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{"datasets_id": 161820, "wiki_id": "Q2600218", "sp": 14, "sc": 1862, "ep": 14, "ec": 2531} | 161,820 | Q2600218 | 14 | 1,862 | 14 | 2,531 | Journey to Regionals | Reception | the season, it mostly works." While VanDerWerff had some issues with the episode, including Shelby's sudden decision to adopt Beth, she summarized that: "for once in this back nine, the good stuff absolutely overwhelms the stupid stuff." Jessica Derschowitz of CBS News felt that: "Glee wrapped up on a high note, leaving some of the season's less-appealing plotlines behind and heading towards the promise of more performances and more amazing Sue Sylvester one-liners next season."
Time's James Poniewozik wrote that with "Journey to Regionals", Glee "returned to its roots, balancing its weirdness, snark and bombast with intimate stories of small-town high |
{"datasets_id": 161820, "wiki_id": "Q2600218", "sp": 14, "sc": 2531, "ep": 14, "ec": 3101} | 161,820 | Q2600218 | 14 | 2,531 | 14 | 3,101 | Journey to Regionals | Reception | school life. And it, too, by showing what it can be at its best, made its case for staying around another year." IGN's Eric Goldman rated "Journey to Regionals" 8.5/10, signifying a "great" episode. He felt that while it did not match the standards of the mid–season finale episode "Sectionals", it was "still a very satisfying wrap up to the first year of Glee." Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times noted that he "went into the finale peeved at how incredibly messy last week's episode was", but overall he deemed the finale a success. Vanity Fair's Brett Berk |
{"datasets_id": 161820, "wiki_id": "Q2600218", "sp": 14, "sc": 3101, "ep": 14, "ec": 3749} | 161,820 | Q2600218 | 14 | 3,101 | 14 | 3,749 | Journey to Regionals | Reception | found "Journey to Regionals" a fulfilling, albeit "pretty mediocre" episode, describing it as having "a sense of narrative cohesion that went beyond the writers’ usual throwing-flatware-down-the-garburator modality". Jean Bentley of MTV found the episode representative of the first season as a whole, explaining: "Much like the entire first year of the show, the uneven episode started out with a promising, action-packed plot, impressed with a couple of flashy musical numbers, then got too cheesy for its own good and petered out with an overly sentimental song." Fellow MTV writer Aly Semigran noted: "I was hoping for a little more excitement |
{"datasets_id": 161820, "wiki_id": "Q2600218", "sp": 14, "sc": 3749, "ep": 14, "ec": 3938} | 161,820 | Q2600218 | 14 | 3,749 | 14 | 3,938 | Journey to Regionals | Reception | from the episode, though it all did feel very full circle for so many of our characters we've come to know and love. Here's to hoping Glee can get back its stellar momentum in season two." |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 22} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 22 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | History & Ground transportation | Juan Santamaría International Airport History The airport was built to replace the previous one in downtown San Jose where Parque La Sabana is located today. Funding was secured by the government in 1951 and construction proceed slowly until it was officially inaugurated on May 2, 1958. It was initially called "Aeropuerto Internacional el Coco" after its location of the same name in the province of Alajuela. It would later be renamed in honor of Juan Santamaría. In 1961, funding was secured to build the highway that connects the airport to downtown San José. Ground transportation The road access to the |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 10, "sc": 22, "ep": 10, "ec": 600} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 10 | 22 | 10 | 600 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | Ground transportation | airport is on an exit at Route 1, and near the exit to Alajuela. There is a parking area with surcharge, plus a bus stop with plenty of services to San Jose downtown (with no exact schedule but with 24-hours bus service and approximately one service every 10 minutes during working hours). Licensed taxis are available in the airport and will generally accept both colones and U.S. dollars, but not other currencies. Costa Rican taxis are red with yellow triangles on the doors, ubiquitous all over the country, plus there is a special airport taxi service that is licensed and |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 10, "sc": 600, "ep": 14, "ec": 377} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 10 | 600 | 14 | 377 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | Ground transportation & Facilities | employs orange taxis. While the rail line linking downtown Alajuela with San José's Atlantic Station passes in close proximity to the airport, there is no station serving the airport and no rail service of any kind to the airport. Facilities The airport's main runway allows for operations of large, widebody aircraft. Currently, some scheduled flights are operated with Airbus A330 and A340, and Boeing 747, 767 and 777, for both passengers and freight. A Concorde landed in 1999 for that year's airshow. Previously, the airport had a small hangar, called the "NASA" hangar, to house research aircraft, like the Martin |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 14, "sc": 377, "ep": 14, "ec": 1031} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 14 | 377 | 14 | 1,031 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | Facilities | B-57 Canberra high altitude aircraft, that were being operated in Costa Rica. After that mission was completed, the hangar was removed.
The major operator in the airport is Avianca, followed by Copa Airlines which uses the Main Terminal (M). Sansa Airlines flights depart from the Domestic Terminal (D). No major changes were made to the terminal until November 1997 when the government issued a decree requesting participation of private companies to manage the operations of the airport. After a few years of legal challenges and contract negotiations, Alterra Partners was given a 20-year concession and started managing the facilities in May |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 14, "sc": 1031, "ep": 14, "ec": 1684} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 14 | 1,031 | 14 | 1,684 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | Facilities | 2001. It was also expected that the company would finish the necessary expansion and construction of new facilities, however in March 2002, Alterra announced it would cease any further construction due to disagreements over financing and airport use fee billing with the government. The dispute was extended for a few years and problems started at the terminal; in 2005, the International Civil Aviation Organization pointed out that the airport did not comply with safety regulations. In July 2009, Alterra yielded the contract to a consortium composed of Houston-based Canadian-American company ADC & HAS and the Brazilian company, Andrade Gutierrez |
{"datasets_id": 161821, "wiki_id": "Q555940", "sp": 14, "sc": 1684, "ep": 18, "ec": 107} | 161,821 | Q555940 | 14 | 1,684 | 18 | 107 | Juan Santamaría International Airport | Facilities & Airlines and destinations | Concessoes (AGC) - subsidiary of the conglomerate Andrade Gutierrez. In December 2009, Alterra Partners changed its name to AERIS Holdings, S.A. In November 2010, Aeris announced it had finished the expansion and construction of new facilities with the installation of the 9th boarding bridge. Airlines and destinations The following airlines have scheduled direct services to and/or from Juan Santamaría International Airport: |
{"datasets_id": 161822, "wiki_id": "Q6454131", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 72} | 161,822 | Q6454131 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 72 | Kümbetli | Trivia | Kümbetli Trivia The Turkish film Piano Girl is about Molokan community in Kars province. |
{"datasets_id": 161823, "wiki_id": "Q1578823", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 548} | 161,823 | Q1578823 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 548 | Kʼatun | Kʼatun A kʼatun (/ˈkɑːtuːn/, [kʼaˈtun]) is a unit of time in the Maya calendar equal to 20 tuns or 7,200 days, equivalent to 19.713 tropical years. It is the 2nd digit on the normal Maya long count date. For example, in the Maya Long Count date 12.19.13.15.12 (December 5, 2006), the number 19 is the kʼatun.
The end of the kʼatun was marked by numerous ceremonies and at Tikal the construction of large twin pyramid complexes to host them. The kʼatun was also used to reckon the age of rulers. Those who lived to see four (or five) kʼatuns would |
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{"datasets_id": 161823, "wiki_id": "Q1578823", "sp": 4, "sc": 548, "ep": 4, "ec": 845} | 161,823 | Q1578823 | 4 | 548 | 4 | 845 | Kʼatun | take the title 4-(or 5-)kʼatun lord. In the Postclassic period when the full Long Count gave way to the Short Count, the Maya continued to keep a reckoning of kʼatuns, differentiating them by the Calendar Round date on which they began. Each kʼatun had its own set of prophecies and associations. |
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{"datasets_id": 161824, "wiki_id": "Q6327657", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 450} | 161,824 | Q6327657 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 450 | KDBL | History | KDBL History The station went on the air as KZHR on 1984-08-10, originally on 92.7 with a country format. On 1988-12-01, the station changed its call sign to KHYT. On 1993-12-20, 92.9 changed their callsign again to KXXS with a country format, and a branding change to 'Kicks 93'. On September 8, 1997 switched to KQSN with the slogan "Sunny 92.9" and a switch to adult contemporary. On 2002-03-11, KQSN changed calls to the current KDBL and their country format. |
{"datasets_id": 161825, "wiki_id": "Q35379", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 644} | 161,825 | Q35379 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 644 | Kam language | Others | Kam language Others According to the Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997), language varieties closely related to Southern Kam are spoken in Naxi 那溪, Dongkou County (which had 4,280 ethnic Yao in 1982 (Chen 2013:39)) and Lianmin 联民, Suining County. However, they are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Yao, not Dong. Chen Qiguang (2013:39) reports that the ancestors of Naxihua 那溪话 speakers had migrated to their current location from Tianzhu, Liping, and Yuping counties of southeastern Guizhou during the early 15th century.
Sanqiao 三锹 (三橇) is a mixed Dong–Miao language spoken in Liping County and Jinping County, Guizhou, China by |
{"datasets_id": 161825, "wiki_id": "Q35379", "sp": 6, "sc": 644, "ep": 6, "ec": 664} | 161,825 | Q35379 | 6 | 644 | 6 | 664 | Kam language | Others | about 6,000 people. |
{"datasets_id": 161826, "wiki_id": "Q6385738", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 565} | 161,826 | Q6385738 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 565 | Kelley Point Park | Description and history | Kelley Point Park Description and history The city acquired the park site in 1984 from the Port of Portland, which had covered much of the peninsula with dredged material from the Columbia River to create places to build terminals. The site was formerly part of Pearcy Island, separated from the mainland by sloughs, one of which was called Pearcy Slough. Pearcy Island still appears on topographical maps at 45.6426163°N 122.7595437°W even though it is no longer an island. Pearcy Island and Pearcy Slough were named after Nathan Pearcy, who settled a donation land claim on the island in 1850. Development |
{"datasets_id": 161826, "wiki_id": "Q6385738", "sp": 6, "sc": 565, "ep": 6, "ec": 1208} | 161,826 | Q6385738 | 6 | 565 | 6 | 1,208 | Kelley Point Park | Description and history | projects later altered the landforms in this vicinity.
The north tip of Pearcy Island had no name until 1926, when a group of Portland citizens persuaded the United States Board on Geographic Names to name it Kelley Point. The name honors Hall Jackson Kelley (1790–1874), a New England resident who during the first half of the 19th century promoted interest in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. During a brief visit to Oregon in 1834, Kelley tried unsuccessfully to establish a city at the confluence.
Park amenities include a historical site, paved and unpaved paths, picnic tables, public art, restrooms, and a vista point. |
{"datasets_id": 161826, "wiki_id": "Q6385738", "sp": 6, "sc": 1208, "ep": 6, "ec": 1846} | 161,826 | Q6385738 | 6 | 1,208 | 6 | 1,846 | Kelley Point Park | Description and history | The 104.16-acre (42.15 ha) park, operated by the Portland Parks & Recreation Department, is open from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. Kelley Point was once the site of a small lighthouse.
Wildlife includes Bewick's wrens that frequent the park's black cottonwood forest. Caspian terns, osprey, double-crested cormorants, and gulls are common near the rivers. Sights from the vista point include ship traffic on both rivers. An informal Columbia Slough canoe launch lies near the park entrance along Kelley Point Park Road, west of Interstate 5 along North Marine Drive. The 40-Mile Loop hiking and biking trail runs by the entrance to the park. |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 284} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 284 | Kevin Kisner | Early life & Professional career | Kevin Kisner Early life Kisner was born in Aiken, South Carolina. He played college golf at the University of Georgia and was a member of their 2005 NCAA Division I Championship team along with Chris Kirk, Richard Scott, and Brendon Todd. After graduating in 2006, he turned professional. Professional career Kisner played on the mini-tours (NGA Hooters Tour and Tarheel Tour) from 2007 to 2009, winning three times. He also played in six Nationwide Tour events in 2009. He played the Nationwide Tour full-time in 2010, winning once at the Mylan Classic. He finished the year 11th on the money |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 10, "sc": 284, "ep": 10, "ec": 839} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 10 | 284 | 10 | 839 | Kevin Kisner | Professional career | list and earned his 2011 PGA Tour card.
Kisner failed to earn enough money on the PGA Tour in 2011 to retain his card (181st on money list), but finished T-11 at qualifying school to earn his card for 2012. He again failed to retain his card, finishing 167th on the money list, and missed earning a card in qualifying school by one stroke. He returned to (the now renamed) Web.com Tour in 2013 and won the Chile Classic in March. He finished 13th on the 2013 Web.com Tour regular season money list to earn his 2014 PGA Tour card.
In 2014, |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 10, "sc": 839, "ep": 10, "ec": 1450} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 10 | 839 | 10 | 1,450 | Kevin Kisner | Professional career | Kisner finished sixth at the Wells Fargo Championship, eighth at the Wyndham Championship and ninth at the RBC Canadian Open.
During the 2015 PGA Tour, Kisner finished runner-up three times, losing all three in sudden-death playoffs. He was defeated at the 2015 RBC Heritage after losing on the second hole of the playoff to Jim Furyk. Kisner would go on to finish tied with Sergio García and Rickie Fowler at The Players Championship event in May after 72 holes, losing to Fowler on the first hole of sudden-death after the two remained tied following a three-hole aggregate playoff. At the Greenbrier |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 10, "sc": 1450, "ep": 10, "ec": 2101} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 10 | 1,450 | 10 | 2,101 | Kevin Kisner | Professional career | Classic he again tied for second after losing a sudden-death playoff, which was eventually won by Danny Lee. Kisner was eliminated on the first extra hole with birdie. Other notable results were finishes for fourth at the McGladrey Classic, fifth at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, and eighth at the Memorial Tournament.
Kisner finished as runner-up at the WGC-HSBC Champions event in Shanghai in November 2015, two strokes behind Russell Knox despite holding the 36-hole lead. This was Kisner's fourth runner-up finish of the 2015 calendar year.
On November 22, 2015, after a number of near misses, Kisner earned his first |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 10, "sc": 2101, "ep": 10, "ec": 2633} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 10 | 2,101 | 10 | 2,633 | Kevin Kisner | Professional career | PGA Tour victory by winning the RSM Classic, in his 109th PGA Tour start. He won by six strokes over Kevin Chappell as he dominated the tournament over the weekend. He began the final round with a three stroke advantage and shot a final round of 64 to storm to his first victory. The win moved him into the Top 20 in the world rankings and put him at the top of the early FedEx Cup standings moving into 2016.
On May 28, 2017, Kisner won his second PGA Tour title at the Dean & DeLuca Invitational with a one-stroke victory |
{"datasets_id": 161827, "wiki_id": "Q6396707", "sp": 10, "sc": 2633, "ep": 10, "ec": 3092} | 161,827 | Q6396707 | 10 | 2,633 | 10 | 3,092 | Kevin Kisner | Professional career | over three other players.
On March 25, 2018, Kisner finished runner-up in the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play in Austin, Texas. He lost to Bubba Watson in the final, 7 & 6. He also tied for second with a score of six-under-par at the 2018 Open Championship.
On March 31, 2019, Kisner once again reached the championship round of the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play. This time, he won the tournament (3 & 2) over fellow American Matt Kuchar. |
{"datasets_id": 161828, "wiki_id": "Q3084668", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 606} | 161,828 | Q3084668 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 606 | Kibira National Park | Forest | Kibira National Park Forest It is estimated that around 16% of the park consists of primary montane rainforest,the only montane forest in all of Burundi, and is adjacent to two large tea plantations, one in Teza and the other in Rwegura. The Park exceeds 1,100 m in elevation.
Dominant tree species include Symphonia globulifera, Newtonia buchananii, Albizia gummifera and Entandrophragma excelsum.
The forest contains areas of montane bog and bamboo stands. A total of 644 plants grown in the park. There are 98 species of mammal in the forest and 200 species of birds have been recorded here. Although the Kibira has |
{"datasets_id": 161828, "wiki_id": "Q3084668", "sp": 6, "sc": 606, "ep": 14, "ec": 11} | 161,828 | Q3084668 | 6 | 606 | 14 | 11 | Kibira National Park | Forest & Birds & History | not been as thoroughly studied as some of its neighboring protected areas, it still is considered 'the most important site in Burundi for the conservation of montane-forest birds'. Birds Some of the important birds found here include the great blue turaco, mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus), white-spotted flufftail (Sarothrura pulchra), grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), bar-tailed trogon (Apaloderma vittatum) and the black-and-white-casqued hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus).
The Kibira is home to a number of primate species, including chimpanzees and black and white colobus monkeys. The park is managed by the Institut National pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN). History Until 1933, |
{"datasets_id": 161828, "wiki_id": "Q3084668", "sp": 14, "sc": 11, "ep": 18, "ec": 84} | 161,828 | Q3084668 | 14 | 11 | 18 | 84 | Kibira National Park | History & Independence | this forest was a hunting reserve of the kings of Burundi. The local people respected the forest, investing it with a magical power. Rights of use for livestock grazing and the gathering of forest products were recognized.
The sacred character of the forest, even prior to the colonial era, helped to conserve it. Between 1933 and 1980 Kibira was classified as the Congo-Nile Ridge Forest Reserve, first under Belgian rule, then after Burundian Independence in July 1962. Only the extraction of high-value timber was regulated and controlled. Independence Between Independence and 1980, the right to allocate new land for cultivation within |
{"datasets_id": 161828, "wiki_id": "Q3084668", "sp": 18, "sc": 84, "ep": 22, "ec": 216} | 161,828 | Q3084668 | 18 | 84 | 22 | 216 | Kibira National Park | Independence & Water | the defined boundary was abolished, although grazing rights were retained.
Despite its status as a National Park, there is much pressure on parts of the forest as a result of felling of trees and cutting of bamboo, fire and poaching, and encroaching subsistence agriculture. Water The water from the forests of the Kibira National Park account for over three-quarters of the water that goes into the country’s largest dam, which generates half of the hydroelectric energy generated in the country. |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 631} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 631 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function | Kinesin family member 11 Function KIF11 (also known as kinesin-5 and Eg5) is a homotetramer which cross-links anti-parallel microtubules in the mitotic spindle to maintain spindle bipolarity. The motor domain or motor head is at the N-terminus and performs ATP hydrolysis and binds to microtubules. Kinesin-5 motors assemble into a bipolar homotetrameric structure that is capable of sliding apart bundles of anti-parallel oriented microtubules. This motor is essential for mitosis in most organisms, wherein it participates in the self-assembly of the microtubule-based mitotic spindle, but is not otherwise required for cell viability. The motor may also play a |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 6, "sc": 631, "ep": 10, "ec": 585} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 6 | 631 | 10 | 585 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function & Function in mitosis | role in the proper development of mammalian neuronal processes, including growth cone navigation and elongation. Function in mitosis In most eukaryotic cells, Kinesin-5 is thought to form cross-bridges between pairs of oppositely oriented microtubules in prophase and prometaphase and drives apart duplicated centrosomes during the formation of the mitotic spindle. This permits the establishment of a steady-state bipolar microtubule spindle structure.
Loss of Kinesin-5 function from the onset of mitosis in most eukaryotic organisms examined, including animals, plants, and fungi, results in catastrophic failure of mitosis. This motor’s function is crucial during the onset of mitosis, wherein its loss of |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 10, "sc": 585, "ep": 10, "ec": 1253} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 10 | 585 | 10 | 1,253 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in mitosis | function results in the collapse, or inversion, of the spindle poles leaving centrally positioned centrosome pairs flanked by a radial array of microtubules with peripheral condensed chromosomes. The one exception to this effect is mitosis within the nematode, C. elegans, in which Kinesin-5 is not strictly essential for mitosis, but nonetheless has considerable impact on the overall fidelity of cell division.
The discovery of small chemical inhibitors of human Kinesin-5 through a pioneering in vitro phenotypic screening on cancer cell lines has led to both the development of new anticancer therapeutic agents, and to novel tools to probe the mechanism |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 10, "sc": 1253, "ep": 10, "ec": 1860} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 10 | 1,253 | 10 | 1,860 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in mitosis | of microtubule motor proteins. This toolkit of allosteric inhibitors has been used to probe the specific role of Kinesin-5 in mitotic spindle assembly as well as fine dissection of motor domain function. Through this work it was found that, in mammalian cells, Kinesin-5 is required for the initial assembly of the mitotic spindle during prophase and prometaphase, but is dispensable to traverse subsequent anaphase during a round of mitosis. Also, the binding of the Kinesin-5 inhibitors to an allosteric site on the motor interrupts the mechanism by which this enzyme converts the chemical energy of |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 10, "sc": 1860, "ep": 10, "ec": 2490} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 10 | 1,860 | 10 | 2,490 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in mitosis | ATP hydrolysis into the mechanical work of moving microtubules, thus providing insight on how this enzyme works.
There are many models that attempt to explain the self-assembly of the mitotic spindle based upon microtubules as a structural element, and a set of microtubule motors, including Kinesin-5 to move and order them. Many of these models attempt to explain the steady state of the spindle at metaphase based on a predicted balance of motor forces acting in opposition within the spindle microtubules. Still, it is not clear whether all the structural elements required for spindle assembly are known, or how the |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 10, "sc": 2490, "ep": 10, "ec": 3114} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 10 | 2,490 | 10 | 3,114 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in mitosis | motors, including Kinesin-5, might be regulated in space and time. Such caveats make assessment of such models difficult. Recent data, however, finds that aspects of the ‘force balance’ model that posit spindle length and stability to be mediated by a balance between the minus-end directed microtubule sliding and plus-end directed microtubule sliding by opposing motors in insect cells, seems not to be the case in mammalian cells. The process of self-assembly of the mitotic spindle remains a major unsolved question in cell biology, and a robust model awaits further details of the regulation and behavior of various |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 10, "sc": 3114, "ep": 14, "ec": 574} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 10 | 3,114 | 14 | 574 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in mitosis & Function in neurons | microtubule motors and structural elements that compose this machinery. Function in neurons Although Kinesin-5 is required in all cells during cell division, it does not appear to play a major role in the metabolism of most non-dividing cells. Among non-dividing cells, Kinesin-5 is most enriched within neurons, wherein it decorates the large microtubule bundles extending into axons and dendrites. It has been shown, for example, that neurons remain fully viable in the background of a knock-down of Kinesin-5, but that changes in neuronal development and morphogenesis ensue. In developing neurons pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of KIF11 results |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 14, "sc": 574, "ep": 14, "ec": 1246} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 14 | 574 | 14 | 1,246 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in neurons | in longer axons, more branches, fewer bouts of axon retraction and the inability of growth cones to turn on contact with repulsive substrates. In migratory neurons, inhibition of KIF11 causes neurons to migrate in a random pattern and form shorter leading processes. KIF11, like KIF15 and KIF23, is thought to act as a restrictor of short microtubules moving bi-directionally along the axon, exerting forces antagonistically to cytoplasmic dynein. In mature neurons, KIF11 restricts the movement of short microtubules in dendrites, contributing to the formation of characteristic shape of dendrites. KIF11 is also expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, although |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 14, "sc": 1246, "ep": 18, "ec": 97} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 14 | 1,246 | 18 | 97 | Kinesin family member 11 | Function in neurons & Functional regulation | at a much diminished level. In adult neurons It has a similar effect on inhibiting the rate of short microtubule transport so pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of adult KIF11 may be a potential therapeutic tool for the augmentation of adult axon regeneration. However, a clear in vivo role for Kinesin-5 in neurogenesis remains to be elucidated. Of note is that unusual peripheral neuropathies have not been observed in patients undergoing recent phase I or phase II trials of Kinesin-5 inhibitors for potential anti-cancer therapy. Functional regulation In 1995, Kinesin-5 was determined to be post-translationally phosphorylated within its C-terminal |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 18, "sc": 97, "ep": 18, "ec": 818} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 18 | 97 | 18 | 818 | Kinesin family member 11 | Functional regulation | tail. Once Kinesin-5 is phosphorylated at this residue in early prophase, it localizes to the mitotic spindle where it binds to microtubules. An additional phosphosite was identified on the Kinesin-5 tail in 2008, however, only approximately 3% of the total microtubule-associated Kinesin-5 is phosphorylated at this residues. While additional phosphosites or other post-translational modifications within the Kinesin-5 tail, stalk, and motor have been identified, no other modifications have been proven as necessary for Kinesin-5 to perform its necessary tasks in mitosis.
Kinesin-5 is also regulated through direct interaction with other proteins. The microtubule-associated protein, TPX2, associates with |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 18, "sc": 818, "ep": 22, "ec": 214} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 18 | 818 | 22 | 214 | Kinesin family member 11 | Functional regulation & Molecular mechanism | Kinesin-5 in mitosis. Their interaction is necessary for Kinesin-5 localization to the mitotic spindle, for stabilizing the spindle, and for spindle pole segregation. Kinesin-5 has been shown to interact with the dynactin subunit p150Glued as well as many other cell cycle related proteins in vivo and in vitro, however, additional experimentation is needed to confirm that their association is necessary for Kinesin-5 to function normally. Molecular mechanism ATP hydrolysis
Kinesin-5, like all motor proteins, breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, using a water molecule, and converts the chemical energy to force and motion along microtubules. Kinetic |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 214, "ep": 22, "ec": 874} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 214 | 22 | 874 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | experiments reveal rates of how fast intermediate steps in catalysis occur and the most extensive set of studies on Kinesin-5 kinetics has been on the human protein. X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and real-time infrared spectroscopy have been used to measure the structure of Kinesin-5 in the different catalytic intermediate states. Changes in the secondary structure, or conformational switching, is required to convert and amplify biochemical changes in the catalytic active site into larger movements necessary for cellular motion. For example, the first step of ATP hydrolysis, which is the attack of the terminal phosphate of ATP by |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 874, "ep": 22, "ec": 1551} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 874 | 22 | 1,551 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | a water molecule, had not been observed by x-ray crystallography in any kinesin protein, until recently in Kinesin-5. This crystal structure showed that there was not one, but rather two, water molecules and they are in close association with each other. A two-water catalytic model was proposed and confirmed by an alternate method to track Kinesin-5 catalysis in real-time and in a kinesin protein in a different subfamily. Two-water catalytic models also are proposed in a divergent motor protein, myosin, and observed experimentally in one of its crystal structures.
Mechanical Properties
The antiparallel tetrameric organization of the Kinesin-5 family |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 1551, "ep": 22, "ec": 2245} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 1,551 | 22 | 2,245 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | is fundamentally different from the majority of other kinesins that are dimers, such as the well-characterized conventional Kinesin-1 (KIF5B). Conventional kinesin dimerizes in such a manner that the catalytic (head) domains are together on one end of the complex to facilitate hand-over-hand movement along a microtubule that enables long-range, directed transport of cellular cargoes. The unique assembly of Kinesin-5 proteins not only organizes the protein complex for a different cellular function (antiparallel microtubule sliding, described above) but also made it difficult to study the mechanical properties of the motor using the classical experiments that were designed for dimeric |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 2245, "ep": 22, "ec": 2909} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 2,245 | 22 | 2,909 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | kinesins. These obstacles have been overcome by either adapting the original experiments to analyze the tetrameric organization of Kinesin-5, or by working with shorter Kinesin-5 proteins that form dimers like conventional kinesin.
The most striking outcomes of the analysis of Kinesin-5 motility is that it is slow – about 10 times slower than conventional Kinesin-1 – with a velocity in the range of 50 nanometers per second and that it could generate very high levels of mechanical force (7-9 picoNewtons per molecule). These values come from three types of experimental data: microtubule gliding assays, single molecule motility assays, and |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 2909, "ep": 22, "ec": 3558} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 2,909 | 22 | 3,558 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | optical trap assays. In microtubule gliding assays, kinesins are attached to a glass surface and microtubules are laid down over the top. Since the motors are attached to the glass, their motile behavior translates into movement of the microtubule across the anchored kinesins, akin to someone crowd surfing. These experiments gave us the first analysis of Kinesin-5 motility.
By attaching microtubules to the glass surface first, then adding Kinesin-5 with free microtubules in solution, it was possible to adapt the microtubule gliding assays to show that Kinesin-5 can crosslink two microtubules and move them in opposite directions. |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 3558, "ep": 22, "ec": 4205} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 3,558 | 22 | 4,205 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | This experiment showed that Kinesin-5 was indeed capable of carrying out the role that had been proposed for it in mitosis – sliding oppositely oriented microtubules in the mitotic spindle. To study the behavior of individual Kinesin-5 molecules, single molecule motility assays were performed by attaching microtubules to a glass surface, then adding a dilute solution of Kinesin-5 with a fluorophore attached. This experimental setup enables the observer to follow separate Kinesin-5 molecules as they “walk” along the microtubule, providing not only information about velocity, but also about processivity – the ability of a kinesin to take |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 4205, "ep": 22, "ec": 4783} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 4,205 | 22 | 4,783 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | multiple steps along the microtubule without dissociating. In single molecule motility assays, velocities for Kinesin-5 were similar to those seen in microtubule gliding assays, and the motor was observed to be weakly processive. In optical trap experiments, Kinesin-5 molecules are attached to a bead that can be held in place by a finely focused laser. By moving the bead close to a microtubule, the kinesin can bind to the microtubule and begin stepping, pulling the bead along behind it. Since the bead is being held in place by the trap laser, it acts like a spring and |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 4783, "ep": 22, "ec": 5382} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 4,783 | 22 | 5,382 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism | exerts a force that resists the forward movement of the kinesin. This allows for the measurement of the stall force – the maximum amount of force that can be exerted by a motor before it releases from the microtubule. Optical trap experiments showed that Kinesin-5 generates a maximum of 7 picoNewtons of force before releasing, but that its behavior differs from that of other kinesins in that there was no observable plateau phase in which the motor “struggles” at its maximal force generation before letting go. Extrapolation of kinetic data suggests that the maximal observed force generated |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 22, "sc": 5382, "ep": 26, "ec": 466} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 22 | 5,382 | 26 | 466 | Kinesin family member 11 | Molecular mechanism & Mutations in MCLMR Syndrome | in the optical trap by Kinesin-5 is actually an underestimate and that it theoretically can exert up to 9 picoNewtons of force as a maximum, although further experimental work is required to test this. Mutations in MCLMR Syndrome Germline mutations in KIF11 cause Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation (MCLMR). This syndrome is observed as an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expressivity but can also be sporadic. It is characterized by mild-to-severe microcephaly, often associated with developmental delay, ocular defects and lymphedema, usually on the dorsum of the feet. Phenotypic evaluation of patients (n = 87) revealed microcephaly in |
{"datasets_id": 161829, "wiki_id": "Q4913663", "sp": 26, "sc": 466, "ep": 26, "ec": 793} | 161,829 | Q4913663 | 26 | 466 | 26 | 793 | Kinesin family member 11 | Mutations in MCLMR Syndrome | 91%, eye anomalies in 72%, intellectual disability in 67% and lymphedema in 47% of the patients. Unaffected carriers were rare (4 out of 87: 5%). Family history is not a requisite for diagnosis; 31% (16 out of 52) were de novo cases. All inherited cases, and 50% of sporadic cases of MCLMR are due to germline KIF11 mutations. |
{"datasets_id": 161830, "wiki_id": "Q23004690", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 161,830 | Q23004690 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 312 | Kip Colvey | Early life & College and amateur | Kip Colvey Early life Colvey was born in Hawaii, but grew up in the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand. He was educated at Nelson College and played senior football for the Nelson Suburbs club, before moving to Christchurch where he attended the Asia–Pacific Football Academy. College and amateur Colvey spent all four years of his college career at California Polytechnic State University between 2012 and 2015. Colvey also spent the 2013 and 2014 seasons with the Ventura County Fusion of the Premier Development League. In 2013, he scored one goal in twelve league matches while scoring two goals in twelve |
{"datasets_id": 161830, "wiki_id": "Q23004690", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 14, "ec": 517} | 161,830 | Q23004690 | 10 | 312 | 14 | 517 | Kip Colvey | College and amateur & Professional | appearances in 2014. Professional On 19 January 2016, Colvey was drafted 49th overall in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by San Jose Earthquakes. Kip got his first start of the season on 13 March 2016 against the Portland Timbers and played the full 90 minutes. He signed with the club on 4 March 2016 and earned honors as SBI MLS Rookie of the Week on 14 March 2016.
On 2 April 2017, he played the first match for Reno 1868 FC.
Colvey was released by San Jose on 27 November 2017. Two weeks later he was selected by the Colorado Rapids in the |
{"datasets_id": 161830, "wiki_id": "Q23004690", "sp": 14, "sc": 517, "ep": 18, "ec": 213} | 161,830 | Q23004690 | 14 | 517 | 18 | 213 | Kip Colvey | Professional & International | league's 2017 waiver draft, reuniting him with Anthony Hudson, his former international manager.
In July 2018, Colvey was loaned to Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC.
Following his release by Colorado at the end of their 2018 season, Colvey announced his decision to retire from playing professional football. International On 12 May 2016 he was named in the 23-man squad for the All Whites for the 2016 OFC Nations Cup. Colvey made his debut for the senior New Zealand national football team in a 2016 OFC Nations Cup 3–1 win over Fiji. |
{"datasets_id": 161831, "wiki_id": "Q180758", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 645} | 161,831 | Q180758 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 645 | Kotor Varoš | History | Kotor Varoš History An early Christian (3rd–5th c.) basilica was discovered along with other Roman findings in the Šiprage area at the Crkvenica-Vrbanja river mouth. 12th-century stećci testify medieval settlement. The original location of stećci was the Crkvenica-Vrbanja, from where they were removed and built into walls of the surrounding buildings (possibly due to the beliefs of their miraculous properties). One of the best preserved stećak is submerged in Vrbanja.
It has been theorized that Kotor Varoš was mentioned in the De Administrando Imperio as "Katera" (Greek: Κατερα), a part of the "land of Bosnia".
The town was part of the Donji |
{"datasets_id": 161831, "wiki_id": "Q180758", "sp": 6, "sc": 645, "ep": 6, "ec": 1290} | 161,831 | Q180758 | 6 | 645 | 6 | 1,290 | Kotor Varoš | History | Kraji province of the Banate of Bosnia in the 13th century. In the 14th century, the town was the property of the Hrvatinić noble family.
Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina began in 1878 and ended with the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, later renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The town was part of the Vrbas Banovina (1929–41), while after World War II it became part of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a republic of Yugoslavia.
During the Bosnian War (1992–95), some religious and cultural monuments and landmarks were destroyed by Serb paramilitary groups, such |
{"datasets_id": 161831, "wiki_id": "Q180758", "sp": 6, "sc": 1290, "ep": 10, "ec": 62} | 161,831 | Q180758 | 6 | 1,290 | 10 | 62 | Kotor Varoš | History & Features | as a Catholic church in the centre of the town, as well as all of the mosques. In the southern Čaršija (bazaar) quarter of the town nearly all houses were destroyed. Bosnian Serb-dominated parts of the town were largely unaffected. Bosnian Serb police and military forces devastated surrounding villages too, especially those upstream along the Vrbanja to Kruševo Brdo, as well as all non-Serb villages downstream to Banja Luka. All settlements in the Vrbanja valley were sacked and much of the Bosniak and Croat population left the municipality. Features The city also features a large monument to the local partisans |
{"datasets_id": 161831, "wiki_id": "Q180758", "sp": 10, "sc": 62, "ep": 10, "ec": 152} | 161,831 | Q180758 | 10 | 62 | 10 | 152 | Kotor Varoš | Features | who died for Yugoslavia during the fighting with the German and Ustaša forces during WW2. |
{"datasets_id": 161832, "wiki_id": "Q1794002", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 551} | 161,832 | Q1794002 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 551 | Kurt Reinhard (musicologist) | Kurt Reinhard (musicologist) Kurt Reinhard (27 August 1914 – 18 July 1979) was a German musicologist and ethnomusicologist who specialised in Turkish music.
Born in Gießen, Germany, he studied musicology and composition at the University of Cologne from 1933–1935, and ethnology at the Universities of Leipzig and Munich from 1935-1936. He took his doctorate at Munich doing his dissertation on Burmese music. In 1952–1968 he was a director of the Berliner Phonogramm-Archiv.
His chief area of interest in the field of ethnomusicology was the folk music of Turkey. |
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{"datasets_id": 161833, "wiki_id": "Q1801848", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 384} | 161,833 | Q1801848 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 384 | Lancia Florida | Lancia Florida Lancia Florida is the name of two studies based on the Lancia Aurelia, which were built by Lancia in collaboration with Pinin Farina. Both were made in extremely small numbers. They are both considered to be masterpieces of Italian automotive design and had a lot of influence on automotive design. From them were later derived the sedan and the coupe versions of the Lancia Flaminia. |
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{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 615} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 615 | Latha Walpola | Personal life | Latha Walpola Personal life Latha was born on 11 November 1934 in Galkissa Colombo, to Joseph Fernando and Elizabeth Muriel. Latha was then one of five children. Her mother Elizabeth, a teacher, encouraged her daughter to become a vocal artist.
Latha received primary education at St. Anthony College in Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia wherein she led the Church Choir.
Embraced with abundance of affection and attachment, Latha Fernando got married with Dharmadasa Walpola in 1959 and became known as Latha Walpola latter on. A ceremonial wedding was held at Siri Kotha, Kollupitiya with a huge gathering of guests and artists. Past |
{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 6, "sc": 615, "ep": 10, "ec": 169} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 6 | 615 | 10 | 169 | Latha Walpola | Personal life & Career | memories reveal that Police had to deploy a special group of policemen to control the massive crowd gathered outside Siri Kotha. They have three sons and a daughter. In 1960s and early part of 1970’s both Latha and Dharmadasa were the most popular singer and songstress. It is very rare to find such great golden voices as husband and wife in cinema industry anywhere in the world. Career Latha Walpola just was 12 years old when she was introduced to the country by Radio Ceylon as a member of Radio Ceylon's Choir in 1946. C.A. Fonseka, a family friend and |
{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 10, "sc": 169, "ep": 10, "ec": 785} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 10 | 169 | 10 | 785 | Latha Walpola | Career | a Radio dramatist brought her to Radio Ceylon and let her to perform in his Sarala Gee program with his son C.D. Fonseka.
In 1947 Latha sang her first solo song, " Kandulu Denethe Vehena", with lyrics of Sarath Wimalaweera, music composed by Vincent de Alwis, the versatile violinist at Radio Ceylon. And then, she began to sing under direction of Mohammed Gauss, P.L.A.Somapala and B.S.Perera the famous musicians at the time brilliantly utilized her harmonious voice of high-pitched tone into their musical creations. By 1950 she was a well known female singer in the country and coped with Sukomala Banda |
{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 10, "sc": 785, "ep": 14, "ec": 293} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 10 | 785 | 14 | 293 | Latha Walpola | Career & Contribution to Sinhala Cinema | Lelawa, Dunhinda Helena and Diyaluma Helena originally sung by Chitra Somapala. Latha has recorded her voice for both Columbia and HMV record labels. The song "Malbara Himidiriye Pipune Esala Araliya Mala", sung with C.T. Fernando is one of her most popular songs. Contribution to Sinhala Cinema In 1952 she gave her first contribution to the Sinhala Cinema as a play back singer for the film, Eda Rae, which was publicly screened in 1953. She was able to make her debut in playback singing for three films with Dharmadasa Walpola during the same year. As one of them, Prema Tharangaya was |
{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 14, "sc": 293, "ep": 14, "ec": 923} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 14 | 293 | 14 | 923 | Latha Walpola | Contribution to Sinhala Cinema | remarkable because it was Music Director R. Muttusami’s first film. The melodious songs such as Honda hondama veya lowa kisima thenaka nehe, Pera kala pawa paladee pape gewawi have remained etched in our memories for decades. By 1958 Latha Walpola had contributed to a record number of 22 films after five years of her debut in film industry. So far, has made a reputation of recording for nearly 600 films. She holds the record for being the only artist to have sung with South Indian musicians like Dakshinamoorthy in films ‘Vaanmohini','Radala Piliruwa','Duppathage Duka" and "Suraya", [Krishnamurthi], [R. S. Diwakar], [Rajan |
{"datasets_id": 161834, "wiki_id": "Q18746355", "sp": 14, "sc": 923, "ep": 14, "ec": 1106} | 161,834 | Q18746355 | 14 | 923 | 14 | 1,106 | Latha Walpola | Contribution to Sinhala Cinema | Nagendra], T. R. Pappa, K. Jamuna Rani, K. Rani, Saraswathi and Sri Lankan film stars Herby Seneviratne, Dommie Jayawardana, Fredi Silva, Vijaya Kumaranatunga and Ravindra Randeniya. |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 625} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 625 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Aerospace engineering and antenna design | Lawrence J. Fogel Aerospace engineering and antenna design During 1948-1949, shortly after completing his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from New York University, Lawrence Fogel worked at Watson Laboratories (USAF) computing radiation patterns for VHF and UHF radio direction finders for use in ground-to-air operations. He designed feedback amplifier filters to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for these radio systems. At Eglin Air Force Base, he controlled the final flight test program for the Diversity Antenna Array. Between 1950 and 1953, Fogel worked for Coles Signal Laboratory (U.S. Army Signal Corps) as an engineer in charge of the installation of electronic |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 6, "sc": 625, "ep": 6, "ec": 1296} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 6 | 625 | 6 | 1,296 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Aerospace engineering and antenna design | communication and navigation equipment in Army aircraft and helicopters. He completed his master's degree in electrical engineering at this same time from Rutgers University. During his time with Stavid Engineering, Inc. (New Jersey) between 1953 and 1956, he directed field operations of the Regulus Missile guidance system for submarines and also assisted with the design of flight instrumentation, communications, and electronics for aircraft and helicopters. As a part of this research, he formulated a solution for a mathematical model of the human operator as part of an aircraft flight control system that included such qualities as anticipation, development of a |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 6, "sc": 1296, "ep": 10, "ec": 321} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 6 | 1,296 | 10 | 321 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Aerospace engineering and antenna design & Information theory and human factors research | computer facility incorporating such a mode for use in the design of more effective human-machine relations. His efforts also led to five patents between 1958 and 1961 regarding active noise cancellation to reduce noise in helicopter cockpit environments for improved communication. These were the first patents in noise-cancelling headphone systems. Information theory and human factors research Fogel was also interested in information theory and communications, especially those associated with aircraft instrument displays. He published several articles intended to link communication theory and instrument design., These investigations led to other strategies to help with air traffic control, as this was similar |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 10, "sc": 321, "ep": 14, "ec": 535} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 10 | 321 | 14 | 535 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Information theory and human factors research & General Dynamics - Convair | to the information transfer of knowledge to humans that was experienced in the cockpit. General Dynamics - Convair In 1956, Fogel moved to San Diego, California to work for Convair, a division of General Dynamics Corporation. He worked as head of the Reliability Group with the responsibility for maintaining and improving the overall reliability of systems such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, F-106 Delta Dart, Convair 880 transport, and other missile and electronics products. He was responsible for human engineering systems design and analysis for manned aircraft. Fogel initiated a program of investigation into the use of anticipatory displays that |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 14, "sc": 535, "ep": 18, "ec": 365} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 14 | 535 | 18 | 365 | Lawrence J. Fogel | General Dynamics - Convair & National Science Foundation | allow the pilot to "fly ahead" of the aircraft system being controlled. He invented and patented a new display called the "Kinelog," which for the first time offered the pilot inter-sensory compatibility as a protection against the onset of vertigo. National Science Foundation On leave from Convair, Lawrence Fogel served as Special Assistant to the Associate Director (Research) at the National Science Foundation (NSF) from July 1960 to July 1961. While at the NSF, Fogel represented the Associate Director at technical and professional meetings related to the merit of individual research proposals or to the effect of national policies on |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 18, "sc": 365, "ep": 18, "ec": 1058} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 18 | 365 | 18 | 1,058 | Lawrence J. Fogel | National Science Foundation | future manpower and economic and military strength. He devised mathematical models for the projection of the economic value of science funding. These projections were coordinated with many agencies including the Department of Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. This effort culminated in a report to the U.S. Congress on the worth of investing in scientific progress. While at NSF, Fogel's interest in cybernetics, biotechnology, and consciousness led to a hypothesis that a simulation of evolution on computers could be used to generate artificial intelligence without the need |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 18, "sc": 1058, "ep": 22, "ec": 199} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 18 | 1,058 | 22 | 199 | Lawrence J. Fogel | National Science Foundation & General Dynamics - astronautics | for expert systems. These theories were first tested successfully upon his return to Convair in 1961.
In 1960, Fogel served as a member of the founding editorial board for the journal IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics. He remained as a part of that editorial board as that journal transitioned to the IEEE and became IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, a predecessor to IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. General Dynamics - astronautics While at Convair during 1961-1965, Fogel explored evolutionary programming for time-series prediction. These experiments validated the merit of the approach and this became the basis of Fogel's Ph.D. |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 22, "sc": 199, "ep": 22, "ec": 889} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 22 | 199 | 22 | 889 | Lawrence J. Fogel | General Dynamics - astronautics | dissertation "On the Organization of Intellect" at the University of California, Los Angeles where he received the Ph.D. in 1964 in biotechnology with minors in mathematics and communication theory. His was the first dissertation in the field of evolutionary computation. The dissertation became the basis of several papers as well as the first book in the field of evolutionary computation Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution co-authored with Alvin Owens and Michael Walsh, also from Convair. Fogel continued to publish on these concepts in the scientific literature.
In his role as Senior Staff Scientist in Astronautics for General Dynamics, he provided improved |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 22, "sc": 889, "ep": 22, "ec": 1550} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 22 | 889 | 22 | 1,550 | Lawrence J. Fogel | General Dynamics - astronautics | the reliability of complex missile systems and information processing systems. Fogel devised the COFEC Reliability Data System for the Atlas rocket. The Atlas was built at Convair in San Diego as America's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The Atlas D was used for Project Mercury to launch astronauts into low-Earth orbit in the 1960s. He also focused on how humans sense and process information.
Fogel also became associated with the burgeoning field of cybernetics and served as the third president of the American Society for Cybernetics in 1969, following Warren McCulloch. He also served as the founding editor-in-chief for the Journal of |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 22, "sc": 1550, "ep": 26, "ec": 555} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 22 | 1,550 | 26 | 555 | Lawrence J. Fogel | General Dynamics - astronautics & Evolutionary programming | Cybernetics and helped organize the second and third annual symposia of the American Society for Cybernetics (1964, 1965). Evolutionary programming In 1965, Fogel left General Dynamics to form a new company, Decision Science, Inc. in San Diego, specifically for applications of evolutionary programming. He served as President and directed research and real-world applications in the areas of information science, computer simulation, prediction, and systems control. Decision Science, Inc. was the first company specifically applying evolutionary computation to solve real-world problems. The methods were further developed through the efforts of Alvin Owens and George Burgin and formed the basis of a |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 26, "sc": 555, "ep": 26, "ec": 1237} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 26 | 555 | 26 | 1,237 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Evolutionary programming | new generation of flight simulator first deployed at Langley Research Center for the purpose of air-to-air combat training. This approach was called the Adaptive Maneuvering Logic. While at Decision Science, Fogel and Burgin also experimented with simulations of co-evolutionary games. He also continued applying evolutionary computation in many ways including modeling of human operators and thinking about biological communication.
In 1982, Decision Science, Inc. was acquired by the Titan Corporation, a defense contractor in San Diego. Fogel continued working as a Vice President at Titan, and later in 1988 as a Vice President of ORINCON Corporation. In 1993, he was a |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 26, "sc": 1237, "ep": 30, "ec": 382} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 26 | 1,237 | 30 | 382 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Evolutionary programming & Personal life | co-founder in the formation of a new company, Natural Selection, Inc., which continues to apply methods of computational intelligence to real-world problems. Lawrence Fogel was the President of Natural Selection, Inc. until his death in 2007. Personal life Fogel was also well known for his interest in radio-controlled sailboats and sailplanes. He was a passionate enthusiast and preservation advocate for the Torrey Pines Gliderport in San Diego. In the 1970s, he wrote a monthly column on RC soaring for Model Builder magazine. He was twice president of the Torrey Pines Gulls R/C Soaring Club, co-founded the Torrey Pines Scale Soaring |
{"datasets_id": 161835, "wiki_id": "Q6504196", "sp": 30, "sc": 382, "ep": 30, "ec": 787} | 161,835 | Q6504196 | 30 | 382 | 30 | 787 | Lawrence J. Fogel | Personal life | Society, and was president of the National Soaring Society from 1975 to 1977. He was recognized with the highest membership grade of Fellow by the Academy of Model Aeronautics in 1996.
Fogel also enjoyed music and was proficient on piano, flute, saxophone, clarinet, and other instruments. He often enjoyed playing jazz at the Catamaran Hotel and other locations in San Diego and Washington, D.C. |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 609 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 | Leo Martello Youth: 1930–49 Martello was born on September 26, 1930, in Dudley, Massachusetts, being raised on a small farm rented by his father, the Italian immigrant Rocco Luigi Martello. Following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, the Martellos were forced from their land and moved first to Worcester, Massachusetts and then to Southbridge, Massachusetts. It was here that Leo was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church, but his parents divorced soon after. Unable to care for him alone, his father sent Martello to the Catholic boarding preparatory school attached to Assumption College, Worcester, which was run by the |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 6, "sc": 609, "ep": 6, "ec": 1225} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 6 | 609 | 6 | 1,225 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 | Augustinians of the Assumption. He spent six years at the school, later describing it as the unhappiest period of his life. He studied graphology and from the age of 16 began making radio appearances as a graphologist, also writing stories for magazines.
Martello later claimed to have experienced psychic phenomena as a child, sparking his interest in occultism. By his early teenage years, he had begun studying palmistry and tarot card reading with a Gypsy named Marta. He also later claimed that his father had informed him that his grandmother, Maria Concetta, had been a psychic known as a Strega Maga |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 6, "sc": 1225, "ep": 6, "ec": 1781} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 6 | 1,225 | 6 | 1,781 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 | ("Great Witch") in her hometown of Enna, Sicily, Italy. According to Martello's account, Concetta had worked as a folk magician and tarot card reader, and attracted the hatred and envy of the local Catholic clergy. He also related that on one occasion, she had killed a Mafioso using magic when he threatened her husband for not paying protection money. Martello related that when he was 16, his father told him that he had cousins in New York City who wished to meet him. He proceeded to do so and – according to his account – they informed him that they |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 6, "sc": 1781, "ep": 6, "ec": 2405} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 6 | 1,781 | 6 | 2,405 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 | were initiates of an ancient Italian witchcraft religion, La Vecchia ("the Old Religion"). After identifying his possession of psychic powers, they initiated him into the tradition on his 21st birthday in 1951, making him swear an oath never to reveal the secrets of the La Vecchia. Moving to the city, he studied at Hunter College and the Institute for Psychotherapy.
Martello never produced any proof to support his claims, and there is no independent evidence that corroborate them. An anonymous woman who had known Martello informed the researcher Michael G. Lloyd that during the 1980s, he had told her that he |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 6, "sc": 2405, "ep": 6, "ec": 3005} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 6 | 2,405 | 6 | 3,005 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 | had never been initiated into a tradition of Witchcraft, and that he had simply embraced occultism in the 1960s in order to earn a living. The Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White expressed criticism of Martello's claims, noting that it was "extremely doubtful" that a tradition of Wicca could have been passed down through Martello's Sicilian family. Instead, he suggested that Martello might have been instructed in a tradition of folk magic that he later embellished into a form of Wicca, that the cousins themselves had constructed a form of Wicca that they passed on to Martello, or that the |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 6, "sc": 3005, "ep": 10, "ec": 575} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 6 | 3,005 | 10 | 575 | Leo Martello | Youth: 1930–49 & New York City: 1950–68 | entire scenario had been a fabrication of Martello's. New York City: 1950–68 Based in New York City, in 1950 Martello founded the American Hypnotism Academy, continuing to direct the organization until 1954. From 1955 to 1957, he served as treasurer of the American Graphological Society, and worked as a freelance graphologist for such corporate clients as the Unifonic Corporation of America and the Associated Special Investigators International. He also published a column titled "Your Handwriting Tells" for eight years that ran in the Chelsea Clinton News, and supplied various articles on the subject of graphology to different magazines. In the |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 10, "sc": 575, "ep": 10, "ec": 1184} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 10 | 575 | 10 | 1,184 | Leo Martello | New York City: 1950–68 | city, he also began to frequent the gay scene. In 1955, Martello was awarded a Doctorate in Divinity by a non-accredited organization, the National Congress of Spiritual Consultants, a clearing house for registered yet unaffiliated ministers. That year, he founded the Temple of Spiritual Guidance, taking on the role of Pastor, which he would continue in until 1960, when he began to focus on his writing and his new philosophy of "psychoselfism". In 1961 he published his first book, Your Pen Personality, in which he discussed the manner in which handwriting could be used to reveal the personality of the |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 10, "sc": 1184, "ep": 10, "ec": 1830} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 10 | 1,184 | 10 | 1,830 | Leo Martello | New York City: 1950–68 | writer. Martello corresponded with California-based Pagan Victor Henry Anderson, and it was at Martello's encouragement that Anderson established his Mahaelani Coven circa 1960.
Martello claimed that in the summer of 1964, he moved to Tangier, Morocco, where he researched the history of the tarot, resulting in the publication of It's in the Cards (1964). Returning to the U.S. in 1965, he moved into an apartment in Greenwich Village, New York City, writing a book on astrology, It's Written in the Stars, and a book on psychic protection, How to Prevent Psychic Blackmail. He also began attending the Spiritualist gatherings that were |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 10, "sc": 1830, "ep": 14, "ec": 22} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 10 | 1,830 | 14 | 22 | Leo Martello | New York City: 1950–68 & Gay Liberation: 1969–70 | operated by Clifford Bias at the Ansonia Hotel. At some point High Priestess Lori Bruno founded a witchcraft coven and church, Our Lord and Lady of the Trinacrian Rose, in which Leo was acknowledged as Elder. In 1969 he publicly revealed himself to be a practitioner of Witchcraft; claiming that he had gained the permission of his coven to do so. Intent on countering the negative publicity that Wicca had been receiving, he published The Weird Ways of Witchcraft in 1969, the same year that he also published The Hidden World of Hypnotism. Gay Liberation: 1969–70 In July 1969, Martello |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 14, "sc": 22, "ep": 14, "ec": 669} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 14 | 22 | 14 | 669 | Leo Martello | Gay Liberation: 1969–70 | attended an open meeting of the Mattachine Society's New York branch. He was appalled at the Society's negative reaction to the Stonewall riots, and castigated those gay people in the audience who accepted the categorization of homosexuality as a mental illness, accusing them of being self-loathing. He proceeded to publish his thoughts in an essay in which he stated that "homosexuality is not a problem in itself. The problem is society's attitude towards it." Those gay rights activists who rejected the Mattachine Society's approach and who favored a confrontational stance against the police and authorities founded the Gay Liberation Front |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 14, "sc": 669, "ep": 14, "ec": 1344} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 14 | 669 | 14 | 1,344 | Leo Martello | Gay Liberation: 1969–70 | (GLF), with Martello elected the group's first moderator. Martello supported the GLF's stance that condemned "this rotten, dirty, vile, fucked-up capitalist conspiracy" that dominated American society, and he volunteered by producing articles both for the group's newsletter Come Out! and for the wider press. He was involved in the GLF's campaign against The Village Voice's decision to ban the word "gay" from advertisements; the magazine preferred the term "homophile", which had also been used by the Mattachine Society. Wanting to break from previous gay liberation organizations, the GLF embraced the term "gay", with Martello dismissing "homophile" as sounding like a |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 14, "sc": 1344, "ep": 14, "ec": 2005} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 14 | 1,344 | 14 | 2,005 | Leo Martello | Gay Liberation: 1969–70 | nail file for homosexuals.
The GLF was structured around a system of anarchic consensus, which made it difficult for the group to reach conclusions on any issue, and heated arguments became commonplace at its meetings. In November 1969, the group's membership voted to provide political and financial support to the Black Panthers, an armed African-American leftist group. This was heavily controversial among the GLF, given the homophobic nature of the Black Panthers, and resulted in a walk-out of many senior members, including Martello, Arthur Evans, Arthur Bell, Lige Clarke, and Jack Nichols. That month, Martello was invited to a private meeting |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 14, "sc": 2005, "ep": 14, "ec": 2644} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 14 | 2,005 | 14 | 2,644 | Leo Martello | Gay Liberation: 1969–70 | of these disaffected GLF members which resulted in the formation of the Gay Activist Alliance (GAA). Although continuing the GLF's emphasis on taking a confrontational approach to conventional American society and authority, the group was more tightly organized and structured, and focused exclusively on attaining equal rights for gay and lesbian people. The businessman Al Goldstein agreed to invest $25,000 in the GAA's new venture, a newspaper written by, and aimed at, the country's gay community. It was launched in December 1969 as GAY, and it soon gained a readership of 25,000. Martello contributed a regular column known as "The |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 14, "sc": 2644, "ep": 18, "ec": 485} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 14 | 2,644 | 18 | 485 | Leo Martello | Gay Liberation: 1969–70 & WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | Gay Witch", reaching his widest audience to date, also authoring a variety of other articles that appeared in it. WICA and WADL: 1970–74 In 1970, Martello founded the Witches International Craft Associates (WICA), through which he issued The WICA Newsletter, set up to explain what Witchcraft and Wicca was to the wider public and to serve as a resource through which occultists could contact one another. In April 1970 he appeared on the WNEW-TV Channel 5 documentary series Helluva Town, performing Witchcraft rites with several assistants in Central Park. That year saw one of New York's first substantial gatherings of |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 485, "ep": 18, "ec": 1113} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 485 | 18 | 1,113 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | occultists, the Festival of Occult Arts, as well as the first Earth Day celebration and the first Christopher Street Gay Liberation Day parade. These events inspired Martello's desire to hold a public Witchcraft Sabbat celebration. Acting under the auspices of WICA, in late summer he approached the New York City Parks Department asking for permission to hold a "Witch-In" in Sheep Meadow, at the south end of Central Park, on October 31, 1970. The Department refused, and when Martello stated that the Witchcraft community would gather there regardless in their capacity as private individuals, he was threatened with police |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 1113, "ep": 18, "ec": 1814} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 1,113 | 18 | 1,814 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | action. Martello gained the legal assistance of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), who informed the Parks Department that they were in breach of the First Amendment. The Department subsequently reversed their decision, and the event went ahead.
Inspired by his victory over the Parks Department, Martello founded an organization devoted to campaigning for the religious rights of Witches, the Witches Anti-Defamation League (WADL), which would eventually be renamed the Alternative Religions Education Network (AREN). For WADL, he authored an essay titled "The Witch Manifesto", likely influenced by Carl Wittman's "Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto" (1970), which demanded that |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 1814, "ep": 18, "ec": 2480} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 1,814 | 18 | 2,480 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | the Roman Catholic Church face a tribunal for crimes committed against accused witches in the Early Modern period and that they pay reparations to the modern Witchcraft community for those actions. During this decade he authored a column for Gnostica magazine which was titled "Wicca Basket", a pun on the phonetic similarity between "Wicca" and "wicker".
In 1971, a young gay Wiccan named Eddie Buczynski contacted Martello, and requested initiation. Due to Buczynski's inexperience in the religion, Martello turned him down, although developed a friendship with him. Martello introduced Buczynski both to other covens who might initiate him, and to Herman |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 2480, "ep": 18, "ec": 3107} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 2,480 | 18 | 3,107 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | Slater, who would become his long-time partner. Slater was ill with various medical complications, and on one occasion was rehabilitating at the New York University Medical Center when Martello performed a healing ritual on him with the assistance of Buczynski. Martello would come to be known as a regular at The Warlock Shop, an occult store opened by Slater in New York. Through The WICA Newsletter, Martello had met Lady Gwen Thompson, the founder of the New England Covens of Traditionalist Witches (NECTW), and decided to introduce Buczynski to her, resulting in Buczynski's initiation into the tradition in Spring 1972. |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 3107, "ep": 18, "ec": 3743} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 3,107 | 18 | 3,743 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | Martello and Thompson later fell out, with some unconfirmed accounts claiming that it was because he lent her money and she did not pay him back. In October 1972, Buczynski founded his own tradition of Wicca, termed Welsh Traditionalist Witchcraft, with Martello becoming an early initiate and taking on the name of "Nemesis" within that tradition. In turn, Martello welcomed Buczynski into his La Vecchia tradition, and initiated him through its three degree system.
In November 1972, Martello lectured at the first Friends of the Craft conference, held at New York's First Unitarian Church. In April 1973, he moved to England |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 18, "sc": 3743, "ep": 18, "ec": 4393} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 18 | 3,743 | 18 | 4,393 | Leo Martello | WICA and WADL: 1970–74 | for six months, where he was initiated and trained in the three degrees of Gardnerian Wicca by the Sheffield coven run by Patricia Crowther and her husband Arnold Crowther. He continued to encourage acceptance of homosexuality within the Pagan and Witchcraft community, authoring an article titled "The Gay Pagan" for Green Egg magazine. He expressed the view that homophobic Wiccans were "sexually insecure" and that they viewed the religion simply as "a ritual means of fornication".
He was also among the prominent male Pagans to endorse feminist and female-only variants of Wicca, such as the Dianic Wicca promoted by Zsuzsanna Budapest. |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 20, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 265} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 20 | 0 | 26 | 265 | Leo Martello | Later life & Personal life | Later life During the 1990s, Martello retired from his public work. Doyle White noted that while Martello faded from prominence as the head of the Strega Wicca movement, the tradition gained a "new public advocate" in Raven Grimassi. Martello died of cancer on 29 June 2000. Bruno was the executrix of his estate. Personal life Lloyd described Martello as "a lanky, hungry scrapper with piercing eyes, the face of a dark angel, and a mouth like a bear trap", while in her encyclopaedia on Wicca, Rosemary Ellen Guiley described him as "a colourful figure, known for his humor". Bruno described |
{"datasets_id": 161836, "wiki_id": "Q6524035", "sp": 26, "sc": 265, "ep": 30, "ec": 385} | 161,836 | Q6524035 | 26 | 265 | 30 | 385 | Leo Martello | Personal life & Beliefs | him as "a loving man, yet sometimes caustic", stating that to know him "was an honor, and ever a challenge". He was often noted for his scruffy appearance, with him typically wearing second-hand clothes. Beliefs Martello defended the growing rise of feminists in Wicca during the 1970s, criticizing what he deemed to be the continual repression of women within the Pagan movement. He also espoused the view that any Pagan who was involved in the U.S. government or military was a hypocrite. He was critical of Wiccans who espoused a division between white magic and black magic, commenting that it |
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