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Porsche 928 Fuel Regulator Pipe 92811035900 | eBay
Porsche 928 Fuel Pipe Cover 92820137303
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Details about Porsche 928 Fuel Regulator Pipe 92811035900
Porsche 928 Fuel Regulator Pipe 92811035900
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Porsche 928 Fuel Regulator Pipe 92811035900 Porsche 928 Fuel Regulator Pipe 92811035900
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Fuel Injectors for Porsche 928,
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Unbranded Air Intake & Fuel Delivery Pipes, Lines & Hosings for Porsche 928,
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"value": "This website is an American multinational e-commerce corporation based in San Jose, California, that facilitates consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales through its website."
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Hadith terminology (Arabic: مُصْطَلَحُ الحَدِيْث) muṣṭalaḥ al-ḥadīth) is the body of terminology in Islam which specifies the acceptability of the sayings (hadith) attributed to the prophet Muhammad and other early Islamic figures of significance, such as Muhammad's family and/or successors. Individual terms distinguish between those hadith considered rightfully attributed to their source or detail the faults of those of dubious provenance. Formally, it has been defined by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani as: "knowledge of the principles by which the condition of the narrator and the narrated are determined." This page comprises the primary terminology used within hadith studies.
Ibn al-Salah said: "A hadith, according to its specialists, is divided into ṣaḥīḥ, ḥasan and ḍaʻīf."
Ibn al-Salah said, "A hadith, according to its specialists, is divided into ṣaḥīḥ ("authentic"), ḥasan and ḍaʻīf." While the individual terms of hadith terminology are many, many more than these three terms, the final outcome is essentially determining whether a particular hadith is ṣaḥīḥ and, therefore, actionable, or ḍaʻīf and not actionable. This is evidenced by al-Bulqini's commentary on Ibn al-Salah's statement. Al-Bulqini commented that "the terminology of the hadith specialists is more than this, while, at the same time, is only ṣaḥīḥ and its opposite. Perhaps what has been intended by the latter categorization (i.e. into two categories) relates to standards of religious authority, or lack of it, in general, and what will be mentioned afterwards (i.e. the sixty-five categories) is a specification of that generality."
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Hadith_terminology
Latest News for: sahih
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The Siasat Daily 01 May 2018
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. One of the greatest blessings of faith is the fact that everything Allah decrees for the believer, whether in ease or hardship, will be good for him. If he experiences ease, he remains grateful and is rewarded ... Source. Sahih Muslim 2999, Grade. Sahih ... Sahih Bukhari 5321, Grade. Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih....
PATIENCE WITH TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS IN ISLAM – (PART 2 OF 2)
One of the greatest trials a Muslim might endure is the death of a loved one such as a spouse, a parent, or a child. If he remains patient and praises Allah in such a situation, then Allah has guaranteed a house for him in Paradise. Abu Musa Al-Ashari, RadhiAllahu Anhu, reported ... Allah says ... Allah says ... Allah says ... Source ... Hasan ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih....
The Siasat Daily 28 Apr 2018
In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Muslims will endure many trials throughout their lives. Allah tests us with hardship and also prosperity in order to validate the sincerity of our faith. Allah said. ... Surat al-Mulk 67.2. In all cases, trials can be good for the true believer ... Source ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih Read More ....
And from among these examples is Allah’s statement, ... And Allah presents examples for the people that perhaps they will be reminded.”. (Surah Ibrahim.24-25) ... Shahadah) ... The Example of the Palm Tree and the Believer ... This is supported by the hadith on the authority of Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, that is recorded in the Sahih books ... Read More ....
The Siasat Daily 19 Feb 2018
He loves Allah and His Messenger.”[Sahih Bukhari, Kitab al-Hudood, Vol ... Sahih Bukhari, Kitab al Manaqib, Vol ... Sahih Muslim, Kitab al Fadhail, Vol ... Sahih al Bukhari, Kitab al Manaqib, Vol ... Sahih Muslim, Kitab Fadhail as-Sahaba, Vol ... Sahih al Bukhari, Kitab al Manaqib, Vol ... Sahih al Bukhari, Kitab al Iman, Vol ... Sahih Muslim, Kitab al Iman, Vol....
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The Siasat Daily 02 Feb 2018
In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful!. By performing various good deeds, we will become closer to Allah on the Day of Resurrection and will earn the intercession of Prophet Muhammad (SallAllahu Alayhi Wa Sallam) ... Source. Sahih Bukhari 99, Grade. Sahih ... Source ... Hasan ... Sahih Muslim 408, Grade. Sahih ... Sahih ... Sahih Muslim 54, Grade. Sahih....
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AVERTING PASSIONATE LOVE.. Passionate love or ‘ishq is a disease that ruined many people, whether in their bodies, their religion or both. Whoever protects themselves from temptation by lowering their gaze will be saved from this disease ... As Ibn Mas’ud said ... Ameen ... Imam Muslim recorded in his Sahih that Abu Dhar, may Allah be pleased with him, said....
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“Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day should be courteous and generous to his neighbour.”. Here we can illustrated the relationship between belief in Allah, the Last Day and how one treats one’s neighbour. Subhan Allah, how complete the religion of Islam is. There is nothing that is not taken into account ... [Sahih al-Bukhari] ... Read More .... | [
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Interaction of constitutive and phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 isozymes during the sequential oxidation of benzphetamine. Explanation for the difference in benzphetamine-induced hydrogen peroxide production and 455-nm complex formation in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated r - Semantic Scholar
Interaction of constitutive and phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 isozymes during the sequential oxidation of benzphetamine. Explanation for the difference in benzphetamine-induced hydrogen peroxide production and 455-nm complex formation in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated r
@article{Jeffery1983InteractionOC,
title={Interaction of constitutive and phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 isozymes during the sequential oxidation of benzphetamine. Explanation for the difference in benzphetamine-induced hydrogen peroxide production and 455-nm complex formation in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated r},
author={Elizabeth H. Jeffery and G J Mannering},
Elizabeth H. Jeffery, G J Mannering
Published 1983 in Molecular pharmacology
The following pathway for benzphetamine (Bz) metabolism in rat hepatic microsomes was established: Bz leads to norbenzphetamine (NorBz) leads to N-hydroxynorbenzphetamine leads to N-benzylethyl-alpha-phenylnitrone leads to 2-nitroso-1-phenylpropane. The last product forms a complex with cytochrome P-450 with an absorbance maximum at 455 nm. Steps 1, 2, and 4 are cytochrome P-450-dependent; Step 3 appears to involve the flavoprotein, mixed-function amine oxidase. Step 2 is partially uncoupled… CONTINUE READING
Joanna E Barbara, Faraz Kazmi, Andrew Parkinson, David B. Buckley
Detection of amphetamine and methamphetamine following administration of benzphetamine.
John T Cody, Sandra Valtier | [
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Tony Adams tells young Arsenal players to learn how to win and make their own history - starting by tearing down his statue | Daily Mail Online
Tony Adams tells young Arsenal players to learn how to win and make their own history - starting by tearing down his statueFormer Arsenal captain had to answer players' questions on winningCalls on Mertesacker and Arteta to show leadershipSays Arsene Wenger wants to win the Champions League before he retiresBy
16:34 EST, 16 May 2014
03:42 EST, 17 May 2014
Tony Adams wants the current Arsenal squad to stop calling him ‘Mr Adams’. He wants to stop having to tell them how it feels to be a winner because none of them know. He wants them to start writing their own history, starting with lifting the FA Cup at Wembley.It feels fitting that Adams is speaking at Repton Boxing Club in east London, in front of a black and white poster screaming ‘No Guts No Glory’. He is incredulous that Arsenal could be stifled by the tag of favourites and seems equally unimpressed as he explains Arsene Wenger believes he has a squad capable of winning the Champions League. Mr Arsenal: Tony Adams (left) won plenty of trophies as Arsenal skipper including the 1989 league title
Tear it down: Adams has been honoured with a statue, but wants this generation to write a new history
Arsenal won't lose their bottle! Per Mertesacker confident Gunners can beat Hull City in FA Cup final at Wembley
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in race against time to be fit for FA Cup final against Hull
Steve Bruce tells his Hull City players to become club legends at Wembley and make it a decade of woe for Arsenal
But then Adams, as he puts it, ‘likes winning things’. The former Arsenal captain can look back on four League titles, three FA Cups and two League Cups between 1987 and 2002. If his old club secure fourth place in the Barclays Premier League and the FA Cup this season it would only mean the campaign has ‘not been a failure; not like having to play in the Europa League like Tottenham’.He adds: ‘None of this Arsenal team knows what it’s like to win a trophy for the club. Arsene remembers, but not these players.‘I did a Q&A with some of the players the other week, and all the questions about winning were coming to me because they didn’t have the answers.‘I was talking to Carl Jenkinson and Kieran Gibbs and I was telling them: “You need to know how it feels just to get over the line” because it’s a weird feeling.‘It was normal for us to win games. I’m not so sure this group of players has that.‘They call me Mr Adams and stuff! I’m not sure I ever called older players “Mister”. Ambition: Wenger badly wants to win the Champions League after coming so close in 2006, says Adams
Learning to win: Adams has had to answer questions about success to both GIbbs (left) and Jenkinson (right)
‘I want them to be pushing me to the side and ripping my statue down and make their own history.‘They’re lovely guys, but they need leadership. Mikel Arteta’s a good pro without being, for me, a great player, but he will say “come on”.‘(Per) Mertesacker’s been more verbal this year. I had a go at Per at the beginning of the season and said: “You don’t have to be Mr Nice Guy, you don’t have to be liked.” You don’t just go through your career letting it go by and missing the moment.’ Adams believes Wenger had ‘10 easy years’ in his first decade at Arsenal, having inherited that famous back five and an ‘unbelievable squad’ of players ‘ready to be taught’.The 47-year-old thinks the Frenchman should sign a new contract at the club, regardless of the outcome at Wembley, but disagrees with Wenger’s optimism about the potential of his squad to win Europe’s most glittering prize. Leaders: Both Arteta (left) and Mertesacker (right) have had to learn to be more assertive this season
‘I think Arsene really wants to win the Champions League,’ says Adams, ‘and I think he still thinks this group of players can do it for him. While he’s still got that belief, he’ll stick around.‘If he thought that this squad couldn’t win him the Champions League I think he’d move on to Barcelona or a club that would deliver that for him before he goes to Paris Saint-Germain.‘Do I share that optimism? No, I don’t. I don’t think the full backs are good enough. They’ve really struggled this year.‘But I think Arsene should stay. I think, financially, he does fantastic for the club and there’s a great structure in place and better the devil you know.‘He came in to take over an unbelievable squad, with an untapped French market, and he found a captain who had sobered up six weeks ago and was ready to grab life, instead of grabbing a pint, so a lot of his circumstances are to do with timing.‘When the teacher appeared, that team was ready to run. I think he had 10 easy years, really.’ In conjunction with The European Azerbaijan Society and to mark World Refugee Week, Tony Adams is promoting a gala charity boxing night at York Hall, East London, on Friday 27th June. Tickets are available at www.Repton-Gabala.eventbrite.co.uk and proceeds will go to the Mo Farah Foundation. | [
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Patent US5091707 - Coaxial cable shield filter - Google Patents
A coaxial cable shield filter for reducing RF signal interference from cable television lines is connected in series between a cable system coaxial cable and a television receiver. Each choke consists of a ferromagnetic toroidal core, with coaxial cable being wound about each toroidal core. The filter...http://www.google.com/patents/US5091707?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5091707 - Coaxial cable shield filter
Publication number US5091707 A
Application number US 07/566,661
Priority date Aug 13, 1990
Publication number 07566661, 566661, US 5091707 A, US 5091707A, US-A-5091707, US5091707 A, US5091707A
Inventors Steven M. Wollmerschauser, David M. Mundy
Original Assignee Wollmerschauser Steven M, Mundy David M
Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (29), Classifications (9), Legal Events (8)
Coaxial cable shield filter
US 5091707 A
A coaxial cable shield filter for reducing RF signal interference from cable television lines is connected in series between a cable system coaxial cable and a television receiver. Each choke consists of a ferromagnetic toroidal core, with coaxial cable being wound about each toroidal core. The filter device attenuates secondary RF signals carried by the shielding of the coaxial cable that interfere with the primary signals carried by the cable's center conductor.
1. A coaxial cable shield filter for use in attenuating "off-air" RF signals that are picked up and conducted by coaxial cable shielding, the filter comprising:
an input connector mounted on the housing, and adapted to be connected with a coaxial cable;
an output connector mounted on the housing, and adapted to be connected with a coaxial cable;
an RF filter means in the housing interior; and
a conductor in the housing interior connecting the RF filter means to the input connector and the output connector, and arranged to connect the RF filter means in series with the shielding of a coaxial cable connected to the input connector and the shielding of a coaxial cable connected to the output connector;
the RF filter means includes a first toroid secured in the housing interior, the first toroid being constructed from ferromagnetic material;
and the RF filter means further includes a second toroid secured in the housing interior, the conductor being wrapped several times through the first and second toroids.
the second toroid secured in the housing interior is constructed of ferromagnetic material.
3. The filter of claim 2, wherein:
the first toroid attenuates RF signals in a low to middle television frequency band and the second toroid attenuates RF signals in a high to very high television frequency band.
4. A filter for reducing television picture interference caused by RF signals conducted on a coaxial cable shielding, the filter comprising:
a first and a second toroid;
a coaxial conductor with first and second ends, and having a center conductor and a shielding surrounding the center conductor;
said coaxial conductor being wound about said first and second toroids in series, thereby creating first and second chokes connected in series by the shielding of the coaxial conductor;
an input means provided at the first end of the coaxial conductor, the input means being adapted to be connected to a coaxial cable by an unskilled layperson; and
an output means provided at the second end of the coaxial conductor, the output means being adapted to be connected to a television receiver by an unskilled layperson.
5. The filter of claim 4 wherein:
said input means is a threaded female coaxial cable connector and said output means is a threaded male coaxial cable connector.
6. The filter of claim 4 wherein:
said first and second toroids are constructed of ferromagnetic material.
7. The filter of claim 6 wherein:
said first toroid is constructed of ferrite number 43 and said second toroid is constructed of powdered iron.
8. The filter of claim 7 wherein:
said first toroid attenuates RF signals in a low to middle television frequency band and said second toroid attenuates RF signals in a high to very high television frequency band.
The present invention relates to an apparatus that reduces cable television picture signal interference caused by external radio frequency (RF) signals picked up and carried by the shielding of a coaxial cable communicating with a television or video cassette recorder (VCR). The apparatus comprises a pair of RF signal chokes that are formed by wrapping a coaxial cable such as Belden 9308 mini-hardline coaxial cable which offers 100% shielding around a pair of ferrite toroidal cores. The apparatus filters from the coaxial cable shielding the undesired external RF signals that are picked up and transmitted on the shielding to the television or VCR tuner where they interfere with the cable system signals transmitted by the coaxial cable center conductor. The apparatus is provided in a compact housing with input and output connectors that is easily connected between a cable system coaxial cable extending from a wall outlet and a television or VCR receiver by a layperson not having the specialized training of a television technician.
Cable television signals are often fuzzy and unclear to the viewer due to interference which is virtually impossible to eliminate. The interference is often caused by secondary, "off-air" radio frequency (RF) signals that are picked up by the shielding of the coaxial cable, which acts as an antenna. Often, the picture interference problems stem from the design of the television of the cable system subscriber, something over which the cable signal supplier has no control. The problem persists because television manufacturers continue to build televisions with tuners that are susceptible to RF signal interference. The television owner does not know what causes the problem, and so doesn't know who to turn to for its solution.
If the shielding of the coaxial cable or the internal shielding of a TV or VCR tuner connected to the coaxial cable is inadequate, the RF interference may be directly picked up and mixed with the cable system's primary signals carried by the center conductor of the coaxial cable. The mixing of the "off-air" RF signals with the cable system's primary signals interferes with the television's or VCR's reception of the primary signals. This is known as the direct pick up ("DPU") problem in the CATV industry. External "off-air" RF signals produced by sources such as local television stations, ham operators and beeper services cause picture interference when they mix with the desired CATV signals on the coaxial cable center conductor. If these external RF signals are conducted along the shielding of the coaxial cable to the television or VCR tuner and are allowed to enter the tuner where they can mix with the desired CATV signals carried on the coaxial cable center conductor, they will cause picture degradation such as ghosting or diagonal lines in the television picture.
Most televisions and video cassette recorders are manufactured with tuners that have small access holes in them. The holes are used in the factory to calibrate the tuner during assembly. However, manufacturers often leave the holes open after the tuner has been calibrated. When a cable system's coaxial cable is connected with a tuner having access holes, the external RF signals conducted on the shielding of the coaxial cable are communicated to the housing of the television tuner. From the housing, the RF signals then pass through the access holes and enter into the tuner where the tuner circuitry is located. Once inside the tuner, these undesired external RF signals mix with the CATV signals carried by the center conductor of the coaxial cable and reduce the quality of the picture produced by the television or VCR tuner.
Various methods and apparatus have been employed in the prior art to reduce external RF signals conducted on the shielding of coaxial cables. However, these methods are not commonly known within the CATV industry, are not easy to implement, and therefore are rarely used within the CATV industry. One method of attenuating RF signals conducted on the shielding of coaxial cables involves packing a cylindrical tube with steel wool, and then running the coaxial cable through the center of the steel wool packed in the tube. The steel wool is lossy and dissipates the RF energy on the cable shield. To increase this device's effectiveness in attenuating RF signals, the tube should be 18 inches long or longer. A disadvantage of this method is that the long tube required to manufacture the apparatus is awkward and unsightly. A cable television subscriber would likely forego using this apparatus to improve his television or VCR reception because it requires the awkward, unsightly tube to be connected along the length of coaxial cable connecting a coaxial cable wall outlet with their television or VCR receiver. The large tube is difficult to conceal and the subscriber would likely be unwilling to have the tube visible in their home.
Another method employed in attenuating external RF signals conducted on the shielding of coaxial cable involves connecting a metal plate between the shielding of the length of coaxial cable communicating a coaxial cable wall outlet with a television or VCR receiver. For VHF television channel 2, the smallest effective metal plate is a 9 foot diameter circle. The required size of the plate decreases linearly with frequency. However, a common cable television subscriber would likely be opposed to having a metal plate of this size connected in the coaxial cable communicating his television or VCR with the coaxial cable wall outlet in his home. Also, the TV owner would need a different sized plate for each channel frequency that he desires to filter.
A third method employed to attenuate external RF signals conducted on the shielding of coaxial cable involves winding the cable on a ferrite toroid. Although the cable extending from a typical wall outlet to a TV or VCR is flexible, no provision is made for securing the toroid adjacent to the TV so as to maximize its effectiveness. Furthermore, as with the previously-described prior art apparatus, a toroid wrapped with a connection cord would be awkward and unsightly, and the coils wound around the toroid would be likely to unwind each time the cable is disconnected from the television.
Besides the disadvantages of the large size and unsightly appearance of the prior art apparatus discussed above, each of the apparatus are also disadvantaged in that they are not commercially available and their existence is not common knowledge of the layperson cable television subscriber. The above-described jerry-built apparatus are generally known to only a few cable television technicians having specialized knowledge of external RF signals and the problems they cause to television reception. At present, for a common cable television subscriber to improve the picture reception of their television or VCR connected with a cable system's coaxial cable, the layperson would have to call a technician into their home and explain the problem to the technician, and then the technician would have to have the requisite knowledge to identify the problem as external RF signal interference. The technician would also have to have the requisite knowledge to remedy the problem by constructing from scratch one of the above-identified RF signal attenuating apparatus. This is unlikely to occur as these apparatus are not widely known in the cable television industry. The layperson cable subscriber would then have to be resigned to put up with the awkward and unsightly signal attenuating apparatus in their home in order to improve his cable television picture reception.
At present, cable television technicians often attempt to solve the problem of RF signal interference by connecting a standard cable converter box to the coaxial cable suppplying signals to the television in the hope that this will solve the problem. However, the converter boxes are often ineffective as shield filters and connecting the box to a cable ready television defeats the cable ready capability of the television.
What is needed to overcome the above-described RF signal television picture interference and the disadvantages associated with known RF signal attenuation apparatus is a commercially available, compact external RF signal filter apparatus that can be readily and easily connected by a layperson between the coaxial cable extending from the wall outlet of the layperson's home and their television or VCR.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for an unskilled layperson to attenuate television picture interference caused by secondary "off-air" RF signals carried on the shielding layer of a cable system's coaxial cable.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive compact apparatus that is easily connected by a layperson between a length of coaxial cable leading from a cable system wall socket and a television or VCR receiver, and that filters "off-air" RF signals carried on the shielding layer of the coaxial cable.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus that filters cable signals that leak out of a television tuner and travel on the coaxial cable shield or leak into the air where they interfere with aircraft navigation and communication, television "off-air" signals and radio communications.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a filtering apparatus having a simplified construction that enables a layperson having no specialized skills to connect the filter closely adjacent to a television or VCR receiver.
The coaxial cable shield filter of the present invention is generally comprised of a housing containing a filter device that attenuates the "off-air" RF signals carried by coaxial cable shielding. The housing has a removable cover that is attached to the housing by four threaded fasteners. The threaded fasteners are received into pre-drilled holes in the interior of the housing. A pair of coaxial cable connectors are mounted on the housing exterior and extend into the interior of the housing. One connector of the pair is a male threaded coaxial cable connector and the other connector is a female threaded coaxial cable connector. The filter device is comprised of two ferromagnetic toroids secured in the housing interior by epoxy or other equivalent fastening means. A length of a coaxial conductor is individually wrapped several times around each of the two toroids to create a pair of chokes. The chokes are arranged in series along the coaxial conductor. The opposite ends of the conductor are conducted to the male and female coaxial cable connectors mounted to the housing exterior. PG,11
In use, the shield filter is connected between a cable system coaxial cable and a television or VCR receiver at the female and male connectors of the filter. This simplified connection of the filter between the coaxial cable and the television or VCR receiver is easily accomplished by a layperson and does not require the specialized skills of a television or cable system technician. To complete the connection, the layperson first disconnects the length of coaxial cable leading from a coaxial cable wall socket from its connection to the television or VCR receiver. The layperson then screw threads the free end of the coaxial cable onto the female threaded coaxial cable connector of the filter. The layperson then threads the male threaded coaxial cable connector of the filter directly to the coaxial cable input of the television or VCR receiver. Any length of cable connected between the filter and the television or VCR will not be filtered by the filter and could act as an antenna and pick up external RF signals on its shielding and conduct the signals to the tuner of the television or VCR. It is therefore preferable that the filter be connected directly to the coaxial cable input of the television or VCR.
By connecting the filter between the coaxial cable and television or VCR as described above, the pair of signal chokes which serve as the filtering means of the filter are connected in series with the shielding of the coaxial cable and the tuner of the television or VCR receiver. The chokes act as filters that attenuate undesired "off-air" RF signals carried by the outer shield of the coaxial cable before the signals reach the tuner of the television or VCR. Conversely, any signals leaking out of the tuner and carried by the cable shield are also attenuated. The amount of cable signal leakage from television tuners is strictly regulated by the Federal Communication Commission ("FCC"). When these signals leak into the air, they can cause interference to aircraft navigation and other RF communication devices. Also, they can cause interference to radio communications and to non-subscribers of cable TV by being picked up on television antennas. The filter of the present invention aids in maintaining signal leakage within prescribed FCC limits.
FIG. 1 is a partially cut-away, top view of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the filter housing of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, the coaxial cable shield filter 1 includes a housing having an exterior surface 2 and an interior 3. The interior is enclosed by a removable cover 4. The cover is secured in place by four threaded fasteners 6 that are received in four fastener mounts 7 in the housing interior 3.
Secured in the housing interior 3 is a first toroid 8 consisting of ferrite #43 and a second toroid 10 consisting of powdered iron. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the two toroids 8, 10 are secured in the housing interior by an epoxy material (not shown). However, the two toroids 8, 10 may be secured in the housing by any other equivalent means. Wrapped around the first toroid 8 is a mini-hardline coaxial conductor 12. The coils 14 of conductor 12 wrapped around the toroid form a first coaxial choke 16 of the filter. The first choke 16 functions as an inductor connected in series with the coaxial conductor shielding. The same conductor cable 12 is then wrapped around the second toroid 10 to form a second coaxial choke 18 of the filter. The second choke 18 also acts as an inductor connected in series with the coaxial conductor shielding.
The coaxial conductor 12 has two opposite ends 20, 22 that extend from the first and second chokes 16, 18 respectively. The first conductor end 20 is connected with an input connector 24 and the second conductor end 22 is connected with an output connector 26. The input connector 24 has an exterior threaded coaxial female fitting 28 that attaches to a coaxial cable, transmitting a cable system (CATV) signal. The coaxial female connector 28 is mounted in a hole (not shown) that extends through the exterior housing surface 2, and is held in place by a threaded nut 29. The output connector 26 has an interior threaded coaxial male fitting 30. The male connector may be attached to a short length of coaxial cable that transmits the filtered cable signal to the television or VCR. However, it is preferred that the male connector be attached directly to the television or VCR itself. The male connector 30 is mounted in a second hole (not shown) that extends through the exterior housing surface 2, and is held in place by a second threaded nut 31. The connections between the female and male connectors of the filter and the coaxial cable and television or VCR receiver are easily made by a layperson and require no specialized technical skills. With the above-described simplified construction of the coaxial cable shield filter of the present invention, a layperson can connect the filter to their television or VCR themselves and it is not necessary to call on a television or cable system technician to install the filter.
The first and second chokes 16, 18 formed by winding the length of coaxial conductor 12 around the first toroid 8 and the second toroid 10 respectively, function as two inductors connected in series in a circuit formed by the shielding of the coaxial conductor 12 connected between the female 24 and male 26 coaxial cable connectors of the filter.
The secondary "off-air" RF signals picked up by the cable system coaxial cable are transmitted or carried by the cable shielding as a current. This current flows to the filter of the present invention connected between the coaxial cable and a television or VCR recevier, and is transmitted to the shielding layer of the coaxial conductor 12 of the filter. As RF current carried by the conductor shielding flows through the first coaxial choke 16 and the second coaxial choke 18, the current flowing through the coils of the chokes creates an inductance in the conductor shield circuit. Because these chokes are connected in series with the shielding layer of the coaxial conductor, the inductance created by the separate chokes is added together to get the total inductance of the conductor shielding circuit. The inductance creates a counter electro-magnetic force that resists the flow of current on the conductor shielding. The counter electro-magnetic force opposes any current change in the circuit, and attenuates the undesired "off-air" RF signals that are carried on the shielding layer of the coaxial conductor 12.
By constructing the pair of toroids from ferrite #43 and powdered iron, the first choke tends to attenuate signals from the low to middle frequency band TV channels, and the second choke tends to attenuate signals in the high to very high frequency band. Therefore, the filter is effective throughout the entire CATV frequency band, while not affecting signals carried on the center conductor of the coaxial cable.
The attenuation of the undesired "off-air" RF signals carried on the coaxial cable shield reduces the level of television picture interference caused by the mixing of the "off-air" RF signals with the primary cable system signals carried on the center conductor of the coaxial cable. The toroids forming the chokes of the present invention have a reduced effect on the CATV signal carried by the inner conductor as it is electrically isolated from the shield by a dielectric, or the like (not shown), which is commonly used in coaxial cable for that purpose.
From the above description of the present invention, it can be seen that the coaxial cable shield filter provides an inexpensive method of attenuating television picture interference caused by "off-air" RF signals carried by the shielding of a coaxial cable connected to the television. The filter is capable of being easily connected between a cable system coaxial cable and a television receiver by a layperson not having any of the specialized skills of a television technician.
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U.S. Classification 333/12, 336/229, 333/181
International Classification H03H1/00, H04B15/02
Cooperative Classification H04B15/02, H03H1/0007
European Classification H04B15/02, H03H1/00A
Apr 30, 1993 AS Assignment
Owner name: JOKERST, THOMAS B., MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:WOLLMERSHAUSER, STEVEN M.;MUNDY, DAVID M.;REEL/FRAME:006505/0514
Feb 8, 2000 SULP Surcharge for late payment
Owner name: WOLLMERSHAUSER, STEVEN M., TEXAS
Free format text: AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:MUNDY, DAVID M.;REEL/FRAME:011812/0854
Owner name: JOKERST, THOMAS R., MISSOURI | [
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Animal Care Technician $40,000 Jobs, Employment in Redwood City, CA
Animal Care Technician $40,000 jobs in Redwood City, CA
Supervise OR technicians and animal husbandry staff. Supervise daily activities of OR Technicians and animal husbandry technicians in an effort to ensure smooth...
Supervise Surgical Specialists and OR Technicians. In depth knowledge of laboratory animal medicine and surgical/anesthesia techniques....
VCA Palo Alto Animal Hospital is seeking an experienced Veterinary Assistant to join our 3-doctor small animal practice in Palo Alto, California....
View all VCA Antech jobs in Palo Alto, CA - Palo Alto jobsSalary Search: Veterinary Assistant salaries in Palo Alto, CARelated forums: Veterinary Assistant - Palo Alto, California
Provides small animal care, includes handling and restraining the animals and breeding laboratory animals. Biological Science Laboratory Technician....
Surgery Veterinary Technician-Campbell
Do you love providing exceptional care for animals? Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT). Surgery Technicians will scrub in and assist during operations...
View all Campbell, CA jobsSalary Search: Surgery Veterinary Technician salaries in Campbell, CARelated forums: Campbell, California - Sage Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care - -
This person should be also familiar with imaging modalities commonly used in preclinical device development, GLP documentation, he/she should be experienced in...
View all Lab Support jobs in San Francisco Bay Area, CA - San Francisco Bay Area jobsSalary Search: Vet Tech salaries in San Francisco Bay Area, CALearn more about working at Lab SupportRelated forums: Lab Support - -
Keeps abreast of new animal care research compliance regulations. Assists investigators in the preparation and review of animal care research protocols....
Afternoon Shift; Emergency Veterinary Technician - Dublin
Do you love providing exceptional care for animals? Emergency Veterinary Technician at SAGE. We are growing, expanding many of our service offerings, and...
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Under general supervision of the Director of Animal Care or Health Care Technicians, has responsibility for support for health care and/or environmental control...
Animal Care -- Maintenance of the health of research animal colony including:. Nursing care and proper handling and restraint of all animals....
VCA Bay Area Animal Hospital is seeking an experienced Credentialed Veterinary Technician to join our AAHA-accredited, multi-doctor practice in Oakland,...
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Shelter Medicine Director
This hands-on management position partners with leaders of the Adoption, Behavior and Spay Neuter departments to provide world class care and great results for...
View all San Francisco SPCA jobs in San Francisco, CA - San Francisco jobsSalary Search: Shelter Medicine Director salaries in San Francisco, CALearn more about working at SAN Francisco SpcaRelated forums: SAN Francisco, California - San Francisco SPCA - -
Bachelor’s degree in a health related field preferred (preferably Animal Science) or equivalent experience. The Surgical Specialist should be able to support...
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Green Transportation Service Econation Wins 2011 "Operator of the Year" Award
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 24, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Global transportation company Econation (www.econation.com) capped off a third consecutive year of high double digit growth by being the first alternative fuel and hybrid firm to win the industry's most prestigious award as LCT Magazine's, "2011 Operator of the Year." Econation is an example of new types of green business models that have thrived due to new corporate travel sustainability requirements and environmental support from the entertainment industry during special events such as the Academy Awards.
Econation was honored among industry peers this month at LCT Magazine's annual international award ceremony in the ballroom of the Paris Las Vegas. This was the second year the firm was nominated for the award, which measures chauffeured ground transportation firms on categories including innovation, safety, and operational excellence. Though other services provide transportation in major domestic and international markets, Econation does so using vehicles powered primarily by compressed natural gas, hybrid electric motors, ethanol, and other alternative fuels. Econation provides emissions and fuel reduction reports to help corporations and event planners meet sustainability objectives. Econation's mission from inception was not only to provide a high quality service, but to make a positive environmental impact, by setting new standards for the transportation industry.
The company believes that in order to accelerate acceptance of alternative fuel transportation, a firm must not charge more for sustainable alternatives and must offer the same or better quality product or service level. "We're extremely proud to win this award, especially with so many strong providers in our category," stated James Caulkins, Managing Partner of Econation. "It was just a few years ago that others in the ground transportation industry were cynical about the value of sustainability, but we did our best to set a positive example for our industry. Once corporate America and the entertainment industry began to require emissions calculations, alternatives to standard fuel vehicles, and other standards based metrics, we became an easy choice. Our customers have been extremely supportive as has LCT Magazine, and we couldn't be happier."
About Econation: Econation is a global "green" alternative to traditional ground transportation (Town cars, limousines, and buses). With a great assortment of the most cutting edge hybrid and alternative fuel based sedans, utility vehicles and reduced emission buses, it's an easy way for corporations and individuals to be environmentally and socially conscious without sacrificing price, comfort, or dependable service. Econation is open for business 24/7 by calling 877-ECO-NATN (326-6286) x1, through email at [email protected] or by visiting www.econation.com.
SOURCE Econation | [
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Bed was very comfortable and our room was quiet - Review of Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa - TripAdvisor
“It's no big deal but just made the place less of...”
Bed was very comfortable and our room was quiet - Review of Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa
“Concierge level worth the extra $'S”
Concierge level worth the extra $'S
Wife bought the romance package which included the concierge lounge access, wine and strawberries. The lounge access was worth it on it's own. Strawberries were very good. The wine though was very substandard when you consider this is in the midst of wine country. A red blend with no body, blend or sophistication. Bed was very comfortable and our room was quiet. There also was a wine tasting event in the lobby which was a nice greeting upon our check-in. Only real complaint is this is yet another hotel nickel and diming you over internet access - my base expectation is free any more when you consider how many economy hotels throw it in as a free amenity.
Ask BobandCec about Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa
NapaValleyMarriott, Manager at Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa, responded to this reviewResponded October 26, 2010
Thank you so much for your feedback. We are so glad that you enjoyed your romantic getaway to wine country. The wine in the concierge lounge is our house wine, but we do bring in local wineries to our complimentary wine pour in the lobby and hopefully you were able to participate. Some of the best wineries in the world pour for free in our lobby each evening. You also mentioned internet access charges and we absolutely understand your concern. In fact, we have lowered our charge to $4.95 per 24 hours which is $5 less than most of the full service hotels in the area. We also offer our public area wifi completely free to our guests. Thanks again for your feedback and we look forward to hosting you again soon. Cheers!
1,299 - 1,305 of 1,565 reviews
Great base camp for our Napa adventure and family wedding
When traveling to Napa for a family wedding, we chose this Marriott for its moderate price compared to so many of our other options. It allowed us to splurge on great meals out including Ristorante Don Giovanni, our favorite casual stop, Mustards, and to enjoy the wedding at Auberge du Soleil, a beautiful twenty minute drive away through rolling vineyards. The gym was well equipped. Wine glasses in the room was a nice touch and homage to testing out purchases at wineries toured during the day!
Ask ChrisInLA54 about Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa
Thank you so much for the feedback. We agree that our hotel is a fantastic value in the Napa Valley area and are so glad you were able to enjoy the area's famous wineries and restaurants. Come back and see us again soon. Cheers!
Ask mcapps143 about Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa
Thank mcapps143
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Orbitz, Booking.com, Hotels.com, Travelocity, Marriott, Priceline, TravelUp, Cancelon, Hotwire, TripOnline SA, getaroom.com and HotelQuickly so you can book your Napa Valley Marriott Hotel & Spa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers. | [
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Amazon.co.uk: Profile For Englander: Reviews
Profile for Englander > Reviews
Content by Englander
Reviews Written by Englander (Wales, UK)
5.0 out of 5 stars Customer satisfaction., 27 April 2016
I received a free sample of these subsequent to purchasing the RAVpower USB Charger on Amazon. The charger is excellent. Unfortunately, the cable set will not fit my mobile phone as it is 9 years old and connection sockets have moved on. A new phone will set this right and I'm working on it. However, on inspection the cable set looks OK. I can only say that the supplier (Sunvalleytec-UK) are in the business of customer satisfaction, which is refreshing today.
4.0 out of 5 stars So far so good., 23 April 2016
Bought two of these. Works on the neighbourhood cats except two. However, they are the two I like and don't mind having them about as they don't foul on my patch and are very affectionate. Also, one of them is not well looked after by a neighbour and comes to me as a second home. Either they have a high tolerance, a hearing problem or find a way around triggering the device. They are very artful. I think four would be preferable, pointing to the four compass points, then our furry friends would have to run the gauntlet of a 360 degree challenge to their antics. They therefore need careful sighting. A neighbour has this device and no cats now disturb his vegetable patch. I previously had two similar devices that also worked but didn't last long. These new devices seem to be more robust. I charged them using the RAVpower USB charger (available from Amazon) before sighting them in the garden. It took seven hours to achieve full charge but they seem to be holding the charge well.
5.0 out of 5 stars Please to say I chose the right product., 23 April 2016
I bought this USB Charger to recharge my two newly acquired Electronic Cat Repellers, which it did admirably. British sunshine is not a particularly reliable source to keep such gadgets working efficiently. The charger is well made and I'm future-proof for any other device I may acquire. Also received delivery promptly. Thanks all round.
5.0 out of 5 stars Ideal Eco Lighting, 27 Jan. 2016
This review is from: Philips 8718291789994 5 W (50W) 3000 K 36D GU10 LED Spot Light Bulbs - White, Pack of 2 (Kitchen & Home)
I bought 3 packs of these Philips lamps to replace the 6 original 50 watt Halogen GU10’s in my kitchen. There are two ceiling units each with 3 lamps = 6 lamps using 300 watts total, plus the heat. With these LED’s the power consumption is reduced to 30 watts total without the heat and give a brighter white light, which I find ideal for a kitchen. They make white look white and not yellow. One of the original Halogen lamps exploded and tripped out the safety switch in my lighting circuit. These LED’s fit into the lighting unit perfectly and provide ideal Eco lighting.
5.0 out of 5 stars Improve your wine., 17 Dec. 2015
Plain, unfussy yet stylish piece of glass that complements my wine glasses. I enjoy minimalist designs. Not as fragile as it looks and it pours well. Red wine should be decanted for at least 2 hours before drinking. Even modest wine benefits. It was offered at a bargain price on Amazon marketplace at the time of ordering and delivered promptly by the supplier.
Andrew James 12 Litre White 1400W Digital Halogen Oven Cooker With Hinged Lid - Full Accessories Pack, Spare Bulb, Extender Ring + 2 Year Warranty
5.0 out of 5 stars I consider this a good recommendation for the Andrew James model, 10 Dec. 2015
This review is from: Andrew James 12 Litre White 1400W Digital Halogen Oven Cooker With Hinged Lid - Full Accessories Pack, Spare Bulb, Extender Ring + 2 Year Warranty
I have delayed my comments until after 4 months use of this oven so that some aspect of reliability can be assessed. It replaces a previous Andrew James model bought 4 years ago, for which the original halogen bulb was reliable throughout. Eventually the manual timer became unreliable but it was the Fan/motor that failed. I have a neighbour who had three other halogen ovens (not by Andrew James) during this period, the bulbs of which failed and were not replaceable except by returning the oven to the manufacturer under the guarantee whilst it was valid. I consider this a good recommendation for the Andrew James model.The hinged lid does not fall closed if it is properly and completely opened to its maximum - totally perpendicular - which means that it should not be left at an angle. The oven should not be moved with the lid open. However, I agree that extending the lid does require some coordinated effort with pressing a button, holding it and then lifting the lid. I have consistently made excellent sponges in the ring cake tin provided. I do most of my cooking wrapped in foil, opening it for browning during the final stages. This also helps to keep cleaning to a minimum. The digital timer is excellent, easy to set or cancel, with a clear display and is far better than the original mechanical timer. I don’t use the auto settings except for the wash. Most halogen oven cookbooks give appropriate cooking times. This halogen oven is more energy efficient than my gas cooker, especially cooking for one. Cooking chips is easy without the special attachment. Just use a heat resistant silicon mesh easily obtainable and cut to size with scissors; it does the same job.
Pre-Lit Wooden Flickering Candle Bridge Arch Window Table Christmas Decoration with 7 Candles - Size 48cm, Natural Pine
5.0 out of 5 stars I have seen this item advertised online at various prices ..., 3 Dec. 2015
This review is from: Pre-Lit Wooden Flickering Candle Bridge Arch Window Table Christmas Decoration with 7 Candles - Size 48cm, Natural Pine (Kitchen & Home)
I have seen this item advertised online at various prices from �16 to �28. I paid around �19 ordered through Amazon marketplace. My experience with Amazon has always been positive. It arrived within three days. It works perfectly although one bulb did not light. It was just a matter of screwing the bulb in a little more. I have several spare bulbs left over from a previous Candle Bridge (not this type) that kept blowing the fuse and was discarded (probably a wiring fault).The bulbs are wired in parallel and so if one lamp fails the others remain alight. The pine candleholder is smoothly finished with a matt sheen. It is built in two halves that are joined together. If viewed in a certain light it can appear that one half is darker, but this is because one half reverses the grain of the wood. This enhances the grain pattern of the natural material. The whole effect is attractively ‘rustic’. I have made 3D giant snowflakes out of paper that hang in the window, below which the Candle Bridge is flickering away quite merrily.
5.0 out of 5 stars Art Deco style for today., 15 Feb. 2015
OPIS is a German Company responsible for the design and development of this retro style phone, although it is made in China. It closely resembles the Western Electric model D1/202 circa 1930 Art Deco period phone, which was a `workhorse' in the USA during the period. This retro phone has an authentic appearance, notwithstanding its modern plastic casing, (the 1930 original was moulded in zinc alloy). Installation is simplicity itself; just plug it in - no display screens and memories to set up. It comes with a UK adaptor for connection to BT Phone Outlets (or a BT answering machine in my case) and supports DTMF Menu Control (Touch Tone Dialling) suitable for telephone Banking etc. It also allows last number redialling - #/R.The ring tone is electronic and not a bell. The original 1930's phone had a separate bell base that could be attached. There is no room for a bell in the phone itself, as it is so svelte. There is a Hi/Low volume switch under the base of the model I received, although it appears that some earlier versions may not have this. It comes configured for touch-tone operation; pulse dialling is not much of an option for modern applications. The casing on the black version resembles a Bakelite finish that gives the phone a more solid look. Sound through the handset is loud and clear, and the length of cable connecting the phone to a standard UK wall outlet is a generous 4+ metres.Having grown up with manual exchange telephones of the 50's, (pick up the phone and wait for the operator - "Number please"), and later GPO dialling telephones, I am not in the slightest way inconvenienced by having to dial the numbers. In fact, to use these telephones offers a therapeutic exercise in simplicity in today's fast-paced, information-overloaded and stressed-out world. Add the esoteric satisfaction that the Art Deco design imparts, and there is a style that is way out of reach for modern DECT phones. Time will tell as to reliability.
5.0 out of 5 stars The Balanzza seems robust and is ergonomically designed for easy handling, with the read-out screen uppermost for easy ..., 11 Aug. 2014
Weighed my empty luggage case, rated by manufacturer at 3.1Kg. The Balanzza showed 3.05Kg consistently, the difference being insignificant and suggests that the luggage case manufacturer gives a higher figure to be on the safe side. The Balanzza seems robust and is ergonomically designed for easy handling, with the read-out screen uppermost for easy reading. And one needs only to lift the luggage from the floor a couple of inches to read the weight, which stabilizes and beeps after a couple of seconds.
Energizer OM1 Digital Camera Battery Equivalent to Olympus BLM-1 Battery
5.0 out of 5 stars Charged the battery without any problems. The genuine Olympus ..., 11 Aug. 2014
This review is from: Energizer OM1 Digital Camera Battery Equivalent to Olympus BLM-1 Battery (Camera)
Charged the battery without any problems. The genuine Olympus battery is far too expensive, but this seems to be an effective and robust replacement for the original, which is showing its age - 9yrs). | [
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Eva Tanner Obituary - St. George, UT | The Spectrum & Daily News
More Obituaries for Eva Tanner
Eva Darlene Gragg Tanner of St. George, Utah, returned to her Father in Heaven September 18, 2015. Eva was born to Alta Pearl Kelley and James Everett Gragg in Guthrie, Oklahoma on February 27, 1931. She married the love of her life Horace "Ace" Jay Tanner on June 2, 1948. They were later sealed for time and all eternity in the Los Angeles Temple on September 10, 1977. Together they raised two children Edward Glenn and Susan LeAnna.
Eva grew up in Winslow, Arizona where she met Ace outside of a local store and fell in love at first sight. In her earlier years she was a Teletype operator for the Santa Fe railroad. She lived most of her life in Arizona and California before Ace retired and they moved to St. George. Eva was active in the LDS church. She thoroughly enjoyed working in the nursery where she served for the past 15 years. She loved missionaries and helped financially to support 27, most of them without even knowing. She loved to have fun, play games, ride roller coasters, go boating, and ride four wheelers. She taught all of her grandkids how to swim and roller skate.
Eva was preceded in death by her parents, her two brothers Robert Gragg and James Gragg, and her husband. In addition to Edward and Susan, she leaves behind her daughter-in-law Jeanne Tanner, son-in-law Robert Goodman, 7 grandchildren and 17 great-grandchildren.
Funeral services will be held Saturday, September 26, 2015 at 11:00 a.m. in the Bloomington Hills 3rd Ward Chapel, 1222 East Brigham Rd., St. George, Utah. Visitations will be held Friday evening, September 25, 2015 from 6:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. at Metcalf Mortuary, 288 West St. George, Blvd. and prior to services from 9:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. at the Chapel. Interment will be at the Tonaquint Cemetery. Arrangements entrusted to the care of Metcalf Mortuary, (435) 673-4221. Please visit our website at www.metcalfmortuary.com for condolences, complete obituary and funeral listings.
The Guest Book is Expired Please restore the Guest Book to share in the life story for EVA TANNER | [
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BBB Business Profile | HAWK-EYE Technical Services Inc.
> HAWK-EYE Technical Services Inc.
HAWK-EYE Technical Services Inc.
(902) 281-2357
PO Box 21018
(902) 431-8453
Business Incorporated: 14/12/2010 in NS
Mr. Colin Currie, Operations Manager
Principal: Mr. Dennis Naugler, Owner
HAWK-EYE Technical Services Inc. has received 0 out of 5 stars based on 0 Customer Reviews and a BBB Rating of A+. | [
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How to Fetch Data from the Previous or Next Rows in the Resultset - CodeProject 12,821,315 members (28,641 online)
Wendelius, 26 Jul 2015
Last Updated 26 Jul 2015 Article Copyright 2011 by WendeliusEverything else | [
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Anthology by Maze | 724383588527 | CD | Barnes & Noble® Books by Author Books by Series Collectible Editions Coming Soon by Date Coming Soon by Subject New Releases NY Times Bestsellers Signed Books Top Books of the Month
Maze have been a fan favorite since the mid-'70s; while they've received little critical notice or adulation except among soul and R&B scribes, Maze have seldom been out of the charts since making their debut on Capitol. Lead singer Frankie Beverly's roots extend back to classic doo wop and East Coast soul; although he made the transition to funk, then urban material, Beverly always had plenty of soul and passion in his vocals. Maze also blazed their own musical trail; when such competitors as Earth, Wind & Fire, the Bar-Kays, Con Funk Shun, and Slave were featuring surging horn sections and jazz-tinged arrangements with heavy basslines, Beverly and company favored rock-influenced guitar parts juxtaposed against soulful organ riffs or synthesizer riffs and just a trace of reggae and/or Latin rhythm. Beverly enjoyed several hits on Capitol, but became unsatisfied with the label's inability to break the group beyond the R&B/funk market. They departed Capitol in the late '80s, and resurfaced on Warner Bros., where they continued making strong, distinctive releases. Anthology gathers the best (at least most of the best) singles the band did for Capitol, among them classics like "Southern Girl," "Before I Let Go," the complete "Joy and Pain," and "Happy Feelin's." British journalist David Nathan's notes are comprehensive, and nicely combine anecdotal and discographical references.
Anthology 5 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 4 reviews.
Frankie Beverly is the best singer. What's so great about 'em that they sound the same in person as on the albums,CD's,etc. His voice is just..what I can say GREAT!!!!!!
My name is Lynda and i just wanted to write and say how much i adore this band. It gives me great pleasure to go see them in concert because their music is like no other band i have heard in my life time.When i listen to Maze it takes me back to a point in my life that i never will forget, I had the chance to meet the group in person in 1979 for the first in my life and i have been a great fan every since, in fact Roame Lowry happens to be my sons uncle. So to Maze i say,keep on keeping on because God has Bless this group to still be here and doing very well. If they don't ever put out another new release it will be just find, because we will always be able to jam to the hits that they have given us. Happy Holiday Maze, and may The Good Lord continue to Bless each of you as well as a whole, I love you all very much, and thanks for the wonderful songs.
I have been loving Frankie Beverly and his music for so long, It's funny that I don't actually have any of his CD's though. I'll tell you one thing, after this write up, I'll have his entire collection, thanks to BN Music.
shay07 More than 1 year ago
Wow, I saw Maze in concert twice and they were simply incredable. My fist experience seeing them live was when I purchased the tickets for my sister's B-day. I became hooked after the first song... I let my brother borrow one of my Maze CD's and he misplaced it (I was almost in tears)because after 3 months he still has not found it, so I decided to purchase the Anthology. Although the site only give you samples of the songs on the CD, I know I will cherish this one as much as the others recordings I have. They are such Great Performers and Excellent Musicians.. If you haven't seen them in concert, Please do so when you have the opportunity. YOU ARE IN FOR THE CONCERT OF A LIFT TIME. | [
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ACDelco Fuel Pumps for Ford E-250 | eBay
ACDelco Fuel Pumps for Ford E-250
Acdelco EP297 / 25117164 Replacement Electric Fuel Pump
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ACDelco Fuel Injectors for Ford E-250 | [
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Words containing centres | Words that contain centres
Words containing centres | Words that contain centres http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-centresPrinter Friendly
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Words containing centres
Found 7 words containing centres. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain centres. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that end in centres
11 letter words containing centres10 letter words containing centres9 letter words containing centresSee also11 letter words containing centresmetacentresbarycentreshypocentres10 letter words containing centresepicentresconcentresjobcentres9 letter words containing centresdecentresSee also:8-letter wordsWords that end in vWords that start with dWords that start with oWords that start with zWords that start with xWords containing centreWords containing centret | [
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speakers bose 901 | eBay
Related: speakers bose 301 speakers bose 601 bose speakers bose 802 outdoor speakers bose speakers jbl bose 901 equalizer bose 501 speakers
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speakers bose 901:
New listing Pair of Bose 901 Series VI Classic Speakers with Stands
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Vintage Speakers (88)
Audio Speaker Parts & Components (25)
TV, Video & Home Audio Electronics (91)
Home Audio Speaker Mounts & Stands (6) | [
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. and if they dorvisor no, that's important to america's safety and security so what is that this one action you take at that point? >> first i would like to see a source with training and education. we have put together office of training and workforce engagement a very robust, ethics and integrity training program. and also a training program for entire workforce. because that's a we get to an efficient workforce in future, high-performance workforce. we have put together a very substantial required training that all tsos have to go through. >> how do you train -- i'm baffled. how to train one to know to call their supervisor and tell him i'm not going to be a work or i may be late? >> it is commonsense. and i would tell you that we have ethics training. we have integrity training. we have situational training on videos for our people. we're trying to train a workforce of about 47,000 screeners, and they have to do the job and have to be trained. they get in on an annual basis. we distrusted it would but messages. i want to you on the issue of tardiness, you're right. i'm not going to disagree with Search Results 0 to 1 of about 2 | [
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Miller, Daniel (Cellist) [WorldCat Identities]
Miller, Daniel (Cellist)
25 works in 38 publications in 4 languages and 448 library holdings
Jazz History Criticism, interpretation, etc New wave music Alternative rock music Popular music Rock music House music Techno (Music) Music videos
Compiler, Author, Interviewee, Instrumentalist, Performer, Other
M1366.H275, 781.65
Paradise by Tom Harrell( Recording )
"Mute is one of the most revered and influential indie labels of all time. Through the music of its tight-knit community of artists--ranging from Cabaret Voltaire, Nick Cave's The Birthday Party and Moby to Depeche Mode, Erasure, and Goldfrapp--it has had an incalculable impact on popular music for forty years. Daniel Miller created Mute to release his debut single (Warm Leatherette / T.V.O.D.), a pioneering electronic sound with a defiantly DIY punk attitude. Mute quickly established a reputation for cultivating the experimental, releasing cutting-edge industrial sounds, and chart-topping electronic music by the likes of Depeche Mode and Yazoo. The label was equally at home with the savage punk of Nick Cave's The Birthday Party and--to critical acclaim--his next outfit, The Bad Seeds. It also proved to be an Internet pioneer, launching the online site Mute Liberation Technologies in 1994. Mute features stunning artwork and photography--much of it previously unseen--and revelatory behind-the-scenes insights from the vibrant cast who have worked with the label"--
4 editions published in 2012 in English and Undetermined and held by 43 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Teoria dello shopping by Daniel Miller( Book )
3 editions published between 1998 and 1999 in Italian and held by 19 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Remix album : happy end of you by Pizzicato Five( Recording )
Mute die Geschichte eines Labels ; 1978 bis Morgen by Terry Burrows( Book )
On/off : Mark Stewart : Pop Group to Mafia( Visual )
This documentary traces the career of musician Mark Stewart, who first gained fame as a member of The Pop Group in the '70s before joining up with The Maffia and The New Age Steppers
Warm leatherette by Daniel Miller( Recording )
3 editions published between 1982 and 2013 in 3 languages and held by 5 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Mute Records - Die Erfindung der Achtziger by Daniel Miller( Book )
3 editions published in 1985 in Undetermined and English and held by 3 WorldCat member libraries worldwide
Mute, le label indépendant : depuis 1978-demain by Terry Burrows( Book )
Luxury remix ; Luxury : instrumental ; Bed of nails by Frank Tovey( Recording )
Mute : a visual document : from 1978 > tomorrow by Terry Burrows( )
Me without you : music from the motion picture( Recording )
Warm leatherette ; T.V.O.D. by Daniel Miller( Recording )
Audience level: 0.39 (from 0.24 for Paradise / ... to 0.99 for Luxury rem ...)
Café (Musician)
Whitney-Barratt, Belinda
Wikipedia Daniel Miller (music producer)
Alternative rock music Avant-garde (Music) Disco music Electronica (Music) Electronic music England England--Bristol Great Britain House music Jazz Motion picture music Music videos New wave music Popular instrumental music Popular music Rock groups Rock music Rock musicians Sound recording industry Sound recordings--Production and direction Sound studios Synthpop (Music) Techno music Trumpet with jazz ensemble
Daniel Miller angielski producent muzyczny
Daniel Miller anglický hudební producent
Daniel Miller britischer Musikproduzent und Musiklabelbesitzer
Daniel Miller British musician
Daniel Miller britisk musikkprodusent
Daniel Miller britisk musikproducer
Daniel Miller Brits muziekproducent
Daniel Miller brittisk musikproducent
Daniel Miller musicien britannique
Daniel Miller músico británico
Daniel Miller produttore discografico britannico
Daniel Otto Junius Miller
Miller, Daniel Otto Junius
Normal 1951-
Дэниел Миллер британский музыкальный продюсер
دانييل ميلر موسيقي بريطاني
دنیل میلر تهیهکننده موسیقی بریتانیایی | [
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Shop Nuvo Lighting 60/331 Ballerina 5 Light 36" Wide Vanity Light with Alabaster Glass Shades - Polished brass - Free Shipping Today - Overstock.com - 12963223
Nuvo Lighting 60/331 Ballerina 5 Light 36" Wide Vanity Light with Alabaster Glass Shades - Polished brass
ITEM# 19712293
ITEM#: 19712293
Because it matches what is already in other bathroom. | [
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. first lady michelle obama presenting the film with the top prize, as you saw. >>> what's on the agenda in the united states, there's no economic data today, but invests will be keeping a close watch on capitol hill as ben bernanke testifies before congress on the economy on tuesday and wednesday. atlanta fed president dennis lockhart speaks about the economy this evening. that's at 7:00 p.m. eastern. on the results page, first energy hurts lows, realology, autodesk muck notable names reported today. how are we set up for this week? michael gurka, good to see you this morning. hope you had a good weekend. we snapped the seven week of straight gains for the s&p at the beginning of the year. still, not a bad close on friday. we have the sequester at the end of the week, bernanke at the elsewhere.nd everything else how do you see it playing out? >> well, ross, i wonder if we're going to go satellite hook up to michelle obama again so she can give us the okay on the sequester and then we can put some more glitz to that, also, because that's how you want -- the market has jitters righ
. first lady michelle obama presenting the film with the top prize, as you saw. >>> what's on the agenda in the united states, there's no economic data today, but invests will be keeping a close watch on capitol hill as ben bernanke testifies before congress on the economy on tuesday and wednesday. atlanta fed president dennis lockhart speaks about the economy this evening. that's at 7:00 p.m. eastern. on the results page, first energy hurts lows, realology, autodesk muck notable names... | [
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9781606869826: The Best American Essays of the Century - AbeBooks: 1606869825
ISBN 13: 9781606869826
ISBN 10: 1606869825 ISBN 13: 9781606869826
Robert Atwan has edited numerous literary anthologies. He lives in the Boston area.
JOYCE CAROL OATES -- novelist, essayist, critic, poet, playwright, teacher, and short story writer -- is one of the preeminent literary figures and social critics of the twentieth century. Her honors include an NEA grant, a Guggenheim fellowship, the PEN/Malamud Lifetime Achievement Award, and the F. Scott Fitzgerald Award for Lifetime Achievement in American Literature. She is also a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. | [
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Words containing billyca | Words that contain billyca
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-containing-billyca
Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary 10,437,850,241 visitors served
Words containing billyca
Found 2 words containing billyca. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain billyca. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with billyca
9 letter words containing billyca8 letter words containing billycaSee also
9 letter words containing billyca
8 letter words containing billyca | [
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Words that start with freeswitc | Words starting with freeswitc
Words that start with freeswitc | Words starting with freeswitc http://www.thefreedictionary.com/words-that-start-with-freeswitcPrinter Friendly
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Words that start with freeswitc
Found 1 words that start with freeswitc. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words starting with freeswitc. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words containing freeswitc
10-letter words that start with freeswitcSee also10-letter words that start with freeswitcfreeswitchSee also:2-letter words with QWords that start with wWords with the letter qWords that start with lWords that end in jWords that start with aWords that start with freeswit | [
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Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 12657367FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;27(2):283-90.A new view of diabetic retinopathy: a neurodegenerative disease of the eye.Barber AJ1.Author information1The Penn State Retina Research Group, The Ulerich Ophthalmology Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, 17033, Hershey, PA, USA. [email protected] retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of legal blindness in working-age adults. The clinical hallmarks of DR include increased vascular permeability, leading to edema, and endothelial cell proliferation. Much of the research effort has been focused on vascular changes, but it is becoming apparent that other degenerative changes occur beyond the vascular cells of the retina. These include increased apoptosis, glial cell reactivity, microglial activation, and altered glutamate metabolism. When occurring together, these changes may be considered as neurodegenerative and could explain some of the functional deficits in vision that begin soon after the onset of diabetes. This review will present the current evidence that neurodegeneration of the retina is a critical component of DR. There are two basic hypotheses that account for loss of cells in the neural retina. First, the loss of blood-retinal barrier integrity, which initially manifests as an increase in vascular permeability, causes a failure to control the composition of the extracellular fluid in the retina, which in turn leads to edema and neuronal cell loss. Alternatively, diabetes has a direct effect on metabolism within the neural retina, leading to an increase in apoptosis, which in turn causes breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. It is not clear which hypothesis will be found to be correct, and, in fact, it is likely that vascular permeability and neuronal apoptosis are closely linked components of DR. However, the gradual loss of neurons suggests that progress of the disease is ultimately irreversible, since these cells cannot usually be replaced. In light of this possibility, new treatments for DR should be preventive in nature, being implemented before overt clinical symptoms develop. While vascular permeability is the target that is primarily considered for new treatments of DR, evidence presented here suggests that apoptosis of neurons is also an essential target for pharmacological studies. The vision of people with diabetes will be protected only when we have discovered a means to prevent the gradual but constant loss of neurons within the inner retina.Comment inComments on "A new view of diabetic Retinopathy" by A.J. Barber. [Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004]PMID: 12657367 DOI: 10.1016/S0278-5846(03)00023-X [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] SharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication TypesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tReviewMeSH TermsAnimalsApoptosis/physiologyDiabetes Mellitus/pathologyDiabetic Retinopathy/pathology*Endothelial Growth Factors/physiologyEye/pathology*HumansIntercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiologyLymphokines/physiologyNeurodegenerative Diseases/pathology*Neurofilament Proteins/physiologyVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AVascular Endothelial Growth FactorsVision Disorders/pathologySubstancesEndothelial Growth FactorsIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLymphokinesNeurofilament ProteinsVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AVascular Endothelial Growth FactorsLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesElsevier ScienceOvid Technologies, Inc.Other Literature SourcesCOS Scholar UniverseCited by Patents in - The LensMedicalDegenerative Nerve Diseases - MedlinePlus Health InformationDiabetic Eye Problems - MedlinePlus Health InformationPubMed Commons home | [
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1 j manion - real-time marketing ... by Ensighten 542 views
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1. Hang on Tight!Mobile Has Arrived February 1, 2013
2. Our Panelists Andrew Edwards CEO, Technology Leaders Benjamin Diggles Director of Digital Marketing, Webtrends Greg Dowling Vice President of Mobile Strategy, Semphonic
3. Why Mobile Matters
4. Why Mobile MattersMobile is the most popular and rapidly adopted personal technology in the world.
5. Why Mobile MattersMobile web browsing is experiencing a meteoric rise, but still a small percentage. Source: Mary Meeker (KPCB), StatCounter Global Stats, 11/12
6. Why Mobile MattersIn 2011, smartphone sales exceeded PC sales for the first time…
7. Why Mobile MattersU.S. and other markets are past the halfway point…
8. Why Mobile MattersSmartphone adoption still has a tremendous upside… Source: Mary Meeker (KPBC), Morgan Stanley Research estimates
9. Why Mobile MattersMobile monetization presents a substantial opportunity… Source: Mary Meeker (KPCB), Gartner, eMarketer, Strategy Analytics
10. Why Mobile MattersSignificant gap between time spent and mobile ad spend… Source: Mary Meeker (KPCB), eMarketer, IAB
11. Why Mobile MattersMajority of mobile ad spend is in mobile search + display ads on mobile web
12. Why Mobile MattersBut what about apps? Source: Nielsen Smartphone Analytics
13. Why Mobile MattersApp Store downloads to exceed 60 billion by mid 2013
14. Why Mobile MattersMobile app revenue growing fast, but still relatively small – Freemium dominates
15. Why Mobile MattersBut who dominates the mobile platform?
16. Why Mobile MattersBut what about app revenue?
17. Why Mobile MattersAnd mobile commerce and web traffic?
18. Mobile Measurement
19. Measurement StrategiesThere are four common Mobile Measurement Strategies • JavaScript Tagging • Server-Side Image Requests • Server-Side Data Capture • Vendor SDKsEach have some advantages and each have some significant disadvantages
20. JavaScript Tagging Pros Cons
21. Server Side Image Requests Pros Cons
22. Server Side Data Capture Pros Cons
23. Vendor SDKs Pros Cons
24. Of course, you can always leveragea Tag Management System!
25. Panel Q&A
Optimize Experiences Everywhere: How Marketers Leverage Real-Time App Agility... | [
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_.mj=function(){this.H=[];this.R=[]};_.g=_.mj.prototype;_.g.Cf=function(){return this.H.length+this.R.length};_.g.ke=function(){return _.zb(this.H)&&_.zb(this.R)};_.g.clear=function(){this.H=[];this.R=[]};_.g.contains=function(a){return _.yb(this.H,a)||_.yb(this.R,a)};_.g.remove=function(a){var b=this.H;var c=(0,_.oba)(b,a);0<=c?(_.Bb(b,c),b=!0):b=!1;return b||_.Cb(this.R,a)}; _.g.Fe=function(){for(var a=[],b=this.H.length-1;0<=b;--b)a.push(this.H[b]);var c=this.R.length;for(b=0;bSigmas Conference and Event Center - Google+Press question mark to see available shortcut keysHomeCollectionsJoin Google+Send FeedbackHelpRegionPrivacy Policy - Terms of Service - Maps Terms©2017 GoogleSearchSign inAboutSearchSign inSigmas Conference and Event Center3 followers3 followersAboutSigmas Conference and Event Center's posts Post has attachmentSigmas Conference and Event CenterPublicAug 2, 2012Save the Date for our Open House Friday 9/14 5-9 pm -> see what we have to offer for your corporate or social #event http://ow.ly/cGDOD1700-1798 June Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15209, USASigmas Conference and Event Centerow.ly no plus ones no comments no sharesLooks like you've reached the endLooks like you've reached the endUnable to load more. RetryWait while more posts are being loaded | [
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1.2m Long Handle Weed Brush Handle for Cleaning Block Paving / Patios: Amazon.co.uk: Garden & Outdoors
Weed Brush, remove weeds simply and effortlessly with the Weeder
Spruce up your outdoor bricks, pavement, patio and garden paths with this sturdy
Keeps cracks between interlocking bricks and stones free of moss, weeds and other debris
Hardwood handle 120cm
Buy the selected items togetherThis item:1.2m Long Handle Weed Brush Handle for Cleaning Block Paving / Patios £8.90 Only 9 left in stock.Replacement Head 1pc For Patio And Block Paving Weed Wire Brush With Scraper £3.95 In stock.
£3.95 Long Handled Weeding Brush Block Paving Patio Weeding Brush and Scraper - Replacement Head
£3.95 Invero® Patio Weed Wire Brush Broom ideal for Decking Block Paving Slab Moss Weed Removal Weeding Tool
£7.12 Crest 12" Ultimate Patio & Paving Scrub Brush
£18.75 Draper 24935 Carbon Steel Hand Patio Weeder with Ash Handle - Brown
ASINB003S6EAFO
5,828 in Garden & Outdoors (See top 100)
in Garden & Outdoors > Gardening > Hand Tools
Perfect in the garden cleaning patios, pathways, driveways and decking. This handy tool comprises a hardwood head with a triple row of converging tough wire bristles which gives extraordinary cleaning power. Use the attached weeding tool to prise out weeds. It's perfect for smaller areas of paving, such as paved steps - or larger areas, such as driveways, that are heavily weeded. Solid and Long handle 1.2m.The brush head is replaceable - easily removed and refixed.
24935 Carbon Steel Hand Patio Weeder with Ash Handle - Brown
2 X Kingfisher - Patio Garden Weeder Tool Set - Ideal For Paving Slabs
Customer reviews4.3 out of 5 stars2794.3 out of 5 stars5 star1734 star523 star242 star131 star17Share your thoughts with other customersWrite a customer reviewSee all 279 customer reviewsTop customer reviews5.0 out of 5 starsExactly what I neededByBuelleron 8 June 2014Verified PurchaseI wasnt sure whether this would work or not, but after reading other reviews this worked perfect for what I wanted. First of all it was packaged very well no damage and arrived promptly. Also I through the bristles wouldnt be strong enough but when it arrived the bristles are made of a kind of metal so they are very strong and I took it outside just to try it and the weeds just swept away in one quick brush. So I used it to do the complete drive the other day and t probably took me about half an hour to do the whole drive, ok my drive wasnt overgrown with weeds/moss but it needed a good going over and I found this just the job as I didnt want to use weed killer on my driver in case i damaged the paving or dis-coloured it. The hand is just the right length, i just needed to go over the drive afterwards with sand to make sure I hadnt left any gaps in the paving afterwards but then i would expect to do that anyway if you had pulled the weeds out by hand which was my original option, totally recomment this item and well worth the money. It also has a handy blade took at the end should you need it to get anything hard to get out with or tight areas.Read more0Comment|
Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 starslong handled weed brushByRonald Talboton 17 May 2013Verified PurchaseI found this item for my needs exceptional, it did more than the job, it was hard for me as I am a little disabled, however it did sort out my patio out front and also cleared the weeds along side of house on the road, and is still in good orderRead more0Comment|
Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 starsGreat little toolByAmazon Customeron 30 June 2017Verified PurchaseThis is a cheap, simple tool that works really well. It arrived in a week and well packaged. I cleared my drive of weeds in an hour or so rather than the usual few days of mind-numbingly back-breaking work. The boredom factor is still there, but with my partner's encouragement (as he watched) the job got done so much quicker. He would like a longer handle but I found it fine. Wish I'd found this tool years ago. Had a bit of confusion with my order when it looked like I would just receive a handle but the seller responded quickly to my email and all was sorted.Read more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse4.0 out of 5 starsDoes the jobByBeauty Bundleon 19 May 2017Verified PurchaseThis is a good garden tool especially if you have a problem bending or kneeling down. It scrapes the weeds and rubbish from between the slabs very well. I am happy with it.Read more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 stars... using one of these and thought - that looks useful and so it isByTram Terryon 19 July 2017Verified PurchaseI watched my neighbour using one of these and thought - that looks useful and so it is. Very smart patio without moss in the grooves now.Read more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 starsDoes the job brilliantly. I now have a super tidyByMiss Hazel Vuvion 5 July 2017Verified PurchaseArrived before time, well packaged. Does the job brilliantly. I now have a super tidy drivewayRead more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 starsImpressiveByLizon 12 June 2017Verified PurchaseThis tool is brilliant for scraping along crevices and getting moss off.Read more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuse5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsBymary nevilleon 18 July 2017Verified PurchaseA good gardening tool, I am very pleased with it.Read more0Comment|Was this review helpful to you?YesNoReport abuseSee all 279 customer reviews (newest first)Write a customer review
Most recent customer reviews5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsExcellent and very good quilityPublished 1 day ago by rodney thewlis5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsGreat item fast delivery thank youPublished 3 days ago by Mrs S M Dulley1.0 out of 5 starsOne StarMight be a long handle for jimmy clitheroePublished 9 days ago by Stephen A.5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsGood tool works wellPublished 10 days ago by maryjoycegover5.0 out of 5 starsFive Starsgood value and servicePublished 23 days ago by Hazel2.0 out of 5 starsLong handled weed brushWas pleased when it arrived on the expected date but find it hard to use as the long handle is warped so it's got a curvePublished 1 month ago by Amazon Customer4.0 out of 5 starsGoods item.Received Item just what I needed....for my patio...Published 1 month ago by Gillian4.0 out of 5 starsFour Starseasy handling saves the kneesPublished 1 month ago by Amazon Customer5.0 out of 5 starsFive StarsDoes what it says it does and so easy to use.Published 1 month ago by RydalSearch customer reviewsSearch
See and discover other items: paving slab, garden paving slabs, garden brush, paving slabs, brushes to clean, garden bricks | [
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Izumi Kato a Cura Di Gianni Romano by Kato Izumi - AbeBooks
Izumi Kato a Cura Di Gianni Romano by Kato Izumi
Author/Artist etc.: kato izumi ,
Title: izumi kato a cura di gianni romano
Izumi Kato : a cura di Gianni Romano
Published by Astuni Galleria (2004)
About this Item: Astuni Galleria, 2004. Soft cover. Condition: Very Good. 1st Edition. as pictured First edition Very good condition softcover faitn indent gently read clean 70 pages 35 plates captions in Italian. Seller Inventory # 000450g3 | [
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Patent US4204983 - Absorbent polymeric compositions derived from amylaceous material ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAbsorbent polymeric compositions are disclosed which are prepared by graft copolymerizing acrylonitrile onto an amylaceous material--formaldehyde substrate and then subjecting the graft copolymer to alkaline saponification. The resulting absorbent polymeric composition sets up into a hard gel after absorbing...http://www.google.com/patents/US4204983?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4204983 - Absorbent polymeric compositions derived from amylaceous material-formaldehyde substratesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4204983 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 06/036,750Publication dateMay 27, 1980Filing dateMay 7, 1979Priority dateMay 7, 1979Publication number036750, 06036750, US 4204983 A, US 4204983A, US-A-4204983, US4204983 A, US4204983AInventorsE. Jack Swarthout, Phillip AntholzOriginal AssigneeIllinois Cereal MillsExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Referenced by (11), Classifications (13) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAbsorbent polymeric compositions derived from amylaceous material-formaldehyde substrates
US 4204983 AAbstract
Absorbent polymeric compositions are disclosed which are prepared by graft copolymerizing acrylonitrile onto an amylaceous material--formaldehyde substrate and then subjecting the graft copolymer to alkaline saponification. The resulting absorbent polymeric composition sets up into a hard gel after absorbing multiple weights (e.g., up to about 3,000 times its own weight) of water.
1. A method of forming a water-insoluble, aqueous fluid-absorbing copolymer comprising:(a) mixing an ungelatinized amylaceous material with a formaldehyde solution containing from about 0.5 to about 9 weight percent formaldehyde based on the weight of the amylaceous material to form an amylaceous material-formaldehyde substrate; (b) graft copolymerizing acrylonitrile onto the amylaceous material-formaldehyde substrate to form a graft copolymer; (c) saponifying the graft copolymer in an aqueous solution to form a water-soluble saponified graft copolymer; and (d) isolating and drying said saponified graft copolymer to form a water-insoluble, aqueous fluid-absorbing copolymer. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said mixture of amylaceous material and formaldehyde solution is gelatinized prior to step (b).
Processes for polymerizing acrylonitrile with starch are well known in the art. For example, such processes are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,922,768; 3,201,336; 3,661,815; 3,669,915; 3,935,099; 3,985,616; 3,997,484; 4,005,040; 4,045,387; and 4,069,177.
It is an object of this invention to provide a process for forming a polymeric composition which will absorb large amounts of water in a hard gel form.
It has been found that the incorporation of a small amount of formaldehyde in solution with an amylaceous material (e.g., corn flour) prior to gelatinization and processing to form a graft copolymer results in the ultimate formation of a water-insoluble, aqueous fluid-absorbing polymeric composition which sets up as a hard gel and absorbs up to about 3,000 parts by weight of water per part of the copolymer.
A 1000 milliliter flask is charged with 25 grams of yellow corn flour and 420 milliliters of distilled water. Then 1.5 milliliters of 37 percent formalin are added and mixed into the slurry. The mixture is stirred slowly and heated for 15 minutes at 180� F. to gelatinize the starch in the flour. The dispersion is then cooled to 100� F. and 38 grams of acrylonitrile are added and mixed into the dispersion. A solution of 0.85 grams of ceric ammonium nitrate dissolved in 7 milliliters of 1N nitric acid are then added. The mixture is held under nitrogen for 2 hours and brought to a pH of 7 with a solution of sodium hydroxide. An additional 300 milliliters of distilled water are then mixed into the mixture, and the mixture heated to a temperature of 180� F. and held at that temperature for 15 minutes to drive off excess acrylonitrile. Then 26 grams of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 50 milliliters of water are mixed into the graft slurry and the temperature raised to 190� F. The slurry is stirred intermittently until it becomes viscous enough to prevent settling. The temperature is maintained at 190� F. for the duration of the saponification step. A light yellow color is obtained after about 2 hours, indicating that the saponification step is completed.
A 100 milliliter flask is charged with 25 grams of rice flour (prepared by grinding polished rice) and 420 milliliters of distilled water. Then 1.5 milliliters of 37 percent formalin are added and mixed into the slurry. The slurry is then stirred slowly and heated for 15 minutes at 180� F. to gelatinize the starch contained in the rice flour. The dispersion is then cooled to 100� F. and 38 grams of acrylonitrile are added and thoroughly mixed into the dispersion. A solution of 1.25 grams of ceric ammonium nitrate dissolved in 7 milliliters of 1 N nitric acid is then added and mixed into the dispersion. The mixture is held under a nitrogen blanket for 2 hours. The pH of the mixture is adjusted to 7 with a sodium hydroxide solution. An additional 100 milliliters of distilled water are then mixed into the mixture, and the mixture is heated to a temperature of 180� F. and held for 15 minutes to boil off excess acrylonitrile. Then 25 grams of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 50 milliliters of water are mixed into the graft slurry and the temperature raised to 190� F. The slurry is then stirred intermittently until it becomes viscous enough to prevent settling. The temperature is maintained at 190� F. for the duration of the saponification. A light yellow color is obtained after approximately 2 hours, indicating that saponification is complete.
A potato is peeled and a section analyzed for moisture content. Slices of the potato equivalent to 25 grams of dry solids are then placed into a Waring blender with 400 milliliters of distilled water. The slices are then blended to a pulpy consistency. The mixture is then filtered through a Whatman No. 4 filter paper and reslurried with 420 milliliters of distilled water. Then 1.5 milliliters of 37 percent formalin are added and the slurry is mixed. The slurry is then heated to 180� F. and held at that temperature for 15 minutes to gelatinize the starch contained in the potato slurry. The dispersion is then cooled to 100� F. and 38 grams of acrylonitrile are added and mixed into the dispersion. A solution of 1.25 grams of ceric ammonium nitrate dissolved in 7 milliliters of 1N nitric acid is then added to the dispersion. The mixture is held under a nitrogen blanket for 2 hours to allow graft polymerization to occur. The pH of the mixture is then adjusted to 7.0 with a solution of potassium hydroxide. An additional 100 milliliters of distilled water are mixed into the graft mixture and the mixture heated to a temperature of 180� F. and held for 20 minutes to boil off any excess acrylonitrile that might be present. Then 42 grams of potassium hydroxide, dissolved in 50 milliliters of water, are mixed into the graft mixture and the temperature further increased to 190� F. The slurry is stirred intermittently until it becomes viscous enough to preclude settling. The temperature is maintained at 190� F. for the duration of the saponification step. A light yellow color is obtained after approximately 2 hours, indicating that saponification was complete.
The process of Example I is repeated with corn flour except that distilled water alone is utilized instead of the formalin-containing solution in the original mixture-forming step. The polymer is then made in exactly the same manner. Upon testing to determine water absorbency, it is found that the polymer absorbed 3500 milliliters of water. When a 200:1 dilution of the polymer is prepared as described above, the resultant gel flows easily from the inverted container. The differences in physical properties between the hard corn flour gel of Example I and the soft corn flour gel of this Comparative Example can best be seen from the following tests:
The process of Example II is repeated with rice flour except that distilled water alone is utilized instead of the formalin-containing solution in the original mixture-forming step. The polymer is then made in exactly the same manner. Upon testing for water absorbency, the polymer was found to absorb 4000 milliliters of water per gram. When a 200:1 dilution of the polymer is prepared as before, the hydrated gel flows easily from the inverted container.
A process similar in procedure to Example III is conducted with crude potato starch by treating a potato as previously described but utilizing only distilled water in the initial mixing step. The polymer is then prepared, isolated and purified in the same manner as before.
The procedure of Example I is also followed using propionaldehyde in place of formaldehyde. The product which is formed is black in color and is totally unsuitable for use as a water-absorbent material.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4028290 *Oct 23, 1975Jun 7, 1977Hercules IncorporatedHighly absorbent modified polysaccharidesUS4036588 *Mar 9, 1976Jul 19, 1977Research CorporationMethod of increasing the water absorption of cellulose-containing materialsUS4045387 *Jul 26, 1976Aug 30, 1977The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of AgricultureHighly absorbent polymeric compositions derived from flourUS4051086 *Mar 25, 1976Sep 27, 1977Hercules IncorporatedAbsorption rate of absorbent polymers by treating with glyoxal* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4301017 *Apr 28, 1980Nov 17, 1981Standard Brands IncorporatedStable, liquid starch graft copolymer compositionUS4302369 *Apr 8, 1980Nov 24, 1981Henkel CorporationAluminum modified water absorbent compositionUS4769022 *May 2, 1986Sep 6, 1988Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing CompanyCleansing padUS4793336 *Dec 5, 1986Dec 27, 1988Wang Paul YWound coverings and processes for their preparationUS4937893 *Oct 11, 1989Jul 3, 1990The Procter & Gamble CompanyPassive-dosing dispenser employing captive internally-generated gas bubble to provide product isolationUS5003022 *Feb 5, 1990Mar 26, 1991Penford Products CompanyStarch graft polymersUS5130394 *Feb 5, 1991Jul 14, 1992Penford Products CompanyStarch graft polymersUS5416181 *Dec 19, 1991May 16, 1995Penford Products CompanyReinforced films made from water soluble polymersUS5565509 *Jun 2, 1995Oct 15, 1996Penford Products CompanyReinforced films made from water soluble polymersUS5667885 *May 14, 1996Sep 16, 1997Penford Products CompanyReinforced films made from water soluble polymersWO1992013714A1 *Feb 4, 1992Aug 20, 1992Penford Products CoReinforced films made from water soluble polymers* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification524/734, 604/368, 47/DIG.10International ClassificationC08F8/44, A61L15/60, C08F251/00Cooperative ClassificationC08F8/44, C08F251/00, A61L15/60, Y10S47/10European ClassificationC08F251/00, C08F8/44, A61L15/60RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services | [
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CharlieDarwin2 comments on So they installed new bathroom doors in a dorm on my campus... Someone goofed.jump to contentmy subredditsannouncementsArtAskRedditaskscienceawwblogbookscreepydataisbeautifulDIYDocumentariesEarthPornexplainlikeimfiveFitnessfoodfunnyFuturologygadgetsgamingGetMotivatedgifshistoryIAmAInternetIsBeautifulJokesLifeProTipslistentothismildlyinterestingmoviesMusicnewsnosleepnottheonionOldSchoolCoolpersonalfinancephilosophyphotoshopbattlespicsscienceShowerthoughtsspacesportstelevisiontifutodayilearnedTwoXChromosomesUpliftingNewsvideosworldnewsWritingPromptsedit subscriptionsfront-all-random | Showerthoughts-philosophy-tifu-Documentaries-gadgets-books-food-gifs-DIY-dataisbeautiful-askscience-IAmA-nottheonion-listentothis-pics-UpliftingNews-space-AskReddit-TwoXChromosomes-funny-OldSchoolCool-creepy-worldnews-aww-nosleep-EarthPorn-WritingPrompts-Music-todayilearned-Futurology-sports-photoshopbattles-movies-videos-history-mildlyinteresting-LifeProTips-InternetIsBeautiful-Jokes-science-television-explainlikeimfive-personalfinance-GetMotivated-Art-news-Fitness-gamingmore » funnycommentsrelatedother discussions (1)want to join? login or register in seconds|Englishlimit my search to /r/funnyuse the following search parameters to narrow your results:subreddit:subredditfind submissions in "subreddit"author:usernamefind submissions by "username"site:example.comfind submissions from "example.com"url:textsearch for "text" in urlselftext:textsearch for "text" in self post contentsself:yes (or self:no)include (or exclude) self postsnsfw:yes (or nsfw:no)include (or exclude) results marked as NSFWe.g. subreddit:aww site:imgur.com dogsee the search faq for details.advanced search: by author, subreddit...this post was submitted on 04 Jun 20132,621 points (96% upvoted)shortlink: remember mereset passwordloginSubmit a new linkSubmit a new text postfunnyunsubscribesubscribe6,634,023 readers24,894 users here nowWelcome to r/Funny:
a community for 6 yearsmessage the moderatorsMODERATORSilluminatedwaxWe're no strangerskrispykrackersto lovedoug3465Doug E. FreshKyldeThe JanitorGuitarFreak027sodypopbrownboy13There is no alien, citizen.neptathkabuliwallahNeither fair nor justpoop_monsterOutsourced moderator...and 19 more »262026212622So they installed new bathroom doors in a dorm on my campus... Someone goofed. (imgur.com)submitted 1 year ago by Kwiatkowski924 commentssharecancelsorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onloading...sorted by: bestbesttopnewhotcontroversialoldrandomyou are viewing a single comment's thread.view the rest of the comments →[–]CharlieDarwin2 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (1 child)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onIt keeps a person from smelling up the whole bathroom.
permalinkparent[–]Soldier4Christ82 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children)sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted onUntil the door is opened and the smell comes wafting out. permalinkparentaboutblogaboutteamsource codeadvertisejobshelpwikiFAQreddiquetterulescontact ustoolsmobilefirefox extensionchrome extensionbuttonswidget<3reddit goldstoreredditgiftsreddit.tvradio redditUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement {Genitive} and Privacy Policy {Genitive}. © 2014 reddit inc. All rights reserved.REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc.close this windowyou'll need to login or register to do thatcreate a new accountall it takes is a username and passwordprivacy philosophy
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Core special teamers for Patriots686dMike ReissSetting the schedule for Day 2 of New England Patriots training camp7hMike ReissPlay2:54Judge to NFL, union: Try to settle differencesNFL19hDont'a Hightower progressing with shoulder rehab20hJoe McDonaldJimmy Garoppolo on possibly starting: 'We're really not looking that far ahead'9hJoe McDonaldTom Brady's one-handed catch highlights action at first day of Patriots camp9hMike ReissPlay2:54Pats open practice, try to ignore Deflategate talk1dMike ReissCore special teamers for Patriots9/13/20130 SharesEmailComment | [
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Federal Service Entrance Examination (FSEE) by Rudman, Jack: National Learning Corp - AbeBooks.com
We're sorry; this specific copy is no longer available. Here are our closest matches for Federal Service Entrance Examination (FSEE) by Rudman, Jack.
B000724XK4 Used good or better, we ship best copy available! May have signs of use, may be ex library copy. Book Only. Expedited shipping is 2-6 business days after shipment, standard is 4-14 business days after shipment. Used items do not include access codes, cd's or other accessories, regardless of what is stated in item title. If you need to guarantee that these items are included, please purchase a brand new copy. Bookseller Inventory # Bibliographic Details
Title: Federal Service Entrance Examination (FSEE)
1. Federal Service Entrance Examination (FSEE) (Admission Test Ser: Ats-16)
ISBN 10: 0837302536
ISBN 13: 9780837302539
Book Description National Learning Corporation, 2007. Plastic Comb. Book Condition: New. Brand New. Ships immediately & delivered via standard mail in 4 to 14 business days. Please email us with any questions.Images available upon request. Fast shipping, your satisfaction is guaranteed. Please email us with any questions. Bookseller Inventory # BHPASS031042006
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ISBN 13: 9780837350165
Book Description National Learning Corp, 2003. Plastic Comb. Book Condition: New. Brand New. Ships immediately & delivered via standard mail in 4 to 14 business days. Please email us with any questions.Images available upon request. Fast shipping, your satisfaction is guaranteed. Please email us with any questions. Bookseller Inventory # BHPASS031043021
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Book Description National Learning Corp, 2003. Plastic Comb. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0837350166
6. Federal Service Entrance Examination FSEE Vol C 253 by Jack Rudman 1994 Paperback
Book Description Book Condition: Brand New. Book Condition: Brand New. Bookseller Inventory # 97808373025391.0 | [
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UN agrees to cut peacekeeping budget, a reduction US sought | Fox News
UNITED NATIONS – The General Assembly on Friday agreed to a significant cut in the budget for the U.N.'s far-flung peacekeeping missions, a reduction that the Trump administration fought hard to achieve though it wanted an even larger decrease. | [
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A Rooter Man Plumbing Sewer & Drain Cleaning ServiceFair Oaks, CA 95628(800) 491-9655WebsiteMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?22. Rocket RooterServices95658 Newcastle RdNewcastle, CA 95658(916) 663-9607PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?23. A1 RooterServices13170 Lincoln WayAuburn, CA 95603(916) 624-0851PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?24. Ready RooterServices3717 Stockton BlvdSacramento, CA 95820(916) 457-9999PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?25. Master Rooter Expert SvcServices4405 Franklin BlvdSacramento, CA 95820(916) 972-8211PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?26. Mr. Rooter Plumbing - CLOSED8384 Rovana CirSacramento, CA 95828(916) 355-1776PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?27. Jeffco Plumbing/A-1 Rooter(2)13170 Lincoln WayAuburn, CA 95603(530) 885-6937PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?28. Deeds Rooter Services(2)2319 Hammonton Smartville RdMarysville, CA 95901(530) 741-3684PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?29. Doug Deeds Rooter Man Service2019 Hammonton Smartville RdMarysville, CA 95901(530) 682-4302PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Add to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?30. Bill's Thrifty Rooter(1)429 Bridge StYuba City, CA 95991(530) 846-8201PlumbersPlumbing-Drain & Sewer CleaningWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoRooms & Rates »Sponsored LinksShowing1-30
of 46results12NextIf we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.Add a New CollectionOops! There was a problem saving the new custom collection.Please try again.Collection Name cannot be emptyUpload a Photo(optional)Remaining Characters: 100Remaining Characters: 500CancelSaveMap ViewFeatured Plumbersin Roseville, CaliforniaAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?ABC Plumbing Heating & Air Conditioning(1)205 22nd StSacramento, CA 95816(916) 822-7578WebsiteVirtual TourDirectionsMore InfoFeatured Plumbersin Roseville, CaliforniaAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Roto-Rooter Plumbing & Drain Service(256)Find a Location(877) 729-7686WebsiteOnline SpecialsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Home Plumbing ExpertsServing the Roseville Area.(855) 982-1565WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Domco Plumbing Inc(1)Serving the Roseville Area.(916) 550-9059WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Rooter Rooter & Plumbing(8)9333A Viking PlRoseville, CA 95747(916) 596-0105WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Preferred Plumbing & Drain3437 Myrtle AveNorth Highlands, CA 95660(916) 473-2472WebsiteVirtual TourYP AdDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Signature Plumbing Inc.2254 Sierra Meadows DrRocklin, CA 95677(916) 546-4948WebsiteSee Our ServicesYP AdDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Rapid Rooter Plumbing5013 Roberts AveMcClellan, CA 95652(916) 739-2237WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?McDonald Plumbing Heating & Air(1)3618 BroadwaySacramento, CA 95817(916) 436-3275WebsiteCouponsLearn MoreDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Lorenzo Plumbing(11)Serving the Roseville Area.(888) 840-0086WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?SERVICE NOW PLUMBING(23)9333A Viking PlRoseville, CA 95747(916) 331-3335SERVING SACRAMENTO & SURROUNDING AREAS- 7 DAYS - 2...WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Mr. Honeydo6341 Naranja WayOrangevale, CA 95662(916) 988-1587Contact Us for InformationDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Signature Plumbing Inc.2254 Sierra Meadows DrRocklin, CA 95677(916) 546-4948WebsiteSee Our ServicesYP AdDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Ace Plumbing Heating & Air Conditioning(4)3011 Academy WaySacramento, CA 95815(916) 455-4548Serving The Greater Sacramento Area Since 1972WebsiteCouponsYP AdDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Broadley Plumbing4020 Main AveFair Oaks, CA 95628(916) 967-5216DirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Preferred Plumbing & Drain3437 Myrtle AveNorth Highlands, CA 95660(916) 473-2472Serving Sacramento, Placer, ED & Yolo CountiesWebsiteVirtual TourYP AdDirectionsVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your other collection!Error when adding to other collectionThis business was removed from the other collectionInaccurate Result?Anderson's Sierra Pipe Co(2)825 Nevada StAuburn, CA 95603(530) 718-3041Plumbing - Irrigation - Pump - Electrical SuppliesWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?America's Plumbing Company4878 Pasadena Ave #1Sacramento, CA 95841(916) 281-0728We Charge By The Job... Not The HourWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Rapid Rooter Plumbing5013 Roberts AveMcClellan, CA 95652(916) 739-2237FAST SERVICE YOU CAN COUNT ON!WebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Advanced Plumbing & Rooter Service Inc.6825 22nd StRio Linda, CA 95673(916) 550-9585Contact Us For InformationWebsiteDirectionsMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Daniel's PlumbingRescue, CA 95672(916) 281-0690WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Dial-A-Pro PlumbingServing the Roseville Area.(916) 985-6334Contact Us for InformationWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Domco Plumbing Inc(1)Serving the Roseville Area.(916) 550-905924/7 Emergency ServiceWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Home Improvement SpecialistSacramento, CA 95627(916) 438-9110WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Expert Licensed PlumbersServing the Roseville Area.(888) 988-5235Get Matched With Licensed Expert Plumbers!WebsiteGet a QuoteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Ishii & Son Plumbing Heating & Cooling(1)Serving the Roseville Area.(916) 256-2758WebsiteYP AdVideoMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Express Sewer & DrainRancho Cordova, CA 95670(916) 800-8683WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Call A ProServing the Roseville Area.(888) 776-3214Need service now? Call a Pro today! Open 24/7WebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Your Friendly Local Repair Guys - We Do It All!(13)Serving the Roseville Area.(888) 847-8379Call now for expert, low-cost repair serviceWebsiteMore InfoAdd to mybookRemove from mybookAdded to your home collection!Error when adding to home collectionThis business was removed from the home collectionInaccurate Result?Call A ProServing the Roseville Area.(888) 776-6940WebsiteMore InfoAboutAbout UsSite FeedbackContact UsAdvertise with UsCareers - We're HiringCorporate BlogEngineering BlogLegal | [
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BOXHILL - Tucson, AZ, US 85719
BOXHILL is a boutique landscape design firm located in Tucson, Arizona. Principal designer Elizabeth Przygoda-Montgomery leads the design team, bringing over 20 years of experience designing both residential and commercial spaces. Over the years, Elizabeth has developed a signature pragmatic style — one of simple elegance with a focus on relaxed outdoor living. She aims to make every space fresh, unique, and tailored to the site and needs of the client.
As a spin-off of her landscape design business, Elizabeth also founded an online retail store, Shop Boxhill, which offers a curated selection of outdoor furniture and living products.
Her work has been featured in both regional and national publications and, recently, won two LUXE Magazine International Design Awards (2017), a Gardenista National Design Award (2017), three BUILD Magazine International Design Awards (2018) and Phoenix Home & Garden Magazine’s ‘Master of the SW’ Award (2018).
Design Portfolio: www.boxhilldesign.com
Outdoor Product Collection: www.shopboxhill.com
2018 | Phoenix Home & Garden Magazine, 'Master of the South West' Award
2018 | Won 3 BUILD Magazine International Design Awards
2017 | Gardenista National Design Award, Best Hardscape
2017 | Won 2 LUXE Magazine International Design Awards, including 'Best Landscape Design Firm, Arizona'
Contact: Elizabeth Przygoda-Montgomery
Location: 2954 N. Campbell Avenue, #220
Typical Job Costs: $500.00 - 200,000
Please contact us for an appointment or look at our website for more information. www.boxhilldesign.com
Ritz Carlton Residential
Mountain View Majestic
Joesler Mediterranean Modern
Modern Zen Collaboration
Spanish Colonial Historic
Bohemian Upcycled Eclectic
Boxhill's Pots + Plants
Bocce Ball Backyard
Vesta Fire Pit
Product Collaboration -- Steel Life + Boxhill
Review by C K Cabinetry and Design, LLC:
I have know Elizabeth Pryzgoda sine 2000. She has always been creative and I watched her knowledge and inspiration grow with her first house in Tucson. Elizabeth is kind and thoughtful, she listens ...
Review by hogarisima:
Would definitely hire Elizabeth and again and have another garden project in mind for her. Very skilled at dealing with different preferences among her clients and finding a design and plan that work...
Review by desert99:
We wanted a modern, simple, clean-lined redesign for the frontyard but needed to work within the confines of HOA regulations and a large existing tree and boulder. We wanted large poured concrete pads...
Review by Valley Development Corp.:
Elizabeth designed and coordinated the construction of an Arizona outdoor living space in the prestigious golf community of Tucson Country Club. The project included smooth colored plaster finished m...
Review by Box Hill design:
Out Standing Company, with personal flare for detail This project is an on going project, as it is an older lake house. Started with eliminating, then moving to first repairs, later will be interior
Review by willydk9:
Our tree care expert had worked with Elizabeth on several projects and recommended her to do a design plan for our oversized back yard in midtown. Our house was built in the 1950s and from the looks o...
Review by cvf1:
Elizabeth and Boxhill Design came highly recommended to us, and we couldn't have been more pleased with the results. We wanted to make some changes to our backyard to make it more "entertaining-frien...
Review by Within Studio LLC:
I have absolutely loved working with Boxhill Design. Elizabeth is so creative and has great vision for her projects. It was an extremely collaborative working environment and I cannot wait to do it ag...
Review by sdkane:
Boxhill Designs’ principal and owner, is the very creative energetic Elizabeth Pry Montgomery. I attended her Tohono Chul Botanical Gardens’ workshops on available local resources and on Mexican des...
Review by pattilovespink:
Elizabeth amazed me when I first saw her ideas for remodleing one of my clients backyard. It was currently a large, neglected flat piece of sand and dirt - with over grown trees, old cement flower be...
Review by melanieinpr:
This company is always on trend but integrates classic elements. Great use of color and materials- fun, eclectic, modern. Practical ideas and links.
Review by Donna Litton:
Elizabeth and Boxhill Design did an outstanding job with our large front yard that had a lot of non-native plants. I wanted everything out for a completely new, more native, look. Elizabeth's sense ...
Commented: Purple stem plant russian sage
Commented: very cool design. What gravel type is that? It’s called desert gold DG screened 1/4
Commented: What is the wall treatment? this is tile
Commented: Can you please tell me where the barstools are from? Thank you!! Yes, they are from Boxhill, here is the link. http://www.shopboxhill.com/concha-pub-chair/ thank you !!
Commented: Lounge Chairs Hello, thank you, and they are so comfy. they are from www.overstock.com.
August 18, 2017 in Photo Questions
Commented: Love this outdoor area. Where did you find the blankets on the swings? Hello,thank you so much, they are actually towels , they are from Pendleton here is the link: http://www.pendleton-usa.com/catalog/search.cmd?form_state=searchForm&keyword=towels&keyword_entr...
BOXHILL answered a question: Purple stem plant
BOXHILL now has a photo featured in a story: 10 Things to Know About Buying a Fire Pit for Your Yard
Tucson Fireplaces · Tucson Garage Door Sales · Tucson Glass & Shower Door Dealers · Tucson Handyman · Tucson Hardwood Flooring Dealers · Tucson Hot Tub & Spa Dealers · Tucson Kitchen & Bath Fixtures · Tucson Lighting · Tucson Paint & Wall Coverings · Tucson Siding & Exteriors
Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers near Tucson
Flowing Wells Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Tucson Estates Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Vail Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Valencia West Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · South Tucson Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Summit Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Tortolita Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Littletown Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Rillito Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers · Willow Canyon Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers | [
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North Georgia Shutter & Blind - Clarkesville, GA | Groupon
1937 Robertson Loop Rd, Clarkesville, GA 30523 1937 Robertson Loop Rd, Clarkesville Directions
+17068390602
1937 Robertson Loop Rd,
North Ga Shutter and Blind Company is located near a variety of parking options, making your selection a quick and easy one.
Hornbuckle (26.3 mi)
Pendleton (42.2 mi)
River Club (45.3 mi)
Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited North Georgia Shutter & Blind. | [
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Ready To Pray: Gail E. Dudley: 9780975292129 - Christianbook.com
By: Gail E. Dudley
Ministry in Motion / Paperback
CBD Stock No: WW150076
$8.19 Good News New Testament - Stonecroft Edition
$0.99 God's Priceless Treasure: How to Overcome Challenges, Be Transformed and Know Your Purpose
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$14.39 I Curse Death: What If God Said We Didn't All Have to Die?
$1.99 Choices of the Chosen: Lessons from Israel's Shepherd King
$1.99 Come Unto Me
$0.99 Supernatural Skyline: Where Heaven Touches Earth
$0.99 Little Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, and Other Classic Fairy Tales
Gail E. Dudley shares the life lessons that the Lord has poured into her life through her spiritual journey with Him. Whether these were seasons of joy, seasons of sorrow, seasons of want, or seasons of plenty, the Lord has been working in her life for many years, teaching her the disciplines of prayer and the power that comes through the life of someone who is obedient to calling on Him during all of life's challenges. Her life is a living testimony of a life transformed by the power of prayer and having a heart of worship. -- Mary Hamrick
Format: PaperbackNumber of Pages: 163Vendor: Ministry in MotionISBN: 0975292129ISBN-13: 9780975292129Availability: In Stock
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I'm the author/artist and I want to review Ready To Pray. | [
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Amazon.com: Precious Remedies Against Satan s Devices: Welcome Wagon: MP3 Downloads
Welcome to the Welcome Wagon › The Welcome Wagon
B001LZ8OE2,B009Y2JIOE,B00CRW2066,B009473S3G,B00IP8IHEA,B00CP2Z5TC,B00G2SIW7M,B00KZHTXLK,B009P70RC0,B007RVQFLI,B00B5GUV2A,B0081FO2Q4,B007IUELZK,B00FJ001IM,B00DDX7ERI,B00D4FCTTI,B008LQMTZE,B00DF0POXA,B00138KKP8,B00370FD3E,B00A0VP98M,B00D7JT85Y
Total Length: 51:09Genres: Alternative Rock ASIN: B0084J00JU
Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #93,410 Paid in Albums (See Top 100 Paid in Albums)
9 of 9 people found the following review helpfulImportant, but also delightful
This isn't the sort of music I usually listen to, and though I expected to admire it, I did not think I would like it very much. But it did a masterful job of winning me over. And I think it blazes an important path through unexplored territory.There are precious few musicians I'm aware of who are committed to making Christian music that is not merely music for Christians, and hardly any who would go so far as to use old hymns in new settings to speak about Jesus to an unbelieving world. Meanwhile, I think one of the most important things my son and I do is play gospel music week after week in secular settings, without apology but also genuinely intending to speak to and even touch listeners whose spiritual state is completely unknown to us. So I liked the fact that, even though Vito Aiudo is the pastor of Resurrection Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, the Welcome Wagon is not the church's worship band, and the music on this CD is not meant for use in worship services. And I wanted to understand what role he wants his music to play in the listener's life.Vito Aiudo says: "This album has a somewhat liturgical structure, ordered loosely like a worship service." Quite so, although I didn't realize it during my first listen. As the album unfolded I listened and analyzed, identified the influences and structures and techniques and instrumentation, thought about the lyrics. I could see what was being done, appreciate and even admire it--still, I wasn't really persuaded it might be for me. But the liturgy was doing its work, and as I arrived at "Lo He Comes with Clouds Descending" something in me surrendered. The music played on until I stopped to do my shopping. I finished the album, then played it over again with--finally--ears to hear.Read more ›
3 of 3 people found the following review helpfulExcellent progress
After loving the last album, I was really excited for this one. What I wasn't expecting, however, was how different it would be. Sufjan's influence is pretty relatively restrained and the couple's authentic talent really shines. Great album.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpfulA Precious Indie Liturgy
Its been too long since the last album (not really but its been hard to be patient!) The most distinctive difference from their self-titled debut is the abundance of originals on this record. Sometimes doing lyrics and music, other times using existing hymn/poem lyrics (even John Donne), Vito and friends have created a wonderful album arc of original work. The flow of the entire record almost feels like a liturgical service, beginning with a Confession & Forgiveness (I'm Not Fine) and wrapping up the album with a Benediction (God Be With You). The recording and production quality have gone up a little bit on this record, though I must admit, the rawness of the first record was refreshing and has its appeal. The country-western touch added by the lap steel isn't my cup of tea, and may be a little over used, but thats purely a personal style preference. Overall, a fun and insightful album that works well AS AN ALBUM (don't put on shuffle!) and won't disappoint. Enjoy the music!
Christian music for people who don't like "contemporary Christian music."
I found out about The Welcome Wagon through Asthmatic Kitty Records, who publishes Sufjan Stevens. I normally loathe what has become known as contemporary Christian music, but this record is something special. Subtle, unpretentious, without overproduction. Those Are My Best Days is my favorite.
0 of 3 people found the following review helpfulOK CD
All of the music on this CD is ok - there are a few great songs - but overall I would have been better off just purchasing the few songs I really like
I Know That My Redeemer Lives Welcome Wagon | Format: MP3 Music MP3 Download
But For You Who Fear My Name The Welcome Wagon | Format: MP3 Music MP3 Download
Grace Alone The Modern Post | Format: MP3 Music MP3 Download
Up On a Mountain The Welcome Wagon | Format: MP3 Music MP3 Download | [
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Amazon.co.uk: 4 Stars & Up - Last 90 days / Military Life & Institutions / Military History: Books
Books Advanced Search Best Sellers New & Future Releases Top Offers School Books Textbooks Browse Genres Paperbacks Audiobooks 1-16 of 18 results for Books : History : Military History : Military Life & Institutions : 4 Stars & Up : Last 90 days
National Service: A Generation in Uniform 1945-19632 Jul 2015by Richard VinenPaperback£4.30used & new(25 offers)
52Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardWorlds Apart: A Muslim Girl with the SAS16 Jun 2015by Azi AhmedHardcover£12.59Get it by Thursday, Aug 6More buying choices£9.25used & new(21 offers)
25Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardEligible for FREE UK DeliveryNight in Gaza23 Jul 2015by Mads GilbertPaperback£11.20Get it by Thursday, Aug 6More buying choices£8.39used & new(26 offers)
4Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardEligible for FREE UK DeliveryHow To Become a Royal Marines Commando NEW EDITION: The Insider's Guide (H2B) (How2become Series)13 May 2015by Richard McMunnPaperback£10.99Get it by Thursday, Aug 6More buying choices£1.52used & new(23 offers)
31Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardEligible for FREE UK DeliveryThe Men Who Made the SAS: The History of the Long Range Desert Group4 Jun 2015by Gavin MortimerHardcover£16.59Only 6 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£9.28used & new(20 offers)
1Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardEligible for FREE UK DeliverySpetsnaz: Russia's Special Forces (Elite)20 Jun 2015by Mark Galeotti and Johnny ShumateKindle Edition£6.71Available for download now
1Beneath a Turkish Sky: The Royal Dublin Fusiliers and the Assault on Gallipoli1 Jun 2015by Philip LecanePaperback£17.99Get it by Thursday, Aug 6More buying choices£9.25used & new(16 offers)
1Trade-in eligible for an Amazon gift cardEligible for FREE UK DeliveryDead and Those About to Die, The : D-Day: The Big Red One at Omaha Beach4 Jun 2015by John C. McManusPaperback£10.25Only 3 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£5.71used & new(35 offers)
5Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryKeepers of the Gateway to Hell20 Jun 2015by Simon ChambersPaperback£8.99More buying choices£5.04used & new(13 offers)
3Eligible for FREE UK DeliverySpecial Ops Heroes4 Jun 2015by Michael AshcroftPaperback£6.74Get it by Thursday, Aug 6More buying choices£3.78used & new(23 offers)
6Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryRifle Green at Waterloo18 Jun 2015by James Dann and George CaldwellHardcover£30.00used & new(1 offer)
2The Bird of Time24 May 2015by Michael Round and Sandra WorrellPaperback£12.00Not in stock; order now and we'll deliver when available
1Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryVictoria's Cross: The Untold Story of Britain's Highest Award for Bravery7 May 2015by Gary MeadKindle Edition£15.19Available for download now
6The Life and Legend of Chris Kyle: American Sniper, Navy Seal28 May 2015by Michael J. MooneyAudio CD£14.99Only 1 left in stock - order soon.More buying choices£5.26used & new(16 offers)
21Eligible for FREE UK DeliveryMum's Army1 Jun 2015by Winifred PhillipsCurrently unavailable
24Warsaw Boy1 Jun 2015by Andrew Borowiec and Tim BruceCurrently unavailable
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Format Hardcover (4) Paperback (9) Audiobooks (2) Kindle Books (4) Author Richard McMunn (1) Michael A. Ashcroft (1) Robert G. Cooper (1) Gary Mead (1) Andrew Borowiec (1) Michael J. Mooney (1) Language English (18) Delivery Option (What's this?) Free UK Delivery by Amazon Avg. Customer Review Clear 4 Stars & Up & Up 3 Stars & Up & Up (19) 2 Stars & Up & Up (19) 1 Star & Up & Up (19) Price Under £5 (3) £5 - £10 (8) £10 - £20 (3) £20 - £50 (2) £ to £ International Shipping (What's this?) AmazonGlobal Eligible Availability Include Out of Stock Get ad-free access to over a million songs with Prime Music Prime members also enjoy unlimited One-Day Delivery, exclusive access to movies, TV shows and Kindle books. > | [
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Electronics Computers Computer Accessories Keyboards, Mice & Joysticks Mice & Mice Pads Customers also viewed these products $24.81 Logitech Wireless Mouse M185 w/ USB Nano Wireless Receiver, Black 4.5 stars 743 ratings ShippingPass $19.99 Was $23.00 Save $3.01 Targus Wireless Optical Laptop Mouse 2.0 stars 4 ratings ShippingPass from $13.19 Verbatim Wireless Mini Travel Mouse 4.0 stars 5 ratings ShippingPass from $14.93 Verbatim 97782 Wireless Optical Design Mouse 3.0 stars 2 ratings ShippingPass Rollback $20.99 Was $29.88 Save $8.89 Logitech M510 Wireless Mouse 4.5 stars 201 ratings ShippingPass from $19.25 Microsoft 3500 Wireless Mobile Mouse 4.5 stars 60 ratings ShippingPass $12.53 Gear Head 2.4 Wireless Optical Nano Mouse 3.5 stars 14 ratings ShippingPass from $9.62 Gearhead 2.4GHz Wireless Optical Nano Mouse 4.0 stars 16 ratings ShippingPass from $18.99 Kensington Pro Fit Mid-Size Wireless Mouse 3.5 stars 2 ratings ShippingPass $8.61 Was $12.12 Save $3.51 Zalman USA USB Gaming Mouse, Black 4.0 stars 54 ratings ShippingPass $19.85 Microsoft Wireless Mobile Mouse 3500 4.0 stars 66 ratings ShippingPass $14.93 Syba Multimedia Connectland Bluetooth Wireless Optical Mouse 3.5 stars 56 ratings ShippingPass $35.51 Kensington K72334US SlimBlade Mouse with Nano Receiver - Laser 4.5 stars 5 ratings ShippingPass Reduced Price $23.43 List price $37.77 Save $14.34 Microsoft 2EF-00002 Microsoft 3000 Wireless Mobile Mouse - Optical - Wireless - Radio Frequency - USB - 1000 dpi - Scroll Wheel - 4 Button(s) - Symmetrical 5.0 stars 3 ratings ShippingPass from $14.00 Logitech Wireless Mouse M325 4.5 stars 31 ratings ShippingPass $9.99 Inland Pro 2.4GHz Wireless Optical Mouse 3.5 stars 121 ratings ShippingPass $19.25 Microsoft Wireless Mobile Mouse 4000 4.0 stars 43 ratings ShippingPass $41.23 Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse, Black 4.0 stars 28 ratings ShippingPass from $58.31 Thermaltake Tt eSPORTS Level 10 M Gaming Mouse 5.0 stars 1 ratings ShippingPass from $13.35 Verbatim/Smartdisk Nano Wireless Optical Mouse ShippingPass Targus Wireless Compact Laser Mouse 4.0 stars 4.0 stars 6 reviews 6 reviews ratings Q&A By: Targus This Item is no longer available We're unable to show you buying options for this item. Check out these related products $24.09 Targus Paum01u Ultra Mini Optical Mouse ShippingPass $24.78 Targus Compact Laptop Mouse - Optical - USB - Black, Gray ShippingPass $10.52 Wireless Mouse (Efilliate) ShippingPass $28.96 Gigabyte Wireless Laser Mouse - Laser - Wireless - Radio Frequency - Usb - 1600 Dpi - Tilt Wheel - 2 Button[s] (gm-m7700b) ShippingPass Reduced Price $34.14 List price $51.07 Save $16.93 Cherry Nano Wireless Mouse ShippingPass $29.09 Adesso iMouse G25 Ergonomic Wireless Mouse - Laser - Wireless - Radio Frequency - Black - USB - 1600 dpi - Scroll Wheel ShippingPass Rollback $14.93 Was $15.89 Save $0.96 Digital Innovations EasyGlide Wireless Mouse ShippingPass $30.74 Dell Wireless Mouse-WM326 - Laser - Wireless - Radio Frequency - Black - USB Type A - 1600 dpi - Scroll Wheel - 7 Button ShippingPass $27.14 GIGABYTE Compact Bluetooth Laser Mouse ShippingPass $29.97 Kensington ProFit Mouse - Optical - Wireless ShippingPass $17.39 Gear Head Optical Wireless Tilt-Wheel Mouse ShippingPass $8.95 Christmas Mouse ShippingPass $25.01 Compucessory Wireless Mouse, 2.4G, Black 51554 ShippingPass $29.07 Adesso iMouse G25 Ergonomic Wireless Mouse ShippingPass $50.21 Seal Shield SWM7W Seal Shield Silver Surf SWM7W Wireless Laser Mouse - Laser - Wireless - Radio Frequency - White - USB - 1000 dpi - Scroll Wheel - 2 Button(s) ShippingPass $39.99 Kworld GAMDIAS DEMETER Laser Gaming Mouse, GMS5010 ShippingPass $29.87 Kensington Mouse for Life Wireless Three-Button Mouse K72401US Black 2.0 stars 8 ratings ShippingPass $40.09 ESTAND CCM660288 Nissan GT R Optical Mouse Silv ShippingPass $8.86 V7 Mouse - Optical - Wireless - 1000 Dpi - 3 Button[s] (mv3070-1n) ShippingPass $42.48 Monoprice 7-Button Ambidextrous Laser Gaming Mouse, Black (109287) ShippingPass About this item Customer reviews Item recommendations Policies Back to top About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin
recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. Eliminate cord clutter with the Targus AMW55US Wireless Mouse that features a micro USB receiver. Featuring a 1000 dpi high-precision laser sensor, this wireless laser mouse offers great control and accuracy. It is compatible with Windows 7, 2000, XP, Vista, Mac OS X v10.4 or higher. This wireless laser mouse is highly portable because of its Stow-N-Go design, so you can store the USB port inside the body of the mouse. It uses a 2.4GHz wireless signal to create a reliable connection with your laptop or computer. This 1000 dpi optical mouse is powered by two AAA Energizer Max batteries, which last up to five months, depending on how often you use them. This mouse also meets the standards set by the RoHS directive. About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin
recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. Eliminate cord clutter with the Targus AMW55US Wireless Mouse that features a micro USB receiver. Featuring a 1000 dpi high-precision laser sensor, this wireless laser mouse offers great control and accuracy. It is compatible with Windows 7, 2000, XP, Vista, Mac OS X v10.4 or higher. This wireless laser mouse is highly portable because of its Stow-N-Go design, so you can store the USB port inside the body of the mouse. It uses a 2.4GHz wireless signal to create a reliable connection with your laptop or computer. This 1000 dpi optical mouse is powered by two AAA Energizer Max batteries, which last up to five months, depending on how often you use them. This mouse also meets the standards set by the RoHS directive. Targus AMW55US Wireless Mouse:
1000 DPI high-precision laser sensor
Accurately responds to mouse movements
USB port stores inside body of mouse
2.4 GHz wireless signal
Designed to work with Windows 7, 2000, XP, and Vista and Mac OS X 10.4 or later
Requires 2 AAA batteries (included) Specifications Color: Black Compatible Devices: PC , Mac Form: AAA type Manufacturer Part Number: AMW55US Color Category: Black System Requirements: Operating Systems:Windows 7Windows 2000Windows XPWindows VistaMac OS X 10.4 or later Battery Life: 5 Month Model: AMW55US Interface Type: 2.4 GHz Brand: Targus Is Dark Sky-Compliant: Y Sensor Resolution: 1000 dpi Assembled Product Dimensions (L x W x H): 8.11 x 1.60 x 9.14 Inches Show Customer Q&A Back Ask a question Back to questions Questions & Answers 0 questions Ask a question Back to questions Ask a question If you would like to share feedback with us about pricing, delivery or other customer service issues, please contact customer service directly. 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Remember: Don’t include personal information (such as your full name). Nickname Nickname Send me an email when my question is answered Email address I agree to the Terms & Conditions Submit Cancel Preview Preview Question answers by an anonymous customer answers answers Last answer: Answer this question Cancel my answer Answer this question Submit Edit Cancel Thank you. Questions will be checked against our question guidelines and posted within five to seven business days. Customer Reviews Customer Reviews | 6 reviews | 4.2 out of 5 4.0 stars 6 reviews | 4.2 out of 5 4.0 stars 6 reviews | 4.2 out of 5 67% Would recommend to a friend 5 stars 4 4 stars 0 3 stars 1 2 stars 1 1 stars 0 Sort by Most relevant Most helpful Newest to oldest Oldest to newest High to low rating Low to high rating 1-6 of 6 total reviews 67% Would recommend to a friend Write a review Show filters Sort by Most relevant Most helpful Newest to oldest Oldest to newest High to low rating Low to high rating Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 and older Gender Male Female Good while it lasts 2/18/2013 Customer review by Illeist 3.0 stars 2/18/2013 by Illeist by Illeist I've had my Targus optical mouse for two years now. For about a year, it performed excellently; it's a stylish, sleek piece of equipment that did everything I asked of it. After about a year, however, the scroll wheel stopped functioning reliably. Within a month, not only could I no longer use the scroll wheel, but it would frequently scroll up and down of its own accord, particularly (and problematically) when left clicking. And now, just past the two year mark, the right mouse button no longer functions. Written by a customer while visiting targus.com Illeist North Carolina Would recommend to a friend? No The Perfect Laptop Mouse. 8/9/2011 Customer review by Julianne 5.0 stars 8/9/2011 by Julianne by Julianne I have come to heartily loathe touchpads! This wireless mouse is small but very precise and easy to use. It's very easy to stuff in one's laptop bag. A person with large hands might find it a little annoying, but for me it's great. My husband purchased one of these and said it was too small, so he gave it to me and I love it! He then purchased a AMW51US for himself; it appears to be the same model in details, only larger... So now we're both happy! Written by a customer while visiting targus.com Julianne Illinois Would recommend to a friend? Yes No Connection from time to time 5/21/2011 Customer review by marcus 2.0 stars 5/21/2011 by marcus by marcus I had a bluetooth and now a USB Version on a new iMac and no Support is provided here as this brand new model is not in the selection. It has the same problem as it does not connect on start up, i have to restart and sometimes it works. Written by a customer while visiting targus.com marcus Switzerland Would recommend to a friend? No 9/20/2011 Customer review by Wiz 5.0 stars 9/20/2011 by Wiz by Wiz This a great mouse. Very easy to use. It is very fast in regards to the response of the command. Very glad I have it. Written by a customer while visiting targus.com Wiz Maryland Would recommend to a friend? Yes 12/3/2010 Customer review by dragana1616 5.0 stars 12/3/2010 by dragana1616 by dragana1616 great mouse, easy to use. It is very fast in regards to the response of the command. Written by a customer while visiting targus.com dragana1616 Would recommend to a friend? Yes Great product. 10/26/2012 Customer review by Chanel1 5.0 stars 10/26/2012 by Chanel1 by Chanel1 I bought this item at Best Buy and I had no problems at all with it. I've dropped it several times and now need a new one. I plan to replace it with the same one. Was this review helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report Thank you! You have successfully submitted feedback for this review. Was this review helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Chanel1 Chalmette, LA Would recommend to a friend? Yes Age:25 - 34 Ownership:Longer than one year Gender:Female Usage:Every day Customer Reviews | 6 reviews | 4.2 out of 5 Customer Reviews 4.0 stars 6 reviews | 4.2 out of 5 Good while it lasts Customer review by Illeist 3.0 stars 2/18/2013 I've had my Targus optical mouse for two years now. For about a year, it performed excellently; it's a stylish, sleek piece of equipment that did everything I asked of it. After about a year, however, the scroll wheel stopped functioning reliably. Within a month, not only could I no longer use the scroll wheel, but it would frequently scroll up and down of its own accord, particularly (and problematically) when left clicking. And now, just past the two year mark, the right mouse button no longer functions. Written by a customer while visiting targus.com The Perfect Laptop Mouse. Customer review by Julianne 5.0 stars 8/9/2011 I have come to heartily loathe touchpads! This wireless mouse is small but very precise and easy to use. It's very easy to stuff in one's laptop bag. A person with large hands might find it a little annoying, but for me it's great. My husband purchased one of these and said it was too small, so he gave it to me and I love it! He then purchased a AMW51US for himself; it appears to be the same model in details, only larger... So now we're both happy! Written by a customer while visiting targus.com Read all 6 reviews Consider these popular products $2.00 Belkin Standard Mouse Pad 4.5 stars 189 ratings ShippingPass $24.81 Logitech Wireless Mouse M185 w/ USB Nano Wireless Receiver, Black 4.5 stars 743 ratings ShippingPass from $11.63 Logitech M187 Wireless Mini Mouse 4.0 stars 44 ratings ShippingPass from $14.00 Logitech Wireless Mouse M325 4.5 stars 31 ratings ShippingPass Clearance $17.00 List price $20.40 Save $3.40 V7 Full-Size USB Optical Mouse, Gray 5.0 stars 66 ratings ShippingPass $2.99 Belkin Mouse Pad 4.5 stars 47 ratings ShippingPass Clearance $2.00 Was $2.90 Save $0.90 Belkin Standard Mouse Pad, Gray 4.5 stars 22 ratings ShippingPass Rollback $12.88 Logitech M325 Wireless Mouse 4.5 stars 38 ratings ShippingPass $6.53 Was $7.12 Save $0.59 Belkin F8E262-BLK WaveRest Series Gel Mouse Pad 4.5 stars 69 ratings ShippingPass $9.97 Logitech Corded Mouse M100 4.5 stars 421 ratings ShippingPass Rollback $20.99 Was $29.88 Save $8.89 Logitech M510 Wireless Mouse 4.5 stars 201 ratings ShippingPass $26.56 Logitech M570 Trackball 4.5 stars 303 ratings ShippingPass $14.62 Was $24.99 Save $10.37 HP Z4000 Star Wars Special Edition Wireless Mouse 4.5 stars 14 ratings ShippingPass $11.45 Logitech M187 Wireless Mini Mouse, Red ShippingPass $7.49 Logitech B100 Optical USB Mouse 4.5 stars 129 ratings ShippingPass $9.70 KYE Genius Wireless NX-7000 Mouse, Passion Red 5.0 stars 3 ratings ShippingPass from $5.57 Allsop 30594 Mouse Pad 4.5 stars 15 ratings ShippingPass Rollback $7.99 Was $12.85 Save $4.86 @.com 6000Z 2.4GHz Wireless USB Mouse 3.5 stars 2 ratings ShippingPass $7.50 Verbatim Bravo Wired Laptop Optical Mouse 4.5 stars 8 ratings ShippingPass from $3.99 Allsop 31427 Naturesmart Mouse Pad ShippingPass Policies & Plans See any care plans, options and policies that may be associated with this product. 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About our prices We’re committed to providing low prices every day, on everything. So if you find a current lower price from an online retailer on an identical, in-stock product, tell us and we’ll match it. See more details at Online Price Match. Compute- app-11031821-16-85973813, DC- prod-dal3, ENV- prod-a, Ver- 48.0.2, SHA- e98469bb55c5959751e37e4211d7253bbbd97537, Log- 66312457-1e5ab-1577498715e000 Site Information Be the first to save! Email Address Sign up Privacy Policy Stay connected Mobile apps Help Feedback MoneyCenter Privacy & Security CA Privacy Rights Terms of Use Walmart services See All Services Walmart MoneyCenter Walmart Credit Card Product Care Plans Walmart Pay Get to know us About Walmart.com Corporate Suppliers Marketplace Careers @WalmartLabs Walmart.com Terms of Use About Our Ads Affiliate Program CA Privacy Rights Privacy & Security Customer service Returns Policy Product Recalls Int’l Customers Tax Exempt Program Contact Us Feedback Store Pickup In the spotlight Expand Baby Cribs Strollers Diapers Baby Feeding Car Seats Expand Electronics Cut the Cable Computers TVs iPads & Tablets Expand Fitness Exercise Machines Vitamins Ellipticals Treadmills Fitbit Expand Keep Cool Air Conditioners Fans Swimming Pools Pool Toys Popular Products Expand International Sites Argentina Brazil Canada Chile China Japan Mexico United Kingdom © Walmart Stores, Inc. To ensure we’re able to help you as best we can, please include your reference number: Ref: | [
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$100,000 Jobs, Employment in Yuma, AZ
$100,000 jobs in Yuma, AZ
Winterhaven, CA (3)
Bard, CA (2)
MediCruit (1)
Regulatory Affairs Manager Regulatory Affairs Manager Your Challenge · Create and deploy a single aligned strategy in Quality and Regulatory Compliance 1 day ago - email
Associate Dentist in Yuma w/$20k Sign-On Bonus, $650/Day Min...
Minimum Requirements: Associates degree and at least 10 years of job-related experience or equivalent. Must have minimum of five (5) year in military
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Naval Aviation Enterprise (NAE) Mentor/Advisor (Job Number: 413328) Description: SAIC currently has a contingent opening for a Naval Aviation Enterprise (NAE
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View all Boomtown jobs in Yuma, AZ - Yuma jobsSalary Search: Part Time Field Technician salaries in Yuma, AZLearn more about working at BoomtownRelated forums: Boomtown
Asc Project Manager / IT Centric / Military Flight Ops / MCA...
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Under the general direction of the Chief Compliance Officer, provides support with site security and corporate compliance with internal, client and regulatory
View all Advanced Call Center Technologies, LLC jobs in San Luis, AZ - San Luis jobsSalary Search: Site Compliance Officer salaries in San Luis, AZLearn more about working at Advanced Call Center Technologies, LLCRelated forums: Advanced Call Center Technologies, LLC
The Administrative Director of Perioperative Services is primarily accountable for the planning, implementation and operation of the perioperative areas
View all Yuma Regional Medical Center jobs in Yuma, AZ - Yuma jobsSalary Search: Administrative Director Perioperative Service salaries in Yuma, AZLearn more about working at Yuma Regional Medical CenterRelated forums: Yuma Regional Medical Center
Admin Director of Clinical Operations
The incumbent is primarily accountable for the planning, implementation and operation of multiple ancillary departments in order to meet the needs of the
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Associate Part Time Dentist in Yuma
Kool Smiles - 18 days ago - save job - email - more...
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View all Federal Companies jobs in Winterhaven, CA - Winterhaven jobsSalary Search: salaries in Winterhaven, CALearn more about working at Federal CompaniesRelated forums: Federal Companies
This Independent Dental Practice are looking to recruit for a Locum Dental associate to start in January. This is a locum position to work 4 days per week,
Careers4a - 9 days ago - save job - email - more...
View all MediCruit jobs in Somerton, AZ - Somerton jobsSalary Search: Locum Dental Associate salaries in Somerton, AZLearn more about working at MedicruitRelated forums: MediCruit
Get email updates for the latest $100,000 jobs in Yuma, AZ | [
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Olivia Wilde reveals new constellation tattoo in honor of son Otis | Daily Mail Online
'For my little o': Olivia Wilde reveals beautiful new constellation tattoo in honor of son Otis
Published: 17:04 EDT, 9 July 2018 | Updated: 17:33 EDT, 9 July 2018
Olivia Wilde chose a novel way to keep out of the heat on Sunday as she stopped by Celebrity favorite tattooist Dr. Woo.
Sharing snaps of her new inking to Instagram the 34-year-old actress revealed she got a design on her forearm in honor of her son Otis, four.
'Heatwave activities include... For my little o' she captioned two photos along with moon and stars emojis.
New tattoo: Olivia Wilde got another tattoo on Sunday in honor of her son Otis, four
Artwork: The 34-year-old actress revealed the inking on Instagram writing 'Heatwave activities include... For my little o'
One image showed a delicate constellation tattoo and the other showed the Vinyl star sat patiently as Woo worked his magic.
Woo is known for his magical constellation compositions and Olivia's artwork looked a perfect mix of stars, crescents and delicate lines.
Olivia Wilde is pretty as a petal in floral summer frock and... Olivia Wilde shows off flawless skin as she goes makeup-free...
Olivia Wilde reveals her bra in plunging blazer at hubby...
The actress already has a tattoo on her left wrist which reads 'all love, A' in a typewriter font.
'It's in honor of my late uncle Alexander Cockburn. He was a dear dear friend. The tattoo is the last phrase he wrote to me. All love, A. It reminds me to love everyone, just as he did.' she explained at the time.
Keeping out of the heat: Olivia sat down with celeb favorite tattooist Doctor Woo
Family moments: The Drinking Buddies star is pictured with Otis, four in this cute Instagram snap she shared on Friday
Olivia is also mom to daughter Daisy, one, with fiance Jason Sudeikis.
In April Olivia explained that she doesn't want to force her son into 'boy' things.
She told People: '[Otis] loves Moana, obviously, and when he thinks about Moana, he thinks of himself as Moana,' says Wilde. 'I love hearing him sing … it’s the best when you can watch them singing in the backseat of your car, and he’s just like, "I wish I could be the perfect daughter!" And he’s just belting it out.
'That’s so great because at a certain age he’s going to be like, "Well, I can't, that's … " you know, and he still doesn't judge things like pink, or dance or gymnastics. These aren't things that are gender-specific yet.
'I don't know why at a certain point we tell them that's for boys and that’s for girls, but I’m going to do my best to not force that delineation,' the actress said.
Olivia is also mom to daughter Daisy, one, with fiance Jason Sudeikis. The family is pictured on March 24 in LA at the March For Our Lives protest
Olivia Wilde reveals new constellation tattoo in honor of son Otis | [
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Kailin Oy: Board Committees & Members - Bloomberg
To contact Kailin Oy, please visit . Company data is provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. Please use this form to report any data issues. | [
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Listed below are comments made by mauricio between Friday, 24th December 2010 and Tuesday, 24th July 2012.
3:42pm on 24 Jul 2012
Hello Graciela,you said you're a portuguese speaker... I'm a portuguese speaker myself so I was wondering where you are from.About the post I've always found Shakespeare's work impossible for me to understand. I remember reading something of "midnight summer dream" and then I though to myself: "my, what is this all about?" And ever since I've always thought it's something only academics can understand. Maybe it's just like you said in your post. It's a work that must be acted out. Well, anyway, I'm a bit less discouraged to try again since you said even english native speakers have difficulty reading it.Thanks for this nice post.Regards,Mauricio.
6:15pm on 18 Jul 2012
Hello Sean,what a nice blog entry you wrote. I especially "loved" the sentences you collected related to the topic. How nice was it to read them.As a matter of fact I'll try to memorize some of them. I'm sure occasion will come for me to use them in a conversation.And what to say about the pictures. Really nice. Did you really take them all yourself in Paris? It's amazing how they came in just handy for this specific entry. Again, thank you for your great guidance.Looking forward for your next post, I say goobye.
6:03pm on 18 Jul 2012
Hello Jinghua,friendship is really a treasure one can find in life. Sometimes we may find it early in our lives, sometimes later. Or sometimes we find it more than once in life. It really doesn't matter when. The most important thing is to give it its true value when we find it. And the best way to find this great treasure is to look for it. And how do we look for it? By looking at the ones who are next to us. Paying careful attention to their needs and making ourselves available to giving and receiving this wonderful gift which is the possibility of sharing our lives with people next to us.And once we find this wonderful treasure, we must care that it's nurtured properly. All friendships need to be cared for. We must be there for our friends when they need us and we must be ready to do little things that will show them how important they are to us. Well, just some thoughts about friendship.My best regards.
Weather. Helplessness
5:29pm on 05 Apr 2012
Hello Nick,welcome to the blog. It was nice to read about the weather conditions in your country.Here we are experiencing something similar. I mean, the season change does seem to have happened only on paper. We still feel as if we were in summer. Very high temperatures everyday and occasional rain that doesn't seem to be able to cool the environment. Autumn just seems to be coming in but in a very lazy way.Contrary to what you have said about starting with comments about the weather it was definetely a nice way to begin. Hope to be following all your next posts.Good bye,Mauricio.
How is the communication important for the couple life? 7:23pm on 07 Oct 2011
Hi Sophea,I agree with you when you say communication is an important issue in a relationship.I've never been married, but I frequently hear people complaining that they don't have a dialogue with their husband or wife anymore. But I think it's always a two way road. If someone is complaining, it means he or she is not communicating either. So perhaps he or she should stop complaining and start putting a stronger effort to improving communication with his or her beloved one. It may be hard in the beginning but if they still have what it takes to be together, they'll come around.Nice to meet you.Warm regards, Mauricio
THE CHAPOLERA.......FROM UGLY BUTTERFLY TO A BEAUTIFUL WOMEN
4:58pm on 01 Sep 2011
Hi Alfonso!What a nice post. Very poetic. The way you compared the women harvesting the coffee to the butterflies was lovely. It must really be a beautiful thing to see. I love countryside landscapes. They are all full of a pleasant melancholy. Loved the post.See you soon.
1:49pm on 23 Aug 2011
New York seems to be a great place to visit. Too bad I think I'll never have a chance to go there. But I can count on you to describe it for me. This memorial you mentioned must really be something. When it opens I'll want to see pictures of it.Thank you for your nice post.Best wishes,Mauricio.
4:12pm on 22 Aug 2011
Hello Neil,let me give my ideas on Alonzo's sentences. In the first one I guess he wanted to use the expression believe it or not. Because it's hard to believe that the whole country was built with coffee.In the second sentence maybe he wanted to say that people's lives in that area are all connected with the growing coffee activity. So they're always surrounded by coffee.In the third one, I guess he means that the music is so good that it sticks to your mind and you never forget it. Well, they are just ideas. What do you think Alonzo?It's nice to participate in the blog. It's great to read it. See you.
1:03pm on 10 May 2011
Hi Lito,I hope Manny has won the fight. I'm not a very big fan of boxing, but I guess he must be a great athlete.It's nice to see people be successful in their careers, specially if they come from a hard life like you described. They're also a good stimulus for other people and a nice example to follow. They also have a big responsibility.See you on your next post.Bye bye.
Nice Spot (My First Blog)
12:51pm on 10 May 2011
Hi Lito,wonderful place this Boracay. Your pictures make us feel like visiting it. We have some beautiful beaches here in my country too.How far do you live from Boracay? Do you get to visit it often?I'd love to live close to a place like this.Although we have some beautiful places here in my country, they are still very far and I don't have many opportunities to visit them. I'll be looking forward to your next post.see you soon,Bye, bye.
Beach holidays, the letter S and phrasal verbs
12:45pm on 10 May 2011
Hi William,it's nice to meet you. Your post is very interesting. Phrasal verbs are really a difficult topic for me. I could answer none of the sentences you assigned, but after I read other comments I recognized some of the verbs used. I guess sometimes we know the verbs but we don't know how to use them. It takes time and practice.See you in your next post which I'll be expecting eagerly.Bye...
Re: Moghul Highlights 2:48pm on 13 Mar 2011
Hi Pravin,nice to read your post again. Your country is fascinating. I'm looking forward for your next post.See you...Mauricio.
Forts and hippies
2:44pm on 13 Mar 2011
Hi Catherine,let me try and answer the homework:"...do visit the Coast of the state of Maharashtra where you will find some of the great forts which were conquered by ''The Great Chattrapati Shivaji""Nice to know that your mom has joined the blog. I hope we hear a lot from her too. She can be proud of her daughter's job. Your blog is great. You and Pravin make a nice team.Best wishes,Mauricio.
3:51pm on 07 Mar 2011
I left an unfinished sentence because I was looking for a word and I forgot to complete it." Is the prize you mentioned in dollars? If it is, it's really a good reason to try even harder....
3:46pm on 07 Mar 2011
Hi Pravin,I was glad to know about this festival. I'd never heard of a festival like that before. Is the prize you mentioned in dollars? If it is, it's really a good reason to But I guess people must do it not only for the money but also to keep the tradition of the festival.Your country really is very fascinating...Thank you for sharing your culture with us..Best wishes,Mauricio.
2:28pm on 04 Mar 2011
Hi Pravin,it's very nice to meet you. I think you must have really fascinating things to tell us about your country.I don't know much about it so I'll be glad to read about it in your blogs. Some years ago there was a soap opera here in my country that showed us a bit about your country and it's habits. But I guess many of the things they showed are not true anymore in the modern world. I'll be glad to know it from you.For example. In the story it was implied that Indians only marry indians and marriages happen in a very early age between children. And it's arranged by the families. I wonder if it's still like that.Well I'll be waiting for your next blogs eagerly.See y ou soon.Mauricio. Moghul Highlights
2:01pm on 04 Mar 2011
Hi Catherine, it's very nice to follow your blog. One can learn a lot from it.I'd like to try the homework you assigned. Here goes:1-in 2-of 3-as 4-with 5-about 6-to 7-by 8-ofThank you for your wonderful blogs.See you soon.Mauricio.
And again...That question!
1:55pm on 18 Feb 2011
Hi Olga,I'm glad to meet you. I can't imagine how it feels to be in a temperature of - 20 degrees. It must feel very cold. I've seen some refrigerators that show how cold it is inside and the lowest I've seen was -8 degrees. I believe you must have to wear very heavy coats. Here in my country we can experience cold temperatures of +15 degrees or so. And we feel very cold. It's funny how things can vary from one place to another in our planet.I liked your post very much. I hope I can go on reading more about your life in Siberia. I understood that you are spending some time in London, is it? Keep well. See you soon.Good bye!
3:39pm on 14 Jan 2011
Hi Anita,very nice to read your post!!! Just like everybody else I was very moved by your memories of your mom...I'm from Brazil and I lived in Rio for ten years. Now I live in the countryside. I miss the big city sometimes, but I like the calmer life of the countryside too.What is your daughter studying in her master degree? Is it language?You are very nice. It was great to be able to read a bit about you and to see your lovely picture.Thank you for sharing a piece of your life with us.Yours,Mauricio.
Hello from a fairy tale!
03:01am on 09 Jan 2011
Hi Lidia,I wish you only joys and happiness this New Year...Thank you for posting for us. It's a great pleasure to read the posts of all the previous bloggers.Your pictures are breathtaking. I hope I can see something beautiful like that one day...I hope to read more from you...Best wishes,Mauricio.
Let's keep.....
02:48am on 09 Jan 2011
Hello Kira,it's nice to read your post. I wish you a great New Year and thank you for writing to us...I'll be looking forward to reading more posts from you...See you....Mauricio.
10:31am on 06 Jan 2011
Hi Stephen!Your new house is wonderful. I guess you did a great thing moving there. And the Christmas decorations... wow, wonderful! Did you do them yourself?Congratulations on your daughter. She seems to have taken after her father. I'm sure she'll be very successful in her career.I hope to hear more from you during the month.Best wishes, Mauricio.
10:17am on 06 Jan 2011
Hi everyone,Hi Cris,it's nice to be able to read this open blog. This way we may have a chance to read from all the nice people that were bloggers before.Your picture was very nice. You have a beautiful family. what was that you were drinking? Are you old enough to drink alcohol? Adriana, what was that about th water? I've been watching it on TV. I hope nothing more serious has happened to you. Well friends see you soon.Mauricio.
HAPPY NEW YEAR, dear friends!!!
12:11pm on 03 Jan 2011
Happy New Year Veronika and everybody,You can leave with the certainty that you did a great job. You are wonderful. I hope you have a new year full of nice things and acomplishments.Best wishes,Mauricio.
Midwinter: the only way is up.
12:55pm on 24 Dec 2010
Dear Abigail,it really is a pity that your posts are coming to an end. But maybe you can come back again at another opportunity to teach us more English as you have been doing so well.It was a great partnership between you and Veronika. You two gave us good things to learn and think. Here in my country the Christmas celebrations take place on the night of 24th. Families usually have meals very late at night. The typical dish is turkey. But nowadays it's been changing to another bird: the "Chester". I'm not sure weather it really is another bird or a variation of a chicken....I'd like to wish you a very nice Christmas full of joys and the company of your family and friends.See you around. | [
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S&P Dow Jones Indices Announces Third Annual Adherence with IOSCO Principles for Financial Benchmarks
NEW YORK, July 11, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- S&P Dow Jones Indices ("S&P DJI"), one of the world's leading index providers, announced today that it completed its third annual review of its adherence with the International Organization of Securities Commissions ("IOSCO") Principles for Financial Benchmarks.
The management at S&P DJI believes that its operations continue to adhere to the Principles for Financial Benchmarks which IOSCO published IOSCO in July 2013. Additionally, an independent examination of S&P DJI's adherence with the IOSCO Principles was performed by a member firm of one of the Big Four international accounting organizations. S&P DJI's Management Statement of Adherence and the independent examination report are available at http://us.spindices.com/resource-center/index-policies/.
"S&P Dow Jones Indices is proud to maintain our adherence with the IOSCO Principles which are very much in line with how we have transparently and independently governed our indices for over 115 years," says Alex Matturri, CEO of S&P Dow Jones Indices. "Our best practices around benchmark governance, transparency and administration produce indices that are independent and avoid conflicts of interests which is crucial to maintaining, supporting and strengthening a robust financial market system." | [
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SEC. 703. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION for Housing Finance Reform and Taxpayer Protection Act of 2013
P. 1Housing Finance Reform and Taxpayer Protection Act of 2013Housing Finance Reform and Taxpayer Protection Act of 2013Ratings: (0)|Views: 7,203|Likes: 0Published by MarkWarnerSens. Warner & Corker's bipartisan legislation to reform America's broken housing finance system will protect taxpayers, wind down Fannie & Freddie, and preserve market liquidity.Sens. Warner & Corker's bipartisan legislation to reform America's broken housing finance system will protect taxpayers, wind down Fannie & Freddie, and preserve market liquidity.More info:Published by: MarkWarner on Jun 25, 2013Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/149969221/Housing-Finance-Reform-and-Taxpayer-Protection-Act-of-201308/10/2013pdftextoriginal GRA13267 S.L.C. | [
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Love|Maya Lentz, Michael Cohen
CreditCreditJessica Torch
A version of this article appears in print on , Section ST, Page 16 of the New York edition with the headline: Maya Lentz, Michael Cohen. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe | [
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FeaturesFirst impressions reviewNikon D4s: Hit ISO 409,600 In-depth reviewSony a7R: Shaking up the market? Gearhead's playgroundCP+ 2014: Highlights of the showIn-depth reviewSony a7: Full-frame mirrorless is here+new real-world galleryFujifilm X-T1: Shooting experienceWHAT TO BUY - AND WHYCamera and Lens Buying GuidesIn-depth reviewNikon D7100: The one to beat In-depth reviewNikon Df: A classic remade?Think you have a striking picture?Enter astronomy photo competitionArtsy factory tourA look inside Sigma's lens factoryIs the new version better? Manfrotto 190 tripod reviewJust a mom with her camera580Dreamy life on Russian farm In-depth reviewPanasonic Lumix GM1: Sizing it upmobile technology geek festMobile World Congress 2014: HighlightsLens review396Nikon AF-S Nikkor 58mm f/1.4G reviewSmartphone camera reviewNokia Lumia 1520: Among the best Elevate your movementCinetics Axis360 reviewLose those JPEGs76Raw Processing on Android tabletsGoing old schoolThird-party lenses on the Sony a7 / a7RWhich zoom is better?112Smartphone vs compact camera | [
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U14046003
Listed below are comments made by U14046003 between Tuesday, 13th April 2010 and Wednesday, 23rd May 2012.
Rugby league chief comes out fighting 10:20am on 23 May 2012 Firstly, where do politicians get off on commenting on sporting matters? Shouldn't they be concentrating on the plight of the country at the moment?? Does Burnham really believe that we don't realise he's just after exposure and votes and doesn't really give a monkeys about the league structure in RL??
What would be your manifesto? 4:13pm on 13 Apr 2010 I like the subliminal messages eminating from these manifesto speeches .... 'Modern Conservative', Mr. Cameron kept saying. Any different to 'New Labour'???
Labour have let the working man down badly, and I've never known the Tories to be on our side either (unless they can make shed loads of cash from it). Why have we allowed all our skills to be exported, and who is going to now revive our once flourishing manufacturing industry by making us more competitive in the global market? I for one don't want to work in McDonalds or stack shelves in a supermarket when I'm older, simply because we have no industry left.
Vote for change, the Tories keep saying. Well then don't vote for either of these parties, or it will be more of the same old tosh. | [
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LOGITECH Z623 Computer Speaker System THX CERTIFIED TESTED WORKING | eBay Please enable JavaScript Our new search experience requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please enable JavaScript on your browser, then try again.
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Effects of human pharmaceuticals on aquatic life: next steps. - PubMed - NCBI
Format: AbstractFormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListApplySend toChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: 16786680FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailDidn't get the message? Find out why...Add to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
See comment in PubMed Commons belowEnviron Sci Technol. 2006 Jun 1;40(11):3456-62.Effects of human pharmaceuticals on aquatic life: next steps.Cunningham VL1, Buzby M, Hutchinson T, Mastrocco F, Parke N, Roden N.Author information1GlaxoSmithKline. [email protected]: 16786680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ShareMeSH Terms, SubstancesMeSH TermsAnimalsDaphnia/drug effectsDaphnia/growth & developmentEcosystemEnvironmental Monitoring/methods*Environmental Monitoring/standardsHumansPharmaceutical Preparations/analysis*Risk Assessment/methodsRisk Assessment/trendsSewage/chemistryWater Pollutants, Chemical/analysis*Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicityWater Pollution, Chemical/prevention & controlSubstancesPharmaceutical PreparationsSewageWater Pollutants, ChemicalLinkOut - more resourcesMedicalMedicines - MedlinePlus Health InformationPubMed Commons home | [
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Protecting His Assets by Cari Quinn and Joe Arden - Audiobook - Listen Online
Written by Cari Quinn
She's the one woman who can get his ball back in play… Deuces Wild, Book 1. For a while, MLB pitcher Chase Deuce Dixon used his bad-boy reputation as a smoke screen to cover up his elbow injury. But plummeting pitching stats don’t lie, so now he’s a free agent, spending the off-season in surgeons’ offices, and considering a post-baseball career in security. His first night moonlighting as a nightclub bouncer, he’s surprised that the singer on stage is his little sister’s pure, sweet, spitfire of a best friend. And some drunk guy is getting way too personal. Summer Maitland doesn’t need Chase strong-arming one of the few fans she’s managed to accumulate during the career she keeps secret from her family. And despite her body’s shimmering reaction to his touch, she certainly doesn’t need a self-appointed bodyguard following her around. Chase has other ideas. If anyone’s going to lay a hand on Summer, it’s going to be him. Now if only he could keep his tongue out of her mouth long enough to keep her safe. And his hands to himself before he scares her off. Warning: Contains an ace hurler moonlighting as a bouncer moonlighting as a bodyguard, and an angel-voiced chanteuse who’s up for anything he can throw at her—in and out of the bedroom. This one could make you rethink the definition of fastball.
Publisher: Insatiable Press AudioReleased: Dec 1, 2015ISBN: 9781624613210Format: audiobook
Playing Irish: Let the Games Begin...
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Baseball Science: Baseball Science
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RotoGraphs Audio: The Sleeper and the Bust 6/18/13: Episode 27 Today’s episode of The Sleeper and the Bust stars yours truly and features RotoGraphs editor Eno Sarris. We discuss the debut of another top pitching prospect and an oldie starting pitcher, but still goodie?
Tipping Pitches and Pitchers
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Improving GIRD, Improving Hip ROM in Pitchers, Dry Needling in Baseball: On this episode of the #AskMikeReinold show we have another baseball-related episode. We talk about improving shoulder internal rotation (GIRD), improving hip ROM in pitchers, and how we use dry needling in baseball players.
Folty, Pitching Toss-Ups & Beer: DVR and Tim discuss the breakout season of Mike Foltynewicz, starting pitcher toss-ups for the rest of the season, and a few recent beers of note.
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Patent US6040116 - Imagewise exposing to actinic radiation photopolymerizable recording layer ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA novel photosensitive recording element having a dimensionally stable substrate (A), a photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B), which may consist of two or more individual layers (B), and an optically transparent top layer (C) firmly adhering to the surface of (B) is used for the production...http://www.google.com/patents/US6040116?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6040116 - Imagewise exposing to actinic radiation photopolymerizable recording layer through water soluble optically clear top layer to decrease water solubility of recording layer in exposed areas, development using water-in-oil emulsionAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6040116 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/892,350Publication dateMar 21, 2000Filing dateJul 14, 1997Priority dateMar 17, 1989Fee statusLapsedPublication number08892350, 892350, US 6040116 A, US 6040116A, US-A-6040116, US6040116 A, US6040116AInventorsThomas Telser, Wolfgang Huemmer, Karl-Rudolf KurtzOriginal AssigneeBasf AktiengesellschaftExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (5), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetImagewise exposing to actinic radiation photopolymerizable recording layer through water soluble optically clear top layer to decrease water solubility of recording layer in exposed areas, development using water-in-oil emulsionUS 6040116 AAbstract A novel photosensitive recording element having a dimensionally stable substrate (A), a photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B), which may consist of two or more individual layers (B), and an optically transparent top layer (C) firmly adhering to the surface of (B) is used for the production of a flexographic relief printing plate. Imagewise exposure of the photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B) of the novel photosensitive recording element to actinic light results in a difference between the solubilities of its exposed and unexposed parts, so that its unexposed parts can be washed out (developed) with a solvent. On the other hand, the optically transparent top layer (C) of the novel photosensitive recording element is insoluble or nonswellable in the relevant solvent. The imagewise exposed novel photosensitive recording element can nevertheless be developed in one operation with the aid of an emulsion of the water-in-oil or oil-in-water type. These emulsions are also suitable for developing imagewise exposed photosensitive recording elements whose photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B) consist of two or more individual layers (B) having different solubility properties. In this case too, development is effected in one operation.
What is claimed is: 1. A process for the production of a flexographic relief printing plate having a photopolymerized relief layer from a photosensitive recording element comprising (A) a dimensionally stable substrate, (B) a photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer, which comprises a single layer or two or more individual layers, and (C) an optically transparent top layer,wherein the optically transparent top layer (C) firmly adheres to the surface of the recording layer (B), said process comprising:(1) imagewise exposure of the photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B) to actinic light, with the result that there is a difference between the solubilities of the exposed and unexposed parts of the recording layer (B), (2) washout (development) of the optically transparent top layer (C) and of the unexposed and therefore nonphotopolymerized parts of the imagewise exposed relief-forming recording layer (B) with a developer with formation of the photopolymerized relief layer, whereindevelopment (process step 2) is carried out in one operation using a water-in-oil emulsion as the sole developer, the water-in-oil emulsion consists of an aqueous phase and an organic phase, the organic phase consists of a solvent selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, n-heptane, octane, cyclohexane, hexylcyclohexane, petroleum ether, naphtha, mineral spirits, mineral spirits from which aromatic constituents have been removed, synthetic isoparaffins, n-paraffins, hydrogenated mineral oils, petroleum fractions, hydrogenated oil fractions, xylene, ethylbenzene, diethyl-substituted benzenes, n-butylbenzene, n-pentylbenzene, n-hexylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, ketones, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, a mixture of two or more of these solvents, and a mixture of one or more of these solvents with alcohol and/or minor amounts of surfactant, and the optically transparent top layer (C) is soluble in aqueous solvents but insoluble in the organic phase suitable and effective for developing the layer (B), and the unexposed parts of the recording layer (B) are insoluble in aqueous solvents. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic phase consists of a hydrogenated mineral oil or a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon.
EXAMPLES AND COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTS EXAMPLE 1 Production of a novel recording element having a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate.
EXAMPLE 2 Production of a novel recording element having a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate.
EXAMPLE 3 Production of a novel recording element having a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to five a flexographic relief printing plate.
COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENT 1 Production of a known photosensitive recording element having an optically transparent top layer (C) which is soluble in organic solvents, and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate in a known manner.
EXAMPLE 4 Production of a novel recording element having a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate.
EXAMPLE 5 Production of a novel recording element having a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate.
EXAMPLE 6 Production of a novel recording element whose photopolymerizable recording layer (B) consists of two individual layers (B) having different solubility properties and which contains an optically transparent cover sheet (C) which is soluble or swellable in organic solvents, and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate.
COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENT 2 Production of a conventional photosensitive recording element whose photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B) consists of two individual layers (B) having different solubility properties and which contains a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate by a known process.
EXAMPLE 7 Production of a conventional photosensitive recording element whose photopolymerizable relief-forming recording layer (B) consists of two individual layers (B) having different solubility properties and which contains a water-soluble optically transparent top layer (C), and further processing thereof to give a flexographic relief printing plate by the novel process.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4401749 *Feb 12, 1982Aug 30, 1983Basf AktiengesellschaftMulti-layer elements suitable for the production of printing plates and relief plates, and their productionUS4459348 *May 27, 1983Jul 10, 1984Basf AktiengesellschaftMulti-layer elements suitable for the production of printing plates and relief platesUS4590144 *Jul 13, 1984May 20, 1986Basf AktiengesellschaftPolyurethane binder having acryloyl groupsUS4600679 *May 25, 1984Jul 15, 1986W. R. Grace & Co.Water-developable, negative-working, diazo lithographic printing plate with oleophilic ester overlayerUS4716098 *Oct 23, 1985Dec 29, 1987Hoechst AktiengesellschaftDeveloper for preparing printing forms and process thereforUS4847182 *Sep 3, 1987Jul 11, 1989W. R. Grace & Co.Method for developing a photopolymer printing plate using a developer comprising terpene hydrocarbonsUS4877715 *Jul 6, 1988Oct 31, 1989Basf AktiengesellschaftStorage stable, nontacky, flexibleUS4891301 *May 17, 1988Jan 2, 1990Basf AktiengesellschaftPhotopolymerizable recording materials, photoresist layers and lithographic printing plates based theron, and novel 4-quinazolone compoundsUS4916045 *Mar 30, 1989Apr 10, 1990Basf AktiengesellschaftPhotosensitive recording element containing an ionic polymerUS4994344 *Feb 3, 1989Feb 19, 1991Basf AktiengesellschaftPhotopolmymerized flexographic refief plates; chemical and ozone resistance; EPDM binder, initiator, unsaturated compound and thermally-initiated polymerization inhibitor and or antioxidantUS5176986 *May 25, 1989Jan 5, 1993Basf AktiengesellschaftLiquid cleaner composition for removing polymeric materials from a surfaceEP0225676A2 *Dec 8, 1986Jun 16, 1987Nippon Paint Co., Ltd.Photosensitive resin base printing material* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1 *Grant & Hackh s Chemical Dictionary, 5th Ed, McGraw Hill Book Co (1987) pp. 100, 220, 284, 366.2Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th Ed, McGraw-Hill Book Co (1987) pp. 100, 220, 284, 366.3 *The Merck Index 9th Ed, Merck & Co, Inc, NJ (1976) p. 923.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6326127 *Dec 16, 1999Dec 4, 2001Kraton Polymers U.S. LlcPhoto-curable polymer composition and flexographic printing plates containing the sameUS6479217Feb 22, 2001Nov 12, 2002Spectra Group Limited, Inc.Photosensitive recording; applying actinic radiation; photopolymerizationUS7754412Jan 31, 2006Jul 13, 2010E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And CompanyProcess for preparing a flexographic printing plate from a photopolymerizable elementUS8067147 *Dec 22, 2004Nov 29, 2011Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.Removable pellicle for immersion lithographyWO2013148126A1 *Mar 11, 2013Oct 3, 2013Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyThree-dimensional photoresists via functionalization of polymer thin films fabricated by icvd* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification430/306, 430/331, 430/273.1International ClassificationG03F7/09, G03F7/32Cooperative ClassificationG03F7/092, G03F7/32European ClassificationG03F7/09B, G03F7/32Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 13, 2008FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20080321Mar 21, 2008LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesOct 1, 2007REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedAug 26, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google | [
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Patent US5015965 - Predistortion equalizer with resistive combiners and dividers - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA predistortion equalizer for a power amplifier includes a linear channel and a nonlinear channel. A phase shifter is associated with the linear channel and an attenuator is associated with the nonlinear channel. A resistive power divider divides the received signal which is to be predistorted and divides...http://www.google.com/patents/US5015965?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5015965 - Predistortion equalizer with resistive combiners and dividersAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5015965 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/440,580Publication dateMay 14, 1991Filing dateNov 22, 1989Priority dateNov 22, 1989Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2021622A1, CA2021622CPublication number07440580, 440580, US 5015965 A, US 5015965A, US-A-5015965, US5015965 A, US5015965AInventorsAllen Katz, Robert R. UrbanOriginal AssigneeGeneral Electric CompanyExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (27), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPredistortion equalizer with resistive combiners and dividersUS 5015965 AAbstract A predistortion equalizer for a power amplifier includes a linear channel and a nonlinear channel. A phase shifter is associated with the linear channel and an attenuator is associated with the nonlinear channel. A resistive power divider divides the received signal which is to be predistorted and divides it into two parts, each of which is applied to one of the channels. The two parts may be equal in magnitude. The linear and nonlinear signals at the outputs of the linear and nonlinear channels, respectively, are combined out-of-phase in a resistive combiner to produce a predistorted signal for appication to a power amplifier. The resistive combiner and divider maximize bandwidth.
What is claimed is: 1. A predistortion equalizer for signal to be predistorted comprising:a signal processing first channel including an input terminal and an output terminal, and including first signal attenuation means coupled to said input terminal of said first channel for attenuating signals applied thereto for producing attenuated first channel signals, and first signal translation means coupled to said first attenuation means and to said output terminal of said first channel for translating said attenuated first channel signals for generating first channel output signals at said output terminal of said first channel, which first channel output signals have amplitudes which are substantially linearly related to the amplitudes of the signals applied to said input terminal of said first channel, said first channel having a reference phase for signals of a particular frequency passing therethrough; a signal processing second channel including an input terminal and an output terminal, and including second signal translation means coupled to said input terminal of said second channel for translating signals applied thereto for producing translated second channel signals, and second signal attenuation means coupled to said second signal translating means and to said output terminal of said second channel for attenuating said translated second channel signals and for generating second channel output signals at said output terminal of said second channel, which second channel output signals have amplitudes which are less linearly related to the amplitudes of the signals applied to said input terminal of said second channel than the linearity of the relationship of said input and output signals of said first channel, said second channel having a phase ranging from 90� to 270� relative to said reference phase for signals of said particular frequency passing therethrough; resistive signal dividing means including an input port adapted to be coupled to a source of said signal to be predistorted and also including first and second output terminals, said first output terminal being coupled to said input terminal of said first channel and said second output terminal being coupled to said input terminal of said second channel, for dividing the power of said signal to be predistorted into a first portion for said first channel and a second portion for said second channel, said first and second portions being of substantially equal phase; and resistive signal combining means including first and second input terminals coupled to said output terminals of said first and second channels, respectively, and also including an output port adapted to be coupled to amplifying means operating at a level tending to cause distortion, for combining said first and second channel output signals for generating a predistorted signal at said output port of said resistive combining means, which predistorted signal is the difference between said first and second channel output signals, for tending to compensate for said distortion of said amplifying means. 2. An equalizer according to claim 1, wherein one of said first and second signal translation means comprises a first signal amplifier.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A predistortion equalizer for a signal to be amplified includes a signal processing first channel with an input terminal and an output terminal, and also includes a first signal attenuator coupled to the input terminal of the first channel for attenuating signals applied thereto for producing attenuated first channel signals. The first channel also includes a first signal translation arrangement, such as an amplifier, coupled to the first attenuator and to the output terminal of the first channel for translating or amplifying the attenuated first channel signals. First channel output signals are generated at the output terminal of the first channel, which first channel output signals are substantially linearly related to the amplitudes of the signals applied to the input terminal of the first channel, and which have a reference phase for signals of a particular frequency. A signal processing second channel also includes an input terminal and an output terminal. The second channel also includes a signal translation arrangement or amplifier, which may be similar to the first amplifier, coupled to the input terminal of the second channel for translating signals applied thereto for producing translated second channel signals. The second channel also includes a second signal attenuator coupled to the second signal translation arrangement and to the output terminal of the second channel for attenuating the translated second channel signals to generate second channel signals at the output terminal of the second channel. The second channel output signals have amplitudes which are less linearly related to the amplitudes of the signals applied to the input terminal of the second channel than the linearity of the relationship of the input and output signals of the first channel. Also, the second channel has a phase shift ranging from 90� to 270� relative to the reference phase for signals of the particular frequency. The predistortion equalizer also includes a resistive signal amplitude divider having an input port adapted to be coupled to the source of signals to be amplified, and also includes first and second output terminals. The first output terminal is coupled to the input terminal of the first channel, and the second channel is coupled to the input terminal of the second channel for dividing the power of the signal to be amplified into a first portion for the first channel and a second portion for the second channel. The first and second portions are of substantially equal phase. The predistortion equalizer also includes a resistive signal combiner including first and second input terminals coupled to the output terminals of the first and second channels, respectively. It also includes an output port adapted to be coupled to amplifying means which operates at a level tending to cause distortion. The resistive signal combiner combines the first and second channel output signals without significant additional relative phase shift for generating a predistorted version of the signal to be amplified at the output port of the resistive combiner. The predistorted signal to be amplified is the difference between the signals produced at the output terminals of the first and second channels, and is predistorted, thereby tending to compensate for the distortion of the following amplifier.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3223940 *Jun 29, 1962Dec 14, 1965Gen ElectricRedundant signal amplifier transmission channelUS3971993 *Apr 21, 1972Jul 27, 1976Constant James NHigh capacity recirculating delay loop integratorUS4010426 *Nov 12, 1975Mar 1, 1977The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air ForceRf power amplifier parallel redundant systemUS4109212 *Oct 29, 1976Aug 22, 1978Bell Telephone Laboratories, IncorporatedComplementary distortion circuitUS4329655 *Jan 31, 1980May 11, 1982Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corp.Adaptive equalization system for nonlinearitiesUS4430619 *Dec 31, 1981Feb 7, 1984Motorola, Inc.Adaptive radio frequency intermodulation minimizing apparatusUS4465980 *Sep 23, 1982Aug 14, 1984Rca CorporationPredistortion circuit for a power amplifierUS4588958 *Mar 29, 1985May 13, 1986Rca CorporationAdjustable reflective predistortion circuitJPS5683104A * Title not available* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1"Linearization Techniques for Travelling Wave Tube and Solid State Power Amplifiers", by Kumar published by RCA David Sarnoff Research Center.2"Predistortion Nonlinear Compensation for Microwave SSB-AM System", by Nojima et al., published in The Proceedings of ICC80, The 1980 International Conference on Communications, Seattle, Wash., 8-12 Jun. 1980.3"Universally Applicable Technique Linearizes Microwave Power Amplitudes", by Gosch, published at pp. 82 and 84 of the Sep. 11, 1980 issue of Electronics magazine.4 *Linearization Techniques for Travelling Wave Tube and Solid State Power Amplifiers , by Kumar published by RCA David Sarnoff Research Center.5 *Predistortion Nonlinear Compensation for Microwave SSB AM System , by Nojima et al., published in The Proceedings of ICC80, The 1980 International Conference on Communications, Seattle, Wash., 8 12 Jun. 1980.6 *Universally Applicable Technique Linearizes Microwave Power Amplitudes , by Gosch, published at pp. 82 and 84 of the Sep. 11, 1980 issue of Electronics magazine.* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5258722 *Dec 13, 1991Nov 2, 1993General Instrument Corporation, Jerrold ComminicationsAmplifier circuit with distortion cancellationUS5304944 *Oct 9, 1992Apr 19, 1994Hughes Aircraft CompanyHigh frequency linearizerUS5394113 *Aug 28, 1992Feb 28, 1995Harris CorporationHigh impedance low-distortion linear amplifierUS5720039 *Nov 1, 1996Feb 17, 1998Cd Radio, Inc.Satellite multiple access system with distortion cancellation and compression compensationUS5742201 *Jan 30, 1996Apr 21, 1998SpectrianPolar envelope correction mechanism for enhancing linearity of RF/microwave power amplifierUS5745839 *Sep 1, 1995Apr 28, 1998Cd Radio, Inc.Satellite multiple access system with distortion cancellation and compression compensationUS5892397 *Mar 29, 1996Apr 6, 1999SpectrianAdaptive compensation of RF amplifier distortion by injecting predistortion signal derived from respectively different functions of input signal amplitudeUS5999047 *Jul 31, 1998Dec 7, 1999Space Systems/Loral, Inc.Linearizer for use with RF power amplifiersUS6023616 *Mar 10, 1998Feb 8, 2000Cd Radio Inc.Satellite broadcast receiver systemUS6172562 *Jan 6, 1999Jan 9, 2001AlcatelDevice for controlling the amplitude and the phase of a radio frequency signalUS6223019May 20, 1998Apr 24, 2001Sirius Satellite Radio Inc.Efficient high latitude service area satellite mobile broadcasting systemsUS6255908 *Sep 3, 1999Jul 3, 2001AmplixTemperature compensated and digitally controlled amplitude and phase channel amplifier linearizer for multi-carrier amplification systemsUS6335660Mar 17, 2000Jan 1, 2002AlcatelPre/post-distortion circuit and method, particularly for microwave radio-frequency systemsUS6359506 *Nov 9, 2000Mar 19, 2002Ericsson Inc.Linear modulation using a linear and a non-linear amplifierUS6564053Oct 19, 2000May 13, 2003Sirius Satellite Radio Inc.Efficient high latitude service area satellite mobile broadcasting systemsUS6781454 *Jul 13, 2000Aug 24, 2004Hughes Electronics CorporationLinearized traveling wave tube circuit with pre-distortion linearizerUS6788139 *Dec 4, 2002Sep 7, 2004AlcatelBroadband predistortion linearizerUS6788140 *Jan 21, 2003Sep 7, 2004Texas Instruments IncorporatedUltra-low distortion, wide-bandwidth amplifier architecture using actively phase-matched feed-forward linearizationUS6864742 *Jun 8, 2001Mar 8, 2005Northrop Grumman CorporationApplication of the doherty amplifier as a predistortion circuit for linearizing microwave amplifiersUS7046971 *Jan 22, 2003May 16, 2006Seiko Epson CorporationDistortion-correcting circuit, integrated circuit, and radio communication deviceUS7254421 *Apr 16, 2004Aug 7, 2007Archteck, Inc.Configurable wireless computer communication attenuation deviceUS7701292 *Jan 10, 2008Apr 20, 2010Realtek Semiconductor Corp.Programmable gain amplifier with noise cancellationUS8514007 *Jan 27, 2012Aug 20, 2013Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.Adjustable power splitter and corresponding methods and apparatusUS8653890 *Oct 19, 2012Feb 18, 2014Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.Amplifier calibrationUS8736347Aug 5, 2013May 27, 2014Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.Adjustable power splitter and corresponding methods and apparatusUSRE37407 *Apr 19, 2000Oct 16, 2001Spectrian CorporationPolar envelope correction mechanism for enhancing linearity of RF/microwave power amplifierEP1039631A1 *Mar 17, 2000Sep 27, 2000Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Generale D'electricitePre/post-distortion circuit and method, particularly for microwave radio-frequency systems* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification330/149, 330/295International ClassificationH03F1/32, H01P1/00, H03H11/04, H04B1/10Cooperative ClassificationH03F1/3241European ClassificationH03F1/32PLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 23, 2002FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Nov 13, 1998FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Jul 14, 1997ASAssignmentOwner name: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, MARYLANDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:008628/0518Effective date: 19960128Nov 7, 1994FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jul 13, 1994ASAssignmentOwner name: MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION, MARYLANDFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:007046/0736Effective date: 19940322Nov 22, 1989ASAssignmentOwner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORP. OF NYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KATZ, ALLEN;URBAN, ROBERT R.;REEL/FRAME:005188/0921Effective date: 19891120RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google | [
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Patent US5278214 - Polyolefin resin composition - Google Patents
The present invention discloses a polyolefin resin composition comprising a specific cycloolefin-based polymer (a), a graft-modified elastomer (b) and a compound (c) having one amino group in the molecule, and containing, based on the total amount of the components (a), (b) and (c), 50 to 95% by weight...http://www.google.com/patents/US5278214?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5278214 - Polyolefin resin composition
Publication number US5278214 A
Application number US 07/809,535
PCT number PCT/JP1991/000756
Also published as CA2064750A1, CA2064750C, DE69114675D1, DE69114675T2, EP0485631A1, EP0485631A4, EP0485631B1, WO1991018948A1
Publication number 07809535, 809535, PCT/1991/756, PCT/JP/1991/000756, PCT/JP/1991/00756, PCT/JP/91/000756, PCT/JP/91/00756, PCT/JP1991/000756, PCT/JP1991/00756, PCT/JP1991000756, PCT/JP199100756, PCT/JP91/000756, PCT/JP91/00756, PCT/JP91000756, PCT/JP9100756, US 5278214 A, US 5278214A, US-A-5278214, US5278214 A, US5278214A
Inventors Satoru Moriya, Akio Ishimoto, Mamoru Takahashi
Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (42), Classifications (14), Legal Events (7)
US 5278214 A
(a) at least one cycloolefin-based polymer selected from the group consisting of
(a1) a homopolymer derived from a cycloolefin represented by the following formula (I): ##STR22## wherein n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or a positive integer, q is 0 or 1, each of R1 to R18, Ra and Rb is, independently of the other, an atom or a group selected from the class consisting of a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom and a hydrocarbon group,
two of R15 to R18 may bond to each other to form a monocyclic or polycyclic group which may have a double bond, and further, a combination of R15 and R16 or a combination R17 and R18 may form an alkylidene group,
(a2) a copolymer derived from said cycloolefins of said formula (I),
(a3) a hydrogenation polymer of the homopolymer (a1) or the copolymer (a2), and
(a4) a cycloolefin/ethylene random copolymer composed of a polymer unit derived from a cycloolefin of said formula (I) and a polymer unit of ethylene;
(b) an elastomer which is a graft-modified product of a non-crystalline or low-crystalline α-olefin copolymer formed from at least two α-olefins grafted with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, and which is dispersed in the component (a) and has a tensile modulus, at 23° C., of 0.1 to 2,000 kg/cm2, and
(c) a compound which has one amino group in the molecule and forms a structure similar to a crosslinked structure in the interior of the compound (b) and wherein
the polyolefin resin composition contains, per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the components (a), (b) and (c), 50 to 95 parts by weight of the component (a), 1 to 50 parts by weight of the component (b) and 0.01 to 45 parts by weight of the component (c).
2. The polyolefin resin composition of claim 1, wherein the component (a) has a softening temperature in the range between 70° C. and 200° C. and the component (a) has an intrinsic viscosity [η], measured in decalin at 130° C., in the range of 0.3 to 2.0 d1/g.
4. The polyolefin resin composition of claim 1, wherein the compound (c) having one amino group in the molecule is selected from the group consisting of:
(C1) a condensate having one amino group in the molecule;
(C2) a ring-opening reaction product having one amino group in the molecule:
(C3) a polymer in which one amino group is bonded to a polyolefin having a molecular weight of not less than 20,000; and
(C4) a low molecular weight amino compound in which a terminus end of the molecule is an amino group.
5. The polyolefin resin composition of claim 4 wherein the compound (c) having one amino group in the molecule is said condensate (C1).
(b) an elastomer being graft-modified with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and having a tensile modulus, at 23° C., of 0.1 to 2,000 kg/cm2, and
The intrinsic viscosity [η] of the above cycloolefin-based resins, measured in decalin at 135° C., is preferably in the range of 0.3 to 2.0 dl/g, more preferably in the range of 0.4 to 1.2 dl/g. The softening temperature (TMA) thereof, measured with a thermal mechanical analyzer, is preferably in the range of 70° to 200° C., more preferably in the range of 100° to 180° C. Further, the glass transition temperature (Tg) thereof is preferably in the range of 50° to 190° C., preferably in the range of 80° to 170° C., and the crystallinity thereof, measured by an X-ray diffraction method, is preferably in the range of 0 to 20%, more preferably in the range of 0 to 2%.
LiAl(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.4
The graft-modified elastomer (b) used in the present invention is an elastomer which is obtained by graft-modification with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and has a tensile modulus, at 23° C., of 0.1 to 2,000 kg/cm2. The tensile modulus is preferably in the range of 1 to 1,500 kg/cm2. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of this graft-modified elastomer is preferably in the range of -150° to +50° C., more preferably in the range of -80° to -20° C. The intrinsic viscosity [η], measured in decalin at 135° C., of this graft-modified elastomer is preferably 0.2 to 10 dl/g, more preferably 1 to 5 dl/g. The density thereof is preferably 0.82 to 0.96 g/cm3, more preferably 0.84 to 0.92 g/cm3. Further, the crystallinity, measured by an X-ray diffraction method, of this graft-modified elastomer is preferably not more than 30%, more preferably not more than 25%.
The graft monomer used for the preparation of the graft-modified elastomer (b) used in the present invention is selected from unsaturated carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid are acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, and Nadic acid® (endo-cis-bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid). Examples of the derivatives of the above unsaturated carboxylic acid are unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydrides, unsaturated carboxylic acid halides, unsaturated carboxylic acid amides, unsaturated carboxylic acid imides and ester compounds of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Specific examples of these derivatives are malenyl chloride, maleimide, maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, monomethyl maleate, dimethyl maleate, glycidyl meleate, glycidyl acrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate.
Of the above graft monomers, preferred are unsaturated carboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof, and particularly preferred are maleic acid, Nadic acid® and anhydrides of these or glycidyl methacrylate and glycidyl acrylate.
The above reaction is carried out preferably in the presence of a radical initiator in order to effectively carry out the graft copolymerization with the above graft monomer. The graft reaction is generally carried out at a temperature between 60° C. and 350° C. The amount of the radical initiator for use is generally in the range of 0.001 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the unmodified α-olefin elastomeric copolymer.
The above polyolefin resin composition containing the cycloolefin-based polymer (a), the graft-modified elastomer (b) and the compound (c) having an amino group, provided by the present invention, has a softening temperature (TMA), measured with a thermal mechanical analyzer, of generally between 50° C. and 200° C., preferably between 100° C. and 180° C.
A temperature at which a needle having a diameter of 1 mm and a flat end penetrates 100 μm deep at a temperature elevation rate of 5° C./minute under a load of 50 g was taken as a TMA.
Measured at 23° C. by an X-ray diffraction method.
A press-formed test piece having a thickness of 2 mm was measured at 23° C. according to ASTM D638.
A notched, injection-molded test piece having a thickness of 1/8 inch was measured at 23° C. according to ASTM D256.
An injection-molded test piece having a thickness of 1/8 inch was measured at a cross head speed of 20 mm/minute at 23° C. according to ASTM D790.
An injection-molded plate having a thickness of 2 mm was measured at an incident angle of 60 degrees at 23° C. according to ASTM D523.
Measured at 260° C. under a load of 2.16 kg according to JIS-K-6760.
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of cycloolefin copolymer (a)
The copolymerization was carried out at 10° C. with circulating a cooling medium through a jacket externally provided to the polymerizer.
The resultant polymerization liquid was brought into contact, with vigorously stirring, with acetone of which the amount was three times that of the polymerization liquid, and a solid portion precipitated was recovered by filtration, and fully washed with acetone. Thereafter, the recovered solid was dried under a nitrogen current at 130° C. at 350 mmHg for 24 hours. The above procedure was continuously carried out to prepare an ethylene.TCD-3 random copolymer at a rate of 76 g(38 g/lit)/hour.
The above copolymer had an ethylene content, determined on the basis of the result of measurement by 13 C-NMR analysis, of 70 mol %. Further, this copolymer was measured for an intrinsic viscosity [η] in decalin at 135° C. to show 0.61 dl/g, and it had an iodine value of 1.0 and TMA of 115° C.
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 2 Polymerization example of cycloolefin copolymer (a)
The above copolymer had an ethylene content, determined on the basis of the result of measurement by 13 C-NMR analysis, of 63 mol %. Further, this copolymer was measured for an intrinsic viscosity [η] in decalin at 135° C. to show 0.5 dl/g, and it had an iodine value of 1.0 and TMA of 150° C.
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 3 Preparation example of cycloolefin copolymer (a)
The above copolymer had an ethylene content, determined on the basis of the result of measurement by 13 C-NMR analysis, of 63 mol %. Further, this copolymer was measured for an intrinsic viscosity [η] in decalin at 135° C. to show 0.6 dl/g, and it had an iodine value of 1.0 and TMA of 150° C.
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 4 Preparation example of cycloolefin copolymer (a)
The above copolymer had an ethylene content, determined on the basis of the result of measurement by 13 C-NMR analysis, of 56 mol %. Further, this copolymer was measured for an intrinsic viscosity [η] in decalin at 135° C. to show 0.8 dl/g, and it had an iodine value of 1.0 and TMA of 170° C.
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 5 Preparation example of graft-modified elastomer (b)
One part by weight of maleic anhydride and 0.2 part by weight of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 were mixed with 100 parts by weight of an ethylene propylene copolymer having an ethylene content of 80 mol % and an intrinsic viscosity [η], measured in decalin at 130° C., of 2.2 dl/g (this copolymer will be referred to as "MP-0" hereinafter), and the resultant mixture was melt-kneaded at 260° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to give a graft-modified elastomer (b).
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 6 Preparation example of graft-modified elastomer (b)
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 7 Preparation example of graft-modified elastomer (b)
1 Part by weight of maleic anhydride and 0.2 part by weight of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 were mixed with 100 parts by weight of an ethylene propylene copolymer having an ethylene content of 80 mol % and an intrinsic viscosity [η], measured in decalin at 130° C., of 1.4 dl/g, and the resultant mixture was melt-kneaded at 260° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to give a graft-modified elastomer (b).
PREPARATION EXAMPLE 8 Preparation example of a compound (c) having an amino group
Vacuum-dried ε-aminocaproic acid (to be referred to as PA-0 hereinafter) was kept at 170° C. under reduced pressure for 14 hours to give a polymer of PA-0. This polymer had an intrinsic viscosity [η], measured in sulfuric acid at 25° C., of 0.4 dl/g.
10 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 5 parts by weight of nylon-6 (trade name: Amilan CM1007, supplied by Toray Industries, Inc) as a compound having an amino group were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor compound. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) obtained in Preparation Example 1 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
The resultant resin composition was dried at 100° C. for 8 hours, and then test pieces and square bars for the measurements of physical properties were prepared therefrom with an injection molding machine (30 EPN, supplied by Toshiba IS) at 250° C. at a mold temperature of 70° C.
Example 1 was repeated except that 15 parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) obtained in Preparation Example 1 were melt-kneaded with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm at 230° C. without using Amilan CM1007 to give a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on physical properties.
Example 1 was repeated except that 15 parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-2) and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) were melt-kneaded with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm at 230° C. without using CM1007 to give a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1 and evaluated on their physical properties.
15 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-3) and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) were melt-kneaded at 230° C. with an twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm in the same manner as in Example 1 without using CM1007 to obtain a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on their physical properties.
14 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 1 part by weight of "PA-1" as a compound having an amino group were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) obtained in Preparation Example 1 were melt-kneaded with the above extruder to give a polyolefin resin composition.
12 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 3 parts by weight of "PA-1" obtained in Preparation Example 8 as a compound having an amino group were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-1) obtained in Preparation Example 1 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on their physical properties.
10 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 5 parts by weight of a compound having an amino group, Amilan (CM1007), were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-2) obtained in Preparation Example 2 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
15 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-2) were melt-kneaded at 230° C. with an twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm in the same manner as in Example 7 without using CM1007 to obtain a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on their physical properties.
10 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 10 parts by weight of a compound having an amino group, Amilan (CM1007), were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 80 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-2) obtained in Preparation Example 2 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
12 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 3 parts by weight of a compound having an amino group (PA-1) obtained in Preparation Example 8 were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-3) obtained in Preparation Example 3 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
10 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 5 parts by weight of a compound having an amino group, Amilan (CM1007), were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-3) obtained in Preparation Example 3 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
15 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-3) were melt-kneaded at 230° C. with an twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm in the same manner as in Example 10 without using CM1007 to obtain a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on their physical properties.
10 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) obtained in Preparation Example 5 and 5 parts by weight of a compound having an amino group, Amilan (CM1007), were melt-kneaded at 250° C. with a twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm to prepare a precursor mixture. This precursor substance and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-4) obtained in Preparation Example 4 were kneaded with the above extruder at 230° C. to give a polyolefin resin composition.
15 Parts by weight of the graft-modified elastomer (MP-1) and 85 parts by weight of the cycloolefin random copolymer (PO-4) were melt-kneaded at 230° C. with an twin-screw extruder equipped with a vent having a diameter of 30 mm in the same manner as in Example 11 without using CM1007 to obtain a polyolefin resin composition. Test pieces and square bars were prepared from this resin composition in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated on their physical properties.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Cycloolefin Graft Compound Resin randum modified having amino composition IZ FM MI Gloss TMA copolymer (a) elastomer (b) group (c) (a)/(b)/(c) (kg · cm/cm) (kg/cm.sup.2) (g/10 min.) (%) (°C.)__________________________________________________________________________Ex. 1 PO-1 MP-1 CM1007 85/10/5 53 22000 15 97 112Com. Ex. 1 PO-1 MP-1 -- 85/15/0 6 21000 15 93 114Ex. 2 PO-1 MP-1 CM1007 85/10/5 50 19000 15 95 112Ex. 3 PO-1 MP-2 CM1007 85/10/5 41 20000 13 95 111Com. Ex. 2 PO-1 MP-2 -- 85/15/0 6 22000 15 95 114Ex. 4 PO-1 MP-3 CM1007 85/10/5 40 21000 15 95 111Com. Ex. 3 PO-1 MP-3 -- 85/15/0 6 22500 16 97 113Ex. 5 PO-1 MP-1 PA-0 85/14/1 52 21000 15 95 111Ex. 6 PO-1 MP-1 PA-1 85/12/3 45 20500 15 95 112Ex. 7 PO-2 MP-1 CM1007 85/10/5 12 23500 26 97 148Com. Ex. 4 PO-2 MP-1 -- 85/15/0 3 23600 27 95 149Ex. 8 PO-2 MP-1 CM1007 80/10/10 20 20000 27 97 145Ex. 9 PO-3 MP-1 PA-1 85/12/3 14 23000 27 95 149Ex. 10 PO-3 MP-1 CM1007 85/10/5 15 23400 4 93 149Com. Ex. 5 PO-3 MP-1 -- 85/15/0 5 23000 4 92 148Ex. 11 PO-4 MP-1 CM1007 85/10/5 25 23000 0.2 90 168Com. Ex. 6 PO-4 MP-1 -- 85/15/0 6 23300 0.3 93 167__________________________________________________________________________
EP0458365A1 * May 24, 1991 Nov 27, 1991 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Polyolefin resin compositions and processes for the preparation thereof
JP59236829A * Title not available
JPS59115912A * Title not available
JPS59120816A * Title not available
JPS61252407A * Title not available
WO1991018948A1 * Jun 5, 1991 Dec 12, 1991 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Polyolefin resin composition
US5516841 * Apr 28, 1995 May 14, 1996 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Cycloolefin resin composition
US5569711 * Apr 28, 1995 Oct 29, 1996 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Cycloolefin resin composition
US5585433 * Apr 28, 1995 Dec 17, 1996 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Cycloolefin resin composition
U.S. Classification 524/238, 525/184, 525/180, 525/179, 525/178, 525/66
International Classification C08L51/06, C08L45/00, C08L51/04
Cooperative Classification C08L51/06, C08L45/00, C08L51/04
European Classification C08L45/00, C08L51/06
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Brilsford Pease Flint (1842-1906) - Find A Grave Memorial
Brilsford Pease Flint
11 Nov 1906 (aged 64)
102042497 · View Source
Born in North Anson, Maine on September 19, 1842, Brilsford Pease Flint was the son of two-term state senator William Reed (1796-1887) and Electa (Weston) Flint (1802-1885).
Brilsford Flint's status as a prominent Mason in California is an integral part of his life story. He first entered that order in April 1876 in the Occidental Lodge of Masons in San Francisco and by January of the following year had reached the degree of Master Mason of that lodge. From 1878-79 he was that lodge's Junior Warden and was made Worshipful Master in 1880.
In this city, November 11, 1906, Brilsford Pease Flint, beloved husband of Gertrude G. Flint, and devoted father of Mrs. Anna Landis, Mrs. Agnes Sharrocks and Brilsford P. Flint, Jr., a native of Anson, Maine, aged 64 years 2 months and 22 days.
The funeral services will take place tomorrow (Wednesday), at 11 o'clock am from Mission Masonic Temple, under the auspices of California Commandery No. 1, K.T., thence to Cypress Lawn Cemetery, by funeral car from Thirtieth street and San Jose avenue.
Published by The San Francisco call on November 13, 1906.
Gertrude V Gilmore
1845–1910 (m. 1871)
Ruphelle Flint Rittenhouse
Electa Weston Flint
Find A Grave Memorial 102042497
Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed ), memorial page for Brilsford Pease Flint (20 Aug 1842–11 Nov 1906), Find A Grave Memorial no. 102042497, citing Cypress Lawn Memorial Park, Colma, San Mateo County, California, USA ; Maintained by Lnanaa (contributor 46921698) .
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Average Farmer Salaries in Farmers Branch, TX | Indeed.com
Farmer Salaries in Farmers Branch, TX
Salary estimated from 16 employees, users, and past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. Last updated: December 4, 2018
How much does a Farmer make in Farmers Branch, TX?
The average salary for a Farmer is $13.25 per hour in Farmers Branch, TX, which is 6% above the national average. Salary estimates are based on 16 salaries submitted anonymously to Indeed by Farmer employees, users, and collected from past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. The typical tenure for a Farmer is 1-3 years.
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Scapegoat : the extraordinary legal proceedings following the 1917 Halifax Explosion (หนังสือ, 2012) [WorldCat.org]
ชื่อเรื่อง: Scapegoat : the extraordinary legal proceedings following the 1917 Halifax Explosion
ผู้แต่ง: Joel Zemel
สำนักพิมพ์: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada : SVP Productions, 2012. ©2012
(ผู้ใช้ WorldCat ที่พิมพ์เผยแพร่ 2015-07-01)
The following review of the 2014 Dartmouth Book Award and 2015 Bronze IPPY Book Award winner, Scapegoat, appears in the Atlantic Publishers Marketing Association’s...
The following review of the 2014 Dartmouth Book Award and 2015 Bronze IPPY Book Award winner, Scapegoat, appears in the Atlantic Publishers Marketing Association’s publication Atlantic Books Today and in full online at http://atlanticbookstoday.ca/scapegoat-zemel-review/ * * *Unearthing new information on the Halifax Explosion by Henry Roper (December 4, 2014)The devastating explosion on Dec. 6, 1917, following the collision of the French munitions ship SS Mont Blanc and the Belgian relief vessel SS Imo in Halifax Harbour killed nearly 2,000 people, injured thousands more, and destroyed much of the city’s North End. Nearly a century later, all aspects of this catastrophe continue to fascinate the reading public. Joel Zemel, a musician and filmmaker turned historical researcher, began studying the Explosion in 2009 when he encountered a photograph of the blast and attempted to establish the location from which it had been taken. This led him to explore more deeply the causes of the disaster, particularly the part played in it by Acting Cmdr. F. Evan Wyatt of the Royal Canadian Navy, who was responsible for controlling ship traffic in the harbour.Zemel’s focus is on the inquiry, which began hearings only a week after the event, against a background of outrage and a clamour to hold someone responsible. Presided over by Justice Arthur Drysdale, who seems to have made up his mind before hearing the evidence, the proceedings of “the Drysdale Inquiry” were a travesty of justice. On Feb. 4, 1918, Drysdale filed a one-page decision attributing sole responsibility for the disaster to Aimé Le Médec, captain of the Mont Blanc, and Francis Mackey, the ship’s pilot. He also severely censured Acting Cmdr. Wyatt for negligence.Le Médec, Mackey and Wyatt were then charged with manslaughter. Only Wyatt, however, was brought to trial. Justice Benjamin Russell, who had earlier defied public opinion by ordering the charges against Le Médec and Mackey to be dropped, instructed the jury that the prosecution had no case and Wyatt was acquitted quickly. Although Mackey and Le Médec were able to resume their careers, Wyatt, the “scapegoat,” was dismissed from the Royal Canadian Navy with his career and reputation in ruins.Meanwhile the owners of the two ships sued each other for damages of $2 million, a large sum in 1918. The case eventually reached the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, then the final court of appeal in the British Empire, which found both ships equally responsible in 1920.The legal proceedings following the Halifax Explosion have been the subject of a number of books and articles by Janet Kitz, John Griffith Armstrong, the late Donald A. Kerr, QC, and others. Zemel, however, has unearthed new information about Wyatt’s background, his relations with his naval superiors, and his life after his trial. Loaded, perhaps overloaded, with information, Scapegoat will appeal to those eager to know more about the explosion and its aftermath.Henry Roper is a retired University of King’s College humanities professor and past president of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. He co-edited volumes 3 and 4 of the Collected Works of George Grant (U of T Press). ซ่อน
เพิ่มแท็ก สำหรับ "Scapegoat : the extraordinary legal proceedings following the 1917 Halifax Explosion".
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1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วย2014 dartmouth book award 2015 ippy awards
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยaime le medec
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยarthur drysdale
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยatlantic books today
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยbenjamin russell
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1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยfrederick evan wyatt
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยhalifax explosion
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยhalifax explosion of 1917
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยhistory of legal proceedings
1 รายการถูกแท็กด้วยhmc dockyard
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9780440228035: Shark Bait (Laurel-Leaf Books) - AbeBooks - Graham Salisbury: 0440228034
Graham Salisbury Shark Bait (Laurel-Leaf Books)
ISBN 13: 9780440228035
Shark Bait (Laurel-Leaf Books)
ISBN 10: 0440228034 ISBN 13: 9780440228035
Mokes has a huge problem: should he obey his father or stand by an old friend? When a Navy ship drops anchor off the coast of his Hawaiian village, Mokes's dad gives him a curfew. He doesn't want Mokes out in the village after dark when the rowdy sailors will be drinking, dancing, and looking for trouble. But Mokes's friend Booley is planning to get revenge on a sailor--how could Mokes miss that action? Complicating things further are two facts: Mokes's dad isn't just any father; he happens to be the police chief (!). And, even worse, Mokes has just realized that his friend may have stolen his father's favorite gun. Award-winning author Graham Salisbury will thrill readers with this suspenseful tale of a boy struggling with issues of violence, friendship, honor, and trust. As always, Salisbury avoids predictable solutions and allows his characters to work out their problems in realistic ways. Reluctant readers, especially, will appreciate this fast-paced adventure.
ISBN 10: 0385322372 ISBN 13: 9780385322379
1. Shark Bait (Laurel-Leaf Books)
Book Description Laurel Leaf, 1999. Mass Market Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110440228034 | [
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A big plus is the 100 CFA francs (0.15 euros/$0.18) price of a trip -- half a typical downtown "woro-woro" fare -- helping to attract between 500 and 1,000 people a day, according to the town hall and promoter. A switch to solar and durables may appear paradoxical in Jacqueville, however, as the area produces the lion's share of the country's gas and oil....
MUNICH – The first keg has been tapped and the beer is flowing as the 185th Oktoberfest gets underway in Munich ... 7 ... Beer prices are up again, with a liter (2-pint) mug costing up to 11.50 euros ($13.50) – a 55-cent increase over last year ... Share this.. FacebookTwitterGoogleWhatsAppPinterestRedditTumblrMoreSkypeLinkedInPocketPrintTelegram. Related ... ....
The city's mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, has proposed a fine of up to 500 euros (or about $588) for anyone who sits or lays down in an undesignated spot, ......
The first keg has been tapped and the beer is flowing as the 185th Oktoberfest gets underway in Munich ... As tradition demands, he handed the first mug to Bavarian governor Markus Soeder, who declare ... Beer prices are up again, with a litre (2-pint) mug costing up to 11.50 euros ($13.50) - a 55-cent increase over last year ... ....
A new women's clothing store, the Flossy Boutique, has opened in the Crown Plaza Shopping Center at 1202 S. Range Line Road. The storefront formerly housed Bicycle Specialists, which relocated earlier this year to 1206 W. MacArthur Drive in Webb City ... Store hours are from 10 a.m ... This restaurant, brought to you by the owners of Mythos Euro Greek Kuzina in Joplin, will take over a first-floor space formerly occupied by Ye Olde King Pizza ... ....
NAIROBI, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- Commonwealth Games 10,000m champion Joshua Cheptegei has recovered from his knee injury that has kept him off competition since April and will compete in a road race in Netherlands on Sunday ... "I have returned back to action. The injury is healed and now the question is how fast I can run," he said Saturday ... The first athlete to finish, man or woman, will receive a bonus of 5000 euros ... ....
Sindh province has far more per acre share of water for its area than other provinces, which includes flood water besides share in normal flows, source said ... Most importantly, sources said that it was written in the Water Accord that Karachi’s water needs wer included in Sindh’s water share ... However, the idea was partly opposed on the ground that Punjab should feed Rawalpindi from its own share of water....
A post shared by Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya (@divyankatripathidahiya) on Sep 19, 2018 at 6.05am PDT ... A post shared by Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya (@divyankatripathidahiya) on Sep 19, 2018 at 6.08am PDT ... A post shared by Hina Khan (@realhinakhan) on Sep 20, 2018 at 1.43am PDT ... A post shared by Karishma Tanna (@karishmaktanna) on Sep 21, 2018 at 5.53am PDT ... A post shared by Nia Sharma (@niasharma90) on Sep 18, 2018 at 10.59pm PDT....
They had also spent many hours together, usually over a drink and a sandwich in the Grosvenor Arms on the outskirts of Chester, working on Speed’s autobiography until the subject of the book rang his ghost writer one day to say he did not want to share his life story, after all, and hadn’t done enough to warrant a book ... the final of Euro 2008?....
However, the percentage share of women employees saw a significant increase of 34.26pc in 2016-17, as opposed to 7.7pc (23,298 women employees) in the previous year ... The analysis reveals that among the 1,246 female employees working in the main secretariat, Punjab has the largest share at 73.68pc (including 8.43pc in Islamabad) followed by Sindh at 12.76pc (4.65pc for rural and 8.11pc urban)....
Ho-ost is a brand of Ho-ost Internet Solutions Limited and is registered in England and Wales (Company #09970768) since January 2016 ... Our SSD Shared Plans are perfect for personal websites, blogs, small e-commerce sites and developers ... Main Features. ... Datacenter Locations. ... Shared-1 (�0.99/Month). 1GB SSD Storage ... Shared IPv4 Address ... Shared-2 (�1.49/Month) ... Shared IPv4 Address ... .... | [
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NEW YORK -- Armanti Edwards, Terrell Hudgins and Deji Karim, the finalists for the FCS version of the Heisman Trophy, highlight The Associated Press All-America team for Division I's second tier.The team was announced Wednesday.Appalachian State quarterback Edwards, Elon receiver Hudgins and Southern Illinois running back Karim are up for the Walter Payton Award, which will be handed out Thursday night in Chattanooga, Tenn.Edwards, an All-American last season, could become ...Read full story | [
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Following service in the U.S. Army, and becoming a US citizen Andlinger began his career with McKinsey & Company, a noted management consulting firm. In 1960, he was recruited to International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) by the legendary Harold Geneen as the first Director of Planning and Organization. Andlinger was named Group Executive - Far East in 1962. During that time he served on the board of directors of Nippon Electric Company (NEC) and Sumitomo Electric. He became the youngest elected Vice President of ITT at the age of 34.
Andlinger left ITT in 1967 to become chairman of Esterline Corporation, but was recruited back to ITT in 1972 as chairman of ITT’s Levitt & Sons, Inc. He later served as President of ITT Europe and was elected Executive Vice President of ITT Corporation. In 1976, Andlinger formed his own private investment firm, Andlinger & Company, Inc. (A&Co.). He has additionally served as chairman and CEO of numerous A&Co. portfolio companies. Since its founding, the firm, with offices in the U.S., Europe and China, has been involved in over 100 corporate acquisition transactions.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Gerhard_Andlinger
Latest News for: andlinger
Frankfurt- Alantra has advised Andlinger & Company on the sale of SUSPA, a leading provider of gas springs, dampers and piston rods as well as powered applications and crash management systems ... This transaction is the third time the deal team has sold SUSPA (in 2009 to Tyrol Equity and in 2012 to Andlinger & Company).... | [
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"VERY GOOD" Embossed Greetings Cards using Stencils, Wallis, Carol, Book | eBay
Dowsing (Pocket Prophecy),Shirley Wallis
Studying Plays by Shepherd, Simon, Wallis, Mick
THE COMPLETE BOOK OF SCRAPBOOKING CARDS FRAMES LAYOUTS STENCILS TEMPLATES
Embossed Greetings Cards using Stencils,Carol Wallis
big-bang-books (77408 ) | [
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Judge Andrew Napolitano: Trump’s new budget is a debt bomb waiting to explode | Fox News
Judge Andrew Napolitano: Trump’s new budget is a debt bomb waiting to explode
Napolitano: Trump's budget adds up to $1 million a minute
Judge Napolitano's Chambers: Judge Andrew Napolitano explains how Trump's new spending bill will increase the deficit and what that means for our children's children.
Imagine you open the faucet of your kitchen sink expecting water and instead out comes cash. Now imagine that it comes out at the rate of $1 million a minute. You call your plumber, who thinks you’re crazy. To get you off the phone, he opines that it is your sink and therefore must be your money. So you spend it wildly. Then you realize that the money wasn’t yours and you owe it back.
Now imagine that this happens every minute of every day for the next three years. At the end of the three years, you owe back more than $6 trillion. So you borrow $6 trillion to pay back the $6 trillion you owe.
Is this unending spigot of cash reality or fantasy?
I am not speaking of Amazon or Google or Exxon Mobil or Apple. They deliver products that appeal to consumers and investors. They deal in copious amounts of money because they sell what hundreds of millions of people want to purchase and they do it so efficiently that hundreds of thousands want to invest in them. If they fail to persuade consumers to purchase their products and investors to purchase their financial instruments, they will go out of business.
My analogy about all that cash in your kitchen sink that just keeps coming is not about voluntary commercial transactions, which you are free to accept or reject. It is about the government's spending what it doesn’t have, the consequences of which you are not free to reject.
Government produces no products that consumers are willing to pay for voluntarily, and it doesn’t sell shares of stock in its assets. It doesn’t generate wealth; it seizes it. And when it can no longer politically get away with seizing, it borrows. It borrows a great deal of money -- money that it rolls over, by borrowing trillions to pay back trillions to prior lenders, and thus its debt never goes away.
Last week, after eight years of publicly complaining that then-President Barack Obama was borrowing more than $1 trillion a year to fund the government -- borrowing that the Republicans silently consented to -- congressional Republicans, now in control of Congress and with a friend in the Oval Office, voted to spend and hence borrow between $5 trillion and $6 trillion more than tax revenue will produce in the next three years; that’s a few trillion more than they complained about in the Obama years.
That’s borrowing $1 million a minute.
Obviously, no business or household or bank can survive very long by borrowing from Peter to pay Paul. Yet the federal government, no matter which party controls Congress or the presidency, engages in staggering borrowing -- borrowing that will cripple future generations by forcing them to pay for goods and services that were consumed before they were born.
The government has often borrowed to meet critical emergency needs, typically during wartime. Indeed, the country was born in debt when Alexander Hamilton, the father of big government, offered the idea that the new federal government created by the Constitution could purchase the fidelity of the states by assuming their Revolutionary War debts.
But those debts were paid back using inflation, gold and tax dollars, and the country enjoyed sporadic periods of nearly debt-free government. Then three unhappy events coincided about 100 years ago: Woodrow Wilson -- the father of modern-day big government -- was elected president, and he brought us into the useless battle over national borders among old European royalty called the Great War, and he financed American participation in that first world war using the new printing presses owned by the new Federal Reserve System.
The $30 billion President Wilson borrowed from the Federal Reserve and others has been rolled over and over and has never been repaid. The federal government still owes the $30 billion principal, and for that it has paid more than $15 billion in interest. Who in his right mind would pay 50 percent interest on a 100-year-old debt? Only the government.
Wilson’s $30 billion debt 100 years ago has ballooned to $20.6 trillion today. At the end of President Donald Trump’s present term -- because of the Republican budget signed into law last week -- the government’s debt will be about $27 trillion.
That amount is a debt bomb waiting to explode. Here’s why. Every year, the federal government collects about $2.5 trillion in revenue and spends it all. It borrows another $1.5 trillion to $2 trillion and spends it all. To avoid paying back any of the $27 trillion it will owe, the federal government will need to spend about $1 trillion a year in interest payments.
That $1 trillion is 40 percent of the revenue collected by the federal government; that’s 40 cents on every dollar in tax revenue going to interest on old debts -- interest payments that are legally unavoidable by taxpayers and voters.
Will the taxpaying public tolerate this much longer? What would happen if taxpayers stopped paying taxes because 40 percent of what they've been paying has produced nothing for them? Would investors stop lending money to the government because of fear that the government could not pay them back? The Constitution requires the government to pay its debts. Would the government’s creditors acquire control of the government’s fiscal policy in order to pay themselves back? The government’s biggest creditor is one of its biggest menaces -- the government of China.
Borrowing money at $1 million a minute is digging a hole out of which we will never peacefully climb. President Obama’s and President Trump’s own military and intelligence chiefs have argued that the national debt -- not the Russians or the Islamic State group or the North Koreans -- is the greatest threat to freedom and security that we face today.
Why are Congress and President Trump not listening? | [
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We’re peace-loving country but reserve right to hit back: BSF | india news | Hindustan Times
We’re peace-loving country but reserve right to hit back: BSF
BSF’s director general KK Sharma said India is a peace loving country and does not want to create a war-like situation.
india Updated: Jan 18, 2018 20:52 IST
A villager shows a mortar shell allegedly fired on a residential area from the Pakistan side at the India-Pakistan international border at Pindi Camp in Arnia Sector about 40km from Jammu on Thursday. (PTI)
The BSF’s director general KK Sharma said on Thursday the situation along the Line of Control and international border was “tense” but the paramilitary force was “more than prepared” to deal with it, amid increasing incidents of violation of the 2003 ceasefire agreement by Pakistan in the recent months.
“We don’t initiate first fire but if provoked, we strongly retaliate. I assure you that this time also strong action is being taken. The martyrdom of head constable A Suresh won’t go waste,” Sharma said during a press conference.
The director general was referring to the death of the Border Security Force soldier by Pakistani fire in Jammu and Kashmir’s RS Pora sector on Wednesday night.
Sharma said that India is a peace loving country and does not want to create a war-like situation.
“We are more than prepared to foil infiltration attempts and respond to ceasefire violations,” he added.
The top official said the BSF inflicted heavy damages of life and property on Pakistan in its retaliatory fire after the latest round of skirmishes on the international border in Arnia sub-sector. He said that the force also damaged two Pakistani posts opposite Arnia, the epicentre of heavy exchange of fire.
“I can’t give an exact number but if you monitor Pakistani media you will get it. It was not for the first time that Pakistan opened unprovoked fire at us. On January 3, they shot sniper round in which we lost a jawan. At that time also BSF had strongly retaliated and had inflicted heavy damages,” he said.
Sharma said that the latest incident was not that of a sniper fire.
“The head constable was behind his LMG and was retaliating to Pakistani fire from a loophole of one foot by one-foot square. Enemies target that. A bullet entered from the loophole and hit him. It was very unfortunate,” he said.
Sharma said that the BSF has ensured minimum exposure by making some arrangements including bulletproof jackets, helmets and some other measures.
“But still some parts of the body like lower abdomen remain vulnerable to sniping and in such war-like situation, these are occupational hazards,” he said.
Sharma said that the BSF observes the movement of terrorists on the other side of the international border from time to time.
“The place where the latest skirmishes took place has a nullah (rivulet) nearby. So, possibilities of an intrusion bid in the wake of January 26 cannot be ruled out but our jawans are alert and we have also sufficient surveillance equipment in place. We will ensure that no infiltration takes place,” he added.
The DG said that he has asked officers on the ground to retaliate with full force and teach Pakistan a lesson.
Pakistan’s military accused Indian troops of initiating fire from across the border and targeting villages along Kashmir, killing two civilians and wounding five others in the latest “unprovoked” ceasefire violation. Pakistan’s foreign ministry later said the dead were women.
India quickly rejected the claim, saying, in fact, Pakistan initiated the fire, killing a 17-year-old girl and the soldier in Arnia.
The latest ceasefire violation by Pakistan came two days after the Indian Army killed seven Pakistani soldiers in Kotli’s Janglote area opposite the Mendhar sector. The dead Pakistani soldiers included a major as well. (With agency inputs.) | [
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Bob in P. - ADVENTURERS UNLIMITED! (Chino Hills, CA)
http://photos2.meetupstatic.com/photos/member/8/a/a/e/member_45395502.jpeg
http://www.meetup.com/Adventurers-Unlimited/members/4486260/
I like hiking with my Nikon and looking for interesting photographic opportunities. Overnight backpacking affords the chance for shooting stars and the milky way, star trails or time lapse . | [
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Web Commerce Security: Design and Development by Hadi Nahari, Ronald L. Krutz | | 9780470624463 | Paperback | Barnes & Noble
Real and reasonable solutions to mobile and e-commerce securityEvery system designer knows that securing the electronic commerce ecosystem is a nightmare. Each of us puts vital business and personal information at risk every time we use a computer network to make a bank transaction, pay a bill, buy something, or communicate online.In this book,…
Real and reasonable solutions to mobile and e-commerce securityEvery system designer knows that securing the electronic commerce ecosystem is a nightmare. Each of us puts vital business and personal information at risk every time we use a computer network to make a bank transaction, pay a bill, buy something, or communicate online.In this book, security experts Hadi Nahari and Ron Krutz provide real security solutions. They show how to analyze and understand both holistic and atomic perspectives, define risk-driven security, explain protection mechanisms and how best to deploy them, and offer ways to implement security that is both effective and user-friendly.You will learnHow to design strong e-commerce and m-commerce security that users will actually useTechniques for implementing an adaptive, risk-driven, and scalable security infrastructureFundamentals of architecting e- and m-commerce security infrastructure with high availability and large transactional capacityImportant "ilities" your solutions must haveHow to identify weak security in a large-scale, transactional system and how to augment itSpecific vulnerabilities and threats and how toassess, detect, and prevent them | [
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Patent US6205341 - Process for adjusting the transmission and reception chains of the paths by ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA process which adjusts the transmission and reception chains of the paths formed by a base station of a system for radio communication between mobiles which after calibration of the antenna base adjusts the reception chains relating to each path by distributing a first specified adjustment signal synchronously...http://www.google.com/patents/US6205341?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6205341 - Process for adjusting the transmission and reception chains of the paths by a base station of a system for radio communication between mobilesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6205341 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/973,758Publication dateMar 20, 2001Filing dateJun 18, 1996Priority dateJun 23, 1995Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2225800A1, DE69601636D1, DE69601636T2, EP0834225A1, EP0834225B1, WO1997001226A1Publication number08973758, 973758, US 6205341 B1, US 6205341B1, US-B1-6205341, US6205341 B1, US6205341B1InventorsJean-Jacques Monot, Robert Berranger, Gilbert MultedoOriginal AssigneeThomson-CsfExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (2), Referenced by (15), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess for adjusting the transmission and reception chains of the paths by a base station of a system for radio communication between mobilesUS 6205341 B1Abstract A process which adjusts the transmission and reception chains of the paths formed by a base station of a system for radio communication between mobiles which after calibration of the antenna base adjusts the reception chains relating to each path by distributing a first specified adjustment signal synchronously over each of the reception chains and calculating an equalization filter which inverts the transfer functions related to each reception chain. The process next adjusts the transmission chains related to each path by distributing a second specified adjustment signal synchronously over each of the transmission chains, by extracting from each of the paths a part of a transmission signal before the transmission signal is sent to the antenna base so as to re-inject that part of the transmission signal into the reception chains, and by calculating an equalization filter which inverts the transfer functions related to each transmission chain. Finally, the process receives via the equalization filters previously calculated for the reception chains reception signals originating from the antenna base, or transmits via the equalization filters previously calculated for the transmission chains the transmission signals originating from the multipath transmission/reception device.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patents of the United States is: 1. A Process for adjusting a transmission and a reception chain for each path formed by a base station of a system for radio communication with mobiles, said system including a transmission/reception antenna base and a multipath transmission/reception device, comprising after a step of calibrating the antenna base the following steps:
adjusting the reception chains related to each path by distributing a first specified adjustment signal synchronously over each of the reception chains and calculating an equalization filter which inverts the transfer functions related to each reception chain; adjusting the transmission chains related to each path by distributing a second specified adjustment signal synchronously over each of the transmission chains, extracting from each of the paths a part of a transmission signal before the transmission signal is sent to the antenna base so as to re-inject said part into the reception chains, and calculating an equalization filter which inverts the transfer functions relating to each transmission chain; receiving reception signals originating from the antenna base via the equalization filters previously calculated for the reception chains, or transmitting the transmission signals originating from the multipath transmission/reception device via the equalization filters previously calculated for the transmission chains. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein, when a frequency of the transmission signal is different from a frequency of the reception signal, the step of adjusting the reception chains comprises the step of:
adjusting the reception chains to the frequency of the transmission signal so as to adjust the transmission chains. 3. Process according to claim 2, wherein a pre-correction performed on the transmission chain of each of the paths comprises inverting the amplitude and phase transfer functions of the amplifiers of the transmission chains of each of tie paths, measured in the analysis of the adjustment signals.
4. Process according to claim 2, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the transmission chain comprises measuring differential gains between each of the paths after the equalization filtering of the reception chains on each of the paths.
5. Process according to claim 2, where the adjusting of the transmission chain of each of the paths is performed at a specified power so as to remain within the zone of linearity of the amplifier of the transmission chain.
6. Process according to claim 1, wherein a pre-correction performed on the transmission chain of each of the paths comprises inverting the amplitude and phase transfer functions of the amplifiers of the transmission chains of each of the paths, measured in the analysis of the adjustment signals.
7. Process according to claim 6, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the reception chain comprises approximating the transfer function of the equalization filter of the reception chain via a method of least squares.
8. Process according to claim 6, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the transmission chain comprises measuring differential gains between each of the paths after the equalization filtering of the reception chains on each of the paths.
9. Process according to claim 6, wherein the adjusting of the step of transmission chain of each of the paths is preformed at a specified power so as to remain within the zone of linearity of the amplifier of the transmission chain.
10. Process according to claim 1, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the reception chain consists in approximating the transfer function of the equalization filter of the reception chain via a method of least squares.
11. Process according to claim 10, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the transmission chain comprises measuring differential gains between each of the paths after the equalization filtering of the reception chains on each of the paths.
12. Process according to claim 10, wherein the adjusting of the transmission chain of each of the paths is performed at a specified power so as to remain within the zone of linearity of the amplifier of the transmission chain.
13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the analysis of the signals for adjusting the transmission chain consists in measuring differential gains between each of the paths after the equalization filtering of the reception chains on each of the paths.
14. Process according to claim 13, wherein the adjusting of the transmission chain of each of the paths is performed at a specified power so as to remain within the zone of linearity of the amplifier of the transmission chain.
15. Process according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting of the transmission chain of each of the paths is performed at a specified power so as to remain within the zone of linearity of the amplifier of the transmission chain.
16. A device configured to adjust transmission and reception chains of paths formed by a base station of a system for radio communication between mobiles, said system including a transmission/reception antenna base and a multipath transmission/reception device configured to implement the process according to claim 1, wherein the adjustment device is interfaced between the multipath transmission/reception device and the antenna base and includes for each path:
a transmission and reception chain; an equalization filter for a transmission signal input-coupled to the transmission chain; an equalization filter for a reception signal output-coupled to the reception chain; an input switch and output switch for the transmission chain and the reception chain respectively configured to enable the adjustment device to enter various modes of operation: reception adjustment, transmission adjustment, transmission/reception; a coupler placed at the output of the transmission chain after the output switch of the transmission chain and configured to extract a part of the transmission signal before the transmission signal is sent to the antenna base and to inject said part at an input of the reception chain; and the adjustment device includes in common for all the paths: a first generator of a signal configured to adjust the transmission chains which are coupled to a first distribution module which distributes a first specified adjustment signal over the transmission chains of each of the paths by way of the input switch of the transmission chain; a second generator of a signal configured to adjust the reception chains which are coupled to a second distribution module which distributes a second specified adjustment signal over the reception chains of each of the paths by way of the input switch of the reception chain; and an analyser of the adjustment signals configured to analyze the transmission and reception chain adjustment signals so as to adapt the equalization filters of the transmission and reception chains. 17. Device according to claim 16, wherein a pre-correction stage of the transmission chain is placed between the equalization filter of the transmission chain and the transmission chain.
18. Device according to claim 16, wherein the equalization filter of the reception chain is a finite impulse response filter whose coefficients are determined by a method of least squares.
19. Device according to claim 7, wherein the signal transmitted by the adjustment generator of the transmission chains is made up of orthogonal carriers, and in that it is transmitted simultaneously over each of the transmission chains.
20. Device according to claim 1, wherein the equalization filter of the transmission chain comprises a finite impulse response filter whose coefficients are determined by a method of least squares.
The present invention relates to a process and an implementation device for adjusting the transmission and reception chains of the paths formed by a multipath transmission/reception device of a base station of a radiocommunications system, using in particular a multipath transmission/reception technique known by the abbreviation SDMA standing for �Space-Division Multiple Access�.
Systems for radiocommunication with mobiles are mostly based on the cellular network concept in which a base station communicates with a number of mobiles within the cell for which it is responsible.
For transmitting and receiving signals, base stations currently use only simple antenna systems, either of the single-sensor or multi-sensor type, with RF combination to ensure complete coverage, or else of the two-sensor type with selection to obtain space diversity in reception.
The concept of SDMA, now widely reported in the literature, is aimed at increasing the capacity of a base station by performing multipath transmission and reception in an adaptive and intelligent manner.
However, the setting up of this technique runs up against problems of implementation and of control of the distortions in the transmission and reception chains. In particular, the most disturbing phenomenon is the phase and amplitude dematching of the paths. During reception, this phenomenon will prevent a correct location fix on the mobile and hence the allocation of an SDMA frequency. During transmission, this problem may cause the transmission of a signal in an undesired direction.
The techniques for alleviating these problems are well known in respect of reception, since they are implemented in radio direction finders and consist in performing a calibration of the antenna base followed by frequent adjustment of the reception paths.
During transmission, the problem is more complex since it involves adjusting the transmission paths (after calibration of the antenna base) while being independent of the structure of the antenna base.
To this end, the subject of the invention is a process allowing the regular adjusting of the transmission and reception chain of each of the paths formed by a base station of a system for radio communication with mobiles, including a transmission/reception antenna base and a multipath transmission/reception device, characterized in that it consists after a step of calibration of the antenna base:
within a step for adjusting the reception chains relating to each path, in distributing a first specified adjustment signal, synchronously over each of the reception chains, in calculating an equalization filter inverting the transfer functions relating to each reception chain,
within a step for adjusting the transmission chains relating to each path, in distributing a second specified adjustment signal, synchronously over each of the transmission chains, in extracting from each of the paths a part of the transmission signal before it is sent to the antenna base so as to re-inject it into the reception chains, and in calculating an equalization filter inverting the transfer functions relating to each transmission chain,
in performing the reception of the signals originating from the antenna base via the equalization filters previously calculated for the reception chains, or the transmission of the signals originating from the multipath transmission/reception device via the equalization filters previously calculated for the transmission chains.
The present invention has the advantage of adjusting the transmission and reception paths of a radiocommunication system utilizing an SDMA technique, making it possible to ensure the control of the wavefront of the signals received and transmitted by the system by using adjustment signals which avoid the phenomena of coupling between antennas.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Other advantages and characteristics of the present invention will emerge more clearly on reading the description which follows given in conjunction with the appended figures which represent:
FIG. 1, a radiocommunication system incorporating a device for implementing the process according to the invention,
FIG. 2, a schematic diagram of the process according to the invention,
FIG. 3, a functional diagram of a device for implementing the process according to the invention,
FIG. 4, a frequency and time representation of the signal for adjusting the transmission chains,
FIG. 5, a first solution for dividing the carriers inside the useful band,
FIG. 6, a second solution for dividing the carriers inside the useful band,
FIGS. 7a and 7 b, respectively the linear zone of the amplification of the transmission chains, and the effect of phase distortion as a function of the amplitude of the modulating envelope, and
FIG. 8, a functional diagram corresponding to the stage of pre-correction of the amplification of the transmission chain.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A device 1 implementing the process according to the invention is interfaced between an SDMA transmission/reception device 2 and an antenna base 3, as indicated in FIG. 1.
Consequently it is independent of the SDMA processing performed by the ad hoc device and implements as many transmission paths and reception paths as antennas.
FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of the process according to the invention.
After a first step 4 of calibration of the antennas of the antenna base, the process according to the invention consists within a second step 5, in adjusting the reception chains relating to each path, and then within a third step 6, in adjusting the transmission chains relating to each path.
Having performed the adjustment, within a fourth step 7, the reception or transmission of the signals respectively received by the antenna base 3 or transmitted by the transmission/reception device 2 is performed.
In step 8, in the case in which the frequencies of the reception and transmission signals are different, the reception chains of each of the paths are adjusted to the frequency of the transmission signal.
To alleviate the non-linearity of the amplification chains on transmission, a step 9 allows a pre-correction of these chains.
An adjustment device for implementing the process according to the invention is illustrated by the functional diagram of FIG. 3.
It is interfaced between the multipath transmission/reception device 2, especially of SDMA type, and the antenna base 3. To each antenna, not represented, there corresponds a path formed in respect of transmission and reception. In the figure, three paths i with i=1 to 3 are represented respectively by three superimposed planes.
Each path i includes:
a transmission 10 i and reception 11 i chain,
an equalization filter 12 i for the transmission signal input-coupled to the transmission chain 10 i, an equalization filter 13 i for the reception signal output-coupled to the reception chain 11 i, an input switch 14 i and 15 i and output switch 16 i and 17 i for the transmission chain 10 i and the reception chain 11 i respectively enabling the device to enter the various modes of operation: reception adjustment, transmission adjustment, transmission/reception,
a coupler 18 i placed at the output of the transmission chain 10 i after the output switch 16 i of the transmission chain 10 i making it possible to extract a part of the transmission signal before it is sent to the antenna base 3 so as to inject it at the input of the reception chain 11 i via the input switch 15 i of the reception chain 11 i. The transmission equalization filter 12 i is placed at the input of path i, before the input switch 14 i of the transmission chain 10 i, and the reception equalization filter 13 i is placed at the output of path i, after the output switch 17 i of the reception chain
The device next includes in common for all the paths i:
a first generator 19 of a signal for adjusting the transmission chains 10 i which is coupled to a first distribution module 20 distributing a first specified adjustment signal over the transmission chains 10 i of each of the paths i by way of the input switch 14 i of the transmission chain 10 i, placed at the output of the equalization filter 12 i. The adjustment signal can be generated directly in the multipath transmission/reception device.
a second generator 21 of a signal for adjusting the reception chains 11 i which is coupled to a second distribution module 22 distributing a second specified adjustment signal over the reception chains of each of the paths i by way of the input switch 15 i of the reception chain 11 i, and
an analyser of the adjustment signals 23 allowing analysis of the various adjustment signals so as to adapt the respective equalization filters 12 i and 13 i to the transmission 10 i and reception 11 i chains.
The device can furthermore include a stage for pre-correction 24 of the transmission chains which is placed between the equalization filter 12 i and the transmission chain 10 i and is represented with dashed lines in the figure.
The adjustment analyser 23 likewise in this case allows analysis of the correction signals.
A detailed description of the operation of the adjustment device for implementing the process according to the invention is given below:
The adjustment 5 of the reception chains 11 i is aimed at correcting the drifting of the transfer functions of the reception chains 11 i. This drifting is due mainly to the variations in temperature inside the equipment.
The equalization filters 13 i at the output of the reception chains 11 i have transfer functions, the alterations in which must consequently be followed, by performing an adjustment 5 cyclically.
The adjustment 5 is performed by injecting an adjustment signal whose characteristics are assumed to be known, and by making measurements whereby it is possible to determine the transfer functions so that they can be corrected. To simplify the measurements, the adjustment signal is made up of several carriers which make it possible to perform frequency discretization of the transfer functions.
The processing operations performed in a processor of the SDMA transmission/reception device being sensitive to the differential gaps from one path i to another, it is not the absolute transfer functions which must be corrected but merely the differential gaps from one path i to another.
Denoting by Hi(f) the transfer function of path i, and mi the vector of measured complex gains, we obtain: m _ i ( k ) = H i ( f k ) H 1 ( f k ) k = 1 , � , N ( 1 ) path 1 serving as reference, fk being the frequencies used to make the measurements and N the number of carriers used.
Measurement of the responses of the equalization filters 13 i to the various frequencies can be performed by FFT, standing for �Fast Fourier Transform� or DFT, standing for �Discrete Fourier Transform�. It is preferable to perform them in succession and to use a DFT to perform the measurement, so as to avoid any problem of intermodulation. In the case of a measurement by FFT, the frequencies used must be located orthogonally, that is to say with a frequency gap equal to the inverse of the duration of the FFT measurement.
It is therefore necessary to calculate a set of p coefficients of an FIR filter, wi, standing for �Finite Impulse Response Filter� for each of the reception chains 11 i, in such a way that: ( H i ( f k ) H 1 ( f k ) ) � H w i ( f ) ≈ 1 ( 2 ) for every f belonging to the useful band.
The transfer function Hwi(f) is obtained as follows: H w i ( f ) = ∑ l = 1 p w _ i ( l ) � e 2 jπfl ( 3 ) Since the differential transfer functions are known only for a discrete collection of frequencies {fk}, a simple way of obtaining wi consists in minimizing in the least squares sense the error between the desired transfer function and that of an FIR filter with p coefficients, for all the measured frequencies, i.e.: min w _ i ∥ m i ′ _ - F � w _ i ∥ 2 ( 4 ) with: m i ′ _ ( k ) = 1 m _ i ( k ) and F a p�N matrix such that:
F(m,n)=exp(−2.j.π.f m .n) (5) where m and n respectively represent the mth row and nth column of the matrix, fm being the mth normalized adjustment frequency.
w i =[F + .F] −1 .F + .m′ i (6) where�+� corresponds to the operation of conjugate transposition.
The attraction of such an approach lies in the fact that the matrix [F+.F]−1.F+(of dimension p�N) is constant and hence can therefore be calculated once and for all, this making it easy and inexpensive in terms of computation power to obtain wi.
A compromise is then apparent with regard to the number of coefficients p. A large value of the latter (that is to say close to N) leads to a small quadratic error but to a large instability in the transfer function between the measured frequencies fk.
An optimal value lies between N/2 and N/3, this ensuring a correction to within 0.50� and 0.1 dB.
The filter lii must also be convolved with a band-pass filter so as to ensure attenuation outside the useful band.
The main problem posed in respect of the adjustment of the transmission chains 10 i is to render the device 1 independent of the antenna base 3 to which it is connected. This independence makes it possible to use various kinds of antenna base 3 for the SDMA function (pentagonal, linear antenna base etc.).
The step 6 of adjusting the transmission paths of the process according to the invention consists in performing beforehand a calibration of the antenna base at the transmission frequency fe so as to obtain a calibration table. Having performed this calibration, adjustment is performed in a regular manner (as for reception) so as to follow the variations in the mismatching of the transmission chains 10 i over time.
To do this, the transmission signal is extracted, with the aid of the coupler 18 i, situated at the output of the device 1. This signal is re-injected into the previously adjusted reception chain 11 i. In the case of duplex operation on different frequencies for transmission fe and reception fr, it is necessary to allow the reception, by the reception chains 11 i, of the transmission frequency fe, and to adjust the reception chains 11 i to this frequency fe.
In order to avoid any problem of coupling between the antennas of the antenna base 3, which may impair the measurement (since the antenna base 3 is not disconnected), the same adjustment signal must not be injected into each of the transmission chains 10 i since this would lead to the reception on a path i of the signal transmitted by the other paths i, via the antenna base 3.
A solution according to the invention consists in dispatching, on each of the transmission chains 10 i different adjustment signals including carriers located orthogonally: one carrier at the frequency f1 for the transmission chain 10 1 of path 1, one carrier at the frequency f2 for the transmission chain 10 2 of path 2, and one carrier at the frequency fN for the transmission chain 10 N; the gap between the carriers is fixed by the duration of observation T of the measurement. These signals are transmitted synchronously over each of the paths i so as to allow accurate phase measurement. This synchronism demands:
a digital adjustment generator 19 common to the various paths i,
analogue/digital converters, not represented, using the same sampling clock, and
a common frequency reference distributed over each of the paths i in respect of the transposition functions.
As represented in FIG. 4, the principle of orthogonality consists in selecting frequencies 1/T such that their frequency gap is inversely equal to the duration of observation T. Thus, if detection of the carriers by DFT or FFT is performed, with no weighting window, the frequency response is such that the other carriers lie at the minima of this response (sinx/x).
Two solutions can be envisaged, depending on the level of distortion created by the transmission chain 10 i. If the latter creates only a fixed phase shift for the whole of the useful band, the first solution is to generate as many carriers as paths i, while locating them as close as possible to the centre of the useful band.
This first solution is illustrated by FIG. 5.
Let mi be the differential complex gain measured for path i, then the equalization filter 12 i exhibits a complex gain equal to:
m′ i=1/m i (7)
If the transmission chains 10 i cause large phase and amplitude distortions within the useful band, the equalization filter 12 i performs a filtering operation. The method used is therefore the same as for the adjustment 5 on reception, but this time with measurements performed in sub-ranges, but still with different frequencies for each of the transmission paths.
This second solution is illustrated by FIG. 6.
Let mi be the vector of differential complex gains measured for each of the sub-ranges of path i, then the equalization filter 12 i of path i is an FIR filter whose vector of coefficients can be written according to the following equation:
w i =[F + .F] −1 .F + .m′ i (8) with m′i the vector of inverse complex gains.
All the adjustment measurements are performed in the linear zone of the amplifiers, which are not represented, of the various transmission chains 10 i. Unfortunately, the amplifiers used have linear amplification in a restricted zone of input level, as illustrated in FIG. 7a. Indeed, the amplifiers cause PM phase and AM amplitude distortion which depends only on the amplitude of the modulating envelope, as illustrated in FIG. 7b. The SDMA transmission/reception device 2 carries out the formation of beams by combining several transmissions with complex weightings which differ from one path to another. The consequence of this is that signals are input to the amplifiers of the transmission chains 10 i, having different levels on each path i. Thus, the operating points of the amplifiers are not the same, this giving rise to a different phase distortion for each path i.
In order to alleviate this problem of phase and amplitude distortion, the process according to the invention performs a pre-correction 9 of the transmission chains 10 i. This is achieved with the aid of phase and amplitude measurement of the transfer function of the amplifiers with the help of a pre-correction stage 24 i. The measurement consists in performing detection of the instantaneous amplitude, as well as of the instantaneous phase of the modulating signal. In the case of baseband processing:
ρk ={square root over (Ik 2 +Q k 2+L )} (9) θ k = arctan ( I k Q k ) where
ρk: instantaneous modulus of the signal
θk: instantaneous phase of the signal
I k=ρk.cos(θk) Q k=ρk.sin(θk) (10) Ik and Qk representing respectively the complex phase and phase quadrature signals.
The transfer functions of the amplifiers will be called f and g:
ρout =f(ρin) θout=θin+Δθk=θin +g(θin) (11) This step 9 of pre-correction therefore consists in applying the function which is the inverse of the transfer function of the amplifier of the transmission chain 10 i, which is stored, as represented in FIG. 8, in AM/AM and AM/PM tables.
ρ′k =f′(ρk) θ′k=θ′k+Δθk=θ′k +g′(ρk) (12) The pre-correction functions f′ and g′ are obtained as a function of the transfer functions f and g of the amplifier by solving the following system: { ρ k ″ = f ( ρ k ′ ) = f ( f ′ ( ρ k ) ) = G � ρ k θ k ″ = θ k ″ + g ( ρ k ′ ) = θ k + g ( f ′ ( ρ k ) ) + g ′ ( ρ k ) = θ k ( 13 ) with G the fixed gain of the corrector 24 i-amplifier of the amplification chain 10 i pair. i.e.: { f ′ ( ρ k ) = f - 1 ( G � ρ k ) g ′ ( ρ k ) = - g ( f - 1 ( G � ρ k ) ) ( 14 ) Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4903032Jul 6, 1988Feb 20, 1990Thomson-CsfMethod and device for protection against a jammer in a radio station comprising several change-over antennas and their use for the making of radiogoniometersUS5515378 *Dec 12, 1991May 7, 1996Arraycomm, Inc.Spatial division multiple access wireless communication systems* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6693591Sep 5, 2002Feb 17, 2004ThalesMethod and device for co-operative radio direction-finding in transmissionUS6744407Apr 24, 2002Jun 1, 2004ThalesMethod and device for space-time estimation of one or more transmittersUS6989789Feb 23, 2001Jan 24, 2006ThalesMethod for locating radioelectric sources using two-channel high resolution radiogoniometerUS7019635Sep 5, 2002Mar 28, 2006ThalesMethod and device for the detection of sources in a communications systemUS7091906Sep 25, 2003Aug 15, 2006ThalesMethod and device for the calibration-equalization of a reception systemUS7212784 *Jan 31, 2006May 1, 2007Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.Adaptive array apparatus, radio base station, and mobile phoneUS7398086Apr 26, 2002Jul 8, 2008ThalesSystem and method to locate radiomobiles outside the coverage of a cellular networkUS7565113Mar 29, 2005Jul 21, 2009Sony CorporationMethod and apparatus to resist fading in mimo and simo wireless systemsUS8094577 *Jul 1, 2009Jan 10, 2012Electronics And Telecommunications Research InstituteApparatus and method for transceiving data using relay device in wireless communication system of centralized MACUS8582551 *May 26, 2010Nov 12, 2013Intel CorporationDevice, system and method of wireless communication over non-contiguous channelsUS20110292919 *May 26, 2010Dec 1, 2011Solomon TraininDevice, system and method of wireless communication over non-contiguous channelsCN101542940BJan 19, 2006Jul 10, 2013索尼株式会社Method and apparatus to resist fading in MIMO and SIMO wireless systemsEP1403962A1 *Sep 24, 2003Mar 31, 2004ThalesMethod and apparatus for calibration-equalization of a reception systemWO2003056349A1 *Dec 19, 2002Jul 10, 2003Fizzle Holdings LtdAntenna measurement systemWO2006104537A2 *Jan 19, 2006Oct 5, 2006Sony CorpMethod and apparatus to resist fading in mimo and simo wireless systems* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification455/562.1, 455/277.1, 455/101, 455/504, 455/132International ClassificationH04B7/04, H04B17/00Cooperative ClassificationH04B17/0062, H04B17/0005, H04B7/04European ClassificationH04B17/00A1, H04B7/04, H04B17/00B2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 17, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12Sep 11, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Aug 25, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Jul 27, 1998ASAssignmentOwner name: THOMSON-CSF, FRANCEFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MONOT, JEAN-JACQUES;BERRANGER, ROBERT;MULTEDO, GILBERT;REEL/FRAME:009346/0661Effective date: 19971203RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services | [
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Patent US5508285 - Hindered N-oxide esters of rapamycin - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA compound of the structure ##STR1## wherein R and R1 are each, independently, ##STR2## or hydrogen; R2 and R3 are each, independently, alkyl, arylalkyl , or R2 and R3 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl ring; R4 is a heterocyclic N-oxide radical, which may be optionally substituted; R5 is alkyl...http://www.google.com/patents/US5508285?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5508285 - Hindered N-oxide esters of rapamycinAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5508285 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/449,168Publication dateApr 16, 1996Filing dateMay 24, 1995Priority dateNov 28, 1994Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2205577A1, DE69521907D1, DE69521907T2, EP0794955A1, EP0794955B1, US5491231, US5508290, US5521194, US5559122, WO1996016967A1Publication number08449168, 449168, US 5508285 A, US 5508285A, US-A-5508285, US5508285 A, US5508285AInventorsFrances C. Nelson, Guy A. SchiehserOriginal AssigneeAmerican Home Products CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (5), Classifications (12), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetHindered N-oxide esters of rapamycin
US 5508285 AAbstract
1. A method of treating transplantation rejection or graft vs. host disease in a mammal in need thereof which comprises administering an antirejection effective amount of a compound of the structure ##STR10## wherein R and R1 are each, independently, ##STR11## or hydrogen; R2 and R3 are each, independently, alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, arylalkyl of 7-10 carbons, or R2 and R3 may be taken together to form a cycloalkyl ring of 3-8 carbon atoms;R4 is a heterocyclic N-oxide radical selected from the group consisting of 1-methyl -pyrazolyl-2-N-oxide, imidazolyl,3,N, oxide, 1,2,3-triazolyl 2- or 3-N-oxide, 1,2,4-triazolyl 2- or 4-N-oxide, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl N-oxide, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazolyl N-oxide, pyridinyl N-oxide, pyridazinyl N-oxide. pyrimidinyl N-oxide, pyrazinyl N-oxide, 1,3,5-triazinyl N-oxide, 1,2,4-trazinyl N-oxide, 1,2,3-triazinyl N-oxide, 1,2,4-diazepinyl N-oxide, 2-isobenzazolyl N-oxide, 1,5-pyrindinyl N-oxide, benzpyrazolyl N-oxide, benzisoxazolyl N-oxide, benzoxazolyl N-oxide, quinolinyl N-oxide, isoquinolinyl N-oxide, cinnolinyl N-oxide, quinazolinyl N-oxide, naphthyridinyl N-oxide, pyrido[3,4b]pyridinyl N-oxide pyrido[4,3-blpyridinyl N-oxide, pyrido[2,3-b]pyridinyl N-oxide, 1,4,2-benzoxizinyl N-oxide, 2,3,1-benzoxazinyl N-oxide, carbazolyl N-oxide, and purinyl N-oxide, which may be optionally mono-, di-, or tri- substituted with a group selected from alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, arylalkyl of 7-10 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1-6 carbon atoms, cyano, halo, hydroxy, nitro, carbalkoxy of 2-7 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxyalkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl of 2-12 carbon atoms, -- SO3 H, --PO3 H2, and --CO2 H; R5 is alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms or arylalkyl of 7-10 carbon atoms; R6 and R7 are taken together to form a saturated N-alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms-heterocyclic N-oxide of 5-8 ring atoms, which may be optionally mono-, di-, or tri-substituted with a group selected from alkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms, aroyl of 3-11 carbon atoms, and perfluoroalkyl of 1-6 carbon atoms; k=0-1, m=0-1; n=1-6;with the proviso that R and R1 are not both hydrogen. Description
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L., Fifth Int. Conf. Inflamm. Res. Assoc. 121 (Abstract) (1990).2 *Baker, H. J., Antibiot. 31:539 (1978).3 *Calne, R. Y., Lancet 1183 (1978).4 *Dumont, F. J., FASEB 3:5256 (1989).5 *Martel, R. R., Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55:48 (1977).6 *Meiser, B. M., J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11 (pt.2):197 (1992).7 *Morris, R. E., Med. Sci. Res. 17:877 (1989).8 *Sehgal, S. N., J. Antibiot. 28:727 (1975).9 *Staruch, M. J., FASEB 3:3411 (1989)10 *Stepkowski, S. M., Transplantation Proc. 23:507 (1991).11 *Venzina, C., J. Antibiot. 28:721 (1975).* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6274586May 15, 2000Aug 14, 2001Basf AktiengesellschaftCombatting parasitic fungi with a combination of an active agent inhibiting respiration in the cytochrome complex III and of fenazaquineUS9283211May 20, 2015Mar 15, 2016Rapamycin Holdings, LlcOral rapamycin preparation and use for stomatitisWO2011134899A1Apr 21, 2011Nov 3, 2011Roche Glycart AgCombination therapy of an afucosylated cd20 antibody with a mtor inhibitorWO2012149014A1Apr 25, 2012Nov 1, 2012OSI Pharmaceuticals, LLCUse of emt gene signatures in cancer drug discovery, diagnostics, and treatmentWO2014059295A1Oct 11, 2013Apr 17, 2014The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas SystemUse of mtor inhibitors to treat vascular cognitive impairmentClassifications U.S. Classification514/291, 540/456International ClassificationA61K31/435, A61P31/04, A61P9/00, A61P35/00, A61P29/00, A61P37/06, C07D498/18, A61P31/10Cooperative ClassificationC07D498/18European ClassificationC07D498/18Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 4, 1999FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 1, 2002ASAssignmentOwner name: WYETH, NEW JERSEYFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN HOME PRODUCTS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:012822/0248Effective date: 20020311Sep 26, 2003FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 14, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services | [
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3 bedroom detached house for sale in OTHERY, TA7
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/55868605
THATCHED VILLAGE HOUSE
CONVENIENTLY LOCATED VILLAGE
TAUNTON 12 MILES. BRIDGWATER 7.5 MILES. LANGPORT 5 MILES
A detached 3 bedroom thatched village house with spacious living accommodation. Detached garage and parking for 2/3 vehicles. Easy to maintain hard landscaped front garden and enclosed south facing courtyard to side. No chain. Energy rating : F-31
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/property-for-sale/property-55868605.html
Disclaimer - Property reference 6998998. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Gibbins Richards, Taunton. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
26 Apr 2016 Langlands Cottage, High Street, TA7 £180,000
27 Nov 2009 Wayside, High Street, TA7 £189,950 | [
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Journal ListJ Cell Biolv.180(4); 2008 Feb 25PMC2265585
J Cell Biol. Feb 25, 2008; 180(4): 747–753. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200709180PMCID: PMC2265585ReportFour key signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideumDouwe M. Veltman, Ineke Keizer-Gunnik, and Peter J.M. Van HaastertDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, 9751 NN Haren, NetherlandsCorrespondence to P.J.M. Van Haastert: Email: [email protected] information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►Received September 28, 2007; Accepted January 24, 2008.Copyright © 2008, The Rockefeller University PressThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractChemotaxis is the ability of cells to move in the direction of an external gradient of signaling molecules. Cells are guided by actin-filled protrusions in the front, whereas myosin filaments retract the rear of the cell. Previous work demonstrated that chemotaxis of unpolarized amoeboid Dictyostelium discoideum cells is mediated by two parallel pathways, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Here, we show that polarized cells exhibit very good chemotaxis with inhibited PI3K and PLA2 activity. Using genetic screens, we demonstrate that this activity is mediated by a soluble guanylyl cyclase, providing two signals. The protein localizes to the leading edge where it interacts with actin filaments, whereas the cyclic guanosine monophosphate product induces myosin filaments in the rear of the cell. We conclude that chemotaxis is mediated by multiple signaling pathways regulating protrusions at the front and rear of the cell. Cells that express only rear activity are polarized but do not exhibit chemotaxis, whereas cells with only front signaling are unpolarized but undergo chemotaxis.IntroductionChemotaxis is a pivotal response of many cell types to external spatial cues. It plays important roles in diverse functions such as finding nutrients in prokaryotes, forming multicellular structures in protozoa, tracking bacterial infections in neutrophils, and organizing the embryonic cells in metazoa (Baggiolini, 1998; Campbell and Butcher, 2000; Crone and Lee, 2002). In Dictyostelium discoideum cells, extracellular cAMP functions as a chemoattractant that is detected by specific G protein–coupled surface receptors. Chemotaxis is achieved by coupling gradient sensing to basic cell movement. Pseudopod extension at the leading edge is mediated by the formation of new actin filaments, whereas actomyosin filaments in the rear of the cell inhibit pseudopod formation and retract the uropod.We are beginning to understand the signals that mediate chemotaxis (Van Haastert and Devreotes, 2004; Affolter and Weijer, 2005; Franca-Koh et al., 2007). Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) is a very strong candidate to mediate directional sensing in neutrophils and D. discoideum. PIP3 is formed at the side of the cell closest to the source of chemoattractant (Parent et al., 1998; Hirsch et al., 2000; Servant et al., 2000; Funamoto et al., 2002; Iijima and Devreotes, 2002). Unexpectedly, inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase-kinase (PI3K) has only moderate effects on chemotaxis in D. discoideum (Funamoto et al., 2002; Iijima and Devreotes, 2002; Postma et al., 2004; Loovers et al., 2006; Takeda et al., 2007) and mammalian cells (Wang et al., 2002; Ward, 2004, 2006). Recently, all five genes encoding type I PI3Ks were inactivated (Hoeller and Kay, 2007); cells exhibit nearly normal chemotaxis in steep cAMP gradients, demonstrating that PIP3 signaling is not essential for chemotaxis and that other parallel pathways are present. A phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway mediating chemotaxis in pi3k null cells was identified independently using genetic (Chen et al., 2007) and pharmacological approaches (van Haastert et al., 2007). Inhibition of either the PI3K or PLA2 pathway had minor effects, whereas the inactivation of both pathways blocked chemotaxis.The experiments described above were performed with ~5-h starved cells that are amoeboid and unpolarized. When the gradient of cAMP is reversed, these cells extend a pseudopod from the rear and cells revert direction with a new front. Cells starved for longer periods become highly polarized. They do not only adopt an elongated shape but also obtain a front–rear axis of graded sensitivity to chemotactic signals. When the gradient of cAMP is reversed, 7-h starved cells extend a pseudopod at the front and cells gradually turn around (Swanson and Taylor, 1982; Chen et al., 2003). We show here that inhibition of PI3K and PLA2 dramatically inhibits chemotaxis of 5-h starved cells but has little effect at later stages of D. discoideum development; 7-h starved pi3k/pla2 null cells exhibit excellent chemotaxis. This could imply a third signaling pathway that becomes operational in polarized cells. We tested several mutants for the ability to exhibit chemotaxis in the absence of PI3K and PLA2 activity, showing that adenylyl cyclase, TORC2/PKBR1, and PLC/ inositol triphosphate (IP3)/Ca2+ signaling are not essential for PI3K/PLA2-independent chemotaxis. In contrast, deletion of a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) blocks chemotaxis of polarized cells. Mutational analysis reveals that sGC provides two signals. The protein localizes to the leading edge where it interacts with actin filaments, whereas the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) product induces myosin filaments in the rear of the cell. We conclude that chemotaxis is mediated by four pathways, PI3K, PLA2, sGC protein, and cGMP.Results and discussionUpon starvation, D. discoideum cells become chemotactic to cAMP. Because cAMP is secreted by the cells, chemotaxis induces the cells to aggregate and form a multicellular structure that develops into a fruiting body with dead stalk cells and viable spores. Cells starved for 5 h are unpolarized and extend pseudopodia in all directions. These cells are fully competent to chemotax toward cAMP, which induces actin filaments in the front and myosin filaments in the rear of the cell (Fig. 1). Chemotaxis is blocked upon inhibition of both PI3K and PLA2 activity, either by deletion of the encoding genes or by pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme activities with LY294002 (LY) and p–bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), respectively (Fig. 1 A; Chen et al., 2007; van Haastert et al., 2007). Cells starved for 7 h acquire a strong internal polarity and are very elongated in the absence or presence of a cAMP gradient (Fig. 1 B). Surprisingly, inhibition of PI3K and PLA2 activity has little effect on chemotaxis. Apparently, PI3K and PLA2 activity mediate all chemotaxis in unpolarized cells, whereas intrinsic polarization of the cells allows cells to chemotax using an alternative pathway.Figure 1. Chemotaxis during development when cells become polarized. (A) Chemotaxis to 1 μM cAMP in the absence of PI3K and PLA2 activity (inhibited with LY and BPB or removed by disruption of the encoding genes). Cells without PI3K and PLA2 activity exhibit ...We investigated several mutant cells with deletion of a specific signaling pathway to perform chemotaxis in the absence of PI3K and PLA2 activity after 7 h of starvation. The results of Fig. 2 A show that wild-type cells chemotax nearly equally well to cAMP in the absence or presence of the PI3K and PLA2 inhibitors (LY + BPB inhibit chemotaxis only 13 ± 8%). LY + BPB does not inhibit chemotaxis of cells with a deletion of PI3K, PLA2, the PIP3 target Akt/PKB, the TORC2 target PKBR1, phospholipase C activity, adenylyl cyclase activity, and the IP3 receptor (Fig. 2 A). Apparently, PKB, intracellular cAMP, and Ca2+ are not required for chemotaxis of polarized cells in the presence of LY + BPB. Cells that lack both PIP3-dependent Akt/PKB and TORC2-dependent PKBR1 exhibit reduced chemotaxis compared with wild-type cells but this chemotactic activity is not further reduced by LY + BPB. Similar observations were made in pia null cells that lack the homologue of AVO3/Rictor in the TORC2 complex, which suggests that TORC2 signaling may have a general contribution to chemotaxis or may largely overlap with PI3K/PLA2 signaling but is not responsible for the PI3K- and PLA2-independent chemotaxis of 7-h starved cells. In contrast, deletion of the genes encoding the two guanylyl cyclases GCA and sGC (gc null cells; Roelofs and van Haastert, 2002) largely blocks chemotaxis in the presence of LY + BPB. Cells with a deletion of the cGMP target GbpC also fail to exhibit good chemotaxis in the presence of LY + BPB, which suggests that a cGMP signaling pathway mediates chemotaxis of polarized cells. It should be noted that 7-h starved gc null or gbpc null cells exhibit good chemotaxis in the presence of either LY or BPB (unpublished data), demonstrating that PI3K or PLA2 signaling can mediate chemotaxis in these cells.Figure 2. PI3K- and PLA2-independent chemotaxis in signal transduction mutants. (A) Chemotaxis to 1 μM cAMP was measured in 7-h starved cells in the absence (control) or presence of LY + BPB (PI3K and PLA2 inhibited). In wild-type cells and many ...Chemotaxis is a combination of motility and directionality of the movement. These parameters were determined in well-defined cAMP gradients produced in a modified Zigmond chamber (Table I). In this assay, wild-type cells have a chemotaxis index of ~0.7 and a speed of ~9 μm/min. The chemotaxis index and speed of 7-h starved gc null cells is only slightly smaller than that of wild-type cells. Inhibition of PI3K and PLA2 activity in these gc null cells has no effect on the speed of the cells but dramatically reduces the chemotaxis index. This low directionality is also associated with a reduction of the persistence of the trajectories and an increase of the roundness of the cells.Table I.Chemotaxis of cells lacking PI3K, PLA2, and sGCGCA is a 12-transmembrane guanylyl cyclase that is active during early starvation, whereas the sGC provides nearly all cAMP-stimulated cGMP production in 7-h starved cells (Roelofs and van Haastert, 2002), and the cGMP response is very similar to that of 5-h starved cells (Fig. 3 C). In 7-h starved cells with LY + BPB, deletion of only gca has no effect and deletion of only sgc completely blocks chemotaxis, whereas expression of sGC in the gca/sgc null restores all chemotaxis (see following paragraph; Fig. 3 E), indicating that sGC and not GCA is essential for PI3K- and PLA2-independent chemotaxis. To further explore chemotaxis of 7-h starved cells, we made a cell line lacking both sGC and PLA2. On nonnutrient agar plates, these sgc/pla2 null cells develop as wild-type cells with pulsatile cell aggregation, which suggests good cAMP oscillations and chemotaxis (unpublished data). In the small population chemotaxis assay, sgc/pla2 null cells exhibit excellent chemotaxis, which is nearly completely inhibited by LY (Table I). In the modified Zigmond chamber, sgc/pla2 null cells move with a speed and chemotaxis index that is slightly less than that of wild-type cells. The addition of 50 μM LY induces a small reduction of the cell speed but a strong decline of the chemotaxis index of sgc/pla2 null cells, similar to the effect of LY + BPB in gc-null cells (Table I and Videos 1 and 2, available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200709180/DC1).Figure 3. Two functions of sGC: as a protein and as an enzyme producing cGMP. The strains used were gc null cells, gc null cells expressing full-length sGC, gc null cells expressing sGCΔN with a deletion of the N-terminal 877 amino acids, and gc null cells ...The large 280-kD sGC protein has an N-terminal ~1,000 amino acids domain that is essential and sufficient for localization of the sGC protein to the filamentous actin network at the leading edge, whereas the central ~600 amino acids are essential for catalytic activity (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006). A mutant expressing sGC with a point mutation of the catalytic D1106A (sGCΔCat) has lost all guanylyl cyclase activity (Fig. 3 C) but still localizes to the leading edge of cells in a cAMP gradient in the absence or presence of LY + BPB (Fig. 3 A). In contrast, a mutant with a deletion of the N-terminal domain (sGCΔN) is entirely cytosolic but retains normal cAMP-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity. Coexpression of sGCΔCat-GFP and the F-actin–binding protein LimEΔcoil-RFP reveals colocalization of the proteins in LY + BPB (Fig. 3 B), which suggests that sGC protein may provide front signaling in the absence of PI3K and PLA2.For the function of cGMP product, we refer to the previously identified cGMP signaling pathway in D. discoideum (Bosgraaf et al., 2002). The cGMP target protein GbpC mediates myosin filament formation at the side and in the rear of the cell, leading to inhibition of pseudopod extension at these sides as well as retraction of the uropod. D. discoideum cells may extend pseudopodia by splitting of an existing pseudopod (Andrew and Insall, 2007) or by forming a pseudopod from areas of the cell previously devoid of pseudopod activity (de novo pseudopod). Cells were placed in a cAMP gradient delivered by the modified Zigmond chamber. We recorded the formation of pseudopodia in the front or back half of the cell, their formation by pseudopod splitting or de novo, and whether they are retracted or maintained. The four cell lines show approximately the same global rate of pseudopod extensions (between 2.1 and 2.5 pseudopodia per min; Fig. 3 D). Wild-type cells and gc null cells expressing sGC predominantly extend pseudopodia in a cAMP gradient at the front by the splitting of existing pseudopodia. In contrast, gc null cells exhibit a strong increase of de novo pseudopodia, both in the front and, somewhat stronger, in the back of the cell. Because pseudopod splitting is absent in the back, the consequence of global inhibition of de novo pseudopodia is the near absence of pseudopod extension from the back of the cell. Thus, in a cAMP gradient, only ~4% of all pseudopodia are formed in the back of wild-type cells, which is 23.2 ± 2.2% of all pseudopodia in gc null cells, almost as many as wild-type cells in buffer (24.9 ± 4.3%). The distribution of pseudopodia in sGCΔCat is very similar to that of gc null cells, whereas the distribution in sGCΔN resembles that of wild-type cells. The data indicate that the predominant defect of gc null cells is a failure to suppress de novo pseudopodia in the back of the cell, which is caused by the lack of cGMP production and does not depend on the localization of the sGC protein. In conclusion, the sGC protein interacts with F-actin in the front of the cell, whereas the produced cGMP inhibits the extension of lateral pseudopodia.We analyzed the contribution of sGC protein and cGMP product to chemotaxis when PI3K and PLA2 signaling is absent (Fig. 3 E). Expression of the full-length sGC completely restores chemotaxis of 7-h gc null cells in the presence of LY + BPB. Expression of unlocalized but catalytic active sGCΔN in gc null cells does not restore chemotaxis, which indicates that cGMP and suppression of pseudopodia in the rear of the cell are not sufficient for chemotaxis. In contrast, expression of the catalytic inactive sGCΔCat that still localizes to the leading edge can partly restore chemotaxis of 7-h gc null cells in the presence of LY + BPB. Previous studies have shown that the AAA-ATPase in the C-terminal domain of sGC is essential is the activity of sGCΔCat. Protein structures can be modified by AAA-ATPase domains, providing a possible mechanism how sGC protein may function at the leading edge (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006).The results suggest that chemotaxis in D. discoideum is mediated by four pathways: PI3K, PLA2, sGC protein, and cGMP. The activation mechanism of PLA2 is not yet known but the other pathways are activated by cAMP through the heterotrimeric G protein Gα2βγ and RasC and/or RasG proteins (Bolourani et al., 2006). Cells starved for 7 h are highly polarized in buffer with a clear front that is more sensitive to cAMP than the rear of the cell (Swanson and Taylor, 1982). In these polarized cells, sGC can mediate chemotaxis in the absence of PI3K and PLA2 activity. Because 5-h starved unpolarized cells exhibit the same activation of sGC as 7-h starved cells, it suggests that intrinsic polarization is a prerequisite for strong chemotaxis by sGC. The functions of the signaling pathways may be interpreted in the context of cell polarity with distinct front and rear. Two pathways, PI3K and sGC protein, most likely function at the front of the cell. The cGMP pathway predominantly regulates myosin at the side and in the rear of the cell, similar to the role of Rho-kinase in mammalian cells (Xu et al., 2003). The mechanism of action of the PLA2 pathway is not well understood. PLA2 is cytosolic, and addition of the PLA2 product arachidonic acid to the extracellular medium partly restores the defect of pla2 null cells (Chen et al., 2007), which suggests that PLA2 may regulate both front and rear. The results suggest a strong synergy between front and rear signaling. Rear signaling in the absence of front signaling (gc null/sGCΔN in the presence of LY + BPB) does not provide chemotactic activity. Although these cells exhibit reduced pseudopod extensions in the rear and have a polarized shape, the pseudopod extensions and retractions at the front are apparently not sufficiently biased by the chemoattractant gradient to provide strong chemotaxis. Front signaling alone can provide significant chemotaxis, as observed in gc null/sGCΔCat in the presence of LY + BPB. Thus, the leading edge alone can align with the gradient but chemotaxis is not very efficient because many pseudopodia are extended at the rear of the cell.The four key signaling pathways identified here are most likely supported by other pathways to provide a full chemotactic response. However, as chemotaxis is nearly completely blocked in cells lacking PI3K, PLA2, and sGC, the other pathways on their own are not sufficient to provide directional signaling. These pathways, such as activation of PKBR1, PLC, intracellular cAMP, and Ca2+, may regulate pseudopodia globally, or they may use PI3K, PLA2, or sGC to express their effect at the front or rear of the cell. Indeed, it has been proposed that PLC activity stimulates the PIP3 response (Keizer-Gunnink et al., 2007; van Haastert et al., 2007), whereas Ca2+ may stimulate the PLA2 and inhibits the sGC pathway (Valkema and Van Haastert, 1992; Roelofs and van Haastert, 2002).The identification of four key pathways regulating chemotaxis provides important tools to dissect the complex signaling network that together may be regarded as the molecular compass of navigating cells. By creating cell lines in which three pathways are inactivated, the role of the fourth pathway can be investigated in large detail. In this study, we made a start with sGC protein using gc null/sGCΔCat cells in the presence of LY + BPB. The function of the poorly understood PLA2 pathway can be elucidated in cells lacking all PI3Ks and guanylyl cyclases. Such cell lines are also instrumental to address eminent questions on chemotaxis. What is the gradient sensing mechanism? How is the cAMP gradient amplified during chemotaxis? What is the contribution of each signaling pathway to the regulation of pseudopodia? Wild-type cells respond to a 5% difference in receptor activation across the cell with 80% accuracy to move in the direction of the gradient, clearly showing amplification of the signal (Mato et al., 1975; Van Haastert and Postma, 2007). In wild-type cells, the gradient of G protein activation is not amplified (Janetopoulos et al., 2001), whereas the gradient of PI3K activation is amplified about threefold (Janetopoulos et al., 2004). In wild-type cells, it is difficult to discriminate between primary events that depend on the gradient of receptor activation and secondary events that are regulated by one of the many positive feedback loops, such as PI3K-actin, Ras-actin, and PI3K-Ras positive feedback loops (Sasaki et al., 2007). In a cell lacking all PI3K, PLA2, and sGC activity, the primary gradient-responding events are expected to be present as in wild-type cells, whereas all positive feedback loops via one of these signaling pathways are inhibited. Furthermore, many proteins accumulate at the leading edge of a chemotaxing cell (Affolter and Weijer, 2005; Charest and Firtel, 2007; Franca-Koh et al., 2007). By investigating the spatial-temporal activation of these molecules in cells lacking all four chemotactic signaling pathways, we may identify the components of the core sensory transduction pathway and its internal spatial-temporal amplification, whereas the contribution of PI3K, PLA2, and sGC signaling can be investigated using cells expressing only one or combinations of these pathways.The recent observations on chemotaxis in D. discoideum demonstrate a surprising variety of signaling molecules and cellular responses. Comparison of chemotaxis in bacteria and eukaryotes suggests that during evolution, chemotaxis in bacteria has been improved by fine tuning the relatively simple cascade for temporal signaling (Baker et al., 2006; Bray et al., 2007), whereas in eukaryotes, additional signaling systems have been implemented to gradually improve chemotaxis to the limit of what is physically possible in spatial sensing.Materials and methodsThe strains used were wild-type AX3, pi3k null strain GMP1 with a deletion of pi3k1 and pi3k2 genes (Funamoto et al., 2001), pla2 null with a deletion of the plaA gene (Chen et al., 2007), pi3k/pla2 null cells (Chen et al., 2007), Akt/pkb null cells with a deletion of pkbA (Meili et al., 2000), pkbR1 null cells (Lee et al., 2005), plc null strain 1.19 (Drayer et al., 1995), aca null cells (Pitt et al., 1992), ipla null strain HM1038 with a deletion of iplA encoding the IP3 receptor (Traynor et al., 2000), gc null cells with a deletion of gca and sgc (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006), sgc null cells (Roelofs et al., 2001), gbpc null cells (Bosgraaf et al., 2002), gc null/sGC cells expressing full-length sGC in gc null cells, gc null/sGCΔCat expressing sGC-D1106A in gc null cells, gc null/sGCΔN expressing sGC with the N-terminal deletion of 877 amino acids in gc null cells (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006), and gbpc null/GbpC expressing full-length GbpC in gbpc null cells. The sgc/pla2 null cells were obtained by inactivation of the sgc gene in pla2 null cells and identified by PCR as described previously (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006). Five independent disruptants were tested for chemotaxis with the population assay; clone C5 was used in the modified Zigmond chamber. Cells were grown in HG5 medium (contains per liter: 14.3 g oxoid peptone, 7.15 g bacto yeast extract, 1.36 g Na2HPO4 × 12 H2O, 0.49 g KH2PO4, and 10.0 g glucose).Chemotaxis was measured with the small population assay (Konijn, 1970; van Haastert et al., 2007). Cells that produce strong autonomous cAMP signaling (wild-type AX3, pla2 null, plc null, ipla null, gc null, gbpc null, and sgc/pla2 null cells) were starved on nonnutrient agar (11 mM KH2PO4, 2.8 mM Na2HPO4, and 15 g/liter agar) for 7 h, whereas cells with poor autonomous cAMP signaling (aca null, pi3k null, pia null, akt/pkb null, and pkbr1 null cells) were starved in suspension, with 100 nM cAMP pulses added every 5 min starting after 2 h of starvation. The chemotaxis assays were performed in the wells of a 6-well plate with 1 ml nonnutrient hydrophobic agar (11 mM KH2PO4, 2.8 mM Na2HPO4, and 7 g/liter hydrophobic agar) containing 50 μM LY294002 and/or 2 μM BPB (van Haastert et al., 2007). Droplets of ~0.1 μl of 7-h starved cells (6 × 106 cells/ml) were placed on the agar. After 30 min, chemotaxis toward cAMP was tested by placing a second 0.1-μl droplet with 1,000 nM cAMP next to the droplet of cells. The distribution of the cells in the droplet was observed about every 10 min during 90 min. Chemotaxis of cells within a droplet was scored positive when the cell density at the cAMP side was at least twice as high compared with the opposite side of the droplet (Konijn, 1970). Some mutants respond faster (plc null) or slower (pi3k null) than wild-type cells. Recorded is the fraction of droplets scored positive, averaged over three successive observations at and around the moment of the maximal response. The data presented are the means and standard error of the means of at least three independent measurements on different days. Chemotaxis was also determined with a modified Zigmond chamber with 1 μM cAMP in the source, essentially as described previously (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006).Digital images of cells in PB at room temperature were recorded at a rate of 1 frames/s using an inverted light microscope (Type CK40) with a LWD A240 20× numerical aperture 0.4 objective (both from Olympus) fitted with a charged-coil device camera (TK-C1381; JVC). Digital images were captured on a PC using VirtualDub software (http://www.virtualdub.org) and Indeo video 5.10 compression (Ligos Corporation). The field of observation is 358 × 269 μm. The chemotaxis index, speed, and persistence was determined at an interval of 30 s; the roundness of the cell, defined as the ratio of the short/long axis of an ellipse, was determined as described previously (Loovers et al., 2006). The videos were also used to determine the number of pseudopodia that originate in the front and rear half of the cell. The front half is defined as the half of the cell directed toward the cAMP gradient. We also determined whether these pseudopodia are formed by splitting of an existing pseudopod or from an area devoid of pseudopod activity as defined previously (Andrew and Insall, 2007). The cGMP response was determined as described previously (Veltman and Van Haastert, 2006).Confocal images were recorded using a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 510 META-NLO; Carl Zeiss, Inc.) equipped with a Plan-Apochromatic 63× numerical aperture 1.4 objective (Carl Zeiss, Inc.). For excitation of GFP and mRFP-mars, a 488-nm argon/krypton laser and a 543-nm helium laser (Lasos) were used, respectively. Fluorescent light was filtered through a BP500-530 (GFP) or IR LP560 (mRFP-mars) filter and detected by a photo multiplier tube (Hamamatsu).Online supplemental materialVideo 1 shows chemotaxis of sgc/pla2 null cells in a Zigmond chamber. Video 2 shows chemotaxis of sgc/pla2 null cells in the presence of 50 μM LY294002. Online supplemental materials is available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200709180/DC1.Supplementary Material
AcknowledgmentsWe thank Peter Devreotes, Rick Firtel, Rob Kay, and the Dictyostelium Stock Center for providing D. discoideum mutants.NotesAbbreviations used in this paper: BPB, bromophenacyl bromide; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; IP3, inositol triphosphate; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PLA2, phospholipase A2; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase.ReferencesAffolter, M., and C.J. Weijer. 2005. Signaling to cytoskeletal dynamics during chemotaxis. Dev. Cell.
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26:367–369. [PubMed]Lee, S., F.I. Comer, A. Sasaki, I.X. McLeod, Y. Duong, K. Okumura, J.R. Yates III, C.A. Parent, and R.A. Firtel. 2005. TOR complex 2 integrates cell movement during chemotaxis and signal relay in Dictyostelium. Mol. Biol. Cell.
16:4572–4583. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Loovers, H.M., M. Postma, I. Keizer-Gunnink, Y.E. Huang, P.N. Devreotes, and P.J.M. van Haastert. 2006. Distinct roles of PI(3,4,5)P3 during chemoattractant signaling in Dictyostelium: a quantitative in vivo analysis by inhibition of PI3-kinase. Mol. Biol. Cell.
17:1503–1513. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Mato, J.M., A. Losada, V. Nanjundiah, and T.M. Konijn. 1975. Signal input for a chemotactic response in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
72:4991–4993. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Meili, R., C. Ellsworth, and R.A. Firtel. 2000. A novel Akt/PKB-related kinase is essential for morphogenesis in Dictyostelium. Curr. Biol.
10:708–717. [PubMed]Parent, C.A., B.J. Blacklock, W.M. Froehlich, D.B. Murphy, and P.N. Devreotes. 1998. G protein signaling events are activated at the leading edge of chemotactic cells. Cell.
95:81–91. [PubMed]Pitt, G.S., N. Milona, J. Borleis, K.C. Lin, R.R. Reed, and P.N. Devreotes. 1992. Structurally distinct and stage-specific adenylyl cyclase genes play different roles in Dictyostelium development. Cell.
69:305–315. [PubMed]Postma, M., L. Bosgraaf, H.M. Loovers, and P.J.M. Van Haastert. 2004. Chemotaxis: signalling modules join hands at front and tail. EMBO Rep.
5:35–40. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Roelofs, J., and P.J.M. van Haastert. 2002. Characterization of two unusual guanylyl cyclases from Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem.
277:9167–9174. [PubMed]Roelofs, J., M. Meima, P. Schaap, and P.J.M. van Haastert. 2001. The Dictyostelium homologue of mammalian soluble adenylyl cyclase encodes a guanylyl cyclase. EMBO J.
20:4341–4348. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Sasaki, A.T., C. Janetopoulos, S. Lee, P.G. Charest, K. Takeda, L.W. Sundheimer, R. Meili, P.N. Devreotes, and R.A. Firtel. 2007. G protein–independent Ras/PI3K/F-actin circuit regulates basic cell motility. J. Cell Biol.
178:185–191. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Servant, G., O.D. Weiner, P. Herzmark, T. Balla, J.W. Sedat, and H.R. Bourne. 2000. Polarization of chemoattractant receptor signaling during neutrophil chemotaxis. Science.
287:1037–1040. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Swanson, J.A., and D.L. Taylor. 1982. Local and spatially coordinated movements in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae during chemotaxis. Cell.
28:225–232. [PubMed]Takeda, K., A.T. Sasaki, H. Ha, H.A. Seung, and R.A. Firtel. 2007. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. J. Biol. Chem.
282:11874–11884. [PubMed]Traynor, D., J.L.S. Milne, R.H. Insall, and R.R. Kay. 2000. Ca2+ signalling is not required for chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. EMBO J.
19:4846–4854. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Valkema, R., and P.J. Van Haastert. 1992. Inhibition of receptor-stimulated guanylyl cyclase by intracellular calcium ions in Dictyostelium cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
186:263–268. [PubMed]Van Haastert, P.J.M., and P.N. Devreotes. 2004. Chemotaxis: signalling the way forward. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.
5:626–634. [PubMed]Van Haastert, P.J.M., and M. Postma. 2007. Biased random walk by stochastic fluctuations of chemoattractant-receptor interactions at the lower limit of detection. Biophys. J.
93:1787–1796. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Van Haastert, P.J.M., I. Keizer-Gunnink, and A. Kortholt. 2007. Essential role of PI 3-kinase and phospholipase A2 in Dictyostelium chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol.
177:809–816. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Veltman, D.M., and P.J.M. Van Haastert. 2006. Guanylyl cyclase protein and cGMP product independently control front and back of chemotaxing Dictyostelium cells. Mol. Biol. Cell.
17:3921–3929. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Wang, F., P. Herzmark, O.D. Weiner, S. Srinivasan, G. Servant, and H.R. Bourne. 2002. Lipid products of PI(3)Ks maintain persistent cell polarity and directed motility in neutrophils. Nat. Cell Biol.
4:513–518. [PubMed]Ward, S.G. 2004. Do phosphoinositide 3-kinases direct lymphocyte navigation? Trends Immunol.
25:67–74. [PubMed]Ward, S.G. 2006. T lymphocytes on the move: chemokines, PI 3-kinase and beyond. Trends Immunol.
27:80–87. [PubMed]Xu, J., F. Wang, A. Van Keymeulen, P. Herzmark, A. Straight, K. Kelly, Y. Takuwa, N. Sugimoto, T. Mitchison, and H.R. Bourne. 2003. Divergent signals and cytoskeletal assemblies regulate self-organizing polarity in neutrophils. Cell.
114:201–214. [PubMed]Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press
Formats:Article | PubReader | ePub (beta) | PDF (1.6M) | CitationRelated citations in PubMedGuanylyl cyclase protein and cGMP product independently control front and back of chemotaxing Dictyostelium cells.[Mol Biol Cell. 2006]Veltman DM, Van Haastert PJ. Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Sep; 17(9):3921-9. Epub 2006 Jun 21.A G alpha-dependent pathway that antagonizes multiple chemoattractant responses that regulate directional cell movement.[Genes Dev. 2004]Brzostowski JA, Parent CA, Kimmel AR. Genes Dev. 2004 Apr 1; 18(7):805-15. Epub 2004 Apr 1.Steering in quadruplet: the complex signaling pathways directing chemotaxis.[Sci Signal. 2008]Rericha EC, Parent CA. Sci Signal. 2008 Jun 3; 1(22):pe26. Epub 2008 Jun 3.Shear flow-induced motility of Dictyostelium discoideum cells on solid substrate.[J Cell Sci. 2003]Décave E, Rieu D, Dalous J, Fache S, Brechet Y, Fourcade B, Satre M, Bruckert F. J Cell Sci. 2003 Nov 1; 116(Pt 21):4331-43. Epub 2003 Sep 9.Signaling pathways controlling cell polarity and chemotaxis.[Trends Biochem Sci. 2001]Chung CY, Funamoto S, Firtel RA. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001 Sep; 26(9):557-66. See reviews...See all...Cited by other articles in PMCMoving in the right direction: How eukaryotic cells migrate along chemical gradients[Seminars in cell & developmental biology. 2...]Cai H, Devreotes PN. Seminars in cell & developmental biology. 2011 Oct; 22(8)834-841Chemotaxis in cancer[Nature reviews. Cancer. ]Roussos ET, Condeelis JS, Patsialou A. Nature reviews. Cancer. 11(8)573-587RasG signaling is important for optimal folate chemotaxis in Dictyostelium[BMC Cell Biology. ]Chattwood A, Bolourani P, Weeks G. BMC Cell Biology. 1513SILAC-based proteomic quantification of chemoattractant-induced cytoskeleton dynamics on a second to minute timescale[Nature communications. ]Sobczyk GJ, Wang J, Weijer CJ. Nature communications. 53319Phosphoinositides: Tiny Lipids With Giant Impact on Cell Regulation[Physiological Reviews. 2013]Balla T. Physiological Reviews. 2013 Jul; 93(3)1019-1137See all...LinksCompoundCompoundPubChem Compound linksNucleotideNucleotidePublished Nucleotide sequencesProteinProteinPublished protein sequencesPubMedPubMedPubMed citations for these articlesSubstanceSubstancePubChem Substance linksTaxonomyTaxonomyRelated taxonomy entryTaxonomy TreeTaxonomy TreeRecent ActivityClearTurn OffTurn OnFour key signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideumFour key signaling pathways mediating chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideumThe Journal of Cell Biology. Feb 25, 2008; 180(4)747Your browsing activity is empty.Activity recording is turned off.Turn recording back onSee more... | [
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Office to rent in Warwick Gate, Second Floor Offices, 21 Warwick Row, Coventry, West Midlands, CV1, CV1
www.rightmove.co.uk/property/64428619
Warwick Gate, Second Floor Offices, 21 Warwick Row, Coventry, West Midlands, CV1
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Located close to the Friargate and City South regeneration schemes
The premises are situated on the southern side of Coventry City Centre on Warwick Row, close to its junction with Greyfriars Road. Located close to Junction 6 of the City Centre Ring Road, there is easy access throughout the City and wider region. The property is also within a short walk of Coventry's main railway station, the Friargate development, and City Centre South retail development.
This is a prime location at the heart of Coventry's business quarter amongst a host of other professional and office occupiers, as well as bars, restaurants and just a short walk from the IKEA superstore and the Skydome.
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To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/commercial-property-to-let/property-64428619.html
Property reference 2273. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Holt Commercial, Coventry. | [
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Binman's Andrew Lansley rap is YouTube hit
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-12892928
MC Next Gen hopes to inform young people about planned changes to the NHS
A Loughborough binman has scored an online hit after posting a rap video on YouTube criticising Health Secretary Andrew Lansley.Sean Donnelly, also known as MC Nxt Gen, wrote the track in response to government plans to give GPs more control over England's health budget.Mr Lansley said he was "impressed" but denied planning to privatise the NHS.The clip, which has so far had almost 140,000 hits, includes the lyrics: "The NHS is not for sale".Despite the rapper's use of strong language and scattered personal attacks on the health secretary, the politician admitted he admired the 22-year-old's writing skills.
"We will never privatise the NHS, but I'm impressed that he's managed to get lyrics about GP commissioning into a rap," he said.Mr Donnelly said he was "amazed" and "honoured" by the positive feedback he had received."I've got close people, family and friends, who want to work in the NHS in the future, they're worried about [the plans]," he said.
Mr Lansley says he wants to make the NHS more responsive to patients
"I've never been political at all, I don't know much about politics, but I just went on the internet and researched it. "I didn't want it to be about me, I just thought I'd do something to help."He added: "I think rap should be the new way of politics because it's the young people's future that it's going to effect."Mr Lansley is supporting proposals to give consortia of GPs more responsibility for NHS spending "to set hospitals free from central control".He said the idea is key to making the service more responsive to patients.But the government is also keen to see other providers - private health firms and social enterprises - getting involved.This has opened the plans up to accusations that it could lead to the privatisation of the health service.
More on this story NHS 'biased against private care' 29 March 2011 Q&A: The NHS shake-up 1 March 2013 NHS shake-up: For and against 15 March 2011 Related Internet links Andrew Lansley NHS Department of Health The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites | [
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Talk:Texas, County Tax Rolls (FamilySearch Historical Records) Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
Talk:Texas, County Tax Rolls (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Revision as of 05:09, 20 February 2014 by JohnWVincent (talk | contribs) (→An important tool for Texas Research: new section)
A part of this collection is being indexed in FamilySeach Indexing as a Partner Project with the Texas State Genealogical Society. We should mention in the wiki article and encourage people to go and help index the records and make them available. indexing.familysearch.org/projects/current_partner_projects.jsf
An important tool for Texas Research
Since these rolls are spaced between Federal Censuses, they provide a valuable tool for finding information not found in the Censuses. They are even more important as a tool for 1890s for which we have no Federal Census (actually we do have a few, but very few).
Retrieved from "https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Talk:Texas,_County_Tax_Rolls_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records)&oldid=1569068" Navigation menu | [
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Pacific Optical - Port Townsend, WA | Groupon
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Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited Pacific Optical. | [
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The Good, the Bad, the next MJ - Page 2 - ESPN
Kobe and KG were the heirs to MJ's throne. Can they rescue their teams in the playoffs? Only if they combine the Good and Bad Jordan into one.
Updated: June 10, 2004, 5:35 PM ET
Before LeBron James, there were two heirs to the throne of Michael Jordan, two whose time seems about to go, two responsible for the evolution of the NBA and hoop itself. These two former Air Apparents happen to be the only hopes the Lakers and Timberwolves have in their NBA Western Conference semifinals. Both their teams have been thrown under the train.For the Lakers, their hope is just to make their series competitive, run it out to seven, see if anything Spur sputters or smokes, desperately ...Read full story
Neel: May Madness | [
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john slater - Leap Motion Developers (San Francisco, CA)
http://www.meetup.com/Leap-Motion-Developers/members/4851909/
http://www.meetup.com/Leap-Motion-Developers/
http://photos4.meetupstatic.com/photos/event/6/1/6/4/global_278364932.jpeg
former engineer, knows 3d related math
email from leap motion
What type of app would you build for Airspace?
Hey John, Welcome to the group. Looking forward to hearing what you think about CanJS. Jan 17, 2014 6:17 PM
Alex Colgan, Mike Sutherland, Zachary J. Slater
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This review was written for The Glory of Christmas, Collector's Edition.
I'm the author/artist and I want to review The Glory of Christmas: Collector's Edition - eBook. | [
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Groupon has verified that the customer actually visited John A Ferlita Pa. | [
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Midas Crackenberry's Cat by Ned Johnson | NOOK Book (eBook) | Barnes & Noble
Even the most devoted cynics have a soft spot, though most keep it well hidden...even from themselves, as did Midas Crackenberry. But from time to time, something intrudes on that cynicism, slips under its radar, and makes direct contact with the humanity that has been hidden from view so long and so well long. And the miracle that ensues is a wonder to behold.
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Midas Crackenberry's Cat 4.2 out of 5 based on 0 ratings.
This was a very cute short story about a grumpy old man finding joy in a cat. It made me laugh because of the man yelling at the cat and left me smiling at the end. Great for cat lovers looking for a short read.
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Do YOU LIKE CATS?? THIS ONE TURNS A CRANKY OLD DRUNK INTO A REAL PERSON!! Anonymous | [
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Revision as of 18:41, 13 May 2014 by MarkhamMJ (talk | contribs) (added link)
v • d • eLinks to Provinces and territories of Canada-related articlesProvincesAlberta · British Columbia · Manitoba · New Brunswick · Newfoundland and Labrador · Nova Scotia · Ontario · Prince Edward Island · Quebec · SaskatchewanTerritoriesNorthwest Territories · Nunavut · Yukon Retrieved from "https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Alberta:_Populated_Places_Table_A-H&oldid=1728895" Category: Alberta Navigation menu | [
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Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson marks 'Fast and the Furious' spinoff's first day of production with set picture | Fox News
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson has warned against Facebook scammers in a video message. (Getty)
DWAYNE 'THE ROCK' JOHNSON WARNS FANS ABOUT FACEBOOK SCAM: 'BE SMART, VIGILANT AND DON'T ENGAGE'
He expressed his disapproval of the move in an October 2017 Instagram post, which read, in part, "Gn folks see you in 2020 April #FastFamily right? Nah..... it's about #TeamDewayne #3yrs will it be worth the wait?"
At one point, Gibson suggested his character, Roman Pearce, wouldn't appear in the franchise.
"I’m sorry to announce that if Dewayne [sic] is in Fast9 there will no more Roman Peirce [sic]," Gibson wrote in a November 2017 post.
"Have you and Tyrese talked since he called you out on Instagram after you agreed to do your own 'Fast and Furious' spinoff?" someone calling into "Watch What Happens Live" asked.
Johnson admitted the two men hadn't talked.
“You know, I always feel like a beef requires two people to actually jump in it," he later said. "It was really one-sided, and he had voiced his opinion a lot on social media and apparently he was going through some stuff too in his personal life -- but no, we haven’t talked and I don’t see where we would."
“I found myself being the messenger on behalf of various people associated to the franchise, but stupid me was the only one who went public about those feelings, which is my own fault," he said on "The Red Pill" podcast in July, per ET. "It's not professional, it's not cool." | [
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slau157s | C (Programming Language) | Source Code
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Code Composer Studio v4.
2 User's Guide for MSP430
Literature Number: SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011
Copyright 20052011, Texas Instruments Incorporated
SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011 Submit Documentation Feedback
....................................................................................................................................... 7 Get Started Now! ................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Software Installation ....................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Flashing the LED .......................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Important MSP430 Documents on the CD-ROM and Web ....................................................... 11 Development Flow ............................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Using Code Composer Studio (CCS) ................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Creating a Project From Scratch ............................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Project Settings ................................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 Using an Existing CCE v2, CCE v3, CCE v3.1 and CCS v4.x Project .................................... 15 2.1.4 Stack Management ............................................................................................... 15 2.1.5 How to Generate Binary-Format Files (TI-TXT and INTEL-HEX) .......................................... 16 2.1.6 Overview of Example Programs and Projects ................................................................ 16 2.2 Using the Integrated Debugger .......................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Breakpoint Types ................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Using Breakpoints ................................................................................................ 18 Frequently Asked Questions ............................................................................................... 21 A.1 Hardware ................................................................................................................... 22 A.2 Program Development (Assembler, C-Compiler, Linker, IDE) ...................................................... 22 A.3 Debugging .................................................................................................................. 23 IAR 2.x/3.x/4.x to CCS C-Migration ....................................................................................... 27 B.1 Interrupt Vector Definition ................................................................................................ 28 B.2 Intrinsic Functions ......................................................................................................... 28 B.3 Data and Function Placement ........................................................................................... 28 B.3.1 Data Placement at an Absolute Location ...................................................................... 28 B.3.2 Data Placement Into Named Segments ....................................................................... 29 B.3.3 Function Placement Into Named Segments .................................................................. 29 B.4 C Calling Conventions .................................................................................................... 30 B.5 Other Differences .......................................................................................................... 30 B.5.1 Initializing Static and Global Variables ......................................................................... 30 B.5.2 Custom Boot Routine ............................................................................................ 31 B.5.3 Predefined Memory Segment Names ......................................................................... 31 B.5.4 Predefined Macro Names ....................................................................................... 32 IAR 2.x/3.x/4.x to CCS Assembler Migration .......................................................................... 33 C.1 Sharing C/C++ Header Files With Assembly Source ................................................................. 34 C.2 Segment Control ........................................................................................................... 34 C.3 Translating A430 Assembler Directives to Asm430 Directives ...................................................... 35 C.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 35 C.3.2 Character Strings ................................................................................................. 35 C.3.3 Section Control Directives ....................................................................................... 36 C.3.4 Constant Initialization Directives ................................................................................ 36 C.3.5 Listing Control Directives ........................................................................................ 37 C.3.6 File Reference Directives ........................................................................................ 37 C.3.7 Conditional Assembly Directives ............................................................................... 38
C.3.8 C.3.9 C.3.10 C.3.11 C.3.12
Symbol Control Directives ....................................................................................... Macro Directives .................................................................................................. Miscellaneous Directives ....................................................................................... Alphabetical Listing and Cross Reference of Asm430 Directives ........................................ Unsupported A430 Directives (IAR) ..........................................................................
........................................................................................................... 43 ....................................................................................................................... 44 Debug View: Run Free Run ................................................................................. 44 Target Connect Target ....................................................................................... 44 Target Advanced Make Device Secure ................................................................. 44 Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target MSP430 Properties Clock Control ... 44 Window Show View Breakpoints ........................................................................ 44 Window Show View Trace ............................................................................... 44 Project Properties TI Debug Properties Target MSP430 Properties Target Voltage .. 44 E Device Specific Menus ....................................................................................................... 45 E.1 MSP430L092 ............................................................................................................... 45 E.1.1 Emulation Modes ................................................................................................. 45 E.1.2 Loader Code ...................................................................................................... 47 E.1.3 C092 Password Protection ...................................................................................... 47 E.2 MSP430F5xx/F6xx BSL Support ........................................................................................ 48 E.3 MSP430F5xx/F6xx Password Protection ............................................................................... 48 E.4 LPMx.5 CCS Debug Support (MSP430FR57xx Only) ................................................................ 49 E.4.1 Debugging With LPMx.5 ......................................................................................... 49 E.4.2 LPMx.5 Debug Limitations ...................................................................................... 50 Revision History ......................................................................................................................... 52
D FET-Specific Menus
D.1 Menus D.1.1 D.1.2 D.1.3 D.1.4 D.1.5 D.1.6 D.1.7
E-1. E-2. E-3. E-4. E-5. E-6. MSP430L092 Modes ...................................................................................................... 46 MSP430L092 in C092 Emulation Mode ................................................................................ 47 MSP430C092 Password Access ........................................................................................ 47 Allow Access to BSL ...................................................................................................... 48
.............................................................................................. Enabling LPMx.5 Debug Support .......................................................................................
1-1. 1-2. 2-1. System Requirements
Code Examples ............................................................................................................ 10 Device Architecture, Breakpoints and Other Emulation Features................................................... 17
Texas Instruments, Code Composer Studio, MSP430 are trademarks of Texas Instruments. IAR Embedded Workbench is a registered trademark of IAR Systems AB. ThinkPad is a registered trademark of Lenovo. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista, Windows 7 are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 6 List of Tables SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011 Submit Documentation Feedback
SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011
This manual describes the use of Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio v4.2 (CCSv4.2) with the MSP430 ultra-low-power microcontrollers.
Read and follow the instructions in the Get Started Now! chapter. This chapter provides instructions on installing the software, and describes how to run the demonstration programs. After you see how quick and easy it is to use the development tools, TI recommends that you read all of this manual. This manual describes only the setup and basic operation of the software development environment but does not fully describe the MSP430 microcontrollers or the complete development software and hardware systems. For details on these items, see the appropriate TI documents listed in Section 1.3, Important MSP430 Documents on the CD-ROM and Web. This manual applies to the use with Texas Instruments' MSP-FET430UIF, MSP-FET430PIF, and eZ430 development tools series. These tools contain the most up-to-date materials available at the time of packaging. For the latest materials (data sheets, user's guides, software, application information, and others), visit the TI MSP430 web site at www.ti.com/msp430 or contact your local TI sales office.
This document may contain cautions and warnings. CAUTION This is an example of a caution statement. A caution statement describes a situation that could potentially damage your software or equipment.
CCSv4.2 documentation MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide, literature number SLAU131 MSP430 Optimizing C/C++ Compiler User's Guide, literature number SLAU132 MSP430 development tools documentation MSP430 Hardware Tools User's Guide, literature number SLAU278 eZ430-F2013 Development Tool User's Guide, literature number SLAU176 eZ430-RF2480 User's Guide, literature number SWRA176 eZ430-RF2500 Development Tool User's Guide, literature number SLAU227 eZ430-RF2500-SEH Development Tool User's Guide, literature number SLAU273 eZ430-Chronos Development Tool User's Guide, literature number SLAU292 MSP-EXP430G2 LaunchPad Experimenter Board User's Guide, literature number SLAU318 MSP430xxxx device data sheets MSP430x1xx Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU049 MSP430x2xx Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU144 MSP430x3xx Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU012 MSP430x4xx Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU056 MSP430x5xx/x6xx Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU208 CC430 Family User's Guide, literature number SLAU259
Support for the MSP430 microcontrollers and the FET development tools is provided by the Texas Instruments Product Information Center (PIC). Contact information for the PIC can be found on the TI web site at www.ti.com/support. A Code Composer Studio specific Wiki page (FAQ) is available, and the Texas Instruments E2E Community support forums for the MSP430 and Code Composer Studio v4.2 provide open interaction with peer engineers, TI engineers, and other experts. Additional device-specific information can be found on the MSP430 web site.
Software Installation .......................................................................................... 10 Flashing the LED ............................................................................................... 10 Important MSP430 Documents on the CD-ROM and Web .................................... 11
To install Code Composer Studio v4.2 (CCS), run setup_CCS_4.2.x.x.x.exe from the DVD. If the CCS package was downloaded, please ensure to extract the full zip archive before running setup_CCS_4.2.x.x.x.exe. Follow the instructions shown on the screen. The hardware drivers for the USB JTAG emulators (MSP-FET430UIF and eZ430 series) are installed automatically when installing CCS. The driver for the parallel-port FET (MSP-FET430PIF) are not installed by default, but can be selected manually during the installation process.
NOTE: Support of MSP-FET430PIF (parallel port emulators). The driver and IDE components supporting the MSP-FET430PIF parallel port interface are not installed by default. Select them manually during the CCS4 installation process. Please fully extract the zip archive setup_CCS_x_x_x.zip file before running setup_CCS_4.2.x.x.x.exe.
Recommended System Requirements Processor RAM Free Disk Space Operating System Dual Core 2 GB 2 GB Microsoft Windows XP with SP2 (32/64 bit) or Windows Vista with SP1 (32/64 bit) or Windows 7 (32/64 bit) Minimum System Requirements 1.5 GHz 1 GB 300 MB (depends on features selected during installation) Microsoft Windows XP with SP2 (32/64 bit) or Windows Vista (32 bit) or Windows 7 (32/64 bit)
This section demonstrates on the FET the equivalent of the C-language "Hello world!" introductory program. CCSv4.2 includes C and ASM code files as well as fully pre-configured projects. The following describes how an application that flashes the LED is developed, downloaded to the FET, and run. 1. Start Code Composer Studio Start All Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio v4.2.4 Code Composer Studio v4. 2. Create a new Project by selecting File New CCS Project. 3. Enter a project name and click next 4. Set Project Type to MSP430 5. Click next twice to get to the CCS Project Settings page. Select the Device Variant used in the project. 6. Add the flashing LED code example to the project by clicking Project Add Files to Active Project. Code examples are located in <Installation Root>\ccs4\msp430\examples. Use Table 1-2 to select the appropriate source code file: Table 1-2. Code Examples
MSP430 Devices MSP430x1xx device family MSP430x2xx device family MSP430x4xx device family MSP430x5xx device family MSP430L092 Code Example <...>\msp430x1xx\C-Source\msp430x1xx.c <...>\msp430x2xx\C-Source\msp430x2xx.c <...>\msp430x4xx\C-Source\msp430x4xx.c <...>\msp430x5xx\C-Source\msp430x5xx.c <...>\msp430x5xx\C-Source\msp430l092.c
7. If using a USB Flash Emulation Tool such as the MSP-FET430UIF or the eZ430 Development Tool, they should be already configured by default. The debug interface may be changed by opening the *.ccxml file in the project. The pull-down menu contains TI MSP430 USBx and TI MSP430 LPTx (in case support for the MSP430 Parallel Port Tools was selected during the installation) connections. Select "save file" from the drop down menu or click the save icon to ensure configuration changes
10 Get Started Now! SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011 Submit Documentation Feedback
are correctly saved. 8. To compile the code and download the application to the target device, go to Target Debug Active Project. 9. The application may be started by selecting Target Run (F8) or clicking the Play button on the toolbar. See FAQ Debugging #1 if the CCS debugger is unable to communicate with the device. Congratulations, you have just built and tested an MSP430 application! Predefined projects, which are located in <Installation Root>\msp430\examples\example projects, can be imported by selecting Project Import Existing CCS/CCE Eclipse Project.
The primary sources of MSP430 and CCS4 information are the device-specific data sheets and user's guides. The most up-to-date versions of these documents available at the time of production have been provided on the CD-ROM included with this tool. The MSP430 web site (www.ti.com/msp430) contains the latest version of these documents.
This chapter discusses how to use Code Composer Studio (CCS) to develop application software and how to debug that software.
Using Code Composer Studio (CCS) ................................................................... 14 Using the Integrated Debugger ........................................................................... 16
The following sections are a brief overview of how to use CCS. For a full discussion of software development flow with CCS in assembly or C, see MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide (SLAU131) and MSP430 Optimizing C/C++ Compiler User's Guide (SLAU132).
This section presents step-by-step instructions to create an assembly or C project from scratch and to download and run the application on the MSP430 (see Section 2.1.2, Project Settings). Also, the MSP430 Code Composer Studio Help presents a more comprehensive overview of the process. 1. Start the CCS (Start All Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio v4.2.4 Code Composer Studio v4). 2. Create new project (File New CCS Project). Enter the name for the project, click next and set Project Type to MSP430. Click next twice to get to the CCS Project Settings page. Select the appropriate device variant and click Finish. For assembly only projects ensure to click "Configure as an assembly only project. 3. Create a new source file (File New Source File). Enter the file name and remember to add the suffix .c or .asm. If, instead, you want to use an existing source file for your project, click Project Add Files to Active Project and browse to the file of interest. Single click on the file and click Open or double-click on the file name to complete the addition of it into the project folder. Note that adding a file to the project creates a copy of the file in the project directory. To use a file in the directory structure without physically adding it to the project directory, click Project Link Files to Active Project instead. 4. Enter the program text into the file.
NOTE: Use .h files to simplify code development. CCS is supplied with files for each device that define the device registers and the bit names. Using these files is recommended and can greatly simplify the task of developing a program. To include the .h file corresponding to the target device, add the line #include <msp430xyyy.h> for C and .cdecls C,LIST,"msp430xyyy" for assembly code, where xyyy specifies the MSP430 part number.
5. Configure the connection options by opening the *.ccxml file in your project to select debug interface, or accept the default factory settings. 6. Build the project (Project Build Active Project). 7. Debug the application (Target Debug Active Project). This starts the debugger, which gains control of the target, erases the target memory, programs the target memory with the application, and resets the target. See FAQ Debugging #1 if the debugger is unable to communicate with the device. 8. Click Target Run to start the application. 9. Click Target Terminate All to stop the application and to exit the debugger. CCS will return to the C/C++ view (code editor) automatically. 10. Click File Exit to exit CCS.
The settings required to configure the CCS are numerous and detailed. Most projects can be compiled and debugged with default factory settings. The project settings are accessed by clicking Project Properties for the active project. The following project settings are recommended/required: Specify the target device for debug session (Project Properties CCS Build Settings Device Variant). The corresponding Linker Command File and Runtime Support Library are selected automatically. To more easily debug a C project, disable optimization (Project Properties C/C++ Build Tool Settings MSP430 Compiler Basic Options). Specify the search path for the C preprocessor (Project Properties C/C++ Build Tool Settings MSP430 Compiler Include Options). Specify the search path for any libraries being used (Project Properties C/C++ Build Tool Settings MSP430 Linker File Search Path). Specify the debugger interface. Open the *.ccxml file in project. In Connection select TI MSP430 LPTx for the parallel FET interface or TI MSP430 USBx for the USB interface. Enable the erasure of the Main and Information memories before object code download (Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target MSP430 Properties Download Options Erase Main and Information Memory). To ensure proper standalone operation, disable Software Breakpoints (Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target MSP430 Properties Use Software Breakpoints). If Software Breakpoints are enabled, ensure proper termination of each debug session while the target is connected; otherwise, the target may not be operational standalone as the application on the device will still contain the software breakpoint instructions.
2.1.3 Using an Existing CCE v2, CCE v3, CCE v3.1 and CCS v4.x Project
CCS v4.2 supports the conversion of workspaces and projects created in version CCE v2, v3, v3.1 and CCSv4.x to the CCS4.2 format (File Import General Existing Projects into Workspace Next). Browse to legacy CCE workspace containing the project to be imported. The Import Wizard lists all projects in the given workspace. Specific Projects can then be selected and converted. CCEv2 and CCEv3 projects may require manual work on the target configuration file (*.ccxml) after import. The IDE may return a warning that an imported project was built with another version of Code Generation Tools (CGT) depending on the previous CGT version. While the support for assembly projects has not changed, the header files for C code have been modified slightly to improve compatibility with the IAR Embedded Workbench IDE (interrupt vector definitions). The definitions used in CCE 2.x are still given, but have been commented out in all header files. To support CCE 2.x C code, remove the "//" in front of #define statements, which are located at the end of each .h file, in the section "Interrupt Vectors".
2.1.4 Stack Management
The reserved stack size can be configured through the project options dialog (Project Properties C/C++ Build Tool Settings MSP430 Linker Basic Options Set C System Stack Size). Stack size is defined to extend from the last location of RAM for 50 to 80 bytes (that is, the stack extends downwards through RAM for 50 to 80 bytes, depending on the RAM size of the selected device). Note that the stack can overflow due to small size or application errors. See Section 2.2.2.1 for a method of tracking the stack size.
2.1.5 How to Generate Binary-Format Files (TI-TXT and INTEL-HEX)
The CCS installation includes the hex430.exe conversion tool. It can be configured to generate output objects in TI-TXT format for use with the MSP-GANG430 and MSP-PRGS430 programmers, as well as INTEL-HEX format files for TI factory device programming. The tool can be used either standalone in a command line (located in <Installation Root>\tools\compiler\msp430\bin) or directly within CCS. In the latter case, a post-build step can be configured to generate the file automatically after every build by selecting predefined formats such as TI-TXT and INTEL-HEX in the "Apply Predefined Step" menu (Project Properties C/C++ Build Build Steps Post-Build Step). The generated file is stored in the <Workspace>\<Project>\Debug\ directory.
2.1.6 Overview of Example Programs and Projects
Example programs for MSP430 devices are provided in <Installation Root>\ccsv4\msp430\examples. Assembly and C sources are available in the appropriate subdirectory. To use the examples, create a new project and add the example source file to the project by clicking Project Add Files to Active Project. In addition, example projects corresponding to the code examples are provided in <Installation Root>\ccsv4\msp430\examples\example projects. The projects can be imported by Project Import Existing CCS/CCE Eclipse Project (see Section 1.2 for more information).
See Appendix D for a description of FET-specific menus within CCS.
The debugger breakpoint mechanism uses a limited number of on-chip debugging resources (specifically, N breakpoint registers, see Table 2-1). When N or fewer breakpoints are set, the application runs at full device speed (or "realtime"). When greater than N breakpoints are set and Use Software Breakpoints is enabled (Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target MSP430 Properties Use Software Breakpoints), an unlimited number of software breakpoints can be set while still meeting realtime constraints.
NOTE: A software breakpoint replaces the instruction at the breakpoint address with a call to interrupt the code execution. Therefore, there is a small delay when setting a software breakpoint. In addition, the use of software breakpoints always requires proper termination of each debug session; otherwise, the application may not be operational standalone, because the application on the device would still contain the software breakpoint instructions.
Table 2-1. Device Architecture, Breakpoints and Other Emulation Features
Device CC430F513x CC430F612x CC430F613x MSP430AFE2xx MSP430BT5190 MSP430F11x1 MSP430F11x2 MSP430F12x MSP430F12x2 MSP430F13x MSP430F14x MSP430F15x MSP430F16x MSP430F161x MSP430F20xx MSP430F21x1 MSP430F21x2 MSP430F22x2 MSP430F22x4 MSP430F23x MSP430F23x0 MSP430F24x MSP430F241x MSP430F2410 MSP430F261x MSP430G2xxx MSP430F41x MSP430F41x2 MSP430F42x MSP430FE42x MSP430FE42x2 MSP430FW42x MSP430F42x0 MSP430FG42x0 MSP430F43x MSP430FG43x MSP430F43x1 MSP430F44x MSP430F44x1 MSP430F461x MSP430FG461x MSP430F461x1 MSP430F47x MSP430FG47x
MSP430 Architecture MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430 MSP430Xv2 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430X MSP430 MSP430X MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430 MSP430X MSP430X MSP430X MSP430 MSP430
4-Wire JTAG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
2-Wire JTAG (1) X X X X X
Breakpoints (N) 3 3 3 2 8 2 2 2 2 3 3 8 8 8
Range Breakpoints X X X X
Clock Control X X X X X
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 2 2
The 2-wire JTAG debug interface is also referred to as Spy-Bi-Wire (SBW) interface. Note that this interface is supported only by the USB emulators (eZ430-xxxx and MSP-FET430UIF USB JTAG emulator) and the MSP-GANG430 production programming tool. The MSP-FET430PIF parallel port JTAG emulator does not support communication in 2-wire JTAG mode. Development Flow 17
Table 2-1. Device Architecture, Breakpoints and Other Emulation Features (continued)
Device MSP430F47x3 MSP430F47x4 MSP430F471xx MSP430F51x1 MSP430F51x2 MSP430F52xx MSP430F530x MSP430F5310 MSP430F532x MSP430F533x MSP430F534x MSP430F54xx MSP430F54xxA MSP430F550x MSP430F5510 MSP430F552x MSP430F563x MSP430FR57xx MSP430F643x MSP430F663x MSP430F67xx MSP430L092 MSP430 Architecture MSP430 MSP430 MSP430X MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 MSP430Xv2 4-Wire JTAG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2-Wire JTAG (1) Breakpoints (N) 2 2 8 3 3 8 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 8 8 3 8 8 3 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Range Breakpoints Clock Control X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X State Sequencer Trace Buffer
If the debugger is started with greater than N breakpoints set and software breakpoints are disabled, a message is shown that informs the user that not all breakpoints can be enabled. Note that CCS permits any number of breakpoints to be set, regardless of the Use Software Breakpoints setting of CCS. If software breakpoints are disabled, a maximum of N breakpoints can be set within the debugger. Resetting a program requires a breakpoint, which is set on the address defined in Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target Generic Debugger Options Run To. The Run To Cursor operation temporarily requires a breakpoint. Console I/O (CIO) functions, such as printf, require the use of a breakpoint. If these functions are compiled in, but you do not wish to use a breakpoint, disable CIO functionality by changing the option in Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target Generic Debug Options Enable CIO function use.
Breakpoints in CCSv4.2
CCS supports a number of predefined breakpoint types that can be selected by opening a menu found next to the Breakpoints icon in the Breakpoint window (Window Show View Breakpoints). In addition to traditional breakpoints, CCS allows setting watchpoints to break on a data address access instead of an address access. The properties of breakpoints/watchpoints can be changed in the debugger by right clicking on the breakpoint and selecting Properties. Break after program address Stops code execution when the program attempts to execute code after a specific address. Break before program address Stops code execution when the program attempts to execute code before a specific address. Break in program range Stops code execution when the program attempts to execute code in a specific range. Break on DMA transfer Break on DMA transfer in range Breaks when a DMA access within a specified address range occurs. Break on stack overflow It is possible to debug the applications that caused the stack overflow. Set Break on Stack Overflow (right click in debug window and then select "Break on Stack Overflow" in the context menu). The program execution stops on the instruction that caused the stack overflow. The size of the stack can be adjusted in Project Properties C/C++ Build MSP430 Linker Basic Options. Breakpoint Sets a breakpoint. Hardware breakpoint Forces a hardware breakpoint if software breakpoints are not disabled. Watch on data address range Stops code execution when data access to an address in a specific range occurs. Watch Stops code execution if a specific data access to a specific address is made. Watchpoint with data Stops code execution if a specific data access to a specific address is made with a specific value. Restriction 1: Watchpoints are applicable to global variables and non-register local variables. In the latter case, set a breakpoint (BP) to halt execution in the function where observation of the variable is desired (set code BP there). Then set the watchpoint and delete (or disable) the code breakpoint in the function and run/restart the application. Restriction 2: Watchpoints are applicable to variables 8 bits and 16 bits wide.
For more information on advanced debugging with CCS, see the application report Advanced Debugging Using the Enhanced Emulation Module (EEM) With CCS Version 4 (SLAA393).
This appendix presents solutions to frequently asked questions regarding hardware, program development and debugging tools.
Hardware .......................................................................................................... 22 Program Development (Assembler, C-Compiler, Linker, IDE) .................................. 22 Debugging ........................................................................................................ 23
For a complete list of hardware related FAQs, see the MSP430 Hardware Tools User's Guide SLAU278.
NOTE: Consider the CCS Release Notes For the case of unexpected behavior, see the CCS Release Notes document for known bugs and limitations of the current CCS version. This information can be accessed through the menu item Start All Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio v4.2.4 Release Notes.
1. A common MSP430 "mistake" is to fail to disable the watchdog mechanism; the watchdog is enabled by default, and it resets the device if not disabled or properly managed by the application. Use WDTCL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; to explicitly disable the Watchdog. This statement is best placed in the _system_pre_init() function that is executed prior to main(). If the Watchdog timer is not disabled, and the Watchdog triggers and resets the device during CSTARTUP, the source screen goes blank, as the debugger is not able to locate the source code for CSTARTUP. Be aware that CSTARTUP can take a significant amount of time to execute if a large number of initialized global variables are used.
int _system_pre_init(void) { /* Insert your low-level initializations here */ WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop Watchdog timer /*==================================*/ /* Choose if segment initialization */ /* should be done or not. */ /* Return: 0 to omit initialization */ /* 1 to run initialization */ /*==================================*/ return (1); }
2. Within the C libraries, GIE (Global Interrupt Enable) is disabled before (and restored after) the hardware multiplier is used. 3. It is possible to mix assembly and C programs within CCS. See the "Interfacing C/C++ With Assembly Language" chapter of the MSP430 Optimizing C/C++ Compiler User's Guide (literature number SLAU132). 4. Constant definitions (#define) used within the .h files are effectively reserved and include, for example, C, Z, N, and V. Do not create program variables with these names. 5. Compiler optimization can remove unused variables and/or statements that have no effect and can affect debugging. To prevent this, these variables can be declared volatile; for example, volatile int i;.
The debugger is part of CCS and can be used as a standalone application. This section is applicable when using the debugger both standalone and from the CCS IDE.
NOTE: Consider the CCS release notes In case of unexpected behavior, see the CCS Release Notes document for known bugs and limitations of the current CCS version. To access this information, click Start All Programs Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio v4.2.4 Release Notes.
1. The debugger reports that it cannot communicate with the device. Possible solutions to this problem include: Ensure that the correct debug interface and corresponding port number have been selected in the *.ccxml file within the project and that the file was saved after a change. Ensure that the jumper settings are configured correctly on the target hardware. Ensure that no other software application (for example, printer drivers) has reserved or taken control of the COM/parallel port, which would prevent the debug server from communicating with the device. Open the Device Manager and determine if the driver for the FET tool has been correctly installed and if the COM/parallel port is successfully recognized by the Windows OS. Check the PC BIOS for the parallel port settings (see FAQ Debugging #5). For users of IBM or Lenovo ThinkPad computers, try port setting LPT2 and LPT3, even if operating system reports that the parallel port is located at LPT1. Restart the computer. Ensure that the MSP430 device is securely seated in the socket (so that the "fingers" of the socket completely engage the pins of the device), and that its pin 1 (indicated with a circular indentation on the top surface) aligns with the "1" mark on the PCB. CAUTION Possible Damage To Device Always handle MSP430 devices with a vacuum pick-up tool only; do not use your fingers, as you can easily bend the device pins and render the device useless. Also, always observe and follow proper ESD precautions.
2. The debugger can debug applications that utilize interrupts and low-power modes. See FAQ Debugging #17). 3. The debugger cannot access the device registers and memory while the device is running. The user must stop the device to access device registers and memory. 4. The debugger reports that the device JTAG security fuse is blown. With current MSP-FET430PIF and MSP430-FET430UIF JTAG interface tools, there is a weakness when adapting target boards that are powered externally. This leads to an accidental fuse check in the MSP430 and results in the JTAG security fuse being recognized as blown although it is not. This occurs for MSP-FET430PIF and MSP-FET430UIF but is mainly seen on MSP-FET430UIF. Workarounds: Connect the device RST/NMI pin to JTAG header (pin 11), MSP-FET430PIF/MSP-FET430UIF interface tools are able to pull the RST line, this also resets the device internal fuse logic. Do not connect both VCC Tool (pin 2) and VCC Target (pin 4) of the JTAG header. Specify a value for VCC in the debugger that is equal to the external supply voltage. 5. The parallel port designators (LPTx) have the following physical addresses: LPT1 = 378h, LPT2 = 278h, LPT3 = 3BCh. The configuration of the parallel port (ECP, Compatible, Bidirectional, Normal) is not significant; ECP seems to work well. See FAQ Debugging #1 for additional hints on solving communication problems between the debugger and the device.
SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011 Submit Documentation Feedback Frequently Asked Questions 23
6. The debugger asserts RST/NMI to reset the device when the debugger is started and when the device is programmed. The device is also reset by the debugger Reset button, and when the device is manually reprogrammed (using Reload), and when the JTAG is resynchronized (using Resynchronize JTAG). When RST/NMI is not asserted (low), the debugger sets the logic driving RST/NMI to high impedance, and RST/NMI is pulled high via a resistor on the PCB. RST/NMI is asserted and negated after power is applied when the debugger is started. RST/NMI is then asserted and negated a second time after device initialization is complete. 7. The debugger can debug a device whose program reconfigures the function of the RST/NMI pin to NMI. 8. The level of the XOUT/TCLK pin is undefined when the debugger resets the device. The logic driving XOUT/TCLK is set to high impedance at all other times. 9. When making current measurements of the device, ensure that the JTAG control signals are released, otherwise the device is powered by the signals on the JTAG pins and the measurements are erroneous. See FAQ Debugging #10. 10. When the debugger has control of the device, the CPU is on (that is, it is not in low-power mode) regardless of the settings of the low-power mode bits in the status register. Any low-power mode condition is restored prior to STEP or GO. Consequently, do not measure the power consumed by the device while the debugger has control of the device. Instead, run the application using Release JTAG on run. 11. The MEMORY window correctly displays the contents of memory where it is present. However, the MEMORY window incorrectly displays the contents of memory where there is none present. Memory should be used only in the address ranges as specified by the device data sheet. 12. The debugger utilizes the system clock to control the device during debugging. Therefore, device counters and other components that are clocked by the Main System Clock (MCLK) are affected when the debugger has control of the device. Special precautions are taken to minimize the effect upon the watchdog timer. The CPU core registers are preserved. All other clock sources (SMCLK and ACLK) and peripherals continue to operate normally during emulation. In other words, the Flash Emulation Tool is a partially intrusive tool. Devices that support clock control can further minimize these effects by stopping the clock(s) during debugging (Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target Clock Control). 13. When programming the flash, do not set a breakpoint on the instruction immediately following the write to flash operation. A simple work-around to this limitation is to follow the write to flash operation with a NOP and to set a breakpoint on the instruction following the NOP. 14. Multiple internal machine cycles are required to clear and program the flash memory. When single stepping over instructions that manipulate the flash, control is given back to the debugger before these operations are complete. Consequently, the debugger updates its memory window with erroneous information. A workaround for this behavior is to follow the flash access instruction with a NOP and then step past the NOP before reviewing the effects of the flash access instruction. 15. Bits that are cleared when read during normal program execution (that is, interrupt flags) are cleared when read while being debugged (that is, memory dump, peripheral registers). Using certain MSP430 devices with enhanced emulation logic such as MSP430F43x/44x devices, bits do not behave this way (that is, the bits are not cleared by the debugger read operations). 16. The debugger cannot be used to debug programs that execute in the RAM of F12x and F41x devices. A workaround for this limitation is to debug programs in flash. 17. While single stepping with active and enabled interrupts, it can appear that only the interrupt service routine (ISR) is active (that is, the non-ISR code never appears to execute, and the single step operation stops on the first line of the ISR). However, this behavior is correct because the device processes an active and enabled interrupt before processing non-ISR (that is, mainline) code. A workaround for this behavior is, while within the ISR, to disable the GIE bit on the stack, so that interrupts are disabled after exiting the ISR. This permits the non-ISR code to be debugged (but without interrupts). Interrupts can later be re-enabled by setting GIE in the status register in the Register window. On devices with Clock Control, it may be possible to suspend a clock between single steps and delay an interrupt request (Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target Clock Control).
18. On devices equipped with a Data Transfer Controller (DTC), the completion of a data transfer cycle preempts a single step of a low-power mode instruction. The device advances beyond the low-power mode instruction only after an interrupt is processed. Until an interrupt is processed, it appears that the single step has no effect. A workaround to this situation is to set a breakpoint on the instruction following the low-power mode instruction, and then execute (Run) to this breakpoint. 19. The transfer of data by the Data Transfer Controller (DTC) may not stop precisely when the DTC is stopped in response to a single step or a breakpoint. When the DTC is enabled and a single step is performed, one or more bytes of data can be transferred. When the DTC is enabled and configured for two-block transfer mode, the DTC may not stop precisely on a block boundary when stopped in response to a single step or a breakpoint. 20. Breakpoints. CCS supports a number of predefined breakpoint and watchpoint types. See Section 2.2.2 for a detailed overview.
IAR 2.x/3.x/4.x to CCS C-Migration
Source code for the TI CCS C compiler and source code for the IAR Embedded Workbench compiler are not fully compatible. While the standard ANSI/ISO C code is portable between these tools, implementation-specific extensions differ and need to be ported. This appendix documents the major differences between the two compilers.
Interrupt Vector Definition .................................................................................. Intrinsic Functions ............................................................................................ Data and Function Placement ............................................................................. C Calling Conventions ....................................................................................... Other Differences ..............................................................................................
IAR ISR declarations (using the #pragma vector = ) are now fully supported in CCS. However, this is not the case for all other IAR pragma directives.
The scheme implemented in the IAR compiler using either the @ operator or the #pragma location directive is not supported with the CCS compiler:
/* IAR C Code */ __no_init char alpha @ 0x0200; #pragma location = 0x0202 const int beta; /* Place alpha' at address 0x200 */
If absolute data placement is needed, this can be achieved with entries into the linker command file, and then declaring the variables as extern in the C code:
/* CCS Linker Command File Entry */ alpha = 0x200; beta = 0x202; /* CCS C Code */ extern char alpha; extern int beta;
The absolute RAM locations must be excluded from the RAM segment; otherwise, their content may be overwritten as the linker dynamically allocates addresses. The start address and length of the RAM block must be modified within the linker command file. For the previous example, the RAM start address must be shifted 4 bytes from 0x0200 to 0x0204, which reduces the length from 0x0080 to 0x007C (for an MSP430 device with 128 bytes of RAM):
/* CCS Linker Command File Entry */ /****************************************************************************/ /* SPECIFY THE SYSTEM MEMORY MAP */ /****************************************************************************/ MEMORY /* assuming a device with 128 bytes of RAM */ { ... RAM :origin = 0x0204, length = 0x007C /* was: origin = 0x200, length = 0x0080 */ ... }
The definitions of the peripheral register map in the linker command files (lnk_msp430xxxx.cmd) and the device-specific header files (msp430xxxx.h) that are supplied with CCS are an example of placing data at absolute locations.
NOTE: When a project is created, CCS copies the linker command file corresponding to the selected MSP430 derivative from the include directory (<Installation Root>\tools\compiler\MSP430\include) into the project directory. Therefore, ensure that all linker command file changes are done in the project directory. This allows the use of project-specific linker command files for different projects using the same device.
In IAR, it is possible to place variables into named segments using either the @ operator or a #pragma directive:
/* IAR C Code */ __no_init int alpha @ "MYSEGMENT"; #pragma location="MYSEGMENT" const int beta; /* Place alpha' into MYSEGMENT' */ /* Place beta' into MYSEGMENT' */
/* CCS C Code */ #pragma DATA_SECTION(alpha, "MYSEGMENT") int alpha; #pragma DATA_SECTION(beta, "MYSEGMENT") const int beta;
With the IAR compiler, functions can be placed into a named segment using the @ operator or the #pragma location directive:
/* IAR C Code */ void g(void) @ "MYSEGMENT" { } #pragma location="MYSEGMENT" void h(void) { }
With the CCS compiler, the following scheme with the #pragma CODE_SECTION() directive must be used:
/* CCS C Code */ #pragma CODE_SECTION(g, "MYSEGMENT") void g(void) { }
The CCS and IAR C-compilers use different calling conventions for passing parameters to functions. When porting a mixed C and assembly project to the TI CCS code generation tools, the assembly functions need to be modified to reflect these changes. For detailed information about the calling conventions, see the TI MSP430 Optimizing C/C++ Compiler User's Guide (SLAU132) and the IAR MSP430 C/C++ Compiler Reference Guide. The following example is a function that writes the 32-bit word 'Data' to a given memory location in big-endian byte order. It can be seen that the parameter Data' is passed using different CPU registers. IAR Version:
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------; void WriteDWBE(unsigned char *Add, unsigned long Data) ; ; Writes a DWORD to the given memory location in big-endian format. The ; memory address MUST be word-aligned. ; ; IN: R12 Address (Add) ; R14 Lower Word (Data) ; R15 Upper Word (Data) ;---------------------------------------------------------------------------WriteDWBE swpb R14 ; Swap bytes in lower word swpb R15 ; Swap bytes in upper word mov.w R15,0(R12) ; Write 1st word to memory mov.w R14,2(R12) ; Write 2nd word to memory ret
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------; void WriteDWBE(unsigned char *Add, unsigned long Data) ; ; Writes a DWORD to the given memory location in big-endian format. The ; memory address MUST be word-aligned. ; ; IN: R12 Address (Add) ; R13 Lower Word (Data) ; R14 Upper Word (Data) ;---------------------------------------------------------------------------WriteDWBE swpb R13 ; Swap bytes in lower word swpb R14 ; Swap bytes in upper word mov.w R14,0(R12) ; Write 1st word to memory mov.w R13,2(R12) ; Write 2nd word to memory ret
/* IAR, global variable, initialized to 0 upon program start */ int Counter;
/* CCS, global variable, manually zero-initialized */ int Counter = 0;
With the IAR compiler, the C startup function can be customized, giving the application a chance to perform early initializations such as configuring peripherals, or omit data segment initialization. This is achieved by providing a customized __low_level_init() function:
/* IAR C Code */ int __low_level_init(void) { = /* Insert your low-level initializations here */ /*================================== */ /* Choose if segment initialization */ /* should be done or not. */ /* Return: 0 to omit initialization */ /* 1 to run initialization */ /*================================== */ return (1); }
The return value controls whether or not data segments are initialized by the C startup code. With the CCS C compiler, the custom boot routine name is _system_pre_init(). It is used the same way as in the IAR compiler.
/* CCS C Code */ int _system_pre_init(void) { /* Insert your low-level initializations here */ /*================================== */ /* Choose if segment initialization */ /* should be done or not. */ /* Return: 0 to omit initialization */ /* 1 to run initialization */ /*================================== */ return (1); }
Note that omitting segment initialization with both compilers omits both explicit and non-explicit initialization. The user must ensure that important variables are initialized at run time before they are used.
Memory segment names for data and function placement are controlled by device-specific linker command files in both CCS and IAR tools. However, different segment names are used. See the linker command files for more detailed information. The following table shows how to convert the most commonly used segment names.
Description RAM Stack (RAM) Main memory (flash or ROM) Information memory (flash or ROM) .bss .stack .text .infoA .infoB .int00 .int01 .int14 .reset CCS Segment Name IAR Segment Name DATA16_N DATA16_I DATA16_Z CSTACK CODE INFOA INFOB INFO INTVEC RESET
Interrupt vectors (flash or ROM) Reset vector (flash or ROM)
Both IAR and CCS compilers support a few non ANSI/ISO standard predefined macro names, which help creating code that can be compiled and used on different compiler platforms. Check if a macro name is defined using the #ifdef directive.
Description Is MSP430 the target and is a particular compiler platform used? Is a particular compiler platform used? Is a C header file included from within assembly source code? CCS Macro Name __MSP430__ __TI_COMPILER_VERSION__ __ASM_HEADER__ IAR Macro Name __ICC430__ __IAR_SYSTEMS_ICC__ __ IAR_SYSTEMS_ASM__
IAR 2.x/3.x/4.x to CCS Assembler Migration
Source for the TI CCS assembler and source code for the IAR assembler are not 100% compatible. The instruction mnemonics are identical, while the assembler directives are somewhat different. This appendix documents the differences between the CCS assembler directives and the IAR 2.x/3.x assembler directives.
Sharing C/C++ Header Files With Assembly Source .............................................. 34 Segment Control ............................................................................................... 34 Translating A430 Assembler Directives to Asm430 Directives ................................ 35
The IAR A430 assembler supports certain C/C++ preprocessor directives directly and, thereby, allows direct including of C/C++ header files such as the MSP430 device-specific header files (msp430xxxx.h) into the assembly code:
With the CCS Asm430 assembler, a different scheme that uses the .cdecls directive must be used. This directive allows programmers in mixed assembly and C/C++ environments to share C/C++ headers containing declarations and prototypes between the C/C++ and assembly code:
More information on the .cdecls directive can be found in the MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide (literature number SLAU131).
The CCS Asm430 assembler does not support any of the IAR A430 segment control directives such as ORG, ASEG, RSEG, and COMMON.
Description Reserve space in the .bss uninitialized section Reserve space in a named uninitialized section Allocate program into the default program section (initialized) Allocate data into a named initialized section Asm430 Directive (CCS) .bss .usect .text .sect
To allocate code and data sections to specific addresses with the CCS assembler, it is necessary to create/use memory sections defined in the linker command files. The following example demonstrates interrupt vector assignment in both IAR and CCS assembly to highlight the differences.
;-------------------------------------------------------------------------; Interrupt Vectors Used MSP430x11x1/12x(2) - IAR Assembler ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------ORG 0FFFEh ; MSP430 RESET Vector DW RESET ; ORG 0FFF2h ; Timer_A0 Vector DW TA0_ISR ; ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Interrupt Vectors Used MSP430x11x1/12x(2) - CCS Assembler ;-------------------------------------------------------------------------.sect ".reset" ; MSP430 RESET Vector .short RESET ; .sect ".int09" ; Timer_A0 Vector .short TA0_ISR ;
Both examples assume that the standard device support files (header files, linker command files) are used. Note that the linker command files are different between IAR and CCS and cannot be reused. See Section B.5.3 for information on how to translate memory segment names between IAR and CCS.
The following sections describe, in general, how to convert assembler directives for the IAR A430 assembler (A430) to Texas Instruments CCS Asm430 assembler (Asm430) directives. These sections are intended only as a guide for translation. For detailed descriptions of each directive, see either the MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide (SLAU131), from Texas Instruments, or the MSP430 IAR Assembler Reference Guide from IAR.
NOTE: Only the assembler directives require conversion Only the assembler directives require conversion, not the assembler instructions. Both assemblers use the same instruction mnemonics, operands, operators, and special symbols such as the section program counter ($) and the comment delimiter (;).
The A430 assembler is not case sensitive by default. These sections show the A430 directives written in uppercase to distinguish them from the Asm430 directives, which are shown in lower case.
In addition to using different directives, each assembler uses different syntax for character strings. A430 uses C syntax for character strings: A quote is represented using the backslash character as an escape character together with quote (\") and the backslash itself is represented by two consecutive backslashes (\\). In Asm430 syntax, a quote is represented by two consecutive quotes (""); see examples:
Character String PLAN "C" \dos\command.com Concatenated string (for example, Error 41) Asm430 Syntax (CCS) "PLAN ""C""" "\dos\command.com" A430 Syntax (IAR) "PLAN \"C\"" "\\dos\\command.com" "Error " "41"
Asm430 has three predefined sections into which various parts of a program are assembled. Uninitialized data is assembled into the .bss section, initialized data into the .data section, and executable code into the .text section. A430 also uses sections or segments, but there are no predefined segment names. Often, it is convenient to adhere to the names used by the C compiler: DATA16_Z for uninitialized data, CONST for constant (initialized) data, and CODE for executable code. The following table uses these names. A pair of segments can be used to make initialized, modifiable data PROM-able. The ROM segment would contain the initializers and would be copied to RAM segment by a start-up routine. In this case, the segments must be exactly the same size and layout.
Description Reserve size bytes in the .bss (uninitialized data) section Assemble into the .data (initialized data) section Assemble into a named (initialized) section Assemble into the .text (executable code) section Reserve space in a named (uninitialized) section Alignment on byte boundary Alignment on word boundary
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .bss (1) .data .sect .text .usect (1) .align 1 .align 2
RSEG const RSEG RSEG code
.bss and .usect do not require switching back and forth between the original and the uninitialized section. For example: ; IAR Assembler Example RSEG DATA16_N ; Switch to DATA segment EVEN ; Ensure proper alignment ADCResult: DS 2 ; Allocate 1 word in RAM Flags: DS 1 ; Allocate 1 byte in RAM RSEG CODE ; Switch back to CODE segment ; CCS Assembler Example #1 ADCResult .usect ".bss",2,2 ; Allocate 1 word in RAM Flags .usect ".bss",1 ; Allocate 1 byte in RAM ; CCS Assembler Example #2 .bss ADCResult,2,2 ; Allocate 1 word in RAM .bss Flags,1 ; Allocate 1 byte in RAM Space is reserved in an uninitialized segment by first switching to that segment, then defining the appropriate memory block, and then switching back to the original segment. For example: RSEG DATA16_Z LABEL: DS 16 ; Reserve 16 byte RSEG CODE Initialization of bit-field constants (.field) is not supported, therefore, the section counter is always byte-aligned.
Description Initialize one or more successive bytes or text strings Initialize a 32-bit IEEE floating-point constant Initialize a variable-length field Reserve size bytes in the current section Initialize one or more text strings Initialize one or more 16-bit integers Initialize one or more 32-bit integers
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .byte or .string .double or .float .field .space Initialize one or more text strings .word .long DB DF
DS DB DW DL
Initialization of bit-field constants (.field) is not supported. Constants must be combined into complete words using DW. ; Asm430 code ; A430 code .field 5,3 \ .field 12,4 | -> DW (30<<(4+3))|(12<<3)|5 ; equals 3941 .field 30,8 /
Description Allow false conditional code block listing Inhibit false conditional code block listing Set the page length of the source listing Set the page width of the source listing Restart the source listing Stop the source listing Allow macro listings and loop blocks Inhibit macro listings and loop blocks Select output listing options Eject a page in the source listing Allow expanded substitution symbol listing Inhibit expanded substitution symbol listing Print a title in the listing page header
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .fclist .fcnolist .length .width .list .nolist .mlist .mnolist .option .page .sslist .ssnolist .title
A430 Directive (IAR) LSTCNDLSTCND+ PAGSIZ COL LSTOUT+ LSTOUTLSTEXP+ (macro) LSTREP+ (loop blocks) LSTEXP- (macro) LSTREP- (loop blocks)
No A430 directive directly corresponds to .option. The individual listing control directives (above) or the command-line option -c (with suboptions) should be used to replace the .option directive. There is no directive that directly corresponds to .sslist/.ssnolist. The title in the listing page header is the source file name.
Description Include source statements from another file Identify one or more symbols that are defined in the current module and used in other modules Identify one or more global (external) symbols Define a macro library Identify one or more symbols that are used in the current module but defined in another module
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .copy or .include .def .global .mlib .ref
A430 Directive (IAR) #include or $ PUBLIC or EXPORT
The directive .global functions as either .def if the symbol is defined in the current module, or .ref otherwise. PUBLIC or EXTERN must be used as applicable with the A430 assembler to replace the .global directive. The concept of macro libraries is not supported. Include files with macro definitions must be used for this functionality.
Modules may be used with the Asm430 assembler to create individually linkable routines. A file may contain multiple modules or routines. All symbols except those created by DEFINE, #define (IAR preprocessor directive) or MACRO are "undefined" at module end. Library modules are, furthermore, linked conditionally. This means that a library module is included in the linked executable only if a public symbol in the module is referenced externally. The following directives are used to mark the beginning and end of modules in the A430 assembler.
Additional A430 Directives (IAR) Start a program module Start a library module Terminate the current program or library module A430 Directive (IAR) NAME or PROGRAM MODULE or LIBRARY ENDMOD
Description Optional repeatable block assembly Begin conditional assembly Optional conditional assembly Optional conditional assembly End conditional assembly End repeatable block assembly Begin repeatable block assembly
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .break .if .else .elseif .endif .endloop .loop
A430 Directive (IAR) IF ELSE ELSEIF ENDIF ENDR REPT
There is no directive that directly corresponds to .break. However, the EXITM directive can be used with other conditionals if repeatable block assembly is used in a macro, as shown: SEQ MACRO FROM,TO ; Initialize a sequence of byte constants LOCAL X X SET FROM REPT TO-FROM+1 ; Repeat from FROM to TO IF X>255 ; Break if X exceeds 255 EXITM ENDIF DB X ; Initialize bytes to FROM...TO X SET X+1 ; Increment counter ENDR ENDM
The scope of assembly-time symbols differs in the two assemblers. In Asm430, definitions can be global to a file or local to a module or macro. Local symbols can be undefined with the .newblock directive. In A430, symbols are either local to a macro (LOCAL), local to a module (EQU), or global to a file (DEFINE). In addition, the preprocessor directive #define also can be used to define local symbols.
Description Assign a character string to a substitution symbol Undefine local symbols Equate a value with a symbol Perform arithmetic on numeric substitution symbols End structure definition Begin a structure definition Assign structure attributes to a label
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .asg .newblock .equ or .set .eval .endstruct .struct .tag
A430 Directive (IAR) SET or VAR or ASSIGN EQU or = SET or VAR or ASSIGN
No A430 directive directly corresponds to .newblock. However, #undef may be used to reset a symbol that was defined with the #define directive. Also, macros or modules may be used to achieve the .newblock functionality because local symbols are implicitly undefined at the end of a macro or module. Definition of structure types is not supported. Similar functionality is achieved by using macros to allocate aggregate data and base address plus symbolic offset, as shown: MYSTRUCT: MACRO DS 4 ENDM LO DEFINE 0 HI DEFINE 2 RSEG DATA16_Z X MYSTRUCT RSEG CODE MOV X+LO,R4 ...
Description Define a macro Exit prematurely from a macro End macro definition Asm430 Directive (CCS) .macro .mexit .endm EXITM ENDM A430 Directive (IAR) MACRO
Description Send user-defined error messages to the output device Send user-defined messages to the output device Send user-defined warning messages to the output device Define a load address label Directive produced by absolute lister Directive produced by absolute lister Program end
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .emsg .mmsg .wmsg .label .setsect .setsym .end #error
ASEG (4) EQU or = (4) END
The syntax of the #message directive is: #message "<string>" This causes '#message <string>' to be output to the project build window during assemble/compile time. Warning messages cannot be user-defined. #message may be used, but the warning counter is not incremented. The concept of load-time addresses is not supported. Run-time and load-time addresses are assumed to be the same. To achieve the same effect, labels can be given absolute (run-time) addresses by the EQU directives. ; Asm430 code ; A430 code .label load_start load_start: Run_start: <code> <code> load_end: Run_end: run_start: EQU 240H .label load_end run_end: EQU run_start+load_end-load_start Although not produced by the absolute lister ASEG defines absolute segments and EQU can be used to define absolute symbols. MYFLAG EQU 23EH ; MYFLAG is located at 23E ASEG 240H ; Absolute segment at 240 MAIN: MOV #23CH, SP ; MAIN is located at 240 ...
Asm430 Directive (CCS) .align .asg .break .bss .byte or .string .cdecls .copy or .include .data .def .double .else .elseif .emsg .end .endif .endloop .endm .endstruct .equ or .set .eval .even .fclist .fcnolist .field .float .global .if .label .length .list ALIGN SET or VAR or ASSIGN See Conditional Assembly Directives See Symbol Control Directives DB C pre-processor declarations are inherently supported. #include or $ RSEG PUBLIC or EXPORT Not supported ELSE ELSEIF #error END ENDIF ENDR ENDM See Symbol Control Directives EQU or = SET or VAR or ASSIGN EVEN LSTCNDLSTCND+ See Constant Initialization Directives See Constant Initialization Directives See File Referencing Directives IF See Miscellaneous Directives PAGSIZ LSTOUT+ .newblock .nolist .option .page .ref .sect .setsect .setsym .space .sslist .ssnolist .string .struct .tag .text .title .usect .width .wmsg .word .mmsg .mnolist A430 Directive (IAR) Asm430 Directive (CCS) .loop .macro .mexit .mlib .mlist REPT MACRO EXITM See File Referencing Directives LSTEXP+ (macro) LSTREP+ (loop blocks) #message (XXXXXX) LSTEXP- (macro) LSTREP- (loop blocks) See Symbol Control Directives LSTOUTSee Listing Control Directives PAGE EXTERN or IMPORT RSEG See Miscellaneous Directives See Miscellaneous Directives DS Not supported Not supported DB See Symbol Control Directives See Symbol Control Directives RSEG See Listing Control Directives See Symbol Control Directives COL See Miscellaneous Directives DW A430 Directive (IAR)
Conditional Assembly Directives REPTC REPTI File Referencing Directives NAME or PROGRAM MODULE or LIBRARY ENDMOD Listing Control Directives LSTMAC (+/-) LSTCOD (+/-) LSTPAG (+/-) LSTXREF (+/-) Miscellaneous Directives RADIX CASEON CASEOFF C-Style Preprocessor Directives (3) #define #undef #if, #else, #elif #ifdef, #ifndef #endif #include #error
Macro Directives LOCAL (2)
Symbol Control Directives DEFINE SFRB SFRW Symbol Control Directives ASEG RSEG COMMON STACK ORG
There is no direct support for IAR REPTC/REPTI directives in CCS. However, equivalent functionality can be achieved using the CCS .macro directive: ; IAR Assembler Example REPTI zero,"R4","R5","R6" MOV #0,zero ENDR ; CCS Assembler Example zero_regs .macro list .var item .loop .break ($ismember(item, list) = 0) MOV #0,item .endloop .endm Code that is generated by calling "zero_regs R4,R5,R6": MOV #0,R4 MOV #0,R5 MOV #0,R6 In CCS, local labels are defined by using $n (with n=09) or with NAME?. Examples are $4, $7, or Test?. The use of C-style preprocessor directives is supported indirectly through the use of .cdecls. More information on the .cdecls directive can be found in the MSP430 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide (literature number SLAU131).
D.1.1 Debug View: Run Free Run
The debugger uses the device JTAG signals to debug the device. On some MSP430 devices, these JTAG signals are shared with the device port pins. Normally, the debugger maintains the pins in JTAG mode so that the device can be debugged. During this time, the port functionality of the shared pins is not available. However, when Free Run (by opening a pulldown menu next to the Run icon on top of the Debug View) is selected, the JTAG drivers are set to 3-state, and the device is released from JTAG control (TEST pin is set to GND) when GO is activated. Any active on-chip breakpoints are retained, and the shared JTAG port pins revert to their port functions. At this time, the debugger has no access to the device and cannot determine if an active breakpoint (if any) has been reached. The debugger must be manually commanded to stop the device, at which time the state of the device is determined (that is, was a breakpoint reached?). See FAQ Debugging #9.
D.1.2 Target Connect Target
D.1.3 Target Advanced Make Device Secure
Blows the JTAG fuse on the target device. After the fuse is blown, no further communication via JTAG with the device is possible.
D.1.4 Project Properties CCS Debug Settings Target MSP430 Properties Clock Control
Disables the specified system clock while the debugger has control of the device (following a STOP or breakpoint). All system clocks are enabled following a GO or a single step (STEP/STEP INTO). Can only be changed when the debugger is inactive. See FAQ Debugging #12.
D.1.5 Window Show View Breakpoints
Opens the MSP430 Breakpoints View window. This window can be used to set basic and advanced breakpoints. Advanced settings such as Conditional Triggers and Register Triggers can be selected individually for each breakpoint by accessing the properties (right click on corresponding breakpoint). Pre-defined breakpoints such as Break on Stack Overflow can be selected by opening the Breakpoint pulldown menu, which is located next to the Breakpoint icon at the top of the window. Breakpoints may be combined by dragging and dropping within the Breakpoint View window. A combined breakpoint is triggered when all breakpoint conditions are met.
D.1.6 Window Show View Trace
The Trace View enables the use of the state storage module. The state storage module is present only in devices that contain the full version of the Enhanced Emulation Module (EEM) (see Table 2-1). After a breakpoint is defined, the State Storage View displays the trace information as configured. Various trace modes can be selected when clicking the Configuration Properties icon at the top right corner of the window. Details on the EEM are available in the application report Advanced Debugging Using the Enhanced Emulation Module (EEM) With CCS Version 4 (SLAA393).
D.1.7 Project Properties TI Debug Properties Target MSP430 Properties Target Voltage
The target voltage of the MSP-FET430UIF can be adjusted between 1.8 V and 3.6 V. This voltage is available on pin 2 of the 14-pin target connector to supply the target from the USB FET. If the target is supplied externally, the external supply voltage should be connected to pin 4 of the target connector, so the USB FET can set the level of the output signals accordingly. Can only be changed when the debugger is inactive.
44 FET-Specific Menus SLAU157S May 2005 Revised August 2011 Submit Documentation Feedback
E.1.1 Emulation Modes
The MSP430L092 can operate in two different modes: the L092 mode and C092 emulation mode. The purpose of the C092 emulation mode is to mimic a C092 with up to 1920 bytes of code at its final destination for mask generation by using an L092. The operation mode must be set in CCS before launching the debugger. The selection happens in the target configuration: Open the MSP430L092.CCXML file in your project, click Target Configuration in the Advanced Setup section, Advanced Target Configuration. The CPU Properties become visible after MSP430 is selected. Figure E-1 shows how to select the L092 mode and how to use the Loader Code (See Loader Code). Figure E-2 shows how to select the C092 mode.
Figure E-1. MSP430L092 Modes
E.1.2 Loader Code
The Loader Code in the MSP430L092 is a ROM-code from TI that provides a series of services. It enables customers to build autonomous applications without needing to develop a ROM mask. Such an application consists of an MSP430 device containing the loader (for example, MSP430L092) and an SPI memory device (for example, '95512 or 25640). Those and similar devices are available from various manufacturers. The majority of use cases for an application with a loader device and external SPI memory for native 0.9-V supply voltage are late development, prototyping, and small series production. The external code download may be set in the CCS Project Properties CCS Debug Target MSP430 Properties Download Options Copy application to external SPI memory after program load (see Figure E-1).
Figure E-2. MSP430L092 in C092 Emulation Mode
E.1.3 C092 Password Protection
The MSP430C092 is a customer-specific ROM device, which is protected by a password. To start a debug session, the password must be provided to CCS. Open the MSP430C092.CCXML file in your project, click Target Configurations in the Advanced Setup section, Advanced Target Configuration. The CPU Properties become visible after MSP430 is selected. Figure E-3 shows how to provide a HEX password in CCSv4 target configuration.
Figure E-3. MSP430C092 Password Access
MSP430F5xx/F6xx BSL Support
Most of the MSP430F5xx and 'F6xx devices support a custom BSL that is protected by default. To program the custom BSL, this protection must be disabled in CCS Project Properties CCS Debug Target MSP430 Properties Download Options Allow Read/Write/Erase access to BSL memory (see Figure E-4).
Figure E-4. Allow Access to BSL
MSP430F5xx/F6xx Password Protection
Selected MSP430F5xx and 'F6xx devices provide JTAG protection by a user password. When debugging such an MSP430 derivatives, the hexadecimal JTAG password must be provided to start a debug session. Open the MSP430Fxxxx.CCXML file in your project, click Target Configurations in the Advanced Setup section, Advanced Target Configuration. The CPU Properties become visible after MSP430 is selected (see Figure E-5).
LPMx.5 CCS Debug Support (MSP430FR57xx Only)
Figure E-5. MSP430 Password Access
LPMx.5 is a new low-power mode in which the entry and exit is handled differently compared to other low-power modes. When used properly, LPMx.5 provides the lowest power consumption available on a device. To achieve this, entry to LPMx.5 disables the LDO of the PMM module, removing the supply voltage from the core and the JTAG module of the device. Because the supply voltage is removed from the core, all register contents and SRAM contents are lost. Exit from LPMx.5 causes a BOR event, which forces a complete reset of the system.
E.4.1 Debugging With LPMx.5
To enable the LPMx.5 debug feature, the Halt on device wake up (required for debugging LPMx.5 mode) checkbox must be enabled (see Figure E-6). To enable LPMx.5 debug, click Project Properties CCS Debug Target MSP430 Properties Halt on device wakeup (required for debugging LPMx.5 mode).
Figure E-6. Enabling LPMx.5 Debug Support If the LPMx.5 debug mode is enabled, a notification is displayed in the debugger console log every time the target device enters and leaves LPMx.5 mode. Pressing the Halt or Reset button in CCS wakes the target device from LPMx.5 and stops it at code start. All breakpoints that were active before LPMx.5 are restored and reactivated automatically.
E.4.2 LPMx.5 Debug Limitations
When a target device is in LPMx.5 mode, it is not possible to set or remove advanced conditional or software breakpoints. It is possible to set hardware breakpoints. In addition, only hardware breakpoints that were set during LPMx.5 can be removed in the LPMx.5 mode. Attach to running target is not possible in combination with LPMx.5 mode debugging, as this results in device reset.
Version SLAU157S SLAU157R SLAU157Q SLAU157P SLAU157O SLAU157N SLAU157M SLAU157L SLAU157K SLAU157J Changes/Comments Added emulation features for MSP430F52xx, F533x, F643x, F67xx. Added emulation features for MSP430FR57xx, LPMx.5, and general MSP430 Password Protection instructions in Appendix E. Added emulation features for MSP430F5310. Added emulation features for MSP430AFE253, MSP430F532x, and MSP430F534x. Added emulation features for MSP430BT5190, MSP430F530x, and MSP430F563x. Added BSL support for MSP430F5xx/F6xx in Appendix E and enhanced System Pre Init section in Appendix A. Added emulation features for MSP430L092/C092 and memory information in Appendix E. Added emulation features for MSP430G2xxx, MSP430F51x1, MSP430F51x2, MSP430F550x, MSP430F5510, MSP430F551x, MSP430F552x, MSP430F663x. Updated information throughout for Code Composer Studio v4.1. Added emulation features for MSP430F44x1, MSP430F461x, MSP430F461x1. Added emulation features for MSP430F54xxA, MSP430F55xx. Updated and extended Table 2-1 with architecture information. Updated information throughout for Code Composer Studio v4. Removed information on hardware. It was moved into the MSP430 Hardware Tools User's Guide (SLAU278) Added MSP-FET430U100A kit in Section 1.7 and MSP-TS430PZ100A target socket module schematic (Figure B-19) and PCB (Figure B-20). Added emulation features for CC430F513x, CC430F612x, CC430F613x, MSP430F41x2, MSP430F47x, MSP430FG479, and MSP430F471xx in Table 2-1. Updated MSP-TS430PN80 target socket module schematic (Figure B-15) with information on MSP430F47x and MSP430FG47x. Removed information throughout on MSP-FET430Pxx0 and MSP-FET430X110 kits. Updated information throughout for Code Composer Essentials v3.1. Added MSP-FET430U5x100 kit and MSP-TS430PZ5x100 target socket module schematic. Added crystal information to Section 1.7. Added overview of debug interfaces as Table 1-1. Added eZ430-F2013, T2012, and eZ430-RF2500. Updated information throughout for Code Composer Essentials v3. Added MSP-TS430PW28 target socket module, schematic (Figure B-5) and PCB (Figure B-6). Updated MSP-FET430U28 kit content information (DW or PW package support) in Section 1.7. Added emulation features for MSP430F21x2 to Table 2-1. Updated MSP-TS430PW14 target socket module schematic (Figure B-1). Updated MSP-TS430DA38 target socket module schematic (Figure B-7). Added Section 1.12. Updated Table 2-1. Updated Appendix F. Updated Appendix F. Added emulation features for MSP430F22x2, MSP430F241x, MSP430F261x, MSP430FG42x0 and MSP430F43x in Table 2-1. Renamed MSP-FET430U40 to MSP-FET430U23x0. Replaced MSP-FET430U40 schematic and PCB figures with renamed MSP-FET430U23x0 figures. Added FAQ Hardware #2 in Section A.1. Added FAQ Debugging #4 in Section A.3.
SLAU157I
SLAU157H SLAU157G SLAU157F
SLAU157E
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Campbell Sees Big Year Ahead for Wideouts - Michigan - Scout
Campbell Sees Big Year Ahead for WideoutsSam Webb07/17/2007Michigan wide receiver's coach Erik Campbell discusses Mario Manningham's progress, the maturation of Greg Mathews, his hopes for the incoming freshmen wideouts, and much much more.
Q: Talk about the progress that your unit made during the spring.
Erik Campbell: "Getting young guys ready to go was a main point of the spring. With LaTerryal Savoy and Greg Mathews doing most of the work in the spring, they made great progress and some great strides to become instrumental for us in the passing game. And we’ve got a pretty good group coming back with Adrian Arrington and Mario Manningham. With those guys it should be an exciting year."
Q: We talked to Greg Mathews about being the No. 1 guy in the spring…
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http://www.booking.com/hotel/pl/goodnight-warsaw-apartments-wola.html
Aleja Jana Pawła II 35, Sródmiescie, 00-354 Warsaw, Poland
Goodnight Warsaw Apartments Aleja Jana Pawła II 35 is set in Warsaw, 350 yards from Warsaw University. Monument of Nicolaus Copernicus is 350 yards from the property. Free WiFi is provided throughout the property.
The accommodation is air conditioned and comes with a TV. There is also a kitchenette, equipped with a dishwasher and oven. A fridge and kettle are also featured. There is a private bathroom with a bath or shower in every unit. Towels and bed linen are offered.
Holy Cross Church is 450 yards from Goodnight Warsaw Apartments. The nearest airport is Warsaw Chopin Airport, 5 miles from Goodnight Warsaw Apartments Aleja Jana Pawła II 35.
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(Redirected from Totem Pole)
3.6 Shame poles
Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of native peoples who live in the islands and coastal areas of North America's Pacific Northwest, especially British Columbia, Canada, and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States. Makers of these poles include the Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl), Bella Coola, and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka).[1][2] Totem poles are typically carved from the highly rot-resistant trunks of Thuja plicata trees (popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar), which eventually decay in the moist, rainy climate of the coastal Pacific Northwest. Because of the region's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles, few examples carved before 1900 remain. Noteworthy examples, some dating as far back as 1880, include those at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria and the Museum of Anthropology at UBC in Vancouver.
Totem poles are the largest, but not the only objects that coastal Pacific Northwest natives use to depict family legends, animals, people, or historical events. The freestanding poles seen by the region's first European explorers were likely preceded by a long history of decorative carving. Stylistic features of these poles were borrowed from smaller prototypes, or from the interior support posts of house beams.[3][4] Although eighteenth-century accounts of European explorers traveling along the coast indicate that decorated interior and exterior house posts existed prior to 1800, the posts were smaller and fewer in number than in subsequent decades. Prior to the nineteenth century, the lack of efficient carving tools, along with sufficient wealth and leisure time to devote to the craft, delayed the development of elaborately carved, freestanding poles.[5] Before iron and steel arrived in the area, natives used crude tools made of stone, shells, or beaver teeth for carving. The process was slow and laborious; axes were unknown. By the late eighteenth century, the use of metal cutting tools enabled more complex carvings and increased production of totem poles.[3] The tall monumental poles appearing in front of native homes in coastal villages probably did not appear until after the beginning of the nineteenth century.[5]
The scholar Eddie Malin has proposed that totem poles progressed from house posts, funerary containers, and memorial markers into symbols of clan and family wealth and prestige. He argues that the Haida people of the islands of Haida Gwaii originated carving of the poles, and that the practice spread outward to the Tsimshian and Tlingit, and then down the coast to the indigenous people of British Columbia and northern Washington.[6] Malin's theory is supported by the photographic documentation of the Pacific Northwest coast's cultural history and the more sophisticated designs of the Haida poles. Regional stylistic differences among the poles can be attributed to the application of existing regional artistic styles to a new medium.[citation needed] Earlier theories, such as those of mid-twentieth-century anthropologist Marius Barbeau, who considered the poles a post-contact phenomenon enabled by the introduction of metal tools, are refuted by evidence of the Pacific Northwest's long history of native carving traditions and evaluation of early explorers' and navigators' documents created in the 1790s, which predate the use of iron tools. These early accounts describe and illustrate the existence, although an uncommon appearance, of carved poles and timber homes along the coast of the Pacific Northwest.[7][8] By the early nineteenth century, widespread importation of iron and steel tools from Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere led to easier and more rapid production of carved wooden goods, including poles.[9] Scholars have not determined if iron tools were introduced by traders, or whether Alaska Natives produced iron tools from drift iron recovered from shipwrecks, but the presence of trading vessels and exploration ships simplified the acquisition of iron tools, the use of which most likely would have enhanced totem pole construction.[citation needed]
In the nineteenth century, American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem pole carving, but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of Alaska Native and First Nations cultures and their crafts, and sharply reduced totem pole production by the end of the century. Between 1830 and 1880, the maritime fur trade, mining, and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples.[10][11] Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish potlatch celebrations, frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles.[12] The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans.[13] In the 1880s and 1890s, tourists, collectors, scientists and naturalist interested in native culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts, many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 1893 World's Columbia Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[14]
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some Christian missionaries discouraged the natives' traditional practices, including creation of totem poles, and urged converts to cease production and destroy existing poles. Nearly all totem pole making had ceased by 1901.[15] Carving of monumental and mortuary poles continued in some native villages as late as 1905; however, as native sites were abandoned, the poles and timber homes were left to decay and vandalism.[16]
Beginning in the late 1930s, a combination of cultural, linguistic, and artistic revivals, along with scholarly interest and the continuing fascination and support of an educated and empathetic public, led to a renewal and extension of this artistic tradition.[14] In 1938 the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve the old poles, salvaging about 200, roughly one-third of those known to be standing at the end of the nineteenth century.[16] With renewed interest in native arts and traditions in the 1960s and 1970s, freshly carved totem poles were erected up and down the coast, while related artistic production was introduced in many new and traditional media, ranging from tourist trinkets to masterful works in wood, stone, blown and etched glass, and other traditional and non-traditional media.[14]
Today, a number of successful native artists carve totem poles on commission, usually taking the opportunity to educate apprentices in the demanding art of traditional carving and joinery. Modern poles are almost always executed in traditional styles; however, some artists have included modern subject matter or used nontraditional styles. A commission for a modern pole ranges in the tens of thousands of dollars and usually requires from six to twelve months to complete. Because the time spent on carving after an initial design is may take a year to complete, the commission essentially functions as the artist's primary means of income during the period.[citation needed]
Totem poles symbolize characters and events of a myth or relate the experiences of known ancestors or living people.[2] Some of these characters may appear as stylistic representations of objects in nature, while others are more realistically carved. Pole carvings may include animals, birds, fish, plants, insects, and humans, or they may represent supernatural beings such as the Thunderbird. Some symbolize animals that than can transform themselves into another form, so they appear as combinations of animals or part animal-part human forms. Consistent use of a specific character over time, with some slight variations in carving style, helped develop similarities among these shared symbols that allowed people to recognized one from another. For example, the raven is symbolized by a long, straight beak, while the eagle's beak is curved, and a beaver is depicted with two large front teeth, a piece of wood held in his front paws, and a paddle-shaped tail.[17][18]
The meanings of the designs on totem poles are as varied as the cultures that make them. While totem poles are not religious objects, they do communicate important aspects of native culture and are artistic as well as cultural objects.[19] Some poles celebrate cultural beliefs that may recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events, while others are mostly artistic. Animals and other characters carved on the pole are typically used as symbols to represent characters or events in a story; however, some may reference the moiety[20] of the pole’s owner, or simply fill up empty space on the pole.[19] The carved figures interlock, one above the other, to create the pole, which may rise to a height of sixty feet or more. Smaller carvings may be positioned in vacant spaces, or they may be tucked inside the ears or hang out of the mouths of the pole’s larger characters.[21][22]
While the intended purpose varies, pole carvings symbolize or commemorate historic persons, represent shamanic powers, or provide objects of public ridicule.
"Some of the figures on the poles constitute symbolic reminders of quarrels, murders, debts, and other unpleasant occurrences about which the Native Americans prefer to remain silent... The most widely known tales, like those of the exploits of Raven and of Kats who married the bear woman, are familiar to almost every native of the area. Carvings which symbolize these tales are sufficiently conventionalized to be readily recognizable even by persons whose lineage did not recount them as their own legendary history."[23]
Totem poles were never objects of worship,[24] but very early European explorers thought they were. However, later explorers such as Jean-François de La Pérouse noted that the poles were never treated reverently. Their purpose seemed only to generate allusions or illustrate stories, and the poles were usually left to rot in place when people abandoned a village. Their association with idol worship was an idea from local nineteenth-century Christian missionaries, who considered their association with Shamanism as an occult practice.[citation needed]
The vertical order of images is widely believed to be a significant representation of importance, an idea that became so pervasive it entered into common parlance with the phrase "low man on the totem pole". This phrase, indicative of the most common belief of ordering importance, suggests the higher figures on the pole are more important or prestigious. A counterargument frequently heard is that the figures are arranged in reverse hierarchy, with the most important representations on the bottom, at eye level with the viewer t | [
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