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The match was billed by the media as Plugger vs God and set a ground record attendance at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He broke the record of 1299 career goals (set by Gordon Coventry) at the SCG in 1999 and sparked one of the biggest pitch invasions seen in Australian rules football. Lockett retired at the end of 1999 but had a brief comeback in 2002, playing three games and adding three goals to his record. State of Origin Lockett played five State of Origin games for Victoria, kicking 19 goals in those games. In his State of Origin debut in 1985 against Western Australia, kicked one goal.
He was selected in 1987 against South Australia, and again kicked one goal. In 1989, he kicked five goals in a notable game against South Australia at the MCG. He again kicked five goals against Western Australia in 1992. His final interstate match came in 1995 against South Australia, kicking seven goals and winning the E. J. Whitten Medal. Lockett is known as a big supporter of State of Origin and said after he won the E. J. Whitten Medal that "to win this medal will probably go down as one of the happiest days of my life, and I'll treasure it forever".
Statistics |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1983 |style="text-align:center;"| | 37 || 12 || 19 || 17 || 76 || 26 || 102 || 44 || || 1.6 || 1.4 || 6.3 || 2.2 || 8.5 || 3.7 || |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1984 |style="text-align:center;"| | 14 || 20 || 77 || 44 || 146 || 19 || 165 || 108 || || 3.9 || 2.2 || 7.3 || 1.0 || 8.3 || 5.4 || |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1985 |style="text-align:center;"| | 14 || 21 || 79 || 22 || 146 || 32 || 178 || 112 || || 3.8 || 1.0 || 7.0 || 1.5 || 8.5 || 5.3 || |- !
scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1986 |style="text-align:center;"| | 14 || 18 || 60 || 29 || 119 || 36 || 155 || 85 || || 3.3 || 1.6 || 6.6 || 2.0 || 8.6 || 4.7 || |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987 |style="text-align:center;"| | 14 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 117 || 52 || 226 || 49 || 275 || 164 || 16 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.3 || 2.4 || 10.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 7.5 || 0.7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 8 || 35 || 19 || 65 || 19 || 84 || 44 || 6 || 4.4 || 2.4 || 8.1 || 2.4 || 10.5 || 5.5 || 0.8 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" !
scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 11 || 78 || 24 || 122 || 18 || 140 || 92 || 5 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 7.1 || 2.2 || 11.1 || 1.6 || 12.7 || 8.4 || 0.5 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 12 || 65 || 34 || 112 || 16 || 128 || 84 || 11 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.4 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 2.8 || 9.3 || 1.3 || 10.7 || 7.0 || 0.9 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 17 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 127 || 51 || 190 || 33 || 223 || 140 || 7 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 7.5 || 3.0 || 11.2 || 1.9 || 13.1 || 8.2 || 0.4 |- !
scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 22 || 132 || 58 || 214 || 30 || 244 || 157 || 12 || 6.0 || 2.6 || 9.7 || 1.4 || 11.1 || 7.1 || 0.5 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 10 || 53 || 12 || 85 || 26 || 111 || 63 || 7 || 5.3 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.6 || 11.1 || 6.3 || 0.7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 10 || 56 || 26 || 100 || 16 || 116 || 76 || 7 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.6 || 2.6 || 10.0 || 1.6 || 11.6 || 7.6 || 0.7 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" !
scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 19 || 110 || 44 || 176 || 42 || 218 || 139 || 16 || bgcolor="b7e718"| 5.8 || 2.3 || 9.3 || 2.2 || 11.5 || 7.3 || 0.8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 121 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 63 || 212 || 45 || 257 || 168 || 21 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.5 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 2.9 || 9.6 || 2.0 || 11.7 || 7.6 || 1.0 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 12 || 37 || 21 || 65 || 23 || 88 || 50 || 7 || 3.1 || 1.8 || 5.4 || 1.9 || 7.3 || 4.2 || 0.6 |- !
scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 23 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 109 || 36 || 167 || 41 || 208 || 121 || 9 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 4.7 || 1.6 || 7.3 || 1.8 || 9.0 || 5.3 || 0.4 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 19 || 82 || 38 || 141 || 27 || 168 || 112 || 15 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 4.3 || 2.0 || 7.4 || 1.4 || 8.8 || 5.9 || 0.8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 |style="text-align:center;"| | 46 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 1 || 3 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 2.3 || 0.3 || 1.0 |- class="sortbottom" !
colspan=3| Career ! 281 ! 1360 ! 590 ! 2367 ! 500 ! 2867 ! 1760 ! 142 ! 4.8 ! 2.1 ! 8.4 ! 1.8 ! 10.2 ! 6.3 ! 0.7 |} Controversy Lockett's career was marred by several high-profile tribunal appearances. The most famous was in an 11-goal match for St Kilda, against his future club, Sydney, in 1994 when he broke Peter Caven's cheek-bone as he led out from full-forward and the unaware Caven was back-tracking for the ball. The incident resulted in an eight-week suspension for charging. Post-football Lockett's aversion of the media has been well documented.
Since his retirement he has been elusive and has had little involvement in the game. He has appeared in various television commercials, including Advanced Hair and Lowes Menswear (in Sydney). While at a taping session for a Lowes commercial, Lockett engaged in a friendly wrestling match with former amateur rugby player Adrian "Ace" Mueller, who was at the time working for Lowes corporate division. According to some reports, the friendly wrestle developed into something quite competitive, with Lockett pinning Mueller (an exponent of the Israeli self-defence system, Krav Maga). Lockett appeared with Stephen Curry and Dave Lawson in a Toyota Memorable Moments advertisement which takes a lighthearted look at some moments in his career such as the piglet "Pluga", "One Tony Lockett", "That Point" and his 1,300th goal (including the pitch invasion).
Lockett is also well known for his interest in greyhound racing. Lockett has competed in the gruelling Finke Desert Race in the motorcycle class for over 45s on 7 different occasions between 2008 and 2017 and is entered again for 2018 riding his KTM500EXC. In 2017, Lockett made a surprise decision to return to the Sydney Swans as a part-time goal-kicking and forwards coach. Nickname Lockett's father, Howard, inherited the nickname "Plugger" from his own father who used to "plug around" in the garden. Howard Lockett, who himself played 500 games of country football, then saw it fit to pass down the nickname once more to his son and it became synonymous with his large size.
In Round 18, 1993, in a match at the Sydney Cricket Ground between St Kilda (then Lockett's club) and Sydney (his future club) a piglet (being a reference to Lockett's build) was released by a member of the Sydney crowd onto the ground (with the wrongly spelled word "Pluga" and Lockett's playing number of "4" spray painted onto it) before being tackled to the ground and removed by Sydney Swans player Darren Holmes. The Channel Seven commentary of the incident had the exclamation of "There's a pig at full-forward!" from commentator Sandy Roberts. Lockett was actually absent from the match due to injury.
Legacy Lockett was inducted to both the St Kilda and Sydney Swans' Team of the Century, in 2001 and 2003 respectively. In 2004 he was inducted into the North Ballarat Football Club hall of fame. On 22 June 2006 Lockett was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was elevated to "Legend" status. The southern goal end at Docklands Stadium was named after him as the "Lockett End", with the other end being named after the footballer whose goal record he broke, Gordon Coventry. The Ballarat Football League award for the leading goalscorer for the home and away season is named after Lockett as he played his junior football with Ballarat Football League club North Ballarat.
On 19 July 2009 he was inducted into the Sydney Swans Hall of Fame. In 2003 he was inducted into the St Kilda Football Club Hall of Fame and on 24 July 2010 he was elevated to "Legend" status. Lockett kicked over one hundred goals in a season on six occasions - at St Kilda in years 1987 (117); 1991 (127); 1992 (132) and at Sydney in years 1995 (110); 1996 (121) and 1998 (109). This is a league record for the number of times a player has kicked over 100 goals in a separate season, which he shares with Jason Dunstall.
The New South Wales Primary Schools Sports Association Australian Football competition is named the Tony Lockett Shield. In 2017, Lockett was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football References Further reading External links Tony Lockett's profile and statistics from AustralianFootball.com St Kilda Hall of fame profile Tribute site Category:Trevor Barker Award winners Category:All-Australians (AFL) Category:Brownlow Medal winners Category:Coleman Medal winners Category:Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Category:Bob Skilton Medal winners Category:St Kilda Football Club players Category:Sydney Swans players Category:Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Victorian State of Origin players Category:North Ballarat Football Club players Category:Sportspeople from Ballarat Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:E. J. Whitten Medal winners Category:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Honey Lemon (Aiko Miyazaki) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is commonly associated with the Japanese team known as Big Hero 6. She was created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau, and first appeared in Sunfire & Big Hero 6 #1 (September 1998). She also appeared in the 2014 film adaptation of the comics. Honey Lemon appears as a young American woman in the 2014 Disney animated film Big Hero 6 and television series, voiced by Genesis Rodriguez and in the video game Kingdom Hearts III. She is a quirky chemistry whiz who has a kind heart and tries to find the good in everything.
She has a purse that can mix different chemical elements, allowing her to create balls that she uses as explosives or traps. Publication history Created by Steven T. Seagle and Duncan Rouleau in their spare time while working on another project, Honey Lemon was first intended to appear with the rest of Big Hero 6 in Alpha Flight #17 (December 1998). However, the team first appeared in their own self-titled three-issue miniseries by writer Scott Lobdell and artist Gus Vasquez, which due to scheduling issues, was published before Alpha Flight #17. The character appeared with the team in a subsequent five-issue miniseries which was launched by Marvel Comics in September 2008.
Fictional character biography Aiko Miyazaki was enrolled in the graduate program at the Tokyo University of Science when she was recruited by Naikaku Jōhō Chōsashitsu (Naichō), Japan's premiere intelligence agency. Miyazaki's sharp intellect and stunning looks made her a prime candidate for secret agent status, and she was promptly placed on a research and development team consisting of Naichō's top physicists, chemists, and mechanical engineers and put to work creating new technology for the government. Although Miyazaki's team was responsible for several innovations in surveillance technology, by far their most significant invention was a cluster of artificial, miniature wormholes—tiny warps and distortions in the fabric of space-time.
At Miyazaki's suggestion, the wormholes were contained within an innocuous woman's purse so they could be applied in the field without attracting undue attention. It was soon discovered that the wormholes, in conjunction with Pym Particles and cutting-edge nanotechnology, served as ideal storage devices in the field—virtually any object, no matter how large, could be stored in Miyazaki's aptly-named "Power Purse" for later use. Soon after, the top-secret consortium of Japanese politicians and business entities known as the Giri began recruiting candidates for Big Hero 6, which was to become Japan's premiere superhero team. Inspired by the exploits of Sunfire (Shiro Yoshida), Japan's national superhero, Miyazaki persuasively lobbied her superiors in Naichō for a spot on the team.
Graduating to full-fledged "secret agent" status, Miyazaki adopted the code-name "Honey Lemon" (inspired by her favorite television program of the same name). As the most caring and compassionate member of the team, Honey Lemon quickly found herself at odds with teammate Go-Go Tomago (Leiko Tanaka), a tough-talking ex-convict who felt that Honey Lemon received special treatment because of her looks and intellect. However, after several heated squabbles, the two eventually learned to appreciate one another and became good friends. She seemingly became attracted to the team's newest potential recruit, Hiro Takachiho, as she kept smiling at him in a flirtatious way.
Later, Honey helped overthrow a menace called Everwraith and saved Japan from destruction. She was only briefly seen afterwards, helping Sunfire out in Canada. Sometime later, a mysterious individual used a machine to mind-control the entire team of Big Hero Six and they were sent to Canada once again, where they fought the newest incarnation of Alpha Flight until Sasquatch discovered the plot. Honey Lemon was, along with the rest of the team, brought back to normal, and they all returned to Japan to try to discover who mind-controlled them. Powers and abilities Honey Lemon's Power Purse (also known as the "Nano-Purse") contains a series of miniature, artificial, inter-universe wormholes, granting her limited access to an indeterminate number of worlds and dimensions.
The unstable, fluctuating nature of the wormholes makes accurate long-term mapping of them difficult. Before deploying in the field, Honey Lemon typically gathers a large arsenal of supplies, shrinks them to microscopic size using a combination of Pym Particles and cutting-edge nanotechnology, and stores them in miniature pocket universes only accessible via the Power Purse's wormholes. As such, she is able to instantaneously retrieve these items from the Power Purse and restore them to their original size while in the field. The Power Purse's wormholes also grant access to a number of full-sized, inhabited dimensions. For instance, the Microverse planet of Coronar (home world of former Big Hero 6 member Sunpyre) is accessible through the Power Purse.
The total number of dimensions accessible via the Power Purse has yet to be determined. Although Honey Lemon can use the Power Purse's wormholes as a method of personal transportation, she only does so in rare instances when her life is in danger, as a trip through the Power Purse is often a very unpleasant experience for carbon-based lifeforms. Honey Lemon is a brilliant scientist who often keeps her opponents off-guard by feigning ignorance. As a secret agent of the Naichō intelligence agency, she is extensively trained in various martial arts, including aikido, judo, jujutsu, karate, Shaolin kung fu and tae kwon do.
In other media Film Honey Lemon appears in Big Hero 6, voiced by Genesis Rodriguez. In the film, Honey Lemon is depicted as a quirky chemistry whiz at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology. Her ethnicity has also been changed to Latin American and can be heard listening to Spanish-language music. Co-director Chris Williams said "She's a glass-is-half-full kind of person. But she has this mad-scientist quality with a twinkle in her eye — there's more to Honey than it seems." Her name is a nickname that was thought of by Fred; her real name is unknown and has not been revealed.
Honey Lemon is an excitable person who is in love with her chemistry work and loves showing off her experiments in an almost maniacal way. She is the most respectable and polite of the group and tends to dress in 60's and 70's style clothing. Honey Lemon wears bright pink armor that was built by Hiro with a mechanical purse that can mix different chemical elements, allowing her to create balls that she can use as explosives, traps, or safe exits. Television Honey appears in Big Hero 6: The Series with Rodriguez reprising the role. In the first episode, "Baymax Returns", Honey admits that she dislikes violence as she was regretful of using an ice ball on Yama, even though he was going to harm Hiro.
In the episode "Big Roommates 2", she initially believed that people were totally incapable of being totally evil, despite prior evidence to the contrary. When she learns her chem-purse was stolen and transformed a criminal named Dibs into a monster, she became disillusioned, but was brought back to her senses by Go Go. Honey is shown to be a noisy sleeper: her snoring keeps Gogo awake, and she talks in her sleep which allows others to hear some personal information she would not otherwise want to tell people. In the episode "Rivalry Weak", it is revealed that she also attends classes in San Fransokyo Art Institute which is the rival school of SFIT.
She also appears to be self-conscious about her height as she seems to be slightly perturbed when called "Tall Girl" by Karmi and Globby. In "Something's Fishy", she reveals facts about her high school life, claiming that she "fell in love" with chemistry as well as a foreign exchange student named Andre. In the season 2 finale, she graduates SFIT. Video games Honey Lemon makes an appearance along with the rest of Big Hero 6 in Kingdom Hearts III.
References External links Honey Lemon at Marvel Wiki Honey Lemon at Comic Vine Category:Big Hero 6 characters Category:Comics characters introduced in 1998 Category:Fictional aikidoka Category:Fictional chemical engineers Category:Fictional chemists Category:Fictional college students Category:Fictional female engineers Category:Fictional female secret agents and spies Category:Fictional judoka Category:Fictional jujutsuka Category:Fictional karateka Category:Fictional secret agents and spies Category:Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners Category:Fictional taekwondo practitioners Category:Fictional women scientists Category:Japanese superheroes Category:Kingdom Hearts characters Category:Marvel Comics female superheroes Category:Marvel Comics superheroes Category:Teenage characters in comics
Zenana, literally meaning "of the women" or "pertaining to women," contextually refers to the part of a house belonging to a Hindu or Muslim family in the Indian subcontinent which is reserved for the women of the household. The zenana are the inner apartments of a house in which the women of the family live. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the mardana. Conceptually in those that practise purdah, it is the equivalent in the Indian subcontinent of the harem. Christian missionaries were able to gain access to these Indian girls and women through the zenana missions; female missionaries who had been trained as doctors and nurses were able to provide them with health care and also evangelise them in their own homes.
Mughal court life Physically, the zenana of the Mughal court consisted of exceptionally luxurious conditions, particularly for princesses and women associated to high-ranking figures. Because of the extreme restrictions placed on access to the women's quarters, very few reliable accounts of their description are available. Still, modern scholars evaluating court records and travelogues contemporary with the Mughal period detail the women's lodgings as offering courtyards, ponds, fountains and gardens. The palaces themselves were decorated with mirrors, paintings and marble. Jahanara, daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, famously lived in her own apartment decorated with valuable carpets, and murals of flying angels.
Other amenities depicted in illustrations of court life include running water and meticulous gardens. Resident population Rather than being the prison-like space of licentious activity popularized by European imagination (see Orientalism), the zenana functioned as the domain of female members of the household, ranging from wives to concubines to widows, unmarried sisters and cousins, and even further distant relations who were considered dependent kin. In addition to the women of rank, the zenana was populated by attendants of various skill and purpose to provide for the needs of the ladies residing within. All visiting friends, servants, and entertainers were invariably female, down to the highly trained corps of armed women — guards known as urdubegis — assigned to escort and protect the women in the zenana.
Administration According to Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, author of the Akbarnama, the zenana of Akbar the Great at Fatehpur Sikri was home to more than five thousand women, who had each been given her own suite of rooms. The size of the zenana meant that it was a community unto itself, and it thus required systematic administration to maintain; all of these administrators were female. Abu'l Fadl describes the zenana as being divided into sections, with daroghas appointed to tend to the financial and organizational needs of the residents. Other administrative positions included the tehwildar, or accounts officer, responsible for the salaries and financial requests of the inhabitants.
Then there were the mahaldars, the female servant of highest authority chosen from within the ranks of the daroghas, who often acted as an intelligence source from the zenana directly to the emperor. The anagas, or royal wetnurses, were elevated to positions of rank, though their purpose was not strictly administrative. Political influence It was because male members of Mughal society did not closely define the concept of purdah as a reflection of their own honor that wives, daughters, and particularly unmarried women in the upper-echelons of the empire were able to extend their influence beyond the physical structures of the zenana.
That less-constrictive interpretation of purdah allowed the ladies of the Mughal court to indirectly participate in public life, most notably in civic building projects. Jahanara herself was responsible for the major alteration of Shahjahanabad, by constructing the now famous Chandni Chowk market. Altogether, wives, daughters, and even a courtesan were the primary patrons to 19 major structures in the city. Owing to the cultural precedent set by their Timurid ancestors, it was comparatively more acceptable for Mughal women to perform civic charity in the form of building projects and even engage in leisure activities outside the zenana like hunting, polo and pilgrimage, than it would have been for their Safavid contemporaries.
Nur Jahan seems to be unique in that she had a particular affinity for hunting, and was able to gain permission to accompany her husband Jahangir on several outings, even once killing four tigers easily with her excellent marksmanship. Adherence to purdah Despite the social freedom that came with being a member of the royal household, Mughal women did not go about unveiled and were not seen by outsiders or men other than their family. Instead, when they traveled they covered their heads and faces in white veils, and they were transported in howdahs, chaudoles, carriages and palanquins with covering on all sides, to maintain the modesty and seclusion required of purdah.
When entering or exiting the zenana itself, female pall bearers carried their palanquins, and they were only transferred to male servants and eunuchs outside the walls of the zenana. Should outsiders be required to enter the zenana, as in the case of an illness where the lady could not be moved for her health, the visitor was covered from head to foot in a shroud and led blindly to the lady by a eunuch escort. See also Andaruni References External links Category:Pakistani culture Category:Bangladeshi culture Category:Islam in India Category:Islam in Pakistan Category:Islam in Bangladesh Category:Islamic architectural elements Category:Purdah Category:Mughal architecture Category:Sex segregation and Islam Category:Women's quarters Category:Zenana missions
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH or sometimes EH) refers to hematopoiesis occurring outside of the medulla of the bone (bone marrow).It can be physiologic or pathologic. Physiologic EMH occurs during embryonic and fetal development mainly. It has been done in many different locations, depending on the moment or the kind of hematopoiesis that is needed in that moment. Pathologic EMH can occur during adulthood when physiologic hematopoiesis can't work properly in the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have to migrate to other tissues in order to continue with the formation of blood cellular components. Pathologic EMH can be caused by myelofibrosis, thalassemias or disorders caused in the hematopoietic system.
Physiologic EMH During fetal development, hematopoiesis occurs mainly in the fetal liver followed by localization to the bone marrow.Hematopoiesis also takes place in many other tissues or organs such as the yolk sac, the aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM)region, the spleen, and lymph nodes. During development, vertebrates go through a primative and a definitive phase of hematopoiesis. The lungs also play a role in platelet production in adults. Primitive hematopoiesis Primitive hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during early embryonic development. It is characterized by the production of erythroid progenitors or nucleated erythrocytes, also known as erythroblasts or megaloblasts. The main objective of the production of these cells will be the facilitation of tissue oxygenation to support rapid embryonic growth.
This primitive phase is transitory and the cells that are produced express embryonic globins, aren't pluripotent, and aren't capable of self-renewal. Definitive hematopoiesis Definitive hematopoiesis differs from the primitive phase through the production of hematopoietic stem cells. The formation of these cells occurs in the AGM later in development. Later, they migrate to the fetal liver where the majority of physiologic EMH takes place. Finally, once the bone marrow has developed, they migrate there. They can also migrate to the spleen and lymph nodes where hematopoiesis can occur, but to a lesser degree. Pulmonary hematopoiesis Pulmonary hematopoiesis also appears to play an important role in adults.
In comparison to the bone marrow, where trilineage hematopoiesis occurs, the lungs preferentially contribute to the production of platelets through a resident population of megakaryocytes. This is supported by studies showing that blood leaving the lungs has more platelets and fewer progenitor cells than blood entering the lungs. It has been seen that in cases of severe thrombocytopenia, pulmonary megakaryocytes migrate out of lungs into the bone marrow, where they help to replenish the depleted bone marrow population. Pathologic EMH In adults, the majority of hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Significant production in any other organ is usually the result of a pathological process.
When red blood cell (RBC) numbers are low, the body induces a homeostatic mechanism aimed to increase the synthesis of RBCs, typically via the production of erythropoietin. If the loss of RBCs is becomes severe, hematopoiesis will occur in the extramedullary spaces out side the bone. The cause of pathologic EMH can be one of many hematological diseases, such as myelofibrosis, or as a result of bone marrow irradiation. Thalassemia and its resultant hemolytic anemia is another important cause of pathologic EMH. EMH has been observed in numerous other benign hematological disorders such as sickle cell anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, congenital dyserythroblastic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
EMH can also be seen as part of the response to systemic inflammation or infection. Sites of EMH Sites of EMH can be widespread however, most common localizations are in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Other manifestations occur in the thymus, heart, breast, prostate, broad ligaments, kidneys, adrenal glands, pleura, retroperitoneal tissue, skin, peripheral and cranial nerves, and the spinal canal. Spleen During the postnatal period, the spleen is becomes a frequent site of EMH whereas, during the embryonic stages of hematopoiesis, it is only a minor factor. Despite the hypoxic/acidic conditions of the splenic microenvironment, supplied with a legion of macrophages making it inhospitable for HSCs, EMH usually occurs within the red pulp.
Among the various organs associated with EMH, the spleen offers a unique site for evaluation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)/niche interactions. Liver It is normal for infants have hepatic EMH as they are developing up until roughly 5 weeks of age. On the other hand, hepatic EMH in adults can indicate a pathological state. This includes transplantation, hepatic tumors, hepatic disorders, or sepsis. Hepatoblastoma, adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas can also lead to EMH in adults. Additionally, EMH is often observed within the hepatic sinusoids. Lymph nodes EMH in the lymph nodes is usually associated with underlying hematopoietic neoplasms. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) tend to result in EMH.
If EMH is identified in the lymph nodes of an adult or infant, a hematologic evaluation, including blood cell counts, peripheral blood smear and potentially a bone marrow biopsy should be performed. Other sites The following other tissues that may be associated with EMH: thymus, heart, breast, prostate, fatty tissue, adrenal glands, kidney, periosteum, pleural cavity, para-vertebral regions, intra-spinal tissue, retroperitoneal tissue, skin, peripheral and cranial nerves, the spinal canal, pre-sacral region, nasopharyngeal region, para-nasal sinuses and numerous types of benign/malignant neoplasms. The most common sites of EMH associated with neoplastic disorder are the spleen, lymph nodes, skin, bone, small intestine, orbit, breast, cervix, nasal sinus, mediastinum and brain.
Microenvironment of EMH Of the various organs associated with EMH, the spleen offers a unique site for evaluating HSC/niche interactions as it is one of the most common sites of EMH, however it does not play a major role in embryonic/developmental hematopoiesis. High expression levels of CXCL12 were found in the human spleens of EMH-positive patients compared to those who were EMH-negative. The high expression of CXCL12, a candidate marker of bone marrow niche-constituting in cells, indiccates HSC/niche interactions in the spleen. Studies have show that CXCL12 localizes in the sinus endothelial cells of the red pulp in EMH-positive spleens; whereas, CXCL12 was expressed throughout the vascular endothelial cells of the white pulp in spleens of EMH-negative and -positive cases.
The fact that EMH frequently occurs in the red pulp, is supported by current data that suggests that splenic sinus endothelial cells expressing CXCL12 may contribute to the attachment and recruitment of circulating hematopoietic precursor cells, forming bone marrow niche-like regions of EMH in the human spleen. References Category:Hematopoiesis Category:Histology
Bloody Margaret is a variation on the cocktail Bloody Mary, made with gin instead of vodka - known as a Red Snapper in the United States. History According to web site FoodRepublic.com, the Red Snapper originated in post-Prohibition New York City. A French barman named Fernand “Pete” Petiot left Harry's New York Bar in Paris to work at the King Cole Room at the St. Regis Hotel in NYC. Petiot had been known in Paris for the tomato juice and vodka drink the Bloody Mary, which was reportedly named after a customer. Vodka was hard to come by in New York so Petiot swapped it out with Gin.
The Astors, owners of the St. Regis, didn't like the name Bloody Mary and so Red Snapper was chosen instead. See also List of cocktails References Category:Cocktails with gin
Induced polarization (IP) is a geophysical imaging technique used to identify the electrical chargeability of subsurface materials, such as ore. The polarization effect was originally discovered by Conrad Schlumberger when measuring the resistivity of rock. The survey method is similar to electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in that an electric current is transmitted into the subsurface through two electrodes, and voltage is monitored through two other electrodes. Induced polarization is a geophysical method used extensively in mineral exploration and mine operations. Resistivity and IP methods are often applied on the ground surface using multiple four-electrode sites. In an IP survey, in addition to resistivity measurement, capacitive properties of the subsurface materials are determined as well.
As a result, IP surveys provide additional information about the spatial variation in lithology and grain-surface chemistry. The IP survey can be made in time-domain and frequency-domain mode: In the time-domain induced polarization method, the voltage response is observed as a function of time after the injected current is switched off or on. In the frequency-domain induced polarization mode, an alternating current is injected into the ground with variable frequencies. Voltage phase-shifts are measured to evaluate the impedance spectrum at different injection frequencies, which is commonly referred to as spectral IP. The IP method is one of the most widely used techniques in mineral exploration and mining industry and it has other applications in hydrogeophysical surveys, environmental investigations and geotechnical engineering projects.
Measurement methods Time domain Time-domain IP methods measure considers the resulting voltage following a change in the injected current. The time domain IP potential response can be evaluated by considering the mean value on the resulting voltage, known as integral chargeability or by evaluating the spectral information and considering the shape of the potential response, for example describing the response with a Cole-Cole model. Frequency domain Frequency-domain IP methods uses alternating currents (AC) to induce electric charges in the subsurface, and the apparent resistivity is measured at different AC frequencies. See also DC impedance spectroscopy AC impedance spectroscopy Electrical resistivity measurement of concrete Geophysical Imaging References Further reading External links Example IP equipment and image results Category:Geophysical imaging
Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film directed by Gus Van Sant, and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver, and Stellan Skarsgård. Written by Affleck and Damon, the film follows 20-year-old South Boston janitor Will Hunting, an unrecognized genius who, as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer, becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend, and himself, facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking about his future.
The film grossed over $225 million during its theatrical run, from a $10 million budget. For the 1998 Oscars it was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, and won two: Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Affleck and Damon. In 2014, it was ranked at number 53 in The Hollywood Reporters "100 Favorite Films" list. Plot Twenty-year-old Will Hunting (Matt Damon) of South Boston is a self-taught genius, though he works as a janitor at MIT and spends his free time drinking with his friends, Chuckie, Billy, and Morgan. When Professor Gerald Lambeau posts a difficult mathematics problem on a blackboard as a challenge for his graduate students, Will solves the problem anonymously, stunning both the students and Lambeau.
As a challenge to the unknown genius, Lambeau posts an even more difficult problem. Will flees when Lambeau catches him writing the solution on the blackboard late at night. At a bar, Will meets Skylar (Minnie Driver), a British woman about to graduate from Harvard College, who plans on attending medical school at Stanford. The next day, Will and his friends fight a gang who used to bully Will as a child. Will is arrested after he attacks a responding police officer. Lambeau sits in on his court appearance and watches Will defend himself. He arranges for him to avoid jail time if he agrees to study mathematics under Lambeau's supervision and participate in therapy sessions.
Will tentatively agrees, but treats his therapists with mockery. In desperation, Lambeau calls on Dr. Sean Maguire, his college roommate, who now teaches psychology at Bunker Hill Community College. Unlike other therapists, Sean actually challenges Will's defense mechanisms, and after the first session where Sean threatens Will after he insults his deceased wife and a few unproductive sessions, Will begins to open up. Will is particularly struck by Sean's story of how he met his wife by giving up his ticket to the historic game six of the 1975 World Series, after falling in love at first sight. Sean does not regret his decision, even though his wife died of cancer.
This encourages Will to build a relationship with Skylar, though he lies to her about his past and is reluctant to introduce her to his friends or show her his rundown neighborhood. Will also challenges Sean to take an objective look at his own life, since Sean cannot move on from his wife's death. Lambeau sets up a number of job interviews for Will, but Will scorns them by sending Chuckie as his "chief negotiator", and by turning down a position at the NSA with a scathing critique of the agency's moral position. Skylar asks Will to move to California with her, but he refuses and tells her he is an orphan, and that his foster father physically abused him.
Will breaks up with Skylar and later storms out on Lambeau, dismissing the mathematical research he has been doing. Sean points out that Will is so adept at anticipating future failure in his interpersonal relationships that he deliberately sabotages them in order to avoid emotional pain. Chuckie likewise challenges Will over his resistance to taking any of the positions he interviews for, telling Will he owes it to his friends to make the most of opportunities they will never have, even if it means leaving one day without looking back. He then tells Will that the best part of his day is a brief moment when he waits on his doorstep thinking Will has moved on to something greater.
Will walks in on a heated argument between Sean and Lambeau over his potential. Sean and Will share and find out that they were both victims of child abuse. Sean helps Will to see that he is a victim of his own inner demons and to accept that it is not his fault, causing him to break down in tears. Will accepts one of the job offers arranged by Lambeau. Having helped Will overcome his problems, Sean reconciles with Lambeau and decides to take a sabbatical. Will's friends present him with a rebuilt Chevrolet Nova for his 21st birthday. Later, Chuckie goes to Will's house to pick him up, only to find that he is not there, much to his happiness.
Will sends Sean a letter telling him to tell Lambeau that he had to go "see about a girl", revealing he passed on the job offer and instead is heading to California to reunite with Skylar. Cast Production Development Matt Damon started writing the film as a final assignment for a playwriting class he was taking at Harvard University. Instead of writing a one-act play, Damon submitted a 40-page script. He wrote his then-girlfriend, medical student Skylar Satenstein (credited in the closing credits of the film), into his script. Damon said the only scene from that script that survived — "it survived verbatim" — was when Will Hunting (Damon) meets his therapist, Dr. Maguire (Robin Williams).
He then came to Ben Affleck and asked him to develop the screenplay together, and the two completed the script in 1994. At first, it was written as a thriller about a young man in the rough-and-tumble streets of South Boston who possesses a superior intelligence and is targeted by the government with heavy-handed recruitment. Castle Rock Entertainment bought the script for $675,000 against $775,000, meaning that Damon and Affleck would stand to earn an additional $100,000 if the film was produced and they retained sole writing credit. Castle Rock president Rob Reiner urged them to drop the thriller aspect of the story and to focus on the relationship between Will and his therapist.
Terrence Malick told Affleck and Damon over dinner that the film ought to end with Will's decision to follow his girlfriend Skylar to California, not them leaving together. At Reiner's request, screenwriter William Goldman read the script. Goldman consistently denied the persistent rumor that he wrote Good Will Hunting or acted as a script doctor. In his book Which Lie Did I Tell? Goldman jokingly writes, "I did not just doctor it. I wrote the whole thing from scratch," before dismissing the rumor as false and saying his only advice was agreeing with Reiner's suggestion. Affleck and Damon proposed to act in the lead roles, but many studio executives said they wanted Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio.
Meanwhile, Kevin Smith was working with Affleck on Mallrats and with both Damon and Affleck on Chasing Amy. Castle Rock put the script in turnaround, and gave Damon and Affleck 30 days to find another buyer for the script who would reimburse Castle Rock the money paid, otherwise the script reverted to the studio, and Damon and Affleck would be out. All the studios that were involved in the original bidding war for the screenplay now turned the pair down, taking meetings with Affleck and Damon only to tell them this to their face. As a last resort, Affleck passed the script to his Chasing Amy director Kevin Smith, who read it and promised to walk the script directly into Harvey Weinstein's office at Miramax.
Weinstein read the script, loved it, and paid Castle Rock their due, while also agreeing to let Damon and Affleck star in the film. In his recollection of the meeting, Weinstein asked about an out-of-place, mid-script oral sex scene, which Damon and Affleck explained was a test to see which studio executives had actually read the script. After buying the rights from Castle Rock, Miramax put the film into production. Several well-known filmmakers were originally considered to direct, including Mel Gibson, Michael Mann, and Steven Soderbergh. Originally, Affleck asked Kevin Smith whether he was interested in directing. He declined, saying they needed a "good director" and that he only directs things he writes and is not much of a visual director, but still served as one of the film's executive producers.
Damon and Affleck later chose Gus Van Sant for the job, whose work on previous films like Drugstore Cowboy (1989) had left a favorable impression on the fledgling screenwriters. Miramax was persuaded and hired Van Sant to direct the film. Filming Filming took place between April and June 1997. Although the story is set in Boston, and many of the scenes were done on location in the Greater Boston area, much of the interior shots were filmed at locations in Toronto, with the University of Toronto standing in for MIT and Harvard University. The classroom scenes were filmed at McLennan Physical Laboratories (of the University of Toronto) and Central Technical School.
Harvard normally disallows filming on its property, but permitted limited filming by the project after intervention by Harvard alumnus John Lithgow. Likewise, only the exterior shots of Bunker Hill Community College were filmed in Boston; however, Sean's office was built in Toronto as an exact replica of one at the college. The interior bar scenes set in "Southie" were shot on location at Woody's L St. Tavern. Meanwhile, the homes of Will (190 West 6th Street) and Sean (259 E Street), while some distance apart in the movie, actually back up to each other on Bowen Street, the narrow street Chuckie drives down to walk up to Will's back door.
The Bow and Arrow Pub, which was located at the corner of Bow Street and Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, doubled as the Harvard bar in which Will met Skylar for the first time. The Baskin-Robbins/Dunkin' Donuts featured in the "How do you like them apples?" scene was next door to the pub at the time of the film's release. The Tasty, at the corner of JFK and Brattle Streets, was the scene of Will and Skylar's first kiss. The Au Bon Pain, where Will and Skylar discuss the former's photographic memory, was at the corner of Dunster Street and Mass Ave.
The Boston Public Garden bench on which Will and Sean sat for a scene in the film became a temporary shrine after Williams' death in 2014. Reception Box office In the film's opening weekend in limited release, it earned $272,912. In its January 1998 wide-release opening weekend, it earned $10,261,471. It went on to gross $138,433,435 in North America and a total worldwide gross of $225,933,435. Critical response On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 97% based on 75 reviews, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It follows a predictable narrative arc, but Good Will Hunting adds enough quirks to the journey – and is loaded with enough powerful performances – that it remains an entertaining, emotionally rich drama."
On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". At CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, writing that while the story is "predictable", it is "the individual moments, not the payoff, that make it so effective". Duane Byrge of The Hollywood Reporter praised the performances of the cast, writing "The acting is brilliant overall, with special praise to Matt Damon for his ragingly tender portrayal of the boy cursed with genius".
Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle was equally positive, writing "The glow goes well beyond a radiant performance by Matt Damon ... Intimate, heartfelt and wickedly funny, it's a movie whose impact lingers". Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the film a "B", stating "Good Will Hunting is stuffed — indeed, overstuffed — with heart, soul, audacity, and blarney. You may not believe a minute of it, but you don’t necessarily want to stop watching". He also noted Damon's and Williams' chemistry, describing it as "a quicksilver intercepting each other’s thoughts". Janet Maslin of The New York Times, called the screenplay "smart and touching", and praised Van Sant for directing with "style, shrewdness and clarity".
She also complimented the production design and cinematography, which were able to effortlessly move the viewer from "classroom to dorm room to neighborhood bar", in a small setting. Quentin Curtis of The Daily Telegraph opined Williams' performance brought "sharpness and tenderness", calling the film a "crowd-pleaser, with bags of charm to spare. It doesn't bear thinking too much about its message ... Damon and Affleck's writing has real wit and vigour, and some depth". Andrew O'Hehir of Salon stated that despite the "enjoyable characters", he thought the film was somewhat superficial, writing "there isn't a whole lot of movie to take home with you ... many will wake the next morning wondering why, with all that talent on hand, it amounts to so little in the end".
Writing for the BBC, Nev Pierce gave the film four out of five stars, describing the film as "touching, without being sentimental", although he felt some scenes were "odd lapses into self-help speak". Emanuel Levy of Variety called the film a "beautifully realized tale ... engaging and often quite touching". He felt that the film's visual style showcased Van Sant's talent, but the plot was "quite predictable". Academic response Several scholars have examined the film as a portrayal of residual Catholic–Protestant tensions in Boston, as Irish Catholics from Southie are aligned against ostensibly Protestant characters who are affiliated with Harvard and MIT.
Accolades 70th Academy Awards Won: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Robin Williams Won: Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay – Ben Affleck & Matt Damon Nominated: Academy Award for Best Picture – Lawrence Bender (producer) Nominated: Academy Award for Best Director – Gus Van Sant Nominated: Academy Award for Best Actor – Matt Damon Nominated: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Minnie Driver Nominated: Academy Award for Best Film Editing – Pietro Scalia Nominated: Academy Award for Best Original Dramatic Score – Danny Elfman Nominated: Academy Award for Best Original Song – "Miss Misery" (music and lyrics by Elliott Smith) 55th Golden Globe Awards Won: Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay – Ben Affleck & Matt Damon Nominated: Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama – Matt Damon Nominated: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture – Robin Williams 4th Screen Actors Guild Awards Won: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role – Robin Williams Nominated: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role – Matt Damon Nominated: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role – Minnie Driver Other Major Awards / Nominations Won: Silver Bear for Outstanding Single Achievement – Matt Damon Won: Humanitas Prize for Feature Film – Matt Damon & Ben Affleck Nominated: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures – Gus Van Sant Nominated: Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen – Ben Affleck & Matt Damon Soundtrack The musical score for Good Will Hunting was composed by Danny Elfman, who had previously collaborated with Gus Van Sant on To Die For and would go on to score many of the director's other films.
The film also features many songs written and recorded by singer-songwriter Elliott Smith. His song "Miss Misery" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic. Elfman's score was also nominated for an Oscar, but lost to Titanic as well. On September 11, 2006, The Today Show used Elfman's song "Weepy Donuts" while Matt Lauer spoke during the opening credits. A soundtrack album for the film was released by Capitol Records on November 18, 1997, though only two of Elfman's cues appear on the release. Elliott Smith – "Between the Bars" (Orchestral) Jeb Loy Nichols – "As the Rain" Elliott Smith – "Angeles" Elliott Smith – "No Name #3" The Waterboys – "Fisherman's Blues" Luscious Jackson – "Why Do I Lie?"
Danny Elfman – "Will Hunting" (Main Titles) Elliott Smith – "Between the Bars" Elliott Smith – "Say Yes" Gerry Rafferty – "Baker Street" Andru Donalds – "Somebody's Baby" The Dandy Warhols – "Boys Better" Al Green – "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?" Elliott Smith – "Miss Misery" Danny Elfman – "Weepy Donuts" "Afternoon Delight" by the Starland Vocal Band was featured in the film, but did not appear on the soundtrack album. A limited edition soundtrack album featuring Elfman's complete score from the film was released by Music Box Records on March 3, 2014. The soundtrack, issued in 1500 copies, includes all of Elfman's cues (including music not featured on the rare Miramax Academy promo) and also contains the songs by Elliott Smith.
One of the tracks is Smith's songs with Elfman's arrangements added into the mix. Main Title (2:44) Genie Mopper (0:37) First Calculation (1:08) Theorem (0:42) Kick Ass Choir (0:59) Mystery Math (2:28) Them Apples (0:57) Jail (1:13) Second Shrink (1:14) Any Port (1:25) Times Up (1:14) Oliver Twist (1:58) Staring Contest (0:49) Secret Weapon (0:57) Retainer (Part A) (0:58) Retainer (Part B) (0:20) Tell You Something (0:48) No Love Me (0:47) Fire Music (1:11) Whose Fault (2:34) End Titles (3:50) Between the Bars (Orchestral) (1:09) – Performed by Elliott Smith / Arr.
by Elfman No Name #3 (3:04) – Performed by Elliott Smith Say Yes (2:15) – Performed by Elliott Smith Between the Bars (2:21) – Performed by Elliott Smith Angeles (2:55) – Performed by Elliott Smith Miss Misery (3:12) – Performed by Elliott Smith Mathematics In an early version of the script, Will Hunting was going to be a physics prodigy, but Nobel Laureate in Physics Sheldon Glashow at Harvard told Damon the subject should be math instead of physics. Glashow referred Damon to his brother-in-law, Daniel Kleitman, a mathematics professor at MIT. In the spring of 1997, Damon and Affleck asked Kleitman to "speak math to us" for writing realistic dialogue, so Kleitman invited postdoc Tom Bohman to join him giving them a "quick lecture".
When asked for a problem that Will could solve, Kleitman and Bohman suggested the unsolved computer science P versus NP problem, but the movie used other problems. Columbia University's physics and math professor Brian Greene at the Tribeca Sloan retrospective explained that for physics, "Having some deep insight about the universe [⁠ ⁠.⁠ ⁠.⁠ ⁠.⁠ ⁠] typically [⁠ ⁠is ⁠] a group project in the modern era," while "doing some mathematical theorem is a singular undertaking very often." Patrick O'Donnell, professor of physics at University of Toronto, served as mathematical consultant for the film production. The main hallway blackboard is used twice to reveal Will Hunting's talent, first to the audience, second to Professor Lambeau.
Matt Damon based it on his artist brother Kyle visiting MIT's Infinite Corridor and writing "an incredibly elaborate, totally fake, version of an equation" on a blackboard which lasted for months. Kyle returned to Matt saying MIT needed these blackboards "because these kids are so smart they just need to, you know, drop everything and solve problems!" The first turning point in the plot occurs when Will sets aside his mop in a hallway and studies a difficult blackboard graph theory problem posed by Professor Lambeau. The question is to find the number of 3-step walks in a given graph.
Will chalks up the adjacency matrix To answer the question, he finds the third power matrix: The other characters are astounded that a janitor could show such facility with matrices applied this way.
See also The Man Who Knew Infinity Ramanujan List of films about mathematicians Farmers and Fishermen: Two Centuries of Work in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630–1850 References External links Screenplay on IMSDb Then & Now: Revisiting Good Will Hunting – Boston.com Category:1997 films Category:1997 soundtracks Category:1990s drama films Category:1990s independent films Category:American films Category:American coming-of-age films Category:American drama films Category:American independent films Category:Boston Red Sox Category:Capitol Records soundtracks Category:Elliott Smith Category:English-language films Category:Films scored by Danny Elfman Category:Films directed by Gus Van Sant Category:Films about academia Category:Films about educators Category:Films about mathematics Category:Films about orphans Category:Films about psychiatry Category:Films about child abuse Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance Category:Films set in 1997 Category:Films set in Boston Category:Films set in Harvard University Category:Films shot in Boston Category:Films shot in Massachusetts Category:Films set in universities and colleges Category:Films shot in Toronto Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Category:Harvard Square Category:Films with screenplays by Ben Affleck Category:Films with screenplays by Matt Damon Category:Works about janitors Category:1990s coming-of-age films Category:Cultural depictions of mathematicians
"Starving" is a song by American singer Hailee Steinfeld and American duo Grey, featuring Russian-German producer Zedd. The song was written by Grey members Michael Trewartha and Kyle Trewartha, Robert McCurdy, Christopher Petrosino, and Asia Whiteacre. It was released on July 22, 2016, through Republic Records and Universal Music Group. "Starving" is included on the Japanese edition of Steinfeld's debut extended play, Haiz (2015). It serves as the record's third and final single. Background In an interview with Nylons Irina Grechko, Steinfeld said "'Starving' is a song about sort of knowing someone, or getting to know that certain someone, to the point where even though you were somebody before that person came along, they have given you this whole new outlook on yourself and on life.
It's this idea that since you came into my life everything is different, and I didn't know that it could be this different since you came into my life." Critical reception Katherine Barner of Idolator called the song "a dreamy, teen romance anthem." Teen Vogues Isis Briones said that the song "has a soft guitar start and builds up to a mellow dance tune, perfect for a low-key summer night with your best friends. Thanks to the catchy lyrics and Zedd's smooth transitions, you'll instantly pick up on all the words to the song after just listening to it a few times.
There's no doubt this single will soon top the charts, so get on it early and add it to your playlist ASAP." Chart performance "Starving" debuted at number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated August 20, 2016. The song rose 31–24 on the chart dated October 15, 2016, making it Steinfeld's highest-charting single to date (ahead of the number 30-peaking "Love Myself"). It reached a peak position of 12 on the chart dated December 17, 2016. "Starving" is Steinfeld's second top 40 single, Grey's first, and Zedd's fifth. On the Pop Songs chart, "Starving" debuted at number 32 on the chart dated August 13, 2016 and reached a peak position of 5 on the chart dated January 14, 2017.
The song became Steinfeld's first top 10 on the chart in November 2016. In Canada, "Starving" debuted at number 86 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart dated August 27, 2016. The song reached a peak position of 9 on the chart dated January 14, 2017, earning Steinfeld her first top 10 single in that country. The song also charted well internationally, earning Steinfeld her first top 10 on multiple record charts. "Starving" peaked at number 5 in Australia, number 8 in Denmark, number 8 in Ireland, number 8 on the Netherlands' Dutch Top 40 chart, number 5 in New Zealand, number 3 in Scotland, and number 5 in the United Kingdom.
Music video A music video directed by Darren Craig was released on September 27, 2016. It features Steinfeld dancing with four shirtless male back-up dancers, as well as a cameo appearance by Grey. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References Category:2016 songs Category:2016 singles Category:Republic Records singles Category:Island Records singles Category:Hailee Steinfeld songs Category:Zedd songs Category:Songs written by Asia Whiteacre
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GRM2 gene. mGluR2 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples with the Gi alpha subunit. The receptor functions as an autoreceptor for glutamate, that upon activation, inhibits the emptying of vesicular contents at the presynaptic terminal of glutamatergic neurons. Structure In humans, mGluR2 is encoded by the GRM2 gene on chromosome 3. At least three protein-coding isoforms are predicted based on genomic information, as well as numerous non-coding isoforms. The mGluR2 protein is a seven-pass transmembrane protein. Function In humans, mGluR2 is only expressed in the brain, and not in any other tissue.
In the brain, mGluR2 is expressed in neurons as well as astrocytes. Subcellularly, mGluR2 is predominantly positioned at the presynaptic terminal, although it is also expressed at the postsynaptic terminal. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties: Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes mGluR2 (this receptor) and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
Protein–protein interactions mGluR2 is able to form a heteromeric complex with various other different GPCRs. One example is with isoform mGluR4. The mGluR2-mGluR4 heteromer exhibits a pharmacological profile distinct from the parent receptor monomers. Another example is with serotonin receptor 2A (5HT2A); see below. Pharmacology The development of subtype-2-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) experienced steady advance in recent years. mGluR2 potentiation is a new approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. On the other hand, antagonists and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR2/3 have potential as antidepressant drugs. Agonists Compound 1d (see reference) PAMs JNJ-46356479 JNJ-40411813 GSK-1331258 Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 3-Aryl-5-phenoxymethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones 3-(Imidazolyl methyl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)methyl ethers: potent, orally stable BINA: potent; modest ago-allosteric modulator; robust in-vivo activity.
LY-487,379: devoid of orthosteric activity; along with related 3-pyridylmethylsulfonamides the first subtype-2-selective potentiator published (2003). Antagonists LY-341,495 MGS-0039 EGLU NAMs 7,8-dichloro-4-[3-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-1,3-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and related compounds. MNI-137 - 8-bromo-4-(2-cyanopyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one RO4491533 - 4-[3-(2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-8-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one Role in hallucinogenesis Many psychedelic drugs (e.g. LSD-25) produce their effects by binding to the oligomerized complexes of the 5HT2A and mGlu2 receptors. Lisuride acts preferentially or exclusively on the non-heteromerized 5HT2A receptors, which are not capable of inducing psychedelic effects. Due to this, lisuride is capable of reducing the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs through competitive agonistic activity (producing the effect of a silent-agonist in the presence of these drugs).
Strong agonists for either subunit of the 5HT2A-mGlu2R heterocomplex suppress signaling through the partner subunit and inverse agonists for either subunit potentiate the signaling through the partner subunit. Role in rabies virus infection mGluR2 has been found to be a novel receptor for rabies virus. The virus has a glycoprotein on its surface which interacts with the receptor. Rabies virus can bind to mGLuR2 directly and the virus-receptor complex is internalized into the cell together. The complex is then transported into early and late endosomes. Rabies virus enters the cells by clathrin-independent endocytosis which could suggest that mGLuR2 also uses this pathway.
It is still to be clarified whether the Rabies virus glycoprotein can act as a PAM or NAM and in such a way affect the function of the receptor. See also Metabotropic glutamate receptor References External links Category:Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Gas Interconnection Poland–Lithuania (GIPL) is a gas pipeline between Poland and Lithuania. Natural gas will be able to flow in both directions. The project is being implemented by gas transmission system operators AB Amber Grid (Lithuania) and Gaz-System S.A. (Poland). The construction of the gas pipeline is due to start in October 2019. It is projected that the pipeline will be ready for operation by the end of year 2021. The planned length of the pipeline is . GIPL pipeline will run from Jauniūnai Gas Compressor Station (GCS) in Lithuania to the Hołowczyce GCS on the Polish side. When GIPL will be established Lithuania together with other Baltic countries and Finland will be integrated into European Union (EU) gas transmission system.
The estimated value of the GIPL project is 500 million euros. The project is financed by Gaz-System and Amber Grid, and co-financed with significant grant from EU. Also part of investments in Poland is compensated by Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. History Although the idea of gas interconnection between Poland and Lithuania can be traced as early as 1992, more active preparatory works started in 2008-2009. Poland at that time considered other interconnection with neighbouring states and construction of LNG terminal in Swinoujscie. During these years the first study on how it would be possible to connect Polish and Lithuanian gas networks was implemented.
In 2011-2013 GIPL business case analysis and feasibility study were performed. On 5 November 2014 part of GIPL project in the territory of Lithuania was recognized as an important economic project for the state. On 11 November 2014 European Commission decided to allocate to GIPL 306 million euros. Before that in August 2014 Agency of Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) at the request of project promoters took decision on cross-border cost allocation between Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. On 29 August 2015 environmental impact assessment procedures for GIPL in the territory of Lithuania were finalized. At first, the route of GIPL was planned to connect Rembelszczyzna GCS, which is located near Warsaw, to Jauniūnai GCS, but in 2016 Poland informed Lithuania on difficulties with needed extension of Rembelszczyzna GCS and proposed an alternative routing of GIPL to connect Jauniūnai GCS with Hołowczyce GCS, which is near Belarus border.
The change stipulated shorter route and lower investments into infrastructure. On 27 September 2016, all permissions for the part of the GIPL project on Lithuanian territory were obtained. In May 2018 natural gas transmission system operators of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia signed agreement detailing the procedures on how ACER decision on GIPL cross-border cost allocation should be implemented. In the summer of 2018 Amber Grid announced procurements for GIPL construction and gas pipes supply (in Lithuanian territory). In 2019 June it was announced that steel pipes would be provided by Polish company Izostal. In July 2019 company Alvora together with partner Šiaulių dujotiekio statyba were chosen as contractors for GIPL construction in Lithuanian territory.
Technical details The planned length of GIPL is , the diameter of pipes is . Gas pipeline will stretch from Jauniūnai GCS in Lithuania to Hołowczyce GCS in Poland. The length of the pipeline in Poland preliminary will amount to , in Lithuania – to around . The interconnection capacity from Poland to Lithuania is planned to reach 27 TWh/year or 2.4 bcm/year. From Lithuania to Poland the interconnection capacity will be 21 TWh/year or 1.9 bcm/year. The design pressure in Poland territory will be 8.4 MPa, in Lithuania territory – 5.4 MPa. Price and financing Altogether the price of GIPL project is planned to be around 500 million euros.
In total EU is co-financing the project with 306 million euros. According to a decision of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), the Baltic countries should cover 86 million euros of Poland's costs in the project. Lithuania is to pay 55 million euros of that, Latvia 29 million euros, and Estonia 1.5 million euros. Significance At the moment Baltic countries and Finland can only receive pipeline gas from Russia. The only access to alternative gas sources and suppliers in the region is liquified natural gas import with FSRU „Independence“, which started operating in 2014, in Klaipėda, Lithuania.
When GIPL is commissioned, Baltic countries and Finland will be integrated in EU gas transmission network and Baltic region will have access to more alternative gas sources with enhanced security of supply and competition. It is estimated that GIPL capacities will be able to satisfy more than 40 percent of annual natural gas demand in Baltic countries and Finland. European Commission has recognized GIPL project as a Project of Common Interest (PCI). See also LitPol Link - An electricity grid interconnection between Lithuania and Poland. References Category:Natural gas pipelines in Lithuania Category:Natural gas pipelines in Poland
Cambra is an unincorporated community in Huntington Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is near Pennsylvania Route 239 and north-northwest of New Columbus. Cambra has a post office with ZIP code 18611, which opened on June 10, 1822. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania Category:Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania
The Pyramid is a 2014 American found footage supernatural horror film directed by Grégory Levasseur, in his directorial debut, produced by Alexandre Aja, and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The plot follows an archaeological team attempting to unlock the secrets of a lost pyramid only to find themselves hunted by an insidious creature, and stars Ashley Hinshaw, Denis O'Hare, James Buckley and Daniel Amerman. The Pyramid was released on December 5, 2014, and was negatively received by critics. Plot In Egypt, a three-sided pyramid is discovered buried below the desert surface by an archaeological team led by Dr. Miles Holden.