁phase ▁is ▁T ases , ▁which ▁has ▁some |
▁overl apping ▁typ ology ▁with ▁the ▁H oc aba ▁phase . ▁ ▁Site ▁chron ology ▁based ▁on ▁radi oc ar bon ▁dates ▁ ▁Middle ▁Pre class ical ▁Date ▁In ▁an ▁alley ▁fill ▁between ▁the ▁T empl o ▁Red ondo ▁and ▁an ▁ad join ing ▁hall , ▁some ▁char co al ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁yield ed ▁a ▁cal ibr ated ▁date ▁of ▁ 5 4 0 – 8 2 0 ▁B . C . ▁But , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁pot tery ▁in ▁this ▁fill ▁was ▁post - class ical . ▁Research ers ▁think ▁that ▁this ▁sample ▁represented ▁old ▁char co al ▁that ▁pre dated ▁the ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁found . ▁ ▁Term inal ▁Class ical ▁D ates ▁A ▁bur ial ▁found ▁on ▁bed rock ▁in ▁the ▁hous el ot ▁so ils ▁of ▁a ▁post - class ical ▁sol are ▁dated ▁between ▁A . D . ▁ 6 0 0 ▁and ▁A . D . ▁ 7 8 0 . ▁The ▁bur ial ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁secondary ▁inter ment , ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁completely ▁exc av ated ▁because ▁it ▁intr uded ▁into ▁a ▁wall . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁pot tery ▁with ▁the ▁bur ial ; ▁m idden ▁samples ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁suggest ▁occupation ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁post - class ical ▁hous el ots . ▁ ▁Char co al ▁was ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁tem ples ▁that ▁was ▁dated ▁to ▁A . D . ▁ 7 7 0 - 1 0 2 0 . |
▁Research ers ▁think ▁that ▁this ▁sample ▁is ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁found . ▁The ▁construction ▁fill ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁upper ▁floors ▁were ▁of ▁post - class ical ▁age . ▁ ▁Early ▁May apan ▁occupation ▁ ▁Three ▁separate ▁samples ▁form ▁the ▁frame ▁for ▁early ▁May apan ▁occupation . ▁These ▁dates ▁are ▁A . D . ▁ 9 9 0 – 1 1 7 0 . ▁However , ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁dates ▁come ▁from ▁in ex act ▁sources . ▁One ▁was ▁burned ▁cop al ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁unknown ▁structure ▁( app arently ▁the ▁label ▁had ▁er oded ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁structure ); ▁the ▁researchers ▁in ferred ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁Q - 9 5 . ▁The ▁early ▁date ▁would ▁suggest ▁that ▁this ▁temple ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁May apan ' s ▁early ▁history . ▁ ▁Car bon ▁dating ▁of ▁the ▁p its ▁below ▁what ▁was ▁assumed ▁to ▁be ▁Q - 9 7 ▁( again ▁the ▁label ▁had ▁er oded ) ▁dated ▁from ▁A . D . ▁ 9 9 0 – 1 1 8 0 . ▁ ▁Char co al ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁construction ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁main ▁py ram id ▁was ▁dated ▁A . D . ▁ 1 0 2 0 – 1 1 7 0 . ▁This ▁sample ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁reliable ▁context ▁and ▁is ▁presumably ▁the ▁most ▁accurate . ▁It ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁suggesting ▁that ▁the ▁post - class ical ▁phase ▁in ▁May apan ▁started ▁earlier ▁than ▁A . D . |
▁ 1 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁Late ▁May apan ▁occupation ▁ ▁May apan ' s ▁settlement ▁pattern ▁radi ated ▁out wards ▁to ▁its ▁f ring es ▁over ▁time ; ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁dates ▁are ▁from ▁materials ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁group ▁of ▁ru ins . ▁The ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁tent atively ▁dated ▁around ▁A . D . ▁ 1 4 6 1 , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁construction ▁of ▁alt ars ▁and ▁bur ial ▁c ists ▁after ▁this ▁date . ▁( L ope ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁According ▁to ▁Diego ▁de ▁Land a ▁Cal der on ▁( 1 5 2 4 ▁- ▁ 1 5 7 9 ), ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁abandoned ▁following ▁the ▁country ' s ▁en slave ment ▁by ▁a ▁certain ▁ch ie ft ain ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc ate can ▁nation ▁( in ▁coll usion ▁with ▁a ▁g arr ison ▁of ▁Mex ica ▁Indians ), ▁and ▁which ▁abuse ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁inter ne c ine ▁war , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁dem ise ▁in ▁circa ▁ 1 4 4 1 . ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁animals ▁Mil pa , ▁or ▁mixed , ▁fields ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁cultiv ated ▁when ▁May apan ▁was ▁inhab ited . ▁There ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁May apan ▁was ▁regularly ▁used ▁for ▁sl ash - and - burn ▁agriculture . ▁C en otes ▁and ▁underground ▁lim estone ▁can als ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁source ▁of ▁fresh water ▁in ▁this ▁area |
, ▁making ▁them ▁essential ▁to ▁support ▁agriculture . ▁Research ers ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁May apan ▁was ▁an ▁import / export ▁center , ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁often ▁traded ▁luxury ▁goods , ▁such ▁as ▁cotton , ▁salt , ▁and ▁honey , ▁for ▁products ▁of ▁obs id ian ▁and ▁metal , ▁which ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁for ged . ▁( Par is ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁( M el br ath ▁& ▁Per aza ▁ 2 0 0 3 : 2 9 ). ▁Today ▁farmers ▁use ▁mixed ▁fields , ▁called ▁the ▁mil pa ▁fields , ▁to ▁cultiv ate ▁ma ize , ▁beans , ▁squ ash , ▁water mel ons , ▁m ang oes , ▁pap ay as ▁and ▁other ▁crops . ▁Also , ▁cit rus ▁fruit ▁such ▁as ▁or anges ▁and ▁l imes ▁are ▁often ▁grown ▁within ▁the ▁domestic ▁house ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁residents ▁( R uss ell ▁ 2 0 0 8 : 1 6 ). ▁ ▁Fa unal ▁remains ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁used ▁varying ▁methods ▁of ▁animal ▁acquisition . ▁A ▁study ▁done ▁by ▁M . A . ▁Mass on ▁and ▁C . ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁looked ▁at ▁fa unal ▁remains ▁from ▁two ▁different ▁m idd ens , ▁one ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁monument al ▁center ▁by ▁some ▁houses , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁domestic ▁area ▁outside ▁the ▁monument al ▁compound . ▁The ▁largest ▁samples ▁of ▁recognized ▁remains ▁within ▁the ▁monument al ▁center ▁were ▁from : ▁white - t ailed ▁deer ▁( |
2 3 % ), ▁dog ▁( 4 . 4 % ), ▁tur key ▁( 1 2 . 9 % ), ▁and ▁ igu ana ▁( 1 0 . 2 % ). ▁The ▁combined ▁contributions ▁of ▁fish ▁make ▁up ▁around ▁ 1 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁samples . ▁These ▁percent ages ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ones ▁that ▁will ▁follow ▁for ▁the ▁settlement ▁zone ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁recognized ▁remains . ▁Primary ▁animals ▁may ▁have ▁made ▁up ▁larger ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁diet ▁but ▁their ▁remains ▁are ▁too ▁difficult ▁to ▁recognize . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁settlement ▁zone , ▁researchers ▁ ▁found : ▁white - t ailed ▁deer ▁( 8 . 4 % ), ▁dog ▁( 1 . 4 % ), ▁tur key ▁( 5 . 3 % ), ▁ igu ana ▁( 1 4 . 5 % ), ▁and ▁fish ▁( 3 . 6 % ). ▁Both ▁t urt le ▁and ▁rab bit ▁remains ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁both ▁sites , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁consumed ▁in ▁small ▁amounts ▁( less ▁than ▁ 1 . 5 % ). ▁While ▁exc av ating , ▁the ▁researchers ▁noted ▁many ▁fish ▁ske let ons , ▁but ▁few ▁fish ▁heads . ▁They ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁fish ▁were ▁being ▁traded ▁into ▁May apan , ▁and ▁not ▁collected ▁near ▁the ▁site . ▁If ▁the ▁fish ▁had ▁been ▁prepared ▁at ▁the ▁site , ▁the ▁heads ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁common ▁refuse . ▁Within ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁center , ▁numerous ▁deer ▁heads ▁and ▁teeth ▁were ▁found ▁among ▁the ▁remains .( M . A . ▁Mass on , |
▁C . ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁Trade ▁ ▁May apan ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁capital ▁in ▁the ▁Y uc at án , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁extensive ▁evidence ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁far - re aching ▁trade ▁routes , ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁architecture ▁and ▁art ifacts ▁of ▁other ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁A ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁goods ▁were ▁traded , ▁including ▁ma ize , ▁honey , ▁salt , ▁fish , ▁game , ▁cloth , ▁and ▁birds . ▁ ▁Pet en ▁Z ac pet en ▁on ▁Lake ▁Sal pet en – ▁Inc ense ▁burn ers ▁found ▁at ▁this ▁site ▁are ▁nearly ▁identical ▁to ▁those ▁found ▁at ▁May apan . ▁The ▁temple ▁as sembl ages ▁at ▁Z ac pet en ▁are ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁at ▁May apan . ▁Top ox te ▁in ▁Lake ▁Y ax ha , ▁Pet en ▁also ▁shares ▁similar ities ▁of ▁architecture ▁and ▁art ifacts ▁of ▁eff ig y ▁cens ers . ▁Top ox te ▁architect ural ▁remains ▁show ▁a ▁similar ▁stone ▁car ving ▁style ▁to ▁May apan . ▁Also , ▁tiny ▁“ d warf ” ▁shr ines ▁found ▁at ▁this ▁site ▁were ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁shr ines ▁found ▁at ▁May apan . ▁The ▁two ▁sites ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁abandoned ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ; ▁which ▁may ▁suggest ▁a ▁connection ▁between ▁their ▁governments . ▁ ▁High land ▁Gu atem ala ▁Architect ural ▁and ▁art ifact ▁connections ▁are ▁seen ▁between ▁May apan ▁and ▁the ▁Ut at lan ▁in ▁high land ▁Gu atem ala |
. ▁Examples ▁are ▁similar ▁temple ▁as sembl ages , ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁skull ▁imag ery ▁and ▁squ atting ▁figures , ▁extensive ▁and ▁lav ish ▁use ▁of ▁st ucc o ▁combined ▁with ▁cru de ▁m ason ry , ▁and ▁eff ig y ▁figure ▁cens ers . ▁ ▁Y uc atan ▁East ▁Coast ▁This ▁region ▁also ▁shows ▁apparent ▁influence ▁of ▁May apan , ▁in ▁similar ▁temple ▁as sembl ages , ▁similar ities ▁in ▁architecture , ▁eff ig y ▁cens ers ▁at ▁some ▁sites , ▁and ▁par alle ls ▁between ▁architect ural ▁decor ation ▁at ▁May apan ▁and ▁some ▁east ▁coast ▁sites . ▁The ▁east ▁coast ▁sites ▁export ed ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁cotton , ▁salt , ▁and ▁honey ▁from ▁the ▁Y uc at án . ▁S ites ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁traded ▁back ▁c ac ao . ▁El ▁Ch ay al ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁obs id ian ▁found ▁at ▁May apan . ▁ ▁Az te cs , ▁Central ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁the ▁Cam pe che ▁Coast ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁Mat illas ▁Fine ▁Orange ▁cer am ics ▁in ▁May apan ▁suggests ▁trade ▁with ▁Tab as co . ▁This ▁area ▁may ▁have ▁medi ated ▁trade ▁between ▁May apan ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Central ▁Mexico . ▁S cul pt ures ▁and ▁mur als ▁at ▁May apan ▁suggest ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁contact ▁between ▁May apan ▁and ▁the ▁rising ▁Az te c ▁empire . ▁Some ▁May apan ▁figures ▁showed ▁details ▁of ▁Az te c ▁dress , ▁and ▁what ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁Az te |
c ▁de ity ▁is ▁carved ▁on ▁an ▁alt ar ▁in ▁May apan . ▁ ▁This ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁a : ▁“ circ um - Y uc ate can ▁trade ▁route ▁that ▁linked ▁May apan ▁to ▁Pet en , ▁northern ▁Bel ize , ▁and ▁east - co ast ▁sites ▁in ▁the ▁Late ▁Post class ic ▁period .” ▁( M el br ath ▁& ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁ 2 0 0 3 : 2 4 – 3 1 ) ▁ ▁Symbol ism ▁ ▁The ▁symbol ism ▁present ▁in ▁May apan ▁is ▁particularly ▁significant , ▁partially ▁because ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁is ▁mainly ▁used ▁for ▁ritual ▁purposes . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁similar ities ▁between ▁the ▁mur als ▁in ▁May apan ▁and ▁the ▁art ▁and ▁icon ography ▁of ▁the ▁Az te c ▁and ▁Mix te ca - P ue bl a ▁regions . ▁Symbol s ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁in ▁common ▁include : ▁ ▁the ▁sun ▁disc ▁( there ▁are ▁varying ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁what ▁this ▁represents ▁ ▁Could ▁represent ▁the ▁sun ▁god ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁d iving ▁post ure ▁of ▁the ▁figure ▁within ▁the ▁disc ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁mot if ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁a ▁dead ▁warrior , ▁and ▁because ▁the ▁figure ▁is ▁represented ▁bound ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁heart ▁removed ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁warrior ▁sacrific ed ▁to ▁the ▁sun ▁god . ▁ ▁representations ▁of ▁Qu etz al co at l ▁ ▁mur als ▁in ▁structure ▁Q . 8 0 ▁show ▁re pt ile ▁icon ography ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as |
▁participation ▁in ▁Mix te ca - P ue bl a ▁traditions . ▁The ▁dent ition ▁of ▁the ▁re pt ile ▁indicate ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁ser p ents . ▁There ▁are ▁similar ▁representations ▁found ▁at ▁C oba ▁and ▁on ▁some ▁pot tery ▁in ▁Ch ol ula ▁dated ▁to ▁circa ▁ 1 3 5 0 – 1 5 5 0 ▁AD . ▁ ▁( Mil br ath , ▁Susan ., ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope , ▁Miguel ▁Del g ado ▁K ú . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁ ▁Ser pent ▁icon ography ▁is ▁very ▁common ▁at ▁May apan , ▁ser pent ▁bal ustr ade ▁car v ings ▁are ▁common ▁throughout ▁the ▁ritual ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁complex es ▁that ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁C ocom ▁line age ▁like ▁the ▁Cast illo ▁( Mil br ath , ▁Susan ., ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope , ▁Miguel ▁Del g ado ▁K ú ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁In ▁contrast ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁the ▁rain ▁god ▁Cha ac ▁are ▁common ▁to ▁the ▁tem ples ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁X iu ▁line age . ▁( Mil br ath ▁ 2 0 0 9 : 5 8 3 ) ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁the ▁Mon key - man ▁god ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁icon ography ▁in ▁May apan ▁is ▁found ▁either ▁in ▁mur als ▁on ▁the ▁temple ▁walls , ▁stone ▁car ving , ▁or ▁carved ▁stone ▁covered ▁in ▁pl aster . ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁inequality ▁D irection ality ▁may ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁representation |
▁of ▁inequality ▁among ▁the ▁powerful ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁May apan . ▁East ▁and ▁west ▁were ▁of ▁primary ▁importance ▁because ▁it ▁represented ▁the ▁track ▁of ▁the ▁sun ▁through ▁the ▁sky . ▁The ▁east ▁was ▁associated ▁with : ▁life , ▁males , ▁and ▁heat ; ▁whereas ▁the ▁west ▁was ▁associated ▁with : ▁death , ▁females , ▁and ▁cold . ▁This ▁has ▁led ▁many ▁sources ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁It za ▁and ▁the ▁X iw ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁east ▁and ▁west . ▁There ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁evidence ▁for ▁obvious ▁separation ▁of ▁residence ▁between ▁classes . ▁This ▁is ▁mostly ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁residential ▁center ▁of ▁May apan ▁being ▁located ▁around ▁the ▁concentration ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁filled ▁c en otes . ▁Most ▁resid ences ▁are ▁tand em ▁structures ▁made ▁of ▁several ▁building ▁within ▁a ▁separ ating ▁wall . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁tand em ▁structures ▁include ▁multiple ▁residential ▁buildings ; ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁these ▁residential ▁buildings , ▁relative ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁suggests ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁for ▁slaves . ▁The ▁integration ▁of ▁classes ▁extends ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁residential ▁areas ▁probably ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁convenience ▁of ▁being ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁agricultural ▁fields . ▁Some ▁sources ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁or at arios ▁or ▁god - h ouses ▁( large ▁house - like ▁shr ines ) ▁show ▁boundaries ▁that ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁May apan . ▁This ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁household ▁or at arios ▁and ▁those ▁orient ed ▁around ▁the ▁ceremon ial ▁center ▁of ▁May apan |
. ▁Unfortunately ▁there ▁is ▁very ▁little ▁ske let al ▁evidence ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁soil . ▁The ▁goods ▁found ▁in ▁different ▁house ▁structures ▁do ▁suggest ▁different ▁levels ▁of ▁social ▁status , ▁mainly ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁special ization ▁of ▁housing ▁structures . ▁There ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁examples ▁of ▁obs id ian ▁workshops ▁in ▁May apan . ▁The ▁strongest ▁evidence ▁for ▁inequality ▁in ▁May apan ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁deep ▁shaft s ▁full ▁of ▁sac r ificial ▁victims , ▁this ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁noble ▁class ▁had ▁enough ▁power ▁to ▁condem n ▁some ▁people ▁to ▁death . ▁ ▁Ab andon ment ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁May apan ▁was ▁abandoned ▁sometime ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁some ▁dispute ▁over ▁when ▁the ▁actual ▁abandon ment ▁took ▁place . ▁However , ▁written ▁records ▁state ▁that ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁abandoned ▁in ▁A . D . ▁ 1 4 4 1 . ▁There ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁several ▁contributing ▁factors ▁to ▁the ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁May apan . ▁Around ▁A . D . ▁ 1 4 2 0 ▁a ▁ri ot ▁was ▁started ▁by ▁the ▁X ius ▁against ▁the ▁C ocom ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁nearly ▁all ▁( if ▁not ▁in ▁fact ▁all ) ▁of ▁the ▁C ocom ▁line age . ▁P est il ence ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁subsequent ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁remaining ▁X iu ▁inhabitants . ▁There ▁were ▁several ▁sources ▁of ▁evidence ▁to ▁support ▁this |
▁interpretation . ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁burned ▁wood ▁was ▁found ▁inside ▁of ▁structure ▁Y - 4 5 a ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁burned ▁roof ing ▁material ▁on ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁structures ▁that ▁was ▁dated ▁to ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁collapse ▁in ▁K ’ at un ▁ 8 ▁Ah ua ▁( rough ly ▁A . D . ▁ 1 4 4 1 – 1 4 6 1 ). ▁A ▁mass ▁grave ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁pl aza , ▁and ▁bodies ▁in ▁a ▁bur ial ▁shaft ▁covered ▁in ▁ash ▁were ▁dated ▁to ▁around ▁the ▁collapse ▁and ▁showed ▁signs ▁of ▁violence , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁bodies ▁still ▁had ▁large ▁fl int ▁kn ives ▁in ▁their ▁chest s ▁or ▁pel vis es , ▁suggesting ▁ritual ized ▁sacrifice . ▁Sm ashed ▁vessels ▁litter ▁the ▁floors ▁of ▁the ▁Y - 4 5 a ▁complex ▁that ▁date ▁to ▁around ▁A . D . ▁ 1 2 7 0 – 1 4 0 0 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁documented ▁collapse ▁of ▁May apan . ▁A ▁vessel ▁bearing ▁the ▁g lyph ▁K ’ at un ▁ 8 ▁Ah ua ▁was ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁this ▁complex . ▁From ▁this ▁they ▁have ▁pos ited ▁that ▁the ▁complex ▁was ▁abandoned ▁finally ▁when ▁the ▁city ▁fell ▁( L ope ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁Mil br ath ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁After ▁A . D . ▁ 1 4 6 1 ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁evidence ▁of ▁alt ars ▁and ▁bur ial ▁c ists ▁being ▁constructed ▁after ▁ 1 4 6 1 , |
▁suggesting ▁that ▁the ▁site ▁had ▁been ▁abandoned ▁by ▁this ▁point ▁( L ope ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Very ▁little ▁evidence ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁support ▁later ▁usage ▁of ▁May apan . ▁Cop al ▁from ▁an ▁alt ar ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁T empl o ▁Red ondo ▁compound ▁that ▁may ▁suggest ▁later ▁pil gr images ▁to ▁the ▁Cast illo ▁de ▁K uk ul kan . ▁However , ▁these ▁samples ▁date ▁to ▁the ▁industrial ▁era ▁and ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁valid , ▁so ▁any ▁assumptions ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁evidence ▁would ▁also ▁not ▁be ▁valid ▁( L ope ▁ 2 0 0 6 : 1 6 8 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Barr era ▁Rub io , ▁Alfred o ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁" La ▁P int ura ▁M ural ▁de ▁May ap án ", ▁In ▁La ▁P int ura ▁M ural ▁Pre h isp án ica ▁en ▁México : ▁Á rea ▁May a , ▁edited ▁by ▁Let icia ▁St aines ▁C ic ero , ▁Beat riz ▁de ▁la ▁F uent es , ▁project ▁director , ▁pp . 4 1 9 – 4 4 6 . ▁Institut o ▁de ▁Invest ig aciones ▁Est ét icas , ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁México , ▁México , ▁D . F . ▁ ▁Brown , ▁Cl iff ord ▁T . ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁May ap án ▁Society ▁and ▁Anc ient ▁May a ▁Social ▁Organization . ▁Ph . D . ▁dis sert ation , ▁De pt |
. ▁of ▁Anth rop ology , ▁T ul ane ▁University . ▁ ▁Brown , ▁Cl iff ord ▁T . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁" Water ▁S ources ▁at ▁May ap án , ▁Y uc at án , ▁México ," ▁in ▁Pre col umb ian ▁Water ▁Management : ▁Ide ology , ▁R it ual , ▁and ▁Power , ▁edited ▁by ▁Lisa ▁Luc ero ▁and ▁Barbara ▁F ash , ▁pp ▁ 1 7 1 – 1 8 8 . ▁T uc son : ▁University ▁of ▁Arizona ▁Press . ▁ ▁Brown , ▁Cl iff ord ▁T . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁" C aves , ▁Kar st , ▁and ▁S ett lement ▁at ▁May ap án , ▁Y uc at án ," ▁in ▁In ▁the ▁M aw ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ▁Mon ster : ▁Mes o american ▁R it ual ▁C ave ▁Use , ▁edited ▁by ▁James ▁E . ▁Br ady ▁and ▁Keith ▁M . ▁P ru fer , ▁pp . 3 7 3 – 4 0 2 . ▁Austin : ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁Press ▁( L inda ▁Sche le ▁Series ▁in ▁May a ▁and ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁Studies ). ▁ ▁Bull ard , ▁William ▁R ., ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁" Res idential ▁Property ▁W alls ▁at ▁May ap án ", ▁in ▁Current ▁Re ports ▁No . ▁ 3 : 3 6 – 4 4 . ▁Car ne gie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Washington , ▁Department ▁of ▁Arch ae ology , ▁Washington , ▁D . C . |
▁ ▁Bull ard , ▁William ▁R ., ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁B ound ary ▁W alls ▁and ▁House ▁L ots ▁at ▁May ap án . ▁Current ▁Re ports ▁No . ▁ 1 3 : 2 3 4 – 2 5 3 . ▁Car ne gie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Washington , ▁Department ▁of ▁Arch ae ology , ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Del g ado ▁K ú , ▁Miguel ▁Angel , ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁La ▁P int ura ▁M ural ▁de ▁May ap án , ▁Y uc at án : ▁Una ▁Inter pret ación ▁Icon ográ fica , ▁T esis ▁profes ional , ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Ant ropol óg icas , ▁Universidad ▁Aut n oma ▁de ▁Y uc at án , ▁M ér ida , ▁Y uc at án , ▁México . ▁ ▁Del g ado ▁K ú , ▁Pedro ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Est udio ▁de ▁la ▁Ar qu itect ura ▁P ública ▁del ▁N ú cle o ▁Pr incipal ▁de ▁May ap án , ▁Y uc at án , ▁T esis ▁profes ional , ▁Fac ult ad ▁de ▁Ci encias ▁Ant ropol óg icas , ▁Universidad ▁Aut n oma ▁de ▁Y uc at án , ▁M ér ida , ▁Y uc at án , ▁México . ▁ ▁Land a , ▁Diego ▁de . ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) ▁Rel aciones ▁de ▁las ▁Cos as ▁de ▁Y uc at án , ▁Trans l ated ▁by ▁Alfred ▁To |
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ieties , ▁edited ▁by ▁Glen n ▁M . ▁Sch wart z ▁and ▁John ▁J . ▁Nich ols , ▁pp . 1 8 8 – 2 0 7 . ▁University ▁of ▁Arizona ▁Press , ▁T uc son . ▁ ▁Mass on , ▁Mar il yn ▁A . ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁K uk ul kan / Qu etz al co at , ▁Death ▁God , ▁and ▁C reation ▁My th ology ▁of ▁Bur ial ▁Sh aft ▁T empl es ▁at ▁May apan . ▁Mex icon ▁ 2 9 : 7 7 – 8 5 . ▁ ▁Mass on , ▁Mar il yn ▁A . ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁" N ue vas ▁Invest ig aciones ▁en ▁T res ▁Un idades ▁Res id encial es ▁Fu era ▁del ▁Area ▁Mon ument al ▁de ▁May ap án ", ▁In ▁Invest ig adores ▁de ▁La ▁C ult ura ▁May a , ▁Tom o ▁II , ▁ ▁pp . 4 1 1 – 4 2 4 . ▁Universidad ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁Cam pe che . ▁Cam pe che , ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Mass on , ▁Mar il yn ▁A . ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁" An imal ▁Use ▁at ▁May apan ", ▁Qu atern ary ▁International , ▁ 1 9 1 : 1 7 0 – 1 8 3 . ▁ ▁Mass on , ▁Mar il yn ▁A . ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per |
aza ▁L ope ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁" Ev idence ▁for ▁May a - M ex ican ▁Inter action ▁in ▁the ▁Arch ae ological ▁Record ▁of ▁May apan ", ▁In ▁Astr onom ers , ▁Sc rib es , ▁and ▁Pri ests : ▁Intel lect ual ▁Inter change ▁between ▁the ▁Northern ▁May a ▁Low lands ▁and ▁High land ▁Mexico ▁in ▁the ▁Late ▁Post class ic ▁Period , ▁edited ▁by ▁Gab ri elle ▁V ail ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Hern ande z , ▁pp . 7 7 – 1 1 4 . ▁D umb art on ▁O aks , ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Mil br ath , ▁Susan ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁" Rev isting ▁May apan : ▁Mexico ’ s ▁Last ▁May a ▁Capital ", ▁Anc ient ▁Mes o amer ica ▁ 1 4 : 1 – 4 7 . ▁ ▁Mil br ath , ▁Susan ▁and ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁ 2 0 0 3 b ▁May ap án ’ s ▁Sc ribe : ▁A ▁Link ▁with ▁Classic ▁May a ▁Art ists . ▁Mex icon ▁XX V : 1 2 0 – 1 2 3 . ▁Mil br ath , ▁Susan ., ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sur v ival ▁and ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Term inal ▁Classic ▁traditions ▁at ▁Post class ic ▁May ap án ▁Latin ▁American ▁ant iqu ity : ▁a ▁journal ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁American ▁Arch ae ology ▁ 2 0 |
( 4 ): 5 8 1 – 6 0 6 . ▁ ▁Mil br ath , ▁Susan , ▁Carlos ▁Per aza ▁L ope , ▁and ▁Miguel ▁Del g ado ▁K ú ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Relig ious ▁Im ag ery ▁in ▁May apan ’ s ▁Mur als . ▁The ▁PAR I ▁Journal ▁X : 1 – 1 0 . ▁ ▁Mor ley , ▁S yl van us ▁Gr is w old . ▁The ▁Anc ient ▁May a ▁( 4 th ▁ed .). ▁Stanford , ▁California : ▁Stanford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Paris , ▁Elizabeth ▁H . ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Met all ur gy , ▁May apan ▁and ▁the ▁Post class ic ▁World ▁System . ▁Anc ient ▁Mes o amer ica ▁ 1 9 : 4 3 – 6 6 . ▁ ▁Per aza ▁L ope , ▁Carlos ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁May ap án : ▁Ci udad - cap ital ▁del ▁Post cl as ico . ▁Ar que ología ▁Mexican a ▁: 4 8 - 5 3 . ▁ ▁Poll ock , ▁Ralph ▁L . ▁Ro ys , ▁Tat iana ▁Pro sk ouri ak off ▁and ▁A . ▁L edy ard ▁Smith , ▁pp . 1 6 5 – 3 2 0 . ▁Occ as ional ▁Public ation ▁ 6 1 9 . ▁Car ne gie ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Washington . ▁ ▁Pro sk ouri ak off , ▁Tat iana ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁C iv ic ▁and ▁religious ▁structures |
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( 8 ): 9 4 1 - 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁Rest all , ▁Matthew ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁The ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁Pat io : ▁Eth n oh ist oric ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁Y uc ate c ▁May a ▁Royal ▁Cour ts . ▁In ▁Royal ▁Cour ts ▁of ▁the ▁May a , ▁Volume ▁II , ▁edited ▁by ▁T akes hi ▁In om ata ▁y ▁Stephen ▁D . ▁Houston , ▁pp . 3 3 5 – 3 9 0 . ▁West view ▁Press , ▁B ould er . ▁ ▁Ring , ▁Tru dy , ▁ed . ▁ ▁“ May apan ” ▁in ▁International ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces , ▁Volume ▁I : ▁Amer icas . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁R ingle , ▁William ▁M . ▁y ▁George ▁J . ▁Bey ▁III ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Post - Class ic ▁and ▁Term inal ▁Classic ▁Cour ts ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁May a ▁Low lands . ▁En ▁Royal ▁Cour ts ▁of ▁the ▁May a , ▁Volume ▁Two : ▁Data ▁and ▁Case ▁Studies , ▁edited ▁by ▁T akes hi ▁In om ata ▁and ▁Stephen ▁D . ▁Houston , ▁pp . 2 6 6 – 3 0 7 . ▁West view ▁Press , ▁B ould er . ▁ ▁Ro ys , ▁Ralph ▁L . ▁( 1 9 6 2 ). ▁" L iter ary ▁S ources ▁for ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁May apan ", ▁In ▁May apan , ▁Y uc at án , ▁Mexico |
. ▁Car ne gie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Washington ▁Public ation ▁No . ▁ 6 1 9 , ▁by ▁Harry ▁E . D . ▁Poll ock , ▁Ralph ▁L . ▁Ro ys , ▁Tat iana ▁Pro sk ouri ak off , ▁and ▁A . L . ▁Smith , ▁pp . 2 5 – 8 6 . ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Russell , ▁Brad ley ▁W . ▁and ▁Bruce ▁H . ▁D ah lin ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" Tr ad itional ▁Bur nt - L ime ▁Production ▁at ▁May ap án , ▁Mexico ", ▁Journal ▁of ▁Field ▁Arch ae ology ▁ 3 2 : 4 0 7 - 4 2 3 . ▁ ▁Russell , ▁Brad ley ▁W . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Post class ic ▁May a ▁S ett lement ▁on ▁the ▁R ural ▁Urban ▁F ringe ▁of ▁May ap án , ▁Y uc at án , ▁Mexico , ▁Ph . D . ▁Dis sert ation , ▁Department ▁of ▁Anth rop ology , ▁University ▁at ▁Alb any - S UN Y . ▁ ▁Ser af in , ▁Stanley . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Bio arch ae ological ▁Invest igation ▁of ▁Vi olence ▁at ▁May apan , ▁Ph . D . ▁dis sert ation , ▁Department ▁of ▁Anth rop ology , ▁T ul ane ▁University . ▁ ▁Smith , ▁A . ▁L edy ard ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁" Res idential ▁and ▁Associ ated ▁Struct ures ▁at ▁May ap án ", ▁In ▁May |
ap án ▁Y uc atan ▁Mexico , ▁edited ▁by ▁H . E . D . ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Robert ▁E . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁The ▁Pot tery ▁of ▁May apan . ▁Papers ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ab ody ▁Museum ▁of ▁Arch ae ology ▁and ▁Eth n ology ▁ 6 6 . ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁May apan ▁at ▁May a ▁History ▁- ▁May a ▁History ▁ ▁Gr inn ell ▁College ▁- ▁May apan ▁Project ▁ ▁- ▁May apan ▁Arch ae ology ▁May apan ▁visiting ▁travel ▁guide ▁and ▁photos ▁ ▁May apan ▁Photo ▁Ess ay ▁ ▁S UN Y ▁Alb any ▁- ▁May apan ▁archae ology ▁ ▁Category : May a ▁sites ▁in ▁Y uc at án ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Y uc at án ▁Category : May a ▁Post class ic ▁Period <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar s én io ▁Pom p í lio ▁Pom pe u ▁de ▁Car po ▁( born ▁F unch al ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁– ▁died ▁ 1 8 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁slave ▁trad er , ▁fre em ason , ▁poet ▁and ▁journalist , ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁mainly ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Born ▁in ▁F unch al ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁Ar s én io ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁ill iter ate ▁un l ucky ▁em igr ants ▁forced ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Made ira ▁after ▁a ▁failed |
▁attempt ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁fortune ▁in ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁colony ▁of ▁Brazil ; ▁he ▁soon ▁started ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁m ason , ▁like ▁his ▁father , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁Lis bon ▁for ▁joining ▁a ▁plot ▁aim ing ▁to ▁over throw ▁the ▁king ▁Jo ão ▁VI . ▁ ▁Emb ark ing ▁for ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 , ▁he ▁changed ▁his ▁family ▁name ▁- ▁Sant os ▁- ▁to ▁the ▁pom p ous ▁Pom p í lio ▁Pom pe u ▁de ▁Car po , ▁probably ▁borrow ing ▁it ▁from ▁theatre , ▁a ▁ju ven ile ▁passion . ▁Deep ly ▁fasc inated ▁by ▁Roman ▁son or ities ▁and ▁con notations , ▁Ar s én io ▁loved ▁to ▁bo ast ▁of ▁his ▁presum ed ▁classic ▁er ud ition ▁by ▁qu oting ▁Latin ▁authors ▁or ▁ev oking ▁personal ities ▁such ▁as ▁Tit us ▁or ▁N ero . ▁However , ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁similar ▁names ▁also ▁denotes ▁a ▁touch ▁of ▁me gal om ania , ▁the ▁evidence ▁of ▁his ▁need ▁to ▁stand ▁out , ▁and ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁step ▁towards ▁a ▁career ▁based ▁on ▁self - prom otion ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁remarkable ▁sans - cul ott es ▁of ▁his ▁time , ▁Ar s én io ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁island ▁where , ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁he |
▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁condem ned ▁to ▁a ▁five - year ▁ban ishment ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola ▁for ▁ev oking ▁British ▁protection ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁se cess ion ▁of ▁Made ira ▁from ▁Portugal , ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁inc end i ary ▁words ▁and ▁sar cast ic ▁remarks ▁on ▁mon archy , ▁church ▁and ▁the ▁s aints . ▁Ar s én io ▁initially ▁appe aled ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁sentence ▁commut ed , ▁hoping ▁to ▁serve ▁conf inement ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁wel coming ▁location ▁such ▁as ▁Portuguese ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁but ▁eventually ▁decided ▁to ▁withdraw ▁his ▁appeal . ▁According ▁to ▁Jo ão ▁Pedro ▁Mar ques ▁he ▁was ▁probably ▁persu aded ▁by ▁the ▁prospect ▁of ▁quick ▁en rich ment ▁through ▁slave ▁trade ▁related ▁activities ▁in ▁Ang ola . ▁Moreover , ▁it ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁said ▁that ▁this ▁decision ▁could ▁also ▁be ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁network ▁of ▁fre em ason ▁acqu aint ances . ▁ ▁It ▁seems ▁unlikely ▁that ▁Pom pe u ▁de ▁Car po ▁became ▁a ▁fre em ason ▁in ▁Portugal , ▁which ▁he ▁left ▁for ▁Ang ola ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁to ▁return , ▁once ▁again ▁as ▁a ▁prisoner , ▁only ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 . ▁Ang olan ▁scholar ▁Carlos ▁P ache co ▁is ▁inclined ▁to ▁think ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁init iation ▁in ▁jail , ▁but ▁Brazil ▁is ▁another ▁possible ▁option , ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁Dom ▁Miguel ' s ▁temporary ▁com eb ack ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁comp elled ▁a ▁relatively ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁Portuguese |
▁liber als ▁to ▁fle e ▁to ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro . ▁Of ▁all ▁the ▁conting ents ▁of ▁this ▁di as por a , ▁fre em asons ▁certainly ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁category ▁most ▁per secut ed ▁by ▁crown ▁and ▁church . ▁It ’ s ▁probably ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁and ▁thanks ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁Tom ás ▁Tol ent ino ▁da ▁Silva , ▁cler ic ▁at ▁the ▁F unch al ▁cat hedral ▁and ▁angry ▁liberal ▁and ▁fre em ason , ▁that ▁Ar s én io ▁got ▁acqu ainted ▁with ▁fre em ason ry ▁in ▁general ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁Portuguese ▁diss idents ▁who ▁printed ▁the ▁period ical ▁Gaz eta ▁Est re la . ▁This ▁publication ▁was ▁known ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s , ▁but ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁read ▁under cover ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁measures ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁Miguel ist ▁Governor - General ▁Nicol au ▁de ▁A bre u ▁Cast elo ▁Br anco , ▁who ▁had ▁out law ed ▁it ▁" for ▁referring ▁irre ver ently ▁to ▁His ▁Maj esty ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁Portuguese ▁authorities ... ▁and ▁for ▁inc iting ▁sub vers ive ▁elements ▁to ▁un le ash ▁disorder ..." ▁ ▁Sl ave ▁trading ▁During ▁his ▁conf inement ▁period ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁army , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s ▁his ▁military ▁career ▁was ▁cut ▁off ▁by ▁Governor ▁General ▁Nicol au ▁de ▁A bre u ▁Cast elo ▁Br anco ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁an |
▁inn keeper . ▁Back ▁then , ▁in ▁Ang ola , ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁logic ▁choice ▁for ▁a ▁political ▁ex ile : ▁in ns ▁were ▁privile ged ▁gathering ▁places ▁where ▁business , ▁politics ▁and ▁pl ots ▁were ▁discussed . ▁New ▁ideas ▁fe c und ated ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁after ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁rev olutions ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁local ▁imagination ▁was ▁inv aded ▁by ▁the ▁in eb ri ant ▁desire ▁of ▁freedom . ▁During ▁the ▁years ▁following ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Brazil ▁soldiers ▁and ▁residents ▁were ▁often ▁accused ▁by ▁authorities ▁of ▁supporting ▁" rev olution aries " ▁( a ▁generic ▁name ▁used ▁to ▁define ▁liber als ▁organized ▁in ▁Mason ic ▁lod ges ▁wish ing ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁Ang ola ▁and ▁Brazil ). ▁ ▁Cont acts ▁between ▁inn keep ers ▁and ▁slave ▁traders ▁were ▁manifest , ▁since ▁ag u ard ente ▁was ▁Ang ola ' s ▁main ▁import ▁to ▁be ▁ex changed ▁in ▁the ▁interior ▁for ▁slaves . ▁Ar s én io ▁probably ▁worked ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁representative ▁for ▁a ▁well - est ab lished ▁trad er ▁between ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁Sl ave ▁traders ▁tried ▁to ▁explo it ▁the ▁period ▁en compass ing ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁treat y ▁between ▁Britain ▁and ▁Portugal ▁for ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁slave ▁trade ▁and ▁its ▁coming ▁into ▁force ▁before ▁leaving ▁for ▁Brazil , ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ang ola ▁would ▁fall ▁on ▁hard ▁times . ▁It ▁seems ▁that ▁Ar s én io |
▁followed ▁the ▁trend : ▁after ▁serving ▁his ▁ban ▁and ▁after ▁being ▁imprison ed ▁again ▁because ▁of ▁some ▁son n ets ▁mock ing ▁the ▁governor ’ s ▁authority , ▁he ▁left ▁Lu anda ▁bound ▁for ▁Rec ife . ▁At ▁least ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁when ▁Portuguese - B raz ilians ▁from ▁P ern amb u co ▁hast ily ▁left ▁Brazil ▁to ▁settle ▁down ▁in ▁Mo ç â med es ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁Crown , ▁Ang olan ▁and ▁Brazil ian ▁o lig arch ies ▁traded ▁almost ▁exclusively ▁among ▁themselves ▁and ▁P ern amb u co ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁market ▁place ▁dealing ▁with ▁Lu anda . ▁ ▁After ▁spending ▁some ▁years ▁in ▁Brazil ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Ar s én io ▁returned ▁to ▁Ang ola ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁where ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁slave ▁trad er ▁Francisco ▁Te ix e ira ▁de ▁Mir anda ▁– ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Mir and in ha . ▁His ▁main ▁activities ▁consisted ▁in ▁buying ▁goods ▁in ▁America ▁and ▁distribut ing ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁agents , ▁who ▁trav elled ▁to ▁the ▁African ▁interior ▁and ▁ex changed ▁them ▁for ▁slaves . ▁Ar s én io ▁promoted ▁then ▁the ▁export ▁of ▁slaves ▁to ▁Brazil ian ▁markets , ▁re lying ▁upon ▁a ▁web ▁of ▁front ▁men ▁who ▁signed ▁record ▁books ▁and ▁documentation ▁on ▁his ▁behalf , ▁keeping ▁his ▁name ▁un blem ished . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁risk y ▁activity : ▁the ▁ep he mer al ▁character ▁of ▁such ▁profession ▁was ▁explained |
▁by ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁officially ▁out law ed ▁slave ▁traders ▁were ▁often ▁no ▁longer ▁able ▁to ▁secure ▁their ▁business ▁by ▁simply ▁b rib ing ▁the ▁authorities ▁or ▁buying ▁the ▁silence ▁of ▁associ ates ▁who ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁too ▁greed y ▁or ▁ambitious . ▁ ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Lu anda , ▁Ar s én io ▁was ▁an ▁accomplished ▁and ▁wealthy ▁cosm opol itan ▁gentleman , ▁creating ▁a ▁sensation ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁for ▁the ▁sophisticated ▁luxury ▁he ▁liked ▁to ▁display . ▁In ▁fact , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁trans at l antic ▁traffic ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁serious ▁blow ▁to ▁Lu anda ▁traders , ▁instead ▁of ▁ren oun cing ▁their ▁lux urious ▁lif est yles ▁they ▁t ended ▁to ▁turn ▁luxury ▁into ▁a ▁powerful ▁social ▁weapon ▁which , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁both ▁confront ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁and ▁obtain ▁respect ▁or ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁colonial ▁authorities . ▁ ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po , ▁as ▁this ▁letter ▁from ▁a ▁British ▁em iss ary ▁seems ▁to ▁confirm , ▁showed ▁the ▁way :" The ▁only ▁slave ▁trad er ▁that ▁I ▁met ▁in ▁Ang ola ▁lived ▁there ▁as ▁a ▁prince . ▁That ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁necessity , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁extr av ag ance ▁or ▁natural ▁bent ▁for ▁luxury . ▁A ▁slave ▁trad er ▁basically ▁depends ▁on ▁authorities ’ ▁tolerance ▁and ▁ben ev olence : ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁attract ▁powerful ▁friends ▁is ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁magn ate , ▁being ▁generous |
, ▁holding ▁parties ▁and ▁gather ings . ▁It ' s ▁not ▁different ▁from ▁a ▁diplom at ' s ▁life ." ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s , ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁government ▁produced ▁the ▁first ▁serious ▁effort ▁aimed ▁at ▁ending ▁slave ▁sm ug gling , ▁prov oking ▁an ▁inevitable ▁cl ash ▁with ▁Lu anda ▁families ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁traffic . ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po , ▁elected ▁inter im ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Lu anda ▁Municipal ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁rapidly ▁became ▁their ▁leader . ▁Taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁his ▁literary ▁skills , ▁he ▁wrote ▁several ▁times ▁to ▁Lis bon ▁asking ▁for ▁the ▁perpet uation ▁of ▁the ▁traffic ▁and ▁acc using ▁" over ze alous ▁minister s ▁and ▁ill - in formed ▁coun c ill ors " ▁of ▁un le ashing ▁an ▁abol ition ist ▁storm ▁over ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola , ▁inst ig ated ▁by ▁the ▁grim ▁British ▁allies . ▁His ▁point ▁was ▁that ▁an ▁abrupt ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁abol ition ist ▁law ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁equal ▁to ▁a ▁death ▁sentence ▁for ▁Portugal , ▁Spain ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Al ready ▁in ▁his ▁sevent ies ▁and ▁unable ▁to ▁bear ▁the ▁pressure , ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Portugal , ▁Ant ón io ▁de ▁Nor on ha , ▁resigned . ▁The ▁slave ▁traders ▁gained ▁some ▁time ▁and , ▁strongly ▁backed ▁by ▁the ▁Sept em br ist ▁front , ▁now ▁in ▁power , ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁purs ued ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁politics |
, ▁presenting ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁sen ate ▁and ▁the ▁Cort es , ▁hoping ▁- ▁in ▁vain ▁- ▁to ▁be ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁representative ▁for ▁Ang ola . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁also ▁managed ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁British ▁ships ▁at ▁the ▁har bour ▁of ▁Lu anda , ▁prof us ely ▁offering ▁his ▁est ates ▁to ▁influ ent ▁British ▁friends , ▁who ▁apparently ▁ignored ▁that ▁their ▁man ▁in ▁Lu anda ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁slave ▁traders ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁he ▁even ▁trav elled ▁to ▁London ▁and ▁paid ▁hom age ▁to ▁Queen ▁Victoria . ▁His ▁purpose ▁was ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁West ▁Africa ▁Company ▁and ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁steam ▁saw mill ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁K wan za ▁River ▁and ▁a ▁railway ▁connecting ▁Lu anda ▁to ▁Cal um bo . ▁ ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁ 1 8 4 0 s ▁Portugal ▁could ▁no ▁longer ▁toler ate ▁ambig u ities , ▁crushed ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁persistent ▁pressure ▁ex ert ed ▁by ▁Britain ▁and ▁France ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁full ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁dec ree ▁on ▁slave ▁trade ▁abol ition ▁and ▁the ▁desperate ▁need ▁to ▁affirm ▁its ▁authority ▁in ▁Africa . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁a ▁military ▁coup ▁in ▁Portugal , ▁led ▁by ▁Ant ón io ▁Bern ardo ▁da ▁Costa ▁Cab ral ▁prom ul g ated ▁the ▁restoration ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁Const itutional ▁Ch arter |
, ▁abol ished ▁by ▁the ▁September ▁Revolution ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 . ▁The ▁Cab ral ist ▁regime ▁remained ▁in ▁power , ▁with ▁brief ▁inter ru ptions , ▁until ▁the ▁Reg ener ation ▁( 1 8 5 1 ). ▁Cab ral ism ▁is ▁normally ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁right ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁movement , ▁while ▁the ▁previous ▁regime ▁- ▁Sept em br ism ▁- ▁is ▁usually ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁left ▁wing . ▁Governor ▁General ▁Pedro ▁Alexand r ino ▁da ▁C un ha , ▁who ▁considered ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁the ▁greatest ▁slave ▁trad er ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁the ▁colony ’ s ▁public ▁enemy ▁number ▁one , ▁exp elled ▁him ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁he ▁set ▁foot ▁in ▁Ang ola . ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁and ▁return ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁Lis bon ▁where , ▁backed ▁up ▁by ▁Sept em br ist ▁left ▁wing ▁press ▁and ▁fre em ason ry , ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁maintain ▁his ▁standard ▁of ▁living . ▁D isch arg ed ▁for ▁lack ▁of ▁evidence ▁from ▁the ▁accus ation ▁of ▁slave ▁trade ▁and ▁mis use ▁of ▁power ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Lu anda ▁Municipal ▁Council , ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁sav oured ▁his ▁triumph ▁and ▁pos ed ▁a ▁further ▁men ace ▁to ▁his ▁Cab ral ist ▁opponents , ▁when ▁he ▁un success fully ▁presented ▁himself ▁for ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Governor ▁General ▁of ▁Ang ola . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁as ▁soon |
▁as ▁Pedro ▁Alexand r ino ▁da ▁C un ha ▁left ▁the ▁province , ▁Ar s én io ▁de ▁Car po ▁returned ▁to ▁Lu anda , ▁re - est ab lished ▁his ▁network ▁and ▁then ▁tried ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁Unfortunately ▁for ▁him , ▁in ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁Empire ▁too ▁started ▁to ▁take ▁appropriate ▁discipl inary ▁action ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁dis m ant le ▁the ▁slave ▁traffic . ▁Ar rest ed ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ▁and ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁empire , ▁Ar s én io ▁returned ▁to ▁Lu anda ▁disc red ited ▁and ▁financ ially ▁ruined . ▁Put ▁on ▁trial ▁for ▁ins olv ency , ▁he ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁São ▁Tom é ▁Island ▁on ▁Portuguese ▁São ▁Tom é ▁and ▁Pr ín cipe . ▁ ▁Final ▁years ▁Al ready ▁approaching ▁his ▁sixt ies , ▁Ar s én io ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Castle ▁of ▁São ▁Jorge , ▁in ▁Lis bon . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁his ▁conviction ▁rev oked , ▁he ▁was ▁free ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Ang ola . ▁Back ▁in ▁Lu anda , ▁he ▁spent ▁his ▁last ▁years ▁desperately ▁trying ▁to ▁restore ▁his ▁disc red ited ▁reputation : ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁documentation ▁att est ing ▁to ▁his ▁presum ed ▁innoc ence ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁living ▁out ▁of ▁legal ▁trade . ▁He ▁never ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁the ▁tag ▁of ▁slave ▁sm ugg ler . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 |
. ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican ▁slave ▁trade ▁Category : 1 7 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Ang ola ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁ex iles ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁slave ▁traders ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Portuguese ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Portuguese ▁business people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁F unch al <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁voice ▁actress ▁who ▁works ▁for ▁A oni ▁Production . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Television ▁animation ▁Ch ib i ▁Mar uk o - chan ▁( 1 9 9 0 ), ▁Tom iko ▁Tom ita , ▁Mid ori ▁Y osh ik awa , ▁Hir omi ▁Ma eda , ▁M aki ▁Mak im ura , ▁Yam ada ' s ▁mother , ▁Y osh iko ' s ▁Mother , ▁Tag uch i , ▁Tar ō , ▁H ime ko , ▁Y osh ida ▁Gold fish ▁War ning ! ▁( 1 9 9 1 ), ▁P iko , ▁Bun ta ▁ 2 1 ▁E mon ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Girl ▁Super ▁B ikk ur iman ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁As u ka / I z ana ▁As u ka ▁The ▁L augh ing ▁Sales man ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Na oko ▁A oki ▁D ens ets u ▁Sh oot ! ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), ▁K iy ot aka ▁H iro se , ▁Sh in ob u ▁Dragon ▁Ball ▁Z ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), |
▁Er asa , ▁O ob ▁He ise i ▁In u ▁Mon og at ari ▁Bow ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), ▁Mad oka ▁Mar mal ade ▁Boy ▁( 1 9 9 4 ), ▁R you ko ▁Mom oi ▁Mobile ▁Su it ▁G und am ▁Wing ▁( 1 9 9 5 ), ▁I ria ▁W inner ▁Dr . ▁Sl ump ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁Pe as u ke ▁Sor am ame ▁Yu - G i - Oh ! ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁Im ori ▁One ▁P iece ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁R or ono a ▁Z oro ▁( child ), ▁Ko ala ' s ▁Mother ▁Dig im on ▁Advent ure ▁ 0 2 ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁I ori ▁H ida , ▁Arm ad ill omon , ▁Nor iko ▁K aw ada ▁At ash in ' chi ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁Ar isa ▁Ko he i , ▁B read ▁Own er ▁Z atch ▁Bell ! ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Hy de ▁Plan etes , ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Mother ▁Black ▁Jack , ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁C andy ▁Heart C atch ▁Pre C ure ! ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁Hay ato ▁S aki ika - k un ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁K us aya ▁Dig im on ▁X ros ▁Wars ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁Dr ac omon ▁World ▁Tr igger ▁( 2 0 1 4 ), ▁Y ō tar ō ▁R ind |
ō ▁Dragon ▁Ball ▁K ai ▁( 2 0 1 5 ), ▁O ob ▁Dragon ▁Ball ▁Super ▁( 2 0 1 7 ), ▁Og uma ▁ ▁Un known ▁date ▁Ghost ▁S we eper ▁Mik ami , ▁Heaven ▁Dragon ▁Baby , ▁En ge ji ▁Hat ara ▁K izz u ▁Mai ham u ▁G umi , ▁Sab uro ▁Hell ▁Te acher ▁N ū b ē , ▁Mak oto ▁Kur ita ▁Che ek y ▁Angel , ▁Angel ▁Wing ▁Dragon ▁Ball ▁GT , ▁Se aler ▁Mu ka ▁Mu ka ▁Parad ise , ▁N ika ▁N ika ▁Sl ay ers ▁N EXT , ▁Aunt ie ▁Aqu a ▁( E pisode ▁ 1 8 ▁only ) ▁ ▁Film ▁animation ▁Dr . ▁Sl ump ▁& ▁Ar ale - chan ▁N cha ! ▁W ak uw aku ▁Hot ▁N ats u ▁Y as umi ▁( 1 9 9 4 ), ▁M ummy ▁C ray on ▁Sh in - chan : ▁Un k ok us ai ' s ▁Amb ition ▁( 1 9 9 5 ), ▁F ub uk im aru ▁Kas uga ▁J ig oku ▁S ense i ▁N ū b ē ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁Mak oto ▁Kur ita ▁Ult imate ▁Mus cle ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁A ren anda ▁One ▁P iece : ▁The ▁C urs ed ▁Holy ▁S word ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁R or ono a ▁Z oro ▁( you ng ) ▁Dig im on ▁Advent ure : ▁Last ▁Ev olution ▁K iz una ▁( 2 0 2 0 ), ▁Arm ad |
im on ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁Grad uation ▁series ▁( xx xx ), ▁C ind y ▁Sak ur ai ▁Red ▁Earth ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁T ao , ▁Tar u ' s ▁M ob star ▁J ig oku ▁S ense i ▁N ū b ē ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁Mak oto ▁Kur ita ▁Got cha ▁Force ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁Ts ut om u , ▁T ama ▁X en os aga ▁Episode ▁II : ▁J ense its ▁von ▁G ut ▁und ▁B ö se ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Al bed o ▁P ia zz ola ▁( child ) ▁ ▁Television ▁advertis ement ▁Ch ide j ika ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Meg umi ▁U raw a ▁at ▁the ▁Se iy uu ▁database ▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V oice ▁actress es ▁from ▁Ch iba ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁voice ▁actress es ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Japanese ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Japanese ▁actress es ▁Category : A oni ▁Production ▁voice ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruce ▁S ew ell ▁was ▁Apple ’ s ▁general ▁counsel ▁and ▁senior ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁Legal ▁and ▁Government ▁Affairs , ▁reporting ▁to ▁CEO ▁Tim ▁Cook . ▁S ew ell ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁company ’ s ▁executive ▁team ▁and ▁overs aw ▁all ▁legal ▁matters , ▁including |
▁corporate ▁govern ance , ▁intellectual ▁property , ▁lit igation ▁and ▁secur ities ▁compliance , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁government ▁affairs . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁S ew ell ▁received ▁his ▁J . D . ▁from ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁and ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lanc aster , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁California ▁Bar ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁Bar ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁admitted ▁to ▁practice ▁before ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁for ▁the ▁Federal ▁Circ uit . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁S ew ell ▁was ▁a ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁lit igation ▁firm ▁of ▁Brown ▁& ▁B ain ▁P . C . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁Intel ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁attorney ▁assigned ▁to ▁counsel ▁various ▁business ▁groups ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁ant it rust ▁compliance , ▁lic ensing ▁and ▁intellectual ▁property . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁S ew ell ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁vice ▁president ▁and ▁deputy ▁general ▁counsel , ▁managing ▁Intel ’ s ▁lit igation ▁portfolio , ▁and ▁handled ▁corporate ▁transactions ▁including ▁M & A ▁activities . ▁At ▁Intel , ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁leading ▁all ▁of ▁Intel ’ s ▁legal , ▁corporate ▁affairs ▁and ▁corporate ▁social ▁responsibility ▁programs , ▁managing ▁att orneys ▁and ▁policy ▁professionals ▁located ▁in ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁countries ▁around ▁the ▁world . |
▁▁ ▁S ew ell ▁joined ▁Apple ▁from ▁Intel ▁Corporation ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁On ▁December ▁ 8 th , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Apple ’ s ▁leadership ▁page ▁replaced ▁his ▁role ▁with ▁K atherine ▁Adams , ▁a ▁newly ▁appointed ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Int el ▁people ▁Category : App le ▁Inc . ▁execut ives <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar re bourg ▁( ; ▁, ▁L orr aine ▁Fran con ian : ▁Sa arb uer j ) ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Mos elle ▁department ▁in ▁Grand ▁Est ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁France . ▁It ▁lies ▁in ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Sa ar . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁a ▁M ith ra e um ▁was ▁discovered ▁at ▁Sar re bourg ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁pass ▁leading ▁from ▁the ▁V os ges ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 6 1 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Mos elle ▁( de part ment ) ▁Category : Sub pref ect ures ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Philip ▁Str at ford ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁transl ator , ▁professor ▁and ▁poet . ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Governor ▁General ’ s ▁Award , |
▁Str at ford ▁was ▁also ▁well ▁recognized ▁for ▁his ▁transl ations ▁of ▁works ▁by ▁Ant oine ▁Mail let , ▁Ren é ▁Lé ves que ▁and ▁Robert ▁M ela ç on ▁and ▁published ▁articles ▁on ▁English ▁and ▁French - Can ad ian ▁literature ▁and ▁translation . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁collected ▁by ▁libraries . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Ch ath am , ▁Ontario , ▁he ▁completed ▁an ▁Hon ours ▁Bachelor ▁in ▁English ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁later ▁completed ▁ ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁at ▁Sor bon ne ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Str at ford ’ s ▁career ▁as ▁an ▁educ ator ▁began ▁in ▁France ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁English ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁After ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Canada , ▁he ▁lect ured ▁at ▁the ▁Ass um ption ▁University ▁of ▁Wind sor , ▁and ▁afterwards ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁English ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁became ▁Department ▁chair ▁for ▁the ▁English ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁Univers ité ▁of ▁Mon tr éal ▁and ▁held ▁that ▁role ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁As ▁Department ▁chair , ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁compar ative ▁literature ▁program . ▁Str at ford ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁literary ▁transl ator , ▁Str at ford ' s ▁translated ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁gen res ▁including ▁fiction , ▁mem oirs ▁and ▁poetry ▁from ▁French ▁to ▁English , ▁such ▁as ▁P |
él ag ie ▁by ▁Ant oine ▁Mail let , ▁Mem oirs ▁by ▁Ren é ▁Lé ves que ▁and ▁Bl ind ▁Pain ting ▁by ▁Robert ▁Mel anç on ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁national ▁critical ▁ac claim . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these , ▁he ▁also ▁translated ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁D iane ▁H é bert , ▁F él ix ▁Le cl erc , ▁Claire ▁Martin ▁and ▁Marie - Cl aire ▁Bl ais . ▁ ▁Not ▁only ▁was ▁he ▁a ▁ ▁transl ator , ▁he ▁also ▁published ▁original ▁works ▁including ▁a ▁b iling ual ▁edition ▁of ▁a ▁children ’ s ▁book ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁his ▁own ▁mem oir ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁poems ▁he ▁wrote ▁after ▁he ▁retired . ▁Str at ford ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁schol arly ▁articles . ▁ ▁Professional ▁R oles ▁ ▁Str at ford , ▁apart ▁from ▁transl ating , ▁writing ▁and ▁teaching , ▁took ▁on ▁various ▁roles ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁academic ▁community ▁. ▁He ▁co - found ed ▁the ▁Liter ary ▁Trans l ators ' ▁Association ▁of ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁its ▁secretary ▁for ▁ 2 ▁years . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁of ▁Compar ative ▁Liter ature ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁initiated ▁the ▁first ▁issue ▁devoted ▁to ▁compar ative ▁essays ▁on ▁Canadian ▁topics ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Review ▁of ▁Compar ative ▁Liter ature , ▁a ▁journal ▁sponsored ▁by ▁this ▁association ▁ ▁Between |
▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Str at ford ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁of ▁the ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Council ▁of ▁Canada , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Federation ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences ’ ▁Trans lation ▁Committee ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁The ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Council ▁of ▁Canada ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁non - govern ment al ▁institution ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Federation ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁and ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Str at ford ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Governor ▁General ’ s ▁award ▁for ▁his ▁translation ▁of ▁Second ▁Ch ance ▁by ▁D iane ▁H é bert . ▁At ▁the ▁awards , ▁he ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁don ate ▁$ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁the ▁D iane ▁Herbert ▁Foundation . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁nominated ▁twice ▁before , ▁once ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁for ▁his ▁translation ▁of ▁Pe int ure ▁ave ug le ▁by ▁Robert ▁Mel anç on ▁and ▁once ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁for ▁his ▁translation ▁of ▁Cr ache ▁à ▁pic , ▁by ▁Anton ine ▁Mail let . ▁He ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁Gab ri elle ▁Roy ▁Prize ▁for ▁his ▁article ▁All ▁the ▁Pol ar ities : ▁Compar ative ▁Studies ▁in ▁Cont emporary ▁Canadian ▁Nov els ▁in ▁French ▁and ▁English ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁awards , ▁the ▁b |
iling ual ▁conference ▁A ux ▁Can adas ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁in ▁Str at ford ’ s ▁honour . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ch ath am - K ent ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Western ▁Ontario ▁faculty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wind sor ▁faculty ▁Category : Univers ité ▁de ▁Mon tr éal ▁faculty ▁Category : G overn or ▁General ' s ▁Award - winning ▁transl ators ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁transl ators ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁transl ators <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar man ▁Man ary an ▁( ; ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Iran ian - born ▁Armen ian ▁film ▁director . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁actor ▁Y erv and ▁Man ary an . ▁He ▁rep atri ated ▁to ▁Soviet ▁Armen ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Y ere van ▁State ▁Conserv atory ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Institute ▁of ▁Cin emat ography ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
6 2 . ▁Since ▁then ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Armen film . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁aged ▁ 8 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁T j v j ik ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ar ak , ▁Iran ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : I ran ian ▁Armen ian ▁people ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : K om itas ▁State ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Y ere van ▁al umn i ▁Category : G eras im ov ▁Institute ▁of ▁Cin emat ography ▁al umn i ▁Category : I ran ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Par li ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁and ▁a ▁municipal ▁council ▁in ▁Be ed ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁it ' s ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁twelve ▁J y ot irling a ▁in ▁India ▁is ▁V aid yan ath . ▁ ▁About ▁Par li ▁is ▁in ▁Be ed ▁District ▁identified ▁by ▁Sh ri ▁Va ijn ath ▁Temple ▁( V aid yan ath ▁J y ot irling a ) ▁and ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁State ▁Power ▁Generation ▁Company ▁Limited ▁Par li ▁Th erm al ▁Power ▁Station . ▁Other ▁Major ▁Indust ries ▁include ▁Va ijn ath ▁Sugar ▁Factory , ▁Cor om andal ▁C ement ▁factory ▁and ▁Gh aw alk ar ▁Engine , ▁Trans mission ▁and ▁Motor ▁Rep air ▁and ▁Over ha ul ▁Fac ility . ▁The ▁Head |
▁office ▁of ▁V aid yan ath ▁Co - Oper ative ▁Bank ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Par li . ▁Par li ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁j y ot irl ings , ▁lord ▁Sh iva ' s ▁most ▁powerful ▁places ▁in ▁India . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁fair ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁on ▁Mah ash iv rat ri . ▁L arg est ▁t alu ka ▁place ▁in ▁Mar ath w ada ▁region ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁has ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 0 , 9 7 5 . ▁Male ▁const itute ▁ 5 2 % ▁females ▁at ▁ 4 8 %. ▁Par li ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁ 6 7 . 6 8 % ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁national ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 9 . 5 % : ▁male ▁liter acy ▁is ▁ 7 6 %, ▁and ▁female ▁liter acy ▁is ▁ 6 0 %. ▁In ▁Par li , ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁is ▁under ▁ 6 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁Transport ▁Par li ▁Va ijn ath ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁Be ed ▁district , ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁Its ▁code ▁is ▁PR LI . ▁It ▁serves ▁Par li ▁city . ▁The ▁station ▁consists ▁of ▁ 3 ▁platforms . ▁▁ ▁Par li ▁Va ijn ath ▁is ▁well ▁connected ▁to ▁Hy der abad , ▁N iz am abad , ▁L atur , ▁Man mad , ▁K ak in ada |
, ▁V ij ay aw ada , ▁Raj ah mund ry , ▁K ham m am , ▁War ang al , ▁Aur ang abad , ▁J al na , ▁Par bh ani , ▁P urn a , ▁N anded , ▁Vik ar abad , ▁Za he er abad , ▁B id ar , ▁Ra ich ur , ▁G unt ak al , ▁M umb ai , ▁Nash ik , ▁Beng al uru ▁and ▁Vis akh ap at nam . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Bird s ▁of ▁Par li ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁State ▁Power ▁Generation ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁Un off icial ▁website ▁of ▁Par li ▁Va ij an ath ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Be ed ▁district ▁Category : T al uk as ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra <0x0A> </s> ▁Mont ic ello ▁G aming ▁and ▁Race way ▁is ▁a ▁h arness ▁racing ▁track ▁and ▁rac ino ▁in ▁Mont ic ello , ▁Sull ivan ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁is ▁off ▁Ex it ▁ 1 0 4 ▁of ▁Route ▁ 1 7 ▁( future ▁Inter state ▁ 8 6 ), ▁on ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 7 B . ▁ ▁The ▁rac etr ack ▁is ▁nick named ▁" The ▁Might y ▁M " ▁and ▁races ▁standard b red ▁horse ▁races ▁during ▁the ▁after no ons ▁year - round . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁rac etr ack ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 / 2 ▁mile ▁o val . ▁The ▁track ▁opened ▁on ▁June ▁ |
2 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁attract ▁more ▁people ▁to ▁Mont ic ello ' s ▁resort ▁area . ▁ ▁Mont ic ello ▁Race way ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Empire ▁Res orts . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁attempts ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁add ▁a ▁full - f led ged ▁Indian ▁gaming ▁casino ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁St . ▁Reg is ▁Moh awk ▁tribe ▁at ▁the ▁race way , ▁but ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁met ▁with ▁back l ash . ▁Several ▁Atlantic ▁City ▁casino ▁operators , ▁including ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁fought ▁the ▁proposal . ▁Trump ▁was ▁fin ed ▁for ▁not ▁dis cl osing ▁his ▁lobby ing ▁efforts . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁D irk ▁K emp th orne , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁v eto ed ▁any ▁Moh awk ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁casino ▁saying ▁the ▁Moh awk ▁reserv ation ▁on ▁the ▁Canada – Un ited ▁States ▁border ▁was ▁too ▁far ▁from ▁the ▁track . ▁ ▁The ▁casino ▁at ▁the ▁race way ▁operates ▁under ▁a ▁state ▁license ▁perm itting ▁slot ▁machines ▁at ▁designated ▁race ▁tracks . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁track ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁" Mont ic ello ▁Mir acle ", ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁race hor se ▁hit ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁veteran ▁Don ▁K ark os ▁in ▁the ▁exact ▁spot ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁received ▁sh rap nel ▁and ▁lost ▁sight ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁eyes ▁during ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁naval |
▁battle . ▁This ▁blow ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁reg ain ▁his ▁sight , ▁most ▁likely ▁by ▁dis l od ging ▁the ▁sh rap nel . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁V LT ▁info ▁ ▁Category : H orse ▁racing ▁ven ues ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : H arness ▁racing ▁ven ues ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Sull ivan ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Lind et al ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁Me ck len burg ische ▁Se en pl atte , ▁in ▁Me ck len burg - V orp om mer n , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Be z irk ▁Ne ub rand enburg <0x0A> </s> ▁En semble ▁S col aire ▁Le ▁Bon ▁Sau ve ur ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁school ▁in ▁Le ▁V és inet , ▁Y vel ines , ▁France , ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁met ropolitan ▁area . ▁It ▁serves ▁levels ▁m atern elle ▁( pres ch ool ) ▁through ▁ly c ée ▁( high ▁school ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁after ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁Cong regation ▁of ▁the ▁Girls ▁of ▁Le ▁Bon ▁Sau ve ur ▁of ▁Ca en ▁received ▁permission ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁private ▁c ath olic ▁school ▁for ▁girls . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁the ▁establishment ▁became ▁sec |
ular ▁and ▁open ▁to ▁boys . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁En semble ▁sc ola ire ▁Le ▁Bon ▁Sau ve ur ▁▁ ▁Category : L yc ées ▁in ▁Y vel ines ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Y vel ines ▁Category : Private ▁schools ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Lil j ana ▁" L il " ▁Bishop ▁( née ▁R istic ) ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁from ▁the ▁Australian ▁soap ▁opera ▁Ne igh b ours , ▁played ▁by ▁Marc ella ▁Rus so . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁first ▁on - screen ▁appearance ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁character ▁was ▁written ▁out ▁and ▁she ▁depart ed ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁following ▁a ▁plane ▁crash . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁show ' s ▁actors ▁had ▁been ▁written ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁" sur prise ▁shake - up " ▁of ▁the ▁cast . ▁Rus so ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁actors ▁written ▁out ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁new ▁cast ▁members , ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁were ▁Kevin ▁Har ring ton ▁( David ▁Bishop ) ▁and ▁Mar isa ▁War ring ton ▁( S indi ▁W atts ). ▁Rus so ▁left ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁her ▁contract . ▁A ▁few ▁weeks ▁later , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁L ara ▁S acher ▁( Ser ena ▁Bishop ) ▁would ▁also ▁be |
▁depart ing ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁" ext rem ely ▁dramatic ▁story line " ▁in ▁October ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁Script ▁producer , ▁Luke ▁Dev en ish ▁said ▁" All ▁three ▁B ish ops ▁will ▁be ▁leaving ▁together ▁... ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁our ▁most ▁start ling ▁story lines ▁for ▁the ▁year . ▁Lil ▁and ▁David ▁have ▁been ▁at ▁the ▁very ▁fore front ▁of ▁stories ▁this ▁year ▁– ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁w icked ▁Paul ' s ▁web ▁– ▁and ▁their ▁departure ▁ties ▁into ▁this . ▁The ▁door ▁will ▁be ▁left ▁open ▁for ▁their ▁return , ▁however , ▁despite ▁the ▁spectacular ▁circumstances ." ▁ ▁Story lines ▁Of ▁Ser bian ▁descent , ▁Lil j ana ▁grew ▁up ▁under ▁the ▁dominant ▁shadow ▁of ▁her ▁mother ▁S vet l anka ▁( De id re ▁Rub en stein ) ▁and ▁lived ▁in ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁her ▁family . ▁However , ▁her ▁parents ▁were ▁less ▁than ▁pleased ▁when ▁she ▁married ▁Australian - born ▁David ▁Bishop ▁aged ▁only ▁ 1 9 , ▁but ▁their ▁marriage ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁success ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁had ▁a ▁daughter ▁named ▁Ser ena . ▁ ▁When ▁David ▁is ▁offered ▁a ▁job ▁in ▁Er ins borough ▁the ▁whole ▁family ▁move . ▁They ▁stay ▁with ▁David ' s ▁father ▁Harold ▁( I an ▁Smith ) ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁move ▁into ▁their ▁newly ▁built ▁house ▁in ▁E den ▁Hills . ▁David ▁almost ▁bankrupt s ▁the ▁family ▁when ▁an ▁old ▁friend , ▁Thomas ▁Morgan ▁sw ind les ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁family |
' s ▁savings ▁that ▁were ▁invested ▁into ▁a ▁business ▁venture . ▁Lil j ana ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁job ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁reception ist ▁for ▁Karl ▁Kennedy ▁( Al an ▁F let cher ). ▁ ▁Ser ena ▁begins ▁dating ▁Chris ▁C ous ens ▁( Sim on ▁Mall ory ), ▁who ▁Lil j ana ▁does ▁not ▁appro ve ▁of . ▁Lil j ana ▁sl aps ▁Chris ▁and ▁worse ▁to ▁come ▁when ▁she ▁disco vers ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁taking ▁inde cent ▁photographs ▁of ▁Ser ena . ▁Things ▁go ▁from ▁bad ▁to ▁worse ▁when ▁S vet l anka ▁arrives ▁and ▁ ▁during ▁a ▁heated ▁argument ▁she ▁tells ▁David , ▁the ▁only ▁reason ▁Lil j ana ▁married ▁him ▁is ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁pregnant . ▁It ▁emer ges ▁Lil j ana ▁had ▁been ▁pregnant ▁and ▁wanted ▁David ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁father ▁for ▁the ▁child ▁as ▁the ▁baby ' s ▁father , ▁Ivan ▁Pet rov ic ▁had ▁fled ▁the ▁scene . ▁Lil j ana ▁been ▁led ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁child ▁was ▁still born . ▁Ser ena ▁later ▁makes ▁friends ▁with ▁Lu ka ▁D ok ich ▁( Ke el an ▁O ' He hir ), ▁S vet l anka ' s ▁god son ▁and ▁they ▁begin ▁a ▁relationship . ▁S vet l anka ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁reveal ▁that ▁Lu ka ▁is ▁Lil j ana ' s ▁long - l ost ▁son , ▁and ▁paid ▁a ▁doctor ▁to ▁tell ▁her ▁the ▁baby ▁had ▁died . ▁Lil j ana ▁later ▁suff ers ▁from ▁ac ute ▁liver ▁failure ▁and ▁needs ▁part |
▁of ▁a ▁family ▁member ' s ▁liver ▁to ▁survive . ▁Lu ka ▁is ▁a ▁match ▁her ▁and ▁under go es ▁surgery . ▁Upon ▁returning ▁to ▁good ▁health , ▁S vet l anka ▁is ▁prompt ly ▁thrown ▁out ▁by ▁Lil j ana ▁while ▁Lu ka ▁later ▁returns ▁to ▁his ▁adopt ive ▁parents . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Robinson ▁( Ste fan ▁Dennis ) ▁offers ▁Lil j ana ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁manager ▁of ▁his ▁charity ▁the ▁Helen ▁Daniel s ▁Trust . ▁David ▁becomes ▁obs essed ▁with ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁Lil j ana ▁begins ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Paul ▁and ▁she ▁and ▁David ▁separate , ▁devast ating ▁Ser ena . ▁When ▁Lil j ana ▁finds ▁out ▁about ▁Paul ' s ▁plot ▁to ▁destroy ▁Er ins borough , ▁she ▁returns ▁to ▁David . ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁L ass iter ' s ▁complex ▁ 2 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁celebr ations , ▁the ▁B ish ops ▁and ▁several ▁of ▁their ▁neighb ours ▁board ed , ▁Paul ' s ▁son ▁Robert ▁( Ad am ▁Hunter ) ▁plants ▁a ▁bomb ▁on ▁the ▁plane ▁which ▁expl odes ▁during ▁the ▁flight . ▁David , ▁Lil j ana ▁and ▁Ser ena ▁hug ▁one ▁another ▁as ▁the ▁plane ▁cr ashes ▁into ▁Bass ▁Str ait . ▁David ' s ▁body ▁is ▁later ▁recovered , ▁but ▁Lil j ana ▁and ▁Ser ena ' s ▁bodies ▁are ▁not . ▁At ▁Ser ena ▁and ▁Lil j ana ' s ▁memorial ▁service , ▁Susan ▁Kennedy ▁( Jack ie ▁Wood burn e ) ▁reads ▁a ▁e ul ogy ▁for ▁her ▁friend |
. ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁BBC ▁said ▁Lil j ana ' s ▁most ▁notable ▁moment ▁was ▁" Re ve aling ▁that ▁she ▁initially ▁only ▁got ▁together ▁with ▁David ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁pregnant ." ▁Brian ▁Court is ▁of ▁The ▁Age ▁said ▁that ▁Lil j ana ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" des per ates ▁of ▁R ams ay ▁Street " ▁that ▁were ▁straight ▁talking . ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁" po or ▁David ▁doesn ' t ▁just ▁need ▁a ▁good ▁lawyer " ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁manner ▁that ▁Lil j ana ▁be mo ans ▁him . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ne igh b ours ▁characters ▁Category : Tele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Category : F em ale ▁characters ▁in ▁television ▁Category : F ict ional ▁reception ists ▁Category : F ict ional ▁murdered ▁people ▁in ▁soap ▁oper as <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Gir ab ola ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁season ▁of ▁top - t ier ▁football ▁in ▁Ang ola . ▁The ▁season ▁ran ▁from ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁to ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁A SA ▁were ▁the ▁defending ▁champions . ▁ ▁The ▁league ▁compr ised ▁ 1 4 ▁teams , ▁the ▁bottom ▁three ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁G ira ▁Ang ola . ▁ ▁A SA ▁were ▁c rowned ▁champions , ▁winning ▁a ▁third ▁title ▁in ▁a ▁row , ▁while ▁Ac adém ica ▁do ▁S oy o , ▁Ben fica ▁do |
▁Lub ango ▁and ▁Br av os ▁do ▁Ma quis , ▁the ▁three ▁clubs ▁that ▁were ▁promoted ▁that ▁same ▁season , ▁were ▁re leg ated . ▁ ▁Ar s én io ▁Kab ung ula ▁a ka ▁Love ▁of ▁A SA ▁finished ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁ 1 7 ▁goals . ▁ ▁Changes ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season ▁Re leg ated : ▁Ben fica ▁de ▁Lu anda , ▁Des port ivo ▁da ▁Hu í la ▁and ▁R it ondo ▁ ▁Prom oted : ▁Ac adém ica ▁do ▁S oy o , ▁Ben fica ▁do ▁Lub ango ▁and ▁Br av os ▁do ▁Ma quis ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Season ▁statistics ▁ ▁Top ▁sc or ers ▁ ▁Hat - tr icks ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Gir ab ola ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁stand ings ▁at ▁gir ab ola . com ▁Fed era ção ▁Ang ol ana ▁de ▁Fut eb ol ▁ ▁Category : G ir ab ola ▁seasons ▁Ang ola ▁Ang ola ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁in ▁Ang olan ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Stephen ▁Vill iers ▁Apple by ▁( 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁pilot ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁the ▁M ign et ▁P ou - du - C iel ▁" F lying ▁Fle a " ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Stephen ▁Apple by ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁the ▁son ▁of |
▁Swedish - F rench ▁parents . ▁He ▁attended ▁numerous ▁schools ▁in ▁France , ▁Italy , ▁Norway , ▁Sweden ▁and ▁the ▁UK , ▁and ▁left ▁school ▁aged ▁ 1 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁employed ▁by ▁a ▁property ▁owner ▁near ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁home ▁at ▁Be aul ieu - sur - Mer , ▁near ▁Nice . ▁After ▁taking ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁motor cy cles ▁and ▁engines , ▁he ▁was ▁attracted ▁by ▁advertis ements ▁and ▁a ▁book ▁Le ▁Sport ▁de ▁L ' Air ▁produced ▁by ▁Henri ▁M ign et ▁about ▁his ▁H M . 8 ▁Av ion ette ▁mon opl ane . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Apple by ▁trav elled ▁to ▁Paris , ▁and ▁sought ▁out ▁M ign et ▁for ▁advice ; , ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁a ▁long ▁friendship . ▁He ▁built ▁an ▁H M . 8 ▁with ▁a ▁Har ley - David son ▁engine ▁in ▁six ▁months . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁successfully ▁fl own ▁and ▁tested ▁by ▁two ▁highly ▁experienced ▁pilots ▁at ▁Nice ▁aer od rome . ▁V ia ▁personal ▁contacts , ▁he ▁then ▁negoti ated ▁to ▁receive ▁reduced - rate ▁flying ▁training ▁from ▁Valentine ▁Baker ▁of ▁the ▁Air work ▁F lying ▁School ▁at ▁H eston ▁A er od rome , ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁public ising ▁his ▁explo its ▁in ▁the ▁magazine ▁Les ▁A iles . ▁By ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he ▁had ▁learned ▁to ▁fly , ▁and ▁also ▁purchased ▁a ▁ 3 4 hp |
▁ABC ▁Sc orp ion ▁engine ▁for ▁his ▁H M . 8 . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Be aul ieu , ▁fitted ▁the ▁new ▁engine , ▁and ▁flew ▁it ▁without ▁author isation ▁from ▁Nice ▁aer od rome . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁prospect ▁of ▁legit imately ▁flying ▁from ▁an ▁aer od rome , ▁so ▁he ▁fitted ▁some ▁existing ▁flo ats , ▁but ▁they ▁proved ▁too ▁heavy ▁to ▁permit ▁a ▁take off . ▁He ▁removed ▁the ▁wing , ▁and ▁tax ied ▁the ▁combination ▁on ▁water ▁from ▁Nice ▁to ▁Be aul ieu . ▁He ▁then ▁purchased ▁a ▁C aud ron ▁C . 1 0 9 , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁offering ▁flying ▁training , ▁but ▁an ▁engine ▁failure ▁and ▁crash ▁ens ued . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁employment ▁with ▁Air work ▁Ltd ▁at ▁H eston ▁in ▁the ▁flight ▁traffic ▁office . ▁ ▁F lying ▁Fle as ▁in ▁England ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Apple by ▁started ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁M ign et ▁H M . 1 4 ▁F lying ▁Fle a , ▁in ▁a ▁shed ▁at ▁H eston ▁aer od rome ▁loan ed ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁his ▁employer , ▁Air work ▁Ltd . ▁Apple by ▁made ▁a ▁main ▁wing ▁of ▁ ▁span , ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁M ign et , ▁who ▁was ▁un aware ▁that ▁a ▁heav ier ▁than ▁normal ▁engine ▁( a ▁water - c ool ed ▁Ford ▁ 1 0 ▁unit ) ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁fitted . ▁Final ▁assembly ▁was ▁in ▁an ▁Air work ▁hang ar |
. ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Apple by ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁more ▁standard ▁H M . 1 4 ▁( G - AD ME ) ▁for ▁John ▁Ch am ier . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁at ▁H eston ▁aer od rome , ▁Apple by ▁pil oted ▁the ▁first ▁flight ▁of ▁his ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁( G - AD M H ), ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁fly ▁in ▁UK . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁the ▁Air ▁Ministry ▁awarded ▁it ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁Author isation ▁to ▁Fly ▁document , ▁being ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁UK ▁Cert ificate ▁of ▁Air worth iness ▁with ▁additional ▁conditions ▁and ▁limitations . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁he ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁to ▁the ▁press , ▁but ▁force - land ed ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁nearby ▁pl ou g hed ▁field , ▁where ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁rest ▁in verted . ▁Apple by ▁attributed ▁the ▁accident ▁to ▁ins ufficient ▁wing ▁area ▁and ▁a ▁high ▁amb ient ▁air ▁temperature . ▁Sir ▁John ▁C arden , ▁already ▁acqu ainted ▁with ▁Apple by , ▁offered ▁to ▁convert ▁a ▁Ford ▁water - c ool ed ▁engine ▁for ▁him ▁that ▁offered ▁power ▁of ▁about ▁ 3 0 hp . ▁The ▁Daily ▁Express ▁newspaper ▁had ▁covered ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁Apple by ' s ▁F lying ▁Fle a , ▁and ▁it ▁gave ▁£ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁aircraft ▁to ▁be ▁rep aired |
▁with ▁modifications ▁designed ▁by ▁L . E . ▁Bay nes , ▁at ▁the ▁factory ▁of ▁Abb ott - Bay nes ▁S ail pl anes ▁at ▁W rec cles ham , ▁near ▁F arn ham , ▁Sur rey . ▁The ▁modifications ▁included ▁a ▁new ▁ 6 ▁metres ▁( 2 0 ft ) ▁span ▁front ▁wing ▁with ▁a ▁re position ed ▁wing ▁p ivot , ▁a ▁partial ▁engine ▁cow ling , ▁and ▁a ▁low - mount ed ▁radi ator ▁for ▁the ▁newly ▁converted ▁C arden - F ord ▁engine . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁the ▁re built ▁aircraft ▁flew ▁again ▁at ▁H eston . ▁Soon ▁after ▁that , ▁the ▁aircraft ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁wing ▁control ▁c ables ▁with ▁twin ▁" push - ro ds ". ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Apple by ▁pil oted ▁his ▁own ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁( G - AD M H ) ▁from ▁L ym p ne ▁Airport ▁to ▁Saint - In gle vert ▁Air field , ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁only ▁cross - channel ▁flight ▁of ▁a ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁from ▁England ▁to ▁France , ▁at ▁least ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Apple by ' s ▁employer ▁and ▁friend , ▁Sir ▁John ▁C arden , ▁died ▁in ▁an ▁a irl iner ▁crash . ▁Apple by ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁C arden ▁A ero ▁Eng ines ▁and ▁was |
▁listed ▁as ▁managing ▁director ▁when ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁formally ▁registered ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁Also ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁Apple by ▁became ▁consultant ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁P utt nam ▁Air craft ▁Co ▁Ltd , ▁that ▁advert ised ▁" The ▁P . A . C . ▁P ou ▁... ▁fitted ▁with ▁the ▁C arden ▁A ero ▁engine ▁... ▁every ▁machine ▁made ▁by ▁P . A . C . ▁is ▁test ▁fl own ▁and ▁passed ▁by ▁Stephen ▁V . ▁Apple by ". ▁Apple by ▁spent ▁the ▁spring ▁and ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁promoting ▁and ▁display ing ▁F lying ▁Fle as ▁at ▁aer od rom es ▁throughout ▁the ▁UK , ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁appearances ▁in ▁local ▁car ▁show rooms . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁after ▁producing ▁about ▁five ▁aircraft , ▁P utt nam ▁Air craft ▁ce ased ▁trading ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁terminal ▁illness ▁of ▁Apple by ' s ▁friend , ▁Martin ▁Pay ne . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁Bay nes ▁made ▁improvements ▁to ▁the ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁design , ▁beyond ▁those ▁on ▁Apple by ' s ▁Fle a , ▁and ▁named ▁the ▁result ▁as ▁the ▁Bay nes ▁Cant ile ver ▁P ou . ▁The ▁prototype ▁of ▁that ▁( G - AE GD ), ▁plus ▁a ▁later ▁example ▁( G - AE J D ), ▁were ▁extens ively ▁test - fl own ▁and ▁demonstrated ▁by ▁Apple by . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 |
9 3 6 , ▁Apple by ▁flew ▁his ▁personal ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁( G - AD M H ) ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁International ▁F lying ▁Fle a ▁Challenge ▁Tro phy ▁Race ▁at ▁Ram sg ate ▁Airport , ▁gaining ▁second ▁place ▁behind ▁a ▁lower - powered ▁French ▁Fle a ▁in ▁the ▁hand ic apped ▁event . ▁Henri ▁M ign et ▁flew ▁across ▁the ▁channel ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁event , ▁in ▁a ▁H M . 1 8 ▁Fle a ▁that ▁Apple by ▁then ▁purchased ▁and ▁registered ▁( G - A ENV ). ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁Air ▁Ministry ▁stopped ▁renew ing ▁the ▁Author isation ▁to ▁Fly ▁documents ▁of ▁all ▁F lying ▁Fle as ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁received ▁approved ▁modifications . ▁That ▁followed ▁French ▁and ▁British ▁investig ations ▁into ▁several ▁fatal ▁cr ashes ▁and ▁some ▁full - scale ▁wind ▁tunnel ▁tests . ▁Apple by ▁then ▁quit ▁flying , ▁em igr ated ▁back ▁to ▁France , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁employed ▁by ▁De ▁Hav ill and ▁Air craft ▁Company . ▁ ▁Apple by ▁died ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Apple by , ▁Stephen . ▁" On ▁Home - made ▁W ings ", ▁A er opl ane ▁Month ly , ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Ell is , ▁Ken . ▁" The ▁ABC ▁of ▁the ▁F lying ▁Fle a ", ▁Air - B rit ain ▁Arch ive ▁( journal ). ▁No . 3 / 1 9 9 8 ▁Ell is , ▁Ken |
; ▁Jones , ▁Geoff . ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Henri ▁M ign et ▁and ▁his ▁F lying ▁Fle as . ▁Hay nes ▁Publishing ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁Peter . ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁British ▁Racing ▁and ▁Record - Break ing ▁Air craft . ▁Put nam ▁▁ ▁Mor se , ▁William . ▁" Bay nes : ▁The ▁Un known ▁Innov ator ", ▁A er opl ane ▁Month ly , ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Ord - H ume , ▁Arthur ▁W . J . G . ▁" B rit ain ' s ▁Fle a ▁c ra ze ", ▁A er opl ane ▁Month ly , ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Ord - H ume , ▁Arthur ▁W . J . G . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁British ▁Light ▁A er op lan es . ▁G MS ▁Enter prises . ▁ ▁Ord - H ume , ▁Arthur ▁W . J . G . ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁F lying ▁Fle a : ▁Henri ▁M ign et ' s ▁P ou - du - C iel ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Civil ▁A vi ation ▁Authority ▁current ▁registration ▁entries ▁for ▁G - AD ME , ▁G - AD M H , ▁G - AE GD , ▁G - AE J D ▁and ▁G - A ENV ▁Civil ▁A vi ation ▁Authority ▁original ▁registration ▁entries ▁for ▁G - AD ME , ▁G - AD M H ▁G - AE GD , ▁G - AE J D ▁and ▁G |
- A ENV ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁test ▁pilots <0x0A> </s> ▁A j jan ak atti ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bel ga um ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁state ▁of ▁K arn at aka , ▁India . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Bel ga um ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Arab ian ▁sick le fin ▁ch ima era ▁( Ne oh ar ri otta ▁p um ila ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Rh ino ch ima er idae ▁found ▁near ▁Som alia , ▁Y emen , ▁and ▁possibly ▁India . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habitat ▁is ▁open ▁seas . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ne oh ar ri otta ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁August us ▁Th url ow ▁C un yn gh ame ▁▁ ▁( 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁commander ▁and ▁mem oir ist . ▁C un yn gh ame ▁was ▁colon el - command ant ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 6 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁C un yn gh ame ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Mal sh anger ▁House ▁near ▁Oak ley , ▁Hampshire , ▁the ▁fifth ▁son ▁of ▁Col |
. ▁Sir ▁David ▁C un yn gh ame , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron et ▁of ▁Mil nc ra ig , ▁by ▁his ▁first ▁wife , ▁Mary ▁( or ▁Maria ) ▁Th url ow , ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁daughter ▁of ▁Edward ▁Th url ow , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Th url ow . ▁ ▁Career ▁C un yn gh ame ▁joined ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁after ▁purchasing ▁a ▁commission ▁as ▁a ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps , ▁ 6 0 th ▁R if les . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Buff s . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁O pi um ▁War ▁as ▁a ide - de - camp ▁to ▁Major - General ▁Alexander ▁Fr aser , ▁Lord ▁Salt oun , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ch ink i ang . ▁He ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁des pat ches ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁N ank ing . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ide - de - camp ▁to ▁Salt oun ▁through ▁January ▁ 1 8 4 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Major ▁and ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Light ▁Infan try . ▁Within ▁a ▁month ▁he ▁transferred ▁as |
▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁in ▁the ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Regiment ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 7 th ▁Regiment ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 3 – 5 4 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ide - de - camp ▁to ▁his ▁father - in - law , ▁ ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Forces ▁Vis count ▁Hard inge , ▁until ▁returning ▁to ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁Crime an ▁War . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁C un yn gh ame ▁served ▁as ▁Assistant ▁Quarter master - General ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁division , ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁affair ▁of ▁Bul gan ac ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁battles ▁of ▁the ▁Al ma , ▁ ▁Bal acl ava , ▁In k erman , ▁ ▁Cher n aya , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sebast opol . ▁He ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁des pat ches , ▁received ▁the ▁Crime an ▁medal ▁with ▁four ▁clas ps , ▁the ▁Turkish ▁medal , ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁lég ion naire ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁the ▁third ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Med j id ie , ▁and ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁Compan ion ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( CB ). ▁ ▁C un yn gh ame ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁B rev et ▁Colonel ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁and ▁to ▁local ▁Major - General ▁in |
▁March ▁ 1 8 5 5 . ▁Two ▁months ▁later ▁he ▁took ▁command ▁of ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Army , ▁receiving ▁the ▁personal ▁thanks ▁of ▁S ultan ▁Abd ul me j id ▁I , ▁and ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁Lieutenant - General ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Army . ▁That ▁October , ▁he ▁commanded ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁to ▁occup y ▁Ker ch , ▁maintaining ▁the ▁position ▁throughout ▁the ▁winter ▁in ▁the ▁Crime a . ▁He ▁was ▁up graded ▁to ▁offic ier ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Hon our ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Med j id ie . ▁ ▁He ▁commanded ▁an ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁at ▁Dublin ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 6 – 6 0 , ▁and ▁then ▁left ▁for ▁India , ▁command ing ▁forces ▁at ▁Bomb ay ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁major - general ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 . ▁He ▁commanded ▁the ▁troops ▁in ▁Beng al ▁from ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Dublin , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Dublin ▁District . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 6 th ▁Regiment , ▁succeed ing ▁the ▁late ▁Vis count ▁Mel ville . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁Birth day ▁Hon ours , ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁kn ight ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( K CB ), |
▁and ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant - General ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 7 3 – 7 8 , ▁he ▁commanded ▁the ▁forces ▁at ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope , ▁serving ▁through ▁the ▁X h osa ▁Wars ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lieutenant - G overn or ▁of ▁the ▁Col ony . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁up graded ▁to ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( GC B ). ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁ 3 6 th ▁Regiment ▁to ▁become ▁Colonel ▁Command ant ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁R if les , ▁his ▁former ▁Corps . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁General . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁retired ▁list ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁he ▁married ▁Frances ▁Elizabeth ▁Hard inge , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Henry ▁Hard inge , ▁ 1 st ▁Vis count ▁Hard inge . ▁They ▁had ▁three ▁daughters ▁and ▁two ▁sons : ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Hard inge ▁Samuel ▁C un yn gh ame ▁ ▁( 8 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 5 ), ▁a ▁barr ister , ▁and ▁Arthur ▁Hard inge ▁David ▁C un yn gh ame ▁( 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 |
1 7 ). ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁sea ▁returning ▁home ▁from ▁India ▁while ▁traveling ▁for ▁pleasure ▁with ▁his ▁el dest ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁sea ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Hampshire ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps ▁officers ▁Category : 3 6 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁officers ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁Category : Off ici ers ▁of ▁the ▁L ég ion ▁d ' hon neur ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Crime an ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁mem oir ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Bur han ett in ▁Dur an ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Turkish ▁political ▁life ▁scholar ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁author ▁of ▁academic ▁studies ▁on ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁political ▁Islam ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁Development ▁Party ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Political ▁Science ▁and ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁at ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁general ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Foundation ▁for ▁Political , ▁Economic ▁and ▁Social ▁Research ▁( SET A ), ▁an ▁An k ara - based ▁think ▁tank ▁funded ▁by ▁Turkish ▁government . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Bur han ett in |
▁Dur an ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁Ad ap az ari , ▁Sak ary a . ▁Dur an ▁attended ▁Ad ap azar ı ▁Im am ▁Hat ip ▁school ▁( now ▁Ad ap azar ı ▁An ad olu ▁Im am ▁Hat ip ▁school ), ▁a ▁ly ce ' e - level ▁religious ▁school , ▁in ▁Sak ary a , ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁he ▁established ▁Sak ary a ▁ İ m am - H at ip ▁L ises i ▁Me z un lar ı ▁ve ▁Mens u pl ar ı ▁Der ne ğ i ▁( SI MD ER ) ▁( Associ ation ▁for ▁Sak ary a ▁Im am ▁Hat ip ▁High ▁School ▁Al umn i ) ▁together ▁with ▁other ▁al umn i ▁such ▁as ▁At illa ▁Ar kan , ▁and ▁K ad ir ▁Ar d ic . ▁ ▁Dur an ▁received ▁his ▁BA ▁from ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Political ▁Science ▁and ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁at ▁Bog az ici ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁MA ▁in ▁Bil k ent ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁with ▁a ▁thesis ▁titled ▁" K en an ▁Ev ren ' s ▁and ▁T urg ut ▁Ö z al ' s ▁Con cept ual izations ▁of ▁Sec ular ism : ▁A ▁Compar ative ▁Pers pective ". ▁Dur an ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁university ▁upon ▁completion ▁of ▁his ▁doctor al ▁thesis ▁titled ▁" Trans formation |
▁of ▁Islam ist ▁political ▁Thought ▁in ▁Turkey ▁from ▁the ▁Empire ▁to ▁the ▁Early ▁Republic ▁( 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 6 0 ): ▁N ec ip ▁F az ı l ▁K ı s ak ü rek ' s ▁Political ▁Ide as " ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁During ▁his ▁graduate ▁education , ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁Bil k ent ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁assistant . ▁ ▁Sak ary a ▁University ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Dur an ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁assistant ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Public ▁Administration ▁in ▁Sak ary a ▁University . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 1 , ▁Dur an ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁faculty ▁of ▁Department ▁of ▁International ▁Rel ations , ▁Sak ary a ▁University . ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁Sak ary a ▁University . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁International ▁Rel ations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Dur an , ▁with ▁his ▁colleagues ▁from ▁Sak ary a ▁University ▁and ▁friends ▁from ▁Sak ary a , ▁established ▁Bil gi E vi ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁Know ledge ), ▁a ▁civil ▁society ▁organization ▁focusing ▁on ▁education ▁and ▁cultural ▁activities . ▁Its ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁as ▁Sak ary a ▁Bil gi ▁K ült ür ▁Mer ke zi ▁( A ▁Center ▁for ▁Know ledge ▁and ▁Culture ) ▁in |
▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Dur an ▁moved ▁to ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁there ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Political ▁Science ▁and ▁International ▁Rel ations . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁visiting ▁scholar ▁at ▁George ▁Mason ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁general ▁coord inator ▁of ▁SET A ' s ▁I stan bul ▁branch . ▁Dur an ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁coord inator ▁of ▁SET A ' s ▁I stan bul ▁office ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁F ah rett in ▁Alt un . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Dur an ▁moved ▁to ▁An k ara ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁general ▁director ▁of ▁SET A . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁Studies ▁Dur an ▁has ▁been ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁Islam ism , ▁Turkish ▁Political ▁Thought , ▁Turkish ▁Dom estic ▁Politics , ▁Turkish ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁and ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Politics . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁T ür k ▁Parl amento ▁T ari hi ▁[ History ▁of ▁Turkish ▁Parliament ] ▁( 3 ▁volumes ) ▁( An k ara : ▁T B MM , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁co editor ▁of ▁D ü ny a ▁ Ç at ı ş ma ▁B öl g eler i ▁I - II ▁[ Conf lict ▁Reg ions ▁in ▁the ▁World ] ▁( N ob el , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , |
▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁D ön ü ş ü m ▁Sü rec inde ki ▁T ür ki ye ▁[ Tur key ▁in ▁Trans ition ] ▁( Al fa , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ▁Ort ado ğ u ▁Y ı ll ı ğ ı ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁[ M iddle ▁East ▁Annual ] ▁( K ü re , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁and ▁T ür k ▁D ı ş ▁Polit ik as ı ▁Y ı ll ı ğ ı ▁Annual ▁for ▁Turkish ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁published ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁annually . ▁ ▁His ▁articles ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Studies , ▁Journal ▁of ▁Muslim ▁Minor ity ▁Affairs , ▁Journal ▁of ▁B alk an ▁and ▁Near ▁Eastern ▁Studies , ▁Ins ight ▁Turkey , ▁the ▁Muslim ▁World , ▁Euro Ag enda , ▁Liberal ▁D ü ş ün ce , ▁Bil gi , ▁S ivil ▁Top l um . ▁He ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁several ▁edited ▁books . ▁ ▁Dur an ▁writes ▁a ▁column ▁in ▁Sab ah , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁d ail ies ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁and ▁its ▁English - language ▁sister ▁Daily ▁Sab ah . ▁ ▁View s ▁Dur an ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁political ▁Islam ' s ▁engagement ▁with ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁For ▁him , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁EU - related ▁language ▁weak ened ▁Islamic ▁disc ourse ▁of ▁political ▁Islam ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁Although ▁this ▁EU ro pe an ized ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁strategy ▁of ▁political ▁Islam ▁in |
▁the ▁power ▁struggle ▁against ▁the ▁sec ular ▁establishment ▁of ▁Turkey , ▁this ▁strategy ▁transformed ▁the ▁identity ▁of ▁political ▁Islam ▁by ▁we aken ing ▁its ▁Islamic ▁voc abulary . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁SET A , ▁a ▁think ▁tank ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Justice ▁and ▁Development ▁Party ▁( J DP ), ▁Dur an ▁turned ▁a ▁prominent ▁and ▁vocal ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁J DP ▁government . ▁E rt ug r ul ▁O zk ok , ▁a ▁f erv ent ▁critic ▁of ▁the ▁J DP , ▁called ▁Dur an ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁" ben ign " ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁J DP . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁SET A ▁released ▁an ▁" over ▁ 2 0 0 - ▁page ▁document , ▁which ▁addresses ▁the ▁reports ▁by ▁BBC ▁Turkish , ▁De utsche ▁W elle ▁Turkish , ▁Voice ▁of ▁America ▁( Vo A ), ▁E ur one ws , ▁C RI ▁Turk ▁and ▁the ▁Independent ▁Turkish ." ▁The ▁report ▁caused ▁immediate ▁concern ▁that ▁SET A ▁was ▁using ▁the ▁report ▁for ▁" target ing ▁the ▁journalists ." ▁ ▁Rect orship ▁Cont ro vers y ▁Dur an ▁resigned ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University ▁at ▁October ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁with ▁a ▁protest ▁letter . ▁In ▁this ▁letter , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁colleagues ▁critic ized ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University ▁administration ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁that ▁new - appoint ed ▁re ctor , ▁Ali ▁At if ▁Bir , ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the |
▁G ul en ▁Movement ▁and ▁once ▁def ended ▁head scar f - ban ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁By ▁directly ▁qu oting ▁Bir ' s ▁statement , ▁" The ▁Council ▁of ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁[ in ▁Turkey ] ▁is ▁fully ▁right ▁in ▁its ▁fight ▁against ▁head scar f . ▁If ▁head scar f ▁enters ▁to ▁universities , ▁Turkey ▁will ▁lose ▁its ▁fight ▁against ▁Sh aria ", ▁Dur an ▁and ▁his ▁colleagues ▁critic ized ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁Bir ▁as ▁a ▁stark ▁dev iation ▁from ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University ' s ▁principles ▁based ▁on ▁freedom ▁and ▁equality . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁Dur an ▁and ▁his ▁two ▁colleagues , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁student ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁organized ▁a ▁rally ▁during ▁which ▁they ▁carried ▁plac ards ▁that ▁read ▁" we ▁want ▁our ▁profess ors ▁back " ▁and ▁" we ▁do ▁not ▁want ▁Ali ▁At if ▁Bir ". ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁appe ase ▁student ▁protests , ▁Mur at ▁Ü l ker , ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trust ees ▁of ▁I stan bul ▁Se hir ▁University ▁posted ▁to ▁his ▁social ▁media ▁account ▁a ▁report ▁about ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁" f reedom ▁to ▁head scar f " ▁organized ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁whose ▁sign ator ies ▁was ▁Ali ▁At if ▁Bir . ▁However , ▁this ▁did ▁not ▁end ▁the ▁controversy ▁over ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁Bir . ▁The ▁University ▁administration ▁stepped ▁back ▁and ▁appointed ▁C eng iz ▁K alle k , ▁a ▁professor ▁on ▁the ▁economic ▁history ▁of ▁early ▁Islamic ▁period |
, ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁re ctor ▁at ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : B il k ent ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : Bo ğ azi ç i ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Tur k ish ▁academ ics ▁Category : Tur k ish ▁political ▁scientists ▁Category : Tur k ish ▁social ▁scientists ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁school ▁is ▁a ▁co educ ational ▁public ▁secondary ▁school ▁based ▁in ▁Cool um ▁Beach ▁in ▁the ▁Sun shine ▁Coast ▁Region ▁of ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ' s ▁current ▁role ▁of ▁Pr incipal ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁by ▁T roy ▁Asc ott . ▁The ▁school ▁also ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁Deputy ▁Pr incip als , ▁fourteen ▁He ads ▁of ▁Department , ▁two ▁Gu id ance ▁Off ic ers , ▁one ▁School ▁Chap l ain , ▁one ▁School - based ▁Nur se ▁and ▁six ▁He ads ▁of ▁Year . ▁ ▁Academy ▁programs ▁ ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁offers ▁the ▁following ▁Academy ▁Program s ▁to ▁students ▁of ▁excell ence : ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁Learning ▁Program ▁for ▁High ▁A chie vers ▁( AL PH A ) ▁ ▁Basket ball ▁Academy ▁ ▁Che er leading ▁Academy ▁ ▁In strument al ▁Music ▁ ▁Sur f ing ▁Academy ▁ ▁Touch ▁Football ▁Academy ▁ ▁Young ▁Entre pre neurs ▁ ▁Cur riculum ▁ ▁Junior ▁secondary ▁ ▁Years ▁ 7 ▁& ▁ 8 ▁students |
▁at ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁undert ake ▁a ▁set ▁curriculum ▁of ▁English , ▁Mathemat ics , ▁Science , ▁Human ities , ▁Health ▁& ▁Physical ▁Education , ▁The ▁Arts , ▁Techn ologies ▁and ▁Japanese . ▁Each ▁student ▁undert akes ▁four ▁ 7 0 - minute ▁sessions ▁of ▁English ▁and ▁Mathemat ics ▁per ▁week , ▁whereas ▁all ▁other ▁subjects ▁are ▁undert aken ▁in ▁three ▁ 7 0 - minute ▁sessions ▁per ▁week . ▁ ▁Middle ▁secondary ▁ ▁Year ▁ 9 ▁ ▁Year ▁ 9 ▁students ▁at ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁undert ake ▁the ▁comp uls ory ▁core ▁subjects ▁of ▁English , ▁Mathemat ics , ▁Science , ▁Ge ography ▁and ▁History . ▁Elect ive ▁subjects ▁available ▁to ▁Year ▁ 9 ▁students ▁include : ▁ ▁Art ▁ ▁Business ▁Studies ▁ ▁Design ▁& ▁Techn ologies ▁ ▁Digital ▁Techn ologies ▁ ▁Dr ama ▁ ▁Food ▁Studies ▁ ▁Health ▁& ▁Physical ▁Education ▁ ▁Japanese ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁Year ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁Year ▁ 1 0 ▁students ▁at ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁undert ake ▁the ▁comp uls ory ▁core ▁subjects ▁of ▁English , ▁Mathemat ics ▁and ▁Science ▁( Core ▁Science , ▁Bi ology , ▁Chem istry ▁or ▁Phys ics ). ▁Each ▁student ▁also ▁undert akes ▁three ▁elect ive ▁subjects , ▁which ▁include : ▁ ▁A eros pace ▁Systems ▁ ▁Business ▁Studies ▁ ▁Design ▁& ▁Techn ologies ▁ ▁Digital ▁Technology ▁ ▁Dr ama ▁ ▁Food ▁Studies ▁ ▁Health ▁Education ▁ ▁Human ities ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Legal ▁Studies ▁ ▁Modern ▁History ▁ ▁Industrial ▁Technology ▁Studies ▁ ▁Japanese ▁ |
▁Music ▁ ▁Physical ▁Education ▁ ▁Psych ology ▁ ▁Visual ▁Art ▁ ▁Senior ▁secondary ▁ ▁Cool um ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁offers ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Cur riculum ▁& ▁Ass essment ▁Authority ▁( Q C AA ) ▁General ▁Subject s , ▁Ap plied ▁and ▁V oc ational ▁Education ▁& ▁Training ▁( V ET ) ▁subjects ▁to ▁students ▁in ▁Years ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 2 . ▁ ▁Q C AA ▁general ▁subjects ▁▁ ▁General ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Mathemat ical ▁Method s ▁ ▁Special ist ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁English ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁Business ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Legal ▁Studies ▁ ▁Modern ▁History ▁ ▁A eros pace ▁Systems ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁Digital ▁Solutions ▁ ▁Food ▁& ▁Nut rition ▁ ▁Health ▁Education ▁ ▁Physical ▁Education ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Phys ics ▁ ▁Japanese ▁ ▁Dr ama ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁Visual ▁Art ▁ ▁Ap plied ▁subjects ▁▁ ▁Building ▁& ▁Construction ▁Sk ills ▁ ▁Ess ential ▁English ▁ ▁Ess ential ▁Mathemat ics ▁ ▁Industrial ▁Technology ▁Sk ills ▁ ▁Information ▁& ▁Commun ication ▁Technology ▁ ▁N umer acy ▁ ▁Social ▁& ▁Community ▁Studies ▁ ▁Visual ▁Arts ▁in ▁Practice ▁ ▁V ET ▁subjects ▁▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁II ▁in ▁Community ▁Services ▁( CH C 2 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁II ▁in ▁Engineering ▁Path ways ▁( MEM 2 0 4 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁II ▁in ▁Health ▁Support ▁Services ▁( HL T 2 3 2 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁II ▁in ▁Hospital ity ▁( S IT 2 0 3 1 6 |
) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁II ▁in ▁Tour ism ▁( S IT 2 0 1 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁III ▁in ▁A vi ation ▁( AV I 3 0 3 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁III ▁in ▁Business ▁( BS B 3 0 1 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁III ▁in ▁Early ▁Child hood ▁Education ▁& ▁Care ▁( CH C 3 0 1 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁III ▁in ▁Sport ▁& ▁Rec reation ▁( S IS 3 0 5 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁IV ▁in ▁Crime ▁& ▁Justice ▁( 1 0 2 8 3 N AT ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Public ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : Sch ools ▁on ▁the ▁Sun shine ▁Coast , ▁Queensland ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁Name ▁of ▁the ▁F ühr er ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Belg ian ▁documentary ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁L yd ia ▁Ch ag oll . ▁It ▁received ▁the ▁André ▁Cav ens ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Film ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Film ▁Crit ics ▁Association ▁( U CC ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁films ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁films ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁documentary ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Heritage ▁P oin te ▁is ▁a ▁ham let ▁located ▁in ▁Alber ta , ▁Canada ▁within ▁the |
▁Municipal ▁District ▁of ▁F ooth ills ▁No . ▁ 3 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁north ▁of ▁Dun bow ▁Road , ▁between ▁Highway ▁ 2 ▁( De er foot ▁Trail ) ▁and ▁Highway ▁ 2 A ▁( Mac Le od ▁Trail ), ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁southern ▁boundary ▁of ▁Cal g ary . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁Alber ta ▁List ▁of ▁ham lets ▁in ▁Alber ta ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁Alber ta ▁Category : M unicip al ▁District ▁of ▁F ooth ills ▁No . ▁ 3 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁UK M ▁Medical ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Institute , ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁U MB I , ▁is ▁a ▁bi omed ic ine ▁and ▁cancer ▁research ▁inst itute ▁located ▁in ▁Band ar ▁Tun ▁R az ak , ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur , ▁Malaysia . ▁The ▁inst itute ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁research ▁inst itute ▁in ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Malaysia . ▁U MB I ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁inst itute ▁has ▁been ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁Center ▁for ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁( H IC o E ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Malaysia . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁UK M ▁Medical ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Institute ▁( UM BI ) ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁of ▁Excell ent ▁in ▁UK M ▁after ▁the ▁app oral ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Malaysia ▁sen ate ▁meeting . ▁U |
MB I ▁was ▁officially ▁established ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁with ▁the ▁operating ▁budget ▁allocated ▁to ▁this ▁new ▁inst itute ▁of ▁R M ▁ 2 5 ▁thousand . ▁Professor ▁Dat uk ▁Dr . ▁A ▁Rah man ▁A ▁Jam al ▁has ▁been ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁founding ▁director ▁of ▁U MB I ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁until ▁his ▁ten ure ▁ends ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Director ▁▁ ▁Professor ▁Dat uk ▁Dr ▁A ▁Rah man ▁A ▁Jam al ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Professor ▁Dr ▁Sh ams ul ▁Az har ▁Shah ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁ ▁Dr ▁Nor ▁Az ian ▁Abd ul ▁Mur ad ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁- ▁current ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁UK M ▁Medical ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Institute ▁ ▁Category : Bi ote chn ology ▁Category : Gen etics ▁or ▁genom ics ▁research ▁institutions ▁Category : National ▁University ▁of ▁Malaysia ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁Malaysia ▁Category : Res earch ▁inst itutes ▁in ▁Malaysia <0x0A> </s> ▁Dam ien ▁K off i ▁Anderson ▁Ch rys ost ome ▁( born ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ben inese ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁He ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁lower ▁le agues ▁before ▁joining ▁French ▁club ▁FC ▁Met z ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 |
8 – 0 9 ▁season . ▁The ▁following ▁two ▁seasons ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁Turkish ▁side ▁Den iz l is por . ▁He ▁ended ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Finland ▁with ▁J J K ▁J y vä sk yl ä . ▁At ▁international ▁le ve , ▁he ▁made ▁ 5 3 ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁Ben in ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Ch rys ost ome ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁C oton ou , ▁Ben in . ▁In ▁Italy ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁A . S . ▁C itt ad ella ▁ ▁Serie ▁C 1 ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁seasons ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 0 5 ▁season . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 0 5 ▁was ▁spent ▁with ▁A . S . ▁Bi ell ese ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁in ▁Serie ▁C 2 . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁C itt ad ella ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁season , ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Ass oc ia zione ▁Cal cio ▁C une o ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁season ▁in ▁Serie ▁C 2 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁he ▁appeared ▁for ▁Cas ale ▁in ▁Serie ▁D . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Ch rys ost ome ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁country ’ s |
▁matches ▁in ▁the 2 0 0 4 ▁African ▁Nations ▁Cup . ▁The ▁Ben in ▁national ▁team ▁lost ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁their ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁competition , ▁and ▁failed ▁to ▁secure ▁qual ification ▁for ▁the ▁quarter - fin als . ▁He ▁was ▁ever - present ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁tournament , ▁when ▁again ▁Ben in ▁failed ▁to ▁progress ▁beyond ▁the ▁group ▁stage . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁C oton ou ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : Ben inese ▁football ers ▁Category : Ben in ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁African ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : A . C . ▁C une o ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁players ▁Category : C as ale ▁F . B . C . ▁players ▁Category : A . S . ▁C itt ad ella ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Met z ▁players ▁Category : Den iz l is por ▁football ers ▁Category : L igue ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : S ü per ▁L ig ▁players ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ben inese ▁exp |
atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁Lind say , ▁ 4 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁( 1 4 2 3 – 1 4 5 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁late ▁medieval ▁Scottish ▁noble man , ▁and ▁a ▁magn ate ▁of ▁the ▁north - east ▁of ▁that ▁country . ▁ ▁Life ▁Alexander ▁Lind say ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁David ▁Lind say , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁and ▁Mar j ory ▁Og il v ie , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁Og il v ie ▁of ▁Auch ter house . ▁ ▁K nown ▁as ▁the ▁T iger ▁Earl ▁or ▁Earl ▁Be ard ie , ▁Craw ford ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁nob les . ▁For ▁some ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁arms ▁against ▁King ▁James ▁II ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Douglas ▁rebell ion . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 4 5 2 , ▁William ▁Douglas , ▁ 8 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Douglas ▁was ▁personally ▁killed ▁at ▁St irling ▁Castle ▁by ▁James ▁II ▁for ▁ref using ▁to ▁diss olve ▁his ▁league ▁with ▁Alexander . ▁The ▁T iger ▁Earl ▁was ▁defeated ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bre ch in ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May , ▁and ▁he ▁submitted ▁to ▁James ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 2 . ▁ ▁J . ▁B . ▁Bur ke ▁recorded ▁the ▁color ful ▁scene |
▁of ▁the ▁e arl ' s ▁submission , ▁thus : ▁The ▁dec ree ▁of ▁for fe iture , ▁both ▁as ▁to ▁life ▁and ▁lands , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁passed ▁before , ▁was ▁now ▁renew ed ▁and , ▁after ▁having ▁gall antly ▁struggled ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁against ▁all ▁odds — even ▁after ▁the ▁total ▁defeat ▁and ▁submission ▁of ▁his ▁al ly ▁Douglas — he ▁found ▁himself ▁comp elled , ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁his ▁house ▁and ▁followers , ▁to ▁sue ▁for ▁mercy . ▁In ▁this ▁last ▁extrem ity ▁it ▁is ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁better ▁parts ▁of ▁his ▁character ▁stand ▁out ▁in ▁full ▁relief ; ▁there ▁is ▁neither ▁fear , ▁nor ▁me ann ess , ▁nor ▁self ▁seeking ▁in ▁his ▁frank ▁and ▁man ly ▁prayers ▁for ▁mercy : ▁but , ▁m ing led ▁with ▁the ▁courage ▁that ▁we ▁might ▁reasonably ▁look ▁for , ▁is ▁a ▁tend erness ▁for ▁others ▁that ▁we ▁certainly ▁did ▁not ▁expect ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁character . ▁For ▁himself , ▁as ▁he ▁bold ly ▁tells ▁the ▁king , ▁he ▁was ▁willing ▁to ▁under lie ▁any ▁fate , ▁“ e ither ▁to ▁be ▁hang it ▁[ h anged ], ▁to ▁be ▁riv en ▁with ▁wild ▁be asts , ▁to ▁be ▁d rowned , ▁or ▁c assen ▁[ cast ] ▁over ▁an e ▁c ra ig ; ” ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁even ▁the ▁suffer ings ▁of ▁his ▁dear ▁wife , ▁nor ▁the ▁we eping ▁of ▁his ▁b air ns ▁[ children ], ▁nor ▁the ▁l ament able ▁so bb ings ▁of |
▁his ▁friends ▁that ▁moved ▁him , ▁so ▁much ▁“ as ▁the ▁decay ▁and ▁falling ▁of ▁our ▁House , ▁and ▁l ament able ▁chance ▁and ▁fortune ▁of ▁the ▁noble men ▁of ▁Ang us , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁my ▁ad her ents , ▁whose ▁lives , ▁lands , ▁and ▁gu ids ▁[ good s ] ▁stands ▁in ▁danger ▁for ▁my ▁cause ▁and ▁surn ame ▁of ▁Lind say . ▁Have ▁compassion ▁on ▁the ▁noble men , ▁men ▁that ▁conc ord it ▁to ▁my ▁f action , ▁that ▁they , ▁at ▁the ▁least , ▁be ▁not ▁spo il z ied ▁( sp o iled ) ▁of ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁her it ages ▁for ▁my ▁off ence .” ▁▁ ▁The ▁king ▁granted ▁Lind say ▁cle m ency , ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁angry ▁with ▁the ▁e arl , ▁he ▁had ▁sw orn ▁he ▁would ▁make ▁the ▁highest ▁stone ▁on ▁Fin av on ▁Castle ▁become ▁the ▁lowest . ▁Therefore , ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁o ath ▁while ▁yet ▁remaining ▁true ▁to ▁his ▁grant ▁of ▁cle m ency , ▁the ▁king ▁climbed ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁and ▁threw ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁loose ▁stones ▁on ▁the ▁batt lement s ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁below . ▁ ▁J . ▁B . ▁Bur ke ▁recorded ▁that ▁two ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁it ▁could ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁where ▁it ▁had ▁fallen ▁“ sec ured ▁to ▁the ▁spot ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁chain ▁of ▁iron .” ▁ ▁Legend ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁inf amous ▁" E arl ▁Be ard ie " ▁featured |
▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁myth s ▁of ▁Gl am is ▁Castle . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁issue ▁Alexander , ▁Earl ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁married ▁Margaret ▁Dun bar , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁David ▁Dun bar ▁of ▁C ock burn , ▁himself ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁George ▁I , ▁Earl ▁of ▁March , ▁and ▁had ▁issue : ▁ ▁Lady ▁Elizabeth ▁Lind say ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 0 9 ), ▁married ▁to ▁John ▁Dr um mond , ▁ 1 st ▁Lord ▁Dr um mond ▁David ▁Lind say , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Mont rose ▁( 1 4 4 0 – 1 4 9 5 ) ▁Alexander ▁Lind say , ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 1 7 ). ▁ ▁Lord ▁Craw ford ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son , ▁Alexander , ▁who ▁entered ▁holy ▁orders ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁canon ▁of ▁Aber de en . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁Alexander , ▁Earl ▁of ▁Craw ford , ▁L ives ▁of ▁the ▁Lind s ays ; ▁or , ▁A ▁mem oir ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁and ▁Bal car res ▁IV ▁vol s . ▁London ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁B alf our ▁Paul , ▁Sir ▁James , ▁The ▁Sc ots ▁Pe er age ▁IX ▁vol s . ▁Edinburgh ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 4 5 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : E arl s ▁of ▁Craw ford ▁Alexander <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁re |
lying ▁party ▁( RP ) ▁is ▁a ▁computer ▁term ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁server ▁providing ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁secure ▁software ▁application . ▁ ▁Cl aim s - based ▁applications , ▁where ▁a ▁claim ▁is ▁a ▁statement ▁an ▁entity ▁makes ▁about ▁itself ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁establish ▁access , ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁re lying ▁party ▁( RP ) ▁applications . ▁R Ps ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁called ▁“ claim s ▁aware ▁applications ” ▁and ▁“ claim s - based ▁applications ”, ▁and ▁web ▁applications ▁and ▁services ▁can ▁both ▁be ▁R Ps . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁Security ▁Token ▁Service ▁( ST S ), ▁the ▁R P ▁redirect s ▁clients ▁to ▁an ▁ST S ▁which ▁authentic ates ▁the ▁client ▁and ▁issues ▁it ▁a ▁security ▁token ▁containing ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁claims ▁about ▁the ▁client ' s ▁identity , ▁which ▁it ▁can ▁present ▁to ▁the ▁R P . ▁Instead ▁of ▁the ▁application ▁authentic ating ▁the ▁user ▁directly , ▁the ▁R P ▁can ▁extract ▁these ▁claims ▁from ▁the ▁token ▁and ▁use ▁them ▁for ▁identity ▁related ▁tasks . ▁ ▁The ▁Open ID ▁standard ▁defines ▁a ▁situation ▁where by ▁a ▁cooper ating ▁site ▁can ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁R P , ▁allowing ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁log ▁into ▁multiple ▁sites ▁using ▁one ▁set ▁of ▁credentials . ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁benefits ▁from ▁not ▁having ▁to ▁share ▁their ▁login ▁credentials ▁with ▁multiple ▁sites , ▁and ▁the ▁operators ▁of ▁the ▁cooper ating ▁site ▁avoid ▁having ▁to ▁develop ▁their ▁own ▁login ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁An ▁application ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁re lying ▁party ▁is ▁software ▁running ▁on |
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