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Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe became the first film franchise to have four of its films gross over $1 billion with Captain America: Civil War joining 2012's The Avengers, 2013's Iron Man 3 and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the first to gross more than $10 billion with the release of Civil War. Walt Disney Animation Studios became the first film studio to have two animated films to surpass $1 billion with the release of Zootopia. Film records Deadpool became the second-highest-grossing R-rated domestic film of all time with $363.1 million, after The Passion of the Christ ($370.8 million in 2004).
It later became the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time worldwide, surpassing The Matrix Reloaded, with $783.1 million. It also became the highest-grossing superhero film not to feature Batman, Spider-Man, or Iron Man in any capacity. Zootopia became the highest-grossing original animated film of all time, surpassing Finding Nemo ($940.3 million in 2003). Along with Finding Dory, it became one of two animated films to earn over $1 billion in the same year, a first. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice had the biggest worldwide opening weekend ever for a superhero film with $422.5 million, surpassing The Avengers ($392.5 million in 2012).
The film, along with Captain America: Civil War, were the most expensive films of the year ($250 million). The Mermaid became the highest-grossing film ever in China and the first film ever to earn over $500 million without a wide North American release. Shin Godzilla, the 31st Godzilla film, grossed about Β₯82.5 billion ($77.9 million), making it the highest-grossing Japanese-made film in the franchise, the most successful live-action Japanese film in 2016, and the second-most successful film of the year in Japan. The anime film Your Name grossed , becoming the highest-grossing anime film, the fourth-highest-grossing film in Japan, and the seventh-highest-grossing traditionally animated film.
In China, it grossed , becoming the highest-grossing 2D animated film and the highest-grossing Japanese film in the world's second-largest movie market, as well as the highest-grossing non-Hollywood foreign film in China until it was surpassed by Indian film Dangal. Warcraft became the highest-grossing video game adaptation worldwide, with $433.5 million, surpassing Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ($336.4 million in 2010). Finding Dory grossed $135.1 million domestically and $185.7 million worldwide in its opening weekend, setting records for the biggest domestic opening weekend for both Pixar (surpassing Toy Story 3, with $110.3 million in 2010) and any animated film (surpassing Shrek the Third, with $121.6 million in 2007), the biggest worldwide opening weekend for Pixar (surpassing Inside Out, with $180.1 million in 2015), and the second-biggest opening weekend worldwide for an animated film after Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs ($218.4 million in 2009).
It later became the highest-grossing animated film at the domestic box office, surpassing Shrek 2 ($441.2 million in 2004). It became the first animated film to cross $450, $460, $470, and $480 million at the domestic box office. Along with Zootopia, it became one of two animated films to earn over $1 billion in the same year, a first. It also became the eighth film to do so during the two-year period of 2015–16, surpassing the previous record of seven billion-dollar films during the two-year period of 2011–12. The Secret Life of Pets grossed $104.4 million domestically in its opening weekend, breaking Inside Outs record ($90.4 million) for the highest domestic opening weekend for an original film of any kind, and became the first original film to open above $100 million domestically.
It also became the highest-grossing original non-Disney animated film ever, both domestically (surpassing Despicable Me, with $251.5 million in 2010) and worldwide (beating Kung Fu Panda, with $631.7 million in 2008). Sausage Party became the highest-grossing R-rated animated film of all time ($140.7 million), surpassing South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut ($83.1 million in 1999). Doctor Strange became the highest-grossing single-character debut of any Marvel Cinematic Universe film worldwide with $677.7 million, beating Iron Man ($585.2 million in 2008). 2016 became the first year to have ten consecutive films to cross $700 million worldwide, beating 2014's record of nine films.
It also surpassed the latter year in terms of most films earning more than $500 million with sixteen (Doctor Strange, Moana, Sing, The Mermaid, X-Men: Apocalypse, and Kung Fu Panda 3 have all grossed over $500 million) and $600 million with thirteen (Doctor Strange, Moana, and Sing have all grossed over $600 million). Sing broke the record of a film that never reached #1 in the US with $270.3 million, passing My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002–2003). Events August 22, 2016 - NBCUniversal completes its acquisition of DreamWorks Animation. Award ceremonies Festivals List of some of the film festivals for 2016 that have been accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF).
Awards 2016 films January–March April–June July–September October–December List of films released in 2016 American films Argentine films Australian films Bengali films Bollywood films British films French films Hong Kong films Italian films Japanese films Mexican films Pakistani films Russian films South Korean films Spanish films Tamil films Telugu films Deaths References Category:Film by year
The diffusing update algorithm (DUAL) is the algorithm used by Cisco's EIGRP routing protocol to ensure that a given route is recalculated globally whenever it might cause a routing loop. It was developed by J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves at SRI International. The full name of the algorithm is DUAL finite-state machine (DUAL FSM). EIGRP is responsible for the routing within an autonomous system, and DUAL responds to changes in the routing topology and dynamically adjusts the routing tables of the router automatically. EIGRP uses a feasibility condition to ensure that only loop-free routes are ever selected. The feasibility condition is conservative: when the condition is true, no loops can occur, but the condition might under some circumstances reject all routes to a destination although some are loop-free.
When no feasible route to a destination is available, the DUAL algorithm invokes a diffusing computation to ensure that all traces of the problematic route are eliminated from the network. At which point the normal Bellman–Ford algorithm is used to recover a new route. Operation DUAL uses three separate tables for the route calculation. These tables are created using information exchanged between the EIGRP routers. The information is different than that exchanged by link-state routing protocols. In EIGRP, the information exchanged includes the routes, the "metric" or cost of each route, and the information required to form a neighbor relationship (such as AS number, timers, and K values).
The three tables and their functions in detail are as follows: Neighbor table contains information on all other directly connected routers. A separate table exists for each supported protocol (IP, IPX, etc.). Each entry corresponds to a neighbour with the description of network interface and address. In addition, a timer is initialized to trigger the periodic detection of whether the connection is alive. This is achieved through "Hello" packets. If a "Hello" packet is not received from a neighbor for a specified time period, the router is assumed down and removed from the neighbor table. Topology table contains the metric (cost information) of all routes to any destination within the autonomous system.
This information is received from neighboring routers contained in the Neighbor table. The primary (successor) and secondary (feasible successor) routes to a destination will be determined with the information in the topology table. Among other things, each entry in the topology table contains the following: "FD (Feasible Distance)": The calculated metric of a route to a destination within the autonomous system. "RD (Reported Distance)": The metric to a destination as advertised by a neighboring router. RD is used to calculate the FD, and to determine if the route meets the "feasibility condition". Route Status: A route is marked either "active" or "passive".
"Passive" routes are stable and can be used for data transmission. "Active" routes are being recalculated, and/or not available. Routing table contains the best route(s) to a destination (in terms of the lowest "metric"). These routes are the successors from the topology table. DUAL evaluates the data received from other routers in the topology table and calculates the primary (successor) and secondary (feasible successor) routes. The primary path is usually the path with the lowest metric to reach the destination, and the redundant path is the path with the second lowest cost (if it meets the feasibility condition). There may be multiple successors and multiple feasible successors.
Both successors and feasible successors are maintained in the topology table, but only the successors are added to the routing table and used to route packets. For a route to become a feasible successor, its RD must be smaller than the FD of the successor. If this feasibility condition is met, there is no way that adding this route to the routing table could cause a loop. If all the successor routes to a destination fail, the feasible successor becomes the successor and is immediately added to the routing table. If there is no feasible successor in the topology table, a query process is initiated to look for a new route.
Example Legend: + = Router βˆ’ or | = Link (X) = Metric of link A (2) B (1) C + - - - - - + - - - - - + | | (2)| | (3) | | + - - - - - + D (1) E Now a client on router E wants to talk to a client on router A. That means a route between router A and router E must be available. This route is calculated as follows: The immediate neighbours of router E are router C and router D. DUAL in router E asks for the reported distance (RD) from routers C and D respectively to router A.
The following are the results: Destination: Router A via D: RD(4) via C: RD(3) The route via C is therefore in the lowest cost. In the next step, the distance from router E to the neighbours are added to the reported distance to get the feasible distance (FD): Destination: Router A via D: RD(4), FD(5) via C: RD(3), FD(6) DUAL therefore finds that the route via D has the least total cost. Then the route via D will be marked as "successor", equipped with passive status and registered in the routing table. The route via C is kept as a "feasible successor", because its RD is less than the FD of the successor: Destination: Router A via D: RD(4), FD(5) successor via C: RD(3), FD(6) feasible successor References Category:Routing protocols Category:Routing algorithms Category:SRI International software
International Youth Rights (IYR), (Chinese: ε›½ι™…ι’εΉ΄ζƒεˆ©δΌš, Korean: κ΅­μ œμ²­μ†Œλ…„κΆŒλ¦¬ν˜‘νšŒ) is a non-profit, non-political, international organization, founded in 2009 to advance the rights of youth. Its motto is "A united force of the youth, by the youth, for the youth and beyond." To date, IYR is the one of the only youth rights organizations to have a presence in China. History IYR was founded in December 2009 by Seung Woo Son of the Suzhou Singapore International School. The first inaugural conference was held June 2010 at Soochow University in China. In 2010, International members were recruited through UNICEF's Voices of Youth blog to represent their country and collaborate as an International NPO.
The organization aims to centre all activities around an annual theme. Annual themes have included Corporal punishment in the home and in school settings, Universal Primary Education, and children's health care. The organizations currently has members in 21 countries, including: Egypt, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, The Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Ghana, United States, Mexico, China, Japan, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Yemen, Belgium, Germany, and Albania. IYR is a member of the Child Rights International Network. Work The main objectives of International Youth Rights are to unite international and local youth bodies globally, make voices of youth be heard across the world, influence decision-making of the leaders of the world, secure global attention on youths and children, and empower youth and children to become decision-makers of today and tomorrow.
In 2011, IYR compiled the International Youth Report which was submitted to the United Nations Children's Fund and the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. On 27 May 2011, the organization won the Service Award from the Association of China and Mongolia International Schools. In China, IYR has a program that pays for all or part of the medical costs of surgeries for children with congenital heart defects. References Category:Youth rights organizations
Paul Simons may refer to: Paul E. Simons, politician Paul Simons (resistance fighter) See also Paul Simmons (disambiguation)
The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry downslope winds that originate inland and affect coastal Southern California and northern Baja California. They originate from cool, dry high-pressure air masses in the Great Basin. Santa Ana winds are known for the hot, dry weather that they bring in autumn (often the hottest of the year), but they can also arise at other times of the year. They often bring the lowest relative humidities of the year to coastal Southern California. These low humidities, combined with the warm, compressionally-heated air mass, plus high wind speeds, create critical fire weather conditions. Also sometimes called "devil winds", the Santa Anas are infamous for fanning regional wildfires.
Description Meteorology The National Weather Service defines Santa Ana winds as "Strong down slope winds that blow through the mountain passes in southern California. These winds, which can easily exceed , are warm and dry and can severely exacerbate brush or forest fires, especially under drought conditions." The Santa Anas are katabatic windsβ€”Greek for "flowing downhill", arising in higher altitudes and blowing down towards sea level. Santa Ana winds originate from high-pressure airmasses over the Great Basin and upper Mojave Desert. Any low-pressure area over the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of California, can change the stability of the Great Basin High, causing a pressure gradient that turns the synoptic scale winds southward down the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada and into the Southern California region.
Cool, dry air flows outward in a clockwise spiral from the high pressure center. This cool, dry airmass sweeps across the deserts of eastern California toward the coast, and encounters the towering Transverse Ranges, which separate coastal Southern California from the deserts. The airmass, flowing from high pressure in the Great Basin to a low pressure center off the coast, takes the path of least resistance by channeling through the mountain passes to the lower coastal elevations, as the low pressure area off the coast pulls the airmass offshore. These passes include the Soledad Pass, the Cajon Pass, and the San Gorgonio Pass, all well known for exaggerating Santa Anas as they are funneled through.
As the wind narrows and is compressed into the passes its velocity increases dramatically, often to near-gale force or above. At the same time, as the air descends from higher elevation to lower, the temperature and barometric pressure increase adiabatically, warming about 5Β Β°F for each 1,000Β feet it descends (10Β Β°C for each 1,000Β m). Relative humidity decreases with the increasing temperature. The air has already been dried by orographic lift before reaching the Great Basin, as well as by subsidence from the upper atmosphere, so this additional warming often causes relative humidity to fall below 10 percent. The end result is a strong, warm, and very dry wind blowing out of the bottom of mountain passes into the valleys and coastal plain.
During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer. Frigid, dry arctic air from Canada tends to create the most intense Santa Ana winds. While the Santa Anas are katabatic, they are not FΓΆhn winds. These result from precipitation on the windward side of a mountain range which releases latent heat into the atmosphere which is then warmer on the leeward side (e.g., the Chinook or the original FΓΆhn). If the Santa Anas are strong, the usual day-time sea breeze may not arise, or develop weak later in the day because the strong offshore desert winds oppose the on-shore sea breeze.
At night, the Santa Ana Winds merge with the land breeze blowing from land to sea and strengthen because the inland desert cools more than the ocean due to differences in the heat capacity and because there is no competing sea breeze. Regional impacts Santa Ana winds often bring the lowest relative humidities of the year to coastal Southern California. These low humidities, combined with the warm, compressionally-heated air mass, plus the high wind speeds, create critical fire weather conditions. The combination of wind, heat, and dryness accompanying the Santa Ana winds turns the chaparral into explosive fuel feeding the infamous wildfires for which the region is known.
Wildfires fanned by Santa Ana winds burned in two weeks during October 2003, and another in the October 2007 California wildfires. Although the winds often have a destructive nature, they have some benefits as well. They cause cold water to rise from below the surface layer of the ocean, bringing with it many nutrients that ultimately benefit local fisheries. As the winds blow over the ocean, sea surface temperatures drop about 4Β°C (7Β°F), indicating the upwelling. Chlorophyll concentrations in the surface water go from negligible, in the absence of winds, to very active at more than 1.5 milligrams per cubic meter in the presence of the winds.
Local maritime impacts During the Santa Ana winds, large ocean waves can develop. These waves come from a northeasterly direction; toward the normally sheltered side of Catalina Island. Protected harbors such as Avalon and Two Harbors are normally sheltered and the waters within the harbors are very calm. In strong Santa Ana conditions, these harbors develop high surf and strong winds that can tear boats from their moorings and crash them onto the shore. During a Santa Ana, it is advised that boaters moor on the back side of the island to avoid the dangerous conditions of the front side.
Related phenomena Santa Ana fog A Santa Ana fog is a derivative phenomenon in which a ground fog settles in coastal Southern California at the end of a Santa Ana wind episode. When Santa Ana conditions prevail, with winds in the lower two to three kilometers (1.25-1.8 miles) of the atmosphere from the north through east, the air over the coastal basin is extremely dry, and this dry air extends out over offshore waters of the Pacific Ocean. When the Santa Ana winds cease, the cool and moist marine layer may re-form rapidly over the ocean if conditions are right.
The air in the marine layer becomes very moist and very low clouds or fog occurs. If wind gradients turn on-shore with enough strength, this sea fog is blown onto the coastal areas. This marks a sudden and surprising transition from the hot, dry Santa Ana conditions to cool, moist, and gray marine weather, as the Santa Ana fog can blow onshore and envelop cities in as quickly as fifteen minutes. However, a true Santa Ana fog is rare, because it requires conditions conducive to rapid re-forming of the marine layer, plus a rapid and strong reversal in wind gradients from off-shore to on-shore winds.
More often, the high pressure system over the Great Basin, which caused the Santa Ana conditions in the first place, is slow to weaken or move east across the United States. In this more usual case, the Santa Ana winds cease, but warm, dry conditions under a stationary air mass continue for days or even weeks after the Santa Ana wind event ends. A related phenomenon occurs when the Santa Ana condition is present but weak, allowing hot dry air to accumulate in the inland valleys that may not push all the way to sea level. Under these conditions auto commuters can drive from the San Fernando Valley where conditions are sunny and warm, over the low Santa Monica Mountains, to plunge into the cool cloudy air, low clouds, and fog characteristic of the marine air mass.
This and the "Santa Ana fog" above constitute examples of an air inversion. Sundowner winds The similar winds in the Santa Barbara and Goleta coast area occur most frequently in the late spring to early summer, and are strongest at sunset, or "sundown"; hence their name: sundowner. Because high pressure areas usually migrate east, changing the pressure gradient in southern California to the northeast, it is common for "sundowner" wind events to precede Santa Ana events by a day or two. Arctic and Antarctic katabatic winds Winds blowing off the elevated glaciated plateaus of Greenland and Antarctica experience the most extreme form of katabatic wind, of which the Santa Ana is a type, for the most part.
The winds start at a high elevation and flow outward and downslope, attaining hurricane gusts in valleys, along the shore, and even out to sea. Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible. Historical impact The Santa Ana winds and the accompanying raging wildfires have been a part of the ecosystem of the Los Angeles Basin for over 5,000 years, dating back to the earliest habitation of the region by the Tongva and Tataviam peoples.
The Santa Ana winds have been recognized and reported in English-language records as a weather phenomenon in Southern California since at least the mid-nineteenth century. Various episodes of hot, dry winds have been described over this history as dust storms, hurricane-force winds, and violent north-easters, damaging houses and destroying fruit orchards. Newspaper archives have many photographs of regional damage dating back to the beginnings of news reporting in Los Angeles. When the Los Angeles Basin was primarily an agricultural region, the winds were feared particularly by farmers for their potential to destroy crops. The winds are also associated with some of the area's largest and deadliest wildfires, including some of the state's largest and deadliest fires on record, the Camp fire, Thomas Fire, and Cedar Fire, as well as the Laguna Fire, Old Fire, Esperanza Fire, Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 and the Witch Creek Fire.
In October 2007, the winds fueled major wild fires and house burnings in Escondido, Malibu, Rainbow, San Marcos, Carlsbad, Rancho Bernardo, Poway, Ramona, and in the major cities of San Bernardino, San Diego and Los Angeles. The Santa Ana winds were also a factor in the November 2008 California wildfires. In early December 2011, the Santa Ana winds were the strongest yet recorded. An atmospheric set-up occurred that allowed the towns of Pasadena and Altadena in the San Gabriel Valley to get whipped by sustained winds at , and gusts up to . The winds toppled thousands of trees, knocking out power for over a week.
Schools were closed, and a "state of emergency" was declared. The winds grounded planes at LAX, destroyed homes, and were even strong enough to snap a concrete stop light from its foundation. The winds also ripped through Mammoth Mountain and parts of Utah. Mammoth Mountain experienced a near-record wind gust of , on December 1, 2011. In May 2014, the Santa Ana winds initiated the May 2014 San Diego County wildfires, approximately four months after the Colby Fire in northern Los Angeles County. In December 2017 a complex of twenty-five Southern California wildfires were exacerbated by long-lasting and strong Santa Ana winds.
Health effects Santa Ana winds are widely believed to affect people's moods and behavior. The winds carry Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii spores into nonendemic areas, a pathogenic fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis ("Valley Fever"). Symptomatic infection (40 percent of cases) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia (muscle pain). Serious complications include severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of Coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, meningitis, and often death. Etymology The most well-accepted explanation for the name Santa Ana winds is that it is derived from the Santa Ana Canyon in Orange County, one of the many locations the winds blow intensely.
Newspaper references to the name Santa Ana winds date as far back as 1886. By 1893, controversy had broken out over whether this name was a corruption of the Spanish term Santana (a running together of the words Santa Ana), or the different term SatanΓ‘s, meaning Satan. However, newspaper mention of the term "SatanΓ‘s" in reference to the winds did not begin appearing until more than 60 years later. A possible explanation is that the spoken Spanish language merges two identical vowels in elision, when one ends a word and the other begins the next word. Thus the Spanish pronunciation of the phrase "Santa Ana" sounds like "Santana".
Another attempt at explanation of the name claims that it derives from a Native American term for "devil wind" that was altered by the Spanish into the form "SatanΓ‘s" (meaning Satan), and then later corrupted into "Santa Ana". However, an authority on Native American language claims this term "Santana" never existed in that tongue. A third explanation places the origin of the term Santa Ana winds with an Associated Press correspondent stationed in Santa Ana in 1902, who documented the name "Santa Ana winds", or possibly mistook the term "Santana" or "SatanΓ‘s" for "Santa Ana". Another derivation favored by the late well-known KABC television meteorologist, Dr. George Fischbeck, cited the etymology of the Santana winds as coming from the early Mexicano/Angeleno: "Caliente aliento de SatanΓ‘s" or "hot breath of Satan".
This is likely a false etymology or folk etymology, though. In popular culture The Santa Ana winds are commonly portrayed in fiction as being responsible for a tense, uneasy, wrathful mood among Angelenos. Some of the more well-known literary references include the Philip Marlowe story "Red Wind" by Raymond Chandler, and Joan Didion's Slouching Towards Bethlehem. The Santa Ana winds are personified in The CW musical series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend as a prankster narrator responsible for main characters and enemies Rebecca and Nathaniel kissing for the first time. A song titled 'Santa Ana Winds' is sung in a doo-wop style, which educates the viewer on the winds itself.
The winds are portrayed by Eric Michael Roy. The winds are also referenced in Ben Lee’s single 'Catch My Disease', Steely Dan's single 'Babylon Sisters', in the Belinda Carlisle song 'Summer Rain' and in the Randy Newman song 'I Love L.A.' and the Nancy Meyers movie The Holiday. See also Berg wind Bora (wind) Chinook wind Climate of Los Angeles Diablo wind Foehn wind Katabatic wind Khamsin Norte (wind) Oroshi Sirocco Sundowner winds References External links University of California, Los Angeles, Meteorology Dept. : Santa Ana Winds What are the Santana or Santa Ana Winds? University of California, San Diego, Meteorology Dept.
Santa Anas (includes indicator if there are currently Santa Ana conditions) Category:Winds Category:Climate of California Category:Southern California Category:Environment of Los Angeles
P&O Cruises is a British cruise line based at Carnival House in Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc. It was founded in 1977 as a subsidiary of the shipping company P&O, and traces its heritage to P&O's first passenger operations in 1837. Along with P&O Cruises Australia, a sister company also founded by P&O, it has the oldest heritage of any cruise line in the world. P&O Cruises was divested from P&O in 2000, becoming a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises, before coming under its current ownership in 2003, following a merger between P&O Princess Cruises and Carnival Corporation.
In 2018, the company had a 2.4% market share of all cruise lines worldwide. History Origins In 1834, Brodie McGhie Willcox, a ship broker from London, and Arthur Anderson, a sailor from the Shetland Islands, formed an association with Captain Richard Bourne, a steamship owner from Dublin. In 1837, the trio won a contract and began transporting mail and passengers from England to the Iberian Peninsula, founding the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. In 1840, the company merged with the Transatlantic Steam Ship Company and expanded their operations to the Orient, becoming the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). In 1844, P&O expanded its passenger operations from transportation to leisure cruising, operating sailings from England to the Mediterranean that were the first of their kind.
By the mid-1900s, passenger shipping for the purposes of transportation was threatened by the increasing affordability of air travel. Consequently, in the 1970s, P&O dedicated its passenger operations entirely to leisure cruising and, in 1977, relisted its passenger ships under the new subsidiary P&O Cruises. 20th century Initially, P&O Cruises operated Oriana and Canberra from Southampton, serving the UK market, and Arcadia from Sydney, serving the Australian market, while Uganda operated educational cruises. In 1979, Arcadia departed the Australian fleet and was replaced by Sea Princess, which had previously been Kungsholm for Flagship Cruises. In 1981, Oriana relocated to serve the Australian market, while Sea Princess relocated to serve the UK market in 1982.
The same year, Canberra was requisitioned as a troopship during the Falklands War, while Uganda was requisitioned as a hospital ship. Uganda departed the fleet shortly thereafter, in 1983. Oriana departed the Australian fleet in March 1986, and Sea Princess departed the UK fleet in November 1986. Rather than relocating another ship to Australia, P&O diverged its Australian operations in 1988, acquiring Sitmar Cruises, which already operated a ship in Australia. This led to the formation of P&O Cruises Australia, which would oversee Australian operations, while P&O Cruises continued to oversee UK operations. In the 1990s, P&O Cruises commissioned its first newbuild cruise ship, the second Oriana, which entered service in April 1995.
At 69,153 gross tons, the new Oriana was one of the largest cruise ships in the world. Sea Princess also returned to the fleet in 1995, under the new name Victoria. Canberra departed the fleet in 1997 and was replaced the same year by a second Arcadia, which had previously been Star Princess for Princess Cruises. In 2000, Aurora, another newbuild and a half-sister to Oriana, entered service for P&O Cruises. However, her service suffered an inauspicious start when she was forced to abandon her maiden voyage due to mechanical problems. The same year, P&O divested all its cruise operations and formed the independent company P&O Princess Cruises, which now owned P&O Cruises.
21st century In 2002, Victoria departed the fleet and Oceana joined, having previously been Ocean Princess for Princess Cruises. In 2003, the ownership of P&O Cruises changed once again when P&O Princess Cruises merged with Carnival Corporation to form Carnival Corporation & plc. Thereafter, Arcadia transferred to the new Ocean Village brand. Adonia, previously Sea Princess and a sister to Oceana, replaced Arcadia but returned to Princess Cruises in 2005. Adonia was replaced the same year by a newbuild Arcadia, which was allocated to P&O Cruises after having originally been intended for Holland America Line and thereafter Cunard Line. Arcadia was joined by Artemis, previously Royal Princess for Princess Cruises.
The fleet expanded and modernised with the addition of the 116,017-ton newbuild Ventura in 2008, and her sister Azura in 2010. Artemis departed the fleet in 2011 and was replaced by a second Adonia, which like Artemis had previously been Royal Princess for Princess Cruises. In 2012, P&O Cruises celebrated the 175th anniversary of the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company by staging a 'Grand Event', in which the entire fleet was assembled in Southampton. In 2014, the company introduced a new livery, based on the Union Jack, to emphasise its British heritage, and in 2015, the 143,730-ton newbuild Britannia joined the fleet.
Adonia transferred to Carnival Corporation & plc's new Fathom brand in April 2016, but would return the following year. In September 2016, P&O Cruises announced that it would build a new 180,000-ton ship in 2020, and in 2018, it announced that a sister would follow in 2022, and that the first of the two would be called Iona. These ships would be the UK's first to be powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG), shipping's most advanced fuel technology, with the intention of reducing air emissions. Adonia departed the fleet once again in 2018, and Oriana followed in 2019. Golden Cockerel P&O Cruises awards the company's Golden Cockerel trophy to the fastest ship in its fleet.
The trophy is currently held by Aurora, which achieved a speed of 25.7 knots in April 2019. It was previously held by the first Oriana until her retirement in 1986, Canberra until her retirement in 1997, and the second Oriana until her retirement in 2019. Fleet Current fleet Future fleet Previous fleet References External links P&O Cruises Official Website P&O Cruises Australia Website The Last Ocean Liners (trade routes and ships of P&O-Orient Lines in the 1950s, 60s and 70s) Category:Carnival Corporation & plc Category:Cruise lines Category:P&O (company) Category:P&O Cruises
Events 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta. 1497 – Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India. 1579 – Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan. 1663 – Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
1709 – Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden's status as a major power in Europe. 1716 – The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway. 1730 – An estimated magnitude 8.7 earthquake causes a tsunami that damages more than of Chile's coastline. 1758 – French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York. 1760 – British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France. 1775 – The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
1776 – Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. 1808 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as king of Spain. 1822 – Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. 1853 – The Perry Expedition arrives in Edo Bay with a treaty requesting trade. 1859 – King Charles XV & IV accedes to the throne of Sweden–Norway. 1864 – Ikedaya Incident: The Choshu Han shishi's planned Shinsengumi sabotage on Kyoto, Japan at Ikedaya.
1874 – The Mounties begin their March West. 1876 – White supremacists kill five Black Republicans in Hamburg, South Carolina. 1879 – Sailing ship departs San Francisco carrying an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole. 1889 – The first issue of The Wall Street Journal is published. 1892 – St. John's, Newfoundland is devastated in the Great Fire of 1892. 1898 – The death of crime boss Soapy Smith, killed in the Shootout on Juneau Wharf, releases Skagway, Alaska from his iron grip. 1912 – Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro leads an unsuccessful royalist attack against the First Portuguese Republic in Chaves.
1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, closing at 41.22. 1933 – The first rugby union test match between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa is played at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town. 1937 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan sign the Treaty of Saadabad. 1947 – Reports are broadcast that a UFO crash landed in Roswell, New Mexico in what became known as the Roswell UFO incident. 1948 – The United States Air Force accepts its first female recruits into a program called Women in the Air Force (WAF).
1960 – Francis Gary Powers is charged with espionage resulting from his flight over the Soviet Union. 1962 – Ne Win besieges and dynamites the Rangoon University Student Union building to crush the Student Movement. 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Prince Charles Ndizi. 1968 – The Chrysler wildcat strike begins in Detroit, Michigan. 1970 – Richard Nixon delivers a special congressional message enunciating Native American self-determination as official US Indian policy, leading to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975. 1972 – Israeli Mossad assassinate Palestinian writer Ghassan Kanafani. 1980 – The inaugural 1980 State of Origin game is won by Queensland who defeat New South Wales 20-10 at Lang Park.
1982 – Assassination attempt against Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in Dujail. 1988 – The Island Express train travelling from Bangalore to Kanyakumari derails on the Peruman bridge and falls into Ashtamudi Lake, killing 105 passengers and injuring over 200 more. 1994 – Kim Jong-il begins to assume supreme leadership of North Korea upon the death of his father, Kim Il-sung. 2003 – Sudan Airways Flight 139 crashes near Port Sudan Airport during an emergency landing attempt, killing all 117 people on board. 2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched in the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program. 2014 – Israel launches an offensive on Gaza amid rising tensions following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers.
Births 1478 – Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian linguist, poet, and playwright (d. 1550) 1528 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580) 1538 – Alberto Bolognetti, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1585) 1545 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 1568) 1593 – Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter (d. 1653) 1593 – Peter Sainthill, English politician (d. 1648) 1621 – Jean de La Fontaine, French author and poet (d. 1695) 1760 – Christian Kramp, French mathematician and academic (d. 1826) 1766 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (d. 1842) 1779 – Giorgio Pullicino, Maltese painter and architect (d. 1851) 1819 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish admiral and explorer (d. 1907) 1830 – Frederick W. Seward, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1915) 1831 – John Pemberton, American chemist and pharmacist, invented Coca-Cola (d. 1888) 1836 – Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1914) 1838 – Eli Lilly, American soldier, chemist, and businessman, founded Eli Lilly and Company (d. 1898) 1838 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and businessman, founded the Zeppelin Airship Company (d. 1917) 1839 – John D. Rockefeller, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Standard Oil Company (d. 1937) 1851 – Arthur Evans, English archaeologist and academic (d. 1941) 1851 – John Murray, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1916) 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist and graphologist (d. 1911) 1867 – KΓ€the Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (d. 1945) 1876 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, Greek sociologist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936) 1882 – Percy Grainger, Australian-American pianist and composer (d. 1961) 1885 – Ernst Bloch, German philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1977) 1885 – Hugo Boss, German fashion designer, founded Hugo Boss (d. 1948) 1890 – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, American painter (d. 1973) 1892 – Richard Aldington, English author and poet (d. 1962) 1892 – Pavel Korin, Russian painter (d. 1967) 1893 – R. Carlyle Buley, American historian and author (d. 1968) 1894 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984) 1895 – Igor Tamm, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971) 1898 – Melville Ruick, American actor (d. 1972) 1900 – George Antheil, American pianist, composer, and author (d. 1959) 1904 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician and academic (d. 2008) 1905 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator and director (d. 1997) 1906 – Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the IDS Center and PPG Place (d. 2005) 1907 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (d. 1995) 1908 – Louis Jordan, American singer-songwriter, saxophonist, and actor (d. 1975) 1908 – Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (d. 1979) 1908 – V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao, Indian economist, politician, professor and educator (d. 1991) 1909 – Alan Brown, English soldier (d. 1971) 1909 – Ike Petersen, American football back (d. 1995) 1910 – Carlos Betances RamΓ­rez, Puerto Rican general (d. 2001) 1911 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer (d. 1941) 1913 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician (d. 2017) 1914 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010) 1914 – Billy Eckstine, American singer and trumpet player (d. 1993) 1915 – Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019) 1915 – Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005) 1916 – Jean Rouverol, American author, actress and screenwriter (d. 2017) 1917 – Pamela Brown, English actress (d. 1975) 1917 – Faye Emerson, American actress (d. 1983) 1917 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1999) 1918 – Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) 1918 – Irwin Hasen, American illustrator (d. 2015) 1918 – Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member and pilot (d. 2002) 1918 – Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008) 1918 – Edward B. Giller, U.S Major General (d. 2017) 1918 – Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000) 1919 – Walter Scheel, German soldier and politician, 4th President of West Germany (d. 2016) 1920 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (d. 1995) 1923 – Harrison Dillard, American sprinter and hurdler (d. 2019) 1924 – Johnnie Johnson, American pianist and songwriter (d. 2005) 1924 – Charles C. Droz, American politician 1925 – Marco CΓ©, Italian cardinal (d. 2014) 1925 – Arthur Imperatore Sr., Italian-American businessman from New Jersey 1925 – Bill Mackrides, American football quarterback 1925 – Dominique Nohain, French actor, screenwriter and director (d. 2017) 1926 – David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher and author (d. 2014) 1926 – John Dingell, American lieutenant and politician (d. 2019) 1926 – Martin Riesen, Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender 1926 – Elisabeth KΓΌbler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist and author (d. 2004) 1927 – Maurice Hayes, Irish educator and politician (d. 2017) 1927 – Khensur Lungri Namgyel, Tibetan religious leader 1927 – Bob Beckham, American country singer (d. 2013) 1928 – Balakh Sher Mazari, former Prime Minister of Pakistan 1930 – Jerry Vale, American singer (d. 2014) 1933 – Antonio Lamer, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Chief Justice of Canada (d. 2007) 1934 – Raquel Correa, Chilean journalist (d. 2012) 1934 – Marty Feldman, English actor and screenwriter (d. 1982) 1934 – Edward D. DiPrete, American politician 1935 – John David Crow, American football player and coach (d. 2015) 1935 – Steve Lawrence, American actor and singer 1935 – Vitaly Sevastyanov, Russian engineer and astronaut (d. 2010) 1938 – Diane Clare, English actress (d. 2013) 1939 – Ed Lumley, Canadian businessman and politician, 8th Canadian Minister of Communications 1940 – Joe B. Mauldin, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2015) 1941 – Dario Gradi, Italian-English footballer, coach, and manager 1942 – Phil Gramm, American economist and politician 1944 – Jaimoe, American drummer 1944 – Jeffrey Tambor, American actor and singer 1945 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss politician, 91st President of the Swiss Confederation 1947 – Kim Darby, American actress 1947 – Jenny Diski, English author and screenwriter (d. 2016) 1947 – Luis Fernando Figari, Peruvian religious leader, founded the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae 1948 – Raffi, Egyptian-Canadian singer-songwriter 1948 – Ruby Sales, American civil-rights activist 1949 – Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American chef, restaurateur and entrepreneur 1949 – Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (d. 2009) 1951 – Alan Ashby, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster 1951 – Anjelica Huston, American actress and director 1952 – Larry Garner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1952 – Jack Lambert, American football player and sportscaster 1952 – Marianne Williamson, American author and activist 1956 – Terry Puhl, Canadian baseball player and coach 1957 – Carlos Cavazo, Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter 1957 – Aleksandr Gurnov, Russian journalist and author 1958 – Kevin Bacon, American actor and musician 1958 – Andreas Carlgren, Swedish educator and politician, 8th Swedish Minister for the Environment 1958 – Tzipi Livni, Israeli lawyer and politician, 18th Justice Minister of Israel 1959 – Pauline Quirke, English actress 1960 – Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach 1961 – Ces Drilon, Filipino journalist 1961 – Andrew Fletcher, English keyboard player 1961 – Toby Keith, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor 1961 – Karl Seglem, Norwegian saxophonist and record producer 1962 – Joan Osborne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1963 – Mark Christopher, American director and screenwriter 1964 – Alexei Gusarov, Russian ice hockey player and manager 1965 – Dan Levinson, American clarinet player, saxophonist, and bandleader 1966 – Ralf Altmeyer, German-Chinese virologist and academic 1966 – Shadlog Bernicke, Nauruan politician 1967 – Jordan Chan, Hong Kong actor and singer 1968 – Billy Crudup, American actor 1968 – Shane Howarth, New Zealand rugby player and coach 1969 – Sugizo, Japanese singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer 1970 – Beck, American singer-songwriter and producer 1970 – Sylvain Gaudreault, Canadian educator and politician 1970 – Todd Martin, American tennis player and coach 1971 – Neil Jenkins, Welsh rugby player and coach 1972 – Karl Dykhuis, Canadian ice hockey player 1972 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer 1972 – Shōsuke Tanihara, Japanese actor 1974 – Hu Liang, Chinese field hockey player 1976 – Talal El Karkouri, Moroccan footballer 1976 – David Kennedy, American guitarist and songwriter 1976 – Ellen MacArthur, English sailor 1977 – Christian Abbiati, Italian footballer 1977 – Paolo Tiralongo, Italian cyclist 1977 – Milo Ventimiglia, American actor, director, and producer 1977 – Wang Zhizhi, Chinese basketball player 1978 – Urmas Rooba, Estonian footballer 1979 – Mat McBriar, American football player 1979 – Ben Jelen, Scottish-American singer-songwriter 1980 – Eric Chouinard, American-Canadian ice hockey player 1980 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer 1981 – Wolfram MΓΌller, German runner 1981 – Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player 1982 – Sophia Bush, American actress and director 1982 – Hakim Warrick, American basketball player 1983 – John Bowker, American baseball player 1983 – Rich Peverley, Canadian ice hockey player 1986 – Jaime Garcia, Mexican baseball player 1986 – Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer 1988 – Miki RoquΓ©, Spanish footballer (d. 2012) 1988 – Jesse Sergent, New Zealand cyclist 1988 – Dave Taylor, Australian rugby league player 1989 – Yarden Gerbi, Israeli world champion and Olympic bronze medalist judoka 1989 – Tor Marius Gromstad, Norwegian footballer (d. 2012) 1991 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer 1992 – Ariel Camacho, Mexican singer-songwriter (d. 2015) 1992 – Son Heung-min, Korean footballer 1997 – Bryce Love, American football player 1998 – Jaden Smith, American actor and rapper Deaths 689 – Kilian, Irish bishop 810 – Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (b.
773) 873 – Gunther, archbishop of Cologne 900 – Qatr al-Nada, wife of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid 901 – Grimbald, French-English monk and saint (b. 827) 975 – Edgar the Peaceful, English king (b. 943) 1153 – Pope Eugene III (b. 1087) 1253 – Theobald I of Navarre (b. 1201) 1261 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg 1390 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. circa 1320) 1538 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish general and explorer (b. 1475) 1623 – Pope Gregory XV (b. 1554) 1689 – Edward Wooster, English-American settler (b. 1622) 1695 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b.
1629) 1716 – Robert South, English preacher and theologian (b. 1634) 1721 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (b. 1649) 1784 – Torbern Bergman, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (b. 1735) 1794 – Richard Mique, French architect (b. 1728) 1820 – Octavia Taylor, daughter of Zachary Taylor (b. 1816) 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and playwright (b. 1792) 1850 – Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1774) 1859 – Oscar I of Sweden (b. 1799) 1873 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter and lithographer (b. 1805) 1887 – Ben Holladay, American businessman (b. 1819) 1895 – Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian chemist and physicist (b.
1821) 1905 – Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (b. 1834) 1913 – Louis HΓ©mon, French-Canadian author (b. 1880) 1917 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877) 1930 – Joseph Ward, Australian-New Zealand businessman and politician, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1856) 1933 – Anthony Hope, English author and playwright (b. 1863) 1934 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer and academic (b. 1848) 1939 – Havelock Ellis, English psychologist and author (b. 1859) 1941 – Moses Schorr, Polish rabbi, historian, and politician (b. 1874) 1942 – Louis Franchet d'EspΓ¨rey, Algerian-French general (b. 1856) 1942 – Refik Saydam, Turkish physician and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (b.
1881) 1943 – Jean Moulin, French soldier (b. 1899) 1950 – Othmar Spann, Austrian sociologist, economist, and philosopher (b. 1878) 1952 – August Alle, Estonian lawyer, author, and poet (b. 1890) 1956 – Giovanni Papini, Italian journalist, author, and critic (b. 1881) 1965 – Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American lawyer and author (b. 1881) 1968 – DΓ©sirΓ© MΓ©rchez, French swimmer and water polo player (b. 1882) 1971 – Kurt Reidemeister, German mathematician connected to the Vienna Circle (b. 1893) 1972 – Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian writer and politician (b. 1936) 1973 – Gene L. Coon, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1924) 1973 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli educator and politician, 4th Education Minister of Israel (b.
1884) 1973 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer and coach (b. 1877) 1979 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906) 1979 – Michael Wilding, English actor (b. 1912) 1979 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917) 1981 – Bill Hallahan, American baseball player (b. 1902) 1985 – Phil Foster, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1913) 1985 – Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1909) 1986 – Skeeter Webb, American baseball player and manager (b. 1909) 1987 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (b.
1903) 1987 – Gerardo Diego, Spanish poet and author (b. 1896) 1988 – Ray Barbuti, American runner and football player (b. 1905) 1990 – Howard Duff, American actor (b. 1913) 1991 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934) 1994 – Christian-Jaque, French director and screenwriter (b. 1904) 1994 – Kim Il-sung, North Korean commander and politician, President of North Korea (b. 1912) 1994 – Lars-Eric Lindblad, Swedish-American businessman and explorer (b. 1927) 1994 – Dick Sargent, American actor (b. 1930) 1996 – Irene Prador, Austrian-born actress and writer (b. 1911) 1998 – LilΓ­ Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (b.
1905) 1999 – Pete Conrad, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1930) 2001 – John O'Shea, New Zealand director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1920) 2002 – Ward Kimball, American animator and trombonist (b. 1914) 2004 – Paula Danziger, American author and educator (b. 1944) 2005 – Maurice Baquet, French actor and cellist (b. 1911) 2006 – June Allyson, American actress and singer (b. 1917) 2007 – Chandra Shekhar, Indian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of India (b. 1927) 2007 – Jack B. Sowards, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1929) 2008 – John Templeton, American-born British businessman and philanthropist (b.
1912) 2009 – Midnight, American singer-songwriter (b. 1962) 2011 – Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (b. 1924) 2011 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (b. 1918) 2012 – Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud, Saudi Arabian politician (b. 1934) 2012 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (b. 1917) 2012 – Gyang Dalyop Datong, Nigerian physician and politician (b. 1959) 2012 – Martin Pakledinaz, American costume designer (b. 1953) 2013 – Dick Gray, American baseball player (b. 1931) 2013 – Edmund Morgan, American historian and author (b. 1916) 2013 – Claudiney Ramos, Brazilian footballer (b. 1980) 2013 – Rubby Sherr, American physicist and academic (b.
1913) 2013 – Sundri Uttamchandani, Indian author (b. 1924) 2013 – Brett Walker, American songwriter and producer (b. 1961) 2014 – PlΓ­nio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (b. 1930) 2014 – John V. Evans, American soldier and politician, 27th Governor of Idaho (b. 1925) 2014 – Ben Pangelinan, Guamanian businessman and politician (b. 1956) 2014 – Howard Siler, American bobsledder and coach (b. 1945) 2014 – Tom Veryzer, American baseball player (b. 1953) 2015 – Ken Stabler, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1945) 2015 – James Tate, American poet (b. 1943) 2016 – Abdul Sattar Edhi, Pakistani philanthropist (b.
1928) 2018 – Tab Hunter, American actor, pop singer, film producer and author (b. 1931) Holidays and observances Christian Feast Day: Abda and Sabas Auspicius of Trier Grimbald Kilian, Totnan, and Colman Peter and Fevronia Day (Russian Orthodox) Procopius of Scythopolis Sunniva and companions Theobald of Marly July 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Air Force and Air Defense Forces Day (Ukraine) References External links BBC: On This Day On This Day in Canada Category:Days of the year Category:July
In baseball, a player earns a Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories in the same season. The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the batting achievement of leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) over the same season. The term "Pitching Triple Crown" refers to the pitching achievement of leading a league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA). The term "Triple Crown" is typically used when a player leads one league, such as the American League (AL) or the National League (NL), in the specified categories.
A tie for a lead in any category, such as home runs, is sufficient to be considered the leader in that category. A "Major League Triple Crown" may be said to occur when a player leads all of Major League Baseball in all three categories. Batting The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the batting achievement. A batter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) may be said to have won the "Triple Crown". The term, unless modified, connotes the batting achievement; it is not necessary to refer to it as the "batting" Triple Crown.
The Triple Crown reflects the ability of a batter to excel in three important ways: to hit safely a high percentage of the time (batting average); to hit the ball long distances (home runs); and to produce when runners are on base, driving them home to score (RBI). It is an uncommon feat to lead all batters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times in a major league season, most recently in 2012, by Miguel Cabrera. Cabrera's was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat in back-to-back years with Frank Robinson, the only time this has occurred in baseball history.
As such, this helps create enormous offense for a team throughout the season, to the point where the last four times a player won the Triple Crown, his team went to the World Series. In the major leagues, the most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two. Rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading both major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals. Ted Williams later matched this mark in the AL, winning in 1942 and 1947 with the Boston Red Sox.
The Cardinals have won the most batting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsby's two, Tip O'Neill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns, and Joe Medwick added the Cardinals' fourth in 1937. Eleven of the thirteen eligible players who have batting Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame. Baseball writer and ESPN contributor Tim Kurkjian believes the Triple Crown has become more difficult to win with the advent of more hitters who choose to specialize in either hitting for batting average or power.
Batting Quadruple Crown Even more rare than the Triple Crown is the Quadruple Crown in which a batter leads the league in hits as well as the Triple Crown categories of batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) over the same season. Not officially recognized by the MLB, Carl Yazstremski achieved this feat during the 1967 season, with 189 hits, 44 home runs, and 121 RBI, and a batting average of .326. It was also accomplished by Taiwanese player Wang Po-Jung when he led the Chinese Professional Baseball League or CPBL with a batting average of .407, 31 home runs, 101 RBIs, and 178 hits.
Pitching Triple Crown A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) is said to have won the "Pitching Triple Crown". The term was previously defined as leading the league in wins, ERA, and winning percentage. It was used in that older sense to describe the (ultimately unsuccessful) pursuit of that goal by Johnny Antonelli of the New York Giants in 1954 and also by Sandy Koufax in 1963. Koufax was first described as having won the Pitching Triple Crown in the current sense after his 1965 season though the older sense continued to be used.
In contrast to the respective batting statistics, the Pitching Triple Crown statistics are more or less complementary (for example, a pitcher who is especially proficient at striking out batters is likely to give up fewer earned runs, and consequently more likely to win games); therefore, the accomplishment is not as rare as the batting crown. In the major leagues, the Pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 38 times. The most by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in consecutive seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies (1915–1916), and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs.
Alexander is the only pitcher to win a Pitching Triple Crown with more than one major league team. Walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the original Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913, 1918, and 1924. Sandy Koufax was the most recent to capture three Triple Crowns, winning his three within four seasons for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1963, 1965–1966); all of Koufax's crowns led both major leagues, the most for any player. Other major league pitchers who have won multiple Pitching Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson (1905 and 1908 New York Giants), Lefty Grove (1930 and 1931 Philadelphia Athletics), Lefty Gomez (1934 and 1937 New York Yankees), and Roger Clemens (1997 and 1998 Toronto Blue Jays).
One pitcher, Guy Hecker, won a Triple Crown in a defunct 19th century major league; he led the American Association in wins, strikeouts, and ERA in 1884 while pitching for the Louisville Colonels. Eighteen of twenty-four major league pitchers who have won a Triple Crown and are eligible for the Hall of Fame have been elected to the Hall of Fame. The Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro MartΓ­nez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility. The most recent major league pitchers to achieve the feat are Clayton Kershaw and Justin Verlander, who won for the NL and AL, respectively, in 2011 (the first season since 1924 to see Triple Crown winners in both leagues).
Major League Records The first major league pitcher to achieve the pitching Triple Crown was Tommy Bond, in the NL in 1877. The following year, Paul Hines became the first major leaguer to lead the NL in the three batting categories; he and Miguel Cabrera are the only two players to be AL or NL Triple Crown winners and not reach the Hall of Fame, although Cabrera is still playing so ineligible. The highest home run total reached by a Crown winner was Mickey Mantle, with 52 in 1956. The highest RBI total belongs to Lou Gehrig, with 165 in 1934.
Rogers Hornsby has the highest home run total by a NL winner, 42, from his 1922 campaign. The NL high for RBI is 154, made by Joe Medwick in 1937. Hugh Duffy's .440 average in 1894 is the highest batting average by any player in NL history. Nap Lajoie, in 1901, set the all-time AL single-season high in batting average with .426. Among the major leaguers who earned the pitching Triple Crown, the lowest ERAs belong to Walter Johnson (1.14 in 1913 AL) and Grover Alexander (1.22 in 1915 NL). The highest win total belongs to Charles Radbourn, amassed in 1884, who in that year set a major league single-season record with at least 59 wins.
Radbourn struck out 441 batters that season, the highest total for a Triple Crown winner. Walter Johnson holds the highest win total by an AL pitching Triple Crown winner, with 36, attained in 1913. Among AL pitching Triple Crown winners, Pedro MartΓ­nez registered the highest season strikeout total, with 313 in 1999. Since 1901, the major league pitcher with the highest season strikeout total in the course of a Triple Crown season is Sandy Koufax, striking out 382 in 1965. Triple Crown winners Key Major League Baseball Batting Research in 2015 restored the Chicago Cubs' Heinie Zimmerman of 1912 to the list.
There is doubt over whether Hugh Duffy's 1894 RBI totals were the highest. Pitching Nippon Professional Baseball Batting Pitching See also Cy Young Award Hank Aaron Award List of Major League Baseball awards Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award References General Inline citations Triple Crown Triple Crown Triple Crown Triple
Youth politics is a category of issues which distinctly involve, affect or otherwise impact youth. History United States With roots in the early youth activism of the Newsboys and Mother Jones' child labor protests at the turn of the 20th century, youth politics were first identified in American politics with the formation of the American Youth Congress in the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Students for a Democratic Society were closely associated with youth politics, despite the broad social statements of documents including the liberal Port Huron Statement and the conservative Sharon Statement and leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. Other late-period figures associated with youth politics include Tom Hayden, Marian Wright Edelman and Bill Clinton.
Europe Youth politics have an extensive history in Europe, as well. Free German Youth was founded in 1936 as a communist alternative to the Nazi Youth movement. In the UK there is a strong youth politics movement, consisting primarily of the British Youth Council, the UK Youth Parliament and the Scottish Youth Parliament. Although they have no direct power, the young people in these organisations have a close working relationship with Members of Parliament and are fairly influential, albeit ineffectual at bringing about direct change or tangible objectives. Many organisations that strive for youth movement are on the rise. A notable organisation is YouthDebates, an online organisation aiming to engage young people into the world of politics.
Globally Other continents have experienced a variety of youth politics and political movements. France: In the recent Mexico’s presidential election another manifestation of how the youth take the politics in the actual world were see, the students movement called β€œYo soy 132” made a very notable change in how the elections developed, showing proofs of the electoral fraud they thought will happen, they changed the percentage of acceptation of the PRI candidate, Enrique PeΓ±a Nieto and they achieved to decrease it around 12 percentage points between the highest poll results for the candidate and the final results of the elections.
Present Between the influence of mainstream media and politicians, youth politics in the United States has been illegitimated and deprioritized. Organizations such as National Youth Rights Association and The Freechild Project continue to advocate and educate for issues that affect young people specifically, while other organizations, including Youth Service America and Advocates for Youth work for issues that affect youth directly. The children's rights movement is widely credited with keeping youth politics on the national radar, while other fledgling movements such as youth voice and youth participation have yet to gain the spotlight.Even with the efforts of these organizations, many college students do not see politics as an important part of their lives.
Only 33% of college freshman think being knowledgeable about politics to be important. Data collected in by the National Center for Education Statistics found that overall young Americans care more about entertainment and sports than political and foreign news. Despite these statistics there is a positive outlook on youth involvement in the future because of the 2008 election when President Barack Obama ran. List of current youth politics issues There are several issues which are deemed "youth politics" by politicians, mainstream media and other sources.
Age of candidacy Age of majority Child labor laws/Right-to-work laws Climate Change Corporal punishment The draft Drinking age Driving age Education policy/reform Emancipation of minors Environmental issues Global Warming Healthcare Immigration Minors and abortion National service School reform Student rights Voting age Youth participation Youth service Youth vote List of current youth politics organizations There are thousands of youth political organizations and programs around the world.
All India Socialist Youth Council Bibeksheel Nepali British Youth Council Bus Project Christian Democratic Youth College Democrats of America College Republican National Committee Communist Youth of CΓ΄te d'Ivoire Communist Youth Movement Democratic Youth Movement Egypt Youth Party European Free Alliance Youth European Liberal Youth Green Youth, Germany Green Youth, Sweden High School Democrats of America Indian Youth Congress International Federation of Liberal Youth Jugendverband REBELL National Youth Organisation (disambiguation) Northern Ireland Young Communist League Puerto Rico Statehood Students Association Sangguniang Kabataan Sveriges Socialdemokratiska UngdomsfΓΆrbund (Sweden) Scottish Young Liberals Scottish Youth Parliament Traction Teenage Republicans Turkey Youth Union UK Youth Parliament Young Democrats for Europe Young Democrats of America Young Independence Young Liberals of Canada Youth wings of political parties in Denmark Youth of the Danish People's Party Youth of the Progress Party Youth of the Popular Movement against EU Young Americans for Freedom Young Communist League of Germany Young Ecologists Young Republicans See also Youth voice Youth activism Youth empowerment Youth rights Youth organizations List of youth councils :Category:Youth model government :Category:Youth wings of Green parties in Europe Youth exclusion Youth in Hong Kong References External links youth and politics Sitaraman, G. and Warren, P. (2003) Invisible Citizens: Youth Politics After September 11.
Writers Club Press. Daifallah, A. (1999) A Blueprint for student political influence. Originally published in the Peterborough Examiner. Institute on Shumilov A. (2012) Factors of formation of electoral policy in the youth environment // PolitBook. β„–1. P. 75-85. Governance website. Hansson K. and Lundahl L. (2004) "Youth politics and local constructions of youth," British Journal of Sociology of Education, Volume 25(2) April 2004, pp. 161-178. SpunOut.ie Irish National Youth Website Giroux, H. (2001) "Zero Tolerance: Youth and the politics of domestic militarization, Part I," Z Magazine. Youth Political Bloggers
Villi Bossi (born 8 November 1939) is an Italian sculptor. Born at Muggia, near Trieste, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Genoa under the scholarship of Lodovico Caraventa. He attended the "Free School of Figure" directed by Nino Perizi at the Revoltella Museum in Trieste. From 1964 on, he held several exhibits, both exclusive ones and not, showing up his ability with various materials, including different types of wood and, in particular, sandstone and marble. In 1995 a large sculpture in Laas marble of his was placed in a park of Dresden (Germany). In 2004, Villi Bossi sculpted a large "Venetian Lyon" for the Assicurazioni Generali, which is also the logo of this major insurance company, placed in the neighbourhood of Padua, starting from a large block of stone, sized 8 cubic meters.
He took part to several International Symposia of Sculpture: Prilep (Macedonia, 1976, 1982), Lipica (Slovenia, 1980), Jockgrim (Germany, 1989), Kandel (Germany, 1993), Germersheim (Germany, 1997), Pirmasens (Germany, 1998), Portorose (Slovenia, 1999), Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006). Between 1964 and 2015, he held 35 personal exhibits in Austria and in various Italian cities. His work was reviewed by Giulio Montenero, Enzo Santese, Marianna Accerboni and Boris Petkovski, among others. Bossi lives and works at the medieval Castle of Muggia.
Selected works "Friendship door" (1978, in oak wood, cm 430 high, in Kostanievica na Krka, Slovenia) "Lipica's horse" (1980, in limestone, cm 100 x 150 x 230, in Lipica, Slovenia) "Life tracks" (1987, in marble from Laas, cm 160 x 180 x 400, in Dresden, Germany) "Birth control" (1989, in sandstone, cm 160 x 220, in Jockgrim, Germany) "Towards the Life" (1995, in golden stone, cm 100 x 80 x 300) "Throne of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (after 800 years of his birth)" (1995, in marble of Garfagnana, cm 300 high, in Minucciano, Italy) "Under the comet Hale-Bopp" (1997, in sandstone, in Germersheim, Germany) "River of tears over the History - Year 2000" (1998, in sandstone, cm 250 high, Park of Pirmasens, Germany) "The year 2000" (1999, in stone of Vicenza, cm 200 high, Piazza del Simposio, Nanto Veneto, Italy).
"Song" (2003, in wood of plane tree, cm 20 x 62 x 39) "A new birth" (2003, in stone of Aurisina, cm 20 x 62 x 39) "Leave" (2003, in stone of Aurisina, cm 76 80 48) "Sprout" (2005, in marble of Aurisina, cm 130 150 190) "Cycle: New birth" (2006, in wood of lime tree, cm 60 60 160) "Sentinel" (2006, in stone of Istria, in Mostar (Herzegovina), cm 50 60 210) "Parallel Dialogue" (2008, in stone of Aurisina, cm 28 65 130) "Fertility" (2009, in stone of Aurisina, cm 35 50 48) "New freedom" (2010, in stone of Repen, cm 25 25 87) "Flower" (2011, in stone of Istria, cm 53 23 35) "Vortex" (2012, in wood of cherry, cm 1040 30 30) "Petals" (2012, in grey marble of Carnia, cm 45 60 20) "New birth" (2012, in marble of Carrara, cm 30 30 70) "Fir seeds" (2013, in marble of Carrara, cm 32 23 21.
References Category:1939 births Category:Living people Category:People from Muggia Category:20th-century Italian sculptors Category:Italian male sculptors Category:21st-century Italian sculptors
Common Service Centres (CSC) (Hindi: ΰ€Έΰ€°ΰ₯ΰ€΅ ΰ€Έΰ₯‡ΰ€΅ΰ€Ύ ΰ€•ΰ₯‡ΰ€‚ΰ€¦ΰ₯ΰ€°) are physical facilities for delivering Government of India e-Services to rural and remote locations where availability of computers and Internet was negligible or mostly absent. They are multiple-services-single-point model for providing facilities for multiple transactions at a single geographical location. CSCs are the access points for delivery of essential public utility services, social welfare schemes, healthcare, financial, education and agriculture services, apart from host of B2C services to citizens in rural and remote areas of the country. It is a pan-India network catering to regional, geographic, linguistic and cultural diversity of the country, thus enabling the Government's mandate of a socially, financially and digitally inclusive society.
Objectives Officially, the objectives of the CSC have been stated as follows: Access to information : all remote/ rural citizens Delivery of public services – G2C & B2C ICT for rural Empowerment of socially disadvantaged people for inclusive growth Access to quality education / skill upgradation Access to cost efficient & quality health services CSC as a change agent - To promote rural entrepreneurship, enable community participation and effect collective action for social improvement Through a collaborative framework, the objective of CSC is to integrate the twin goals of profit-making and social services, into a sustainable business model for achieving rapid socio-economic change in rural India.
Functions The following types of services are expected to be provided at the CSCs: G2C Communication - All G2C (Government to Consumer) Communication including Health, Education, Agriculture, Human Resource Development, Employment, Fundamental Rights, Disaster Warnings, RTI, etc. Information dissemination - Interactive kiosks, voice & Local Language Interface, including web browsing Edutainment - Including multi-functional space for group interaction, entertainment, training and empowerment eGovernance & eServices - Transactions like Market (eKrishi)Information, Banking,Insurance, Travel, Post, eForms to request government services, etc. C2G Kiosk - Grievances, complaints, requests and suggestions. Financial Inclusion - Payment for NREGA, etc. Healthcare - Telemedicine & remote health camps have also been envisaged as part of the CSC's extended functionalities Agriculture Rural BPO CSC 2.0 Scheme Based on the assessment of CSC scheme, the Government launched the CSC 2.0 scheme in 2015 to expand the outreach of CSCs to all Gram Panchayats across the country.
Under CSC 2.0 scheme, at least one CSC will be set up in each of the 2.5 lakh GPs across the country by 2019. CSCs functioning under the existing scheme will also be strengthened and integrated with additional 1.5 lakh CSCs across the country. CSC 2.0 scheme would consolidate service delivery through a universal technology platform, thereby making e-services, particularly G2C services accessible to citizens anywhere in the country. Key Features of CSC 2.0 scheme A self-sustaining network of 2.5 lakh CSCs in Gram Panchayats Large bouquet of e-services through a single delivery platform Standardization of services and capacity building of stakeholders Localised Help Desk support Sustainability of VLEs through maximum commission sharing Encouraging more women as VLEs Project components The Project Components of the CSC consist primarily of Content & Services, Technology, Connectivity, Capacity Building and Business Model.