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Most varieties come in "mild" and "hot" versions, but all tend to have a strong garlic flavor. Beer cheese is traditionally served with saltine crackers, though it can be found served with various other crackers and crudités, most often as an appetizer. Origins While there are conflicting stories about beer cheese's origins, it appears to have first been served in the 1940s at a restaurant in Clark County, Kentucky known as Johnny Allman's. The owner of the restaurant, John Allman, credited the invention of the cheese spread to his cousin, Joe Allman, a chef in Phoenix, Arizona. Joe's Southwestern influence is said by some to explain the spread's spicy nature.

On February 21, 2013, the Kentucky Legislature decreed Clark County as the birthplace of beer cheese. Trivia Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is reported that to have taken some home with her after a visit to Lexington. Events An annual Beer Cheese Festival is held in downtown Winchester, Kentucky (the county seat of Clark County) featuring local arts & crafts vendors as well as both commercial and amateur recipe contests. See also List of spreads Pub cheese References External links Category:Appetizers Category:Cheese dishes Category:Spreads (food) Category:Kentucky cuisine Category:Cheese

Rooster Cogburn is a 1975 American adventure western film directed by Stuart Millar and starring John Wayne (in his penultimate film), reprising his role as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn, and Katharine Hepburn. Written by Martha Hyer, based on the character Rooster Cogburn created by Charles McColl Portis in his 1968 western novel True Grit, the film is about an aging one-eyed lawman whose badge was recently suspended for a string of routine arrests that ended in bloodshed. To earn back his badge, he is tasked with bringing down a ring of bank robbers that has hijacked a wagon shipment of nitroglycerin.

He is helped by a spinster searching for her father's killer. Rooster Cogburn is a sequel to the 1969 film True Grit. Plot Because of his drunkenness and questionable use of firearms, aging one-eyed (wearing a distinctive black eye patch) U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn (John Wayne) in the Indian Territory (future Oklahoma) has been stripped of his badge by Judge Parker (John McIntire) at the territorial capital of Fort Smith, Arkansas for excessive violence, fatness and drunkenness, complaining he had "gone to seed". But he's given a chance to redeem himself after a shipment of highly explosive nitroglycerine is stolen from a transporting troop of United States Army cavalry.

Rooster agrees and eventually tracks the outlaws, led by Hawk (Richard Jordan) and his gang, along with Rooster's former scout Breed (Anthony Zerbe - who had earlier betrayed the Cavalry troop escort to be ambushed at a creek crossing by Hawk's cutthroats), to a church mission at the remote settlement of Fort Ruby in the Indian Territory. The village had been overrun earlier by the gang who camped overnight plying the Indians with liquor and gambling, who then killed an elderly missionary preacher who protested, Rev. George Goodnight (Jon Lormer) and a number of the local Indians. The Reverend's spinster daughter, Miss Eula Goodnight (Katharine Hepburn), wants to join Marshal Cogburn to track the criminals down, becoming his unwilling partner along with her student Wolf, the son of one of the deceased Indians, who aspires to be one of the first Indian lawmen and United States Marshal.

Meanwhile, in a scuffle between two bandit men, one of them is wounded by a stab wound. The heavily loaded wagon's wheels also hit a rock, but the men manage to fix it, while gang leader Hawk goes ahead to scout out their next crime target. Getting ahead of Hawk's gang, Rooster, Wolf, and Eula stake out a crossing across a gully in the woods, barricading the path with logs. The bandits are stopped and Rooster threatens to blow up the wagon and its high explosive contents unless the men dismount, which they do. A man attempts to shoot Rooster in the back, but Miss Eula makes the perfect shot from across the ravine and kills him, revealing herself to be an excellent sharpshooter.

Another man tries the same, but is killed instantly by a bullet to the chest. Rooster cries out "Posse!" and his two partners fire into the air, causing the men to actually think he has overwhelming superior numbers in his posse, which they flee. Rooster captures the wagon, the wood boxes of the unstable volatile "nitro" and the new revolutionary repeater Gatling gun, an early machine gun on board. The men carry on back to their leader, Hawk. He orders Breed to investigate the tracks back at the ravine which he finds out there was not much of a posse, much to Hawk's disdain.

Hawk, Breed and the bandit which got stabbed, ride on to town where they had planned using the nitro to rob a bank of its gold shipment, while the other men attempt to fix the axle, which they eventually do. The stabbed man cannot make it, causing Hawk to shoot him, saying "Let the buzzards have him" to Breed. That night the outlaw men kidnap Wolf, saying they will let him go if Cogburn gives back the wagon, the boxes of explosives and the Gatling gun, but are actually planning to get the wagon back, and to kill the three heroes anyway.

Wolf shoots the man who is holding him with a small 5-shot Pepperbox handgun/derringer, that Rooster previously gave to him to protect himself and Miss Eula if need be. He escapes and scampers back to Cogburn's camp safely. Rooster has Eula hitch up the wagon horses, while Wolf scatters the outlaws horses. The bandits retreat from the torrent of Gatling gun fire, allowing the heroes to escape safely. The next day, Rooster "borrows" a raft from an old ferryboat man (Strother Martin) by wagging his pistol in the complaining old-timer's face, stashing as many boxes of bottles with nitroglycerine as possible on board and head down the mountainous river facing narrow rocky rapids and waterfalls.

The "bad men" attempt to ambush the three, but they fire the rapid-fire Gatling gun up at them on the rocky cliffs and they manage to escape around the corner bend in the stream. Breed and another bandit set up a trap across a broader slower part of the river downstream with an underwater rope to snare Marshal Cogburn and his party. As the bandit hidden behind the shore rocks is about the kill Rooster in cold blood as he bends over and tries to free the raft from the snag, Breed shoots him in the back from behind, then standing up showing himself to Rooster and reminding him that it was in return for Rooster saving his life years prior.

That night, Breed returns to the outlaws camp informing Hawk that the other bandit died in a shootout with Rooster. Hawk, checking Breed's gun, seeing only one expended bullet. Hawk now knowing that Breed had to have killed the other outlaw himself, launches himself at Breed in a furious violent rage and kicking the betraying scout down into a rocky ravine, killing him. The three heroes encounter massive white-water rapids the following morning. They managed to get through safely, though at the cost of losing the Gatling gun falling overboard. They hear horses up ahead and realize Hawk is planning to encounter them downriver at the wide shallow slow floating waters, so they dump the dynamite boxes overboard to float ahead of the damaged raft.

Miss Eula and Wolf pretend to surrender, saying Marshal Cogburn is injured. He jumps up from being hidden behind the remaining boxes and shoots the several explosives boxes floating ahead with his sharpshooter rifle, blowing up Hawk and the several remaining bandits mounted on their horses. A few days later, Judge Parker, at the insistent demands of Miss Eula, gives Rooster his job back, especially when she compares him to the warrior Gideon in the Biblical Scriptures and mistakenly reveals Cogburn's true first name of "Reuben" to the old judge's amazement. Miss Eula and Wolf, say goodbye to Rooster as they, along with a number of settlers return to rebuild Fort Ruby, but jerks her horse back returning saying teary eyed that he is a credit to the whole male species and that she was proud to be his friend.

Old Cogburn rears back in his saddle saying "She got the last word in anyway!" Cast John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn Katharine Hepburn as Miss Eula Goodnight Anthony Zerbe as Breed Richard Jordan as Hawk John McIntire as Federal Judge Parker Richard Romancito as Wolf Paul Koslo as Luke Strother Martin as Shanghai McCoy Tommy Lee as Chen Lee Jack Colvin as Red Jon Lormer as Rev. George Goodnight Lane Smith as Leroy Warren Vanders as Bagby Jerry Gatlin as Nose Mickey Gilbert as Hambone (uncredited) Chuck Hayward as Jerry (uncredited) Gary McLarty as Emmett (uncredited) Andrew Prine as Fiona's Husband (uncredited) John Howard Hamilton as U.S. Cavalry Lieutenant (uncredited) Unknown as General Sterling Price (Rooster's drunken pet cat) (uncredited) Production The screenplay was written by actress Martha Hyer, the wife of producer Hal B. Wallis, under the pen name "Martin Julien".

Director Stuart Millar, a longtime Hollywood producer, had directed only one film, When Legends Die based on the classic novel by Hal Borland, prior to helming Rooster Cogburn. Although True Grit was released by Paramount Pictures, Wallis made a deal with Universal Pictures to finance this film. The film was shot in Oregon in autumn 1974, in Deschutes County west of Bend (for the mountain scenes), on the Deschutes River for the whitewater rapids, and on the Rogue River in the counties of Josephine and Curry, west of Grants Pass (for the river scenes). Smith Rock State Park, northeast of Redmond, was a setting as well; the Rockhard/Smith Rock Climbing Guides building at the park entrance was originally built as a set for the movie, where it was portrayed as "Kate's Saloon."

John Wayne and Katharine Hepburn were both born in May 1907 (Hepburn the elder by two weeks), and their careers paralleled each other, yet this marked the only time the Hollywood veterans appeared together in a film. Although it was promoted as Rooster Cogburn the opening credits of the film give the title as simply Rooster Cogburn. During filming, both 67-year-old stars stayed Governor Tom McCall flew in for a brief visit with them in Noted character actor Strother Martin portrayed Shanghai McCoy; he also appeared in True Grit, but as the horse trader Colonel G. Stonehill. It was the final film from producer Wallis, and the cinematography was by Harry Stradling Jr.

Reception Critical response In his review in The New York Times, Vincent Canby called the film "a high-class example of the low Hollywood art of recycling" and praised the performances by the two leads—Wayne for his continuation of his Oscar-winning role as Cogburn, and Hepburn for a performance that recalls her "marvelous characterization opposite Humphrey Bogart in The African Queen". Canby concluded that the film is "a cheerful, throwaway Western, featuring two stars of the grand tradition who respond to each other with verve that makes the years disappear." Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and wrote that "the chemistry's there at times.

But when it does work, it's largely because of the sheer acting craft of [Wayne and Hepburn]. The dialog they're given is so consciously arch, so filled with subtle little recognitions of who the two actors are, that we never care about the story and it never gets told. And without a narrative to help us along, we finally have to wonder why the movie was made." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote, "It's a stupid story riddled with plot-holes. All that it cares about is providing Hepburn and Wayne with a half-dozen 'big scenes' together ... What few pleasures are contained in 'Rooster Cogburn' occur when Hepburn and Wayne simply and silently look at each other with affection.

We sense they like each other from the beginning, so their put-down material comes across as phony theatricality." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote that the film had "an embarrassingly prefab script, along with much forced and strident acting, all badly coordinated by the numb and ragged direction of Stuart Miller." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called the film a "slow and rattletrap" star vehicle for Wayne and Hepburn, whose pairing was "not so much a relationship as a very good-natured contest in scene larceny. Despite some of the most tongue-numbing dialogue in a long while, Hepburn wins every time with her sweetly devastating underplaying."

Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a patchwork conception that might have worked if the script had been considerably more ingenious and the direction considerably more adroit ... Screen-writer Martin Julien hasn't discovered how to develop a relationship between hero and heroine that runs on the same track with the chase story, and Stuart Millar's direction is as heavy as lead and slow as molasses." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently holds a 50% "Rotten" rating based on 8 critics, with four being positive and four being negative. Box office The film grossed $17,594,566 at the box office, earning $4.5 million in North American rentals.

It was the 25th highest-grossing film of 1975. See also List of American films of 1975 John Wayne filmography References External links Category:1975 films Category:1970s Western (genre) adventure films Category:1970s sequel films Category:American Western (genre) adventure films Category:American sequel films Category:American films Category:Films shot in Oregon Category:Universal Pictures films Category:English-language films Category:True Grit Category:Films produced by Hal B. Wallis Category:United States Marshals Service in fiction Category:Films scored by Laurence Rosenthal Category:Films set in 1880

Thomas S. Anantharaman is a computer statistician specializing in Bayesian inference approaches for NP-complete problems. He is best known for his work with Feng-hsiung Hsu from 1985-1990 on the Chess playing computers ChipTest and Deep Thought at Carnegie Mellon University which led to his 1990 PhD Dissertation: "A Statistical Study of Selective Min-Max Search in Computer Chess". This work was the foundation for the IBM chess-playing computer Deep Blue which beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. Anantharaman obtained a B.Tech. degree in Electronics in 1982 from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi).

He got (in 1977) IIT-JEE rank (AIR) # 2. Anantharaman went to USA and joined Carnegie Mellon University as a PhD student where he worked on the chess playing computers ChipTest and DeepThought with Feng-hsiung Hsu. Anantharaman received his PhD degree in 1990 and joined the field of biotechnology and Feng-hsiung Hsu joined IBM to design the Deep Blue IBM super-computer, which defeated Garry Kasparov in the historic chess match. In 1985, Carnegie Mellon University graduate students Feng-hsiung Hsu, Anantharaman, Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk used spare chips they'd found to put together a chess-playing machine that they called ChipTest.

By 1987, the machine, integrating some innovative ideas about search strategies, had become the reigning computer chess champion. A successor, Deep Thought, using two special-purpose chips, plus about 200 off-the-shelf chips, working in parallel, achieved grandmaster-level play. Following this work, Anantharaman focused his attentions into the field of biostatistics and the application of Bayesian methods to the analysis of single molecule Optical Mapping technologies. Currently he is working as Senior Bioinformatics Software Engineer at Opgen, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin. References External links Category:American computer scientists Category:Tamil scientists Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni Category:American people of Tamil descent Category:Computer chess people Category:Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi alumni Category:Living people Category:American male scientists of Indian descent Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

In the field of mathematical modeling, a radial basis function network is an artificial neural network that uses radial basis functions as activation functions. The output of the network is a linear combination of radial basis functions of the inputs and neuron parameters. Radial basis function networks have many uses, including function approximation, time series prediction, classification, and system control. They were first formulated in a 1988 paper by Broomhead and Lowe, both researchers at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. Network architecture Radial basis function (RBF) networks typically have three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer with a non-linear RBF activation function and a linear output layer.

The input can be modeled as a vector of real numbers . The output of the network is then a scalar function of the input vector, , and is given by where is the number of neurons in the hidden layer, is the center vector for neuron , and is the weight of neuron in the linear output neuron. Functions that depend only on the distance from a center vector are radially symmetric about that vector, hence the name radial basis function. In the basic form all inputs are connected to each hidden neuron. The norm is typically taken to be the Euclidean distance (although the Mahalanobis distance appears to perform better in general) and the radial basis function is commonly taken to be Gaussian .

The Gaussian basis functions are local to the center vector in the sense that i.e. changing parameters of one neuron has only a small effect for input values that are far away from the center of that neuron. Given certain mild conditions on the shape of the activation function, RBF networks are universal approximators on a compact subset of . This means that an RBF network with enough hidden neurons can approximate any continuous function on a closed, bounded set with arbitrary precision. The parameters , , and are determined in a manner that optimizes the fit between and the data.

Normalized Normalized architecture In addition to the above unnormalized architecture, RBF networks can be normalized. In this case the mapping is where is known as a "normalized radial basis function". Theoretical motivation for normalization There is theoretical justification for this architecture in the case of stochastic data flow. Assume a stochastic kernel approximation for the joint probability density where the weights and are exemplars from the data and we require the kernels to be normalized and . The probability densities in the input and output spaces are and The expectation of y given an input is where is the conditional probability of y given .

The conditional probability is related to the joint probability through Bayes theorem which yields . This becomes when the integrations are performed. Local linear models It is sometimes convenient to expand the architecture to include local linear models. In that case the architectures become, to first order, and in the unnormalized and normalized cases, respectively. Here are weights to be determined. Higher order linear terms are also possible. This result can be written where and in the unnormalized case and in the normalized case. Here is a Kronecker delta function defined as . Training RBF networks are typically trained from pairs of input and target values , by a two-step algorithm.

In the first step, the center vectors of the RBF functions in the hidden layer are chosen. This step can be performed in several ways; centers can be randomly sampled from some set of examples, or they can be determined using k-means clustering. Note that this step is unsupervised. The second step simply fits a linear model with coefficients to the hidden layer's outputs with respect to some objective function. A common objective function, at least for regression/function estimation, is the least squares function: where . We have explicitly included the dependence on the weights. Minimization of the least squares objective function by optimal choice of weights optimizes accuracy of fit.

There are occasions in which multiple objectives, such as smoothness as well as accuracy, must be optimized. In that case it is useful to optimize a regularized objective function such as where and where optimization of S maximizes smoothness and is known as a regularization parameter. A third optional backpropagation step can be performed to fine-tune all of the RBF net's parameters. Interpolation RBF networks can be used to interpolate a function when the values of that function are known on finite number of points: .

Taking the known points to be the centers of the radial basis functions and evaluating the values of the basis functions at the same points the weights can be solved from the equation It can be shown that the interpolation matrix in the above equation is non-singular, if the points are distinct, and thus the weights can be solved by simple linear algebra: where . Function approximation If the purpose is not to perform strict interpolation but instead more general function approximation or classification the optimization is somewhat more complex because there is no obvious choice for the centers. The training is typically done in two phases first fixing the width and centers and then the weights.

This can be justified by considering the different nature of the non-linear hidden neurons versus the linear output neuron. Training the basis function centers Basis function centers can be randomly sampled among the input instances or obtained by Orthogonal Least Square Learning Algorithm or found by clustering the samples and choosing the cluster means as the centers. The RBF widths are usually all fixed to same value which is proportional to the maximum distance between the chosen centers. Pseudoinverse solution for the linear weights After the centers have been fixed, the weights that minimize the error at the output can be computed with a linear pseudoinverse solution: , where the entries of G are the values of the radial basis functions evaluated at the points : .

The existence of this linear solution means that unlike multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks, RBF networks have an explicit minimizer (when the centers are fixed). Gradient descent training of the linear weights Another possible training algorithm is gradient descent. In gradient descent training, the weights are adjusted at each time step by moving them in a direction opposite from the gradient of the objective function (thus allowing the minimum of the objective function to be found), where is a "learning parameter." For the case of training the linear weights, , the algorithm becomes in the unnormalized case and in the normalized case.

For local-linear-architectures gradient-descent training is Projection operator training of the linear weights For the case of training the linear weights, and , the algorithm becomes in the unnormalized case and in the normalized case and in the local-linear case. For one basis function, projection operator training reduces to Newton's method. Examples Logistic map The basic properties of radial basis functions can be illustrated with a simple mathematical map, the logistic map, which maps the unit interval onto itself. It can be used to generate a convenient prototype data stream. The logistic map can be used to explore function approximation, time series prediction, and control theory.

The map originated from the field of population dynamics and became the prototype for chaotic time series. The map, in the fully chaotic regime, is given by where t is a time index. The value of x at time t+1 is a parabolic function of x at time t. This equation represents the underlying geometry of the chaotic time series generated by the logistic map. Generation of the time series from this equation is the forward problem. The examples here illustrate the inverse problem; identification of the underlying dynamics, or fundamental equation, of the logistic map from exemplars of the time series.

The goal is to find an estimate for f. Function approximation Unnormalized radial basis functions The architecture is where . Since the input is a scalar rather than a vector, the input dimension is one. We choose the number of basis functions as N=5 and the size of the training set to be 100 exemplars generated by the chaotic time series. The weight is taken to be a constant equal to 5. The weights are five exemplars from the time series. The weights are trained with projection operator training: where the learning rate is taken to be 0.3. The training is performed with one pass through the 100 training points.

The rms error is 0.15. Normalized radial basis functions The normalized RBF architecture is where . Again: . Again, we choose the number of basis functions as five and the size of the training set to be 100 exemplars generated by the chaotic time series. The weight is taken to be a constant equal to 6. The weights are five exemplars from the time series. The weights are trained with projection operator training: where the learning rate is again taken to be 0.3. The training is performed with one pass through the 100 training points. The rms error on a test set of 100 exemplars is 0.084, smaller than the unnormalized error.

Normalization yields accuracy improvement. Typically accuracy with normalized basis functions increases even more over unnormalized functions as input dimensionality increases. Time series prediction Once the underlying geometry of the time series is estimated as in the previous examples, a prediction for the time series can be made by iteration: . A comparison of the actual and estimated time series is displayed in the figure. The estimated times series starts out at time zero with an exact knowledge of x(0). It then uses the estimate of the dynamics to update the time series estimate for several time steps. Note that the estimate is accurate for only a few time steps.

This is a general characteristic of chaotic time series. This is a property of the sensitive dependence on initial conditions common to chaotic time series. A small initial error is amplified with time. A measure of the divergence of time series with nearly identical initial conditions is known as the Lyapunov exponent. Control of a chaotic time series We assume the output of the logistic map can be manipulated through a control parameter such that . The goal is to choose the control parameter in such a way as to drive the time series to a desired output . This can be done if we choose the control paramer to be where is an approximation to the underlying natural dynamics of the system.

The learning algorithm is given by where . See also Radial basis function kernel In Situ Adaptive Tabulation Predictive analytics Chaos theory Hierarchical RBF Cerebellar model articulation controller Instantaneously trained neural networks References Further reading J. Moody and C. J. Darken, "Fast learning in networks of locally tuned processing units," Neural Computation, 1, 281-294 (1989). Also see Radial basis function networks according to Moody and Darken T. Poggio and F. Girosi, "Networks for approximation and learning," Proc. IEEE 78(9), 1484-1487 (1990). Roger D. Jones, Y. C. Lee, C. W. Barnes, G. W. Flake, K. Lee, P. S. Lewis, and S. Qian, ?Function approximation and time series prediction with neural networks,?

Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, June 17–21, p. I-649 (1990). John R. Davies, Stephen V. Coggeshall, Roger D. Jones, and Daniel Schutzer, "Intelligent Security Systems," in S. Chen, C. F. N. Cowan, and P. M. Grant, "Orthogonal Least Squares Learning Algorithm for Radial Basis Function Networks", IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol 2, No 2 (Mar) 1991. Category:Artificial neural networks Category:Computational statistics Category:Classification algorithms Category:Machine learning algorithms Category:Regression analysis

A Tesla Supercharger is a 480-volt DC fast-charging technology built by American vehicle manufacturer Tesla Inc. for their all-electric cars. The Tesla Supercharger network of fast-charging stations was introduced beginning in 2012. , Tesla operates 16,103 Superchargers in 1,826 stations worldwide (an average of 8.8 chargers per station); these include 908 stations in the U.S., 98 in Canada, 16 in Mexico, 520 in Europe, and 398 in the Asia/Pacific region. Each Supercharger stall has a connector to supply electrical power at up to 250 kW via a direct current connection to the 400-volt car battery pack. Tesla Model S was the first car to be able to use the network, followed by the Tesla Model X, Tesla Model 3, and Tesla Model Y.

Some Tesla cars have free supercharging for life, some have 100-400 kWh per year, some have a single 100-400 kWh credit, and some have a monetary credit. If the car doesn't have any credit, you pay with a credit card on file for the electricity used (but in some localities that is not allowed, so Tesla charges for the time spent charging). An idle fee may be charged (depending on the percent occupancy of the Supercharger station) for continuing to be plugged into the Supercharger after charging has been completed. Tesla has taken steps to focus use of the Superchargers on making longer journeys.

In late 2017, Tesla disallowed commercial, peer-to-peer ridesharing, taxi, and government usage of the public Supercharger network. Independent of the Superchargers, Tesla also has Tesla destination chargers. , Tesla has distributed 23,963 destination chargers to locations (such as hotels, restaurants, and shopping centers) worldwide. These chargers are slower (typically 22kW) than Superchargers, and are intended to charge cars over several hours. These chargers are typically free to Tesla drivers who are customers of the business at the location. Supercharger technology The original V1 and V2 Tesla supercharging stations charge with up to 150 kW of power distributed between two cars with a maximum of 150 kW per car, depending on version.

They take about 20 minutes to charge to 50%, 40 minutes to charge to 80%, and 75 minutes to 100% on the original 85kWh Model S. The charging stations provide high-power direct-current (DC) charging power directly to the battery, bypassing the internal charging power supply. In September 2017, Tesla announced the availability of urban Superchargers. The urban Superchargers are more compact than the standard Supercharger stalls as they will be primarily deployed in urban areas such as mall parking lots and garages. Compared to the standard Superchargers, Urban Superchargers have a maximum power delivery of 72kW. Instead of 150kW distributed between two vehicles at a Supercharger A/B stall pair, each Urban Supercharger stall provides dedicated 72kW capacity.

A few of the Tesla supercharging stations use solar panels to offset energy use and provide shade. Tesla plans to install additional solar power generation at Superchargers. As of March 2020, the network is exclusive to Model S, Model X, Model 3, and Model Y cars. Supercharging hardware is standard on all Model X, Model 3, and Model Y cars, and is available on Model S cars equipped with a battery of 70kWh or greater, and optional (with a one-time payment of ) on Model S vehicles equipped with a 60kWh battery. The original Roadster is not equipped to charge from the Superchargers, but all other future Tesla cars will include the ability.

Tesla makes V3 superchargers at Giga New York. Tesla opened "V3" stations in 2019, providing up to 15 miles per minute (depending on circumstances). A 1 MW charge box supplies 4 stalls at 250 kW each. In the European market, Tesla has been using the standardized IEC 62196 Type 2 connector for Model S and Model X cars and Superchargers. Tesla announced in November 2018 that it was updating all Superchargers in the EU to add CCS/Combo2 connectors, as an additional connector to the existing DC Type 2 connector. In the same announcement it was stated that this CCS/Combo2 connector will be the connector used for the Model 3 due the following year.

This brings complete compatibility with the legislated charging standard for EU public charging. Existing Model S and X cars will be given the option of an adapter for CCS/Combo2 that allows those cars to use the EU standard public infrastructure as well. There will remain an incompatibility with imported US Tesla cars (that all use a Tesla proprietary connector). As of 2017, Tesla is the only automobile manufacturer which offers direct current (DC) charging based on the IEC 62196-2 specification. Other manufacturers use the IEC 62196-3 Combined Charging System (CCS) charging standard. Tesla has indicated on multiple occasions that they were interested in having discussions with other auto manufacturers about sharing the Supercharger network, however no agreements have been completed or made public to date.

In late 2019, on a busy Thanksgiving weekend in San Luis Obispo, California, Tesla deployed a mobile Supercharger set-up on a flatbed trailer, offering additional charging capacity powered by a Tesla Megapack energy storage system. Controversy In 2016, the Advertising Standards Authority ruled that it was accurate to state that Tesla Superchargers are the highest-power chargers available in the UK, turning down a complaint by Ecotricity. Although the Superchargers are technically capable of 150kW, Tesla cars restricted the power to 120kW, but boosted that to up to 150 kW for the Model 3 Long Range and the 100 kWh versions of Models S and X in 2019.

The Chinese GB/T standard has a theoretical maximum of 180kW, but as of 2018, no car had a 500600V battery required for the 180kW charging speed. Supercharging network Tesla Supercharger stations allow Tesla vehicles to be fast-charged at the network within roughly an hour, and are often located near restaurants with restrooms. The average number of Tesla cars per Supercharger stall was 34 in 2016. Cost estimates per station range from US$100,000 in 2013 to US$270,000 in 2015, depending on the number of stalls and other circumstances. Tesla estimates that station equipment lasts 12 years. Most car charging occurs at home or work, a situation that Tesla has compared to cell phone charging.

, less than 10% of charging came from Superchargers. In the month of July 2019, Tesla delivered 72 GWh through Superchargers. Most Supercharger stations are owned by Tesla, but some are owned by fleet operators to charge their Tesla cars, such as taxis. These charger stalls are limited to 60 kW. In December 2017, Tesla changed its terms of service so that any vehicles being used as taxis or for commercial, ride-share, or government purposes were effectively banned from using Superchargers. This ban only applies to vehicles bought after December 15, 2017. Other charging options would be provided for these vehicles.

Fees for using Superchargers Unlimited supercharging for life is free for all Model S and Model X cars that were ordered before January 15, 2017, or after August 2, 2019, or for vehicles that were purchased using a referral code during certain periods. Model S and Model X cars that were ordered between January 15, 2017 and November 2, 2018, received 400 kWh (about ) of free Supercharging credits per year. Once those credits are used, supercharging will have a fee, but that fee is lower than filling up a gas-powered car. Between May 2017 and September 18, 2018, Tesla allowed existing Tesla owners to give free unlimited supercharging for life to up to five friends if the friend purchased a new Tesla and used their referral code.

Tesla also offered all existing Tesla owners who purchase a new Model S, Model X or Performance Model 3 for themselves will receive free unlimited supercharging for life on those cars. From time to time, Tesla has offered 1,000 or 2,000 miles of free supercharging as an incentive to purchase a new Tesla car. Other than the above caveats, Tesla Model S and Model X cars purchased between November 2, 2018 and August 2, 2019, and all Model 3 and Model Y cars purchased at any time do not receive any supercharging credits. Fees for remaining connected after being fully charged Since December 16, 2016, any car that remains connected to a Supercharger after being fully charged may be fined.

In the United States, there is no fine if the Supercharger station is less than half full, a fine of $0.50 per minute if the station is at least 50% full, and a fine of $1.00 per minute when the station is 100% full (these fees may vary by country). This fee is waived if the car is removed in five minutes. Any incurred fees must be paid by the time of the next service visit. Change over time In October 2014, there were 119 standard Tesla Supercharger stations operating in the United States, 76 in Europe, and 26 in Asia.

On 31 March 2016, Tesla CEO Elon Musk announced that the number of Supercharger stations would be doubled (from 613 stations with 3,628 chargers) by 2017. The number of Supercharger stations worldwide grew to 280 by the end of 2014; 584 by the end of 2015; and 1,045 by the end of 2017. By December 2014, two stations were solar powered. A solar-assisted Supercharger was opened in Belgium in 2017. , Tesla had plans to expand the network to 15,000 stalls. , Tesla operates 16,103 Superchargers in 1,826 stations worldwide; these include 908 stations in the U.S., 98 in Canada, 16 in Mexico, 520 in Europe, and 398 in the Asia/Pacific region.

North America 2012 saw eight initial Supercharger stations around the United States, located at strategic points on the Boston-to-Washington and Los Angeles-to-San Francisco highway corridors. By mid-July 2013, 15 stations were open across the United States, with the number expected to nearly double by the end of the summer. The stations were developed and mass constructed in cooperation with Black & Veatch. Supercharging stations were available in Canada along the Highway 401 corridor between Toronto and Montreal by 2014. The initial network was built in high-traffic corridors across North America, followed by networks in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013.

The first Supercharger corridor in the US opened with free access in October 2012. This corridor included six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas. A second corridor was opened in December 2012 along the Northeast megalopolis, connecting Washington, DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. This corridor includes three stations in highway rest areas, one in Delaware and two adjacent ones in Connecticut. At some stations, the electricity is paid by local business to attract customers. The electricity used by the Supercharger (277V L-N of a 480Y/277V 3-phase configuration) in the West Coast corridor comes partly from a solar carport system provided by SolarCity.

Eventually, all Supercharger stations are to be supplied by solar power. According to Musk, "...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year [2013]". He also said that early Tesla owners' use of the network would be free forever. , North Dakota, Alaska, and Hawaii are the remaining states without Superchargers. Supercharging stations are planned to be opened in 2020 in all three states. Most of the southern Trans-Canada Highway was covered at the end of 2019. Europe In early 2015, the first European Supercharger was upgraded with a 'solar canopy' (a carport with solar cells on the roof) in Køge, Denmark.

According to the person responsible for Tesla's Superchargers in the Nordic countries, Christian Marcus, the 12-stall Supercharger in Køge has solar cells with a projected annual production of about 40 MWh and is equipped with its own battery bank for temporary storage of excess production. Unlike other European Supercharger stations, Tesla has bought the land on which the Køge Supercharger stands. On April 26, 2016, Kostomłoty became the first charger to open in Poland. Tesla opened a grid-connected 2-stall Supercharger at Nürburgring in 2019. There are a few privately operated Supercharger stations such as the one opened on April 27, 2016, in Zarechye, Russia, with 3 stalls.

The European Supercharger network is planned to allow a Model S to drive from the North Cape in Norway to Istanbul or Lisbon. , the Supercharger closest to Istanbul is the one in Vrgorac (Croatia), and the one nearest to Lisbon is Alcacer do Sal. The map of current and planned sites includes every European Union country except Malta and Cyprus, and represents all of the countries in the world in the top 10 of electric vehicle adoption rates. Asia-Pacific , Hong Kong had the highest density of Tesla Superchargers in the world, with eight stations with a total of 54 Supercharger stalls, allowing most Model S owners to have a Supercharger within 20 minutes' drive.

Other Superchargers can also be found in People's Republic of China, Australia, Japan, Macau, New Zealand, South Korea, and Taiwan. Tesla contracts Infigen Energy to supply electricity for its Australian Superchargers. In 2016, Tesla also announced plans to deploy a nationwide network of Superchargers in India. No deployments as of 2020. Large Supercharger stations Battery-swap proposal A "Tesla station" was a planned second version of the Supercharger that, as of 2013, would provide Tesla owners with extremely-fast battery pack swaps as well as fast-recharge for Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles. However, the company's plans changed and battery swapping is no longer a significant part of Tesla's charging infrastructure plans.

By December 2014, 18 months after the announcement, no battery swapping stations had yet opened to the public. That same month, the company announced a revision to their much-delayed plans. A single battery-swap station would be opened in California as a pilot project, where only invited Model S owners could do battery swaps by appointment, to assess technical and economic aspects of the service. Demand for the priced service—which was expected to take three minutes (instead of the 90-second time demonstrated in 2013)—would be used to determine whether the company would fully commercialize battery swapping stations more generally. The original plan in the June 2013 company announcement explicitly indicated that the company would eventually upgrade all existing Tesla Supercharger stations to become Tesla stations, which would offer the battery-pack swap for the Model S in addition to the fast recharge capability that each facility initially opened with.

By June 2015, the company had indicated that battery swapping capabilities was no longer a significant part of Tesla's plans for on-road energy replacement for their vehicles. History In June 2013, Tesla announced the goal to deploy a battery swapping station in each of its existing supercharging stations, to be renamed Tesla stations. At an event at Tesla's design studio in Los Angeles, CEO Elon Musk demonstrated a battery swap operation with the Tesla Model S, which took just over 90 seconds each for the two cars participating in the demo. The swapping operation took less than half the time needed to refill a gasoline-powered car used for comparison purposes during the event.

The Tesla Model S was designed from the beginning to support fast battery swapping, with Tesla publicly discussing the capability as early as March 2009. By December 2014, no battery-swapping stations had been opened to the public. On 19 December, Tesla announced revised plans. They would now build only a single battery-swapping station, and institute a "Battery Swap Pilot Program" at that selected station in Harris Ranch, California in order to "assess demand." Only invited Model S owners would be able to participate in the pilot battery swaps. The company stated they would "evaluate relative demand from customers ... to assess whether it merits the engineering resources and investment necessary" for the upgrade of additional first-generation Supercharger stations.

In June 2015, Tesla announced that of 200 invitations sent out to try the pilot pack swap station, only approximately five tried it. Tesla then invited all California Model S owners to try it out, but expected a low usage rate. A survey showed that most users were not interested. Deployment The first Tesla Station with battery-swapping capability was planned to be piloted in California late in 2013, but this was subsequently delayed. Elon Musk said at an event in February 2014 that a few battery swap stations will open in the next few months along the route between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and that the initial stations will be studied before deciding to build any more.

In mid-2013 each swapping station was projected to cost and have approximately 50 batteries available without requiring reservations. Elon Musk said the battery swapping service would be offered for the price of about of gasoline at the current local rate, around to at June 2013 prices. Owners may pick up their own battery pack fully charged on the return trip for no extra payment. Tesla will also offer the option to keep the pack received on the swap and pay the price difference if the battery received is newer; or to receive the original pack back from Tesla for a transport fee.

The billing will be handled via customer credit card on file with Tesla. Pricing had not been determined . Regulatory issues The California Air Resources Board staff considered modifying the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation to exclude battery swapping as a "fast refueling" technology; this change would deny Tesla some of the ZEV credits that the manufacturer might otherwise receive when the battery-swapping station is placed in service in California. After criticism from several motoring manufacturers, this proposal was withdrawn. Tesla Megacharger Tesla announced a higher-capacity "Megacharger" along with the unveiling of a prototype for its Tesla Semi, a semi-trailer truck, in November 2017.

Trucks would use the Tesla Megacharger Network to charge. The solar-assisted Megacharger Network stations would charge the semi trucks with 400 miles (645 km) of charge in 30 minutes, out of the total capacity of in the battery pack. To accomplish this, it will likely have an output level of over one megawatt. See also Electrify America References External links Video of battery swap Charts of Supercharger stations over time Category:Automotive technologies Category:Charging stations Supercharger Category:Commercial machines

The Curtiss T-32 Condor II was a 1930s American biplane airliner and bomber aircraft built by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. It was used by the United States Army Air Corps as an executive transport. Development The Condor II was a 1933 two-bay biplane of mixed construction with a single vertical stabilizer and rudder, and retractable landing gear. It was powered by two Wright Cyclone radial engines. The first aircraft was flown on 30 January 1933 and a production batch of 21 aircraft was then built. The production aircraft were fitted out as 12-passenger luxury night sleeper transports. They entered service with Eastern Air Transport and American Airways, forerunners of Eastern Air Lines and American Airlines on regular night services for the next three years.

The June 15, 1934 American Airlines system timetable marketed its Condors as being "The World's First Complete Sleeper-Planes" with these 12-passenger aircraft being equipped with sleeper berths and also being capable of cruising at 190 miles per hour. An example of the Condor services operated by American were daily overnight flights between Dallas and Los Angeles during the mid 1930s with a routing of Dallas – Ft. Worth – Abilene – Big Spring, TX – El Paso – Douglas, AZ – Tucson – Phoenix – Los Angeles. The Colombian Air Force operated three BT-32 equipped with floats in the Colombia-Peru War in 1933.

Two modified T-32s were bought by the United States Army Air Corps (designated YC-30) for use as executive transports. One Condor was converted with extra fuel tanks and used by the 1939–1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition, and, unique for a Condor, had a fixed undercarriage to allow use on floats or skis. Some aircraft were later modified to AT-32 standard with variable-pitch propellers and improved engine nacelles. The AT-32D variant could be converted from sleeper configuration to daytime use with 15 seats. Four T-32s operating in the United Kingdom were pressed into service with the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of World War II.

Eight bomber variants (BT-32) were built with manually operated machine gun turrets in the nose and above the rear fuselage. All these aircraft were exported. A military cargo version (CT-32) was also built for Argentina. It had a large loading door on the starboard side of the fuselage. Variants T-32 Production luxury night sleeper, 21 built including two as YC-30s T-32C Ten T-32s modified to AT-32 standard. AT-32A Variant with variable-pitch propellers and 710 hp (529 kW) Wright SGR-1820-F3 Cyclone engines, three built. AT-32B An AT-32 variant with 720 hp (537 kW) Wright SGR-1820-F2 Cyclone engines, three built. AT-32C An AT-32 variant, one built for Swissair.

AT-32D An AT-32 variant with 720 hp (537 kW) Wright SGR-1820-F3 Cyclone engines, one built. AT-32E AT-32 variant for the United States Navy as the R4C-1, two built. BT-32 Bomber variant, eight built. CT-32 Military cargo variant with large cargo door, three built. YC-30 United States Army Air Corps designation for two T-32s. R4C-1 United States Navy designation for two AT-32Es (one for United States Marine Corps) both later to the United States Antarctic Survey. Operators Civil operators LAN-Chile operated three former American Airlines aircraft China National Aviation Corporation operated six AT-32E freighters Swissair International Air Freight, Croydon operated four T-32s.

American Airways (subsequently renamed American Airlines) Eastern Air Transport (subsequently renamed Eastern Air Lines) Military operators Argentine Naval Aviation operated three aircraft of the CT-32 variant, one as a crew trainer and two as freighters. Chinese Nationalist Air Force operated BT-32 variant. Colombian Air Force operated three BT-32 variants on floats. Honduran Air Force Peruvian Air Force operated BT-32 variant. Royal Air Force – Four T-32 variants impressed from International Air Freight. Not used in service and scrapped at No 30 Maintenance Unit. RAF Sealand. United States Army Air Corps operated two YC-30 aircraft. United States Marine Corps received one R4C-1 aircraft.

United States Navy received one R4C-1 aircraft. Specifications (AT-32C Condor II) Accidents and incidents On 27 July 1934, Swissair Condor CH-170 broke up in mid-air and crashed at Tuttlingen, Germany killing all 12 passengers and crew. See also References Sources Andrade, John M. U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. . (Page 63 and 214) Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London: Putnam & CompanyLtd., 1979. . Taylor, H.A. "The Uncompetitive Condor" AirEnthusiast Six, March–June 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1978. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing, 1985.

External links USAF Museum C-30 factsheet USAF Museum YC-30 factsheet History of the Argentine Naval Aviation CT-32s T-32 Condor II Category:1930s United States airliners Category:1930s United States military transport aircraft Category:1930s United States bomber aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1933 Category:Biplanes Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

No. 330 (Norwegian) Squadron was a Royal Air Force aircraft squadron formed at RAF Reykjavik, Iceland on 25 April 1941 manned by exiled Norwegian aircrew and, initially, Norwegian procured aircraft. The squadron operated throughout the Second World War. History After the squadron's formation in 1941 at RAF Reykjavik, Iceland it flew Northrop N-3PB Nomads on convoy escort, anti-submarine patrols, anti-shipping sorties and other operations across the North East Atlantic. At the end of the war the squadron was disbanded by the RAF on 21 November 1945 and then transferred to Norwegian control as No. 330 Squadron RNoAF whose squadron number and markings they retain to this day.

Aircraft operated See also List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons Notes References Category:Military units and formations established in 1941 Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War II Category:Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons Category:Royal Norwegian Air Force squadrons Category:Military units and formations of Norway in World War II

Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron (Fe) in biological fluids. Human transferrin produced in the liver is encoded by the TF gene and as a 76-kDa glycoprotein. Transferrin glycoproteins bind iron tightly, but reversibly. Although iron bound to transferrin is less than 0.1% (4 mg) of total body iron, it forms the most vital iron pool with the highest rate of turnover (25 mg/24 h). Transferrin has a molecular weight of around 80 kDa and contains two specific high-affinity Fe(III) binding sites. The affinity of transferrin for Fe(III) is extremely high (association constant is 1020 M−1 at pH 7.4) but decreases progressively with decreasing pH below neutrality.

Transferrins are not limited to only binding to iron but also to different metal ions. These glycoproteins are located in various bodily fluids of vertebrates. Some invertebrates have proteins that act like transferrin found in the hemolymph. When not bound to iron, transferrin is known as "apotransferrin" (see also apoprotein). Occurrence and function Transferrins are glycoproteins that are often found in biological fluids of vertebrates.When a transferrin protein loaded with iron encounters a transferrin receptor on the surface of a cell, e.g., erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, it binds to it and is transported into the cell in a vesicle by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

The pH of the vesicle is reduced by hydrogen ion pumps ( ATPases) to about 5.5, causing transferrin to release its iron ions. Iron release rate is dependent on several factors including pH levels, interactions between lobes, temperature, salt, and chelator. The receptor with its ligand bound transferrin is then transported through the endocytic cycle back to the cell surface, ready for another round of iron uptake. Each transferrin molecule has the ability to carry two iron ions in the ferric form (). Humans and other mammals The liver is the main site of transferrin synthesis but other tissues and organs, including the brain, also produce transferrin.

A major source of transferrin secretion in the brain is the choroid plexus in the ventricular system. The main role of transferrin is to deliver iron from absorption centers in the duodenum and white blood cell macrophages to all tissues. Transferrin plays a key role in areas where erythropoiesis and active cell division occur. The receptor helps maintain iron homeostasis in the cells by controlling iron concentrations. The gene coding for transferrin in humans is located in chromosome band 3q21. Medical professionals may check serum transferrin level in iron deficiency and in iron overload disorders such as hemochromatosis. Structure In humans, transferrin consists of a polypeptide chain containing 679 amino acids and two carbohydrate chains.

The protein is composed of alpha helices and beta sheets that form two domains. The N- and C- terminal sequences are represented by globular lobes and between the two lobes is an iron-binding site. The amino acids which bind the iron ion to the transferrin are identical for both lobes; two tyrosines, one histidine, and one aspartic acid. For the iron ion to bind, an anion is required, preferably carbonate (). Transferrin also has a transferrin iron-bound receptor; it is a disulfide-linked homodimer. In humans, each monomer consists of 760 amino acids. It enables ligand bonding to the transferrin, as each monomer can bind to one or two atoms of iron.

Each monomer consists of three domains: the protease, the helical, and the apical domains. The shape of a transferrin receptor resembles a butterfly based on the intersection of three clearly shaped domains. Two main transferrin receptors found in humans denoted as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2). Although both are similar in structure, TfR1 can only bind specifically to human TF where TfR2 also has the capability to interact with bovine TF. Immune system Transferrin is also associated with the innate immune system. It is found in the mucosa and binds iron, thus creating an environment low in free iron that impedes bacterial survival in a process called iron withholding.

The level of transferrin decreases in inflammation. Role in disease An increased plasma transferrin level is often seen in patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia, during pregnancy, and with the use of oral contraceptives, reflecting an increase in transferrin protein expression. When plasma transferrin levels rise, there is a reciprocal decrease in percent transferrin iron saturation, and a corresponding increase in total iron binding capacity in iron deficient states A decreased plasma transferrin can occur in iron overload diseases and protein malnutrition. An absence of transferrin results from a rare genetic disorder known as atransferrinemia, a condition characterized by anemia and hemosiderosis in the heart and liver that leads to heart failure and many other complications.

Transferrin and its receptor have been shown to diminish tumour cells when the receptor is used to attract antibodies. Transferrin and nanomedicine Many drugs are hindered when providing treatment when crossing the blood-brain barrier yielding poor uptake into areas of the brain. Transferrin glycoproteins are able bypass the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transport to specific transferrin receptors found in the brain capillary endothelial cells. Due to this functionality, it is theorized that nanoparticles acting as drug carriers bound to transferrin glycoproteins can penetrate the blood-brain barrier allowing these substances to reach the diseased cells in the brain. Advances with transferrin conjugated nanoparticles can lead to non-invasive drug distribution in the brain with potential therapeutic consequences of central nervous system (CNS) targeted diseases (e.g.

Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease). Other effects Carbohydrate deficient transferrin increases in the blood with heavy ethanol consumption and can be monitored through laboratory testing. Transferrin is an acute phase protein and is seen to decrease in inflammation, cancers, and certain diseases (in contrast to other acute phase proteins, e.g., C-reactive protein, which increase in case of acute inflammation). Pathology Atransferrinemia is associated with a deficiency in transferrin. In nephrotic syndrome, urinary loss of transferrin, along with other serum proteins such as thyroxine-binding globulin, gammaglobulin, and anti-thrombin III, can manifest as iron-resistant microcytic anemia. Reference ranges An example reference range for transferrin is 204–360 mg/dL.

Laboratory test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test. A high transferrin level may indicate an iron deficiency anemia. Levels of serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) are used in conjunction with transferrin to specify any abnormality. See interpretation of TIBC. Low transferrin likely indicates malnutrition. Interactions Transferrin has been shown to interact with insulin-like growth factor 2 and IGFBP3. Transcriptional regulation of transferrin is upregulated by retinoic acid. Related proteins Members of the family include blood serotransferrin (or siderophilin, usually simply called transferrin); lactotransferrin (lactoferrin); milk transferrin; egg white ovotransferrin (conalbumin); and membrane-associated melanotransferrin.

See also Beta-2 transferrin Transferrin receptor Total iron-binding capacity Transferrin saturation Ferritin Phytotransferrin Atransferrinemia Hypotransferrinemia HFE H63D gene mutation References Further reading External links Category:Iron metabolism Category:Chemical pathology

Curly Top is a 1935 American musical drama film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan (Shirley Temple) by a wealthy bachelor (John Boles) and his romantic attraction to her older sister (Rochelle Hudson). Together with The Littlest Rebel, another Temple vehicle, the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by Variety. The film's musical numbers include "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up". This film was the first of four films that Shirley Temple and Arthur Treacher appeared in together; others were Stowaway (1936), Heidi (1937), and The Little Princess (1939).

Plot Young Elizabeth Blair (Shirley Temple) lives at the Lakeside Orphanage, a dreary, regimented place supervised by two decent but dour women. Her older sister Mary (Rochelle Hudson) works in the kitchen, laundry, and dormitory. Elizabeth is a sweet child but her high spirits and creative imagination often lead her into trouble with the superintendent; such as one night when she snuck in her pet horse Spunky into the children's bedroom. When the trustees descend on the orphanage for a tour of inspection, Elizabeth is caught playfully mimicking the head trustee and is threatened with being sent to a public institution.

Young, rich, handsome trustee Edward Morgan (John Boles) intervenes. He takes a liking to Elizabeth and, in a private interview with the child, learns that most of her life has been spent obsequiously expressing her gratitude for every mouthful that has fallen her way. He adopts her but, not wanting to curb Elizabeth's spirit by making her feel slavishly obligated to him for every kindness, he tells her a fictitious "Hiram Jones" is her benefactor and he is simply acting on Jones's behalf as his lawyer. He nicknames her "Curly Top." Meanwhile, he has met and fallen in love with Elizabeth's sister Mary but will not admit it.

Elizabeth and Mary leave the orphanage and take up residence in Morgan's luxurious Southampton beach house. His kindly aunt, Genevieve Graham (Esther Dale), and his very proper butler Reynolds (Arthur Treacher) are charmed by the two. Elizabeth has everything a child could want including a pony cart and silk pajamas. Mary secretly loves Morgan but, believing he has no romantic interest in her, she accepts an offer of marriage from young Navy pilot Jimmie Rogers (Maurice Murphy). Morgan is taken aback but offers his congratulations. Hours later, Mary ends the engagement when she realizes she doesn't truly love Jimmie. Morgan then declares his love, reveals he is the fictitious "Hiram Jones", and plans marriage and a long honeymoon in Europe with Mary.

Cast Shirley Temple as Elizabeth Blair John Boles as Edward Morgan Rochelle Hudson as Mary Blair, Elizabeth's sister Esther Dale as Genevieve Graham, Morgan's aunt Arthur Treacher as Reynolds, Morgan's English butler Jane Darwell as Mrs. Henrietta Denham, a heavy-set, elderly matron at the Lakeside Orphanage. She is much kinder than Mrs. Higgins and is actually well liked by the children at the orphanage. Rafaela Ottiano as Mrs. Higgins, the severe, strict, thin-lipped superintendent of the Lakeside Orphanage Etienne Girardot as James Wyckoff, a stern, elderly, penny-pinching trustee of the Lakeside Orphanage and the manufacturer of Wyckoff's Cough Mixture Maurice Murphy as Jimmie Rogers Production Curly Top was filmed in May and June 1935 and released on July 26.

It was based on Jean Webster's 1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs and was one of four Temple remakes of Mary Pickford films. Temple's mother coached her daughter on the set and at home. Director Cummings noted that Temple's mother was thorough, teaching her daughter her dialogue and how to say her lines, what facial expressions to use, and how to walk, sit, stand, and run. According to Cummings, Mrs. Temple was "much more Shirley's director than I am", and that there was very little left for him to do when Temple arrived on the set. In the scene where Boles is singing "It's All So New to Me", Temple appeared as a naked cupid painted from head to toe in gilt paint.

However, the scene had to be completed rapidly, before the paint clogged the pores of her skin. As a souvenir, Temple received the film's doll house with hooked rugs on its parquet floors, chintz curtains at its windows, crisp sheets on its beds, fake food in its refrigerator, bric-a-brac on its tiny tabletops, books on its shelves, and its toilet with a working lid. Every drawer and every door in the doll house opened. It was kept in Temple's cottage bedroom on her parents' estate and displayed for child visitors. Music Production Ray Henderson composed the five songs for Curly Top.

Johnny Mercer wanted to write the lyrics but the job went to Ted Koehler, a former partner of Harold Arlen. Edward Heyman and Irving Caesar also wrote lyrics for the film. With the exception of "When I Grow Up", the film's songs are introduced in the film through the device of having characters Mary Blair and Edward Morgan sideline as composers. In an early scene in the orphanage dining room, for example, Mary tells Morgan she composed "Animal Crackers in My Soup", and in another scene, Morgan composes and sings "It's All So New to Me" at his piano. At the Gala, Mary sings "The Simple Things in Life", a tune presumably composed by Morgan as he mentioned at one early point in the film that he would likely do so.

At the end of the film, he sings his newly composed "Curly Top" to Elizabeth as she sits, then tap dances, atop his grand piano. Reception "Animal Crackers in My Soup" and "When I Grow Up" became hits in their own right, selling thousands of sheet music copies and placing Shirley on the charts in the company of musical superstars Bing Crosby, Nelson Eddy, and Alice Faye. Release Critical responses Andre Sennwald of The New York Times said of the film, "So shameless is it in its optimism, so grimly determined to be cheerful, that it ought to cause an epidemic of axe murders and grandmother beatings […] Shirley herself, far from showing signs of deterioration or overwork in Curly Top, actually hints in her work at an increased maturity of technique.

Her remarkable sense of timing has never been revealed more plainly than in the song and dance scenes in her new film, and she plays her straightforward dramatic scenes with the assurance and precision of a veteran actress. With all this, she has lost none of her native freshness and charm." He thought the film "completely bearable" with "all that studious devotion to the banal which assures it of an enthusiastic reception with the family trade." Variety reported that it had "plenty for almost every type of audience." Film Daily said it was "Ranking with the best of the Shirley Temple pictures", adding, "The story and characters as a group are among the most likeable that have yet surrounded Shirley, while comedy and pleasing musical numbers are nicely sprinkled among the human interest."

"Miss Temple achieves a success", wrote John Mosher in The New Yorker. "I imagine that her performance is such that mothers will claim no other children, except their own, could do anything like it." The film was greeted with a "tidal wave" of popularity upon release, and its banal plot was nothing more than a tribute to the conspicuous consumption practiced by the few remaining rich of the Great Depression. The film opens with an almost minute-long closeup of Temple, and, in doing so, "all pretense that Shirley Temple movies were about anything, or indeed anything more than a vehicle for her adorableness was abandoned.