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The latest C standard (C11) allows multi-national Unicode characters to be embedded portably within C source text by using \uXXXX or \UXXXXXXXX encoding (where the X denotes a hexadecimal character), although this feature is not yet widely implemented. The basic C execution character set contains the same characters, along with representations for alert, backspace, and carriage return. Run-time support for extended character sets has increased with each revision of the C standard.
Reserved words C89 has 32 reserved words, also known as keywords, which are the words that cannot be used for any purposes other than those for which they are predefined: auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while C99 reserved five more words: _Bool _Complex _Imaginary inline restrict C11 reserved seven more words: _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Generic _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local Most of the recently reserved words begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter, because identifiers of that form were previously reserved by the C standard for use only by implementations.
Since existing program source code should not have been using these identifiers, it would not be affected when C implementations started supporting these extensions to the programming language. Some standard headers do define more convenient synonyms for underscored identifiers. The language previously included a reserved word called entry, but this was seldom implemented, and has now been removed as a reserved word. Operators C supports a rich set of operators, which are symbols used within an expression to specify the manipulations to be performed while evaluating that expression. C has operators for: arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % assignment: = augmented assignment: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, <<=, >>= bitwise logic: ~, &, |, ^ bitwise shifts: <<, >> boolean logic: !, &&, || conditional evaluation: ?
: equality testing: ==, != calling functions: ( ) increment and decrement: ++, -- member selection: ., -> object size: sizeof order relations: <, <=, >, >= reference and dereference: &, *, [ ] sequencing: , subexpression grouping: ( ) type conversion: (typename) C uses the operator = (used in mathematics to express equality) to indicate assignment, following the precedent of Fortran and PL/I, but unlike ALGOL and its derivatives. C uses the operator == to test for equality. The similarity between these two operators (assignment and equality) may result in the accidental use of one in place of the other, and in many cases, the mistake does not produce an error message (although some compilers produce warnings).
For example, the conditional expression if (a == b + 1) might mistakenly be written as if (a = b + 1), which will be evaluated as true if a is not zero after the assignment. The C operator precedence is not always intuitive. For example, the operator == binds more tightly than (is executed prior to) the operators & (bitwise AND) and | (bitwise OR) in expressions such as x & 1 == 0, which must be written as (x & 1) == 0 if that is the coder's intent. "Hello, world" example The "hello, world" example, which appeared in the first edition of K&R, has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks.
The program prints "hello, world" to the standard output, which is usually a terminal or screen display. The original version was: main() { printf("hello, world\n"); } A standard-conforming "hello, world" program is: #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("hello, world\n"); } The first line of the program contains a preprocessing directive, indicated by #include. This causes the compiler to replace that line with the entire text of the stdio.h standard header, which contains declarations for standard input and output functions such as printf and scanf. The angle brackets surrounding stdio.h indicate that stdio.h is located using a search strategy that prefers headers provided with the compiler to other headers having the same name, as opposed to double quotes which typically include local or project-specific header files.
The next line indicates that a function named main is being defined. The main function serves a special purpose in C programs; the run-time environment calls the main function to begin program execution. The type specifier int indicates that the value that is returned to the invoker (in this case the run-time environment) as a result of evaluating the main function, is an integer. The keyword void as a parameter list indicates that this function takes no arguments. The opening curly brace indicates the beginning of the definition of the main function. The next line calls (diverts execution to) a function named printf, which in this case is supplied from a system library.
In this call, the printf function is passed (provided with) a single argument, the address of the first character in the string literal "hello, world\n". The string literal is an unnamed array with elements of type char, set up automatically by the compiler with a final 0-valued character to mark the end of the array (printf needs to know this). The \n is an escape sequence that C translates to a newline character, which on output signifies the end of the current line. The return value of the printf function is of type int, but it is silently discarded since it is not used.
(A more careful program might test the return value to determine whether or not the printf function succeeded.) The semicolon ; terminates the statement. The closing curly brace indicates the end of the code for the main function. According to the C99 specification and newer, the main function, unlike any other function, will implicitly return a value of 0 upon reaching the } that terminates the function. (Formerly an explicit return 0; statement was required.) This is interpreted by the run-time system as an exit code indicating successful execution. Data types The type system in C is static and weakly typed, which makes it similar to the type system of ALGOL descendants such as Pascal.
There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned, floating-point numbers, and enumerated types (enum). Integer type char is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a boolean datatype. There are also derived types including arrays, pointers, records (struct), and unions (union). C is often used in low-level systems programming where escapes from the type system may be necessary. The compiler attempts to ensure type correctness of most expressions, but the programmer can override the checks in various ways, either by using a type cast to explicitly convert a value from one type to another, or by using pointers or unions to reinterpret the underlying bits of a data object in some other way.
Some find C's declaration syntax unintuitive, particularly for function pointers. (Ritchie's idea was to declare identifiers in contexts resembling their use: "declaration reflects use".) C's usual arithmetic conversions allow for efficient code to be generated, but can sometimes produce unexpected results. For example, a comparison of signed and unsigned integers of equal width requires a conversion of the signed value to unsigned. This can generate unexpected results if the signed value is negative. Pointers C supports the use of pointers, a type of reference that records the address or location of an object or function in memory. Pointers can be dereferenced to access data stored at the address pointed to, or to invoke a pointed-to function.
Pointers can be manipulated using assignment or pointer arithmetic. The run-time representation of a pointer value is typically a raw memory address (perhaps augmented by an offset-within-word field), but since a pointer's type includes the type of the thing pointed to, expressions including pointers can be type-checked at compile time. Pointer arithmetic is automatically scaled by the size of the pointed-to data type. Pointers are used for many purposes in C. Text strings are commonly manipulated using pointers into arrays of characters. Dynamic memory allocation is performed using pointers. Many data types, such as trees, are commonly implemented as dynamically allocated struct objects linked together using pointers.
Pointers to functions are useful for passing functions as arguments to higher-order functions (such as qsort or bsearch) or as callbacks to be invoked by event handlers. A null pointer value explicitly points to no valid location. Dereferencing a null pointer value is undefined, often resulting in a segmentation fault. Null pointer values are useful for indicating special cases such as no "next" pointer in the final node of a linked list, or as an error indication from functions returning pointers. In appropriate contexts in source code, such as for assigning to a pointer variable, a null pointer constant can be written as 0, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, or as the NULL macro defined by several standard headers.
In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to false, while all other pointer values evaluate to true. Void pointers (void *) point to objects of unspecified type, and can therefore be used as "generic" data pointers. Since the size and type of the pointed-to object is not known, void pointers cannot be dereferenced, nor is pointer arithmetic on them allowed, although they can easily be (and in many contexts implicitly are) converted to and from any other object pointer type. Careless use of pointers is potentially dangerous. Because they are typically unchecked, a pointer variable can be made to point to any arbitrary location, which can cause undesirable effects.
Although properly used pointers point to safe places, they can be made to point to unsafe places by using invalid pointer arithmetic; the objects they point to may continue to be used after deallocation (dangling pointers); they may be used without having been initialized (wild pointers); or they may be directly assigned an unsafe value using a cast, union, or through another corrupt pointer. In general, C is permissive in allowing manipulation of and conversion between pointer types, although compilers typically provide options for various levels of checking. Some other programming languages address these problems by using more restrictive reference types.
Arrays Array types in C are traditionally of a fixed, static size specified at compile time. (The more recent C99 standard also allows a form of variable-length arrays.) However, it is also possible to allocate a block of memory (of arbitrary size) at run-time, using the standard library's malloc function, and treat it as an array. C's unification of arrays and pointers means that declared arrays and these dynamically allocated simulated arrays are virtually interchangeable. Since arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically not checked against the underlying array size, although some compilers may provide bounds checking as an option.
Array bounds violations are therefore possible and rather common in carelessly written code, and can lead to various repercussions, including illegal memory accesses, corruption of data, buffer overruns, and run-time exceptions. If bounds checking is desired, it must be done manually. C does not have a special provision for declaring multi-dimensional arrays, but rather relies on recursion within the type system to declare arrays of arrays, which effectively accomplishes the same thing. The index values of the resulting "multi-dimensional array" can be thought of as increasing in row-major order. Multi-dimensional arrays are commonly used in numerical algorithms (mainly from applied linear algebra) to store matrices.
The structure of the C array is well suited to this particular task. However, since arrays are passed merely as pointers, the bounds of the array must be known fixed values or else explicitly passed to any subroutine that requires them, and dynamically sized arrays of arrays cannot be accessed using double indexing. (A workaround for this is to allocate the array with an additional "row vector" of pointers to the columns.) C99 introduced "variable-length arrays" which address some, but not all, of the issues with ordinary C arrays. Array–pointer interchangeability The subscript notation x[i] (where x designates a pointer) is syntactic sugar for *(x+i).
Taking advantage of the compiler's knowledge of the pointer type, the address that x + i points to is not the base address (pointed to by x) incremented by i bytes, but rather is defined to be the base address incremented by i multiplied by the size of an element that x points to. Thus, x[i] designates the i+1th element of the array. Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of sizeof), the name of an array is automatically converted to a pointer to the array's first element. This implies that an array is never copied as a whole when named as an argument to a function, but rather only the address of its first element is passed.
Therefore, although function calls in C use pass-by-value semantics, arrays are in effect passed by reference. The size of an element can be determined by applying the operator sizeof to any dereferenced element of x, as in n = sizeof *x or n = sizeof x[0], and the number of elements in a declared array A can be determined as sizeof A / sizeof A[0]. The latter only applies to array names: variables declared with subscripts (int A[20]). Due to the semantics of C, it is not possible to determine the entire size of arrays through pointers to arrays or those created by dynamic allocation (malloc); code such as sizeof arr / sizeof arr[0] (where arr designates a pointer) will not work since the compiler assumes the size of the pointer itself is being requested.
Since array name arguments to sizeof are not converted to pointers, they do not exhibit such ambiguity. However, arrays created by dynamic allocation are accessed by pointers rather than true array variables, so they suffer from the same sizeof issues as array pointers. Thus, despite this apparent equivalence between array and pointer variables, there is still a distinction to be made between them. Even though the name of an array is, in most expression contexts, converted into a pointer (to its first element), this pointer does not itself occupy any storage; the array name is not an l-value, and its address is a constant, unlike a pointer variable.
Consequently, what an array "points to" cannot be changed, and it is impossible to assign a new address to an array name. Array contents may be copied, however, by using the memcpy function, or by accessing the individual elements. Memory management One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing memory and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three distinct ways to allocate memory for objects: Static memory allocation: space for the object is provided in the binary at compile-time; these objects have an extent (or lifetime) as long as the binary which contains them is loaded into memory.
Automatic memory allocation: temporary objects can be stored on the stack, and this space is automatically freed and reusable after the block in which they are declared is exited. Dynamic memory allocation: blocks of memory of arbitrary size can be requested at run-time using library functions such as malloc from a region of memory called the heap; these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function realloc or free These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve slightly more overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for both allocation and deallocation.
The persistent nature of static objects is useful for maintaining state information across function calls, automatic allocation is easy to use but stack space is typically much more limited and transient than either static memory or heap space, and dynamic memory allocation allows convenient allocation of objects whose size is known only at run-time. Most C programs make extensive use of all three. Where possible, automatic or static allocation is usually simplest because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change in size at runtime, and since static allocations (and automatic allocations before C99) must have a fixed size at compile-time, there are many situations in which dynamic allocation is necessary.
Prior to the C99 standard, variable-sized arrays were a common example of this. (See the article on malloc for an example of dynamically allocated arrays.) Unlike automatic allocation, which can fail at run time with uncontrolled consequences, the dynamic allocation functions return an indication (in the form of a null pointer value) when the required storage cannot be allocated. (Static allocation that is too large is usually detected by the linker or loader, before the program can even begin execution.) Unless otherwise specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever bit pattern happens to be present in the storage, which might not even represent a valid value for that type).
If the program attempts to access an uninitialized value, the results are undefined. Many modern compilers try to detect and warn about this problem, but both false positives and false negatives can occur. Another issue is that heap memory allocation has to be synchronized with its actual usage in any program in order for it to be reused as much as possible. For example, if the only pointer to a heap memory allocation goes out of scope or has its value overwritten before free() is called, then that memory cannot be recovered for later reuse and is essentially lost to the program, a phenomenon known as a memory leak.
Conversely, it is possible for memory to be freed but continue to be referenced, leading to unpredictable results. Typically, the symptoms will appear in a portion of the program far removed from the actual error, making it difficult to track down the problem. (Such issues are ameliorated in languages with automatic garbage collection.) Libraries The C programming language uses libraries as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single "archive" file. Each library typically has a header file, which contains the prototypes of the functions contained within the library that may be used by a program, and declarations of special data types and macro symbols used with these functions.
In order for a program to use a library, it must include the library's header file, and the library must be linked with the program, which in many cases requires compiler flags (e.g., -lm, shorthand for "link the math library"). The most common C library is the C standard library, which is specified by the ISO and ANSI C standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as embedded systems may provide only a subset of the standard library). This library supports stream input and output, memory allocation, mathematics, character strings, and time values. Several separate standard headers (for example, stdio.h) specify the interfaces for these and other standard library facilities.
Another common set of C library functions are those used by applications specifically targeted for Unix and Unix-like systems, especially functions which provide an interface to the kernel. These functions are detailed in various standards such as POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. Since many programs have been written in C, there are a wide variety of other libraries available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient object code; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like Java, Perl, and Python. File handling and streams File input and output (I/O) is not part of the C language itself but instead is handled by libraries (such as the C standard library) and their associated header files (e.g.
stdio.h). File handling is generally implemented through high-level I/O which works through streams. A stream is from this perspective a data flow that is independent of devices, while a file is a concrete device. The high level I/O is done through the association of a stream to a file. In the C standard library, a buffer (a memory area or queue) is temporarily used to store data before it's sent to the final destination. This reduces the time spent waiting for slower devices, for example a hard drive or solid state drive. Low-level I/O functions are not part of the standard C library but are generally part of "bare metal" programming (programming that's independent of any operating system such as most but not all embedded programming).
With few exceptions, implementations include low-level I/O. Language tools A number of tools have been developed to help C programmers find and fix statements with undefined behavior or possibly erroneous expressions, with greater rigor than that provided by the compiler. The tool lint was the first such, leading to many others. Automated source code checking and auditing are beneficial in any language, and for C many such tools exist, such as Lint. A common practice is to use Lint to detect questionable code when a program is first written. Once a program passes Lint, it is then compiled using the C compiler.
Also, many compilers can optionally warn about syntactically valid constructs that are likely to actually be errors. MISRA C is a proprietary set of guidelines to avoid such questionable code, developed for embedded systems. There are also compilers, libraries, and operating system level mechanisms for performing actions that are not a standard part of C, such as bounds checking for arrays, detection of buffer overflow, serialization, dynamic memory tracking, and automatic garbage collection. Tools such as Purify or Valgrind and linking with libraries containing special versions of the memory allocation functions can help uncover runtime errors in memory usage.
Uses C is widely used for systems programming in implementing operating systems and embedded system applications, because C code, when written for portability, can be used for most purposes, yet when needed, system-specific code can be used to access specific hardware addresses and to perform type punning to match externally imposed interface requirements, with a low run-time demand on system resources. C can also be used for website programming using CGI as a "gateway" for information between the Web application, the server, and the browser. C is often chosen over interpreted languages because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability.
One consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that compilers, libraries and interpreters of other programming languages are often implemented in C. The reference implementations of Python, Perl and PHP, for example, are all written in C. Because the layer of abstraction is thin and the overhead is low, C enables programmers to create efficient implementations of algorithms and data structures, useful for computationally intense programs. For example, the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library, the GNU Scientific Library, Mathematica, and MATLAB are completely or partially written in C. C is sometimes used as an intermediate language by implementations of other languages.
This approach may be used for portability or convenience; by using C as an intermediate language, additional machine-specific code generators are not necessary. C has some features, such as line-number preprocessor directives and optional superfluous commas at the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other C-based languages specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as C--. C has also been widely used to implement end-user applications. However, such applications can also be written in newer, higher-level languages. Related languages C has both directly and indirectly influenced many later languages such as C#, D, Go, Java, JavaScript, Limbo, LPC, Perl, PHP, Python, and Unix's C shell.
The most pervasive influence has been syntactical, all of the languages mentioned combine the statement and (more or less recognizably) expression syntax of C with type systems, data models and/or large-scale program structures that differ from those of C, sometimes radically. Several C or near-C interpreters exist, including Ch and CINT, which can also be used for scripting. When object-oriented languages became popular, C++ and Objective-C were two different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as source-to-source compilers; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler. The C++ programming language was devised by Bjarne Stroustrup as an approach to providing object-oriented functionality with a C-like syntax.
C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits generic programming via templates. Nearly a superset of C, C++ now supports most of C, with a few exceptions. Objective-C was originally a very "thin" layer on top of C, and remains a strict superset of C that permits object-oriented programming using a hybrid dynamic/static typing paradigm. Objective-C derives its syntax from both C and Smalltalk: syntax that involves preprocessing, expressions, function declarations, and function calls is inherited from C, while the syntax for object-oriented features was originally taken from Smalltalk.
In addition to C++ and Objective-C, Ch, Cilk and Unified Parallel C are nearly supersets of C. See also Compatibility of C and C++ Comparison of Pascal and C Comparison of programming languages International Obfuscated C Code Contest List of C-based programming languages List of C compilers Notes References Sources Further reading (archive) (source) (free) (archive) (archive) (archive) (free) External links ISO C Working Group official website ISO/IEC 9899, publicly available official C documents, including the C99 Rationale   comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions A History of C, by Dennis Ritchie Category:American inventions Category:Articles with example code Category:C programming language family Category:Cross-platform software Category:High-level programming languages Category:Procedural programming languages Category:Programming languages created in 1972 Category:Programming languages with an ISO standard Category:Statically typed programming languages Category:Systems programming languages
William Arturo Muñoz González (born September 29, 1988) is a Mexican luchador (Spanish for professional wrestler), known both nationally and internationally under the ring name Rush (commonly pronounced in English as "Roosh"). He is best known for his time performing for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as well as the U.S. based Ring of Honor (ROH) where he is a two time, and current ROH World Champion. Muñoz's father Arturo Muñoz is also a professional wrestler, most recenty known under the ring name La Bestia del Ring. William's younger brothers are also professional wrestlers, using the ring names Místico and Dragon Lee.
While most luchadors portray clear cut good guys or bad guys in the ring, Rush portrays a character that straddles that divide, his in ring actions is often chaotic or brawling, with tendencies to cheat but is still popular with the fans. Muñoz made his in-ring debut in 2007, working under the name Latino until he started working for CMLL in 2009 where he was given the name "Rush". He is a former CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion, multiple time CMLL World Tag Team Champion, CMLL World Trios Champion and two-time Mexican National Trios Champion. Rush, along with La Sombra and La Máscara created the group Los Ingobernables ("the unruly") and he is the only original member to remain part of the group, joined by La Bestia del Ring and El Terrible.
The success of Los Ingobernables led to the formation of the Los Ingobernables de Japon (LIJ) group in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), which Rush is a part-time member of when he tours Japan or when LIJ tours Mexico. Through CMLL's business partnerships Rush has appeared for both NJPW and the U.S. based Ring of Honor, and his CMLL contract allowed him to work dates for other companies as well, most notably Major League Wrestling in the U.S., and The Crash Lucha Libre, and International Wrestling Revolution Group in Mexico. Professional wrestling career Independent circuit (2007–2009) William Arturo Muñoz was initially trained for his professional wrestling career by his father Arturo Muñoz Sánchez and his uncles, who worked under the ring names Pit Bull I and Pit Bull II.
He made his in-ring debut on July 29, 2007. Muñoz made his debut for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) in October 2008, performing under the ring name Latino. He would wrestle midcard matches for IWRG for eight months, before making his final appearance on June 7, 2009. Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2009–2019) Early years (2009–2011) During the summer of 2009, Muñoz was signed by one of Mexico's top promotions, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and given the new ring name Rouge, which was soon afterwards tweaked to its current form, Rush. He would make his debut for the promotion on August 9, teaming with Mictlán and Stuka Jr. to defeat Hooligan, Loco Max and Pólvora in a six-man tag team match.
Rush would spend his first year in the promotion wrestling tag team and six-man tag team matches, often teaming with Máximo, Mictlán, Metro and Toscano. Despite being booked as a técnico ("Face", or those that portray the good guys), Rush would often show rudo ("heel" or those that portray the bad guys) tendencies during his matches. During the summer of 2010, Rush entered a feud with Loco Max, which culminated on August 15 in a Hair vs. Hair Lucha de Apuestas match, where Rush was victorious, thus forcing his adversary to have his hair shaved off. On November 25, Rush won CMLL's Bodybuilding Contest in the advanced category.
With his win, Rush gained the new nickname "Mr. CMLL". On January 2, 2011, Rush, Ángel de Oro and Diamante defeated Metal Blanco, Palacio Negro and El Sagrado in the finals of a two-week-long tournament to become the number one contenders to the Mexican National Trios Championship. On January 9, the trio defeated Delta, Metro and Stuka Jr. to become the new champions. On February 15, Rush teamed with Máscara Dorada and La Sombra against the team of Averno, Dragón Rojo Jr. and Ephesto and managed to win the match for his team by pinning the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion Ephesto, afterwards challenging him to a match for the title.
The title match took place on February 22 and saw Rush defeat Ephesto to become the new CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion. In response to the backlash over his sudden push, Rush acknowledged his many detractors by posting a list of the various moves he could do in the ring, while also promoting his youth, strength and physique. After successfully defending the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against Rey Bucanero and Psicosis, Rush was granted a shot at the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, held by Último Guerrero. The title match took place on June 12 and saw Guerrero retain his title two falls to one.
Afterwards, Rush began feuding with Japanese wrestler Yoshihashi, which led to the two agreeing to face each other in a Hair vs. Hair Lucha de Apuestas. On August 1, Rush defeated Yoshihashi two falls to one to win his second Hair vs. Hair match. On August 23, 2012, Rush made his third successful defense of the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship by defeating Mr. Águila. On September 20, Rush, Ángel de Oro and Diamante lost the Mexican National Trios Championship to Los Invasores (Olímpico, Psicosis and Volador Jr.). El Bufete del Amor (2011–2013) On November 13, Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against El Terrible.
The following month, Rush teamed up with Máximo and the returning Marco Corleone to form La Tercia Sensación, later renamed El Bufete del Amor. On December 25, Rush and El Terrible survived a torneo cibernetico match used to determine the two competitors in a match for the vacant CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 1, 2012, El Terrible defeated Rush two falls to one to win the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 21 and 22, Rush took part in the CMLL and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) co-produced Fantastica Mania 2012 events in Tokyo, teaming with Máscara Dorada losing to the team of Hirooki Goto and Kushida on the first night and losing to Goto in a singles match on the second night.
On February 19, El Bufete del Amor defeated Los Hijos del Averno (Averno, Ephesto and Mephisto) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship. Also in February, Rush teamed with El Terrible in the National Parejas Increibles tournament, where teams were made up of rivals. Rush and El Terrible eventually made it to the finals of the tournament on March 2, 2012 at Homenaje a Dos Leyendas, where they were defeated by the team of Atlantis and Mr. Niebla. Two days later, Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against El Terrible, the reigning CMLL World Heavyweight Champion. In May, Rush started feuding with New Japan Pro Wrestling representative Yujiro Takahashi, which built to a match on June 5, where Rush successfully defended the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship against Takahashi.
On July 8, New Japan Pro Wrestling announced Rush as a participant in the 2012 G1 Climax tournament. Rush returned to the promotion on July 29 at Last Rebellion, where he, Karl Anderson, MVP and Shelton Benjamin defeated Suzuki-gun (Minoru Suzuki, Lance Archer, Taichi and Taka Michinoku) in an eight-man tag team match. Rush opened his G1 Climax tournament on August 1 with a win over Hirooki Goto, avenging his loss from Fantastica Mania. After three wins, one over IWGP Heavyweight Championship contender Tetsuya Naito, and five losses, Rush was eliminated from the tournament on August 11, eventually finishing last in his block.
Upon Rush's return to CMLL, he continued his rivalry with El Terrible going into the 2012 Universal Championship tournament, where he made it to the finals of his block, before losing to El Terrible, after which he was attacked by both El Terrible and his stablemate Rey Bucanero. On September 9, Rush defeated Bucanero in a steel cage match to retain the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship. Rush's rivalry with El Terrible culminated five days later in the main event of CMLL's 79th Anniversary Show, where Rush was victorious in a Hair vs. Hair Lucha de Apuestas, forcing his rival to have his head shaved.
In late 2012 Rush and Diamante Azul participated in NJPW's 2012 World Tag League under the name CMLL Asesino (CMLL Assassins). Rush and Diamante ended the tournament on November 28, 2012 with just four points after victories over Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) and Complete Players (Masato Tanaka and Yujiro Takahashi), finishing in the last place in Group B, after losses to the teams of Chaos (Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano), K.E.S. (Lance Archer and Davey Boy Smith Jr.), Muscle Orchestra (Manabu Nakanishi and Strong Man), and finally Black Dynamite (MVP and Shelton Benjamin). Rush scored both of his team's pinfall wins and was not pinned or submitted in any of the losses.
{{efn|'World Tag League 2012 tournament results }} Rush and Azul finished their tour with a pay-per-view on December 2, losing to Jado and Yoshi-Hashi in a tag team match, with Azul once again being the one pinned for the win. On January 15, 2013, Rush gave up the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship to get another shot at El Terrible's CMLL World Heavyweight Championship. On January 18, Rush returned to Japan to take part in the three-day Fantastica Mania 2013 event. During the first night, he defeated former rival Yoshi-Hashi in a singles match. The following night, Rush was pinned for the win by Rey Escorpión in a six-man tag team match, where he, Hiroshi Tanahashi and La Máscara faced Escorpión, Kazuchika Okada and Volador Jr. During the third and final night, Rush defeated Escorpión in a singles match.
Back in Mexico on January 22, Rush failed in his CMLL World Heavyweight Championship challenge against El Terrible, after being struck with a kick to the groin. In March, Rush and El Terrible teamed up for the 2013 Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles like they had for the 2012 tournament, but the team lost in the first round to Dragón Rojo Jr. and Niebla Roja. Two weeks later they were on opposite sides of a six-man tag team match at the 2013 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show, where Rush, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and Shocker defeated El Terrible, Mr. Niebla and Universo 2000 by disqualification.
In May, Rush, Marco Corleone and Máximo were stripped of the CMLL World Trios Championship, when Corleone was sidelined with a knee injury. On June 9, Rush earned a big win over NJPW representative Shinsuke Nakamura in a main event singles match. On June 30, Rush won the Mexican National Trios Championship for the second time, when he, La Máscara and Titán defeated Los Invasores (Kráneo, Mr. Águila and Psicosis) for the title. On August 23, Rush entered the 2013 Universal Championship tournament, defeating El Terrible, La Máscara and Rey Escorpión to win his block and advance to the finals, to be held two weeks later.
On September 6, Rush was defeated in the finals of the tournament by NJPW representative Tanahashi. "The most hated wrestler in CMLL" (2013–2014) In mid-2013, Rush once again began teasing a possible rudo turn as the crowd reaction to him grew more and more negative. Despite officially being a técnico, Rush was now referred to as "the most hated wrestler in CMLL". On September 13 at CMLL's 80th Anniversary Show, Rush pinned Negro Casas to win a six-man tag team match, while holding the ring ropes, a move commonly associated with rudos. On October 8, Rush and La Máscara defeated Atlantis and La Sombra in the finals of a tournament to become the number one contenders to the CMLL World Tag Team Championship.
On October 18, Rush and La Máscara were awarded the CMLL World Tag Team Championship, when Rey Bucanero, one half of the previous champions, was unable to defend the title due to an injury. Rush then began feuding with one half of the previous champions, NJPW representative Tama Tonga. After losing to Tonga in a singles match on November 1, Rush and La Máscara successfully defended the CMLL World Tag Team Championship against Tonga and El Terrible on November 8, after Rush faked taking a low blow from Tonga. On November 12, 2013, Rush received another shot at the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, but once again failed in his attempt to dethrone longtime rival El Terrible.
Rush then resumed his rivalry with Negro Casas, pinning him following a low blow in a six-man tag team match on November 15, after which he accepted Casas' challenge for a Hair vs. Hair match between the two. In January 2014, Rush returned to Japan to take part in the five-day Fantastica Mania 2014 tour. For the entire tour, Rush feuded with Shinsuke Nakamura, culminating in a singles rematch between the two at the fourth event on January 18, where Nakamura was victorious. Back in CMLL, Rush started another rivalry with Shocker, a longtime técnico, who turned rudo just so he could go up against Rush.
On February 18, Rush, La Máscara and Titán lost the Mexican National Trios Championship to La Peste Negra (El Felino, Mr. Niebla and Negro Casas). Rush, Casas and Shocker had agreed to a three-way Lucha de Apuestas, but Casas was forced to pull out of the match, set for March 21, declaring that he would face the winner at a later date. On March 21 at Homenaje a Dos Leyendas, Rush defeated Shocker for his fourth Lucha de Apuestas win. Los Ingobernables (2014–2019) The following month, Rush formed a new partnership with La Sombra. Now referred to as the two most hated men in CMLL's recent history, the two effectively became rudos, though they refused to acknowledge themselves as such, instead calling themselves "técnicos diferentes".
The two were eventually also joined by La Máscara, who adopted their técnico diferente attitude, forming a stable originally called Los Indeseables ("The Undesirables"), but later renamed Los Ingobernables ("The Ungovernables"). On June 13, Rush and La Máscara lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship to Negro Casas and Shocker. On August 1 at El Juicio Final, Rush defeated Negro Casas for his fifth Lucha de Apuestas win. Rush announced Casas' hair as the last hair he wanted to take, saying that he now wanted to wage his hair against masks. In November, Rush was sidelined from in-ring action, after breaking two bones in his ankle during a match.
He made his return from the injury on February 27, 2015. In May, it was reported that Muñoz was in legal trouble after allegedly punching an Arena México security guard, who had denied his wife entry to the arena. The security guard reportedly received a third degree cervical sprain, a concussion and a possible fractured vertebra in the incident, which took place on April 7. Afterwards, CMLL reportedly tried to keep the security guard from releasing the story to the media, while pulling Muñoz from all Mexico City events for three weeks. Following the story going public, Muñoz was also pulled from that week's CMLL events.
On July 21, Rush and La Sombra were involved in an incident in Guadalajara, where the two attacked fans who were throwing beers at them. The following day, Jalisco's Boxing and Wrestling Commission suspended the two from wrestling in the state for three months. While the commission only suspended them from wrestling in Jalisco, CMLL decided to pull both Rush and La Sombra from their Super Viernes show three days later. CMLL did not offer an official explanation for the change. In early November, Rush and La Sombra began having issues with each other, which led to a singles match between the two on November 13, where Rush was victorious.
After the match, the two founding members of Los Ingobernables made peace with each other. It later turned out that this was La Sombra's final CMLL match as on November 19 it was announced that he had signed with WWE. On March 18, 2016, at Homenaje a Dos Leyendas, Rush won his sixth Lucha de Apuestas, when he defeated Máximo Sexy with help from Pierroth. On May 13, Rush and Pierroth, now acknowledged as his real-life father, turned on La Máscara. Rush and La Máscara eventually reconciled the following September. On November 18, Rush returned to CMLL's Japanese partner New Japan Pro-Wrestling as the surprise tag team partner of Los Ingobernables de Japon Tetsuya Naito in the 2016 World Tag League.
Rush and Naito finished the tournament on December 7 with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals due to losing to block winners Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa in their final round-robin match. On December 22, 2017, Rush won the 2017 Leyenda Azul tournament. In February 2018, Rush and former rival El Terrible were teamed up for the 2018 Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles, defeating the teams of Forastero/Stuka Jr., Atlantis/Mr. Niebla, Carístico/Euforia and finally Volador Jr. and Último Guerrero to win the tournament. After the victory El Terrible became an official member of Los Ingobernables.
After Volador Jr. and Flyer won the 2018 Gran Alternativa, they were attacked by Los Ingobernables. Moments later Volador Jr,'s uncle L.A. Park and cousin El Hijo de L.A. Park made ther surprise return to CMLL by running to the ring and chasing off Los Ingobernables, bringning the rivalry between Rush and L.A. Park to the CMLL ring for the first time. Over the summer Los Ingobernables and "La Familia Real ("The Royal Family"; L.A. Park, Volador Jr., Flyer and El Hijo de L.A. Park) main evented many Friday night shows in CMLL. The main focus was building a rivalry between Rush and L.A. Park, believed to be leading to a Lucha de Apuestas, at the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show.
As part of the storyline Rush and El Terrible defeat Volador Jr. and Valiente to win the CMLL World Tag Team Championship on July 13, 2018. the feud between Rush and L.A. Park was not confined to CMLL, with Rush and Dragon Lee losing to L.A. Park and El Hijo de L.A. Park in the main event of IWRG's 2018 Festival de las Máscaras show, In the late summer, CMLL shifted focus from Rush vs. Parka to Rush and Bárbaro Cavernario against Volador Jr. and Matt Taven as the main event of the 85th Anniversary Show. In the main event of the anniversary show Rush and Cavernario won a tag team lucha de apuestas, forcing Volador Jr. and Taven to have their hair shaved off for the first time in their careers.
On November 18, 2018 Diamante Azul and Valiente defeated Los Ingobernables, taking the CMLL World Tag Team Championship from them in the process. While the feud between Rush and L.A. Park was downplayed by CMLL it continued on the independent circuit, including the main event of IWRG's Triangular en Jaula ("triangle in a cage") show, which saw Rush defeat L.A. Park and Penta 0M in a steel cage match. In January 2019, Rush signed a contract with Ring of Honor, becoming a regular wrestler of their roster. On September 27, 2019, Rush wrestled on ROH's Death Before Dishonor event and not at the CMLL 86th Anniversary Show.
That same day, he announced on his Twitter he would become independent, leaving CMLL. Shortly afterwards CMLL announced that they had fired both Muñoz and his brother Dragon Lee for not following guidelines set by the promotion's programming department. Major League Wrestling (2018–2019) On November 8, 2018 Rush made his debut for the US-based Major League Wrestling (MLW) as he defeated Sammy Guevara in a match MLW taped for their weekly television show MLW Fusion. After the initial appearance MLW announced that 2019 would be "the year of El Toro Blanco", revealing that they have plans for him in 2019.
He returned to MLW on December 13 and 14 for their television tapings, during which he interacted with long time rival L.A. Park who is also a MLW regular, leading to MLW announcing that Rush and L.A. Park would face off on April 4, as part of MLW's WrestleMania weekend show. However, it was later announced that Rush had been pulled from the match due to signing with Ring of Honor in the United States. His final match for MLW was a match pitting him against Shane Strickland. The match aired on the January 18, 2019 episode of MLW Fusion, where Rush was the winner of the contest.
Rush left the promotion when he signed an exclusive contract with Ring of Honor. Ring of Honor (2018–present) Through CMLL's partnership with the US-based Ring of Honor (ROH) Rush made his debut for ROH on December 15, 2018 defeating TK O'Ryan in his first match for the group. After the match, he was attacked by the rest of The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Vinny Marseglia) building on Rush and Taven's feud in Mexico. On January 15, 2019 it was announced that Rush had signed an exclusive contract with Ring of Honor. Rush defeated Vinny Marseglia in first ROH match under full contract on February 9, 2019.
The following month Rush made his ROH pay-per-view (PPV) debut, as he defeated Bandido as part of the ROH 17th Anniversary Show. On September 27, 2019 at the Death Before Dishonor XVII PPV, Rush won the ROH World Championship from Matt Taven. At Final Battle, he lost the championship to PCO. On December 15 at Final Battle Fallout, Rush introduced the ROH branch of La Facción Ingobernable, including himself, Dragon Lee, Kenny King, and Amy Rose. La Facción Ingobernables first match as a team saw them defeat Villain Enterprises (Marty Scurll, Brody King, and PCO). At "Gateway to Honor", held on February 29, 2020, Rush regained the ROH World Heavyweight Championship in a match against PCO and Mark Haskins.
During the match Nick Aldis attacked PCO during the match, allowing Rush to get the pin fall. Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2019–present) On December 1, 2019 at Triplemanía Regia, Rush made his AAA debut, defeating Pagano and L.A. Park in a three-way match. On December 14 at Guerra de Titanes, the now-renamed "Rush El Toro Blanco" teamed with Blue Demon Jr. and Rey Escorpión to defeat Psycho Clown, Dr. Wagner Jr., and Drago. After the match, it was announced that Rush, La Bestia del Ring, Killer Kross, L.A. Park and Konnan were forming a new group called La Facción Ingobernable (based off Rush's Los Ingobernables group from CMLL).
Professional wrestling persona Over the years William Muñoz has cultivated the Rush persona into one of the top level wrestlers in Mexico, as he is often involved in main event matches when he wrestles for CMLL or on the Mexican independent circuit. Starting out he was simply a "tecnico", a generic good guy who showed little personality, but over time developed a more laid-back, arrogant "rudo" character that was portrayed by all members of Los Ingobernables, the gimmick was so successful that it also spawned Los Ingobernables de Japon, voted the "best gimmick" in the annual Wrestling Observer awards for 2017.
Rush's "Tranquilo" ("Relax") persona is often expressed in a lack of interest in most opponents as if they are not worth his time. This is often expressed by Rush, and other members of Los Ingobernables engaging in a game of invisible futbol during matches to mock their opponents. His catchphrase "No pasa Nada! ", or "Nothing happened", basically dismisses any opponent as not being worth his time. In April 2016, Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter wrote that the Los Ingobernables concept of having Rush, once a face (hero) rejected by Arena México crowds, turn heel (villan) and "embrace the negative", had made him a "far more effective headliner".
While Rush remains "Tranquilo" against most opponents, his explosive temper causes him to brawl with certain rivals such as L.A. Park or Volador Jr., at times leading to disqualifications when Rush or his teammates ignore the rules. Over the years Rush has earned the nickname "Mr. CMLL", being on of CMLL's most popular stars in recent years, despite acting like a rudo during matches. He will often refer to himself as "El Toro Blanco" (Spanish for "The White Bull"), a name his father wrestled under many years ago Rush's style of wrestling focuses on high-impact moves, such as a running corner dropkick to a seated opponent, that often looks like he makes full impact with the opponent.
As part of his mind games he will often fake the corner drop kick early in the match, berate his opponent and then land dropkick later in the match. For years Rush's main finishing move was La Lanza ("The Spear"), a diving double foot stomp. In recent years he has changed his finishing move to the Martillo Negro ("Black Hammer"), a double underhook piledriver that is also referred to as the "Rush Driver" outside of Mexico. Personal life William Arturo Muñoz González was born on September 29, 1988, in Tala, Jalisco, Mexico, the oldest son of Arturo Muñoz Sánchez, a luchador, or professional wrestler, who is best known under the ring names "Toro Blanco" ("white bull"), "Comandante Pierroth" and "La Bestia del Ring" ("The beast of the ring").
William Muñoz has at least two younger brothers who also became professional wrestlers, Carlos (born 1991) better known as the second Místico and Dragon Lee (born 1995, first name not confirmed).
Championships and accomplishments Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) CMLL World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with La Máscara, El Terrible CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Marco Corleone and Máximo Mexican National Trios Championship (2 times) – with Ángel de Oro and Diamante (1) and La Máscara and Titán (1) Copa CMLL (2014) – with Marco Corleone Copa Pachuca (2012) – with El Terrible CMLL Bodybuilding Contest – Advanced (2010) CMLL World Tag Team Championship #1 Contender's Tournament (2013) – with La MáscaraLeyenda Azul (2017) Mexican National Trios Championship #1 Contender's tournament (2011) – with Ángel de Oro and Diamante CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles (2018) – with El Terrible Kaoz Lucha Libre Kaoz Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current) Mucha Lucha Atlanta MLA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)Pro Wrestling IllustratedPWI ranked him #131 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013 Ring of Honor ROH World Championship (2 times, current)Wrestling Observer Newsletter'' Best Gimmick (2017) as part of Los Ingobernables de Japon Luchas de Apuestas record Footnotes References External links CMLL profile Category:1988 births Category:Mexican male professional wrestlers Category:Living people Category:Professional wrestlers from Jalisco
Polly Peck International (PPI) was a small British textile company which expanded rapidly in the 1980s and became a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index before collapsing in 1991 with debts of £1.3bn, eventually leading to the flight of its CEO, Asil Nadir to Northern Cyprus in 1993. Polly Peck was one of several corporate scandals that led to the reform of UK company law, resulting in the early versions of the UK Corporate Governance Code. On 26 August 2010 Nadir returned to the UK to try to clear his name. Prosecutors alleged that he stole more than £150m from Polly Peck and he faced trial on 13 specimen charges totalling £34m.
Nadir was found guilty on 10 counts of theft totalling £29m. On 23 August 2012 at the Old Bailey he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. History Beginnings Polly Peck began in 1940 as a small fashion house, founded by the husband-and-wife team of Raymond and Sybil Zelker. The clothes were designed by Sybil, and the business end was handled by Raymond. The rapid boom years By the end of the 1970s the fashion house was struggling. Early in 1980 Restro Investments, a company Nadir controlled, bought 58% of the company for £270,000. Asil Nadir took over as Chief Executive on 7 July 1980.
On 8 July 1980 Polly Peck launched a rights issue to raise £1.5m of new capital for investments abroad. In 1982 Nadir began the early ventures. These included Uni-Pac Packaging Industries Ltd, Voyager Kibris Ltd, and Sunzest Trading Ltd, three companies incorporated in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Uni-Pac was a corrugated box manufacturer and packaging company formed to take advantage of surplus citrus fruit being grown in Cyprus, which was forecast to produce a minimum of £2.1 million profit. Voyager Kibris Ltd was used to purchase the Sheraton Voyager Hotel in Turkey and to build resort hotels in Northern Cyprus.
In September 1982 Nadir acquired a major stake of 57% in a textile trader, Cornell, whose shares were considered penny shares. Cornell rose from 26p to over 100p as soon as Nadir's interest was confirmed. Nadir had Cornell sell a rights issue, raising £2.76 million. This capital, plus a further £6 million from Polly Peck, was used to set up the 'Niksar' mineral water bottling plant in Turkey. Niksar subsequently sold an estimated 100 million bottles of water to the Middle East. In 1983, Nadir also began expanding PPI's textile business by purchasing a 76 percent stake in Santana Inc. in the United States, and a majority stake in InterCity PLC in the UK.
Nadir then extended PPI's textile operations into the Far East, acquiring a majority stake in Impact Textile Group in 1986, and by increasing PPI's existing stake in Shuihing Ltd. to 90 percent. In 1987 PPI acquired a majority interest in Palmon (UAE) Ltd., a manufacturer of casual shirts. In April 1984, PPI also diversified into the electronics business by acquiring 82 percent ownership of Vestel Electronics, one of the largest publicly traded companies in Turkey. Vestel manufactured colour televisions, Betamax video recorders, air conditioning units, audio equipment, microwave ovens and washing machines. PPI's success in the electronics business was substantially enhanced in early 1986 when Akai of Japan decided to join Ferguson, Salora, and GoldStar as licensors to Vestel.
Subsequently, PPI also acquired housewares manufacturer Russell Hobbs. By 1989 Polly Peck had become an international player by acquiring a 51% majority stake in Sansui (a Japanese electronics company on hard times). This was one of the first foreign acquisitions of a major Japanese company listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Also in 1989, Polly Peck bought the former Del Monte canned fruit division for $875 million from RJR Nabisco, which had previously acquired it. Polly Peck then gained the ultimate accolade of being admitted to the FTSE 100 Share Index in 1989. In less than ten years, under this growth-by-acquisition strategy, PPI's market capitalization went from only £300,000 to £1.7 billion at its peak.
It became a holding company for a worldwide group of over 200 direct and indirect subsidiary companies. With pre-tax profits of £161.4 million, net assets of £845 million and 17,227 employees, the Polly Peck group was one of Britain's top one hundred quoted companies. Polly Peck and its subsidiaries were the largest employer in northern Cyprus (after the state) with 7,500 employees there. Attempt to take the company private In August 1990 Nadir came to the view that the company was undervalued and then announced that he was taking it private. Almost as suddenly later that month he announced that he had changed his mind.
Collapse An independent investigation by the accountants' Joint Disciplinary Tribunal found that during 1988 Polly Peck made 24 separate payments to its subsidiaries in Turkey and northern Cyprus, totaling some £58m. The following year Polly Peck paid out £141m in 64 different deals. The report said that "Mr Nadir was able to initiate transfers of funds out of [Polly Peck's] London bank accounts without question or challenge. Further ... he was able to conceal his actions until such time as the cumulative cash outflow became so great that the group was unable to meet its obligations to its bankers." In 1990, Polly Peck's board became so worried about the money transferred into Northern Cyprus that it confronted Mr Nadir and asked him to return it.
He refused. The accounting regulators found that the Inland Revenue had been investigating transactions by a Swiss nominee company, Fax Investments, in shares in Polly Peck and another company run by Mr Nadir's son, Birol. It found a trail of transactions which indicated that money had come from Polly Peck businesses in northern Cyprus to Fax. When confronted about these deals, Mr Nadir told Polly Peck's auditors, Stoy Hayward, that one of the group's Northern Cyprus businesses "provided what were in effect personal banking services for certain Turkish and [Northern Cypriot] residents". The auditors described this arrangement as "extremely unwise transactions".
On top of these massive money transfers and "unwise transactions", the regulators found that some of Polly Peck's assets had been secretly registered in Mr Nadir's name. These were all in Northern Cyprus and had a net book value of £25.5m in 1989. In addition the Didima Hotel development in Northern Cyprus, valued at £15.5m, and £6.7m worth of other buildings, had no registered owner. Nadir said he was holding the assets "on trust" for Polly Peck businesses. On 20 September 1990, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) raided South Audley Management, the company that controlled the Nadir family interests. The raid triggered a run on Polly Peck shares.
Trading in the company's shares was suspended that day. PPI's problems became apparent from the structure of the group's debts. The company had over £100 million in short-term revolving lines of credit. Even more debt consisted of long term loans for which Nadir had offered Polly Peck's shares as collateral. At end of October 1990 an ex-parte application for provisional liquidation was granted at the High Court in London to the London branch of the National Bank of Canada. The directors of Polly Peck met at their London HQ and undertook a course of action leading to voluntary administration. A considerable number of antiques were located at the HQ offices of the company in Berkeley Square, London.
The book value attributed to these was around £6 million, but upon later inspection and independent valuation the total sum was stated at approximately £2.5 to £3 million. Ultimately the company collapsed, and charges were brought against Asil Nadir for 70 charges of false accounting and the theft, which he denied. In 1991, Polly Peck Group transferred all of its Vestel Electronics shares to one of its subsidiaries, Collar Holding BV, which was based in the Netherlands. Following the collapse of the Polly Peck Group, PPI was placed in administration. In November 1994, Ahmet Nazif Zorlu acquired PPI from the administrator by buying the entire share capital of Collar Holding BV, which at the time held 82% of the Polly Peck's issued share capital.
Leaving the UK and returning Nadir left the UK just after his £3.5 million bail had lapsed, while the detectives who were watching him were off duty to save overtime pay on a bank holiday. He left on a light aircraft to France, where he flew on to Turkish Cyprus, which has no extradition agreement with Britain, and until 26 August 2010 he remained a fugitive in northern Cyprus, which is only recognised by Turkey. Peter Dimond, the pilot who flew him out of Britain, was convicted of aiding a fugitive, but the conviction was quashed once it was determined that the bail had lapsed.
In 1996, Mr Nadir's aide Elizabeth Forsyth was convicted of laundering £400,000 stolen from Polly Peck and sentenced to five years. Ten months later, she too was freed by the Appeal Court. A government minister, Michael Mates, resigned in 1993 following persistent press coverage of his close links to Asil Nadir which had led to Mates writing to the attorney general questioning the handling of the investigation by the Serious Fraud Office. Asil Nadir has persistently claimed that the charges that he stole more than £30m from the company are "baseless" and has claimed that the SFO abused its powers, making a fair trial impossible.
In 2002 the accounting disciplinary body, the Joint Disciplinary Tribunal, fined Stoy Hayward £75,000 for its role as group auditor to Polly Peck. Erdal & Co, the north Cypriot accounting firm was also fined for its audit of the north Cypriot subsidiaries of Polly Peck in 1988 and 1999. In July 2010 it was reported that Asil Nadir intended to seek bail to return to the United Kingdom to face the 66 counts of theft. Over the years his business interests have shrunk. His hotels were sold to pay off tax debts in 1994, his bank Endustri was taken over by the Central Bank of Northern Cyprus in 2009, and Kibris newspaper, a TV and radio station are all that remains of his known empire.
On 29 July 2010 Asil Nadir began legal proceedings to be granted bail in the UK, allowing him to return. The Serious Fraud Office said if Mr Nadir did return to the UK he would be put on trial for 66 counts of theft. Having received an undertaking that he would once again be given bail but would be kept under electronic surveillance, he returned to the UK on 26 August 2010. On Friday 3 September 2010, Asil Nadir was put under a midnight to 6am curfew, an electronic tag and was made to surrender his passport. His trial started on 23 January 2012, on 13 specimen charges of theft and false accounting.
On 22 August 2012 Asil Nadir was found guilty on ten counts of theft of nearly £29m from Polly Peck. The jury found him not guilty on three counts. The jury had been advised at the start of the trial that the 13 were specimen charges and the overall amount allegedly stolen was about £146m. He was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. See also United Kingdom company law UK Corporate Governance Code Notes References R Zelker, The Polly Peck Story: A Memoir (Strathearn 2001) R Wearing, Cases in Corporate Governance (Sage Publications 2005) External links EWCA Civ 3, 1992 4 All ER 769 – Polly Peck v Nadir 1992.
Insolvency proceedings. EWCA Civ 789, 1998 3 All ER 812 – Polly Peck International Plc v The Marangos Hotel Company Ltd (No 2). Insolvency proceedings. Category:Corporate crime Category:Corporate scandals Category:Companies disestablished in 1991 Category:Clothing companies established in 1940 Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange Category:Conglomerate companies of the United Kingdom Category:Clothing companies of the United Kingdom Category:1940 establishments in England Category:1991 disestablishments in England Category:Holding companies disestablished in the 20th century Category:Conglomerate companies disestablished in 1991
Pee-wee's Big Adventure is a 1985 American adventure comedy film directed by Tim Burton in his full-length film directing debut and starring Paul Reubens as Pee-wee Herman with supporting roles provided by E. G. Daily, Mark Holton, Diane Salinger, and Judd Omen. Reubens also co-wrote the script with Phil Hartman and Michael Varhol. Described as a "parody" or "farce version" of the 1948 Italian classic Bicycle Thieves, it is the tale of Pee-wee Herman's nationwide search for his stolen bicycle. After the success of The Pee-wee Herman Show, Reubens began writing the script to Pee-wee's Big Adventure when he was hired by the Warner Bros. film studio.
The producers and Reubens hired Burton to direct when they were impressed with his work on the short films Vincent and Frankenweenie. Filming took place in both California and Texas. The film was released on August 9, 1985, grossing over $40 million in North America. It eventually developed into a cult film and has since accumulated positive feedback. The film was nominated for a Young Artist Award and spawned two sequels, Big Top Pee-wee (1988) and Pee-wee's Big Holiday (2016). Its financial success, followed by the equally successful Beetlejuice in 1988, prompted Warner Bros. to hire Burton as the director for the 1989 film Batman.
Plot Pee-wee Herman has a heavily accessorized bicycle that he treasures and that his neighbor and enemy, Francis Buxton, covets. A bike shop employee, Dottie, has a crush on Pee-wee, but he does not reciprocate it. Pee-wee's bike is stolen while he is shopping at a mall. The police tell Pee-wee that they cannot help him find his bike. Pee-wee thinks Francis took it, and confronts him. Francis' father convinces Pee-wee that Francis did not steal the bike. Pee-wee then offers a $10,000 reward for his bike. Francis, who did indeed pay to have a friend steal the bike, is frightened by Pee-wee's relentlessness and then pays to have it sent away.
After holding an unsuccessful meeting to locate the bike, Pee-wee angrily rejects Dottie's offers of help. Desperate, he visits "Madam Ruby", a phony psychic. Ruby, inspired by the Al and Moe's Bargain Basement shop across the street, tells Pee-wee that his bike is in the basement of the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Pee-wee hitchhikes to Texas, getting rides from a fugitive named Mickey and from Large Marge, the ghost of a deceased truck driver. At a truck stop, Pee-wee discovers his wallet is missing and pays for his meal by washing dishes. He befriends Simone, a waitress who dreams of visiting Paris.
As they watch the sunrise at a dinosaur museum, Pee-wee encourages her to follow her dreams, but Simone tells him about her jealous and large boyfriend, Andy, who disapproves. Andy arrives and tries to attack Pee-wee, who escapes onto a moving train and meets Hobo Jack. Pee-wee eventually arrives at the Alamo, but learns at the end of a guided tour that the building does not have a basement. At a bus station, Pee-wee encounters Simone, who tells him that she and Andy broke up and she is on her way to Paris. She tells Pee-wee not to give up finding his bike.