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[ik-sahyt-muh nt] /ɪkˈsaɪt mənt/
an or condition.
something that .
the state of being excited
a person or thing that excites; stimulation or thrill
early 15c., “encouragement;” c.1600, “something that tends to excite,” from excite + -ment. Meaning “condition of mental and emotional agitation” is from 1846.
excitement ex·cite·ment (ĭk-sīt’mənt)
An emotional state characterized by its potential for impulsive or poorly controlled activity.
[ik-sahy-ter] /ɪkˈsaɪ tər/ noun 1. a person or thing that . 2. Electricity. an auxiliary generator that supplies energy for the excitation of another electric machine. /ɪkˈsaɪtə/ noun 1. a person or thing that excites 2. a small generator that excites a larger machine 3. an oscillator producing a transmitter’s carrier wave
noun 1. a lamp that produces a light that passes through a film soundtrack and impinges on a photoelective cell causing current fluctuations that actuate a loudspeaker.
[ik-sahy-ting] /ɪkˈsaɪ tɪŋ/ adjective 1. producing ; stirring; thrilling: an exciting account of his trip to Tibet. [ik-sahyt] /ɪkˈsaɪt/ verb (used with object), excited, exciting. 1. to arouse or stir up the emotions or feelings of: to excite a person to anger; actions that excited his father’s wrath. 2. to arouse or stir up (emotions […]
noun, Electricity. 1. . noun, Electricity. 1. the current in a field winding. | <urn:uuid:072368ea-1ce4-4fa1-b82d-ac283f4aaa6b> | {
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Electronic Medical Records: Introduction
Other than the current debt, all of the world’s major countries have one thing in common at the moment – management of medical records for the general public. Most developed countries such as Canada and Britain are also looking for ways to either implement or improve the way in which a patient’s medical history can be compiled onto an electronic medical record. Of course, with any new technology that stores personal information, there is a debate on use of electronic medical records and patient safety.
Why Use Electronic Medical Records?
Better Care of Patients
One of the best uses of electronic medical records or a patient’s record in an electronic format is the ability to provide better care for patients. When records are in an electronic format, they can be easily accessed by medical professionals such as physicians and nurses. This makes it easier to administer treatment if the results of previous medical tests are available.
The use of electronic medical records and patient safety is vital. There is a decreased risk of medical errors such as wrong medication being given because all of the patient’s information is available. Therefore, drug reaction errors can be decreased with usage of electronic records.
Improved Doctor-Patient Relationships
An electronic medical record can also be used to improve doctor and patient relationship. This is because the physician is now able to spend more time explaining the diagnosis and treatment to the patient based on the electronic database. Without an electronic medical file, the doctor will have to allot time to make hardcopy or written notes on a patient.
However, when an automated system is used, the doctor can have more time to spend with the patient. The patient can feel that he/she is being cared for, just by having a doctor that spends an extra few minutes with them and explains their condition carefully.
Better Organization of Patient Information
Opponents of electronic medical records and patient safety might say that the use of a database of information makes it easier for someone to breach security and access personal information. However, many hospitals and other medical facilities can now organize patient information in a more efficient manner. This makes it easier for any requests for patients to see the medical information.
The way in which patient information can be better organized is one of the greatest benefits of electronic medical records. Anyone who has worked in a medical facility in which patient files are still on paper will understand how complicated and defeating this can be. This is especially true for patients with long term illnesses or multiple illnesses.
The use of an electronic system eliminates the need for large paper files or multiple paper files that a doctor has to read through or can potentially be lost. Instead it is all nicely laid out for the medical professional, with all the current diagnoses updated. | <urn:uuid:2933ffac-ce83-45e1-a2dc-49c54550e187> | {
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Mitigation includes activities that eliminate or reduce the chance of occurrence or the effects of a disaster. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pre-disaster mitigation programs have shown that communities can do a lot to prevent major emergencies or disasters from affecting them negatively.
If communities cannot prevent disasters, they can at least reduce the damaging impact. For example, requiring roof reinforcements will reduce damage from hurricane winds. Preventing new construction in floodplains or placing structures on columns in them can reduce the chance of flooded homes. | <urn:uuid:1167357c-c73d-44dd-aa2e-099d7f511b06> | {
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In today's world, it is becoming increasingly rare to see a child without a smartphone, tablet, or other mobile devices in their hands at some point during the day. These mobile devices are teaching children to become very hands-on with technology from a young age. While the use of these devices by children may be controversial for some, most agree that the use of mobile devices to assist children with learning is a great idea. However, the use of these mobile devices, whether for learning or entertainment purposes, creates a lot of concerns and questions for parents. As these technologies are relatively new, it can be difficult for parents to determine proper mobile device practices and safety. While specific rules concerning these devices should be created and monitored by the parents based on their personal beliefs and preferences, there are some basic steps that should be taken to ensure the safety of children.
Mobile device technology is relatively new, which leaves parents without reference points for usage and rules.
Parents should only allow a mobile device or technological usage that they feel comfortable with.
Balanced Usage of Mobile Devices Necessary for Child
Although a lot of programs found on mobile devices, such as tablets, can be very educational for children, it is important to remember that they should not be used constantly. As with other technologies, such as television, the amount of time for which a child is granted access should be carefully monitored. Children who spend excessive amounts of time using mobile devices or watching television are at an increased risk for several health complications, including obesity and attention deficit disorders. This is because when children are using mobile devices, they are usually sitting still and being exposed to constant entertainment. They begin to replace physical activities with sedentary ones, and without the mobile device providing constant entertainment, they become bored very quickly. Because of this, it can be difficult for children to learn to entertain themselves. Most pediatricians agree that children younger than 12 should be limited to around one to two hours of television, video games, or mobile devices per day. This, however, is just a guideline, and parents should create their own rules about time with technology by considering these guidelines and other factors, such as age and physical activity level.
- Mobile devices should not be a child’s only form of entertainment or learning.
- Time limits for technology are essential to the well-being of the child.
Physical activity and sedentary activities, such as the use of mobile devices, should be balanced to prevent obesity or other health consequences.
Devices should have proper Parental control systems
Once health and time-limit considerations are made, parents should set other safety rules about mobile devices. The first step parents should take is to use the parental control options that most devices are equipped with. Based on the child’s age, parents should use the system to block inappropriate information, videos, games, and photos from appearing in search engines, websites, or app stores. Although these measures will prevent a lot of inappropriate content, parents should be aware that often, there are advertisements within apps that may not adhere to the parent-control guidelines. For this reason, it is always important for parents to be aware of the programs that their children are using. Parents should test apps by exploring what they offer before allowing children to play them. This will allow parents to know specifically what their children are playing and seeing. Even with these measures being taken, parents should always be present and check frequently on the child’s activities on the mobile device.
- Parents should use the parental control systems on the device.
- Any apps or programs a child uses should first be researched or tested by an adult to ensure that there are no inappropriate advertisements.
Parents should be present during use and frequently monitor their children’s activities on mobile devices.
Educating Child about Cyberbullying & proper social media practices
For older children who are able to read and write, parents should also set parental controls that are password-protected and begin to discuss what type of information should not be shared online. Parents must stress the importance of never sharing one’s age, name, address, school, or phone number while online or while using apps. Children should also be informed about the dangers of sharing this type of information with strangers in terms that are appropriate for their age. For teenagers, parents should address proper social media practices, including the dangers of cyberbullying and pictures or information that are not acceptable or appropriate for these platforms. Parents with teens who are old enough to begin driving should also touch on eliminating the use of any mobile devices while driving. Aside from these basic practices, parents should create rules surrounding mobile device usage that are specific to their children, lifestyle, and beliefs.
- Parents of older children and teens should use more-effective parental-control systems, including ones that can be protected with a unique password versus a simple PIN.
- Parents must inform their children not to share personal information in apps or to strangers online.
- Cyberbullying and inappropriate social media practices must be discussed with older children and teens.
- Teens who can drive should be warned about the dangers of texting and driving or otherwise-distracted driving due to use of mobile devices. | <urn:uuid:4f595097-bc77-4e3c-b95d-1e0236edcabd> | {
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It was 50 years ago this week when nearly 800 students trained in Oxford to head south and work in the civil rights movement.
OXFORD – Rick Momeyer remembers the moment he heard the news, along with hundreds of college students crowding the Western College for Women campus in Oxford during the "Freedom Summer" of 1964.
On the last day of the training, before activists headed to Mississippi to work in schools and register voters, leaders from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee walked into the hall with a solemn announcement: "The kids are dead."
Three young civil rights workers had been murdered soon after leaving Oxford as the next group was ready to head south.
"You need to decide right now whether you're going to get on the bus or go home," Momeyer, now a professor emeritus of Philosophy at Miami University, recalls the speech. "And if you go home, everybody will understand."
The training at Western, now part of Miami's campus here, is a piece of American history that Miami will celebrate Friday, near the anniversary of the activists' disappearance.
Momeyer participated in the second week of training in 1964. He said the nearly 800 students in Oxford, most of them white, felt the sense of history.
"It felt important," he recalled. "For many of them, it was their first exposure to civil rights work. They were young and idealistic and they were very aware of the dangers they were facing."
A few weeks later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In early August, the bodies of the three civil rights workers were found on a farm in Philadelphia, Miss.
"Mississippi was the hardest of the hard core of the deep south," Momeyer said. "The feeling was that if we could break the back of Jim Crow in Mississippi, the rest would come tumbling down."
Miami will host a national conference in October exploring the historical significance of Freedom Summer and has offered walking tours of its Western campus. For more information, visit www.miamioh.edu. | <urn:uuid:468b9e92-e015-49d8-bd95-aff0304d121e> | {
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Components of science research paper
Science research method ology: research paper(s) environment is the set of components that make up the artifact and their relationships—the. The scientific format may seem confusing for the beginning science writer due to its the body of the paper top of the primary research. I'm trying to finish an essay and spotify dragged me by putting this in an advertisement d sense and sensibility student essay thesis statement for research paper. Guidelines for writing a research paper spring 2007 department of electrical engineering & computer science school of engineering •university of kansas.
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How to write the methods section of a research paper “anatomy of a research paper: science writing 101,” at the 48th international respiratory con. Electric power systems research is an international medium for the source normalized impact per paper development of new procedures or components,. Send virtual journal discontinued 2015 the combination of unique texture and sweet, tart flavor has made grapes an ever popular between-meal snack as well as a. In this manuscript various components of research are listed a part of the research methodology paper of research is not confined to science and. Ideas for future research some science fairs want you to discuss what for a good science fair project final report, background research (your research paper.The field of research, for instance in computer science, focuses on the structural components of scientific papers and basics of research paper writing and. What are the important components of technical research paper technical research paper or science research papers are an. Components of a science fair research paper best coursework writing services dissertation examples - [ad_1] dissertation examples will help you in writing new. How to conduct background research for a paper but science changes very slowly, and what a researcher believes in her heart today may be disproven tomorrow.
Parts of a research paper title third, it gives an overview of what is contained in the paper's various sections methods/procedure. There is no one qualitative method, but rather a number of research approaches which fall under the umbrella of ‘qualitative methods’ the various social science. Research paradigms: an overview typologies of research designs used in social science research most of us think about research components.
- A sas white paper concepts of experimental design write down research problem and questions which is one of the key components.
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Chapter 3: methodology and design chapter 3 research design and methodology 31 aims this investigation was concerned generally to see how new technologies come into the. The purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in it's not unusual to find articles in social science. The examples that the sociologists cite in their paper is that of the open science grid, there are several components to impact in research,. What are the scientific elements in research essential parts in the scientific method. | <urn:uuid:091a6919-4ef8-4e24-a77c-6fc374ed085f> | {
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Healthy Eating Plate. The Healthy Eating Plate, created by nutrition experts at Harvard School of Public Health and editors at Harvard Health Publications, was designed to address deficiencies in the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s MyPlate. The Healthy Eating Plate provides detailed guidance, in a simple format, to help people make the best eating choices. Use The Healthy Eating Plate as a guide for creating healthy, balanced meals—whether served on a plate or packed in a lunch box. Restaurant Coupons. Your Guide to Food Safety [Infographic] Calories in Various Foods. Anti-inflammatory-food-pyramid.jpg (JPEG Image, 705x693 pixels) Peak-Season Map at Epicurious. StillTasty: Your Ultimate Shelf Life Guide - Save Money, Eat Better, Help The Environment. | <urn:uuid:f6ba726d-9242-43f4-a53e-c8818129df82> | {
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A paper published last March in the Journal of Molecular Psychiatry confirmed the complexity of the genetics of these diseases, but also supported the concept that common biological themes “underlie this complexity.” Study results suggested several new candidate genes and genomic variants as contributors to autism, and the research team concluded that many more remain to be discovered.
Further evidence for the role of genomic aberrations in autism is found in the fact that the disorder occurs concurrently with diseases associated with known cytogenetic etiologies such as Fragile X syndrome. These account for <10% of cases, though. The remainder, often referred to as idiopathic autism, are considered highly heritable with a 5–10% recurrence rate in siblings and a 60–90% concordance rate in monozygotic twins.
Genome-wide studies of autistic individuals have implicated numerous minor risk alleles but few common variants, according to the researchers. This suggests a complex genetic model with many contributing loci. Genetic linkage and association studies have reportedly had limited success with pinpointing risk loci.
Studies of genome copy-number variations (CNVs), on the other hand, have identified several candidate loci, the scientists added. The researchers focused their analysis on rare inherited structural variants in autistic individuals and looked for potential enrichment of any functional categories assigned to genes overlapping the CNVs.
“We identified a set of genes that were over-represented for structural variations in our autism cases, and then we asked whether these genes were preferentially associated with biological functions such as brain development, or with similar phenotypes observed in mouse models of these genes,” Peter White, Ph.D., director of the Center for Biomedical Informatics at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and lead author of the paper, explained to GEN. “It turned out that these genes were enriched in processes consistent with brain development, including regulation of synaptic function, synapse development, and neurotransmission.”
Dr. White’s analysis was based on the AGRE (autism genetic resource exchange) cohort of 5,431 affected and parental samples from 1,000 families, grouped into four sets based on the time when they were recruited. After applying various exclusion criteria, the final discovery cohort, which comprised set 4, included 1,793 subjects, and the replication cohort, composed of sets 1–3, included 1,702 subjects.
Of the genes they identified as enriched for inherited CNVs in ASD subjects, the ionotropic glutamate receptor GRIN2A and CNVs spanning both the islet cell autoantigen (ICA1) and the adjacent α-neurexin ligand NXPH1 were of particular interest. These genes were disrupted by CNVs in subjects from both autism cohorts and had no evidence of structural variation in healthy controls.
Their results, according to the authors, were consistent with the hypothesis that inherited autism risk is genetically highly heterogeneous, both from “our failure to find even a moderate frequency of autism-specific CNVs overlapping any single gene in our analysis and the lack of overlap between gene sets represented by the same autism-enriched functional terms in our two cohorts.” | <urn:uuid:b536b776-f411-48d7-9c8c-03fbd09597b2> | {
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Jul 11, 2017
The mighty power of midget trees!
The humble broccoli. A staple vegetable of many a family’s dinner table and an almost guaranteed ‘one of the two’ in your meat and two veg.
It is packed full of antioxidants, anti-inflammatories and detoxifying micronutrients. It offers high levels of the all-important, immune system-boosting vitamin C as well as bone-strengthening vitamin K.
Folate, which plays a strategic role in regulating cell growth and reproduction can also be found in this genuine superfood. Furthermore, it’s also packed with glucosinolate compounds, such as sulforaphane and glucoraphanin which, while making no sense to the layman, actually help to fight cancer.
By reducing inflammation, eating broccoli could also help lower the risk of stroke and heart disease…
One cup of broccoli contains:
Only 30 calories
205% of your daily value of vitamin C
194% of Vitamin K
5 grams of fibre
And there’s more good news for this tasty and tender family favourite.
Researchers have identified an antioxidant - richly occurring in broccoli - as a new antidiabetic substance.
In a patient study, where the objective was to find new medications against type-2 diabetes, participants who ate broccoli extract with high levels of sulforaphane showed significantly lower blood sugar levels by addressing an important disease mechanism: the liver's elevated glucose production. The classic diabetes drug metformin works in exactly the same way. It seems the mighty green vegetable has just added yet another natural benefit to its already impressive list.
It doesn’t take much for us to label something as a superfood these days but, in this case, it really is!
However, chefs beware! Broccoli is also a vegetable that can suffer at the hands of over cooking; the longer you cook it for, the more nutrients you wave good-bye to. The secret to locking in broccoli’s goodness is to steam it for a couple of minutes at the most and enjoy it with natural “bite”. This means it is great to add to summer salads in addition to your usual roast dinner line up.
Need some broccoli recipe inspiration? Why not have a look at our recipe section to see what healthy delights you could whip up? | <urn:uuid:e7e851d0-1da8-47f4-bd6f-f6edf8c8354c> | {
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The Bluegrass Distillery produces custom blended whiskey. A particular blend consists of rye and bourbon whiskey. The company has received an order for a minimum of 400 gallons of the custom blend. The customer specified that the order must contain at least 40% rye and not more than 250 gallons of bourbon. The customer also specified that the blend should be mixed in the ratio of two parts rye to one part bourbon. The distillery can produce 500 gallons per week regardless of the blend. The production manager wants to complete the order in one week. The blend is sold for $5 per gallon.
The distillery company's cost per gallon is $2 for rye and $1 for bourbon. The company wants to determine the blend mix that will meet customer requirements and maximize profits.
On the computer, formulate a linear programming model for this problem using excel solver.
A) Identify the sensitivity ranges for the objective function coefficient and explain what the upper and middle limits are.
B) How much would it be worth to the distillery to obtain additional production capacity?
C) if the customer decided to change the blend requirements for its custom-made whiskey to a mix of three parts rye to one part bourbon, how would this change the optimal solution?
Solution to Linear programming are provided in details. | <urn:uuid:f683e41a-500b-4481-a058-4a1f0e3f7b31> | {
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Newly completed Kashima at anchor, 1906
|Builders:||Vickers, Armstrong Whitworth|
|Operators:||Imperial Japanese Navy|
|Succeeded by:||Satsuma class|
|Displacement:||15,950–16,383 long tons (16,206–16,646 t)|
|Length:||456.25–470.6 ft (139.1–143.4 m)|
|Beam:||78–78.16 ft (23.8–23.8 m)|
|Draught:||26.6–27 ft (8.1–8.2 m)|
|Propulsion:||2 shafts, 2 Vertical triple-expansion steam engines|
|Speed:||18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)|
|Range:||12,000 nmi (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) at 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph)|
The Katori class (香取型戦艦 Katori-gata senkan) was a two-ship class of pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the early 1900s. As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself, they were designed and built in the UK. They were the last battleships to be built for Japan at overseas shipyards, and the last to be equipped with a ram. The ships were delivered after the end of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. They saw no action during World War I, although both were present when Japan joined the Siberian Intervention in 1918. They were disarmed and scrapped in 1923–25 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.
Design and description
The Katori-class ships were ordered under the 1903 Third Fleet Extension Program. As with the earlier battleships, Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships, and turned again to the United Kingdom, placing orders with Armstrong and Vickers in January 1904. The next class of battleships, the Satsuma class, were built in Japan.
The design of the Katori class was a modified and improved version of the King Edward VII-class battleships of the Royal Navy. The Vickers-built Katori was slightly smaller than her sister ship, Kashima. They had an overall length of 456.25–470.6 feet (139.1–143.4 m), a beam of 78–78.16 feet (23.8–23.8 m), and a normal draught of 26.6–27 feet (8.1–8.2 m). They displaced 15,950–16,383 long tons (16,206–16,646 t) at normal load. The crew consisted of 864 officers and enlisted men.
The ships were powered by a pair of four-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 20 Niclausse boilers using a mixture of coal and fuel oil. The engines were rated at 15,600–16,600 indicated horsepower (11,600–12,400 kW) and designed to reach a top speed of 18.5 knots (34.3 km/h; 21.3 mph) although they proved to be faster during their sea trials. Kashima reached a top speed of 19.24 knots (35.63 km/h; 22.14 mph) using 17,280 ihp (12,890 kW) and Katori made 19.5 knots (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph) from 18,500 ihp (13,800 kW). The ships carried a maximum of 2,150 tonnes (2,120 long tons) of coal and 377–750 long tons (383–762 t) of fuel oil which allowed them to steam for 12,000 nautical miles (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) at a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph).
The armament of the Katori class ships differed due to being built by competing shipyards. Kashima had Armstrong built guns, while Katori had Vickers built guns.
The primary armament of both ships was four 45-caliber 12-inch (305 mm) guns in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the ships superstructure. Kashima had four EOC 12-inch Type 41 guns, while Katori had four Vickers 12-inch Type 41 guns. These were more powerful than the 40-caliber guns on Mikasa and earlier Japanese battleships. They fired 850-pound (386 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,800 ft/s (850 m/s).
The secondary armament of the King Edward VII class introduced an intermediate caliber of 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns between the primary 12-inch guns and the tertiary 6-inch guns and the Japanese upgraded these to 45-caliber 10-inch (254 mm) guns in four single turrets mounted at the corners of the superstructure. Kashima had four EOC 10-inch Type 41 guns, while Katori had four Vickers 10-inch Type 41 guns. The guns had a muzzle velocity of 2,707 ft/s (825 m/s) when firing 500-pound (227 kg) shells.
The tertiary armament of both ships was twelve 45-caliber 6-inch (152 mm) guns, compared to the 10 of the King Edward VIIs. Kashima had twelve EOC 6-inch Type 41 guns, while Katori had twelve Vickers 6-inch Type 41 guns. Ten of these guns were mounted in the hull and the remaining two were placed in the superstructure between the 10-inch gun turrets. Their 100-pound (45 kg) shells had a muzzle velocity of 2,300 ft/s (700 m/s).
Protection against torpedo boat attacks was provided by twelve to sixteen QF 12-pounder 12-cwt[Note 1] guns and three 47-millimetre (1.9 in) QF three-pounder Hotchkiss guns. The 12-pounders fired 3-inch (76 mm), 12.5-pound (5.7 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,359 ft/s (719 m/s). The ships were also equipped with five submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes, two on each broadside and one in the stern.
The waterline main belt of the Katori-class vessels consisted of Krupp cemented armour 7 feet 6 inches (2.3 m) high, of which 2 feet 6 inches (0.8 m) was above the waterline at normal load. It had a maximum thickness of 9 inches (229 mm) amidships. It was only 2.5 inches (64 mm) inches thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six-inch, 15-foot (4.6 m) strake of armour that ran between the main gun barbettes and protected most of the secondary guns. The barbettes for the main guns were 5–12 inches (130–300 mm) thick and those for the intermediate turrets were protected by six inches of armour. The armour of the main gun barbette hoods had a maximum thickness of nine inches and those of the intermediate barbettes were 6–8 inches (150–200 mm) thick. The sides of the superstructure between the intermediate barbettes had 4 inches (102 mm) of armour.
The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 inches (51 mm) thick and 3 inches (76 mm) thick amidships where it sloped down to the bottom of the armour belt. This significantly improved the ships' protection as any shell that penetrated their vertical armour also had to penetrate the sloping deck before it could reach the machinery compartments or magazines. Outside the central armoured citadel, the sloped deck had a thickness of 2.5 inches (64 mm). The conning tower was protected by nine inches of armour.
|Katori||Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness||27 April 1904||4 July 1905||20 May 1906||Sold for scrap, April 1924|
|Kashima||Armstrong, Elswick||29 February 1904||22 March 1905||23 May 1906||Broken up, 1924–25|
Whilst conducting gunnery training in Hiroshima Bay on 16 September 1907, brown powder propellant in Kashima's starboard rear 10-inch gun mount ignited when it came in contact with burning residue from the previous shot. The fire killed seven officers and 27 enlisted men; wounding two officers and six enlisted men. When World War I began, Kashima was refitting while Katori was assigned to the 1st Battleship Squadron. The former was assigned to the 2nd Battleship Squadron when her refit was completed in 1915 and became the squadron's flagship in 1916. Katori began a refit in 1914 that lasted until late 1916 and was assigned to the 5th Battleship Squadron upon its completion. Kashima joined her sister in the 5th Battleship Squadron as its flagship in 1918 and both ships covered the landing of Japanese troops in Siberia in August of that year as Japan decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War.
In 1921, Katori, escorted by Kashima, carried Crown Prince Hirohito on his tour of Europe where he met King George V. Both ships were disarmed in 1923 and later scrapped to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.
- "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
- Brook 1985, p. 279
- Preston, p. 195
- Brook 1999, p. 128
- Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 22
- "Kashima battleships (1906) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
- Friedman, p. 272
- Friedman, p. 274
- Friedman, p. 276
- Brook 1999, p. 127
- Friedman, p. 114
- Brook 1999, pp. 127–28
- Silverstone, p. 332
- Brook 1985, p. 282
- Brook 1985, pp. 279–81
- Preston, p. 191; Brook 1985, p. 282
- Seagrave & Seagrave, p. 105
- Brook 1985, p. 292
- Brook, Peter (1985). "Armstrong Battleships for Japan". Warship International. Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. XXII (3): 268–82. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867 – 1927. Gravesend, Kent, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
- Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (1999). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. New York: Broadway Books.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
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How to recognise it
Shoots become abnormally wide and flattened, looking as if several shoots are fused together.
What causes it
It is not currently known for sure what causes fasciation, but in some cases it seems to be connected to damage to the point at which the shoot grows from the stem, caused by insects, slugs, frost or poor handling. It may be caused by bacterial infection or genetic mutation.
Why it’s a problem
It isn’t really – leaf and flower formation are not affected (although fasciation of flowers does occasionally occur, but it does not spread from flower to flower).
Where you are likely to find it
On many shrubs, including forsythia, daphne, Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ and roses. Also occurs on some herbaceous perennials including delphiniums.
How to prevent it
Avoid damage to stems.
How to get rid of it
If you find it unsightly, simple prune out the offending stems. However, it does no harm and can be left on the plant.
Is it good for anything?!
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Temple of Literature - Hanoi (Vietnam) - Van Mieu (Văn Miếu)
Temple of Literature in Hanoi, Vietnam: Van Mieu (Văn Miếu)The Temple of Literature is in Hanoi, Vietnam. It's name is Van Mieu (Văn Miếu), which literally means the Temple of Literature. According to the book Complete history of the great Vietnam, the Temple of Literature was built in honor of Confucius in 1070 by the king Ly Thanh Tong.
Although there are several Vam Mieu or Temple of Literature around the whole Vietnam, the one located in Hanoi is, without doubt, the most famous of them all.
Temple of literature, Hanoi, Vietnam. Van Mieu (Văn Miếu)
Aerial view of the Temple of Literature in Hanoi
The first university in VietnamThe reasons why this temple is famous are the Temple of Literature in Hanoi was also the first university of Vietnam or imperial academy by the year 1076. There they taught literary composition, Confucian classics, etc.. Noteworthy this place is one of the few places around Vietnam dedicated to Confucius instead of Buda, as Vietnam is mostly Buddhist.
Initially the use of the university or imperial academy was restricted to the imperial family, nobles and royalty of the country. Later they allowed access to the country's most notorious students.
The university functioned for 700 years and it is said that the difficulty was such that only a bunch of students were able to pass the exams and get full marks (graduated as doctor laureats).
The name of these students, 2313 to be exact, were engraved in 116 stone steles for posterity. In the courtyards of the Temple of Literature in Hanoi today remained 82 of the 116 steles with the name of all those excellent students. The steles are placed on a stone tortoise (tortoise is the symbol of longevity in the Vietnamese culture). It is a tradition and omen of good luck, touch the head of all turtles, that is the reason why the conservation status of some of these turtles is not very good. The steles dated the first examination by the year 1442, and the last in 1779.
Exterior view of the Temple of literature
Architecture of the Temple of LiteratureThe temple originally consisted of 5 yards, lined up one after the other, but after the French bombardment of 1947, one of them was destroyed. The entire perimeter is surrounded by brick walls, the most notorious part of the buildings are the roof, whose sharp edges are pointing up.
The main access to the facility consists in two large gardens (a third garden is outside the brick perimeter), with small pools or lakes located in both sides, and also trees. These gardens were used by the students to relax and forget the rush of the city outside the walls.
Across the gardens, we will reach the central part of the complex, with small one-story buildings around a squared lake or pool, this time in the center. This part of the complex is called the constellation of literature, where resides the 82 engraved steles with the names of the students. The steles are, undoubtedly, the most valuable asset of the temple.
The next part of the complex is the main hall, where statues of Confucius and his disciples lie. Behind the main hall, was formerly the university, destroyed by French bombs in 947.
Garden at the Temple of the literature, Hanoi, Vietnam. Van Mieu (Văn Miếu)
Side view of Van Mieu Temple in Hanoi (Vietnam).
Main hall dragons. Temple of literature. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Temple of literature's courtyard. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Another coutyard in the Temple of literature. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Another of the relics of the temple is a bell of year1768. Together with the bell we can find a tile with lyrics or melodies. In front of this bell, about 50 meters away, a huge drum.
Bell at the Temple the literature, Hanoi, Vietnam. Van Mieu (Văn Miếu)
The exterior boundary of the Temple of Literature is built mostly of brick. The access gate, reminds me to the doors to the pagoda which is located next to Hanoi's central lake, the Lake Hoan Kiem. The entrance has 2 levels, the lower level has 3 gates: a large central gate, for the king only, and two small side doors. The left door was for the king's advisers, and right one for the royal guard.
At the top of the gate, on both sides, statues protect the temple from evil spirits and allow access to its interior to the good spirits.
Main access gate to the Temple of Literature. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Temple of literature Map
This is the map of Hanoi's temple of the literature, by letras de viaje.
Hanoi temple of literature map
Vietnamese currency (Vietnam Dong): temple of literature banknote
Curiously, the temple of literature is printed on the back side of the 100.000 VND (vietnamese DONG) banknote. Its value is about 4€. This note is currently valid and widely used.
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A few inches below the surface of your backyard, a brood of bugs bides its time. With bulging eyes the color of freshly spilt blood, these cicada nymphs were actually born 17 years ago and have since busied themselves underground by sucking the life out of roots and reminiscing about the time they all went to see Space Jam. (They wanted to see Independence Day as their last hurrah before holing up, but it was PG-13.) Now, the Magicicada class of 2013 is scheduled to emerge in order to breed and lay their own eggs—to the tune of 1-5 million buzzing beasts per square acre—and WNYC wants your help to figure out when the horde will arrive.
While cicadas are some of the more substantial insects you’re likely to find in North America—they can grow up to 1.5 inches long, and they sport huge, translucent, orange-veined wings—perhaps I can allay your entomophobia by admitting that the buggers are completely harmless. They do not bite or sting; they don’t damage crops or invade our homes. I mean, they even taste good in ice cream.
Cicadas live all over the world, but it’s only those of the genus Magicicada that pull this colossal game of hide and seek. Scientists have grouped them into broods based on which year they emerge. For example, the Great Eastern Brood or Magicicada Brood X made headlines from New York to Michigan in 2004. This particular batch will make a racket up and down the East Coast, from northern parts of Georgia all the way to upstate New York. (To see when other periodical cicada broods are going to burst forth, check out Wikipedia’s handy-dandy sortable guide.)
Predicting the year is easy; predicting the day, not so much. This is why New York public radio stating WNYC “invites families, armchair scientists and lovers of nature to join in a bit of mass science” via a cute, little DIY cicada science site.
Cicada nymphs typically peep out of their subterranean burrows when soil temperatures reach 64 degrees Fahrenheit at a depth of around eight inches. This is why WNYC wants people everywhere to start gathering data—ideally by mid-April—that they can plot on a map. They also encourage would-be citizen scientists to submit experiences and observations in order to create a cicada conversation shared by the whole community.
To participate, you will only need about $80 in parts, two hours of build time, and a social media account for bragging. (OK, I added the social media aspect, but when was the last time you spent $80 or two hours on something without tweeting, posting, or pinning about it?)
The parts list should look familiar to anyone who has tinkered with DIY electronics before—an Arduino Uno, a SideKick Basic Kit, wrapping wire, USB cable, electrical tape, etc—and can be obtained through Radioshack or Amazon with hardly any risk of your name ending up on some government list. When you’re finished with the detailed, 29-step build, just sink the business end of that baby in the dirt, plug the pattern found on your LED array into the website’s decoder, and log your results.
Of course, if DIY’s not your bag, you could just buy a soil thermometer for $8.25 and call it a day. But what kind of example does that set for the maturing cicada nymphs?
Once the nymphs are out of the ground, usually by late April or May, they crawl up tree trunks or other vegetation to bust out of their exoskeleton and unfurl a pair of new, beautiful wings. (I’ve found these dried, exoskeleton husks to be perfect for hanging on the clothing of younger siblings.) It takes a few days for the new shell to harden, after which the males set about team-wooing females by singing together in chorus. It’s this sound for which cicadas are famous. (Or infamous, if you hate nature and love.)
As for the many millions of serenading insects you have just come to know as Magicicada Brood II (that really is what scientists are calling them), they are not long for this world. All will go quietly into the night around the end of July. The eggs they laid will release a new generation of nymphs to rain down from the sky and burrow into the dirt. Then the big wait begins. In the meantime, you can repurpose your Arduino parts to build a smartphone-controlled pneumatic cannon. | <urn:uuid:d0d8d3c6-28a0-4314-b2f6-8f2637d46756> | {
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Games, cartoons boost youth disaster preparation
Half those affected by natural disasters worldwide are youths. Here in Vietnam, most children do not know how to swim
LONDON, 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities.
According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), at least half of those affected by natural disasters are youths under 18. Experiential learning (learning by doing), games and animated films are some ways entertainers and educators are using to teach youths disaster risk reduction (DRR) skills.
“Feeling and experiencing it [disaster simulation] empowers them. There are gains, especially in flood and cyclone areas of Asia where games have been helpful,” said Jordan Naidoo, a senior education adviser with UNICEF in New York.
The Asia-Pacific region
has been hardest hit by natural disasters, with an estimated two million people killed from 1970-2011, or 75 percent of global deaths from natural disasters in that period.
Helping children handle stress before a disaster hits is critical, especially as countries confront slow-onset disasters
in addition to rapid-onset ones, said Naidoo.
“While in Asia there tend to be more sudden onset emergencies such as earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons (flood and wind hazards), in the Middle East the types of emergencies are slow and complex, such as conflict, war and drought. In [each of] these situations, we use games differently, to help children deal with their emotional stress.”
Games are effective in helping children prepare for calamity, said Unni Krishnan, head of disaster response for international NGO Plan International.
The agency helped design a DRR board game, Riskland, in Viet Nam. Similar to “snakes and ladders” (known as “chutes and ladders” in some countries) the Vietnamese adaptation includes illustrations from schoolchildren that depict local geography to teach about climate change and local environmental threats, such as flooding and winds. Like the original game, the object is to navigate from start to finish, helped or hindered by ladders and snakes/chutes.
According to a recent Plan International and UN Office for Disaster Reduction (UNIDSR) report
, games help children socialize and boost their confidence to discuss disasters with peers and family.
Thai and Indian youths have learned about flood preparation from a whale and elephant, respectively. A locally produced Thai animation
broadcast during late 2011 flooding in Thailand called Roo Su Flood (Know, Fight Flood), attracted over 78,000 “likes” on YouTube the day it was uploaded, a number that has since grown to more than 650,000, according to the channel’s counter.
Thailand-based Asia editor Jon Russell from the internet technology blog The Next Web
, said he believed the cartoon’s popularity came from the perception its information was “unbiased and reliable”. Up to that point, Russell said government officials had provided conflicting flood assessments
, announcing that the floods were under control one day, only to issue threatening warnings soon after.
Over six months, flooding in Thailand
killed at least 628 people, affected more than 13 million, and damaged 20,000sqkm of farmland.
Elsewhere in the region India’s government and the UN Development Programme turned to an elephant figure popular among children to teach the dangers of floodwaters through colouring books.
In some slum districts of Dhaka - Bangladesh’s capital that is listed among the world’s most natural disaster-prone cities - even a relatively small amount of rain can cause flooding due to poor drainage systems and even poorer construction.
NGOs there have helped children create murals and community plays in some of those settlements outlining fire hazards and just how dangerous a clogged drain can be.
UNICEF and the Dutch government worked to strengthen national DRR education following the country’s Cyclone Aila in May 2009, which killed an estimated 190 people. The same area was hit two years earlier by another cyclone that killed 3,500.
To reach children not in schools, NGOs have used community plays in one of Dhaka’s slums, Jatrabari, to teach children living in overcrowded, fire-prone bamboo-and-tin homes about fire hazards.
No matter the media, children must be central to DRR learning, said Krishna from Plan International, who credits them with being excellent information and education “sponges”.
She said a 2010 tropical storm in El Salvador tested schoolchildren from El Zapotal, some 120km from the capital of San Salvador. “Children were in the forefront of evacuation and thus saved 415 people in their village from certain death of being buried alive by landslides.”
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Numerous manned chemical propulsion vehicles have been designed in the past; however, there is considerably less experience for nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) vehicles. In addition to traditional aerospace expertise, competent NEP design requires knowledge of nuclear reactors and electric thrusters as well as conversion, management, and distribution of thermal and electrical energy. An example of a NEP vehicle is shown below. A thorough search of the design possibilities for these vehicles is needed for a proper assessment of mission viability and identification of feasible low-mass candidates for future designs. The Nuclear Electric Vehicle Optimization Toolset (NEVOT) was created to find candidate nuclear electric vehicle designs for a manned mission to the asteroid belt. NEVOT is a joint effort of Marshall Space Flight Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, and the Arnold Engineering Development Center. It consists of seven analysis modules: trajectory, space reactor power system, power management and distribution, electric propulsion, habitat, truss, and configuration. A flowchart of how NEVOT is run is shown below.
The optimization technique used in this research is a genetic programming approach. Genetic algorithms have demonstrated an ability to find global optima over large search spaces such as this. A genetic algorithm (GA) is a random, guided search technique that covers the global region of the design space. As the name implies, genetic algorithms use methods analogous to biology and genetics to find optimal solutions.
The GA generates an initial population of designs (random or selected by the user) and defines a fitness value for each. The fitness value is defined by means of an objective function that the user supplies based on the problem of interest, in this case minimizing mass subject to constraints. When a population has been evaluated, the GA selects the solutions with the best fitness to undergo a genetic operation. The strings of these designs are replicated, crossed with one another, and/or mutated to create the next generation. Crossover occurs by swapping multiple portions of two parent designs to create offspring designs. The crossover points and mutated variables are determined randomly, and the rate at which they occur can be defined by the user. When the new population is filled, the process is repeated. Thus, the genetic algorithm uses a random, directed search to find global optima. The genetic operations allow for exploration of a large design space during simultaneous optimization.
Mike has helped to update and refine NEVOT. He also helped add the Mars trajectories and updates to include variable specific impulse. The next step will be in creating a new optimization toolset for the NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), and also finding funding to optimize a surface habitat. | <urn:uuid:58aeb5dc-5eb0-43db-95e0-a89320d9aed1> | {
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Fox-Wisconsin Portage Site
The original portage (carrying place) is a narrow strip of land between the north-flowing Fox and the south-flowing Wisconsin Rivers. Pierre Marquette and Louis Joliet recorded using the portage on June 14, 1673. By the 1780s, it became a rendezvous point for the trading of furs and supplies. Native Americans controlled and utilized the portage for hundreds of years until the Treaty of 1828. The route, now city street Wauona Trail, is listed on the National Register.
Wauona Trail runs from Highway 33 to Highway 16/51 in Portage.
- Disabled Access
- Native American Heritage
- Transportation Heritage
- Wisconsin History
State Historic Sign Site
Dining: Near Fox-Wisconsin Portage Site | <urn:uuid:0d628084-c4e9-4a54-b61b-6f73bf35bda8> | {
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The reburial of King Richard III led by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby will be held on Thursday 26 March. Many people have flocked to visit his coffin in Leicester Cathedral in the UK. You might ask why the hype? Why are so many interested in the last Plantagenet King who ruled England for only two years? He was the last King to go into battle, and often his death is understood as marking the end of the Middle Ages, but he is a controversial figure, and Tudor propaganda and a Shakespearian perspective would point to a sinister and tyrannical figure. So what do we know about King Richard III and why has he captured the imagination?
There are historical facts and there are historical interpretations.
- Historical fact: The battle of Bosworth Field took place on 22 August 1485 and saw the defeat of the Richard III, and the victory of Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.
- Historical interpretation: Richard III was a bad King, responsible for the death of his two nephews, the sons of his late brother, Edward IV.Why does this matter and where are the TOK knowledge questions? If we take the real life situation below it’s full of TOK knowledge questions and ripe for TOK analysis. The following example could be used as the basis for a TOK presentation.
The Richard III Society would have you believe that the negative view of Richard; the hunch-backed uncle who murdered his nephews, was Tudor propaganda and spin, compounded by Shakespeare’s depiction of him in the play Richard III.
- Real life example: the controversy about where the remains alleged to be those of Richard III should be buried and the legal ruling that the remains will be reinterred in Leicester Cathedral on Thursday.
On 5 September 2012 a skeleton was excavated from a car park in Leicester, the site of the Greyfriars Friary, believed to be where the remains of Richard III were buried. A combination of scientific tests and historical interpretation has lead some people to the conclusion that these are the remains of King Richard III.
- General questions:
- What do historians know about Richard from history? What are the facts, and what are the different interpretations?
- Was he a good or a bad king? How do we know and what evidence would we draw on to support both views?
- What scientific tests have been used on the remains found? How has an interdisciplinary approach lead to reliable knowledge?
- What is an appropriate place and an appropriate ceremony for the re-burial of the remains?
- What does the Richard III Society believe about Richard and why? http://www.richardiii.net/whats_new.php
- Knowledge questions:
- To what extent do history and science offer a reliable method for gaining knowledge?
- To what extent does knowledge in history and science depend on facts and interpretations?
- To what extent is our knowledge in history and science certain, beyond reasonable doubt?
For more on how the body was discovered and what research has been done on it, see the Channel 4 on demand programme ‘Richard III: King in the car park’.
Wendy Heydorn is co-author of Decoding TOK for the IB Diploma | <urn:uuid:abbb5a75-b23d-4686-99cb-63ba87b29890> | {
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Mar 23, 2010
Meditation and mental bandwidth
The mind has a limited ability to pay attention — as any meditator knows. But we can use the mind’s limited capacity to enter, quickly and easily, states of calmness, concentration, and contentment.
One thing that science has revealed to us with startling clarity is that the brain has a limited capacity for consciously processing information. On one end of the cognitive process our brains do have a very high storage capacity. And on the other end our senses are broadband — able to present to us several megabytes of information every second. But in between the brain’s ability to memorize vast quantities of words, skills, and names, and the senses’ ability to input large amounts of visual, auditory, and tactile information, there is an information bottleneck.
Just ask yourself how long a telephone number can you comfortably store in your short-term memory by repeating it over and over again — you know, between someone telling you the number and you dialing it. You probably have no difficulty in repeating a seven digit number. It’s considerably more difficult to remember a ten digit number (unless the area code is already familiar to you). At 12 or 15 digit telephone number? You can pretty much forget about it. For visual information, most people can only keep something like 3 to 5 pieces of information in short-term memory at one time. Which is why the following kind of scenario can take place:
We tend to look upon deficiencies of perception as being a weakness.
You’ve been asked to participate in a psychology experiment, the details of which are a little vague. It’s something about memory. But it will only take 10 minutes and you’re going to get paid. All you have to do is to present yourself at a reception desk in the psychology department and follow some simple instructions. You dutifully turn up at the appointed time and a young man behind the reception desk takes a look at your letter of invitation. He tells you that he just has to give you an information packet, and then you can go down the hall to another room where the experiments will take place. The young man ducks behind a desk, stands up, hands you the packet, and you go on your way. What about 80% percent of people fail to notice is that the person who ducked down behind the desk is not the same person who stood up and handed them the information packet. The two men are about the same age, but they had different colored hair, are dressed in different colored clothes, and have no facial resemblance to each other.
Why is it that so many people fail to notice that the person they were talking to has changed, mid-conversation, into someone else? It seems to be related to the difficulty we have in consciously processing the vast amount of incoming data that our senses present to us. There is a richly detailed world surrounding us, and while we think we notice much of this detail it seems that, actually, we don’t really take much of it in. To cope with the vast amount of data around us, it’s as if the brain simply labels “the young man behind the desk” as “the young man behind the desk.” Thereafter, as long as “the young man behind the desk” remains “the young man behind the desk,” and doesn’t change, say, into “the young woman behind the desk” or “the middle-aged man behind the desk,” we don’t notice the switch. Having labeled, we no longer have to pay conscious attention.
How can we fill the mind’s bandwidth with the object of concentration so that we can experience a respite from distracted thinking?
Now, we tend to look upon these deficiencies of perception as being a weakness. Those of us who aspire to mindfulness are astonished at these lapses and hope that, as practitioners of meditation, we would be among the 20% who did actually notice the switch. Well, maybe we would and maybe we wouldn’t. But I think there’s a more important point to be drawn from this, which is that we can use the brain’s limited ability to consciously pay attention to help us still the mind and bring about a state of greater calmness, well-being, and mindfulness. So how do we do that?
First, we have to bear in mind that being distracted requires bandwidth. Having dreamy, or angry, or depressed, or anxious thoughts and images pass through the mind takes up some of the mind’s available bandwidth. When you’re meditating — or perhaps “meditating,” by which I mean that you’re kind of paying attention to the breath but there’s also a constant stream of thought that you’re also paying attention to — your bandwidth is being shared between what you consciously intent to be doing (the meditation) and what’s happening automatically (the distracted thinking).
In theory, what we should be doing is filling the mind’s bandwidth with the object of concentration. That’s what one-pointed concentration is. Our conscious attention should be fully taken up by the breath, say, so that there’s no bandwidth available for distraction. When that actually works, it’s great. Because our distracted thinking doesn’t have a channel through which to express itself, that kind of thinking temporarily ceases. We feel calmer. Since distracted thoughts are generally mixed up with negative emotion, which cause stress and suffering, the absence of those thoughts is experienced as a positive relief — a sense of peace and happiness. But most of the time we are distracted, and we don’t manage to get fully involved with the breath, and our distractions stop us from getting more involved with the breath.
So, how can we fill the mind’s bandwidth with the object of concentration so that we can experience a respite from distracted thinking (and the negative emotion that accompanies it)? I’d like to suggest a few “tricks” that will help overwhelm your mind’s limited bandwidth, and give you easier access to states of calmness and happiness.
One thing I often encourage people to do as the settle into meditation is to go into peripheral vision. By this I mean that I encourage people to start off with their eyes open, and to become consciously aware not just of the narrow spot in front of them that they normally pay attention to. Instead, they pay attention to their entire field of vision, right up to what they’re seeing out of the corner of their eyes. This act of paying attention to the entire field of vision overwhelms the brain’s bandwidth and brings about an immediate reduction in inner chatter. The exercise works even better when other sensory modalities (listening, our spatial senses) are involved. You can read more about the peripheral vision exercise and listen to a guided exercise elsewhere on this site.
2. The stretch
Another way to overwhelm your mind’s bandwidth is to pay attention to two different sensations at the same time. For example, you know you can pay attention to the breath and pay attention to distracted thinking at the same time. But what if you’re paying attention to the breath and also paying attention to the sensations in the hands? And if you’re noticing how the rising and falling of the breath changes your awareness of the hands? Then, it’s much harder to be distracted. The bandwidth available for thinking has been taken up with the meditation practice.
3. Outside the box
A third way to overwhelm your mind’s bandwidth is to look for the boundaries of the breath. In meditation we say we’re paying attention to the breath, but what do we actually mean by “the breath”? Inevitably we’re only paying attention to a small set of the sensations connected with the breathing. We may be paying attention, say, just to a certain collection of sensations connected to the rise and fall of the breath in the belly. But what’s immediately outside those sensations? Can you feel the movements of the breath in the upper legs, for example? Well, the legs are connected to the torso, so, yeah, maybe you can notice some sensations there, you find. How about the lower legs? Noticing those sensations is a bit harder, but the every act of trying to notice those sensations floods our mental bandwidth and reduces our ability to engage with distracting thoughts.
These three techniques are all quick ways to calm the mind. Once we’ve stilled the mind, it becomes much easier to remain in a state of calm concentration. Without the constant chatter of anxiety, anger, desire, etc., the mind becomes happier. A positive feedback loop can develop where we enjoy, more and more, being free from distracting thought, and where we enjoy, more and more, paying attention to the simple sensations of the body.
We may think that the brain’s limited bandwidth is a drawback, and in fact in some ways it is. Our brain’s narrow bandwidth makes is harder for us to notice change in the outside world — as with the psychology experiment above — and probably in our inner world as well. But once we understand the mind’s limited bandwidth, we can make use of it to enter, quickly and easily, states of calmness, concentration, and contentment. | <urn:uuid:b2cc3e7a-eafd-4f4c-80a5-a7f50796134b> | {
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1863 September 19: Mobile Bread Riot and New York Draft Riots
From the September 19, 1863, issue of The Prescott Journal.
Terible [sic] Riot of Soldier’s [sic] Wives at Mobile.
MEMPHIS Sept. 17.—Refugees lately arrived within our lines bringing exciting reports of the terrible condition of affairs in the Southeast. One man who left Mobile on the fifth, state [sic] that there was a terrible riot of soldiers’ wives in Mobile on the 4th. About 600 women and children collected at Spring Hill, armed with knives and hatchets and marched through the principal streets, carrying banners inscribed with “Bread or Blood”, “Peace” and other inscriptions. Being soldiers’ wives, the proceedings were winked at by soldiers who made but feeble resistance.
Several stores were broken open,—one owned by a Jew, who struck one of the women. Some policemen present arrested the Jew and beat him severely. Many citizens left town, among them our informant, who says the riot was increasing when he left.
Why they have Riots in New York.
At an address recently delivered before the Young Men’s Christian Association in New York, the following startling statistics were presented:
There are in New York 100,000 German infidels ; 350,000 persons who don’t go to church ; 12,000 families without Bibles ; 60,000 children who never attend school ; 15,000 vagrant and homeless children who graduate thieves and vagabonds ; 6,200 sailors in port all the time ; a floating population of 50,000 ; all sorts of bad books in circulation, and in any quantity ; 90,281 arrests by the police last year, three fourths of which were traceable to drunkenness ; 6,000 places where liquor is sold ; 25,000 abandoned women, keeping up their end of the so called social evil, or one to every six young man [sic] in the city ; 2,500 brothels ; arrests in 1862 equaling in commitment to prison one in every twenty-two of the entire citizenship ; the cost of crime, pauperism and moral obliquity more than $3,000,000 this year ; 500,000 wretched people living in tenement houses ; 25,000 persons living under ground. Bless us ! talk of riots ! Is it not a miracle that they don’t have a riot every few minutes, instead of once every ten or fifteen years? | <urn:uuid:239acf8e-14b8-4304-a0ae-6f8258602ae1> | {
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The stamp, part of the USPS "Black Heritage Series," was originally painted by American artist Robert Shetterly as part of his "Americans Who Tell the Truth Series."
The Bed-Stuy born Democrat served seven terms in Congress, from 1969 until her retirement in 1982, representing central Brooklyn and becoming a founding member of the House of Representatives' black caucus in 1969. She died in 2005.
At the time of her 1972 presidential campaign, Chisholm was the first person of color to seek the presidential nomination of a major political party. She ran in order to show underrepresented members of society that their faces could also be seen in the spotlight, she said.
"I ran because somebody had to do it first,” Chisholm said at the time.
On Friday, black elected officials and activists celebrated her legacy at the stamp's Brooklyn Borough Hall unveiling.
"Congresswoman Chisholm's groundbreaking and historic advocacy for women and the African-American community across the nation is a source of constant strength and inspiration, as I serve many of the same communities she represented," Assemblyman Walter Mosely said.
"Every day when I walk into my office at the Shirley Chisholm State Office Building and am greeted by her portrait outside my door, I am reminded of her legacy as one of the greatest catalysts for change of the 20th century.”
The stamps are currently available for purchase at USPS locations or online. | <urn:uuid:3929ffb9-386d-4966-9400-a5a72ceca031> | {
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A lot of education is filling in gaps. Even more is simple fact-memorization, the primary building block leading to the ability to regurgitate ideas, analyze them, and form original ones. Either way, there often isn't a better solution than stuffing names, dates, and figures in kids' heads until they can recall them at will. They hate this, generally, but it's a necessary evil.
In no way as unpleasant, but just as educational, is something most kids love to do: getting comfy with a big compendium of knowledge and turning each page, learning little tidbits about history, the world around them, how their body works, or who's been in outer space until they've had enough and go outside to hunt trolls or dig up buried treasure.
The best word to describe such books is one that every college student learns to dread: reference. If you don't get an F on your paper because you wrote it two hours before class, you definitely will because you forgot to cite your references. It's important to remember, however, that the enemy isn't reference; the enemy (for lack of a better term) is a system that places more value on following arbitrary guidelines than presenting and commenting on thoughts and information.
We're here to put the RAD back in reference. And memorization—there's nothing that says learning the times tables has to be boring. It often is, but usually only because we look at it as a chore, and not a privilege or exciting activity. This attitude often starts with parents: we didn't like math in school, so we kind of groan along with our kids whenever the ol' numbers chart comes out. If we get excited instead, our children are likely to do the same.
Below you'll find a long list of books crammed with facts. Some of them aren't important facts (usually the most fun), some of them are essential; we're not sure where the distinction should or does lie all the time, so we'll leave you to sort that out for yourselves. We would simply encourage, whether you're teaching the tens chart in math, or adding nuance to a study of the Old West by reading a short bio of female outlaw Belle Prater, that you approach "just the facts" with as much joy and anticipation as you'd like to see your children exhibit.
Review by C. Hollis Crossman
C. Hollis Crossman used to be a child. Now he is a husband and father, teaches adult Sunday school in his Presbyterian congregation, and likes weird stuff. He might be a mythical creature, but he's definitely not a centaur. Read more of his reviews here
Did you find this review helpful? | <urn:uuid:4f4f067b-4cc4-48a9-83c9-472b8e6ffe23> | {
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China has long been considering an energy consumption cap in a bid to improve industrial efficiency, tackle smog and control greenhouse gas emissions, which are the highest in the world. Beijing is also pushing structural reforms to decouple economic growth from energy consumption.
"Energy consumption will be less than 5 billion tonnes if China's structural adjustment goes smoothly," said Xi Fengming, an expert on carbon emissions at the China Academy of Sciences, adding that the planned launch of a nationwide carbon emissions market next year would make it easier to achieve.
However, with energy demand growth already slowing considerably and China overshooting its 2011-2015 energy efficiency targets, there might have been room to lower the number further, researchers said.
Yang Fuqiang, senior advisor at the U.S.-based think tank, the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the 5 billion figure was calculated by combining China's 6.5 percent economic growth projections for 2016-2020 with its target to cut energy intensity by 15 percent over the same period.
"Based on my experience the government plans are conservative," he said. "There could be a higher 18 percent cut in energy intensity, and that means energy consumption could be kept at about 4.8 billion tonnes."
The China Energy Research Society (CERS), a think tank, said in a report published last week that it expected energy consumption to reach 4.8 billion tonnes of standard coal by 2020 and rise to 5.3 billion tonnes by the end of 2030.
"We should see this (5 billion tonne) target as a ceiling rather than a floor," said Zhou Dadi, an energy policy researcher at CERS. "Maybe we can achieve better results."
Total energy consumption was 4.3 billion tonnes of standard coal in 2015, up 0.9 percent from the previous year, according to the most recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics.
The average annual growth rate was 2.3 percent over 2012-2015, down from 6.4 percent in 2005-2012, the bureau said.
With China determined to curb pollution and emissions, experts expressed disappointment at the failure to include a coal consumption cap.
Coal consumption in China fell 2.2 percent last year as a result of stricter pollution controls as well as a downturn in demand.
In a separate report published ahead of the opening of the full session of parliament on Saturday, the National Development and Reform Commission promised to limit growth of coal production and coal-fired power generation this year.
China is aiming to eliminate as much as 500 million tonnes of surplus coal capacity from the market in the next five years.
China also aims to cut carbon intensity - the amount of emissions per unit of GDP growth - by 18 percent over the same period. As part of its global climate change commitments, China has already pledged to reduce carbon intensity to 40-45 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. | <urn:uuid:e67c081e-0be5-4ff4-8544-24511ab7ae2f> | {
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A modern computer system that is not part of a network is an anomaly. But managing a network and getting it to perform well can be a problem. This book describes two tools that are absolutely essential to distributed computing environments: the Network Filesystem (NFS) and the Network Information System (formerly called the "yellow pages" or YP).The Network Filesystem, developed by Sun Microsystems, is fundamental to most UNIX networks. It allows systems ranging from PCs running DOS to UNIX workstations to large mainframes to access each other's files transparently. It is the standard method for sharing files between different computer systems.As popular as NFS is, it is a "black box" for most users and administrators. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of how to plan, set up, and debug an NFS network. It is the only book we're aware of that discusses NFS and network performance tuning. This book also covers the NFS automounter, network security issues, diskless workstations, and PC/NFS.NFS isn't really complete without its companion, NIS. NIS provides a distributed database service for managing the most important administrative files, such as the passwd file and the hosts file. NIS centralizes administration of commonly replicated files, letting you make a single change to the database rather than making changes on every system on the network.This book tells you how to set up and use NIS to simplify network management. It also tells you how to use NIS to manage your own database applications, ranging from a simple telephone list to controlling access to network services.If you are managing a network of UNIX systems, or are thinking of setting up a UNIX network, you can't afford to overlook this book. | <urn:uuid:ab38b95b-900d-4b54-9e26-6bab5d04a587> | {
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Hollandse Nieuwe (young herring) Every year the herring lives the same cycle. In the months May and June the herring will have fattened enough but not formed any hard or soft roe yet. Herring can acquire plenty of fat in May if the weather is good. Fishermen will watch the weather and temperature closely during this period. Lots of sun will mean lots of food for the herring, so that they will grow nicely. The 'Hollandse Nieuwe' (Dutch New) is the first herring that is caught in season, usually in May. (Selling from june 1st) As soon as the herring has a minimum of 16% fat, it may hit the market as 'Hollandse Nieuwe'. But there are other demands. The herring must be gutted, ripened, salted and filleted in the traditional Dutch way. During gutting, the gills, intestines and throat of the herring are removed. The pancreas remains as it helps the herring ripen. Herring is caught nearly all year long, but not all herring can be called 'Hollandse Nieuwe' or 'maatjesharing' (young herring). During the year, the amount of fat in the herring changes. During these different fat stadia, the uses of the herring changes also. Herring caught in August through October is smoked, marinated or turned into rollmop (rolmops in Dutch). De hard roe of the herring is partly exported to Japan where it is a veritable delicacy. The salting 'cooks' the herring, so it is not truly raw when you eat it, though it looks like it. One can eat chopped raw onion with it, but that's a matter of taste. The traditional manner to eat the herring: with one's head tilted back and mouth gaping open, whereupon the fish is lowered in head-first and swallowed whole. Herring can also be eaten on a bread roll, with or without chopped onions. The vendor will be happy to cut the herring into bite-size pieces for the less daring! | <urn:uuid:b1efdea2-f64d-4b79-912b-3a170d5b93d7> | {
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Voice activated features such as placing calls have been available in automobiles for many years. Today the most advanced systems under development and research are in the areas of autonomous vehicles. At the Embedded World Conference 2013 I was reminded about a car from the 1980’s that already had all these capabilities built in. Yes it was KITT (the Knight Industries Two Thousand)! The car was right in front of me at the show!
It just struck me, here is a car that captured the imagination of many teen agers in the 1980’s, from the red light blinking that moves sequentially left and right on the front the black Pontiac Firebird, to the remotely controlled (via a watch not a smart phone) car that is capable of driving itself. For good measure the car even had elements of advanced telematics systems where vital signs such as the pulse and blood pressure of David Hasselhoff were monitored.
It’s 30 years later and automobiles are going through a transformation. Infotainment systems are providing more information and connectivity. Instead of the schematics of a building that needs to be investigated, consumers expect their applications and data to be available in their cars. We are also seeing the introduction of advanced driver safety assistance features to help avoid accidents; these include detecting obstacles on the road and lane departure warning systems. And of course self-driving cars from Google and by many universities that participated in the DARPA grand challenge are doing many of the things we saw KITT do in a TV show.
Thinking back to the 1980’s I don’t know how somebody could have managed creating a car like KITT. I’m not saying it’s easy or even possible today to do everything KITT could do in the 1980’s, but lot’s of the pieces are coming together, and software is playing an increasingly important role in the cars we drive today. The next generation premium automobiles are expected to have 100 million lines of code. That’s a 10x increase from recent years. It isn’t just the infotainment systems in automobiles that run advanced operating systems like Linux but the growing use of electronics in cars to actually control them. This later part is driving the adoption of standards like AUTOSAR for the embedded software design, development, testing and updating increasingly complex systems in our cars while the former is driving standardization of IVI systems through efforts like GENIVI.
The next few years should bring a lot of exciting features to the cars we see on the roads. We’ll keep you updated on how elements of KITT are technically realized in real cars in our future blog posts | <urn:uuid:e3db7efd-818e-4ab0-8780-01c68410d364> | {
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The third in my series is profits, much-maligned but essential for progress.
The role of profit is much misunderstood. Some denounce profits as if they represent money that rightfully belongs to others, but profits are the reason for the wealth-creation that has so benefited the world. We postpone consumption so that we can enjoy more of it later. There would be no reason to do so otherwise. By using wealth to create more wealth in the future we can have access to more choices and opportunities. The prospect of making a profit leads us to invest, and the investment creates new products and processes and new efficiencies. Profit is the difference between the cost of the inputs that go to create something and the price that others will freely pay for it.
Sometimes people are envious of high profits and think them somehow unfair. In fact the high profits encourage others to enter and start up in competition, which in turn benefits the consumer by increasing choice. Moreover high profits motivate others to start up new ventures in the hope of doing likewise. Thus profit is the incentive for increased economic output, as well as for the introduction of new products onto the market.
Profits do not represent wealth taken from others, but wealth created by added value and exchange. Without profits there would be no reason to forego present consumption by investing. Profits thus make us look to the future and what we might achieve in it, and lift our eyes above the present gratification that would prevail otherwise. Profits are the incentive which sets people on the road to economic expansion and the self-betterment which it makes possible.
Marxists erroneously suppose that profit represents exploitation, a price higher than the labour cost of producing goods. They err in supposing that value derives from labour costs. In fact it derives from demand, and is in the mind of the person contemplating the object, not in the object itself. It is because we value things differently that we trade. The investor hopes that people will value the goods produced more than the price that will be asked for them, and that this will be more than it costs to produce them. Profit benefits people rather than exploiting them, and it does so by making available new goods that they value and are willing to buy. | <urn:uuid:7e08e8e9-248c-4277-90ac-9d286545c478> | {
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Swedish researcher reveals plans to establish lunar colony
Brussels, 15 Mar 2006
Establishing a colony on the moon may sound the stuff of science fiction to the majority, but not for materials scientist Niklas Järvstråt, who is working with around 60 international partners to do just that.
Ambitious? 'It is logical, sustainable and very much within our reach, both materially and financially,' says Dr Järvstråt. 'Why treat a space project as a disposable unit, when it is possible to build a base, which can thrive, expand, and enhance man's benevolent presence in space?' he asks.
While the concept of a colony on the moon may seem quite bizarre to many readers, the Swedish scientist, based at University West in Trollhätten, is not working alone - he has around 60 international partners committed to the project. And neither is Dr Järvstråt the only person talking publicly about living on the moon. US President George Bush announced a new space programme in January 2004 that included using the moon as a base for the exploration of other planets.
Asked whether his own ideas would be used in a race against the Americans, Dr Järvstråt conceded that it would be 'necessary to work together' with the US on account of Sweden's size. 'Sweden is too small a country to have its own colony,' he said. For a small country, Sweden has however contributed a great deal to progress in space. SMART-1, the only spacecraft currently orbiting the moon, was built by a Swedish contractor for the European Space Agency (ESA).
Around two-thirds of the partners in the project are from Europe, with most of the remaining partners coming from the US or Canada. There is also one Japanese partner in the consortium.
Dr Järvstråt has been in touch with NASA, and has had positive feedback on his ideas, he says. In the year 2000, his project received an indirect grant from NASA - the funding could not be awarded overseas and so was given to a US partner, with whom Dr Järvstråt collaborated.
It is the self-sufficiency aspect of the colony that still requires the most research. Oxygen would not be a problem, and hydrogen exists at the poles of the moon, so water could also be made available. The biggest problem, according to Dr Järvstråt, is the lack of nitrogen. Without nitrogen, it would be very difficult to grow plants in the lunar soil, as Dr Järvstråt envisages. His solution is to obtain nitrogen from meteorites. Various studies of the moon's soil have shown lunar soil to be an accumulation of debris from meteorites, and possibly comets, that have crashed into the moon over 4.4 billion years. Added to this is fine dust and gases from interstellar space and especiallyfrom the solar wind. Research suggests that it is the impact of meteorites that has led to the depositing of nitrogen in lunar soil as it has been found in certain locations and not others.
Dr Järvstråt would like to see an initial colony of 500 people until complete self-sufficiency is achieved, when the colony would be allowed to grow. This total figure is similar to that proposed by NASA, except that the US plan would see smaller groups of people taking turns to live in the colony until self-sufficiency is achieved. The colony would be located underground.
In terms of timescale, the US plan is to start building the colony in 2018, and Dr Järvstråt believes that this date is realistic. If Dr Järvstråt's consortium is to contribute, it must first secure funding however. Discussions with various funding sources are ongoing, but none has yet been secured. The project team has been submitting proposals to the European Commission under its research framework programmes for six or seven years, but has so far been unsuccessful. He remains confident however that funding will be found, and says that EU evaluators' reviews of his project proposals are getting better.
While the colony would be self-sustaining, Dr Järvstråt foresees it maintaining close relations with the Earth, particularly in terms of trade. The lunar colony would contribute towards the development of research and scientific activities, for example in the fields of alternative energy supply and structural materials for spacecraft and satellites. Dr Järvstråt also has lofty ambitions with a view to what the colony could do for humankind: 'At this time of potential fossil fuel shortages, threats of global warming, cultural clashes and population explosion, this concept might well be what stops man's over-exploitation of Mother Earth by uniting governments and nations, scientists andlaymen in mutual cooperation and understanding,' states a press release on the initiative.
Speaking to CORDIS News, Dr Järvstråt also gave other reasons for going to the moon, and for establishing a colony there. He believes that humankind should expand into space, and that a lunar colony would provide an excellent solution to managing the Earth's limited resources. He also points to the entertainment value of living on the moon. Gravity on the moon is one-sixth of that on Earth, which Dr Järvstråt believes could lead to the conception of lots of new and interesting sports. He also points out that flying would be a real possibility for people living on the moon. Asked whether he is therefore envisaging a colony of very active, sport-loving people, Dr Järvstråt emphasised thatthe elderly and those with disabilities would also find it easier to move around on the moon on account of the lack of gravity.
Whether Dr Järvstråt and his colleagues would be able to find enough volunteers to set up a colony 384,400 km away from planet Earth remains to be seen. Put to the researcher that the moon's environment would not be particularly stimulating for inhabitants, he said that the underground colony would have its own agricultural areas, which could also serve as parks.
If the necessary funding is secured, the feasibility study will begin in 2006. This will then be followed by a system demonstrator, which will run from 2009 to 2012 on Earth. The next stage would be the setting up of a terrestrial validator on the moon, which will run from 2013 until 2019, and construction and immigration would take place from 2018 to 2024. The self-sufficient lunar colony would be up and running in 2025. | <urn:uuid:1d50615d-8a4c-4b74-8037-c6b075b1135c> | {
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Editor, Earth News
Huge, but vulnerable
Europe's largest mammal, the European bison, remains extremely vulnerable to extinction, despite long-standing efforts to save it, new research shows.
One of the two remaining wild herds of pure bred European bison is down to an effective population size of just 25.
That is despite the actual number of wild bison in the herd having steadily risen to around 800.
The effective population measures the bison's genetic diversity, and can help predict the animal's survival chances.
At 3m long, 2m tall and weighing up to 900kg, the European bison (Bison bonasus) is Europe's heaviest surviving land mammal.
It survives in the wild in just a few herds, the two largest of which live on either side of the Bialowieza forest which straddles Belarus and Poland.
While European bison can interbreed with American bison (Bison bison), they are generally considered to be separate species, having considerable genetic and morphological differences.
However, the species has a tortured history.
For hundreds of years, the European bison was protected across large parts of its European range, being considered 'King's game' protected by the monarchy and Russian tsars that conquered Poland.
But early in the 20th Century, its numbers crashed as people left hungry by World War I and a lack of protection saw ruthless poaching of the animals for meat and hide.
By 1919, none were left in the wild.
Back from the dead
"So in the 1920s, biologists decided to reconstruct the population out of the few individuals left in the public and private collections and zoological gardens," says Malgorzata Tokarska of the Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Bialowieza, Poland.
Of 54 European bison left in the world at the time, just four bulls and three cows went on to found the surviving pure-bred population. Of those alive today, all originate from just from just one bull, with 90% of all their genes coming from two founders.
Today's population stands at around 1400 spread all over the world. The only wild animals live in the Bialowieza forest, with around 400 individuals on either side of the border.
Bialowieza forest is the only place European bison run free
To quantify the impact of the 20th Century bottleneck, Tokarska and colleagues Agata Kawalko, Jan Wojcik and Cino Pertoldi genetically sampled 178 individuals at 12 different points in their genome.
By testing the skulls and frozen soft tissues of long-dead animals, as well as live animals, the team could analyse bison born each decade from 1950 onwards.
Despite the growth in actual bison numbers, the genetic tests have revealed that the herd contains an effective population of just 25 animals, the team report in the Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society.
The effective population of any group of animals will be lower than the number that actually exist, due to factors such as non-breeding individuals or a skewed sex ratio.
But it's clear that the European bison has not recovered from the genetic bottleneck it suffered during the early 20th Century.
Usually, a population of animals must have an effective genetic population of 50 animals to be considered to be safe from an immediate threat of extinction caused by the dangerous effects of inbreeding or having too few alleles to adapt to new environments.
"They are highly inbred and closely related and the genetic surveys confirmed that," says Tokarska.
"We could pretend that we have a big plan, but honestly, there's not much we can do. We can not enrich the genetics using breeding methods, since there are no out-bred animals. They all come from the same seven founders."
"Mostly, we can work on maintaining the bison-friendly environment and widen it," she says.
Tokarska is also just beginning to analyse the remaining Belarus bison.
Though they originate from the same animals, the other herd does have some slight genetic differences.
If they are confirmed it may be possible to bring bison together from the two herds to further improve the species' survival chances, she says. | <urn:uuid:22844c2c-27b5-44fd-9256-7dded574d41b> | {
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Instructions for 16_Pixelated
Steps for the Hand Drawn Version:
- 1) Choose your Photo (follow steps 1-5 in photoshop)
- 2) Outline the image in pencil
- 3) Color in the squares. Remember each square can only contain 1 color.
Instructions – Open Photoshop
1. Create a New Document
- Name: 16_Pixelated#_Name
- Preset: Custom
- Size: Height 64 x Weight 64 pixels
- Resolution: 8 pixels/inch (DPI)
- Color Mode: CMYK
2. If you cannot see the Grid: View > Show > Grid
3. Adjust the Grid so that it is easy to count specific pixels.
- Edit > Preferences > Guides, Grid & Slices
- Set Grid to: Gridline: every 4 pixels
- Subdivisions: 4
4. Copy an image from Google and Paste (Ctrl+V). You should see layer 1 appear, however your image is way to big. Press Ctrl+T to shrink the layer to fit in the little square canvas.
5. Zoom so the comfortable level with CTRL+
6. Choose the Pencil. If it is not on the tool bar, right click the brush tool to find more options.
7. Pick a color by using the color picker, swatches bar or ALT+Clicking on part of the image
8. Plot each pixel color ON TO A NEW LAYER (Layer 2)
9. Feel free to adjust and experiment at this point to make your work of art look just how you want it to. Ctrl-Z (Step Backward) is your friend. | <urn:uuid:b2aeef5d-0605-4480-8d68-d3f05f643d6b> | {
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|Not ordinary - amazing! A fresh look at Shorty Crater in Taurus Littrow Valley. What makes this 110 meter diameter crater stand out from the rest? A 225 meter-wide section from LROC Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) observation M175077349L, swept-up during LRO's brief very low orbital maneuvers this fall. LRO orbit 10935, November 11, 2011, 25 centimeters per pixel scale, view the full size LRO image released December 13, 2011, HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].|
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
Arizona State University
Shorty crater is an amazing place on the Moon! From orbital photos, Apollo-era scientists identified this small crater as a place worth visiting. Even though the existing images at the time had limited resolution, analysts could see that Shorty crater was surrounded by a dark (low reflectance) field of ejecta. Since the area seemed to be blanketed by pyroclastic (explosive volcanism) materials, the dark ejecta around Shorty crater led scientists to speculate that perhaps this crater was a volcanic vent, and not an impact scar (see the pre-mission USGS geologic map of Taurus-Littrow). It was yet another reason to send an Apollo lander to the valley of Taurus-Littrow.
|Two views of the Taurus-Littrow Valley. On the left is a composite of three LROC Wide Angle Camera (WAC) color bands (Red 689 nm, Green 415 nm, Blue 321 nm), and on the right is a sunrise WAC mosaic. Each image covers the same area and is 40 km wide. View the larger LROC context image HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].|
|Shorty crater (110 meters diameter), small black arrow points to rock labeled in the Hasselblad camera shot captured by Captain Cernan, shown below. (Annotated, from M175077349L 225 meters wide, north is up. View the full size context image HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].|
Apollo 17 astronauts Harrison "Jack" Schmitt and Eugene "Gene" Cernan spent three days performing a reconnaissance exploration of part of Taurus-Littrow Valley. On the second day they drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) as far as 8.7 km WSW of the Lunar Module (LM), to the edge of Nansen crater, at the foot of South Massif. On the way back to the LM they headed north across Lee Lincoln scarp (a thrust fault), and on to Shorty crater. It was at the edge of Shorty crater where Schmitt first noticed orange soil underfoot! At the moment it seemed that the crew had indeed discovered oxidized rock, a sure sign of fumarolic volcanic vent.
|One frame of the 360° panorama sequence obtained by Gene Cernan some 40 meters east of the orange glass sampling site. Harrison Schmitt is seen by the parked LRV. Box highlights orange soil on the steep wall of the crater, black arrow points out rock also arrowed on the NAC view above. Apollo 17 Hasselblad AS17-137-21009 [NASA].|
|Jack Schmitt's trench, and the orange soil found at Shorty crater, Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal. AS17-137-20990 [NASA].|
"The location of the one-wall trench I dug across the crater rim to get samples of the orange glass and the black partially crystallized glass beneath it. I dug the trench wall so it faced the sun to provide good photographic images. Using the sampling scoop I normally carried, I threw the trench debris so that it all went away from the boulder. Being orange rather than gray, the debris is slightly lighter than the surrounding surface debris (regolith), and is visible as a spray pattern in the image."
"Shorty Crater is about 14 m deep. Based on our investigations at the site and later examination of photographs, the impact that formed it penetrated, in order, regolith on the avalanche deposit, the avalanche deposit, regolith on a basalt flow, a basalt flow overlying and protecting the orange and black glass layers, the orange and black glass layers, regolith on a second basalt flow, and, finally, the upper portion of that second flow. Orange and black glass clods and basalt boulders are spread throughout the ejecta blanket surrounding Shorty." -Harrison H. Schmitt, Lunar Module Pilot and Geologist, Apollo 17
You can see the orange soil that Schmitt sampled in the surface photo shown above, note also the streamer of orange glass extending down the the steep inner wall of the crater (indicated with black box). To help orient yourself in the surface image, imagine yourself standing on the spot marked 'Color Pan' in the NAC image, that is the viewpoint from where Gene captured his 360° panorama series of photographs. If you look closely in the NAC image, you can trace Cernan's tracks from the area of the trench that Schmitt dug, and then back to the rover (two darker parallel lines).
As it turns out the orange soil was not oxidized vent material, but something equally exciting -- titanium-rich pyroclastic glass! When the Shorty impact event occurred, the pyroclastic glass was excavated from about 10 meters below the surface and thrown out onto the rim. Talk about a case of lucky timing! The orange glass was deposited several billion years ago, then shortly after it was deposited, a thin layer of basalt flooded this portion of the valley and formed a protective cap. Then, not too long ago, the orange glass was brought to the surface and the Apollo 17 crew arrived. Eventually the Shorty crater deposits will get churned back into the surrounding landscape by small impacts: Schmitt and Cernan came by at just the right time.
What did we learn from the orange and black soil? These key samples showed that the idea that the valley had witnessed very large fire fountaining eruptions was correct. Imagine lava being erupted so fast that it shot up many hundreds of meters, and splashed over the terrain for many tens of kilometers. Why so high? Because there were large amounts of gases in the magma that rapidly exsolved as it neared the surface. A process similar to what you experience upon shaking a soda can and opening it up -- spray! Scientists were able to find minute remnants of volatiles on the glass beads (both orange and black), including zinc and sulfur. From the extent of the deposit and its composition, it was clear that these materials came from deep sources within the mantle. So by simply walking to the edge of this small, seemingly insignificant, crater the crew were able to sample and bring back incredibly valuable samples of the deep Moon.
That is not the end of the story, the next day Cernan and Schmitt drove north and then east to sample the North massif (NM) and the Sculptured hills (SH). Both destinations were older than the mare, they represented two different ancient crustal samples. From these rocks scientists were able to determine absolute age dates for the formation of an ancient basin. All-in-all Apollo 17 was a smashing success for both science and engineering.
Read more about the geology of Taurus-Littrow valley in the definitive USGS report, and examine Shorty crater and its environs in detail.
Thirty-nine years have passed since humans last walked on the Moon. When will we return? | <urn:uuid:417f6672-35f5-40dc-9828-a64dbbbd6235> | {
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The objectivist poets were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists who emerged in the 1930s. They were mainly American and were influenced by, amongst others, Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. The basic tenets of objectivist poetics as defined by Louis Zukofsky were to treat the poem as an object, and to emphasise sincerity, intelligence, and the poet's ability to look clearly at the world. While the name of the group is similar to Ayn Rand's school of philosophy, the two movements are not affiliated in any way, and are, in fact, radically different.
The core group consisted of the Americans Zukofsky, Williams, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen and Carl Rakosi, and the British poet Basil Bunting. Later, another American poet, Lorine Niedecker, became associated with the group. A number of other poets were included in early publications under the Objectivist rubric without actually sharing the attitudes and approaches to poetry of this core group. Although these poets generally suffered critical neglect, especially in their early careers, and a number of them abandoned the practice of writing and/or publishing poetry for a time, they were to prove highly influential for later generations of writers working in the tradition of modernist poetry in English.
The period 1909 to 1913 saw the emergence of Imagism, the first consciously avant garde movement in 20th century English-language poetry. Pound, who was Imagism's prime mover, served as foreign editor of Harriet Monroe's magazine Poetry. In October 1912, he submitted three poems each by H.D. and Richard Aldington under the label Imagiste. Aldington's poems were printed in the November issue, and H.D.'s appeared in the January 1913 issue. The March 1913 issue of Poetry also contained Pound's A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste and F. S. Flint's essay Imagisme. This publication history meant that this London-based movement had its first readership in the United States. It also meant that Imagism was available as a model for American Modernist poets of the next generation.
Zukofsky was one such poet. He published a poem in Poetry in 1924 and introduced himself to Pound in 1927, when he sent the older poet his "Poem beginning 'The,'". Pound published the poem in his magazine The Exile, and a long correspondence and friendship between the two began. This relationship was strengthened by Zukofsky's 1929 essay on Pound's long work in progress The Cantos. Pound also provided an introduction to William Carlos Williams, a physician and poet who had been a classmate of Pound's while at the University of Pennsylvania and who lived in Rutherford, New Jersey, not far from Zukofsky. Zukofsky and Williams quickly became close friends and were to be literary collaborators for the rest of Williams's life. Another of Zukofsky's literary mentors at this period was Charles Reznikoff, a New York poet whose early work was also influenced by Imagism. By 1928, the young American poet George Oppen and his wife Mary Oppen had become friendly with Zukofsky and Reznikoff. Another young American poet, Carl Rakosi, started corresponding with Pound around this time, and the older poet again recommended him to Zukofsky. The final member of the core group, Basil Bunting, was an English poet who came from a Quaker background and who had been imprisoned as a conscientious objector during World War I. In 1923, Bunting met Pound in Paris and the two men developed a close literary friendship, with Bunting living near Pound at Rapallo from 1931 to 1933. In 1930, Bunting published his first collection of poetry, Redimiculum Matellarum, and Pound introduced him to Zukofsky.
The term 'Objectivist' developed because Harriet Monroe insisted on a group name for the February 1931 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, which Monroe had allowed Zukofsky to guest edit, at Pound's urging. Zukofsky recounts the occasion with Monroe in Prepositions: "Harriet Monroe at the time insisted, we'd better have a title for it, call it something. I said, I don't want to. She insisted; so, I said, alright, if I can define it in an essay, and I used two words, sincerity and objectification, and I was sorry immediately. But it's gone down into the history books; they forgot the founder, thank heavens, and kept the terms, and, of course, I said objectivist, and they said objectivism and that makes all the difference. Well, that was pretty bad, so then I spent the next thirty years trying to make it simple." It also seems that the core group did not see themselves as a coherent movement but rather as a group of individual poets with some shared approach to their art. As well as the matters covered in Zukofsky's essays, the elements of this approach included: a respect for Imagist achievement in the areas of vers libre and highly concentrated language and imagery; a rejection of the Imagists' interest in classicism and mythology; for Reznikoff, Zukofsky, Rakosi and Oppen, a shared Jewish heritage (which, for all but Oppen included an early childhood in which English was not their first language); generally left-wing, and, in the cases of Zukofsky, Rakosi, and Oppen at least, Marxist politics.
The first appearance of the group was in a special issue of Poetry magazine in February 1931; this was arranged for by Pound and edited by Zukofsky (Vol. 37, No. 5). In addition to poems by Rakosi, Zukofsky, Reznikoff, George Oppen, Basil Bunting and William Carlos Williams, Zukofsky included work by a number of poets who would have little or no further association with the group: Howard Weeks, Robert McAlmon, Joyce Hopkins, Norman Macleod, Kenneth Rexroth, S. Theodore Hecht, Harry Roskolenkier, Henry Zolinsky, Whittaker Chambers, Jesse Lowenthal, Emanuel Carnevali (as translator of Arthur Rimbaud), John Wheelwright, Richard Johns and Martha Champion. An appendix (Symposium) featured texts by Parker Tyler and Charles Henri Ford, with a note by Zukofsky, a text by Samuel Putnam and Zukofsky-translated poems by André Salmon and René Taupin.
The issue also contained Zukofsky's essays Program: 'Objectivists' 1931 and Sincerity and Objectification: With Special Reference to the Work of Charles Reznikoff, a reworking of a study of Reznikoff's work originally written some time earlier. In this second essay, Zukofsky expands on the basic tenets of Objectivist poetics, stating that in sincerity "Writing occurs which is the detail, not mirage, of seeing, of thinking with the things as they exist, and of directing them along a line of melody", and that objectification relates to "the appearance of the art form as an object". This position echoes Pound's 1918 dictum (in an essay, "A Retrospective", in which he is looking back at Imagism) "I believe in technique as the test of a man's sincerity".
Some example poems
As an example, Zukofsky cites the following short section from A Group of Verse, a long poem sequence that was Reznikoff's contribution to the issue:
- Among the heaps of brick and plaster lies
- a girder, still itself among the rubbish.
In which the girder among the rubbish represents –for Zukofsky– the poem as object, sincere in itself. Oppen continued to refer to these lines as a poetic touchstone as late as 1976, though he would often misremember them as "a girder, still itself among the rubble."
Oppen's own contribution was a poem titled "1930s", later collected (without the title) as the opening section of Oppen's first collection called Discrete Series, a book-length poem sequence.
The knowledge not of sorrow, you were
saying, but of boredom
Is — aside from reading speaking
Of what, Maude Blessingbourne it was,
wished to know when, having risen,
“approached the window as if to see
what really was going on”;
And saw rain falling, in the distance
The road clear from her past the window-
Of the world, weather-swept, with which
one shares the century.
Of his own poetry, Zukofsky chose to include "A" — Seventh Movement, the first part of a six-page section from what was to become an 800-page poem. This extract takes as its subject a set of roadworks in the street outside his New York home:
Horses: who will do it? out of manes? Words
Will do it, out of manes, out of airs, but
They have no manes, so there are no airs, birds
Of words, from me to them no singing gut.
For they have no eyes, for their legs are wood,
For their stomachs are logs with print on them;
Blood red, red lamps hang from necks or where could
Be necks, two legs stand A, four together M.
"Street Closed" is what print says on their stomachs;
That cuts out everybody but the diggers;
You're cut out, and she's cut out, and the jiggers
Are cut out. No! we can't have such nor bucks
As won't, tho they're not here, pass thru a hoop
Strayed on a manhole — me? Am on a stoop.
extract from "A"-7 by Louis Zukofsky
Language and poetry
Another aspect of Objectivist poetics that is not explicitly addressed in these essays is an interest in exploiting the resonances of small, everyday words. As Zukofsky was to write some time later (in 1946), "a case can be made for the poet giving some of his life to the use of the words the and a: both of which are weighted with as much epos and historical destiny as one man can perhaps resolve. Those who do not believe this are too sure that the little words mean nothing among so many other words." This concern is also reflected in Oppen's statement "if we still possessed the word 'is', there would be no need to write poems".
Reaction to the issue was not uniformly welcoming, and the March 1931 issue of the magazine contained a hostile response by the editor herself under the title "The Arrogance of Youth". Monroe was particularly angered by Zukofsky's rejection of Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, and Edna St. Vincent Millay, all of whom were regular contributors to the magazine. However, not all reactions were so unfavorable; Niedecker read the issue at her local public library in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, and wrote to Zukofsky shortly thereafter, beginning a friendship and frequent literary correspondence that would last until her death 40 years later.
The Poetry issue was followed in 1932 by the Zukofsky-edited An 'Objectivist' Anthology. This anthology featured far fewer contributors: Basil Bunting, Mary Butts, Frances Fletcher, Robert McAlmon, George Oppen, Ezra Pound, Carl Rakosi, Kenneth Rexroth, Charles Reznikoff, William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky and Forest Anderson, T. S. Eliot, R. B. N. Warriston and Jerry Reisman. The anthology served to highlight the differences between these poets as much as their shared attitudes to writing. Much of the difference stemmed from Zukofsky's insistence on form over content, which conflicted with many of the other poets' concern with the real world. As Rakosi would later write: "if Reznikoff was an Objectivist, Zukofsky is not and never was one."
An Objectivist Anthology was published by To, Publishers, a small press organized by Zukofsky, Reznikoff and George and Mary Oppen, and funded from Oppen's small private income. Zukofsky acted as general editor from New York City, for which he drew a small monthly salary, and the Oppen's arranged for the books' typesetting and printing from Le Beausset, a small village in the south of France where the Oppens were living. The press also published A Novelette and Other Prose (1932) by Williams and Prolegomena 1 (1932) by Ezra Pound. This was a reprint of two of Pound's prose books, How to Read and The Spirit of Romance, bound in one volume. While the press had ambitious plans, planning to print Williams' uncollected prose, Pound's complete critical works, Bunting's translation of Italian poet Federigo Tozzi, Zukofsky's 55 Poems, and at least one book by Reznikoff, the press ran into several problems, and folded late in 1932 before any more volumes appeared.
The Oppens returned to the United States in 1932 and, together with Zukofsky, Williams, and Reznikoff, went on to form the Objectivist Press to publish more books of Objectivist work. The first titles to appear were Williams' Collected Poems 1921–31 (1934), with an introduction by Wallace Stevens, Oppen's Discrete Series, with an introduction by Ezra Pound, followed by Reznikoff's Jerusalem the Golden, (1934, poetry), his Testimony, (1934, prose), with an introduction by Kenneth Burke and his In Memoriam: 1933 (1934, poetry). Reznikoff's Separate Way (1936) was the last publication of The Objectivist Press, not counting Zukofsky's A Test of Poetry (1948), which was published under its imprint twelve years later.
Aftermath of Objectivism
In 1935, the Oppens joined the Communist Party of America, and George abandoned poetry in favor of political activism. In 1950, the couple moved to Mexico to escape the strongly anti-Communist political atmosphere of the times. It would be 1958 before Oppen wrote any further poetry. The Oppens returned to New York in 1960, and George went on to publish six books of poetry between 1962 and 1978, by which time he was finding it increasingly difficult to write—he had Alzheimer's disease. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969 for Of Being Numerous. Mary Oppen published an account of their life, including a close-up view of the Objectivist period, in her 1978 memoir Meaning a Life. George Oppen died in 1984, and Mary died in 1990.
After publishing his 1941 Selected Poems, Carl Rakosi also abandoned poetry, dedicating himself to a career as a social worker. Shortly after turning 21, Rakosi had legally changed his name to Callman Rawley under which name he served as the head of the Minneapolis Jewish Children's and Family Service from 1945 until his retirement in 1968. A unexpected letter received from the English poet Andrew Crozier in 1965 about his early poetry encouraged Rakosi to start writing and publishing poetry again. A collection, Amulet, was published by New Directions Publishers in 1967, and a number of other volumes were to appear over the following 46 years. These included his Collected Poems in 1986. Rakosi died in 2004, aged 100.
After Redimiculum Matellarum, Bunting's next book publication was Poems: 1950. After a lively decade spent largely working in Iran for the British foreign service and The Times of London, Bunting returned to live in his native Northumbria after his expulsion from Iran in 1952 by Mossadeq, and the 1960s were to prove to be a very productive decade for him. Publications from this time include possibly his best-known work, the long poem Briggflatts (1966), described by critic Cyril Connolly as "the finest long poem to have been published in England since T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets", and Collected Poems (1968, revised editions 1978 and 1985). An Uncollected Poems appeared in 1991 and his Complete Poems in 2000.
In 1933, Niedecker visited Zukofsky in New York, where she and Zukofsky were rumored to have had a brief affair. She soon returned to her home in rural Wisconsin, a landscape that was to influence much of her later writing. Her first book, New Goose, was published by the James A. Decker Press in 1946. As was the case for many of the other Objectivists, a combination of critical neglect and personal circumstances meant that this early publication was followed by a longish period of poetic silence during which she was unable to find a publisher for her work. Although she continued writing for much of the intervening period, her next book, My Friend Tree, did not appear until 1961. She published relatively frequently after that, and her Collected Works appeared in 2002.
In 1941, Reznikoff published a collection of poems called Going To and Fro and Walking Up and Down. After that, although he continued to write and to publish in periodicals, his poetry had no further book publication until the 1959 Inscriptions: 1944–1956. In 1962, New Directions published a selection of poems called By the Waters of Manhattan. Three years later, they brought out Testimony: The United States, 1885–1890: Recitative, the first installment of a long work based on court records covering the period 1855 to 1915. The book was a commercial and critical flop, and New Directions dropped him. In the 1970s, Black Sparrow Press started publishing Reznikoff, bringing out the complete Testimony as well as a similar work, Holocaust, based on courtroom accounts of Nazi concentration camps. In the years after Reznikoff's death in 1976, Black Sparrow brought all his major works back into print.
Zukofsky had begun work on a long poem in 24 parts called A in 1927. The first seven "movements" of this work appeared in the Objectivist Anthology, having previously appeared in magazines. These early sections show the influence of The Cantos, though Zukofsky was to further develop his own style and voice as A progressed. The 1930s also saw him continue his involvement in Marxist politics, an interest that went back to his college friendship with Whittaker Chambers.
Although he would continue to write short poems and prose works, notably the 1963 Bottom: On Shakespeare, the completion of A was to be the major concern of the remainder of Zukofsky's writing life. As the poem progressed, formal considerations tended to be foregrounded more and more, with Zukofsky applying a wide range of devices and approaches, from the sonnet to aleatory or random composition. The final complete edition was going to press as the poet lay on his deathbed in 1978. His final written work was the index to this volume.
The early critical reception of the Objectivists was generally hostile, particularly in reviews by Morris Schappes and Yvor Winters, as well as Harriet Monroe's already-mentioned unfavorable reaction to the Poetry special issue. However, they did have an immediate impact, especially on the work of their two Imagist mentors, Williams and Pound. Williams and Zukofsky were to maintain a lifelong personal and creative relationship which was to prove important for both men. For Zukofsky, the example of Williams helped to keep him focused on external realities and things. For Williams, Zukofsky served as a reminder of the importance of form. As Mark Scroggins writes, "from Zukofsky, Williams learned to shape his often amorphous verse into more sharply chiselled measures."
Pound, too, was influenced by the Objectivist sense of form, their focus on everyday vocabulary, and their interests in politics, economics and specifically American subject matter. The critic Hugh Kenner has argued that these influences helped shape the sections of The Cantos published during the 1930s, writing "Pound was reading them, and they him".
The poets of the Beat Generation, a group of American bohemian writers to emerge at the end of the 1940s that included Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac, owed much to Pound and Williams, and were led, through them, to the Objectivists. In the 1950s and 1960s, Zukofsky was sought out by younger poets including Paul Blackburn, Jerome Rothenberg, Jonathan Williams, Denise Levertov, Gilbert Sorrentino and Allen Ginsberg. His work was also well-known to the Black Mountain poets, especially Robert Creeley and Cid Corman, whose Origin magazine and press were to serve as valuable publishing outlets for the older poet.
Zukofsky's formal procedures, especially his interest in aleatory writing, were a key influence on Jackson Mac Low and John Cage, amongst others, and through them on the Language School, an avant garde group of poets who started publishing in the 1970s and who included Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Michael Palmer, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Barrett Watten, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, Tina Darragh and Fanny Howe.
Oppen and Reznikoff influenced subsequent generations of poets, most notably, Theodore Enslin, Harvey Shapiro, Michael Heller, Norman Finkelstein, Rachel Blau DuPlessis, John Taggart, and Armand Schwerner to name a few. Their poetry continues the Objectivist obsession with language, ethics, and world and often addresses modern, urban, Jewish life, both secular and religious. DuPlessis, on first glance, seems an exception to this list. Her poetry seems not to immediately possess the so-called themes of an Objectivist aesthetic as practiced in the work of a Reznikoff, a Niedecker or an Oppen.
As a young woman and university student, DuPlessis began a lifelong correspondence with Oppen and was deeply influenced by Oppen's integrity, sincerity, and courage. Though establishing herself as a poet with tendencies and obsessions at some remove from an Objectivist ethos (or so it may be argued at a first reading) DuPlessis has played a crucial role in the dissemination and survival of Objectivist poetry and poetics well into the 21st century. The life of a man such as Oppen made a lasting impression on DuPlessis. DuPlessis gained Oppen's trust as well and she was given the opportunity of editing Oppen's Selected Letters, which were published posthumously.
Bunting's physical presence in Newcastle in the 1960s, together with his close relationships with a number of younger poets (including Tom Pickard, Thomas A. Clark, Richard Caddel and Barry MacSweeney), meant that he was a major father figure for the poets of the British Poetry Revival. This younger generation were also drawn to the works of the other Objectivists, and their writings began to be more widely known in Britain. For example, it was a letter from the Revival poet Andrew Crozier which prompted Rakosi's return to poetry.
Amidst the continuous reappraisals, critical and otherwise, of the legacy and literary formation of the Objectivists, a well known mapping of the territory continues to be one put forth by poet Ron Silliman: "three-phase Objectivism". Though unclear, precisely, who coined the phrase, this rubric offers a useful way of dealing with the intercession of the Objectivist poets into our consciousness. Writes Silliman:
: .. the process requires you to position yourself within the terrain of a poetics. All any literary formation is, in one sense, is just such a process carried out consciously, collectively & in public.
- To see that, one need only look at the three broad phases of Objectivism –
- § The 1930s, interactivity, optimism, joint publishing projects, critical statements, recruiting (Niedecker)
- § The 1940s & ‘50s, almost totally receding, with several Objectivists either not publishing and even not writing for long periods of time
- § 1960s onward, the emergence & success of these writers precisely as a literary formation
- Axelrod, Steven Gould, Camille Roman and Thomas Travisano (2012). The New Anthology of American Poetry: Vol. III: Postmodernisms 1950-Present. Piscataway NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0813551562.
- from Silliman's Blog, October 30, 2002
- DuPlessis, Rachel Blau & Peter Quartermain (eds) The Objectivist Nexus: Essays in Cultural Poetics, (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999). ISBN 0-8173-0973-X
- Kenner, Hugh, The Pound Era (Faber and Faber, 1975 edition). ISBN 0-571-10668-4
- McAllister, Andrew (ed) The Objectivists: An Anthology (Bloodaxe Books, 1996). ISBN 1-85224-341-4.
- Perloff, Marjorie, "Barbed-Wire Entanglements": The "New American Poetry," 1930–1932" in Modernism/modernity - Volume 2, Number 1, January 1995, pp. 145–175.
- Scroggins, Mark. The Poem of a Life: A Biography of Louis Zukofsky, Shoemaker & Hoard, 2007.
- Andrew Crozier: On Carl Rakosi's Life and Career Captured October 13, 2005.
- Milton Hindus: Charles Reznikoff: A Biographical Essay Captured October 13, 2005.
- Joseph G. Kronick: George Oppen's Life and Career Captured October 13, 2005.
- Mark Scroggins: A Biographical Essay on Louis Zukofsky Captured October 10, 2005.
- Richard Caddel: Minor Poet, Not Conspicuously Dishonest: Basil Bunting at 100 Captured October 27, 2005.
- Peter Nicholls: Modernising Modernism: from Pound to Oppen Captured November 14, 2005. | <urn:uuid:5ae49000-7f1f-4ca5-ba9a-bd25ab3a139c> | {
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Radioactive decay in which an electron is emitted.
- ‘In early tests, nearly all electrons emitted during the tritium's beta decay were absorbed.’
- ‘There are two types of radioactive decay, alpha decay (ejection of a nucleus of helium, two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together) and beta decay (ejection of an electron).’
- ‘This interaction is also about 10 times weaker than the electromagnetic and is responsible for the beta decay of particles and nuclei.’
- ‘The existence of neutrinos was first proposed by the Austrian theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 in his examination of a form of radioactive decay known as beta decay.’
- ‘More detailed explanations of beta decay were developed in the late twentieth century, following theories of the existence of unique particles that transmit the weak nuclear force.’
- ‘Physicists originally had a lot of trouble reconciling relativistic quantum field theory with the weak interaction that is responsible, for example, for what is called beta decay of neutron into proton, electron and neutrino.’
- ‘Some atoms can undergo radioactive beta decay, in which a neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an electron-antineutrino via the weak nuclear force.’
- ‘Whatever carbon - 14 was present at the time of the organism's death begins to decay to nitrogen - 14 by emitting radiation in a process known as beta decay.’
- ‘There are various mechanisms and forms of beta decay (e.g., negative beta decay, neutron beta decay, double beta decay, inverse beta decay, etc.).’
- ‘The cascade of gammas that follows each beta decay occurs so quickly that in practice these are attributed to the iridium decay even though they are really coming from daughter products.’
- ‘If one well is filled higher than the other, you tend to get a beta decay to even them out.’
- ‘After chains of beta decay (electron emission), the decay product is a stable neutron-rich nucleus.’
- ‘The core of the exploding star was converted to neutrons during the explosion when protons and electrons were forced together in reverse beta decay, producing the neutrinos.’
- ‘In fact, stripping an atom entirely of electrons has speeded up beta decay by a factor of a billion.’
- ‘They are formed by a kind of reverse beta decay: a proton becomes a neutron.’
- ‘As beta decay does not change the atomic mass, the isotope of the new element number 93, neptunium, also has mass 239.’
- ‘Experiments on radioactive beta decay, where one element spontaneously converts into another with the emission of an electron, appeared to violate the laws of conservation of energy and momentum.’
- ‘In 1931, he predicted the existence of the massless neutrino to explain away mathematical problems with beta decay.’
- ‘It was at this conference that Klein suggested that a spin - 1 particle mediated beta decay and played a role in weak interactions in a similar manner to the photon in electromagnetism.’
- ‘The beta decay of a cobalt 60 nucleus prefers a direction dependent on whether the interaction is left or right ‘handed’’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:da37a614-b6b3-4309-b6c1-825ef2651a35> | {
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EENV:101 Environmental Science.
Modern society functions with incredible resources and conveniences. Some of this progress has come at a great environmental price. This course investigates the scientific principles of the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere, and examines the environmental issues that our society faces. Topics include sustainability, ecology, resources, energy, pollution, wastes and approaches to living in a more sustainable way. 4 SH. 3 lecture hours, 3 laboratory/field hours. CC: Scientific Explanations. | <urn:uuid:6e72a722-05c7-4c3e-bf1f-dfdceb4c25f9> | {
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Domestic workers are an essential -- and versatile -- part of South Africa’s labour force. They cook, clean, babysit, act as security, occasionally as drivers, caretakers, do the laundry, walk the dogs and house sit. There are 53 million domestic workers worldwide, which is almost the size of the South African population, according to the International Labour Organisation.
And, in South Africa, domestic workers make up 6.8% of the employed population, according to the Labour Force Survey.
With a workforce as large as this working in peoples’ homes, salaries of domestic workers should be something that South Africans know more about. And yet, to many, it is a topic that is met with aversion or discomfort when it is raised. With only the minimum wage as a point of reference, people often ask their neighbours, relatives or friends how much they are paying, and then use their responses as the acceptable norm.
The Department of Labour published amended figures late last year prescribing minimum wages for domestic workers for the period from December 1, 2014 to November 30, 2015. These set the monthly salary for domestics in metropolitan areas 27 hours at R2,065.47, or R10.59 per hour. Outside metropolitan who work areas, the monthly salary is R1,812.57, or R9.30 an hour.
For those domestics working less than 27 hours per week in metropolitan areas, the stipulated monthly salary is R1,450.33, or R12.40 an hour. Outside the metropolitan areas for those working less than 27 hours per week, the monthly and hourly pay is R1,284.09 and R10.98 respectively.
So how does this compare to the salaries of workers in other sectors of the South African economy?
- From 1 March 2015, the minimum wage for farm labourers will be set at R2,606.78 a month, or R13.37 an hour;
- In the contract cleaning sector, the minimum hourly wage for the metropolitan and local councils of City of Cape Town, Ekurhuleni, City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane and Nelson Mandela Local Councils: Emfuleni, Merafong, Mogale City, Metsimaholo, Randfontein, Stellenbosch and Westonaria is R16.98, and R15.47 for the rest of the RSA.
The Department of Labour clearly stipulates: “If the transport cost is more than the daily cost to an employee [in the contract cleaning sector], an employer who requires such an employee to perform night work must subsidize such employee for the transport expenses.”
This does not apply to domestic workers, putting them at increased risk of exploitation. For minimum wages of other sectors, click here.
The South African Domestic Service and Allied Workers Union (SADSAWU) is calling for change, starting with a R2,500 minimum wage per month.
"When you look at a domestic workers wage, how do we justify it ? What do we base it on? What is the value of a domestic worker? It is a question we should ask society. It is a question we should ask our department of labour." -- Myrtle Witbooi, General Secretary SADSAWU
The minimum wage is meant to protect labourers from exploitation, yet unemployment figures often leave those seeking work silenced by desperation, fearful to ask or demand more.
And even if they did, would the minimum wage be enough to cover their basic needs?
For each domestic worker, the expenses of travel costs, children’s education and number of mouths to feed varies. Copying and pasting your neighbour’s reasoning or taking the minimum wage as gospel could leave domestic workers significantly underpaid and exploited.
Fully aware of this void, Code for South Africa has designed a calculator based on research surrounding the basic expenses on which a domestic worker may have to spend their salary. The sources include StatsSA and the National Income Dynamics Study. The Living Wage calculator poses the question: is your domestic worker’s salary enough to cover basic expenses?
The stories of three women
We followed the stories of three domestic workers in the Western Cape. The videos, text and graphs aim to encourage dialogue between domestic workers and employers, and to stress the validity and importance in seeing this significant part of our labour force as individuals with varying needs, and personal aspirations. This calculator is not an end-point, but rather aspires to trigger discussion on a topic often neglected and undervalued.
6.8% of the employed SA population are domestic workers
Worldwide, there are 53 million domestic workers
Domestic work in South Africa has its roots firmly embedded in a history of colonial oppression, racial segregation and exclusion of domestic workers from legal protection.
Exploited, Undervalued - And Essential: Domestic Workers and the Realisation of their Rights -- Darcy du Toit, academic and researcher, University of the Western Cape
Primrose’s maternal instincts are immediately visible in the way she has arranged her small, corrugated iron shack in Khayelitsha, a “black township” to the East of the leafy Cape Town Southern Suburbs. The walls inside are painted pink, a collection of dolls lie on the white, lace pillow on her bed, and a small sign with letters spelling ‘Home’ sit on her bedside table. The township has been her home for the last 17 years, 15 of which she has been a domestic worker.
“I have two beds because one is meant for me and my grandchild, the other is for my youngest son. But they both like to sleep in the bed with me,” laughs Primrose, as she hangs up her granddaughter’s dresses on the washing line outside her shack. Born later in her life, her youngest son (4) is younger than her granddaughter (7).
For Primrose, her family has always been the driving force behind becoming a domestic worker. It has been a decision of survival. "I did get my matric in 1991," she says, "but I had two children at my early age so I couldn't further my studies. I have been a breadwinner for three children, and now my grandchild too. I had to sacrifice my life for them." Primrose works as a char for five different employers in Cape Town’s Southern Suburbs.
Every day of the week, Primrose catches a minibus taxi from Khayelitsha to her job. “Sometimes it can take me up to one hour to get to work,” she says. Her transport costs her around R600 a month, 15% of her monthly salary of R4,000.
One of her highest expenses is also food, although she spends surprisingly little on feeding three mouths. Almost 38% of her salary, or R1,500, goes to groceries each month. "I am a domestic worker because I want a better life for my children. It is a job, it is better than nothing, but I wouldn't want my children to be domestic workers." She speaks about the difficulties of always remaining patient, of doing work that is unenjoyable, repetitive and frustrating.
"If I was not a domestic worker, my dream job would be to be a social worker, to help people. So if I could get that chance, I would do it, even now, because I like to see other people happy,” she says.
"Things didn't work out", says Primrose about her marriage, and since then she has been the breadwinner for her children, and now her granddaughter too. She paid for her daughter's tertiary education but she got sick and could not complete it. She is now living in her family’s hometown in the Transkei with other family members.
Now, Primrose sets money aside each month for her son's living expenses and education. It is her biggest expense.
"He is studying to be a lawyer through UNISA," says Primrose. "Sometimes he might need smart clothes, or a suit, so I need to have money to help him with those things."
She sets aside R1,000 a month for her son’s expenses and also saves intermittently to pay for his UNISA fees of R10,000 a year.
Primrose is part of the 71% of domestic workers who are the sole providers of income in their households. (Source: National Income Dynamics Survey, UCT).
Justine places a bowl of cooked cassava leaves alongside the fish and ugali (similar to South African pap, or maize meal) on her small dining room table. Her youngest daughter Grace (2) climbs onto on her lap, and Abigail (7) sits next to her, reaching across the table for another piece of fish. Her sister-in-law and husband roll the ugali between their fingers for easier eating. “We can find Congolese food in town,” says her husband, Clement. “We miss our home food too much otherwise."
In her apartment in Kuils River, a largely Afrikaans suburb east of Cape Town, Justine and her family share the space with another family. “We pay for our room, and for the use of the living room.” Members of the other family trickle through the front door, head to their room, closing the door quietly behind them. “It is too expensive otherwise,” says Justine.
Justine fled the Democratic Republic of Congo eight years ago in the back of a truck. Warfare had spread through her home, and she had witnessed the murder and displacement of her closest family members. She spent the first four years raising her daughter, looking for work, and fighting for her refugee status. She eventually found work as a domestic worker. Through her employer, she was put in touch with a handful of new employers for whom she now works during the week.
For Justine, her biggest priority is the safety, education and happiness of her children. "Sometime they might want to eat at Hungry Lion, or somewhere different, but how can we? There is no money at the end of each month. There is no money to save."
Occasionally, there is a crisis, and then careful monetary planning goes out the window. "My youngest one, Grace, pulled a cup of hot tea from the table. She burnt her neck and her face. We had to take her straight to the hospital." Luckily, Grace has healed well and the only memory of the incident is fading, keloid scar across her neck. "Now she is afraid to even drink tea," says Justine.
Of her salary of R2,400, almost 63% is spent on groceries, 22% on transport for both her and her children, and 8% on nappies for Grace.
Although the rent takes almost all of her husband's salary, Justine and Clement say they feel safer here than in a township, where threats and rumours of xenophobia hang heavily over the heads of foreigners.
For Justine, living as a foreigner in a largely xenophobic environment, she carries both a social and a professional burden. “I have been struggling to get papers in South Africa, but am I still trying. Where can I go if I cannot stay here? I have no more family in the DRC.”
She is currently appealing a rejection by the Refugee Court of Appeal for factual inconsistencies in her testimony. “They say I do not know the name of the road where I lived in the DRC. But it is not like South Africa,” she says, “we do not have road signs or road names in some areas. I could not even speak good English when I first arrived here and they asked me these questions I could not understand.”
Justine and Clement face a barrage of poor logistical management common to asylum seekers entering the country. Research conducted by the African Centre for Migration and Society revealed that three quarters of 1,400 interviewed asylum applicants reported that “what was written in their status determination decisions did not adequately reflect the information they provided during the interview”. More than half were unaware of how to appeal the decision of the Refugee Reception Office.
Justine is among the half aware of her right to appeal, and now waits in limbo in the hope of being granted her refugee status.
Her children, in the interim, have learnt to adapt to their environment too. “Aunty, aunty, come look at my book,” says Abigail, a heavy Afrikaans accent audible in her tone and choice of words. Attending an Afrikaans nursery school means Abigail’s accent does not carry the same French intonation of her parent’s accents.
In fact, she is able to speak English, Afrikaans, KiSwahili, English, and even a bit of isiXhosa already.
“I want my children to be educated,” says Justine. “But sometimes I do not have espérer, I do not have hope.”
Nosiphiwo walks barefoot between the corrugated iron shacks of Gugulethu. She is adorned with blue and white beaded anklets, bracelets and a long, dangling necklace. The remnant of white paint is seen around her eyes. “I was at a ceremony last night,” she says. “I have not even slept yet.” She is only 27-years-old, but has carried the “blessing and burden” of being a sangoma for the last three years.
“I was a domestic worker before,” says Nosiphiwo upon reaching her shack. She sits down in one of two patched chairs, as her younger siblings gather around to listen to what she is saying. “But my identity book was stolen, and then I could not work anymore.”
Nosiphiwo’s mother is a domestic worker and both her and her step-father are sangomas too. On the day of the interview her mother was at a traditional ceremony.
“I am the oldest of seven children, so I try to bring in some money from donations for my work as a sangoma. My step-father and mother do the same, and we also rely on social grants,” says Nosiphiwo.
"As a domestic worker, my mother is paid around R2,000 for working six days a week," says Nosiphowo. "She wants to quit, but where can she find better work? Her employer does not treat her well. Sometimes she can even hold back her salary if she does not feel like paying her."
When Nosiphiwo reflects on her own past salary as a domestic worker, she speaks about how over 43% of her daily payment went to transport and how she could travel for up to three hours to get to work on time.
Living on R625 a month
“It is difficult to be a sangoma at a young age -- I did not ask for this, my ancestors came to me and I had no choice,” says Nosiphiwo.
Nosiphiwo remembers how she was out with friends when visions and voices from her ancestors forced her to go home to speak to her mother and step-father about what she was experiencing.
"My mother helps so many people as a sangoma. Sometimes they pay, sometimes they don't," she says.
Her step-father emerges from his room, the only separate room to the communal area of the shack, clad in an impala skin hat, a flapping, patterned skirt and grasping a long beaded stick. He brings out his drum, and he and Nosiphiwo begin singing and dancing, attracting the attention of neighbours who gather at the door.
Nosiphiwo does not mind the attention. Her time as a sangoma has taught her to speak openly and confidently. This, together with her experience as a domestic worker, and witnessing her mother's exploitation, has led her to encouraging other domestic workers to speak out.
“Do not let any person make you enslaved,” says Nosiphiwo. "We all have families to support, you see? We all have wishes. So, if someone makes you a slave, speak it out."
At the same time, Nosiphiwo stresses how she is desperate for employment and would take “any work” to help support her siblings and parents.
"I need to support my siblings. It is hard for them. My sister is in matric now, she needs stationery and books." Nosiphiwo did not finish her matric, but her 18-year-old sister wants to be a doctor when she finishes studying. She cleans the floor of the shack with muddied water in an attempt to keep the space clean for her family.
When Nosiphiwo was still working as a domestic worker, 16.8% of her R1,920 monthly salary was spent on food for her family, 12% was spent on toiletries for herself, and she would spend over 20% on stationery for her siblings.
"Now we get our money from different places each month, but it is a struggle." Nosiphiwo points to a the electrical box on the wall of the shack. A button is missing and she toys with the empty space with her finger. "You see this? We need this fixed. Like so many things here, we need this fixed." | <urn:uuid:1e9ebc8b-f8e5-4c38-b4f5-593fd40f4a58> | {
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This could truly be a great leap forward for China. Beijing’s first-ever official talks with Taiwan are significant not only for the two sides but also for peace and stability in the region. Taiwan, which China claims to be part of its territory, has always been more than an irritant for several generations of communist China’s leaders. Its history, politics and even geography have together made it a thorn in Beijing’s side. Every time there is an election in Taiwan, China is worried about the prospect of a pro-independence party seizing power in Taipei. In 1995 and 1996, China fired missiles in the waters around Taiwan on the eve of the latter’s first democratic presidential elections. Relations between the two sides soured when pro-independence leader Chen Shui-bian was Taiwan’s president between 2000 and 2008. Given the history of hostilities between the Communists and Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists during China’s civil war, the talks that began in Nanjing earlier this week mark a significant development. Irrespective of what the talks achieve, the fact that the two sides met for the first time since 1949 officially speaks of some fundamental changes in cross-Straits ties.
Obviously, both sides have worked hard and for long to reach where they have come. The first stirrings of change in cross-Straits relations were evident as early as 2008, when pro-mainland leader, Ma Ying-jeou, was elected Taiwan’s president. A series of negotiations and agreements — on trade, communication and transportation — prepared the ground for the meeting in Nanjing. In 2008, there was the first-ever meeting between the top leaders of Taiwan’s Kuomintang Party and the Communist Party of China, the bitter rivals which killed millions of each other’s comrades during the country’s civil war. Both sides have their own interests in easing out tensions and reducing areas of conflict. But trade and economic relations have been the main driving force for reconciliatory strategies on either side. Over the past few years, tourism and passenger transportation between China and Taiwan have increased substantially. It may be premature to see the meeting in Nanjing as a final proof of improved ties between the two. Large sections of the people in Taiwan are still sceptical of many of China’s policies. Beijing needs to do more to assure the Taiwanese that it will not impose its will on them or use force to settle contentious issues. | <urn:uuid:f46819b5-72af-4a4f-9192-e48820252e52> | {
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The nationally renowned Merritt Parkway opened in stages from 1938 to 1940 in Fairfield County. It was named after Stamford congressman Schuyler Merritt; the Wilbur Cross Parkway was named after the Connecticut Governor who endorsed building the Merritt in 1925.
The Wilbur Cross Parkway served as the northeastward extension of the Merritt, part of a plan to connect Fairfield County with Hartford and an eventual statewide expressway network. It opened in stages from 1941 to 1949.
The Berlin Turnpike
The state had planned to extend the Wilbur Cross Parkway as a controlled-access highway to Hartford, but this was never done. Instead the four-lane Berlin Turnpike filled that role, a divided highway with at-grade intersections and a few interchanges. In 1965, Interstate 91 opened to the east, providing Meriden to Hartford travel without traffic lights.
The six-lane Charter Oak Bridge over the Connecticut River opened on September 5, 1942. An interchange at the Park River Highway, soon to be called the South Meadows Expressway, was delayed by War Production Board restrictions. The South Meadows Expressway opened in late 1945; its route included the current Conland-Whitehead Highway (SR 598/proposed I-484), I-91 south to the Charter Oak Bridge, and the Route 15 expressway southwest to the Berlin Turnpike.
On April 28, 1989, the Charter Oak Bridge tollbooths, the last remaining in Connecticut, were removed. It was arranged so that the last person paying a toll was the first person who had paid when the bridge opened 47 years earlier.
On August 8, 1991, the new Charter Oak Bridge opened; building a new one had been more worthwhile than retrofitting the old one or adding another span. The old bridge, a blue-painted steel structure, had some character; the new one sports a more conventional look, with fluted concrete supports.
The state saved metal decorative seals from the old bridge and integrated them into railings at the new riverside park on the Hartford side; unfortunately, these were eventually blowtorched off and stolen. Never overestimate human nature.
The state's 1975 Master Transportation Plan recommended adding an interchange at Folly Brook Blvd in Wethersfield, but this was never done.
Route Numbering Changes
From 1932 to 1948, Route 17 (and Route 17A) was part of the original Route 15, which passed through New Haven, Durham, Middletown, Portland, Glastonbury, and East Hartford. In the latter two towns, the original Route 15 followed Main Street.
Route 15's original path then followed Route 30 into Stafford, and parts of Route 190 and Route 171 to the Massachusetts state line in Union.
The Berlin Turnpike and South Meadows Expressway, signed US 5 and Route 15 today, were just US 5. Both the Merritt and Wilbur Cross Parkways went without numbers until 1948, though the Merritt had the unposted legislative number 1A.
By 1947, the new (undivided) Wilbur Cross Highway to Massachusetts was called Route 15, and in 1943 Route 30 was created between Route 74 in Vernon and Route 20 (now Route 190).
At the same time, the Wilbur Cross highway was under construction in north central Connecticut, in preparation for a continuous divided highway route from New York to Massachusetts via Hartford. However, that route comprised eight different named highways. To help motorists navigate the route, the state decided to apply the 15 numbering to all eight roads.
On May 1, 1948, Route 15 was reassigned to the parkways, Berlin Turnpike, South Meadows Expressway, and Charter Oak Bridge, as well as the existing Wilbur Cross Highway. The total length was over 116 miles, the longest of any state highway within Connecticut. The remaining portions of the old Route 15 were renamed Route 17. For about a year, the Wilbur Cross was not yet finished between Routes 34 and 10, and Route 15 was temporarily routed along New Haven city streets.
For about 3 decades after the 1948 extension, Route 15 was the way from Hartford to Sturbridge and the Massachusetts Turnpike toward Boston. (The highway continued across the state line as MA 15.) When I-84 was assigned to the Wilbur Cross Highway from East Hartford to Sturbridge, Route 15 kept its signing there as well.
OnOctober 1, 1980, ConnDOT decided to truncate Route 15 at I-84 exit 57 (where it ends today), eliminating the overlap. Commissioner Art Powers explained that the move was intended to simplify signing and reduce confusion. Coincidentally, Interstate 84 (then called I-86) was under complete reconstruction for the entire length of its overlap with Route 15.
Steel-grate Sikorsky Bridge replaced
The original Sikorsky bridge, an 1,800-foot open-grate structure crossing the Housatonic River at the Merritt-Wilbur Cross transition, opened in September 1940. The steel grate was unpopular with drivers. An obscure urban legend (or "suburban legend") is the idea that the steel grate was mistakenly designed or installed upside down; but there's no truth to that.
In December 1998, the state put to bid a project to replace the bridge, with a six-lane structure (four thru and two operational) including a bike path/walkway on the north side.
The primary reason for replacing the bridge was the eroding steel in the support structure. In Nov. 2003, a ConnDOT representative said the 1940 bridge was in "good shape, but functionally obsolete for the traffic it carries."
The $84 million project to replace the bridge completed around 2007. | <urn:uuid:82d88336-579b-413e-bbcc-4be0110e51ee> | {
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All too often I see results of a survey displayed where someone says ‘so 66% of people are in favour of this change so we should get on and do it’ and I find myself resisting the urge to jump up and say ‘that’s nonsense, don’t you know about statistical significance?’. This happens so often with information that is used for important management decisions that it scares me. Here’s an explanation of just what I’m on about.
The best way to find out what a group of people think is to ask everyone and get an answer from everyone. However when only some people answer there is a mathematical way of working out just how reliable any answer is, that is Statistical Significance. This method works out from the sample taken, how many people would say the same thing if you asked everyone and just how likely that answer is to be correct. It cannot give you an exact answer, but it can give you a range within which the actual answer lies and you have to determine whether that range is too big to be of any use.
It can also tell you how many replies you need to get in order to get a significant result. It cannot tell you how many to ask since not everyone will reply and that is down to psychology.
Statisticians over the centuries have noticed that the answers to surveys (amongst other things) fit into patterns of distribution and that with enough answers you can work out what that distribution pattern would be. The more answers you get the more certain you can be about the distribution pattern.
You can never be 100% certain what everyone thinks but with enough answers you can get close. So most statisticians work on the basis of trying to be 95% certain about an answer. However there are times when you might want to be 90% certain or even 99% certain. This degree of certainty about the answer is called the Confidence Level. For most management statistics a 95% Confidence Level is fine. If you are dealing with things like infection rates you might want to use 99%.
The significance of any answer depends on three things:
- Population. The total number of people that you could ask if you asked everyone.
- Sample. The number of people from whom you actually got a response.
- Percentage. The percentage who gave a particular answer to a particular question.
What you get back is a spread of percentages, which is the measure of statistical significance, known as the Confidence Interval. So for example if you did a survey and 75% answered yes then the calculation might tell you that if you asked everyone the actual number who said yes would be between 35% and 115%. However with a larger sample size it might tell you that if you asked everyone the number who said yes would be between 70% and 80%. As you can see the first result is meaningless but the second is very useful.
There are some interesting points to note about the way this spread changes:
- The larger the sample size the smaller the spread. But it is not linear so calculate it, don’t try to guess it.
- For a larger population then a smaller sample relative to the population is needed to get the same degree of spread.
- The closer the percentage of people who give one answer gets to 50% (above or below) then the wider the spread becomes.
- The spread is the same whether you take a positive or negative answer. So for example if 75% said yes and 25% said no then you would get the same answer which ever way you did the calculation.
There are actually two ways you can use this calculation. One is after you have the answer and the other is before you send a survey. Both of these assume a Confidence Level of 95%.
Example 1 – “ How significant is this answer?
Assume we have a population of 3000 people and we send a survey to which a sample of 300 reply and out of those replies 225 (percentage 75%) say yes to a particular question.
When we do the calculation we find out that if we were to ask everyone the same question then the percentage who would say yes would be between 71.35% and 79.65%. So we can be certain that the majority agree.
The actual calculation returns a Confidence Interval of 4.65% so the lower limit is given by 75% – 4.65% = 71.35% and the upper limit is given by 75% + 4.65% = 79.65%.
If however we only got replies from 30 and of those 22 (73%) said yes then when we do the calculation we find out that if we asked everyone the same question then the number who said yes would be between 58% and 89%. Still a majority but a much wider spread of possible results.
Example 2 – “ How many do I need to ask?
Assume we have a population of 3,000,000 then we can do the reverse calculation to find out what sample size we need to get answers from to get a spread of just 1% on any answer they give. In this case it is 9573.
As the spread changes depending on the percentage who answer, this calculation assumes the worst case, which is that 50% give one particular answer. If we did get 9573 replies and more or less than 50% gave the same answer then the spread would be shorter.
The actual calculation is too complicated to explain (and I’ve forgotten it) but you can visit the web site
which will do the calculation for you both ways. You can also save this page and do the calculation offline if you want as the code that performs the calculation is all stored with the page. | <urn:uuid:5c6c9d32-b66c-442e-9594-eb9b5bbe934b> | {
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The North Pacific Gyre is a giant mass of plastic detritus churning around in the Pacific that isn’t going anywhere soon, and its killing off fish and birds. The birds eat it and it fills up their stomach so that they don’t have any hunger, and then they die of starvation with their stomachs full of plastic. Now one group has an admittedly far-fetched notion to recycle the plastic on the spot via floating factory ships and use the material to build a floating island utopia.
While it’s only in design phase and involves huge logistical and funding hurdles, the concept is intriguing. Specially outfitted ships would collect the plastic, separate it, shred it, wash it, heat it, make building materials, construct and island base, and atop that plastic housing would be built. No litterbugs will be allowed to live there.
You can learn more via an annoying Flash-based slideshow on their project site. | <urn:uuid:1c5b24d6-9274-46b1-8f3a-c4bb1357f984> | {
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Lower Endoscopy
Lower endoscopy, also called colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, is a procedure performed to view the lower part of the intestine (colon). The procedure employs a colonoscope or sigmoidoscope, a flexible lighted-tube with a camera attached, which is inserted through the anus and advanced. While the colonoscope is advanced up to the colon, the sigmoidoscope limits its reach to the rectum and the lower most part of the colon. A lower endoscopy can help your doctor diagnose various diseases of the colon and rectum by observing its inner lining. In addition, small instruments may be passed through the scope to obtain a sample of tissue to be studied in the laboratory (biopsy) or to treat these conditions (therapeutic lower endoscopy).
A lower endoscopy is usually indicated to identify and possibly treat the cause of abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal bleeding and to remove growths within the colon called polyps, which may lead to cancer.
Before performing lower endoscopy, you will be given clear instructions about the foods you can eat and those to avoid, and your bowel is prepared to be clear of all waste. To make you more comfortable, lower endoscopy is usually performed under sedation, which produces light sleep. You will lie down on your left side and your doctor first examines your anus and rectum with a lubricated gloved finger. The lubricated endoscope is then gently inserted and air is passed through it to expand the colon for a better view. Images captured by the camera are displayed on a large monitor for your surgeon to view. If your doctor finds any suspicious growth, biopsies may be obtained. During the procedure certain treatments may also be performed to control bleeding ulcers or remove polyps. Depending on the procedure carried out, lower endoscopy may take about 15-60 minutes to complete.
Following the procedure, you are carefully monitored until the effects of the sedation wear off. You will need to have someone drive you home. You can return to your normal activities the next day.
Although this is a safe procedure, diagnostic and therapeutic lower endoscopy may be associated with certain complications which include infection, bleeding, perforation of the intestine or abnormal reaction to the sedative.
For every communication or further request of information please contact:
Madonna Yuzon SilangNurse of Dr. Ahmed Abdel Samie-Huber | <urn:uuid:8cf0b8e6-694e-4b10-9e20-a8baf055bbd0> | {
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For the Latest Bird Watching News, Hot Birding Spots, Tips & More, Subscribe to
Our Free Newsletter: The Birder Alert!
Bird Song - How Do Birds Sing?
Bird Song Production and Anatomy:
The voice-box of birds is not the larynx with its vocal cords, as in mammals, but the syrinx, a bony structure that is unique to birds. Birds have a larynx, but it lacks vocal chords.
In song birds, the syrinx is located at the lower end of the trachea, or windpipe, where the two bronchi join, surrounded by an air sac.
Specialized sets of syringeal muscles control the movement of the syrinx, including the tension on the membranes.
How do Birds Sing Different Songs?
Just as different sounds are produced on a guitar by vibrating strings of varying length and tension, the bird uses different degrees of tension produced by the syringeal muscles to achieve variety in their song.
Birds can vary both the intensity (loudness) and frequency (pitch) of sounds by altering the air pressure passing from the lungs to the syrinx and by varying the tension exerted by the syringeal muscles on the membranes.
A few species have no syrinx at all, such as vultures and some storks.?You will never hear melodic singing coming from these birds!
In general, the more primitive birds have fewer syringeal muscles. Mimics and others that produce a wide variety of bird song sounds, like the crow, mockingbird, and starling have a greater number of syringeal muscles.
The Lyre Bird demonstrates his complex song ability: | <urn:uuid:37a4716b-b920-4ae2-ab34-682e24d44aae> | {
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Diseases & Conditions
At Boston Medical Center we pride ourselves on our ability to diagnose and treat esophageal disorders, including high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus, using the most advanced therapies. We do so in a caring and compassionate enviornment, where our priority is the well-being of you and your family.
What is High-Grade Dysplasia of the Esophagus?
High grade dysplasia (HGD) refers to precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be complicated by Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a change in the normal esophageal cells to intestinal-like cells. BE cells can become abnormal or dysplastic. Low grade and then high grade dysplasia can develop. HGD significantly increases a person’s risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma and in most cases will progress to cancer without any treatment. When someone is diagnosed with HGD, an intervention is advised including endoscopic resection and Barrx ablation or in some cases an esophagectomy is recommended for treatment.
What are the Symptoms of High-Grade Dysplasia?
You may not experience any symptoms, but they can include:
- You are unlikely to experience symptoms from HGD specifically. A loss of your heartburn symptoms from GERD, can suggest Barrett’s esophagus has developed (although you can have heartburn and BE). HGD occurs in the setting of BE; thus, HGD would be found on an endoscopy for GERD or BE surveillance .
- If you have trouble swallowing, this suggests the dyplasia has progressed to cancer.
What are the Causes?
Dysplasia is a complication of gastroesophageal disease (GERD) and BE.
How is High-Grade Dysplasia Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is often difficult, as symptoms may be limited.
- Endoscopy. The physician will spray a pain-killing solution in your throat. You will receive intravenous pain medication and sedation, then the surgeon or gastroenterologist will examine your esophagus with an endoscope (EGD), which is a thin, lighted tube with a tiny camera at the end. The physician will be able to view any abnormalities and take a tissue samples (biopsies). The pathologist will look at the biopsy tissues under the microscope to make a diagnosis of high grade dysplasia.
How is High-Grade Dysplasia Treated?
There are a variety of ways we can treat your high-grade dysplasia. Your physician will work with you and your family to decide the most appropriate course of action. Your options include:
- Endoscopic Resection (ER). This treatment involves using an endoscope and special tools to lift and cut abnormal lesions or tumors from the esophageal lining. Interpretation of the ER specimen by the pathologist will help determine whether the HGD has been removed and treated or whether the HGD was actually an early esophageal cancer because of deeper involvement of the esophageal lining.
- Barrx or Radiofrequency ablation. Barrx is another procedure done with an endoscope, in which BE and dysplasia in the esophagus can be burned and then replaced with what appear to be normal esophageal cells.
- Esophagectomy. Esophagectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus, and is usually reserved for only the highest risk cases including patients with multifocal high grade dysplasia, young patients who may not wish to undergo a lifetime (decades) of endoscopic surveillance, repeat procedures and concerns about esophageal cancer development, or in patients in whom a diagnosis of cancer cannot be excluded.
- Photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic surgery is used to treat dysplasia and BE, although it has been replaced primarily by Barrx ablation for BE and dysplasia. For PDT you will receive an injection of a light-sensitive drug that remains in cancer-like cells longer than in healthy cells and then you undergo an endoscopy and laser treatment of the esophageal lining.
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Because I work in pastels, I am particularly interested in seeing how other artists use this often underappreciated medium. Our current Degas exhibition features numerous works by the artist in pastel.
What were some of the qualities that attracted Degas to pastels? Unlike oil paint, pastel can be used spontaneously and has no preparation or drying time. It is a very direct material and permits the artist to make changes readily–important qualities for an artist like Degas who prized the ability to leave evidence of his decision making process on the surface.
Degas worked almost exclusively in pastel beginning in 1876 during a period of financial instability in his family. The works that Degas produced in pastel were more marketable than some of his works in other media such as painting, printmaking, and sculpture. In a letter to a friend, Degas referred to the necessity of doing some small pastels “to earn my dog’s life.” Though his use of pastels originated in necessity, they became his favorite material. Degas created over 700 pastels, more than in any other medium that he explored. Always a restless experimenter, Degas pushed the medium to its expressive limits.
Degas’s technical mastery of pastels was unsurpassed. Aware that some pastel colorants fade when exposed to light, Degas put his pastels out in the sun to bleach fugitive colorants out of them before he used them. He often used pastel moistened with water and mixed with an adhesive such as casein, creating a kind of pastel paste that gave the appearance of paint applied with a brush. He even selectively moistened pastel passages with steam or a spray of boiling water and then extended the dissolved pastel with a brush into a translucent layer of color or pastel paste. Degas’s friends report seeing him place a drawing on the ground, cover it with board, and stomp on it to grind the pastel into the paper. Degas’s pastel palette was affected by the discovery of the first synthetic aniline dyestuff in 1856. The dazzling, high keyed colors of the costumes of Degas’s ballet dancers reveal the effect of the new color technology on his palette.
Part two will be posted tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:eccbf97b-888f-4436-bf3b-3400cf957eb8> | {
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Józef Klemens Piłsudski (December 5, 1867 – May 12, 1935) was an important leader of Poland.
From 1795 to 1918, Poland was not an independent country. It was divided into three parts between Russia, Prussia (Germany) and Austria-Hungary. Piłsudski was born in the Russian part. The government tried to make Poles become Russian but Piłsudski was born in family of patriots. In 1887 he got into trouble, because he helped people who tried to kill the Tsar. He was sent to Siberia. When he came back from there he got more and more involved in politics.
Later Piłsudski became a soldier and wanted to make Poland independent again. At the beginning of World War I, most people, who agreed with Pilsudski, helped Austria-Hungary, because they preferred it to Russia. When they stopped helping Austria-Hungary and Germany, Piłsudski was arrested. When the War was over, he was freed. He came to Warsaw in November 1918 and helped to organize Poland. Then, for a short time, he became its leader (not president). Gabriel Narutowicz became Poland's first president, but he was shot by his enemy a few days later and Stanisław Wojciechowski became the next president. Poland's situation was not good and the politicians argued a lot. Many people, especially the soldiers, wanted Piłsudski back, so he told Wojciechowski to resign. When Wojciechowski said no, Piłsudki took over with the help of the Army. Parliament elected Ignacy Mościcki to be the new president, but he had to do what Piłsudski wanted him to do. Together, they changed the Polish constitution and made a lot of other changes.
Childhood and youth[change | change source]
Joseph Piłsudski, was born in 5 December 1867 in Zułowo in Lithuania, into a patriotic family. His father, Joseph Wincenty (1833-1902), had fought in the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian rule of Poland-Lithuania. His mother - Maria (1842-1884) - came from a famous family. He had a daughter, Jadwiga Piłsudska (1920-2014). | <urn:uuid:e156b18d-52e7-4073-af2d-79fd3039066b> | {
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Dear kids! If someone works slowly but regularly, he has every chance of winning his goal. On the contrary, if a person works by fits and starts, his success is not sure. This interesting story of a hare and tortoise teaches us the same lesson. At the same time it also teaches that we should not make fun of others.
Slow And Steady Wins The Race
Once there lived a hare in a jungle. He was very quick and smart. All the time he wandered here and there and enjoyed the green grass of the jungle. Near the pool of the jungle there lived a tortoise. The hare and the tortoise became good friends. They had good time together. But there was problem. The hare was proud of his fast speed. He often teased the tortoise for his slow speed.
One day the tortoise lost his patience. He asked the hare to run a race. The hare laughed at the tortoise. Anyhow, the day for the race was fixed. The owl became the judge. All the animals and birds had come out of their places. The race started. The hare ran so fast that soon he was out of sight. On the other hand the tortoise kept on creeping slowly.
After a while the hare saw a cool shady tree. He lay down and soon was asleep. The tortoise passed by the sleeping hare. He never thought of having any rest. He kept on moving slowly and steadily. The result was that he reached his destination after a long labour. When the hare woke up, the sun was setting down. He got up and started running to the final point. But he was ashamed to see the tortoise already there. | <urn:uuid:9c6aed11-3ca8-4617-9282-1b4fd1fdfa9f> | {
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UPDATE: This week Huffington Post and other outlets are publishing reports of a "strange circular object" beneath the Baltic Sea, which some are claiming to be a UFO. The same team of explorers released a similar image last summer; here's PM's original story from August 2011 about why any UFO claims don't stand up.
Swedish treasure hunter Peter Lindberg made headlines around the world after releasing sonar pictures of a strange disk-shaped formation on the bottom of the Baltic Sea last week, saying the shape could be an underwater "Stonehenge." Media sources then speculated that it could be a sunken flying saucer, interpreting long groove-like marks next to it as evidence of a crash-landing. But Hanumant Singh, a researcher with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, says regardless of what the picture looks like, these sonar images cannot be trusted.
The problem, he says, is that the pictures of this roughly 190-foot-wide disk-shaped formation were taken using side-scan sonar, a relatively inexpensive type of sonar technique useful for finding sunken ships. However, the images themselves reveal several distortions that render them virtually useless for identifying an undersea formation, Singh says.
First, he says, if you look carefully, you can see a reflection of the circular formation on the right side of the image. Since side-scan sonar is taken with two instruments that bounce acoustic waves in opposite directions from the boat, a feature on one side shouldn't affect the image on the other side. "This means you've got 'cross-talk,' in which one channel is electrically contaminating the other," Singh says. In other words, the sonar instruments aren't wired properly. Strike one, he says.
Strike two: The black horizontal lines going through the image show that sonar signals are dropping out (that is, the instruments aren't detecting them), further calling the measurements into question, Singh says. Finally, he says, the edges of the image, just beyond the circular formation, are gray, meaning the sonar couldn't tell what was there. That shows the sonar isn't calibrated well enough to trust, Singh says. "That's strike three."
Charles Paull, senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, Calif., says that even if the formation were real, it could be something as mundane as a circular rock outcropping or the result of fluid or gas venting. Such venting causes inexplicable and poorly understood structures like pockmarks—circular depressions that Paull has seen all around the world. In one area off California alone, he says, he has mapped more than 1400 such pockmarks.
Another possible explanation that's not quite as exciting as a UFO: The disk-shaped formation and the tracks, seen in just 300 feet of water, could have been caused by a fishing trawl. For example, Paull says, the jaws or opening of a trawl could easily have struck the bottom elsewhere and dropped a disk-like mound of sediment—or a trail of pebbles that make up the "track marks," he says. Or, Singh says, the image could be simply fish. "I've been fooled hundreds of times [when using side-scan sonar] into thinking I've found something, when it's just a rock outcrop or a school of fish."
Singh has used side-scan sonar to look for shipwrecks himself, and the key, he says, is to turn the ship around and double-check anything that looks as interesting as Lindberg's image (which the treasure-hunters apparently did not). The 2D images that side-scan sonar creates can reveal sunken ships or even underwater mines, but it doesn't give you a 3D image, nor does it directly measure water depth. Substances that reflect light differently than their surroundings can also fool side-scan sonar. "It's really difficult. Side-scan sonar is an art form," Singh says.
And, Paull says, in the absence of a clear picture, people see what they want to. "The finding is curious and fun, but much ado about nothing." | <urn:uuid:81d97cfd-a9e6-478b-be7a-fec675599631> | {
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KĀBOLI, the colloquial Persian spoken in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its environs. It has been a common and prestigious vernacular for several centuries, since Kabul was long ruled by dynasts of Iran (the Safavids) or India (the Mughals) for whom Persian was the language of culture and administration. Historically, Turkestan and Afghanistan (in particular the region of Kabul) were the sources of the Persianization of northern India. Even though Pashtun rulers have controlled Kabul for most of the past 250 years, written Persian and its spoken variety, Kāboli, are still the common means of communication between officials, merchants, and visitors in this cosmopolitan city. Kāboli is often regarded (with some justification) as being identical with the contact vernacular of the whole of Afghanistan, and is generally taught as such (cf. the grammars of Farhadi, 1955, 1975; Glassman). From a broader, post-Soviet, perspective Kāboli is a subtle variant of a widespread contact vernacular (Eastern Persian) that extends across at least six international frontiers.
In Afghanistan there are several other major dialects of Persian centered on cities such as Herāt, Farāh, Bādḡēs, and Mazār-e Šarif, and in regions such as Ghor, Hazārajāt, Panjšēr, and Badakhshan. These are mutually comprehensible with Kāboli, and in the case of frontier regions (esp. Herāt, Badakhshan) they have much in common with adjacent dialects in Khorasan of Iran and southern Tajikistan (see AFGHANISTAN v. LANGUAGES, 2. PERSIAN, EIr. I, pp. 505-10; HAZĀRA iv. HAZĀRAGI DIALECT, EIr. XII, pp. 90-93). The salient differences between Persian and Kāboli (or Persian of Afghanistan in general) lie in pronunciation and in some words of everyday vocabulary (see below, Phonology and Lexis).
Persian in Afghanistan is generally called fārsi by Persian-speakers and pārsi in Pashto. The standard written Persian of Afghanistan has officially been called Dari since 1964; apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term “Dari” is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements). Written Tajik Persian of the Soviet period (apart from its being written in Cyrillic, not Arabic, characters) diverged appreciably from Dari, being based on a northern, Uzbek-influenced variety of Persian and replete with Russian loanwords; since the late 1980s the standards have tended to converge. Kāboli is considerably closer to spoken Tajik Persian of Central Asia in pronunciation and some syntactic features than it is to spoken Persian of Iran. In the following selective description, contrasts with Standard Persian of Iran will be highlighted.
Phonology. The eight-vowel system of Kāboli is typical of eastern Persian dialects in having lost length distinction. The qualitative distinction that remains additionally distinguishes Stable vowels, which do not vary in quality even when unstressed (î, ê, â, ô, û in Table 1, corresponding to the long vowels of Classical Persian), and Unstable vowels, which may vary in quality when unstressed (a, i, u, historically the short vowels).
Kāboli vowels exhibit considerable variation across dialect and even idiolect. Thus, â may be more rounded [ɒ], as in the Panjšēr valley, or less so [ɑ], as in Kabul city. Unstable i and u may be articulated lower, closer to Persian e and o (as they are transcribed in some descriptions of Kāboli). The paired vowels î [i] and i [ɪ], û [u] and u [ʊ], may share the same point of articulation and in fact differ in other features (tense vs. lax, or long vs. short).
The so-called majhul vowels ê and ô (which in Standard Persian have collapsed with “long” î and û) are preserved (šîr ‘milk,’ but šêr ‘lion’), though not systematically (čôb ‘wood,’ but čûbî ‘wooden’). Many common Persian words thus sound quite different in Kāboli, for example: Bêdil, ‘name of the poet Bidel,’ âlê ‘now’ (= Pers. hâlâ), firêftan (firêb-) ‘to deceive,’ amêša ‘always,’ umêd ‘hope’; gôša ‘corner,’ rôz ‘day,’ pôšîdan ‘to wear.’ Epenthetic vowels serve to break up consonant clusters; these may be realized as phonetic schwa (ə) or be colored by their consonantal environment: ´qisəm for qism ‘sort, kind,’ ´pašum for pašm ‘wool.’ None of these differences is reflected in the Perso-Arabic orthography.
In contrast with Persian, final -a is not raised to -e: parda ‘curtain,’ qissa ‘story,’ gufta ‘said,’ etc. (except for šanbê ‘Saturday’ and its compounds, five other days of the week; ‘Friday’ is juma); â is preserved before nasals: nân ‘bread,’ bâm ‘roof,’ sar-etân ‘your head’; and diphthongs are fully preserved: paydâ ‘apparent,’ mayl ‘inclination, desire’ (not meil or mêl); qawm ‘people,’ dawra ‘era’ (not doure or dôre). There are a few common exceptions: šêx ‘venerable elder, religious leader’ (< šayx), and the interjection tôba! ‘I didn’t mean it/promise not to do it again!’ (< tawba ‘repentance’).
The consonant system corresponds to that of Persian, with the following exceptions: the back velar or uvular stop q (found in words of Arabic and Turkish origin) and uvular fricative ḡ are distinct phonemes (they have collapsed in Standard Persian): qazâ ‘decree, fate,’ tabaq ‘platter,’ aqâqû ‘skinny, withered’; ḡičak ‘stringed instrument,’ dâḡ-dâḡ ‘red-hot.’
Bilabial w replaces labio-dental Persian v: wâ-pas ‘back,’ mêwa ‘fruit,’ gaw ‘cow.’ In some common words, w replaces non-initial b: e.g., aw ‘water,’ aftâwa ‘ewer,’ sawz ‘green,’ taw ‘fever’ (Pers. tab < Arab. tabb).
Flapped or trilled r is replaced by l in some words: dêwâl ‘wall,’ andêwâl ‘neighbor’ (< ham-dêwâr ‘sharing a wall’), sayl kardan ‘to look’ (< Arab. sayr ‘stroll, look around’). In some high-frequency words, non-initial r is lost: byâdar ‘brother’ (< birâdar), kadan ‘to do,’ kadum ‘I did’ (< kardam).
The earlier Persian combination xw- (reduced in Standard Persian to x-) is retained in some words: e.g., xwâstan ‘to ask, want’ (but not in xândan ‘to call, sing, read’); xwâr ‘wretched’; xwâr, xwar ‘sister’ (< xwâhar; see next).
The aspirate h is lost in all environments (except in formal and literary articulation): aft ‘seven,’ zanâ ‘women’ (pl. suffix -hâ), dê ‘village’ (< dih). This loss may trigger compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (cf. Persian): pêra:n ‘shirt’ (< pêrahan); usually when pre-consonantal h is lost, a preceding a (additionally) shifts to â: šâr ‘town,’ qâr ‘anger, angry’ (< šahr, qahr). Intervocalic h is replaced by the appropriate glide: mâyî ‘fish,’ âwû ‘gazelle.’
Glottal stops originating in Arabic ʿeyn or hamza are likewise replaced by lengthened vowels (cf. Persian), or sometimes in the case of a preceding vowel a by the rounded back vowel â: ya:nê ‘that means, i.e.,’ bâ:d ‘after,’ wâda or wâ:da ‘promise’ (< waʿda). Unstable i before underlying ʿeyn, hamza, or h shifts to ê, and u to ô: êtirâz ‘objection’ (cf. dê, above), môr ‘seal, stone in signet ring.’
Terminal -n is frequently omitted, and other consonants are dropped in high-frequency words (examples passim). Other sound changes are observed only in the context of certain verb forms (see next).
Morphology. Nominal morphology and Noun Phrase syntax are essentially the same as Persian, bearing in mind the phonological differences mentioned. Kāboli tends to retain terminal -y after back vowels (as in Classical Persian): pây ‘foot, leg,’ jôy ‘stream,’ bûy ‘odor.’ The loss of h and the incidence of terminal vowels and semi-vowels (w and y) results in some contractions and assimilations before the eżāfe particle -i (after a vowel, -yi) or other enclitic
s and suffixes, e.g.: gulây safêd (< gul-hâ-yi safêd) ‘white flowers,’ xušûy bačêm (< xušû-yi bača-im) ‘my son’s mother-in-law’), aw yak (< âb-i yax) ‘cold water,’ kôwâ ‘mountains’ (< kôh-hâ), pâyâ ‘feet’ (< pây-hâ), xânâ ‘houses’ (xâna-hâ).
The indefinite enclitic is -ê: bâḡ-ê ‘a garden,’ aspâ-ê ‘some horses.’ The object marker (Pers. -râ) is -ra following a vowel, -a following a consonant: xâna-ra dîd ‘he saw the house,’ čôb-a burîdum ‘I cut the stick’; it may also mark the indirect object: mara guft ‘he told me.’ Conjunctive phrases are linked by means of the enclitics -u (following a consonant) or -w (following a vowel): safêd-u siyâ ‘black and white,’ pagâ-w bêgâ (< pagâh . . .) ‘morning and evening.’
The comparative is formed by suffixing -tar to the adjective; this may be reduplicated for emphasis: bêtartar (< bih-tar-tar) ‘much better,’ batartar (< bad-tar . . .) ‘much worse.’ The preposition of comparison, az ‘from, than,’ is often expanded colloquially to the circumpositional phrase az—kada, and -tar may be omitted: az tû kada kalân(tar) as ‘he is bigger/older than you’ (cf. Tajik az tu dîda kalon[tar] ast). The superlative is formed with -tarîn, and construed attributively as in Persian; predicatively, the construction is that of a universal comparative: gôšt-i î qisəm murḡ az kull-i murḡâ kada narmtar as ‘this is the tenderest chicken meat there is’ (lit. ‘this kind . . . is more tender than all [others]’).
Pronouns. Personal pronouns are either independent or enclitic. See Table 2.
A speaker will often use the plural mâ ‘we’ to refer to him/herself alone, and mâ-w šumâ for inclusive ‘we’ (= I and you). Plural šumâ is used instead of the familiar tû to address an unfamiliar person. Accordingly, when it is intended to refer to more than one person, explicit plural forms mâyâ ‘we,’ mâ mardum ‘we people,’ and šumâyâ ‘you all’ may be used. The 3rd Person forms represent the demonstratives în, înhâ ‘he/she (near the speaker)/this one, they/these (people, things)’ and ân, ânhâ ‘he/she (distant)/it, that one, they/those things.’
The enclitics, used for possessive and attributive constructions, are shown in their post-consonantal form (dux´tar-im ‘my daughter’); following vowels, contractions and vowel shifts occur, and the fused word-final plus connecting syllable assumes word stress: ba´čêt ‘your son,’ xân´âšân ‘their houses.’ The enclitics may also function as direct or indirect objects, with or without -ra: guftim ‘[s]he told me,’ mêzanêša ‘[s]he beats him/her/it’ (mê-zana[d]-iš-ra); note the different stress in ´dîdiša ‘[s]he saw him/her/it’ (Preterit) and dîd´êša ‘[s]he has seen him/her/it’ (Perfect, = did´a-[ast]-iš-ra).
The predicative possessive phrase is, e.g., î paysa az mâ as/nês ‘this money is mine/not mine.’
The demonstrative adjectives în, î ‘this’ and ân, û ‘that’ (pl. yâ ‘these,’ wâ ‘those’) form various compounds: emphatic pronouns ênî and ûnû ‘this/that one (right here/there)’ and adjectives amî and amû (< ham-) ‘this/that same —,’ and doubly emphatic forms: ênamî čawkî ‘this very seat,’ ûnamwâ ‘those very ones’; and adverbials such as amînja ‘right here,’ ´ittô ‘like this’ (în-tawr), ´uqqa ‘that much’ (ân-qadar), amissû ‘in this direction.’
Interrogatives include kay, čî waxt ‘when?’ čan(d), čî qadar ‘how much,’ kudâm sû ‘which way?’ kudâm yakê ‘which one?’ Indefinite adjectives differing from Persian are yagân and kudâm ‘some — (or other)’: kudâm šaxs âmada ‘someone came’; note also hêč ‘no —, nothing’ and bâzê ‘some’ (Pers. baʿzi).
Prepositions. da ‘in, at’ (dar) is the most common locative, and ba introduces an indirect object. Kāboli has also ´kati ‘with’: kati mâ (or amrâi mâ) ‘with me/us,’ kati čâqû ‘with [= by means of] a knife.’ There is a postpositon wârî ‘like’: î qisəm sât wârî muškil yâf(t) mêša ‘a watch like this is hard to find.’ Prepositions may combine with adverbials to form complex prepositions, and with ki to form conjunctions: pêš az; pêš az înki ‘before.’
Numerals. These are as in Persian, but note the following: yak ‘one,’ dû ‘two,’ sê ‘three,’ šaš ‘six,’ nô ‘nine,’ duwâzda ‘twelve,’ sêzda ‘thirteen,’ pinjâ ‘fifty,’ dû-sad ‘two hundred.’ The loss of h affects pronunciation in čâr ‘four,’ čil ‘forty,’ da ‘ten,’ aft ‘seven,’ abda [sic] ‘seventeen,’ aftâd ‘seventy,’ ašt ‘eight,’ ažda ‘eighteen,’ aštâd ‘eighty,’ azâr ‘thousand’ and their compounds. In combinations, the final velar of yak is generally voiced: yag-azâr ‘one thousand,’ yag milyûn ‘one million,’ but yak sad ‘one hundred.’ Yak jôra is ‘a pair, a couple.’ Copied from Anglo-Indian are darjan ‘dozen, batch’; and from Hindi lak ‘100,000’ and baja ‘o’clock’ (čand baja-s?—panj baja ‘what time is it?—five o’clock’). Ordinal adjectives are formed with the suffix -um; note awal ‘first,’ duwum ‘second,’ sêyum ‘third,’ nuwum ‘ninth,’ dawum ‘tenth’ (and ‘-teen’ compounds).
Verb. As in Persian, conjugations are based on either the “Past” stem or the “Present” stem of a verb. The personal endings of the Preterit are the same as those of the Present (Table 3) with the exception of 3sg., where the ending is zero. Stress falls primarily on the first syllable of a verb, but on the final syllable of a polysyllabic nominal incorporated in a verb phrase.
In some common verbs, present stem forms are subject to contraction or other changes: mêram, mêrum ‘I go,’ mêra ‘[s]he goes’ (raw-); mêgam ‘I say,’ mêga ‘[s]he says’ (gôy-); namêša ‘it can’t be done’ (šaw-); mêtîn ‘you give’ (dê-, < dih-). The Past stem of kardan ‘to do’ in Kāboli is usually pronounced kad-, and the final -d of the 3sg. Preterit is often devoiced: ḡalat kat ‘he erred.’ Similarly treated are the final dental in two other common verb forms, the past stem of bûdan ‘to be’ and šudan ‘to become’: xaw nabût ‘she wasn’t asleep,’ kalân šut ‘he grew up’; the Present tense form xât ‘will, is likely to’ is another example (see under Syntax).
The Present subjunctive prefixes bi- or bu- to the stem, except in kadan, šudan, the verb to be (bâš-), and composite or complex verbs: šâyad burum ‘maybe I’ll go,’ bâyad dûr bâšan ‘they must be far away,’ gap (na-)zanêm ‘let’s (not) talk.’ The Imperative of a simple verb is formed with bi- or (more frequently) bu-: byâr, byârên ‘bring’; bubî(n), bubînên ‘see,’ bubaxšên ‘excuse (me),’ burô, burên ‘go’; but darwâza-ra wâ kô ‘open the door.’ Stem-final consonants of common verbs are often omitted in 2sg.: ´bixi ‘get up’ (< xêz-). For a polite request, xu (< xûb ‘good, well’) may precede the imperative: baremâm yag dâna xu bigî (< bar-i mâ ham . . . bigir) ‘get one for me too, would you?’
Prefixed to the past stem, mê- forms habitual, progressive, and conditional tenses. There is no periphrastic progressive tense (as in Persian or Tajik).
Complex and composite verbs are more numerous than simple verbs, as in Persian: e.g., gap zadan ‘to talk, speak,’ sayl kadan ‘to look, watch,’ faysala kadan ‘to decide.’ Some common simple verbs are expanded into a composite of the stem, past participle, or activity noun and the dummy auxiliary ka(r)dan: thus nivištan ‘to write’ > nivišta kadan, lit. ‘to make written’; so also basta kadan ‘to close,’ kaw kadan ‘to sleep,’ duzi kadan ‘to steal’ (Pers. dozdidan). The formation of transitivizing and causative verbs (by addition of -ân- to the present stem) is very productive, e.g., xâwândan (< xwâb-) ‘to put to sleep, lay down, throw (in wrestling),’ xêzândan ‘to arouse, wake up (tr.)’ (< xêstan ‘to stand up, arise, awake’), šikinândan ‘to break, chop’ (< šîkastan ‘to break [intrans.]’); these are sometimes formed on the Past stem: guzaštândan ‘to extend, exceed.’
Some verb forms and meanings peculiar to Kāboli (often shared with Tajik) are: šištan (šîn-) ‘to sit’ (causative šînândan, šândan); mândan ‘to put, place; let, allow’ (Imperative bân-, bânen ‘leave, put aside’; this verb is homophonous with the intransitive mândan ‘to be left, remain, stay; become tired, weak’); têr/tîr šudan ‘to pass, cross’; huš kadan ‘to be careful, watch out’; mayda kadan ‘to break (up), spoil’; pâlîdan ‘to look for, search’; tayyâr kadan/šudan ‘to prepare, get ready’ (tr./intr.).
Syntax. Kāboli exhibits peculiarities especially in context-sensitive verbal forms and idioms, which often extend into written Dari (and are also found in Tajik). Typical is the preferred single-clause construction with t(aw)ânistan ‘to be able’ (where Persian uses a dependant clause, also available in Kāboli): tura dîda mêtâna ‘[s]he can see you,’ âmada namêtânum ‘I can’t come.’ This same non-finite form (which may originate in an infinitive) is used with other auxiliaries, e.g., raftan, to add a continuative mode: majbûr šut kâr kada bura ‘he had to go on working’ (. . . kâr karda bu-raw-ad).
This “past participle” form is used, in literary Dari too, in the form bûda ‘being,’ with reference to present or universal time, e.g.: Jâpân mamlakatê-st ki az čâr taraf ba-bahr mahdûd bûda wa az jazâyir-i ziyâdê taškîl šuda-ast ‘Japan is a country that is completely surrounded by sea, and consists of many islands’ (from an Afghan schoolbook). Use of the Perfect tense (likewise often referring to present or universal time) may signal a quotative or inferential mode, that is, the speaker has not witnessed the event he mentions: šunîdam ki—xudâ nâ-xwâsta—nâjôr bûdên (< bûda-êd) ‘I heard you were sick/I hear you’re sick’ (Perry, 2000, esp. pp. 231-32).
The periphrastic Future is not normally used in Kāboli, future time being expressed by the Present tense with adverbial cues. Colloquially, however, a reduced form xât of 3sg. xwâhad ‘he/she/it will’ has been partially grammaticized as an adverb, ‘perhaps, probably’: followed by a personal verb in either Present or Past tense, it expresses inference, speculation, or doubt: rafta xât bûdan (= bûdand) ‘they will (probably) have gone’; xât (ki) biškina ‘it might break’; xêsta xât bâša? ‘will she have woken/gotten up (I wonder)?’ ittô naxât bûd/. . . bâša ‘I don’t think so; I doubt it’ (Perry, 2002).
Lexis. Compound words are built mostly with the aid of suffixes, some of which are more productive than their Standard Persian counterparts: môtar-wân ‘driver, trucker’ (-bân), afta-wâr ‘weekly,’ šîr-yax-wâlî ‘ice-cream vendor’ (an agentive suffix copied from Hindi). The diminutives -ak/-gak supply a range of nuances, such as sympathy (mazlûmak ‘poor wretch’), contempt (bê-kâra-gak ‘good-for-nothing’), and endearment (čûča-gak-im ‘my dear little chick’).
A number of everyday words peculiar to Afghan Persian are unknown or have quite different forms and/or meanings in Standard Persian, e.g.: bača ‘boy’ (not ‘child,’ which is kôdak), mâmâ ‘maternal uncle,’ lâlâ ‘elder brother,’ jilaw ‘bridle,’ sarak ‘road,’ daryâ ‘river,’ ba:r ‘sea’ (< Arab. bahr), bûra ‘(granulated) sugar,’ maska ‘butter,’ murč ‘pepper,’ tarkârî ‘vegetables,’ alâyda ‘separate, apart,’ diq ‘unhappy, bored, annoyed,’ dilčasp ‘interesting,’ girang ‘heavy,’ kalân ‘big, great, old,’ mayda ‘small; crushed, broken’ (cf. mayda kadan ‘to break [up], spoil’; pûl-i mayda ‘small change’).
Arabic is the oldest and most pervasive source of borrowed vocabulary, though some loans have been differently distributed in the Persian dialects (some later Arabisms in Kāboli are copied from Indo-Persian or Central Asian usage): hissa ‘province, region,’ ittifâq ‘union, unity,’ madaniyat ‘civilization.’ Other loanwords include a few official or prestige terms from Pashto (puhantûn ‘university’), and several Hindi terms (čawkî ‘seat,’ têl ‘[vegetable or mineral] oil, gasoline’). Names of foreign countries and Western terms may take forms (written and spoken) appreciably different from those in Persian, having been borrowed mostly through English rather than French: jâkit ‘jacket,’ tikit ‘ticket’; jâpân instead of žâpon ‘Japan’; niktây ‘necktie’ instead of kirâvât; brêk ‘brake’ instead of turmuz (from Russian, though the latter is also used in northern Afghanistan).
In recent decades new terminology has been introduced through the media from Iran, where Persian morphology still supplies the bulk of official neologisms despite an Islamic ideology at home and a constant influx of English from abroad. Examples are nihâd ‘institution’ and nihâdîna ‘institutionalized’; fan-âwarî ‘technology’; wâ-kuniš ‘reaction.’
ʿAbd-Allāh Afḡāni-nevis, Loḡāt-e ʿāmiāna-ye fārsi-e Afḡānestān, Kabul, 1961.
L. Bogdanov, “Stray Notes on Kabuli Persian,” J(R)ASB 26, 1930, pp. 1-124.
L. Bonelli, “Appunti fonetici sul volgare persiano di Kabul,” AIUON 1, 1928-29, pp. 5-14; 2, 1930, pp. 24-26; 4, 1931, pp. 20-33; 8, 1936, pp. 43-53.
L. N. Dorofeeva, Putevoditel’ po Afghanistanu s kratkim slovarem na kabuli (Guidebook of Afghanistan with a short dictionary of Kaboli), Moscow, 1952.
Idem, Opyt leksiko-grammaticheskoĭ kharakteristiki kabuli (A sketch of the lexico-grammatical features of Kabuli), Moscow, 1955.
Idem, Yazyk farsi-kabuli (Dictionary of Kaboli Persian), Moscow, 1960.
Abd-ul-Ghafūr [Ravān] Farhādi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du Kāboli, Paris, 1955.
Idem, The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kāboli Dari (Persian), Compared to the Literary Language, Kabul, 1975.
Eugene H. Glassman (with the assistance of M. Taher Porjosh), Conversational Dari, revised edition, Kabul, 1972.
Yuliĭ A. Ioannesyan, Dialekt sovremennogo dari raĭona g. Gerata (The contemporary Dari dialect of Herat), Moscow, 1999.
L. N. Kiseleva and V. I. Mikolaychik, Dari–Russkiĭ slovar’, 21000 slov (Dari–Russian dictionary, 21,000 words), Moscow, 1978.
G. Morgenstierne, Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan, Oslo and Cambridge, Mass., 1926, pp. 7-9.
Idem, “Persian Texts from Afghanistan,” Acta Orientalia 6, 1928, pp. 309-28.
T. Nawata, A Primer of Spoken Kabul Persian, Hiroshima, 1972.
Senzil Nawid, “Barrasi-ye moktasar-e guyešhā-ye dari-ye Kābol va fārsi-ye Tehrān,” in Mehdi Marashi, ed., Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Bethesda, Md., 1994, pp. 22-42 (Persian section).
M. Nasim Neghat (with the cooperation of E. Burhan, R. Yaseer, N. Moats, and T. E. Gouttièrre), Dari–English Dictionary, Omaha, 1992; repr., Peshawar, 2000.
T. N. Pakhalina, “On the System of Vowel Phonemes in Kabuli-Persian (Some Results of Experimental Investigation),” in Papers Presented by the USSR Delegation, XXVth International Congress of Orientalists [New Delhi, 1964], Moscow, 1964.
Idem, “K kharakteristike kabul’skogo prostorechiya” (On the characteristics of the Kabul dialect), in Indiĭskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya, Moscow, 1964, pp. 44-61.
John R. Perry, “‘Epistemic’ Verb Forms in Persian of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan,” in Lars Johanson and Bo Utas, eds., Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighboring Languages. (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 24), Berlin, 2000, pp. 229-57.
Idem, “Grammaticalization in Process: The Evolution of the Afghan Persian Adverb xāt,” in Fabrice Cavoto, ed., A Linguist’s Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer, Munich, 2002, II, pp. 317-27.
M. Ali Raonaq, Le Persan parlé en Afghanistan, Paris, 2000.
Linda Stump Rashidi, “The Ergativity Option: an Alternative Way of Viewing the Grammar of Dari,” Word 46/2, August 1995, pp. 169-82.
J. C. Wilson, Jr., An Introduction to Colloquial Kabul Persian, Army Language School, Presidio of Monterey, Cal., 1958.
Idem, One Hundred Afghan Persian Proverbs, mimeograph, Kabul, 1961.
Idem, An Afghan Persian–English Dictionary, ms., Kabul, n.d.
(Rawan Farhadi and J. R. Perry)
Originally Published: September 15, 2009
Last Updated: February 12, 2013
This article is available in print.
Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276-280 | <urn:uuid:9300c292-c456-4f82-b29b-ba0d7b50b683> | {
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Category: Seastars and relatives view all from this category
Description The Bat star (Asterina miniata), also known as Sea bat, Webbed star and Broad-disk star, is an echinoderm of class Asteroidea (commonly known as sea stars). It typically has five arms or starms, with the center disk of the animal being much wider than the stubby arms are in length. Although the bat star usually has five arms, it sometimes has as many as nine. Bat stars occur in many of colors, including green, purple, red, orange, yellow and brown, either mottled or solid. The bat star gets its name from the webbing between its arms, which is said to resemble a bat's wings.
The bat star is usually found in the intertidal zone at an average depth of 79 metres (259 ft). Its range extends from Sitka, Alaska to Baja California in the Pacific Ocean. It is most abundant along the coast of Central California and the Monterey Bay.
The bat star breathes through gill-like structures on its back that perform as respirators. It lacks the pincers or pedicellariae that most starfish use to clean the skin surface of debris, but its small, moving hairs or cilia may create enough of a water current to keep the surface of its skin clean. It has visual sensors at the end of each ray that can detect light and note prey. To eat its prey, it covers the prey with its stomach and oozes digestive juices over it; this liquefies the food, enabling the bat star to ingest it. It is omnivorous, eating both plants and animals alive or dead.
Habitat Rocks, Ocean or bay shallows.
Range Alaska, California, Northwest, Western Canada. | <urn:uuid:b42f0b04-84d2-424e-8644-cfbe5560524e> | {
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Probably one of the best-read books in the world. Since its first edition in 1989, more than 15 million copies have been printed and distributed in some 215 different languages. – The Economist
In 1988, P&LA proposed the idea of Facts for Life, – a publication that would bring together the essential knowledge about child health that “every family now has a right to know.” In the hands of communicators of all kinds – teachers, health workers, NGOs, journalists and broadcasters – this was knowledge that could help to protect the lives and the normal, healthy development of children in the developing world.
After consulting with more than one hundred leading paediatricians and child health experts in dozens of countries, Facts for Life was written and produced by P&LA for joint publication by UNICEF and the World Health Organization.
A companion volume – Health for All – was written by Glen Williams and produced by P&LA as a guide for communicators on why and how to use Facts for Life.
Regularly updated, Facts for Life became part of the school curriculum and health worker training in over 50 countries. Today it is a joint publication of eight major UN agencies – UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNDP, The World Food Programme, UNAIDS, and the World Bank.
View The Economist on Facts for Life.
PDF and Word versions of the full text of the current (2015) edition of Facts for Life, in many languages, are available for download
The publication now has its own dedicated Facts for Life website | <urn:uuid:ae4f9fc8-9e60-40f2-80cc-fcce6fd20086> | {
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The zeroeth law of Wikipedia states: “The problem with Wikipedia is that it only works in practice. In theory, it can never work.”
That’s largely true of the kinds of theory that are most closely related to the hacker-centric early Wikipedia community: analytical philosophy, epistemology, and other offshoots of positive philosophy–the kinds of theory most closely related to the cultures of math and science. (See my earlier post on “Wikipedia in theory“.) But there’s another body of theory in which Wikipedia’s success can make a lot of sense: Marxism and its successors (“critical theory”, or simply “Theory”).
A fantastic post on Greg Allen’s Daddy Types blog, “The Triumph of the Crayolatariat“, reminded me (indirectly) of how powerful Marxist concepts can be for understanding Wikipedia and the free software and free culture movements more broadly.
It’s a core principle of post-industrial political economy that knowledge is not just a product created by economic and cultural activity, but a key part of the means of production (i.e., cultural capital). Software, patentable ideas, and copyrighted content of all sorts are the basis for a wide variety of production. Software is used to create more software as well as visual art, fiction, music, scientific knowledge, journalism, etc. (See “Copyleft vs. Copyright: A Marxist Critique“, Johan Söderberg, First Monday.) And all those things are inputs into the production of new cultural products. The idea of “remix culture” that Larry Lessig has been promoting recently emphasizes that in the digital realm, there’s no clear distinction between cultural products and means of cultural production; art builds on art. (Lessig, however, has resisted associations between the Creative Commons cultural agenda and the Marxist tradition, an attitude that has brought attacks from the left, e.g., the Libre Society.)
Modern intellectual property regimes are designed to turn non-material means of production into things that can be owned. And the free software and free culture movements are about collective ownership of those means of production.
Also implicit in the free culture movement’s celebration of participatory culture and user-generated content (see my post on “LOLcats as Soulcraft“) is the set of arguments advanced by later theorists about the commodification of culture. A society that consumes the products of a culture industry is very different from one in which produces and consumers of cultural content are the same people–even if the cultural content created was the same (which of course would not be the case).
What can a Marxist viewpoint tell us about where Wikimedia and free culture can or should go from here? One possibility is online “social networking”. The Wikimedia community, and until recently even the free software movement, hasn’t paid much attention to social networking or offered serious competition to the proprietary sites like Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, etc. But if current agenda is about providing access to digital cultural capital (i.e., knowledge and other intellectual works), the next logical step is to provide freer, more egalitarian access to social capital as well. Facebook, MySpace and other services do this to some extent, but they are structured as vehicles for advertising and the furtherance of consumer culture, and in fact are more focused on commoditizing the social capital users bring into the system than helping users generate new social capital. (Thus, many people have noted that “social networking sites” is a misnomer for most of those services, since they are really about reinforcing existing social networks, not creating new connections.)
The Wikimedia community, in particular, has taken a dim view of anything that smacks of mere social networking (or worse, MMORPGs), as if cultural capital is important but social capital is not. But from a Marxist perspective, it’s easier to see how intertwined the two are and how both are necessary to maintain a healthy free culture ecosystem.
Wikimedia and the rest of the free culture community, then, ought to get serious about supporting OpenMicroBlogging (the identi.ca protocol) and other existing alternatives to proprietary social networking and culture sites, and even perhaps starting a competitor to MySpace and Facebook. (See some of the proposals I’m supporting on Wikimedia Strategic Planning wiki in this vein.) | <urn:uuid:95580b6d-170a-4dff-8414-b8813a07deb4> | {
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Schools need well-designed rooms with the properfor effective music instruction.
For students to learn about music, they have to hear it clearly. They need to be able to listen for the differences in intonation, dynamics, articulation and balance. These critical listening skills can be developed only in a proper acoustical environment - one that has the correct balance of absorption and diffusion.
Such a room must be designed to scatter sound as well as control excessive loudness. Unfortunately, music facilities in many schools have been designed by architects who have little or no knowledge about acoustics. Hundreds of details make up a properly designed music space, but a few considerations have become absolutes. If you are planning or renovating your music areas, make sure you don't overlook these considerations.
Plenty of space The most important place to spend your acoustical dollars is in the cubic volume (length by width by height) of your music suite. Reducing this space can make your room unresponsive and excessively loud. This failing is nearly impossible to correct later.
As a health issue, a room with properly designed volume sharply reduces sound-pressure levels. High sound pressure over time can be a factor in hearing loss. If a school must make sacrifices, do not reduce the cubic volume of rehearsal or performance spaces. Often, a district can take funds out of equipment budgets and permit more of thebudget to be used on creating volume and other important acoustical considerations.
Avoid building concrete tiers. They dramatically reduce cubic volume, which increases loudness. In contrast, portable tiers do not reduce the cubic volume because the space beneath the risers adds to the room's total cubic volume. Portable tiers also allow instructors more flexibility in room arrangement and use.
Shaping up Room shape is another vital component in creating an effective music suite. A rectangular-shaped room, with one splayed (angled) wall, provides the best and most economical scenario for acoustical treatments. Parallel walls are not recommended because they cause flutter echo, which is a buzzing or ringing background sound.
When music room walls are parallel, a school can add acoustical panels to diffuse and absorb sound. These wall treatments will reduce or eliminate the flutter echo. A splayed wall will also help alleviate the flutter echo.
Avoid square- or cube-shaped rooms. They create additive wavelengths called "standing waves," which overemphasize particular frequencies and lead to an abnormally loud sound. The rectangular shape alleviates the problems caused by square rooms.
Don't be deceived by features that appear acoustical. Grand theaters with curved walls, balconies, columns, pilasters, curtains, slopedand ornate moldings function as a complete and sophisticated acoustical environment. Isolating only one element of these theaters can be disastrous. For example, domes and curved walls create hot spots of concentrated sound. This type of construction also is more expensive and adds little, if nothing, to the acoustic quality.
Isolating noise Allocate adequatefor the system. A noisy can destroy your carefully planned acoustics. When HVAC supply vents run continuously from room to room, they carry not only air but also unwanted sound. Insist on HVAC systems that employ branched supply-air ducts and isolation dampers at all major pieces of mechanical equipment. This will reduce sound travel through air ducts.
Sound isolation will help eliminate sound transmitted between rooms. Even small gaps can have significant effects on a room's sound isolation. Within a 24-square foot area of wall, only 3/4 of a square inch of cumulative air gap will reduce the effective sound isolation by 80 percent. Construction drawings should call for full-height (floor to roof deck or floor deck above) walls with an airtight seal and a minimal number ofand windows.
Consider installing sound-isolated, modular practice rooms that can be reconfigured as the music suite needs change. Often, practice rooms constructed during general construction do not provide proper sound isolation or privacy for a rehearsing student. Sound isolation is not a major cost and should not be overlooked.
Acoustics are important not only to the music department, but also to the entire building. Poor acoustical design of areas such as libraries, classrooms, offices, corridors and lunch areas can affect the usefulness of the entire building. In most cases, acoustics is a matter of design knowledge, not dollars. | <urn:uuid:288717aa-b34b-403c-9886-f6496bb8eccc> | {
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Deanna & Julie discuss Georgia O’Keeffe: Who was she? What were her paintings like? Why should we study her? Join us as we chat about the life and works of the Mother of American Modernism and grow to truly appreciate her dedication to the arts.
Who was Georgia O’Keeffe?
- Born on Nov. 15, 1887
- She knew at 10 years old that she wanted to be an artist
- Attended Art School
- Discovered by Alfred Stieglitz, who later became her husband
- Live part time in New York and part time in northern New Mexico
- She actively managed her art career and her public image
- Her art was appreciated and liked in her time and after her death
- Died very wealthy at 98 years old on Mar 6, 1986
What was O’Keefe’s Art Like?
- Influenced by Precisionsim, Futurism, Constructivism, Cubism, and Surrealism
- Very little influence seen from Historical events (WWI, Depression, WWII, Civil Rights…)
- Mostly still life and landscapes (rarely painted people)
- Common subjects include flowers, animal skulls, New Mexico landscape, and New York City scapes
- Her paintings often use a limited number of colors, but use the full value range (lights and darks) of one or more colors.
Why Study O’Keeffe?
- To understand art in American- she was the “Mother of American Modernism”
- To help us be part of our own culture- Her paintings are frequently referred to
- To discuss “what is abstract art”
- To learn to appreciate abstract art
- To help us glimpse how the inner circle of artists in New York worked
- To give us practice creating tones
Things we mention:
- School of Art Institute of Chicago
- Espionage Act of 1917
- Arthur Wesley Dow (greatly influenced O’Keeffe’s early work)
- Alfred Stieglitz (O’Keeffe’s patron and then husband)
- Value- one of the 7 Elements of Art
- Modern Art Movements: Precisionsim, Futurism, Constructivism, Cubism, and Surrealism
- Georgia O’Keeffe Museum (I love you guys!! Thank you for allowing me to use your images in my lesson!)
- The Ridge Light Ranch Lesson plan about Georgia O’Keeffe for $4.99
- A previous Ridge Light Ranch blog post about O’Keeffe which includes a video about how to paint in tones
O’Keeffe’s Art we Mentioned:
- The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum of Art’s collection of O’Keeffe’s Work is a great place to see O’Keeffe’s work!
- Series 1, White and Blue Flower Shapes, 1919
- Abstraction White Rose, 1927
- Turkey Feather with Horseshoe, II – 1935
- Stump in Red Hills – 1940
- Untitled (Grapes) 1901-02
- Untitled (seated figure) 1901-02 | <urn:uuid:9f0fecf4-5769-404b-9e59-e1371e11969f> | {
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Let me answer your questions in reverse order:
...or is fractional reserve banking by individual corporations more to blame?
The majority of money created in the US (and indeed, the world) is created by private banks through fractional reserve lending, not by central banks creating fiat money.
Monetary base refers to money that banks hold in their accounts at the federal reserve as well as currency in circulation -- in other words the money that the government has the most control over.
M2 is a measure of money that includes bank lending. Although the ratio of M2:BASE has fallen in the last few years, M2 is still clearly far bigger than BASE.
Now back to the first part of your question:
is there any proven relationship between unbacked currency and extreme inflation
Depends what you mean. Unbacked currency doesn't lead to runaway inflation in all cases. Look at all of the major currencies today: slow and steady inflation for most of the last 100 years.
In a few cases, unbacked currency has been involved in runaway inflation. Typically runaway inflation is not strictly a monetary phenomenon, but also involves political factors. (See Zimbabwe). I wouldn't call this "proven", however.
There are also some instances of hard monies experiencing dramatic inflation throughout history. European monarchs accomplished this by debasing pure gold and pure silver coins with cheaper metal alloys. The US had a number of financial panics related to rapid increase and then collapse of money supply even when on a supposed "gold standard", e.g. the Panic of 1819.
The Panic of 1819 is a controversial topic. Although it does indicate short comings of a "gold standard", it is essential to remember that the government was still manipulating the money supply even in 1819, and therefore the gold-backed money was still not a free market money.
I'm not aware of any cases in history where a commodity money or commodity-backed money experienced hyperinflation on the scale of Zimbabwe. | <urn:uuid:51325569-ad38-4581-a69b-b9608ef8902b> | {
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cost and rapid rate of deterioration of pure-platinum catalysts has
stalled the advancement of fuel-cell technology until now. Brown
University chemists and authors in the Journal
of American Chemical Society have
found a particle that lasts longer and outperforms any commercially
available pure-platinum catalyst.
University have replaced pure-platinum catalysts with a
nanoparticle consisting of a five-nanometer palladium core and an
iron-platinum shell. This new particle uses far less platinum
than the former and is much more efficient and long-lasting as far as
the cathode end of fuel-cell reactions go.
the fuel cell's cathode of this new nanoparticle, a chemistry known
as oxygen reduction reaction occurs creating water as it's waste
instead of carbon
dioxide produced by internal combustion systems. Since the
cathode is where 40 percent of a fuel cell's efficiency is depleted,
this is a critical act that could help fuel-cell's become more
competitive with batteries and internal combustion engines.
tests show that the palladium core/iron-platinum shell nanoparticles
"generated 12 times more current than commercially available
pure-platinum catalysts at
the same weight." In addition, the output lasted 10,000 cycles,
which is 10 times longer than commercially available pure-platinum
models that begin to break down after 1,000 cycles.
to Vismadeb Mazumder, a Brown University graduate student and
co-author, the idea was to mold a shell so that it would keep its
shape while requiring the least amount of platinum to make an
efficient reaction. The iron-platinum shell was made by decomposing
iron pentacarbonyl and reducing platinum acetylacetonate, which
resulted in a shell that is only 30 percent platinum. In the future,
these chemists expect to be able to make thinner shells with even
Mazumder and fellow co-author Shouheng Sun, professor of chemistry at
Brown, are working to find why the catalytic abilities of the
iron-platinum shell are increased by the palladium core. They think
the transfer of electrons between the core and shell metals might be
the cause, and both chemists are trying to use a more chemically
active metal than palladium as the core to "confirm the transfer
of of electrons in the core-shell arrangement. and its importance to
the catalysts function." In addition, they created iron-platinum
shells varying from one to three nanometers in width, with
one-nanometer functioning the best.
is a very good demonstration that catalysts with a core and a shell
can be made readily in half-gram quantities in the lab, they're
active and they last," said Mazumder. "The next step is to
scale them up for commercial
use, and we are confident we'll be able to do that." | <urn:uuid:458d39a0-14e7-4f3d-8e23-7140d604b145> | {
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/09/1996
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1996 Feature Article - Government Redistribution of Income in Australia, 1993 - 94
Between 1984 and 1993-94:
This article discusses the effects of selected government benefits and taxes on different households classified by household types and by income quintile groups. It then explores the extent of income inequality before and after government benefits and taxes, and how this has changed since 1984.
REDISTRIBUTION BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD TYPES, 1993-94
This section discusses the effects of selected government benefits and taxes on seven broad household types in 1993-94. It should be noted that household size and composition strongly affected the level of household income from employment and from other sources, including government direct and indirect benefits.
The discussion begins with a description of income prior to government intervention which is followed by a discussion of the government benefits and taxes incident on the different household types. Finally it describes the overall effect of government benefits and taxes on the distribution of income between the seven household types.
Private income includes income from employment, self-employment, investments, superannuation, child support and other regular income excluding government cash pensions and allowances.
In 1993-94, private income was predominantly income from employment and self-employment and there was a close relationship between the number of household members who were employed and the level of household private income.
People aged 65 years and over living in a couple or living on their own were rarely employed and as shown in Graph 1, had the lowest private incomes ($186 and $65 respectively) of all the seven household types. Persons aged under 65 living alone and one parent households, which typically had only one or no person employed, had relatively lower weekly private incomes ($392 and $216 respectively) than the next three groups. Couples with dependants and couples under 65 years living on their own were more likely to have one or both partners employed and had weekly private incomes of $807 and $780 respectively. Couples living with non-dependants, which usually included two or three employed persons, had the highest weekly private incomes ($1,089) of the seven household types.
GRAPH 1: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE WEEKLY PRIVATE INCOME BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
Direct benefits are government cash benefits and allowances such as the age pension, sole parent pension and unemployment allowances. Gross income is the sum of private income and direct benefits.
As shown in Graph 2, couples over 65 years received the highest amounts of weekly direct benefits ($204), the major components of which were age pension and Veterans Affairs pensions. People over 65 who were living on their own received similar direct benefits but at slightly lower levels because they were eligible for single rather than married pensions.
One parent households with dependants received the next highest amounts of weekly direct benefits ($190); these benefits consisted mostly of sole parent pension and family payment.
Couples under 65 received the lowest amounts of weekly direct benefits ($41)
GRAPH 2: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE WEEKLY DIRECT BENEFITS BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
Direct taxes refer to personal income taxes and the Medicare levy.
As shown in Graph 3, couples with non-dependants, couples with dependants and couples under 65 years paid the highest amounts of weekly direct tax ($230, $185 and $170 respectively). This reflects the higher levels of gross income received by these households. Couples with non-dependants paid 20 per cent of their gross income in taxes, while couples with dependants and couples under 65 paid 21 per cent.
People aged 65 years and over, living on their own or as a couple, paid the lowest weekly direct taxes ($14 and $31 respectively), reflecting their low levels of gross income and their eligibility for pensioner rebates. This represented 6 and 8 per cent of their gross income.
GRAPH 3: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE DIRECT TAXES BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
Indirect benefits are non-cash benefits received by households from health, education, housing and other social security and welfare services such as child care assistance.
Graph 4 shows that households with children received the highest levels of indirect benefits. One parent households received slightly higher weekly indirect benefits ($221) than couples with dependent children ($207). For both household types, the main benefits were education benefits (most of which were school benefits). Although one parent households usually contained fewer children than couple households with dependants, the children were more likely to attend public schools than private schools so the overall indirect benefits they received were slightly higher.
Indirect benefits were also high for people over 65 living as a couple or on their own. Couples received $171 per week and lone persons received $107 per week. Most of these benefits were in the form of health services (mainly hospital benefits).
People under 65 living alone or as couples were less likely to use educational or health services and received the least in indirect benefits ($42 and $64 respectively).
GRAPH 4: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE WEEKLY INDIRECT BENEFITS BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
Indirect taxes are taxes paid on goods and services purchased by households.
On average, households with higher incomes spent more and hence paid more indirect taxes. Graph 5 shows that couples with non-dependants had the highest gross weekly incomes ($1,178) and paid the highest weekly indirect taxes ($96). People over 65 living alone had the lowest gross incomes ($213) and paid the least indirect tax ($15).
GRAPH 5: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE WEEKLY INDIRECT TAXES BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
Final income is private income adjusted for the taxes and benefits covered by the study.
As shown in Graph 6, the distribution of final incomes was more equal than private incomes (see Graph 1). Households with high private incomes, such as couples with non-dependants and couples with dependants, had final incomes of about the same level. The highest average final weekly income of the seven household types was $1,009 for couples living with non-dependants, which was lower than their average weekly private income of $1,089. The lowest average weekly final income was $290 for people over 65 living alone, which was higher than their average weekly private income of $65. Other households with low private incomes, such as one parent households and people over 65 living as couples, also had final incomes considerably higher than their private incomes.
As in the distribution of private income, couples with non-dependants had the highest final incomes, followed by couples with dependants and couples under 65. However, persons under 65 living on their own, who had private incomes higher than one parent households and households containing couples over 65, had lower weekly final incomes than these household types. People over 65 living on their own had the lowest private incomes and also the lowest final incomes.
GRAPH 6: ALL HOUSEHOLDS: AVERAGE WEEKLY FINAL INCOME BY HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, 1993-94
REDISTRIBUTION BETWEEN INCOME GROUPS
Government generally provided greater benefits to low income households and imposed greater taxes on high income households in 1993-94. This can be seen more clearly in the analysis of quintile groups. Quintile groups are formed by ranking all households in terms of gross income (defined as direct benefits plus private income) and then dividing the households into five groups each containing 20 per cent of all households. The lowest quintile contains the 20 per cent of households with the lowest incomes, the second lowest contains the 20 per cent of households with the next lowest incomes and so on.
The net effect of benefits and taxes, as shown in Table 1, was to increase the average value of income of households in the lower quintiles and decrease the average income of households in the higher quintiles. In the lowest quintile, average private income was $13 per week and average final income was $233 per week. In the highest quintile, private income was $1,586 per week and final income was the lesser amount of $1,231 per week.
Direct benefits increased with household size and decreased as levels of household income rose. Average weekly direct benefits increased from $138 for the first quintile to $186 in the second quintile and then decreased in the higher quintiles. The initial increase in direct benefits was due to increasing household size. Households in the first quintile had an average size of 1.6 persons and were likely to be receiving single pensions. In the second quintile, average household size was 2.4 persons and these households were more likely to receive pensions for two people. Higher quintiles had larger average household sizes but their higher incomes made them less eligible for direct benefits.
Indirect benefits were spread more evenly across income quintile groups, with households in the first quintile receiving the lowest ($113 per week) and those in the second quintile receiving the highest ($157 per week). The receipt of indirect benefits tended to vary in relation to other household characteristics such as the number and ages of household members.
Direct taxes increased with income, with the lowest quintile paying an average of $2 per week and the highest quintile $413 per week. Indirect taxes also increased with income, as high income households spend more on goods and services. Households in the lowest quintile paid an average of $29 per week and those in the highest quintile $97 per week.
TABLE 1: AVERAGE WEEKLY INCOME, BENEFITS AND TAXES BY QUINTILE GROSS INCOME(a), 1993-94
INCOME INEQUALITY IN 1993-94
The degree of income inequality and the effectiveness of government fiscal measures in reducing inequalities can be examined using a summary statistic such as the Gini coefficient, which ranges between a value of one when one household receives all income and a value of zero when income is shared equally among all households.
In 1993-94, the Gini coefficient was 0.52 for private income, denoting a distribution roughly mid-way between complete income equality and the opposite extreme. The Gini coefficient for gross income was 0.40. Disposable income, defined as gross income less direct taxes, had a Gini coefficient of 0.36, and final income, which is disposable income plus indirect benefits minus indirect taxes, had a Gini coefficient 0.32. Overall, the effect of government benefits and taxes was to reduce the inequality in the distribution of income.
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISCAL MEASURES
The study provides an assessment of the relative effects of government taxing and spending in reducing income inequality. In undertaking this assessment, Gini coefficients were calculated for private income and then for private income adjusted for each of direct benefits, indirect benefits, direct taxes and indirect taxes, as shown in Table 2. The percentage difference between the Gini coefficient for private income and the subsequent income measures provides an indication of the relative effectiveness of each broad benefit and tax type.
The changes in the Gini coefficients indicate that direct benefits made the greatest contribution to increasing equality in 1993-94. Indirect benefits also made a relatively large contribution to increasing equality. Direct taxes made only a marginal contribution to increasing equality while indirect taxes decreased income equality. Direct taxes, which are paid at a higher rate by high income households, increased income equality marginally. Indirect taxes, which are levied on goods and services purchased by households, represent a higher proportion of incomes of low income households than high income households, and these decreased income equality marginally.
TABLE 2: RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS AND TAXES TO INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, 1993-94
INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN 1984, 1988-89 AND 1993-94
Table 3 shows the Gini coefficients for each income concept in 1984, 1988-89 and 1993-94. The 1993-94 figures differ slightly from those given previously in this article as they have been modified to reflect more closely the methods used to produce the 1984 income estimates. See the appendix for details.
Between 1984 and 1993-94, the Gini coefficient for private income has increased by 9 per cent indicating greater inequality of income before taking into account government taxing and spending.
After direct benefits are added to private income to produce gross income, the percentage change in the Gini coefficient over time becomes smaller and equal to 6 per cent. This indicates that direct benefits have had a greater redistributive effect in 1993-94 than a decade earlier.
The percentage change in the Gini coefficient over time is unchanged when direct taxes are deducted as in disposable income. In other words, direct taxes appear to have a similar redistributive effect in 1984 and 1993-94.
When indirect benefits and taxes are taken into account (final income), the percentage change in the Gini coefficient over the decade is equal to 3 per cent. This indicates that government indirect benefits and indirect taxes decreased income inequality and had a greater redistributive effect in 1993-94 than in 1984. More detailed estimates indicate that indirect benefits are responsible for the further increase in equality.
Overall, these results provide a broad indication of changes in income distribution. They indicate that government benefits are having a greater redistributive effect than in previous years but that this has not completely compensated for the increasing inequality of private incomes.
TABLE 3: INCOME DISTRIBUTION BY INCOME CONCEPT, 1984, 1988-89 AND 1993-94 (a)
However, the results of this study should be treated with caution. The study does not take into account many of the changes occurring over the decade, such as the decrease in average household size, the increase in the number of two income families and changes in other household characteristics. Additionally, the estimated values for the indirect benefits and taxes reflect the study methodology. Although the methodology is similar to other studies in Australia and overseas, there are other approaches which could have been taken and might have produced different results.
For further information regarding this article, please contact Judy Schneider, Household Income and Expenditure Section, on (06) 252 5895.
INCOME CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
The starting point of the study was the adjustment of private income. Private income is the total current weekly income of all members of the household including income from employment, self-employment, superannuation, investments and other non-government sources before the deduction of taxes and excluding any government benefits. Government direct benefits to persons, such as pensions and unemployment benefits, were added to private income to obtain gross income. Direct taxes were deducted from gross income to obtain disposable income. Government indirect benefits for housing, education, health and social security and welfare were added to give disposable income plus indirect benefits. Finally, indirect taxes were deducted from disposable income plus indirect benefits to produce final income. The derivations for the successive income concepts are illustrated in Diagram 1.
The taxes and benefits used in the adjustment of income were as follows:
Income of each member of the 1993-94 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) population was adjusted to calculate the income measures shown in Diagram 1. Comparisons of household private income with successive income concepts enabled changes in household income due to government benefits and taxes to be observed. Because adjustments were made to the individual household records, comparisons were made possible for the household population as a whole and for selected sub-groups.
DIAGRAM 1: INCOME CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS
ALLOCATED AND ACTUAL OUTLAYS
The aim of the study has been to allocate only those benefits and taxes relevant to households and no attempt has been made to allocate the whole of government revenue and expenditure. Of the total Commonwealth, State and local government taxation revenue in 1993-94, the study allocates $68,058 million out of $125,115 million or 54 per cent of total government revenue. Of total government spending of $165,354 million, the study allocates $79,953 million or 48 per cent of total government expenditure. In comparison, the 1988-89 study allocated 52 per cent of government revenue and 40 per cent of government expenditure.
In many cases, the decision to allocate or not to allocate government spending or revenue was guided by the availability of data.
MORE DETAILED DEFINITIONS OF THE 7 BROAD HOUSEHOLD TYPES
Couples with non-dependants (approx 10 per cent of households)
Includes households containing couples living with non-dependants. non-dependants are all persons aged 15 years and over who do not have a spouse or offspring of their own in the household, have a parent in the household and are not full-time students aged 15 to 20 years.
Couples with dependants (approx 24 per cent of households)
Include households containing a couple and dependent children only. Households containing dependent and non-dependent children are classified as couple with non-dependant.
Couples under 65 (approx 18 per cent of households
Couple living on their own in which the reference person is under 65 years.
Persons under 65 (approx 13 per cent of households)
People under 65 years living alone.
One parent households (approx 5 per cent of households)
One parent households contain one parent and dependent children only. If other adults or non-dependent children are present then these households are classified as mixed households.
Couples 65 and over (approx 5 per cent of households)
Couple living on their own in which the reference person is 65 or over.
Persons 65 and over (approx 9 per cent of households)
People aged 65 years and over living on their own.
TWO VERSIONS OF THE 1993-94 STUDY
One version of the 1993-94 study replicated the 1988-89 study as much as possible, but was up-dated according to changes in government policy (such as personal tax marginal rates and eligibility criteria for benefits). Results from this version were produced specifically to facilitate comparisons between the 1984, 1988-89 and 1993-94 studies. Such comparisons should nevertheless be treated with caution as some changes in study methods were inevitable. Table 3 of the paper is based on this version of the study.
The other version included various enhancements to methods and assumptions in allocating taxes and benefits, and it is data from this version that was used for most of the analysis in this paper and in the publication.
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This page last updated 8 January 2010 | <urn:uuid:ad8015a6-812d-4b59-aac8-64dab22c6065> | {
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Symbols are images designed to represent ideas, objects, conditions or operations. Symbols can have a secret power to those who understand their meaning and to those who cannot read them. Some symbols can communicate a quality (slippery road), quantity (a pound), place (castle), or instruction (Poison! Don’t drink!). Symbols can be objects whose forms replicate the original thing (stoplight) or image (deer crossing), details of an image (falling rock) , a pattern of images (sales code), or even a color (brown for historic location). Think of the stop sign or the railroad crossing sign. Both communicate a condition and an instruction. Symbols can also be sounds, words, and gestures. Symbols can be written as glyphs, that communicate anything other than sound. Symbols for sounds are called graphemes, letters, logograms, etc. Symbols usually originate and become recognized within specific cultures, religions, and disciplines, but now there are several hundred symbols recognized internationally.
Communicate with symbols! Use your culture to communicate!
Activity 1 – Symbol Sleuth (In Your own Home)
What symbols do you know and use? Make a list of common ones. Start you search by looking at your closest appliances - your computer, telephone, microphone or TV. What symbols do you see and what do those symbols communicate? Start a record of symbols in your home in your journal. Make drawings of the symbols, paying attention to their shape and color. Next label the symbol as to where you found it and what it means. Which room had the most symbols? Can you find more than 25 different symbols in your home?
Be a symbol sleuth!
Activity 2 – Symbols Sleuth (In Your Neighborhood)
Leave your house taking your journal, a drawing tool, and/or a digital camera. Look for new symbols. Many times symbols at the neighborhood scale are larger so as to be visible to both people walking and people in cars. Streets are full of symbols. Record as many street shapes, signs, and patterns (striped lines, painted curbs, etc.) that serve as instructions.
See in symbols!
Activity 3 – Universal, Secret, Powerful
What symbols are universal? Make a list of common symbols that are recognized around the world using the resource link. Next, research three new symbols using the symbol dictionary. Copy the symbol, the history of the symbol, and the meaning of the symbol in your journal. Now make a symbol of your own. Think succinctly! Communicate with symbols!!!
Seek the secret power of symbols!
Activity 4 – Kaomojis
Kaomoji are expressions of emotions using characters and grammar punctuations. The expressions show a wide range of creativity and humor in expressing human emotions. The word Kaomoji comes from the two words ‘kao’ or face and 'moji’ is character. Take a look at the language of Kaomojis and create your own characters!
Activity 5 – Emojis
People have used symbols to communicate ideas since they could make marks. Today the symbols we use on our digital media are called emojis or emoticons. Originally created in Japanese, these symbols express emotions, and are known as ‘emoticons’. There are now buildings, weather symbols, transportation choices, animals, flowers, etc.! This is your opportunity to study the emoticons and design some new ones. Take a look at the New York Times article, America Needs its Own Emojis and the Wikipedia report on these emotional symbols. See how creative people are in creating symbols to express people, places, things and emotions! From symbol emoticons to graphic emojis, take your turn at creating three new symbols.
- A printed sign is called a glyph.
- A symbol can be a sound.
- Letters in an alphabet are symbols.
- New symbols can be created.
- Words are printed or written symbols of meaning.
- Cool Dictionary of Symbols
- Earth Symbols
- Emergency Symbols
- Gerawald Rockenschaub MultiDial Video
- International Symbols Quiz
- Kaomoji Japanese Emoticons
- List of Common Symbols
- New Mediators Icons
- Niki Simpson Botanical Symbols
- Sixty Symbols- Physics and Astronomy Ideas
- The History of Symbols
- The Noun Project
- Unicode Chart of Emoticons PDF
- Wikipedia Emoticons | <urn:uuid:ed7708c6-96ed-4a01-a507-fa6afa50341c> | {
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Ten years ago, Dr. Gerry Havenstein at North Carolina State University did a careful study of weight gain in chickens, comparing (under identical conditions) a modern 21st-century breed with a 1957 breed that had been kept going. He found that, at six weeks of age, the modern chicken was six times as heavy and had 9% more breast meat. Of that improvement, he found, 85% came from genetics and only 15% from better feed.
By 2001, when the study was done, a chicken reached the weight at which it would be killed in one-third of the time and after eating one-third of the food compared with the 1957 breed. That represents a considerable reduction in waste and in the amount of land devoted to growing feed per chicken.
In the decade since, there has been a consistent and linear increase in both weight gain and food-conversion efficiency in the broiler industry. Outside the lab, on the farm, chickens have accelerated their daily rate of growth by about 0.89 grams per year.
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As we start gearing up for back to school, there is a laundry list of things that need to get done—including the laundry! And it’s all in preparation for what is about to come: new classrooms, new teachers, new course loads and an endless stream of homework.
Are you cringing yet? The thought of going back to nightly homework sends chills down the spines of most kids and most parents for that matter. So when do we decide how much homework is just too much?
A new study published in The American Journal of Family Therapy thinks that we have already reached the breaking. The study found that most kids in elementary school are being saddled with up to three times the amount of homework that is recommended.
This study isn’t a joke either. The team of researchers was made up of professionals from Brown University, Brandeis University, Rhode Island Colle, Dean College, the Children’s National Medical Center and the New England Centre for Pediatric Psychology—pretty heavy hitters.
The golden standard for homework is 10 per grade level. So grade one students should only have 10 minutes of homework per night; students in grade six should be looking at about an hour; once you reach grade twelve, expect to be spending almost two hours on homework each night.
The study found that kids in grade one were spending close to half an hour while kindergartners—who shouldn’t be assigned any homework—had up 25 minutes worth, each night.
And while we may think that the extra homework is at least preparing our kids for school, making sure they are on top of their studies, in reality the effects are actually quite negative.
“The data showed that homework over this level is not only not beneficial to children’s grade or GPA, but there’s a plethora of evidence that it’s detrimental to their attitude about school, their grades, their self-confidence, their social skills and their quality of life,” Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, one of the study’s authors explained.
It takes some kids longer to do the same amount of homework which could partially explain the high numbers. But if the negative effects are so prevalent—we didn’t even get into the sleep deprivation, weight loss and potential migraines—why are kids still receiving so much homework?
Do you think your kids get too much homework? Let us know in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:c4b4df86-4940-4d7c-9b22-4c8daf3d5341> | {
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Pinkeye, also known as conjunctivitis, occurs when the conjunctiva, the thin membrane lining the eyelids and the whites of the eyes, becomes inflamed or swollen. The white part of the eye often also becomes red, thus the name, “Pink Eye”.
Pinkeye is common among school-aged children because infectious pink-eye can be very contagious and spread quickly in classrooms, but it can occur at any age. The most common cause of pinkeye is a virus, although it can also be due to a bacterial infection or a non-infectious source such as allergies. One or both eyes may be affected.
The symptoms and treatment for pink eye depend upon the type of pink eye you have.
Typically, bacterial pink eye, which can be treated by an antibiotic eye drops or ointment, is associated with burning, itchy eyes accompanied by a thick, yellow pus-like discharge that makes the eyes difficult to open upon awakening. This must be treated by antibiotic according to the eye doctor’s instructions for a minimum of 5 days, to prevent bacterial resistance. On occasion if the infection is not responding to topical medications, oral antibiotics may be used.
Viral pink eye, which can’t be treated by antibiotics, usually runs its course between 1 and 3 weeks. It typically causes teary eyes, swollen lymph nodes and a lighter more translucent mucus discharge. Sometimes the eye symptoms come in conjunction with an upper respiratory infection or a cold. Viral pink eye is extremely contagious.
Allergic pink eye is often characterized by redness, intense itching, and tears in both eyes and will usually respond to antihistamines, topical vasoconstrictors, or steroid eye drops (which should only be used with a doctor’s prescription). Eye rubbing can aggravate the itching and swelling, so try to use cool compresses and allergy medication as prescribed.
Preservative-free artificial tears may also provide some relief.
Any time pink eye symptoms do not improve after a few days, particularly if there is significant discharge, see your eye doctor. Make sure to clean the hands thoroughly after every encounter with the infected eye. | <urn:uuid:78729346-7758-46d1-93a0-f9890d469207> | {
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The Griffith Observatory was an Earth observatory building which operated during the 20th century. It was located in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, California and was funded by Chronowerx Industries, headed by Henry Starling. Among the astronomers who worked at the observatory was Rain Robinson. Rain Robinson and Henry Starling met at the Griffith restoration party.
Robinson was working at the Observatory for the project when she discovered an unidentified flying object in orbit over Los Angeles. Defying orders from Starling, Robinson transmitted a SETI greeting from the Observatory to the object, which was actually a time-displaced USS Voyager. The crew of Voyager then used the greeting to track Robinson at the Observatory.
Robinson's laboratory was located in room 123. It was decorated with numerous B-movie posters and collectibles. It also featured a map of the Sol system and various computers, some made by Chronowerx Industries.
When Robinson surprised Tom Paris and Tuvok, who were sent to find out what she knew about the USS Voyager in orbit, in her lab, Paris excused themselves by telling her, they had been on the museum tour and "took a wrong turn at the Saturn exhibit". To get back from Rain's lab to the lobby, one had to "go right down the hall, take a left at Mars, right at Halley's Comet and then just keep going straight ahead past the soda machine".
After she realized that Tuvok and Paris had wiped the hard drive of her computer, she followed them outside to the front of the building, where they had parked their car. There, they were attacked by H. Dunbar, Starling's assistant, who vaporized their Dodge Ram with a 29th century phaser while hiding behind the statue commemorating the astronomers. Paris, Tuvok and Robinson were able to flee in her van when Dunbar lost his weapon for a moment. (VOY: "Future's End")
The following day, they returned to the Observatory and used the radio dish again to send a message to the Voyager, like Robinson had done the day before. They modified the satellite dish transmitter und thus were able to carry and receive Voyager communication frequencies and contact Captain Janeway. (VOY: "Future's End, Part II") | <urn:uuid:7b02ecd2-aae1-4dcd-8cec-af5fbe3fea5f> | {
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Natural Home Earth Movers Katy Bryce and Adam Weismann reconstruct an early 20th-century cob bench in a community garden.
Katy Bryce and Adam Weismann work on reconstructing the cob bench.
Photo By David Cornish
Learn how these Natural Home Earth Movers reconstructed an early 20th-century cob bench.
In 1906 Alice Hext commissioned a bench made of cob and thatch for her gardens in Mawnan Smith in Cornwall, United Kingdom. At the time it provided a view of the ocean from the sloping, ten-acre Trebah Gardens, which are now part of the Royal Horticulture Society. Built with clay soil, sand, straw, and water, the bench—or garden folly, as Brits call structures without operational purpose—was not protected from moisture, so it eroded over time.
Ninety-seven years after it was originally erected, two specialists in cob construction have returned the bench to its original splendor. Using knowledge gained from a stint at the Cob Cottage Company in Oregon, Natural Home Earth Movers Katy Bryce and Adam Weismann used the original cob supplemented with clay from a nearby pit—which they remixed—to reconstruct Alice’s Seat. The project earned the co-owners of Cob in Cornwall a Civic Trust Award from the United Kingdom for outstanding architecture and environmental design. The award, administered by urban regeneration specialists, acknowledges projects for their design and contribution to community and environment.
Alice’s Seat now educates schoolchildren about the benefits of using natural materials to create structures, says Weismann. The gardens surrounding the bench include scented plants and flowers for the sight impaired, who enjoy feeling the texture of the stone, cob, wood, and thatch.
In addition to educational opportunities, the cob bench lends a strong spiritual component to the garden, says Bryce. “Creating a raised structure from the ground is really just rearranging atoms on the site. When it naturally decomposes, it goes back to the earth,” she adds. “It’s a complete, satisfying, and natural cycle.”
Cob, malleable by nature, was the ideal material for the serpentine form of Alice’s Seat. Cob is nontoxic, and its clay base helps absorb atmospheric toxins. From their cob home in Cornwall, Bryce and Weismann pursue myriad construction projects: They specialize in restoring old cob properties and creating small garden studios and courtyards made of cob. The two were originally taught to mix cob with their bare feet, but Cornish clay is riddled with sharp shards, so they usually do it mechanically and apply it with pitchforks. For Alice’s Seat, however, Bryce and Weismann remixed the original cob on a tarp so they could tread upon it with bare feet to add an element of the old-fashioned methods to the historic garden.
Bryce and Weismann look forward to future projects that allow children to be actively involved in cob construction. “This gives the kids an opportunity to work with their hands and be part of a team,” says Weismann. “We hope that, like us, they stand back and are proud they created something positive and beautiful.”
More than 150 workshops, great deals from more than 200 exhibitors, off-stage demos, inspirational keynotes, and great food!LEARN MORE | <urn:uuid:7add4704-75c8-4044-8691-6b973fd96e88> | {
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Scrabble word: COMPARATOR
In which Scrabble dictionary does COMPARATOR exist?
Definitions of COMPARATOR in dictionaries:
- Any of various instruments for comparing a measured property of an object, such as its shape, color, or brightness, with a standard.
There are 10 letters in COMPARATOR: A A C M O O P R R T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to COMPARATOR
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word COMPARATOR plus a wildcard: COMPARATOR?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word COMPARATOR
10 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for COMPARATOR
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players. | <urn:uuid:ef4b7c11-45fd-409f-a250-4a653793d2d2> | {
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Glossary of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Terms
This glossary appears in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide. It was modified for the web to include links and additional references.
You can find definitions of many medical terms online. Two useful sites are MedlinePlus and Hyperdictionary.
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I - J | K | L | M | N | O | P - Q | R | S | T - U | V | W - Z
ACE inhibitors: ACE is an acronym for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. ACE inhibitors are blood pressure medications that are prescribed by your doctor to treat systemic hypertension. Some examples of ACE inhibitors include Accupril®, lisinopril, and captopril. ACE inhibitors are not part of specific PAH therapy, they are used for systemic (“regular”) hypertension and/or left-sided (“regular”) heart failure.
Acute vasodilator challenge: During a right heart catheterization, your doctor may choose to administer medications to test whether your pulmonary arteries can vasodilate (relax and decrease the pulmonary artery blood pressure). A vasodilator challenge is used to help determine which medications may work best to treat your pulmonary arterial hypertension. There are specific criteria used to determine if you are “vasoreactive.” See also vasoconstrictor | Read more about Acute Vasodilator Testing
Adcirca®: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Adcirca® is the brand name for tadalafil, which is the same chemical in the drug Cialis® (which is used to treat erectile dysfunction). See also phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Read more about Adcirca®
Ambrisentan: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Ambrisentan is the chemical name for Letairis®. See also endothelin receptor antagonists | Read more about ambrisentan
Angina: Chest pain or pressure; angina usually results from not enough blood or oxygen getting to the heart muscle. Typically, angina occurs in patients with coronary artery disease, but it can affect patients with many different types of heart disease including pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Angiogram: A type of catheterization that uses dye injected into the blood vessels to accurately evaluate whether or not the blood vessels are narrowed. Can be done for any vessel of the body.
Anticoagulant medications: A group of medications used to thin the blood and block some of the chemicals that make blood clot. These medications can be given by mouth, by injection, or by intravenous infusion. Some of the common names of blood thinners include Coumadin®, warfarin, Lovenox®, and heparin. Aspirin is also a blood thinner, but works by making the platelets in our blood less “sticky.” Read more about conventional medical therapies
Apnea: Slowing/stopping of breathing, usually during sleep. Always abnormal, and needs immediate attention. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease in which the patient stops breathing for short periods of time during sleep because some part of the airway is blocked. OSA can result in pulmonary hypertension. Treatment for OSA can help PH.
Arginine: An essential amino acid (protein building block of our bodies). Arginine is theorized to help open up pulmonary arteries (vasodilate) by working with a substance called nitric oxide that is present in the pulmonary arteries. There was some thought that patients with PAH may have a deficit of arginine and should take additional arginine as a supplement. A recent study found that the supplement was safe for use, but no benefit was found. Studies on this supplement continue.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG). A blood test where blood is taken from an artery to measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is used to determine how well your lungs are working.
Associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (APAH): Pulmonary hypertension that occurs alongside another disease or condition, such as scleroderma or congenital heart disease. Because the incidence of PAH with these conditions is higher compared to the incidence of PAH in the general population (i.e., IPAH), it is thought that these diseases/conditions somehow predispose to or cause the PAH, but this is still unclear. Read more about associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
Ascites: Edema, or build-up of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Can cause fullness and heaviness around your waist, causing clothing to be tighter. Can be treated with diuretics, also known as fluid pills.
Atrial fibrillation: A rapid beat of the atrium, which typically occurs in patients with left-sided heart disease but can also occur in PAH. It is sometimes due to pulmonary diseases or fluid overload. The rapid and irregular beating of the atria results in less blood flow to the ventricles, and therefore the rest of the body, and can cause palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness and passing out.
Atrial septal defects (ASD): A hole in the atrial septum, the wall that separates the right and left upper chambers of the heart, the atria. The hole allows blood to communicate between these two chambers. See congenital heart disease.
Atrial septostomy: Surgery that creates a small hole between the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Can relieve pressure on the right side of the heart and improve blood flow, but can also decrease oxygen levels in the blood.
Atrium: The heart is a pump that consists of four sections, known as chambers. The atria (plural for atrium) sits above the ventricles and pumps blood into the ventricles through heart valves. On the right side of the heart, the right atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. On the left side, the left atrium pumps blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
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Balloon angioplasty: A procedure in which a balloon catheter is inflated inside an artery (typically a coronary artery) to increase its diameter.
Beraprost: A prostanoid medication in an oral form. It has been approved in other countries for treatment of PAH. Beraprost is still in clinical trials in the U.S.
BiPAP machine: Defined as bi-level positive airway pressure. It is a small machine for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and other respiratory diseases. Bi-level means that air is delivered under a specific pressure when you breathe in to help assist an inhaled breath, while a different (smaller) amount of pressure is maintained during exhalation. This holds the airways open to make inhalation on the next breath easier. See also CPAP
Bosentan: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Bosentan is the chemical name for Tracleer®. See also endothelin receptor antagonists | Read more about bosentan
BMPR2 gene: The “PH gene.” Its full name is bone morphogenetic protein receptor II and some of its mutations have been found in families that have more than one member with pulmonary arterial hypertension (heritable PAH) and in some patients with no known family history of the disease (sporadic PAH). Read more about heritable PAH
Bradycardia: A slow heartbeat, generally less than 55 to 60 beats per minute.
Bronchiolitis obliterans: A disease of the lung tissue (small bronchial tubes and alveoli), not the blood vessels, usually from an unknown toxic exposure, infection and in chronic rejection after lung transplantation.
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Calcium channel blockers (CCBs): Blood pressure medicines for systemic hypertension. CCBs have been found to decrease pulmonary artery pressures in a small percentage of PH patients. CCBs that may help include nifedipine (Procardia XL®, Adalat®), diltiazem (Cardizem®), and amlodipine (Norvasc®). Be aware that only certain PAH patients benefit from CCBs; in others, CCBs can do a lot of harm. Read more about conventional medical therapies
Cardiac catheterization: The definitive final diagnostic test performed to determine if a patient has pulmonary hypertension. Until a right-heart catheterization is performed, a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension cannot be made. Read more about diagnositic tests
- Right-heart catheterization (RHC) is performed by placing a small catheter (tube) into a vein, usually a vein in the neck or groin. The tube is advanced in the direction of blood flow into the right side of the heart and then into the main pulmonary artery. Once the catheter is in the pulmonary artery, measurements of the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery can be made. Next, advancing the catheter into a pulmonary artery branch allows doctors to estimate the pressure on the left side of the heart. This is called a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Read more about common tests in PH
- Left-heart catheterization (LHC) is performed in a similar manner except that the catheter is placed into an artery, usually the femoral artery in the groin. The catheter is advanced into the left side of the heart to make measurements of pressures in the aorta and left ventricle. These measurements may indicate the presence of a disease related to the structure and/or function of the left side of the heart. Left-sided heart disease can be a result of smoking, high cholesterol or high systemic blood pressure, which predispose to heart attacks.
Or it can be a result of problems related to the structure and function of the heart valves in the left side of the heart (mitral and aortic valves), or even just a problem with the heart muscle itself (cardiomyopathy). Left-sided catheterizations sometimes use contrast dye to look at the blood vessels supplying the heart (coronary angiogram). Occasionally, your doctor may advise you to have both a right- and left-side heart catheterization to help make a diagnosis and to guide treatment. Read more about common tests in PH
Cardiac output: The total amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. In a healthy person this is about 5 to 6 liters per minute; in someone with severe PH it can be as low as 2 to 3 liters or less. (A human has about 5 liters [roughly 5.3 quarts] of blood inside of their arteries at any one time.)
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET): A way of determining cardiac and pulmonary function by measuring lung gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange efficiency. Read more about common tests for PH
Catheter: A hollow flexible tube that is inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel to allow the passage of fluids. There are many types of “catheters.” Below are descriptions of three specific to PH:
- A catheter that is placed in a central vein is called a “central line.” It may also be known as a Hickman catheter, Broviac catheter, or a PICC line. A surgeon may use different areas to place one end of a central line catheter into a vein. It is then advanced it to a larger (central) vein leading to your heart. In PAH, the catheter it is typically used to administer intravenous medications, including epoprostenol or treprostinil.
- A subcutaneous catheter is a smaller flexible tube that is placed just under the skin in the fat tissue of the body. It is used to deliver medications. These catheters are usually placed by the patient or caregiver.
- A diagnostic catheter, a thin, hollow tube that is used to measure pressures in the heart and blood vessels. See cardiac catheterization.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC): A U.S. government agency that tracks all medical diseases in order to help with prevention and treatment of disease. The CDC publishes a weekly bulletin called Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), which helps establish how many patients are afflicted with certain diagnoses. Learn more about the CDC
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A chronic disease characterized by difficulty in breathing due to over inflation of the lung sacs and/or constriction of the tubes leading to the air sacs. Learn more about COPD
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): A form of pulmonary hypertension that is secondary to chronic (long-time) blood clots in the lungs.
Cialis®: An FDA-approved oral treatment of erectile dysfunction. Cialis® is the brand name for tadalafil (the same chemical used in the PAH drug, Adcirca®). See also tadalafil
Cirrhosis: A buildup of fiber-like tissue (scarring) in the liver, usually due to chronic liver disease.
Connective tissue disease (a.k.a. Collagen vascular disease/autoimmune disease): Disorders affecting joints (muscles, bones, tendons, cartilage), and solid organs of the body. Can be the result of an autoimmune (immune system in your body turns against itself) or genetic process (inherited disease). Types associated with PH include SLE (lupus), scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, and mixed connective tissue disease. Read more about scleroderma and PH
Congenital heart disease (CHD): A defect of the heart present at birth. The defects can be simple holes in the heart or much more complex defects. Learn more about CHD
Cor pulmonale: Enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart, which can be caused by pulmonary hypertension. Consists of symptoms of right side heart failure and fluid overload.
Coumadin®: The brand name for warfarin. It is a blood thinner prescribed for patients that are at risk of developing blood clots (see CTEPH). It is also given to patients with pulmonary hypertension (typically IPAH patients), as there is some evidence that the blood vessels with high pulmonary pressures can be prone to microscopic clots in their pulmonary blood vessels. Coumadin® can help prevent further clots and existing clots from getting bigger. Read more about conventional medical therapies
CPAP: Defined as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. It is a small machine for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and other respiratory diseases. In obstructive sleep apnea, the airway is “obstructed” due to a patient’s size or changes in the airway anatomy that cause collapse during sleep. The CPAP air pressure helps hold open the airways. See also BiPAP machine
CREST syndrome: CREST is an acronym for calcinosis, Raynaud’s syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. CREST is a form of scleroderma that results in calcium deposits in the skin, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal involvement, swollen fingers with tight skin, and reddened/discolored skin from by blood vessels. Patients with CREST syndrome are known to have a greater risk for developing pulmonary hypertension. Learn more about CREST syndrome
CT or CAT scan: An x-ray image of the inside of your body taken by narrow x-rays beamed at you from several angles and run through a computer to form an image with much greater detail than a single x-ray. It is excellent at evaluating solid organs and therefore is a common x-ray ordered for evaluation of the heart and lungs in patients with pulmonary hypertension. CAT stands for cross axial tomography. Read more about common tests in PH
Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucus membranes caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. It is often seen in the nails, face, lips and tongue.
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Formation a blood clot in the veins deep in the body, most typically in the lower leg or thigh. Learn more about DVT
Diastole: The period when the heart is relaxing and filling with blood. Diastolic pressure is the bottom, lower number in your blood pressure. See also systole
Digoxin: A medication used to treat many different heart conditions. It may help a weak heart muscle squeeze better. Read more about conventional medical therapies
Dilate: To relax, expand.
Diuretic: A chemical that helps you lose water by increasing the amount of urine. Sometimes called a "water pill" or “fluid pill.” Read more about conventional medical therapies
Dyspnea: Labored breathing; shortness of breath.
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Echocardiogram (echo): A test that uses moving pictures produced by ultrasonic waves (sound waves, or ultrasound) bounced off your heart to show its structures and functioning. The echocardiogram also estimates the pressures on the right side of the heart, which may help in the diagnosis and treatment of PAH. The pictures are produced in the same way a fetal ultrasound shows a baby in the mother’s womb. Read more about diagnositic tests
Edema: Swelling caused by fluid in your body's tissues. It usually occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can occur in your entire body. See also ascites
Eisenmenger syndrome: A syndrome that results from a birth defect where a hole in the heart that originally caused red, oxygenated blood to go from the left side of the heart to the right side of the heart and back to the lungs before it had a chance to be pumped to the body. After some time, this extra blood flow to the lungs damages the pulmonary arteries and PAH occurs. Over time, as the resistance in the lung arteries increases due to this damage, blue blood begins to skip going to the lungs and goes straight to the left side of the heart where it is pumped back to the body. See congenital heart disease and cyanosis. Learn more about Eisenmenger syndrome
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): An image produced by a device that records the electrical activity of the heart. Read more about diagnositic tests
Embolus (plural, emboli): A clump of something (usually a blood clot) or a bubble that has plugged up a blood vessel. An embolism is the blockage of a vessel by an embolus. It's usually a blood clot that has formed somewhere else and traveled to the lungs. A thrombus is a fibrinous blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel. If a thrombus forms in one place and moves to another, it is called a thrombotic embolus. These are all known as blood clots, and can result in PH.
Emphysema: A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Learn more about emphysema
Endothelin: A chemical made by the endothelium (see below). It causes the smooth muscles in the blood vessel’s walls to constrict (tighten up). PAH patients have too much endothelin in their blood.
Endothelin receptor antagonists: Bosentan (Tracleer®) and ambrisentan (Letairis®) are medications that block endothelin from attaching to the endothelium receptors located in the smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries. This prevents the vessels from tightening up/constricting and helps lower the pulmonary artery pressures. Read more about treatment options
Endothelium: The one-cell thick lining of the blood, lymph channels and the heart. Endothelial cells produce lots of chemical compounds that normally make blood vessel walls relax and dilate. In PAH there is an abnormality in the endothelium, which can result in the blood vessels’ inability to relax and dilate. Abnormalities with the endothelium are one possible cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Enzymes: Organic substances made by cells that can act inside or outside of cells to control the rate of chemical reactions without the substance being changed themselves (an enzyme can help the same process along over and over).
Epidemiology: The study of illness in the population.
Epoprostenol sodium: An FDA-approved intravenous treatment for PAH. It is delivered intravenously through a central line catheter and with a small pump. Epoprostenol sodium is the chemical name for Flolan® and Veletri®. See also prostanoids
Etiology (ee-tee-AWL-o-gee): The cause of something, such as a disease.
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Familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH): Old name for heritable (inherited) pulmonary arterial hypertension. See also heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension | Read more about heritable PH
Fibrin: The insoluble protein end product of blood coagulation, formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. Thrombin acts on fibrinogen to form this insoluble protein called fibrin. (Part of the blood coagulation process.)
Fibrosis: Occurs when inflammation or other irritants cause a build-up of fiber-like tissue (scarring).
Flolan®: An FDA-approved intravenous treatment for PAH. Flolan® is the brand name for epoprostenol. See also epoprostenol sodium | Read more about Flolan®
Functional classifications for PH: A scale designed to define how sick someone with PH is based on how limited the patient is in his/her daily activities. There are two different scales that doctors use to define limitations:
- New York Heart Association (NYHA) scale for all cardiac patients. The scale is from one to four: Class I having no symptoms to Class IV in which symptoms occur at rest. Most PAH patients are diagnosed when they have Class II or III symptoms. Learn more about the NYHA scale
- World Health Organization (WHO) classifications are a modification the New York Heart Association (NYHA) categories for generic heart failure to make them specific to PH patients. The scale is also from one to four. The WHO and NYHA classes are very similar. One area where they differ is that if you are prone to fainting, you automatically go into Class IV under the WHO class. Learn more about WHO classifications
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- G -
Gaucher’s disease: An inherited disease where the inherited lack of an enzyme leads to the accumulation of a fatty substance. If the fatty cells accumulate in the lungs, it can lead to secondary PH.
Gene, PH: See BMPR2 gene | Read more about heritable PH
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- H –
Hemodynamics: The pressure measurements obtained during the right and left heart catheterization. Typically, in PH, hemodynamics refers to pulmonary blood pressures, cardiac output and the calculation of pulmonary resistance, which is a combination of both the pulmonary artery pressure and the cardiac output.
Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH): This term is used when the BMPR2 gene has been identified and/or there is a family history of pulmonary hypertension. It is the new term for what used to be called familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH). Read more about heritable PH
Hickman catheter: An intravenous line used to administer medication. See also catheter
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): An infection that causes the immune system to fail and makes the body prone to infectious organisms that typically would not cause infections. Patients with HIV infection can develop PAH at a rate higher than the general population. The reason is unknown. Read more about HIV and PH
Hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure.
Hypoxemia: A low concentration of oxygen in the blood. This condition can make the pulmonary vessels contract and raise pulmonary artery pressure.
Hypoxia: A low concentration of oxygen in the air that is breathed, such as occurs aboard an airliner or high on a mountain.
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- I -
Idiopathic: A medical term that is used to describe a disease that has no known underlying cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH): Formerly called primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). It means pulmonary arterial hypertension where the cause is unknown. It is very rare, with an incidence of approximately 2 to 5 per million worldwide. Read more about types of PH
Iloprost: An FDA-approved inhaled treatment for PAH. Iloprost is the chemical name for Ventavis®. See also prostanoids | Read more about iloprost
International normalized range (INR) level: A blood test used to determine how long it takes your blood to clot (how thin the blood is). It is used to determine how much Coumadin®/warfarin to prescribe to a patient to help keep the blood thin.
Intravenous (IV): Literally “inside the vein.” Used to designate fluids or medications administered via a catheter or needle placed into the vein. An intravenous administration is called an infusion.
Ischemia: A localized, temporary reduction in blood flow resulting in tissue/organ damage. In cardiac ischemia, blocked blood flow results in chest pain and can result in a heart attack. Ischemia can happen in any organ/tissue of the body.
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- K -
Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival (a.k.a. Kaplan-Meier survival plot): A statistical technique that allows researchers to estimate survival in research studies.
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- L -
Left-heart catheterization: See cardiac catheterization
Lesion: An area of diseased or injured tissue.
Letairis®: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Letairis® is the brand name for ambrisentan. See also ambrisentan |Read more about Letairis®
Lupus: See systemic lupus erythematous
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Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mean PAP): A measurement calculated using the upper (systolic) and lower (diastolic) numbers of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). See also pulmonary artery pressure
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and low-energy radio waves to make pictures of the inside of the body. MRI images usually have great detail, and can allow doctors to make some diagnoses much easier. In PH, MRI is currently being used to capture better pictures of the heart, heart valves and the functioning of the heart than seen on an echocardiogram. Sometimes used with radiopaque dye. Read more about common tests in PH
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- N -
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): A government institute that is part of the National Institutes of Health. The NHLBI coordinates basic research, clinical investigations and trials, observational studies, and education projects related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heart, blood vessel, lung and blood diseases as well as sleep disorders. PHA interacts with the NHLBI through the agency’s Public Interest Organizations group. Learn more about the NHLBI
National Institutes of Health (NIH): The National Institutes of Health, a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.” Learn more about the NIH
Nebulizer: A machine that can aerosolize (change into small particles) medications so that they can be inhaled.
Nitric oxide (NO): A potent vasodilator in gas form. (Not the same thing as nitrous oxide, which is “laughing gas” used during dental procedures.) It is delivered through a face mask or nasal cannula like oxygen. It has been approved by the FDA for use in newborn babies with persistent pulmonary hypertension. It is being used experimentally for adults with PAH.
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- O -
Oximeter/pulse oximeter: A device to measure the concentration of oxygen in your blood by measuring the color in your skin (usually finger or earlobe). Normal saturation is around 97 to 100 percent. In patients with lung disease, it is generally desirable to be above 90 percent “saturated.” Some patients with congenital heart disease have to live with saturations less than 90 percent, since oxygen supplementation does not usually increase their saturation.
Oxygen: An essential element that is needed to sustain life. Oxygen, or O2, is often given as inhaled gas to patients when their oxygen level in the bloodstream is low. Low oxygen occurs with lung disease (PAH, COPD, pneumonia, etc.) and when there is low oxygen content in the air such as at high altitude. Read more about conventional medical therapies
Oxygen saturation (or sat): A measurement of how much oxygen is in the blood. Also called “O2 sat.”
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Palpitation: A sensation of rapid, skipped or pounding heartbeats. Sometimes more noticeable when sitting quietly.
Pathogenesis: The origin and development of a disease
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN): Occurs when a newborn’s arteries to the lungs remain constricted after delivery, cutting down on blood flow to the lungs and resulting in PH. PPHN is treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Learn more about PPHN
Phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitors: A type of medication that inhibits (blocks) the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE-5). PDE-5 breaks down a molecule called cyclic GMP (cGMP). cGMP is the “messenger” of nitric oxide (NO) that causes vasodilation (opening up of the blood vessels). Blocking the breakdown of cGMP then leads to more NO effects. These medications, including sildenafil (Viagra®), tadalafil (Cialis®) and vardenafil (Levitra®), were first used to treat erectile dysfunction. Brand name drugs Revatio® (sildenafil) and Adcirca® (tadalafil) are the only PDE-5 mediations specifically approved for the treatment of PAH. Read more about treatment options
Portopulmonary hypertension: PH that develops due to high blood pressure in the liver. Usually caused by cirrhosis (scarring). Read more about PH and liver disease
Primary pulmonary hypertension: Old classification for PH without a known cause. See also idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Prostacyclin: A substance made by our bodies that helps regulate blood vessel “tone” by dilating the blood vessels. It is particularly active in the blood vessels of the lungs and is found to be in very low amounts in patients with PH. It is because of this fact that scientists first thought that the addition of man-made prostacyclin (epoprostenol) to the blood by infusion or inhalation could result in vasodilation of the pulmonary arteries. They were correct! The study of epoprostenol infusion for PH in the 1980s and early 1990s proved helpful to PH patients and led to its approval in 1995. As it turns out, in addition to being a vasodilator, prostacyclin may inhibit the growth and thickening of the pulmonary vessel walls, and make platelets less “sticky,” both very good things for treating PH. You may not know … The name prostacyclin comes from the prostate gland because prostaglandin was first isolated from seminal fluid and was thought to have been made by the prostate! Read a brief note about blood vessels
Prostanoids: Prostanoids are a family of chemicals normally made in the body that help regulate blood vessel tone (see above). Members of the prostanoid family of drugs are chemically very similar to one another (they are analogs). Prostacyclin is a type of prostanoid. Present prostacyclin analogs (commonly referred to as prostanoids) include epoprostenol sodium (Flolan®), treprostinil sodium (Remodulin®), generic epoprostenol, room-temperature stable epoprostenol (Veletri®), iloprost (Ventavis®), and inhaled treprostinil (Tyvaso®). These prostacyclin analogs help many PH patients by dilating blood vessels, reducing clotting, slowing down the growth of smooth muscle cells, and improving cardiac output. Although they are all in the same class of drugs, chemically they are not identical, and their toxicity, side effects and effectiveness may differ. Read a brief note about blood vessels
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs.
Pulmonary angiogram: An x-ray of the blood vessels injected with dye that highlights any blockages. Read more about common tests in PH
Pulmonary artery: The blood vessels carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. It starts out as the main pulmonary artery, then branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries feeding the right and left lungs, respectively, then continues to branch into smaller and smaller blood vessels, eventually becoming capillaries that exchange oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)with the alveoli (air sacs).
Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP): A measurement of the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. It has a systolic (upper) and diastolic (lower) component. This is written like a traditional blood pressure measurement. An example for PH is a pulmonary artery pressure 90/40. See mean pulmonary artery pressure. See also mean pulmonary artery pressure
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is more specific than the general term “pulmonary hypertension” (see pulmonary hypertension below). PAH is high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries from disease of the medium- and small-sized vessels of the lung, causing them to narrow and decrease blood flow. Read more about types of PH
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure: A measurement obtained during right heart catheterization (see also cardiac catheterization). A balloon on the tip of the right heart catheter is inflated (wedged) in the pulmonary artery where it can also estimate pulmonary vein pressures.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): A series of tests to find out how much air your lungs can hold, how well they move air in and out, and how well they exchange oxygen. You breathe into a device called a spirometer, or flow meter. The tests can help diagnose some conditions that cause PH. Read more about diagnositic tests
Pulmonary hypertension (PH): Pulmonary hypertension is a general term used to describe high pressure in the pulmonary arteries from any cause. Read more about types of PH
Pulmonary hypertension gene: See BMPR2 gene. Others are yet be discovered.
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE): A surgical procedure to remove a blood clot (or clots) in the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.
Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): A measure of how difficult it is for the heart to pump blood through the lungs. PVR is a calculation obtained during cardiac catheterization. The PVR is often very high in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary vein: The blood vessel returning oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left side of the heart.
Pulmonary venous hypertension: A condition in which blood flow through the left side of the heart is decreased, causing a backup of blood in the pulmonary veins and therefore causing higher pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery pressure. This cause of this disease is not in the pulmonary arteries, and therefore is not usually treated with drugs designed to treat PAH.
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Raynaud's phenomenon: When fingers get blue and cold easily, and sometimes painful because of blood vessel spasms. Persons with PAH can also have Raynaud’s phenomenon. It is also associated with autoimmune disorders. Learn more about Raynaud's phenomenon
Remodulin®: An FDA-approved intravenous or subcutaneous treatment for PAH. Remodulin® is the brand name for the intravenous and subcutaneous forms of treprostinil. See also treprostinil | Read more about Remodulin®
Revatio®: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Revatio® is the brand name for sildenafil. See also sildenafil | Read more about Revatio®
Right atrial pressure: The pressure in the right atrium of the heart. Usually the right atrial pressure is less than 5 mmHg. Elevated right atrial pressure is a sign of right-heart failure and too much fluid in the body.
Right-heart catheterization: See also cardiac catheterization
Right ventricle: The chamber of the heart that pumps un-oxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs. In PH patients, this chamber is often enlarged, its walls are thickened, and its ability to contract is reduced.
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Sarcoidosis: A disease in which swelling (inflammation) occurs in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin or other tissues. In the lungs it can form granulomas (small areas of inflammation due to tissue injury) and fibrosis (scarring), which can cause PH. Learn more about sarcoidosis
Scleroderma: A progressive and possibly fatal disease in which the body's tissues slowly harden. In some persons, only the skin is affected; in others, even the internal organs harden, including the lungs. It is not known what causes it but there is a genetic component, and it is more common in women than in men. Scleroderma is a common cause of both PH and sometimes PAH. Read more about scleroderma and PH
Secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH): The old classification for PH that occurred due to another disease or condition. See also associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
Sickle cell anemia: A genetic disease in which the red, normally round blood cells of the body form different shapes (sickle shape). This may result in severe joint pain, low oxygen states, chest pain, and PH due to the fact that the abnormally-shaped red blood cells cannot flow through the arteries and veins normally. Patients with sickle cell disease require frequent blood transfusions and pain medications to manage their disease. Read more about sickle cell disease and PH
Sildenafil: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Sildenafil is the chemical name for Revatio® and Viagra®. See also phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Read more about sildenafil
Six-minute walk test (6MWT)/six-minute walk distance (6MWD): A measurement of how far you can walk in six minutes, including your oxygenation and how short of breath you are at completion. Six-minute walk tests are often used as a measure of whether your PH is improving or worsening. Read more about common tests in PH
Sleep apnea: A disorder in which pauses in breathing occur during sleep. Learn more about sleep apnea
Specialty pharmacy: These are special pharmacies developed by regular pharmacies usually to dispense high-cost medications, infusion medications that are complicated to manage, and medications for rare diseases. Specialty pharmacies have a better understanding of a patient’s disease, and have specialized medical staff who can instruct patients how to use specialty medications. Read more about specialty pharmacies
Subcutaneous: Beneath or under all the layers of skin. Some PAH medications are delivered “subcutaneously.”
Syncope: Fainting because of a temporary insufficiency of blood to the brain.
Systemic: Something that affects the body generally rather than just affecting one of the body’s parts.
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE): A progressive autoimmune inflammatory disease of connective tissue. Its cause is unknown and it is often fatal. A skin rash is often present that spreads across the face in a butterfly wing pattern. The disease often involves the heart and lungs. It is associated with PAH (patients with SLE are much more likely to get PAH than people in the general population — the general incidence of IPAH is only one or two in a million). Also known as lupus.
Systole: The period when your heart is contracting and squeezing blood out. Systolic pressure is the top, higher number in your blood pressure. See also diastole
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- T -
Tadalafil: An FDA-approved oral treatment for PAH. Tadalafil is the chemical name for Adcirca® and Cialis®. See also phosphodiesterase inhibitors | Read more about tadalafil
Teratogenic: A substance capable of interfering with the development of a fetus, causing developmental malformations of birth defects.
Tracleer®: An FDA-approved oral treatment of PAH. Tracleer® is the brand name for bosentan. See also bosentan | Read more about Tracleer®
Treprostinil: An FDA-approved intravenous, subcutaneous and inhaled treatment of PAH. Treprostinil is the chemical name for Remodulin® (intravenous and subcutaneous) and Tyvaso® (inhaled). See also prostanoids | Read more about treprostinil
Tyvaso®: An FDA-approved inhaled treatment for PAH. Tyvaso® is the brand name for the inhaled form of treprostinil. See also treprostinil | Read more about Tyvaso®
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- V -
Vasoconstrictor: Anything that narrows the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure.
- A brief word about blood vessels: In our blood vessels, there is a balance between constriction (closing) and dilation (opening) so that blood flow through the blood vessels can be regulated. Blood vessel tone has to do with how much constriction and dilation is going on in the blood vessel at a given time. Constriction of a blood vessel is called vasoconstriction, and dilation of a blood vessel is called vasodilation.
Vasodilator: Anything that relaxes and widens blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood pressure.
Viagra®: An FDA-approved oral treatment for erectile dysfunction. Viagra® is the brand name for sildenafil (the same chemical used in the PAH drug, Revatio®). See also sildenafil
Veletri®: An FDA-approved intravenous treatment for PAH. Veletri® is the brand name for a form of epoprostenol that is stable at room temperature (meaning it can be used without ice packs for 24 hours). See also prostanoids | Read more about Veletri®
Ventavis: An FDA-approved inhaled treatment for PAH. Ventavis is the brand name for iloprost. See also iloprost | Read more about Ventavis
Ventricle: Cavity or chamber in the body. In PH, ventricle generally refers to either of the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria (top chambers of the heart) and pump the blood to the lungs (right ventricle does this), or to the body (left ventricle does this).
Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the ventricular septum, the wall that separates the right and left lower chambers of the heart. The hole allows blood to communicate between these two chambers. See congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome. Learn more about VSD
VO2: A measure of the amount of oxygen (O2) that the body takes in (and thus uses). Doctors measure peak VO2 during exercise; the higher the number, the better the ability of your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to your body. It is measured in milliliters of oxygen per minute.
Ventilation/perfusion, or V/Q scan. Involves two types of scans: a ventilation scan shows where air flows in the lungs and a perfusion scan shows where blood flows in the lungs.
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- W -
Warfarin: Also known as Coumadin®. See also anticoagulant medications
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Secondary metabolism consists of metabolic pathways and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the plant. Secondary metabolism is responsible for many bioactive compounds used medicinally.
A straightforward approach reveals the full cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in tomato, which is composed of ten enzymatic steps, opening the door for bioengineering of high-value molecules in crops. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cholesterogenesis evolved from the more ancient phytosterol pathway.
Lignin is a principal component of plant cell walls and was thought to be mostly produced from L-phenylalanine. A new study in Brachypodium demonstrates that in grasses — a major source of food, livestock feed and biofuels — nearly half of the plant's lignin is actually made through fewer steps via l-tyrosine. | <urn:uuid:14e6fdbc-3918-4022-ae8b-ad18b3b2ad80> | {
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The Climate Commitment is an effort to address global warming by gathering institutional commitments to neutralize greenhouse gas emissions, and to accelerate research and educational efforts.ξ Rob Jarrett, associate dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, notes that UH-Downtown is the end stop to the rail line.
One of the key advantages we have and where we can achieve critical mass is to encourage students, faculty and staff to make use of those opportunities that the City of Houston is really affording to us almost free.ξ In fact, we have the university pass to take City of Houston public transportation all semester.
The University of Houston-Downtown hosted a panel discussion on sustainability, featuring educators and Karl Pepple,ξ the City of Houston's director of environmental programming.ξ He says Mayor Bill White has made sustainability and recycling a priority.
First off, purchasing wind power helps create a diverse energy portfolio.ξ So, if all the electricity we purchased was from natural gas, and the natural gas price quadrupled, we'd be hurting as far as paying our energy bill.ξ If we've got a diverse energy portfolio, getting power from a variety of different sources, that makes more sense.ξ It makes us more responsible to the public.
Pepple says universities are great places to bring the message of sustainability.
What we carry on in the professional workplace is based on what we learned in school.ξ So, if we're taught that 'this is the proper way and you must do things this way,' we're going to remember that as we go into the professional workplace.
The ACU Presidents Climate Commitment signed by UH-Downtown provides colleges and universities with tools and information resources to become climate neutral.ξ Ed Mayberry, Houston Public Radio News. | <urn:uuid:02180a01-d089-44d5-8e23-936ac83d3780> | {
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An Admixture of Cultural Heritages
Bangladesh inherits a rich architectural
heritage - reminiscences of the past great civilisation of the region.
Ancient edifices found in a specific region brings to the limelight
the history of specific periods like Mahastan & Paharpur of
Buddhist architecture, Bagerhat of Khan Jahan Ali and Gaur of Sultanate
etc. But Sonargaon, is a unique example of early Islamic or Sultanate,
of Mughal and of Colonial architectural epoch -- an admixture of
various cultural heritages.
background: Sonargaon literally meaning 'golden village',
was the capital of the province Bang (eastern Bengal). In 1338 Fakhr
al-Din-Mubarak seized the provincial government of Sonargaon. He
was the first Sultan of Bengal. In 1352 the Sultan of Gaur (Ilyas
Shah) defeated him. From then Sonargaon formed a part of the independent
Kingdom of united Bengal until the advent of the Mughal (1575).
In the reign of Akbar, this was the chief city of Isa Khan, who
maintained his independence for several years. After Isa Khan's
death it became a part of the Great Mughal Empire.
decline started with the establishment of the Mughal capital in
Dhaka in 1608. With the conquest of the kingdom of Isa Khan by the
forces of Islam Khan in 1611, it became one of the sarkers of the
Bengal subah losing its former prestige. The history of
Sonargaon for the next 200 years, until the establishment of the
commercial cum residential belt of East India Company in Panam,
still remains unknown. This colonial city Panam came into being
in the 19th century and flourished till the end of the Second World
background: According to the world map "Theatrum Orbis
Terrarum" vol. II (fig. 1) published in 1650 AD from Amsterdam,
(H Blockmann, Contributions to the History and Geography of
Bengal, Calcutta, 1968) Sonargaon was a port city by the Bay
of Bengal. Ibn Batuta described, "it was a very important port
city where merchant-mariners of China and Java came with their merchant
ships for trade" (M I Abdullah, Ibn Batuth's account of
Bengal, tr. by Harinath De, Calcutta 1978, p. 78). Sonargaon,
the medieval capital of eastern Bengal is currently the name of
an administrative Upazilla in the district of Narayanganj.
It is situated about 21 km south-east of Dhaka city and about 5
km west of Narayanganj town. The territory of Sonargaon that was
developed during the early Islamic period cannot be defined. N K
Bhattasali estimated the total area of Sonargaon to be about 24
sq. miles. (N K Bhattasali, Bengal Chief's Struggle, Bengal
Past and Present, Vol. XXXV, Calcutta 1977, pp. 24). What remains
now of a few medieval buildings, scattered in this region exists
in the villages of Aminpur, Dulalpur, Goaldi, Mograpara, Sadipur
and Muazzampur etc. of the Upazilla Sonargaon and Bandar.
The Dhaka Chittagong highway runs through this upazilla. This highway
looks like the dividing line between the medieval Sonargaon city
and colonial Panam city (fig. 2). The present geographical situation
of the Upazilla Sonargaon at the junction of the river
Meghna and Brahmaputra made it one of the most flourishing centers
of trade and commerce.
background: Sonargaon and its neighbourhood were famous
from the early days for manufacturing and exporting Muslin,
one of the finest cotton fabrics in the world. In reality the decay
of cotton manufacture began when the English East India Company
adopted a calculated policy of destroying the artisans and the industrial
institutions of Bengal with a view to accelerating the progress
of the Industrial Revolution in England in the later part of the
eighteenth century. From that time the economy of Sonargaon depended
upon agricultural products like betel-leaf (pan) and mango
(am). According to Cunningham "there are other signs
of an old city in the numerous pan or betel gardens and
the great numbers of am or mango trees. The best kind of
pan or betel is called Kafuria pan, from its faint
scent of camphor. It is said to be in great demand in Lucknow. The
mangoes are still famous, the best kinds being known as Shahi-pasand
or the king's favourite and senduria or the red mango."
(A Cunningham, Report of a Tour in Bihar and Bengal in
1879-80, Calcutta 1882, p. 135)
The locals consider the village Mograpara the place to have been
the site of the capital city of Sonargaon. We are unable to trace
any building in Sonargaon, which could be identified as residential
of either the Sultante or the Mughal period associated with the
name of the famous Isa Khan, chief of the Baro Bhuiya.
came into prominence not only as a seat of government or a business
center, but also as a center of saints and missionaries. They settled
in Sonargaon and its neighbourhoods and built mosques of which only
a few structures remain. Of the nineteen surviving mosques, eight
belonged to the early Islamic period dating from the 15th &
16th centuries and the rest to the Mughal period from the 17th &
18th. The mosque at Bander (1481-82) was built by Baba Salih, at
Goaldhi (1519) (fig. 3) by Mulla Hidjb'r Akbar Khan and the mosque
at Muazzampur (1432-36) by Firuz Khan. (Abu Sayeed M Ahmed, The
Choto Sona Mosque in Gaur: An Example of the Early Islamic Architecture
of Bengal, Karlsruhe-Germany 1997, pp. 114-119) are some examples
of early Islamic period. Panch Pir mosque at Mograpara (late 17th
cent.), (fig. 4) mosque at Dulalpur and Abdul Hamid's mosque at
Goaldi (1705) are some examples of Mughal mosques. Most of these
mosques have square shaped single prayer rooms with turrets at each
outside corners. The mosques of Khan Jahan Ali at Bagerhat (fig.
5) might have provided precedence for such adaptations of the square
shaped single room with other typical features like curved cornice,
terracotta ornamentation etc. The innumerable inscriptions found
here indicate that many tombs were built in the Islamic period.
The tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Azam Shah (1388-1410) at
Mograpara is believed to be the earliest Muslim monument of present
Bangladesh. It should be mentioned that tourists or visitors are
being frequently misinformed by some locals that the present Panam
city is the ruin of the old capital of Isa Khan of the 16th century.
city did not have a single Muslim house in the colonial period.
The surviving buildings originally belonged to Hindu talukdars,
shahas and poddars. The majority of the population
was wealthy merchants who used to control the export of Pan
& Am, made considerably large purchases in Dhaka and
Calcutta and sold commodities in the villages around. Most of these
merchants were absentee landlords who could be found here only in
the autumn to celebrate the Durga-puja festival.
Story : Dr Abu Sayeed M Ahamed
Department of architecture,
the university of asia pacific
Photo : Syed Zakir Hossain | <urn:uuid:89f16329-5ead-43d9-82c9-121f8e9c960e> | {
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In electronics, a choke is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit, while passing lower-frequency or direct current (DC). A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, although some consist of a doughnut-shaped “bead” of ferrite material strung on a wire. The choke’s impedance increases with frequency. Its low electrical resistance passes both AC and DC with little power loss, but its reactance limits the amount of AC passed.
Access Report Details at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/global-power-choke-market-research-report
A choke is the common name given to an inductor that is used as a power supply filter element. It is an inductor used to block higher-frequency alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit, while passing lower-frequency or direct current (DC). A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire and they are typically gapped iron core units, similar in appearance to a small transformer, but with only two leads exiting the housing. The current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously that is inductors tend to resist any change in current flow. This property makes them good for use as filter elements, since they tend to smooth out the ripples in the rectified voltage waveform. The choke’s impedance rises with frequency. Its low electrical resistance passes both AC and DC with little power loss, but it can limit the amount of AC owing to its reactance. A choke is used in position of a series resistor because the choke allows superior filtering and less voltage drop.
The global Power Choke market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Power Choke volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Power Choke market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan.
Key companies profiled in Power Choke Market report are API Technologies, Vishay, Panasonic, Schurter, TDK and more in term of company basic information, Product Introduction, Application, Specification, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019), etc.
Purchase this Premium Report at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/buy-now/1424406
Table of Content
1 Power Choke Market Overview
2 Global Power Choke Market Competition by Manufacturers
3 Global Power Choke Production Market Share by Regions
4 Global Power Choke Consumption by Regions
5 Global Power Choke Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
6 Global Power Choke Market Analysis by Applications
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Power Choke Business
8 Power Choke Manufacturing Cost Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
10 Market Dynamics
11 Global Power Choke Market Forecast
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source | <urn:uuid:02905564-1fde-4716-a504-6e639e181a5c> | {
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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Questions & Answers
Coleridge first published his famous ballad, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", in Lyrical Ballads, his 1798 joint effort with his close friend and colleague William Wordsworth. The collection's publication is often seen as the Romantic Movement's true inception. It was published anonymously - a…
Ask a Question
Ask a question and get answers from your fellow students and educators.
Questions about The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Join for free to ask a question. | <urn:uuid:276c4a3d-82ec-4fad-bfad-6cbfcdb7fe23> | {
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continue in the S-E with the Paring Mountains and the N-V part and are lost in the Retezat Massif. Although they are not high mountains, they are of a very picturesque and are used by locals to grazing animals. In this sense, the locals are used to group efficiently using the pastures in the mountains called: Poienii Peak, Poienile Taii, Jigoru, Jigorel-Virtoape, Perete, Comarnici.
From the rivers that cross the territory of Bănița commune it is worth mentioning: Bănița brook which is a tributary of transilvanian Jiu and Merişor Stream that flows into the Strei River. In turn, the river Strei unites with Râul-Mare Retezat, after which they continue their journey together until Mureş - the most important river of Hunedoara County.
The Dacian fortress was discovered during the systematic excavations from 1961 to 1962. Being a rock Isolated with very steep slopes, access was only possible on the north side.
The road was struck first with a wave of earth and stone, and later with a stone wall. The enclosure surrounding one of the terraces of the plateau was erected from blocks of limestone carved in the same technique as those used in the Dacian fortresses of the Sebeș Mountains.
At the highest point a tower-dwelling was built, which was reached by a rock-cut ladder. The Dacian fortress of Bănița is contemporary with the ones in the mountains of Sebeș, having the role of preventing the advance of an enemy that would have come from the south through the Jiu Gorge.
Turnul de la Crivadia
- The Crivadia Tower is situated on the rocky edge of Merişorul's water. Beginning with XIII - th century guarded the old road linking Transylvania with Wallachia through the Vâlcan Pass. It also served as a customs point.
It is built of limestone and has a perfectly circular shape, its walls being up to 20 m high.
Many archaeological finds have been discovered here, and are preserved today at the Museum in Deva. | <urn:uuid:5281dad8-74d3-43d0-af11-5020d58e4787> | {
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Information about Kosovo
|Area (sq km):||10,908|
|FIPS Country Code:||KV|
|ISO Country Code:||XK|
Kosova became part of Serbia before the First World War, which was incorporated into Yugoslavia just after the war. The Yugoslav Republic began to break up in the 1990's.
During that time over 10,000 people were murdered with over 1 million forced to flee the region. It has become increasingly calm and peaceful over the past two-and-a-half years. Independence was declared on July 2nd, 1990.
The Capital is Pristina.
Estimated population in 1993 was 2,100,000. The population consists of Albanians (90%), Serbs and Montenegrins (8%), and others (2% -Turks, Romani, etc).
The main languages of Kosova are Albanian and English. Religions are Islam, Catholic and Orthodox Christian.
Albanian, Gheg; Bosniak; Croat; Deaf; Gorani; Montenegrin; Romanian; Romani, Vlax; Serb; Turk; | <urn:uuid:e3957ff2-0438-4a78-8431-c7a3a9ac9efe> | {
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Washington: Both the right and the left sides of the brain work together to tell a real face from a facial imitation, says a study co-authored by an Indian-born scientist.Objects that resemble faces are everywhere. Whether it`s New Hampshire`s erstwhile granite `Old Man of the Mountain`, or Jesus` face on a tortilla, our brains are adept at locating images that look like faces. However, the normal human brain is almost never fooled into thinking such objects actually are human faces. "You can tell that it has some `faceness` to it, but on the other hand, you`re not misled into believing that it is a genuine face," says Pawan Sinha, professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).On the left side of the brain, the fusiform gyrus, an area long tied with face recognition, calculates how `facelike` an image is.
Book from RAW, more damage awaits UPA
Pak journalist Hamid Mir shot at in Karachi
Modi, then and now: 13 years of political journey
Stop govt from appointing new Army chief: BJP to Election Commission | <urn:uuid:599be780-629c-4aaa-9c6f-aa1362b9c204> | {
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Trees evergreen, monoecious; branches short, spreading. Leaves dimorphic: scalelike leaves scattered on branchlets or clustered at apex of branchlets, small; connate leaves formed by the complete fusion of two leaves, arising from the axils of scalelike leaves and spreading radially at apex of branchlets, linear, flat, leathery, with a deep furrow both adaxially and abaxially. Pollen cones clustered at apex of branches; microsporophylls numerous, spirally arranged. Seed cones ripening in 2nd year, terminal, shortly pedunculate, with numerous, spirally arranged cone scales; bracts nearly enclosed by cone scales. Seeds 5-9 per scale, ovoid, with a narrow wing. Cotyledons 2. 2n = 20.
The Family Sciadopityaceae is a member of the Order Pinales. Here is the complete "parentage" of Sciadopityaceae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
The Family Sciadopityaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Genus (1): Sciadopitys
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 36 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Sciadopityaceae.
The Koyamaki (Sciadopitys verticillata) or Japanese Umbrella-pine, is a unique conifer endemic to Japan. It is the sole member of the family Sciadopityaceae and genus Sciadopitys, a living fossil with no close relatives, and known in the fossil record for about 230 million years. [more]
At least 36 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Sciadopitys.
More info about the Genus Sciadopitys may be found here.
- Chen Chia-jui & Tsui Hung-pin. 1978. Sciadopitys. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 283-284.
- Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu & Aljos Farjon "Sciadopityaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 53. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved. | <urn:uuid:760395c0-42cb-43d5-a7ad-ed13fa0df1c1> | {
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When Martians attack, who you gonna call? Actually, just the operator.
On October 30, 1938, Orson Welles (somewhat intentionally) created one of the great hoaxes in American history, broadcasting a too-real seeming Martian invasion of New Jersey. While you've undoubtedly heard this story, AT&T just posted a 1988 video of their telephone operators recalling (nostalgically!) the night they thought aliens had invaded. People, scared out of their minds, made the logical decision to pick up the phone to get more information, quickly overwhelming the telephone staff.
"Every light on that board lit. Now that board was, I would say, almost half a block long," one operator says. "Our board lit up when they announced that the martians were coming across the George Washington Bridge," another recalls.
Lorene Fechner of Missoula, Montana delivered the most haunting recollection.
"People believed it. They really believed that night," Fechner says. "I think of the people who were begging us to get connections to their families, to their husbands, to mothers and fathers, before the world came to an end, so they could just tell them they loved them."
Aside from the sheer weirdness of this perspective on the Welles-induced frenzy, the video also highlights an easy-to-forget fact about the telephone system at that time. Operators were, in themselves, important information nodes. These people didn't just want to be connected to friends and family; they wanted to know what the human operators themselves knew and thought.
(If you want to skip the intro, it lasts 1:25.) | <urn:uuid:41b3a792-3c71-46fb-83aa-5d4acbc3f293> | {
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of viruses that includes more than 100 different types. More than 30 HPV types are sexually transmitted and can infect the genital area. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own. Some of these HPVs are called "high-risk" types and can cause abnormal Pap tests, cervical cancer, and other anogenital cancers. Others are called "low-risk" types, and can cause mild Pap test abnormalities or genital warts, growths or bumps that may appear shaped like cauliflower. Two vaccines are available: a quadrivalent HPV vaccine is licensed for both males and females (protects against most cervical cancers and genital warts, as well as cancers of the anus, vagina and vulva); and a bivalent HPV vaccine (protects against most cervical cancers) is licensed for females only.
View personal stories of someone affected by HPV at ShotbyShot.org. | <urn:uuid:b31ab0d7-ef1f-4ebc-9f61-87297bf54fe2> | {
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Xia Jiang, Garrick Wallstrom
Health care officials are increasingly concerned with knowing early whether an outbreak of a particular disease is unfolding. We often have daily counts of some variable that are indicative of the number of individuals in a given community becoming sick each day with a particular disease. By monitoring these daily counts we can possibly detect an outbreak in an early stage. A number of classical time-series methods have been applied to outbreak detection based on monitoring daily counts of some variables. These classical methods only give us an alert as to whether there may be an outbreak. They do not predict properties of the outbreak such as its size, duration, and how far we are into the outbreak. Knowing the probable values of these variables can help guide us to a cost-effective decision that maximizes expected utility. Bayesian networks have become one of the most prominent architectures for reasoning under uncertainty in artificial intelligence. We present an intelligent system, implemented using a Bayesian network, which not only detects an outbreak, but predicts its size and duration, and estimates how far we are into the outbreak. We show results of investigating the performance of the system using simulated outbreaks based on real outbreak data. These results indicate that the system shows promise of being able to predict properties of an outbreak.
Subjects: 1.7 Expert Systems; 3.4 Probabilistic Reasoning | <urn:uuid:f5d63e37-f906-4c17-9da6-2f0d9c6fff05> | {
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Malaysia was Sunday shrouded with haze from forest fires on the Indonesian island of Sumatra causing "unhealthy" levels of pollution in six areas.
Haze is an annual problem during the monsoon season from May to September as winds blow the smoke across the Malacca Strait to Malaysia.
Environment Department director general Halimah Hassan said they had detected 46 hotspots in Sumatra via satellite.
The Air Pollutant Index (API) showed unhealthy levels of between 101 and 129 in six areas on Sunday morning, including two places in Malacca state along with Port Dickson and the country's largest port, Port Klang.
In the capital Kuala Lumpur the skies were hazy with air pollution readings at 92, just below the unhealthy threshold.
A level of 101-200 is considered unhealthy, while 51-100 is moderate.
Halimah in a statement late Saturday attributed the haze to the westerly monsoon season during which winds blow the smoke towards Malaysia.
Haze, mostly caused by fires in Indonesia, builds up during the dry season, affecting tourism and contributing to health problems across the region.
Indonesia's government has outlawed land-clearing by fire but weak law enforcement means the ban is largely ignored.
The haze hit its worst level in 1997-1998, costing the Southeast Asian region an estimated $9 billion by disrupting air travel and other business activities.
Explore further: NOAA establishes 'tipping points' for sea level rise related flooding | <urn:uuid:0f0193c3-7277-4b46-b214-95788c1a5948> | {
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Have you been missing out the Illustrator Effects? Did you know it is a powerful tool for creating symmetrical shapes or adding texture to vector paths? For example, with just one simple effect, you can turn a polygon path into a flower shape. You can also make paths look sketchy with the Scribble effect. Read this tutorial to learn how to save time by using Illustrator Effects and work more efficient.
Let's start with a basic effect, the Add Arrowheads. Use the Pen Tool or Line Segment Tool to draw a straight line. Go to Effects > Stylize > Add Arrowheads and choose a style.
The great thing about using Illustrator Effect is the ease of changing its appearance. In the Appearance palette, click on the Add Arrowheads layer, now you can easily change the result by selecting different arrow style. This effect is very useful for drawing diagrams.
Without The Effect?
Without the effect, the arrow shape will get distorted when the line is stretched. With the effect, I can easily adjust the length of the arrow without distorting it.
Draw a rectangle shape, go to Effects > Stylize > Round Corners and enter a radius value.
Without The Round Corners Effect?
Round Corners is one of my favorite effects. It is my essential tool for designing icons. Not only it can prevent the round corners to be distorted when I stretch the object, it also saves me a lot of time. Could you imagine how long it will take to draw these perfect round corners without the effect?
Zig Zag Effect
Draw a straight line, go to Effects > Distort & Transform > Zig Zag and enter a value for Size and Ridge Per Segment.
Draw a straight line, apply the Zig Zag effect, select Smooth Points, and you will get a symmetric wavy line.
Draw a circle and apply the Zig Zag effect with the setting as shown and you will get a badge shape.
Play around with the Zig Zag options and you may get these shapes:
Pucker & Bloat Effect
Draw a circle, go to Effects > Distort & Transform > Pucker & Bloat, enter -55% (Pucker), and you will get a diamond shape.
Draw a polygon shape, apply the pucker effect, and you will get this shape:
With the same object, change the Pucker & Bloat option to 70%, and you will get a flower shape.
The example below shows how I can duplicate 12 copies of the object (in increment of 30 degree angle) with the Transform effect.
Play around with the shape and Transform setting, you may get the following:
With the Roughen Effect, I can make the trees look more realistic.
The example below shows how you can create a sketchy effect combining the Scribble and the Roughen effect. First apply the Scribble effect (Effects > Stylize > Scribble) and then apply the Roughen effect as shown.
If you are constantly using the same effect, it is wiser to use the Graphic Styles to save time and maintain consistency.
After you've done the inital sketchy style, drag the object to the Graphic Styles palette to create a new Graphic Style.
Now, select the object(s) where you want to apply the styles. Then, click on the Graphic Style that you've just created. Change the fill and stroke color if you want. Don't forget you can also apply it to text, which remain editable.
Conclusion (There Are More...)
I've only showed the basic Illustrator effects. There are actually more cool and useful effects. Don't be afraid to explore the effect menu and experiment with the other effects such as the Warp and 3D.
Tips For Using Illustrator Effect
- Graphic Styles - save time by using Graphic Styles.
- Scale Strokes and Effects - you can toggle Scale Strokes and Effects option via the Transform palette.
- Appearance Palette - you can turn effect layer on/off or remove it. Double-click on the effect layer to open the option dialog.
- Press D to quickly remove all effects.
- Expand Appearance - if you want to expand the appearance into paths, go to Object > Expand Appearance. Note: once the effect is expanded, it will become ineditable.
You may download the Illustrator file (CS2) that is used in this tutorial for your learning purposes. | <urn:uuid:fb6b74cd-e79d-4192-9c38-189e3cf26306> | {
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Then he said: “Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants he shall be to his brethren.” -Genesis 9:25
Dr. Thomas Buford Maston (AD 1897-1988) was a longtime Ethics professor at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas. While a student, I had the opportunity to briefly visit with T. B. Maston on a walk around the SWBTS campus. In 1959 Dr. Maston wrote “The Bible & Race,” published by Broadman Press. It was a book ahead of its times. In 2008 SWBTS reprinted this book as a part of its Centennial Classics.
In the last chapter, Maston deals with the Curse of Ham, or the Curse of Canaan in Genesis 9. This biblical passage has been wrongly used by some to justify slavery and racism. I will not reprint the entire chapter, but Maston’s conclusion.
Conclusions Concerning the Curse
“What can we conclude concerning the curse of Canaan and its relevance to the contemporary racial situation? Some personal conclusions are as follows:
1. The curse was a pronouncement of a particular sentence on a particular sin.
2. The curse was a prophecy. Its main purpose was to predict the subjugation of the Canaanites by the children of Israel.
3. The fulfilment of the terms of the curse and the time of the fulfilment were dependent on the decisions and the conduct of the ones mentioned in the curse.
4. The curse of Canaan has no direct relevance to the contemporary racial situation. The Negro was not included in the original curse, since he was not and is not a descendant of Canaan. Even if he were a descendant of Canaan, the curse itself is no longer in force.
5. Most men seek divine sanction for what they do or want to do.
6. In seeking divine sanction for enforced racial segregation, some have used the curse of Canaan, which they usually label ‘the curse of Ham,’ and the Bible in general to support their position.
7. Even Christians may defend racial segregation as the best method of temporarily and immediately handling a perplexing problem without doing great damage to the cause of Christ, so long as they will not use the curse of Canaan and other biblical incidents and teachings to support their position, and so long as they do not defend segregation as being the full and final expression of the divine will in human relations. When the latter is done, irreparable harm is done to the Christian movement and to the Christian witness at home and abroad.
Surely the God who created man in his own image, who made of one all men, who is no respecter of persons, who loved all men enough to give his Son for their salvation, and who taught us to love our neighbor as ourselves did not and does not intend that any man or any segment of mankind should be kept in permanent subserviency or should be treated as innately inferior, as second-class citizens in a first-class society.”
-T. B. Maston, The Bible & Race; 1959.
-David R. Brumbelow, Gulf Coast Pastor, May 29, AD 2017.
Many other articles in lower right margin. | <urn:uuid:9e636d54-6d7e-4afd-ae8d-655b0d85f1a8> | {
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Kojiro Hayashi vividly recalls the image of swaying palm trees, crystal-clear blue seas and a sense of peace when he first visited Lubang, a small island in the western Philippines, in May 1996.
It was also a thought-provoking trip for Hayashi as he was part of a group accompanying Hiroo Onoda, a former intelligence officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. Onoda was making his first trip back to the island, where he fought and stayed on with his comrades until he was the only remaining survivor for almost three decades following the end of World War II — unaware that the war had ended.
“I thought to myself it must be fun to live on an island like this as Robinson Crusoe or Tarzan,” said the 68-year-old Hayashi who, like Onoda, is from Wakayama Prefecture.
“But then I saw the tense face of Mr. Onoda and I realized that this place was a battleground where he gave 30 years of his life,” Hayashi recounted. “The sounds, the moving shadows, all these must have been hostile to him.”
Until news of the emergence of the Japanese holdout grabbed headlines, the 24,626-hectare, heavily forested island about 150 km southwest of Manila was little-known to the world.
Now, more than three decades since Onoda repatriated from the island to Japan in 1974, locals are hoping to cash in on their island’s historical link with Onoda to revitalize its fledgling economy by opening up sites, including the former soldier’s hideouts, as an eco-tourism spot.
“Lubang has a big potential for eco-tourism with the mountain trail, virgin forest and pristine beach,” said Benjamin Tria, a Rotarian from Looc, the site where Onoda “surrendered” upon orders from his superior.
Tria said there are many unexplored areas on the island that can be developed to offer visitors an experience to enjoy nature and learn history by incorporating the story of Onoda in the so-called Onoda Trail tracing the man’s survival in the jungle.
Unlike the country’s large-scale commercially developed, well-known tourist islands such as Boracay, Tria said Lubang will be “unique” as an eco-tourism destination linked with Onoda’s history and vital to bolster the community’s economy.
Creating a historical tour could “help hype up” eco-tourism in Lubang and spark tourist interest in the island, thus paving the way for other attractions, including scuba diving and fishing, said Jet Boiser, who was part of a team that surveyed Lubang.
The idea is to take the visitors from the lowland through the jungle, passing through rivers and taking a peek into various spots where the ever-moving Onoda hid to avoid capture, including a small cave.
Other sights of interest are a peace monument and the Philippine Air Force’s Gozar Air Station, which is located on a hill at an elevation of about 500 meters and is about 1 km from the cave. The U.S. military used the radar station for its operations.
Despite its lush and diverse tropical forest and historical stories, Lubang is not a designated tourism spot by Philippine tourism authorities.
Grace Horii, a public relations officer at the Tokyo office of the Philippine Department of Tourism, said there is “big tourism market potential” for Lubang, but it simply needs to be developed.
Horii said Lubang could be attractive for the senior market of Japan, given the island’s proximity to Manila and wartime historical significance in connection to Onoda.
She said she believes the baby boomer generation would be particularly interested in seeing for themselves Onoda’s hideouts as they are keen on making trips that offer a learning experience.
Munehiro Hanada, a 70-year-old Wakayama resident who has visited Lubang several times, agreed, saying the Onoda Trail would be “interesting” for middle-aged people.
When lured to the island, the people will then discover Lubang as a wonderful respite from the city bustle, locals say.
The island’s biodiversity will also be a “plus for eco-tourism,” said Nathaniel Bantayan, an associate professor of forestry at the University of the Philippines Los Banos who conducted an environmental assessment on Lubang.
As the island makes all-out efforts for development through eco-tourism, he also warned of potential environmental hazards that may detract from this potential, citing encroachment on forests and the lack of effective waste management that, if neglected for long, may pollute the beach.
“For the eco-tourism project to be successful, it has to be comprehensive to include waste management, and for this, strong political will (from the local government) is needed,” Bantayan said.
On top of that, locals and visitors are calling for improved basic infrastructure, including roads, electricity and sanitation, and more convenient access to the island to ease tourist discomforts.
Travel to Lubang takes four to five hours by ferry or 30 minutes by plane from Manila, but ferry trips and flights are limited.
While the government will be solely responsible for providing the infrastructure for eco-tourism, what is needed to push forward the project is the private sector’s aid to invest in the island, the way the private sector had developed the Philippine island resorts of Boracay and Cebu, said Boiser, who worked at the Philippine National Economic and Development Authority.
Hanada also stressed that the island is better off with simple, cozy lodgings to give a more relaxing feel.
Santiago Tria, a 31-year-old entrepreneur and contractor of development projects in Lubang, meanwhile, laments the lack of aid to Lubang, which ends up relying on its mainstay livelihood of agriculture and fishing. Aid is insufficient and slow, he said.
Tria indicated he understands Onoda’s complicated sentiment toward the island, alluding to Onoda’s killing of islanders during wartime, but called for Onoda’s support to help uplift their lives.
Moving beyond his harrowing ordeal on Lubang, the 85-year-old Onoda is now in Japan and, as he writes in his autobiography, “is staking the rest of my life” on a youth nature camp he opened in 1984 in his country.
Tria voiced hope the former Japanese soldier could help his community to give a better future to the local children.
“We want to see the island develop and hope Mr. Onoda or countries like Japan could help us through eco-tourism and basic infrastructure, especially access roads,” he added. | <urn:uuid:74db65f7-51a7-47b1-9ad3-e72a66b591b9> | {
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LOFAR, LWA, and others.
Modern astrophysicists can observe the Universe using light, particles, or (hopefully) gravity waves. Classically astronomers observed light through a telescope, but today we don't look through telescopes and we don't just vaguely see light; we precisley count photons from every part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, but a photon can be thought of as a wave and a particle. Indeed, a photon is a wave and a particle at once. Longer wavelength photons have lower energy and lower frequency compared to short wavelength photons. In the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum the particle view of light is not very helpful, in fact many radio astronomers and engineers actually neglect to ever think about about photons and only consider wavelength or frequency. Radio astronomers view light as an electromagnetic waves impinging upon our patient antennas like waves on the beach.
Long wavelength photons come from some very interesting sources in the sky. Radio waves certainly come from the Sun, because the Sun emits some energy at just about every wavelength. Radio waves are also emitted by galaxies, pulsars, and neutral hydrogen (through the 21cm line). However, the wavelength of photons is not constant: it increases as the photons traverse the Universe due to cosmological redshift such that more distant objects are seen at progressively larger and larger wavelengths consider to more and more distant objects. In my research I am particularly interested in studying the distribution of matter in the Universe at the largest of scales and at the earliest epochs when there was an abundance of neutral hydrogen. Radio waves are perfect for studying these phenomena, but it is difficult to build a telescope that can see a widefield of view, can see a wide range of frequencies at once, and has good resolution.
As radio waves arrive at our antennas we can either immediately detect them or we can reflect them to a receiver. The Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico is reflector type telescope, as are the antennas in the Very Large Array. The antenna on your car directly receives the electromagnetic wave because it induces an oscillation in the field inside the metal of the receiving antenna and then you can hook up a transistor, and a speaker - that is a radio like in your car.
The problem with detecting radio wavelengths is that they are not easy to catch and they act way too much like a wave. Waves have strange properties such as interference and diffraction. It can be shown from wave theory that a telescope of diameter D receiving light of wavelength λ has a fundamental angular resolution limit proportional to λ/D. For example the colossal 300 meter diameter Arecibo telescope can only resolve objects down to 3.5 arc minutes (or about half a degree) at a wavelength of .2 meters (or 1.4 Ghz) and that resolving power will only get worse as we move to longer wavelengths. So if you want to see small things in the sky you had better have a huge radio telescope. But wait, there is more. The field of view that a radio telescope can see is also proportional to λ/D. For example at a wavelength of .2 meters it would take Arecibo about 10 separate observations to make an image of the full moon which is about half a degree in the sky.
So if you want to look at the radio sky at high resolution you had better use a huge telescope, but if you want to look at the radio sky in huge swaths, like in survey, you had better use a small telescope. It would seem to be that we are at an impasse to find a decent resolution and decent field of view radio telescope. Enter radio interferometry.
The diagram above is a pictorial representation of the principles of radio interferometry. In box A we have a big radio dish like Arecibo and a radio wave incident upon it. The radio waves hit the dish and reflect to a receiver (not shown in the cartoon) at the focal point. In box B we have chopped our radio telescope into little bits and so while the dish would behave as a smaller dish it would operate via the same principles. Each part reflects the radio waves incident upon it to a single focal point. In box C we have moved the pieces of the dish into several independent dishes and wired them together. Each dish now has its own focus, field of view, and angular resolution limit (this setup is similar to the VLA). Finally, in box D we have gotten rid of even the dishes. Instead of turning the dish to point to a particular object we use the time delay due to the finite speed of light to 'point' the antennas. An object in the direction θ in the sky sends out radio waves that arrive at the antenna tilted. So to catch the same the wave on the antenna on the left and right spanning the arrow in the diagram we use the time delay τ. In this setup there is no pointing the dish there is only an electronic control of simple antenna elements; this is how the MWA works.
The most difficult part of pulling the telescope apart is reassembling the signals coherently. In the diagram this is the function of the box with the circle and x. In radio astronomy that box would be a complex supercomputer and is called a correlator. The computing power needed to operate a correlator scales as the number of antenna elements squared thus it really takes a powerful computer to operate an array with many antennas. The idea is that the signal from each pair of antennas is correlated together to determine the pattern of incident radio waves. This is the basic idea of radio interferometry; the beautiful thing is that you get the large field of view that each antenna would see and the excellent resolution that the large diameter of antennas provide. The description I have given here of radio interferometry is wildly simplified.
So here I am in a shed in Murchison. A generator is humming along and powering all our computers and equipment and importantly the air conditioner keeping me cool. Flies and strange insects pester us relentlessly the moment I step outside. There are a lot of great things about Australia, but it is also a very harsh environment out here. The array has not been cooperating perfectly: there are amplifiers, attenuators, analog to digital converters, correlators, and more that all have to act in symphony for the system to work. The last few days we have solved as many problems as we have created. The radio sky sends its nite rote down upon us and waits for us to complete the instrument. | <urn:uuid:a7c4aa88-f6cb-40bb-b6dc-c4931d7cf009> | {
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Listening to NPR the other morning I heard a disturbing story about energy production in the US. On one hand, given the ongoing disaster in Japan, our country is turning away from nuclear, on the other hand, we are turning towards natural gas.
Hearing this has prompted me to find out more about energy production in the US. Rather than run this as one gigantic post, it will broken into a series, titled “American Energy 2011.” The series will begin with look at natural gas.
According to Need.org, natural gas is defined as a nonrenewable fossil fuel. It is produced in 33 states and it is also imported for heating and electricity purposes in the US. It is very accessible to the US population and is the 2nd largest producer of electricity after coal. It is literally everywhere. There is natural gas located under the Marcellus Shale reserves, which runs from Kentucky to upstate New York.
map from http://www.earthjustice.org
The map above shows drilling/fracking sites or potential sites, and the skulls (they look like black dots) are the sites of “fraccidents.” In producing anything, there are unintended consequences, and in the case of natural gas, I”m going hope that the effects of fracking are an unintended consequence. Natural gas is extracted by forcing highly pressured chemically treated water into the ground which frees the gas, here is a link to the staggering amount of chemicals that are used, http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used. This water, which may be radioactive, is then released and finds its way into local water ways (read drinking water).
There is a plan in Pennsylvania, the focus of the NPR report, to add 50% more wells than exist today. The governor hopes to move quickly on this to create jobs for the residents of his state, he also hopes to make “Pennsylvania the Texas of natural gas.”
The governor of Pennsylvania’s plan to move forward with natural gas production is being held up by regulators who have temporarily barred the creation of new wells pending investigation into the environmental effects of fracking, specifically water contamination.
On April 19th, in LeRoy Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, there was a gas drilling emergency. Thousands of gallons of fluid spilled onto farmlands and into Towanda Creek. Neighbors and authorities, specifically the DEP are monitoring the water as it flows into the Susquehanna. Chesapeake Energy is the company in charge of the well.
In a Reuters article on April 26th there was some positive information,
- Chesapeake, one of Pennsylvania’s biggest shale gas producers, last week suspended all seven of its fracking operations in the state after the incident released thousands of gallons of drilling fluid into the surrounding area.
- On Monday Chesapeake said it replaced a damaged wellhead and gained control of the well that gushed the fluids.
- One analyst said the federal government may keep a close eye on fracking operations after Congressional hearings questioned the quality of the oversight.
- “Enhanced oversight from the federal EPA is to be expected,” Christine Tezak, an energy policy analyst at Robert W. Baird and Co, said in a research note on Tuesday.
The effects of the April 19th episode may be long felt but it seems there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Pennsylvania has requested that the natural gas industry cease and desist from dumping the chemical soup into rivers by May 9th.
The Marcellus Shale Coalition, a leading industry group announced that its members were committed to halting the practice by the state’s stated goal of May 19.
For more information and to find out what you can do visit:
UPDATE: WGAL has started a series looking at natural gas and its effects. Watch the first episode here :Gas Rush: How Adequate Are Drilling Regulations? Part II – Video – WGAL The Susquehanna Valley. | <urn:uuid:06af3155-3338-49db-9b5d-82d2cdccbeca> | {
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It’s important to know the difference between a food allergy and intolerance. Food intolerance is the result of poor digestion and the symptoms normally include diarrhea or other chronic, low-level symptoms.
Food allergies are the result of the over-response of the immune system to a food protein. Nearly all food your dog eats contains protein and these proteins all have the ability to trigger food allergies.
The most common proteins that cause allergy symptoms in dogs are beef, dairy and chicken, although some plant based proteins including corn, wheat and soy, can also be triggers.
While food allergies are an increasingly large problem in dogs, most vets and pet owners are most concerned with treating existing allergies with food elimination diets or immune suppressing drugs. Anybody who has a dog with allergies knows they are notoriously difficult to treat, so focusing on prevention is important for any pet owner.
And the first step toward prevention of allergies is of course being able to identify their cause.....
When food proteins are injected directly into the blood stream, a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction against this new allergen causes a response in a type of immune cell called a TH2 lymphocyte, which belongs to a subset of T cells that produce a cytokine called interleukin-4 (IL-4). These TH2 cells interact with other lymphocytes called B cells, whose role is the production of antibodies. Coupled with signals provided by IL-4, this interaction stimulates the B cell to begin production of a large amount of a type of antibody specific to food proteins, known as IgE.
Secreted IgE circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor on the surface of other kinds of immune cells called mast cells and basophils, which are both involved in the acute inflammatory response. The IgE-coated cells are then sensitized to the allergen (food proteins).
If the vaccinated dog now eats these foods, the food proteins bind to the IgE held on the surface of the mast cells or basophils. Cross-linking of the IgE and Fc receptors occurs when more than one IgE- receptor complex interacts with the same food allergenic molecule, and activates the sensitized cell. Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called degranulation, during which they release histamine and other inflammatory chemi- cal mediators (cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) from their granules into the surrounding tissue, causing several systemic responses, such as vasodilation, mucus secretion, nerve stimulation and smooth muscle contrac- tion. This is what causes food allergy symptoms like itchiness and inflamed ears.
To read the complete article visit: http://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/vaccination-allergies-link/?inf_contact_key=60e0e4fc63efe1b3f60a97f95a5591afb48c2e98dc5d294ba4d94147077a35daRead More | <urn:uuid:d0096334-9ea6-4de9-b7b5-5e39248b9642> | {
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Google/Alphabet’s new and improved artificial intelligence program, AlphaGo, just beat the best human player of the game Go as reported by Wired. Go was invented in China thousands of years ago, and it is considered the most complicated game in the world. AlphaGo is the newest version of Alphabet’s artificial intelligence program. According to Google’s DeepMind Lab, AlphaGo was completely redesigned and reconfigured so that the AI system would learn the game from playing the game against itself, as well as analyze the data of wins and losses by humans. Some of the most interesting metaphysical questions about AI are reflected in the win. Human players make moves based on strategy, custom and tradition built into the game and in predicting the personality of the particular player. By contrast, AI learns, through trial and error, each possible approach, learns from losses and wins, and then manipulates and capitalizes on all human playing behavior.
For any questions regarding artificial intelligence, please contact this author or a member of Polsinelli’s Privacy and Data Security team. | <urn:uuid:47f5a00a-665b-40e1-af67-87d83ee40d4b> | {
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Weight loss is often an important issue for new mothers. Nursing mothers often hear how easy and rapid weight loss is a great benefit of breastfeeding. While this is true, sometimes after a few months, more of that pregnancy belly is still around than mothers would like. So is dieting safe while breastfeeding?
According to the third edition of the Breastfeeding Answer Book (LLLI), pages 446-448, women after the first two months, when milk is established, can safely lose weight in a gradual way. About a pound a week has not been shown to affect milk production or the growth of the baby. Exercise can also be added – one study indicated 45 minute workouts 4 times a week did increase weight loss with no affect to milk supply or baby weight. Nursing mothers should be sure to be aware of thirst, and drink water or water-based liquids (or milk, if the mother is a regular milk drinker already) whenever thirsty.
This can be accomplished by cutting about 100 calories per day and increasing activity level. In the same book, on page 437, the official recommendation of the Subcommittee on Nutrition during Lactation recommends a 2700 calorie diet but says that most nursing women realistically consume between 2200 and 2460. 1800 is the minimum level considered appropriate *if* the foods are of high nutritional value, as the recommendations are based on a standard American diet which consists of many processed (less nutritious) foods. A prenatal or multivitamin may be appropriate, especially with the lower calories and should be discussed with a health care provider.
Fad diets, liquid diets and rapid weight loss are NOT recommended, although fasts of less than a day have not been shown to affect milk supply. According to La Leche League's website (http://www.llli.org/FAQ/lowcarb.html), low carb diets or other diets that create rapid weight loss might not only affect milk supply, but also allow the release of environmental toxins, stored in body fat, to be released into the milk.
Further according to the Breastfeeding Answer Book, the diet of vegetarian mother that is otherwise healthy is not generally a concern. Many vegetarian diets still contain animal products in the form of dairy or eggs, which is more than sufficient. Those eating diets with NO animal protein, like vegan or macrobiotic diets should very carefully watch B12 levels in themselves and in the baby, and may discuss a B12 supplement with their health care provider. There are vegan B12 supplements available. Those not eating dairy products may also want to watch their calcium levels so as not to affect long-term bone density. In general, vegetarians may have lower levels of calcium, but the level in the milk does not seem to be affected. As a bonus, vegetarians also have lower levels of toxins and contaminants in their system thanks to an overall lower fat diet.
For women wanting assistance or personal guidance, commercial diet plans do offer appropriate and customized assistance for breastfeeding mothers. See my article on "Breastfeeding and Commercial Diet Plans," linked below.
If you are more the DIY type, the following book may offer some assistance:
Disclaimer: All material on the BellaOnline.com Breastfeeding website is provided for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Although every effort is made to provide accurate and up-to-date information as of the date of publication, the author is neither a medical doctor, health practitioner, nor a Certified Lactation Consultant. If you are concerned about your health, or that of your child, consult with your health care provider regarding the advisability of any opinions or recommendations with respect to your individual situation. Information obtained from the Internet can never take the place of a personal consultation with a licensed health care provider, and neither the author nor BellaOnline.com assume any legal responsibility to update the information contained on this site or for any inaccurate or incorrect information contained on this site, and do not accept any responsibility for any decisions you may make as a result of the information contained on this site or in any referenced or linked materials written by others. | <urn:uuid:e411c048-a378-489e-895a-d42dc7dffff4> | {
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Every Saturday, I host a feature called Kid Konnection -- a regular weekend feature about anything related to children's books. This week, I'm going to share with you an incredible pop-up book that's fun and educational!
Many of our country's biggest, highest and deepest wonders are found in the national park system. Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park is our deepest lake. Mt. McKinley in Denali National Park is the highest point in North America, and the nation's lowest point is Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park. In California, Sequoia National Park has the world's largest trees, giant sequoias. In nearby Yosemite National Park is the highest waterfall in North America, Yosemite Falls, cascading 2,425 feet into the valley. Our hope is the stunning pop-up scenes of America's National Parks, A Pop-Up Book will inspire you and your family to visit these special places.
Throughout our history, great Americans traveled into the national parks, and praised their beauty and majesty. John James Audubon described his first visit to the Everglades: "We observed great flocks of wading birds flying overhead...in such numbers to actually block out the light from the sun..." President Theodore Roosevelt said of the Grand Canyon, "The most impressive piece of scenery I have ever looked at..." And John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, said of his
favorite wilderness, Yosemite National Park, "It is by far the grandest of all the special temples of Nature I was ever permitted to enter." The book captures the beauty of these parks in amazing three-dimensional pop-up scenes. Stories are told of heroic explorers, such as John Wesley Powell who in 1869 set off with nine companions in four wooden boats to run the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. Newspapers across the country reported on his trip into what mapmakers named The Great Unknown. One newspaper reported on the planned trip, "whoever ventures into this canyon will never come out alive," almost a true prediction as Powell---with five crew members, in two boats---completed their 1,000 mile, ninety-nine-day expedition.
Springing to life are wildflowers of Great Smoky Mountains National Park; Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park (rises 13" above the page); a mountain goat, the iconic mammal of Glacier National Park, perches on a high cliff; and the grandest lodge in all of the national park system, The Ahwahnee in Yosemite National Park, invites you to enter.
The pop-up creations of Bruce Foster are impressive, as is the truly American art style of the 1930s WPA posters used by Dave Ember to magnificently illustrate each pop-up spread. Our national parks are in your heart. Now have them spring to life in your home with America's National Parks, A Pop-Up Book. -- W.W. West, Inc.
AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS: A POP-UP BOOK with paper engineering by Bruce Foster, illustrations by Dave Ember, and concept and text by Don Compton is nothing short of amazing! Truly, this book, with its gorgeous pop-ups, took my breath away.
This is embarrassing to admit, but I have never really thought much about visiting the National Parks. That is, until recently. I visited the Grand Canyon when I was in middle school, and besides that, I haven't seen any of the "biggies." But over the past few years, I've have had family and friends visit Yellowstone, Yosemite, and others; and I've been amazed by their stories and photos. I am truly in awe that we have so much beauty in our country and I'm beginning to think a vacation out west might be fun for our family.
After reading (and playing with) AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS: A POP-UP BOOK, I think I want to visit these National Parks sooner rather than later. This book is unbelievable -- one that you have to experience -- just like the parks I guess! The book has full page pop-up spreads for The Everglades, The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, The Grand Canyon National Park, Yellowstone, Glacier National Park, and Yosemite. It also has text and illustrations on the Eastern National Parks and the Far West National Parks.
But that's just the beginning... this stunning book has little pop-up books that fold out for additional details about the parks as well as mini books included on each page. There are also featured quotations by famous people including John F. Kennedy, John James Audubon, Theodore Roosevelt, and John Muir.
When I saw that Bruce Foster was the pop-up creator, I knew that the book itself would be gorgeous; however, I admit I was surprised by how much information was included on each page. I couldn't get over how much I learned by reading this book, and that's one of the reasons that I love this book so much -- it teaches kids (and me!) about the National Parks in a very fun way!
Check out this video. I think it does a terrific job of capturing the beauty and complexity of the book. Some things just can't be expressed in words.
And here's another great reason to purchase AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS... they are trying to raise $100,000 for the National Parks Conservation Association. For each book that is sold, they will donate $8 to the NPCA! If you purchase the Deluxe Limited Edition (only 1,200 copies made) for $105, then $80 is donated to the NPCA.
AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS: A POP-UP BOOK is truly spectacular! Highly recommended for kids of all ages!
Thanks to the publisher for providing a review copy of this novel.
If you'd like to participate in Kid Konnection and share a post about anything related to children's books (picture, middle grade, or young adult) from the past week, please leave a comment as well as a link below with your name/blog name and the title of the book! Feel free to grab the little button too! | <urn:uuid:a99007df-7ca4-4b0c-b2fc-0657da54570a> | {
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- a dualistic religion founded in the 6th century b.c. as a revolt against current Hinduism and emphasizing the perfectibility of human nature and liberation of the soul, especially through asceticism and nonviolence toward all living creatures.
Origin of Jainism
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for jainism
But it must be remembered that even in Jainism Buddha is only a memory.
Jainism had a distinguished but chequered career in the south.
The beauty of Jainism finds its best expression in architecture.
It is a celebrated stronghold of Jainism, and here is another most splendid temple.
Jainism, like every other heathen system, is an effort to earn salvation by labors and sacrifices of one's own.
- an ancient Hindu religion, which has its own scriptures and believes that the material world is eternal, progressing endlessly in a series of vast cycles
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for jainism
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper | <urn:uuid:d3e6e28b-d85f-46b1-8672-776f75d786c4> | {
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Fuel cells are usually expensive because they use platinum as a catalyst. To make them more appealing to the market, researchers from the DOE’s National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Houston, have created a new type of platinum catalyst, reducing the use of the pure metal down to 80 or even 70 percent, thus reducing the overall cost.
“This is a significant advance,” said scientist Anders Nilsson, who conducts research at the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, a joint institute between SLAC and Stanford University. “Fuel cells were invented more than 100 years ago. They haven’t made a leap over to being a big technology yet, in part because of this difficulty with platinum.”
Fuel cells dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen, and currently require about 100 grams of platinum, which sends the price of one unit into the thousands of dollars category.
Platinum has been chosen because it is the only material that is strong enough to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds, but does not bind to the free oxygen atoms too strongly. Other materials either can’t break apart the oxygen atoms, or bind to the released oxygen, which makes them unusable.
In 2005, Peter Strasser from the University of Houston began his quest in finding a solution to this problem by not replacing the platinum, by making it more reactive. He used a process called “dealloying”. He combined platinum with varying amounts of copper, and created a copper-platinum alloy, and then removed the copper from the surface region – the dealloying process. The resulted platinum material was discovered to be even more effective than it would otherwise had been.
The explanation to what happens to the alloy has been given by studying it with an X-ray beam. The phenomenon is called lattice strain – or the rearrangement or the platinum atoms closer together. This causes oxygen atoms to bond more weakly to the platinum, making the alloy better for use in fuel cells. “The distance between two neighboring atoms affects their electronic structure,” Strasser said. “By changing the interatomic distance, we can manipulate how strongly they form bonds.” | <urn:uuid:4f6587f8-50bb-4e36-8a43-4762dd118ebb> | {
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Animal Care Program
Veterinarian's primary responsibilities (based on ACLAM):
a. Disease Detection and Surveillance, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Resolution
1. The isolation, quarantine and stabilization programs for newly arrived animals are necessary to provide time to assess their health status, allow them to recover from the stress of shipment and an opportunity to adapt to their new environment. The extent of these programs depends on several factors, including species and source of the animals as well as their intended use. For some animals, such as rodents obtained from reliable sources for which health status is known, visual inspection on arrival may suffice. For species such as nonhuman primates, farm animals, wild animals, random source dogs and cats, and non-specific pathogen free rabbits and rodents, appropriate quarantine and isolation procedures must be employed.
2. Preventive medicine programs such as vaccinations, ecto- and endoparasite treatments and other disease control measures will be initiated according to currently acceptable veterinary medical practices appropriate to the particular species and source. Only animals of defined health status should be used in research and testing unless a specific, naturally occurring or induced disease state is being studied. Systems should be established to protect animals within the institution from exposure to diseases. Transgenic and mutant animals may be particularly susceptible to diseases and may require special protection to ensure their health. Systems to prevent spread of disease may include facility design features, containment/isolation equipment, and use of standard operating procedures. Training of animal care and research staff is essential to prevent spread of animal diseases.
3. Daily observation of all animals by a person or persons qualified to verify their well-being is required. It is not necessary for a veterinarian to personally make this assessment each day. However, at a minimum, a trained paraprofessional or technician must observe each animal every day and there must be a timely and accurate method for conveying information regarding animal health, behavior and well-being to the veterinarian.
4. Disease surveillance is a major responsibility of the veterinarian and includes routine monitoring of colony animals for the presence of parasitic, bacterial and viral agents that may cause overt or inapparent disease. Additionally, cells, tissues, fluids, and transplantable tumors that are to be used in animals should be monitored for infectious or parasitic agents that may cause disease in animals. The type and intensity of monitoring necessary will depend upon professional veterinary judgment and the species, source, use and number of animals housed and used in the facility.
5. Diagnostic laboratory services are available and used as appropriate. Laboratory services include necropsy, histopathology, microbiology, clinical pathology, serology, and parasitology as well as other routine or specialized laboratory procedures, as needed. It is not necessary that all of these services be available within the animal facility if other laboratories with appropriate capabilities are available and used.
6. Animals with infectious disease must be isolated from others by placing them in isolation units or separate rooms appropriate for the containment of the agents of concern. In certain circumstances, when an entire group of animals is known or thought to be exposed or infected, it may be appropriate to keep the group intact during the time necessary for diagnosis and treatment, for taking other control measures, or for completion of a project.
7. The veterinarian has authority to use appropriate treatment or control measures, including euthanasia if indicated, following diagnosis of an animal disease or injury. If possible, the veterinarian will discuss the situation with the principal investigator to determine a course of action consistent with experimental goals. However, if the principal investigator is not available, or if agreement cannot be reached, the veterinarian has authority to act to protect the health and well-being of the institutional animal colony. The veterinarian's authority is exercised with the concurrence of the IACUC and the Institutional Official.
b. Handling and Restraint; Anesthetics, Analgesics and Tranquilizer Drugs; and Methods of Euthanasia
Veterinary care includes providing guidance to animal users and monitoring animal use to assure that appropriate methods of handling and restraint are being used and to ensure proper use of anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers, and methods of euthanasia.
The veterinarian has the responsibility and authority to assure that handling, restraint, anesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia are administered as required to relieve pain and such suffering in research animals, provided such intervention is not specifically precluded in protocols reviewed and approved by the IACUC. The veterinarian will exercise good professional judgment to select the most appropriate pharmacologic agent(s) and methods to relieve animal pain or distress in order to assure humane treatment of animals, while avoiding undue interference with goals of the experiment.
c. Surgical and Postsurgical Care
Veterinary care includes the review and approval of all preoperative, surgical and postoperative procedures. The institution bears responsibility and assures, through authority explicitly delegated to the veterinarian or to the IACUC, that only facilities with programs appropriate for the intended surgical procedures are utilized and that personnel are adequately trained and competent to perform the procedures. The veterinarian's inherent responsibility includes monitoring and providing recommendations concerning preoperative procedures, surgical techniques, the qualifications of institutional staff to perform surgery and the provision of postoperative care.
d. Animal Well-Being
Veterinary care includes responsibility for the promotion and monitoring of an animal's well-being before, during and after experimentation or testing. Animal well-being includes both physical and psychological aspects of an animal's condition evaluated in terms of environmental comfort, freedom from pain and distress and appropriate social interactions, both with conspecifics and with man. The veterinarian has the authority and responsibility for making determinations concerning animal well-being and assuring that animal well-being is adequately monitored and promoted. The veterinarian exercises this responsibility in review of animal care and use protocols, and has the authority to remove an animal from an experiment which is adversely affecting its well-being beyond a level reviewed and approved by the IACUC. The following examples represent how this responsibility can be met:
• Ensuring the adequacy of the physical plant, caging and ancillary equipment.
• Developing, implementing and monitoring sound animal care (husbandry) programs including such areas as sanitation, nutrition, genetics and breeding and vermin control.
• Establishing an acclimatization program to adapt animals to either short-term or long term restraint procedures.
• Improving and enriching an animal's environment to minimize the development of physical or behavioral abnormalities.
• Providing appropriate opportunities for human-animal socialization and acclimatization to the research environment or procedures.
• Performing periodic physical and clinical evaluations appropriate for the species and the experimental situation.
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Compose A Jingle
This assessment will ask students to individually create a short melody or jingle solo based upon the criteria outlined in the task. Teachers should modify this model plan to match the instructional level of their students.
Students will be assessed on their ability to correctly notate a melody that is 12 or more measures in length, correctly notate in the chosen key signature, correctly notate in the chosen time signature with the correct number of beats in each measure, and correctly notate using a variety of rhythmic values.
NOTE: Phase 2, in which students notate their compositions, is optional. The elements related to Phase 2 are delineated in this booklet.
This item has been voluntarily field-tested by Michigan teachers with a non-representative sample of students.
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The Play (Masterplots II: African American Literature, Revised Edition)
According to Lorraine Hansberry’s stage directions at the beginning of the play, the action occurs sometime between the end of World War II and the 1950’s. The play is set in an urban ghetto and deals with the problems encountered by a poor black family as it tries to cope with the realities of life on Chicago’s South Side. It reveals the devastating effects of poverty and oppression on the African American family. Even before the play begins, Hansberry’s stage directions, both in tone and substance, suggest the extent of that devastation. The furnishings in the Younger family’s apartment, she says, are “tired,” and the “once loved couch upholstery” has to “fight to show itself from under acres of dollies and couch covers.” The very environment in which the Youngers live mirrors the struggle for survival that is waged daily in this household.
As the play progresses, the frustration born of this poverty and oppression mounts. The anger and hostility that it spawns begin to erode the foundations of the family structure. This erosion begins early in the play, exhibiting itself in the strained relations between Walter Lee and his wife Ruth as they argue over the disposition of money coming from insurance on Walter’s father. Walter Lee wants to use the money to purchase a liquor store. He is convinced that such a business venture will be his ticket out of the ghetto. His marriage threatens to collapse under the constant bickering. Ruth,...
(The entire section is 532 words.)
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Form and Content (Masterplots II: Juvenile & Young Adult Literature Series, Supplement)
A Raisin in the Sun is a three-act play set entirely in the Younger family’s Chicago tenement apartment. As the play opens, Walter Younger, Sr., referred to as “Big Walter,” has recently died, leaving his widow, Lena, a life insurance policy worth $10,000. Lena wants to use the money as a down payment on a house in the suburbs so that her family can leave its crowded, shabby apartment. Lena’s son, Walter, wants to invest the money in a liquor store so that he can quit his job as a rich white man’s chauffeur and become his own boss. Beneatha, Walter’s younger sister, a college student, wants to use part of the money to pay for her medical school tuition. Ruth, Walter’s pregnant wife, sides with Lena.
The debate over how to spend the insurance money threatens to destroy the Younger family. Walter insults his sister by telling her to forget about medical school and become a nurse or get married like other women. Lena expresses misgivings about Walter’s plan to invest in the liquor business, and he, in turn, accuses his mother of destroying his dream of becoming a successful businessman and providing for his family. When Lena refuses to give Walter the $10,000 that he needs for his investment, he stops working and starts drinking heavily. Ruth considers having an abortion because she does not want to add another family member to the Youngers’ crowded apartment.
Watching her family unravel, Lena attempts a compromise that...
(The entire section is 580 words.)
Places Discussed (Cyclopedia of Literary Places)
*Chicago’s Southside. Primarily African American neighborhood of Chicago in which members of three generations of the Younger family struggle against poverty and racism. Recently widowed Lena Younger, her children Beneatha and Walter Lee, and Walter’s wife Ruth and son, Travis, occupy a three-room apartment with a bathroom down the hall that they share with other tenants. With its worn furniture and limited natural light, the apartment reflects the disappointment and growing despair of the family.
An expected insurance check has Walter Lee planning a business venture, but the scheme involves disreputable characters and the sale of liquor. Realizing that the cramped quarters of the apartment is detrimental to her family in much the same way that it is harmful to a houseplant that she is trying to nurture, Lena uses half the insurance money as a down payment on a three-bedroom house in Clybourne Park with a yard large enough for a garden.
Clybourne Park. White residential area of Chicago in which Lena makes a down payment on a house. Not considering the potential racial problems her family may face, she chooses the neighborhood because she wants “the nicest place for the least amount of money” for her family. After she makes the down payment, however, the Youngers are visited by a man representing Clybourne Park’s white residents, who offers to buy the house...
(The entire section is 329 words.)
The Play (Masterplots II: Drama)
A Raisin in the Sun opens at dawn, in the shabby South Side apartment of the Younger family, which will remain the sole setting of the play. It is Friday, and Ruth Younger, the wife of Walter, rises and wakes her ten-year-old son, Travis, who is sleeping in the middle of the living room. The living room has seen better days, as have the furnishings. In the rear is a kitchenette. To the left is the bedroom of Lena Younger, the matriarch of the family, and her daughter Beneatha. To the right is the bedroom of Ruth and Walter.
After Travis is sent off to school, Walter, a lean, intense man in his middle thirties, begins complaining that Ruth does everything to keep him from getting ahead. He mentions that his friend Willy Harris wants to buy a liquor store and has asked Walter and Bobo, another friend, to become partners. When Ruth scoffs at the plan, Walter angrily charges that all black women seek to keep their men down. Then Walter quarrels with Beneatha, who has emerged from her bedroom, over the fact that Mama Younger is paying for Beneatha’s college education. Beneatha hopes to become a doctor. She insists that it is her mother’s right to do as she pleases with her money, including the life-insurance money Mama Younger will get (Walter and Beneatha’s father has recently died). The expected ten thousand dollars should be Mama’s to do with as she pleases and, Beneatha adds, should not be used for any of Walter’s harebrained schemes....
(The entire section is 1036 words.)
Dramatic Devices (Masterplots II: Drama)
Lorraine Hansberry uses few innovative dramatic devices in A Raisin in the Sun. Her play rests on tried-and-true methods of the domestic drama, with loud and emotional confrontations, as well as clear individual portraits. The setting remains the same throughout the play—the Youngers’ apartment in Chicago’s ghetto.
Ruth, a calm young woman who is rapidly growing old in her life with Walter, provides a contrast with her husband, who is emotional and unreasonable. Mama herself is a counter to her two children, both of whom are high-strung and self-willed. Mama remains solid and hard-thinking when dealing with difficult problems, although she is clearly too indulgent with Walter and Beneatha.
One device is used openly: the symbol of Mama’s plant. The poor, fragile houseplant is Mama’s symbol of the future, of her house-to-be, where she will have a garden of her own. The plant, at the end of the play, is almost forgotten by Mama when she leaves, but she returns to take it with her.
Diction also is a dramatic device that Hansberry uses to reveal her characters. Joseph Asagai speaks in an inflated language that promises great and wonderful things, but he has also a bit of the fraud in him. Beneatha, who is a college student, speaks with an educated diction; in stage directions, however, Hansberry directs the actress to keep in mind the family’s Southern origins. Walter uses the language of the ghetto but is...
(The entire section is 258 words.)
Form and Content (Masterplots II: Women's Literature Series)
Written just as the Civil Rights movement began to get underway, this play (and the motion picture made from it in 1960) made an important statement regarding race relations. Lorraine Hansberry, coming as she did from an affluent African American family, had experienced discrimination in her own childhood when her father moved the family out of the Chicago ghetto to a home in Englewood, Illinois. She also had strong opinions about the position of black women in American society, who are represented to a great extent by the character of Beneatha in this play.
Additionally, Langston Hughes’s poem “A Dream Deferred” must be considered seminal in understanding the play. In it the poet asks, “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?. . . or does it explode?” and Hansberry has successfully dramatized various human reactions to such deferment. The time in the play spans only a few weeks, but the dreams held by each of the characters have roots that reach far back. As the play begins, Lena is expecting a check of $10,000 as beneficiary of her husband’s life insurance, and each character sees that money as the key that will unlock the future.
Most volatile about getting control of the money is Walter Lee, who wants to invest (with two other men) in a liquor store and become an independent businessman. He represents the dream that is ready to explode. In the first scene, he makes his attitude very clear when...
(The entire section is 1202 words.)
Context (Masterplots II: Women's Literature Series)
Hansberry’s influence in the theater in terms of black performers and black audiences—who saw themselves truthfully presented onstage for the first time in A Raisin in the Sun—was far greater than might seem to be the case. By 1959, Hansberry had attained fame as the youngest American and the only black dramatist to win the Best Play of the Year award. A Raisin in the Sun ran for 530 performances, toured extensively, and has been published and produced in more than thirty countries. In it, she raised the issues of racism and segregation, showing their negative influence on all of American society. She also illustrated the stereotypical hierarchy common in African American families that lack a father-figure, and she represented fairly those whom Walter Lee characterizes as “takers”—those of all colors who exploit others.
The feminist point of view is best represented by Beneatha, but Hansberry shows her three-dimensionally, not as a perfect woman, but as one probably on her way to growing into a warmer, less egocentric person, one who can combine social and political awareness with more tolerance for the foibles of her fellow human beings.
A Raisin in the Sun certainly represents Hansberry’s personal philosophy, which she summed up in an address to young black writers when she said:What I write is not based on the assumption of idyllic possibilities or innocent assessments of the true nature of life,...
(The entire section is 261 words.)
The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s
A Raisin in the Sun directly addresses the issue of segregated housing in the United States. While many neighborhoods remain effectively segregated today, such segregation was legally enforced during the 1950s. Despite several Constitutional Amendments subsequent to the Civil War, African Americans were denied many civil rights a full century later. In 1954, the case of Brown vs. Board of Education was toed in Kansas; it reached the United States Supreme Court in 1955. The Court found that segregated education was inherently unequal edu-cation, effectively outlawing the practice of "separate but equal" school systems. Also in 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott occurred, with blacks and some whites refusing to ride city buses that forced blacks to sit in the back. In 1958, the public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas were closed by the Governor in an attempt to defy the Supreme Court's ruling. In 1959, the bus system of Atlanta, Georgia, was integrated, although the Governor asked riders to continue "voluntary" segregation. Ironically, in that same year, the United Nations voted to condemn racial discrimination anywhere in the world. By the 1960s, Civil Rights demonstrations became common and resulted in much new legislation, although cultural implementation of those ideas would take much longer.
Literature and Arts in the 1950s
Artistically and culturally, the 1950s are commonly thought of...
(The entire section is 614 words.)
Act I, Scene 1: Questions and Answers
1. Why does Ruth scramble Walter’s eggs, even though he says does not want them scrambled? What does this indicate about their relationship and about whether or not they try to listen to one another?
2. Why does Ruth tell Travis to get his mind off the money that is coming the next day? What does this indicate about Travis?
3. Why does Walter give his son more money than he needs for school? How does this leave Walter, in terms of money he himself needs in order to get to work? What does this indicate about Walter’s personality?
4. What rift is indicated between Ruth and Walter when she says to him, “You mean graft?”, when he talks of how he plans to get his liquor store license approved? How does this relate to the state of their marriage?
5. What do you think the significance of Beneatha’s name might be? What words does her name sound like? What might the author be conveying about Beneatha and her effect on other people by giving her this name?
6. If you were to draw a conclusion about why Walter is so concerned with how much money Beneatha’s schooling will cost. Aside from his wanting money for the liquor store, what might it be? Why might he be so resentful of his sister wanting to continue her education so far as to go to medical school?
7. Why do Ruth and Walter refer to themselves as “colored,” rather than “black”?
(The entire section is 1267 words.)
Act I, Scene 2: Questions and Answers
1. Which theme that has been raised before is referred to in the reference to roaches “marching…like Napoleon”? Who was Napoleon? What relevance might references to him have for this play?
2. What issue in particular is alluded to when Beneatha says, “All everyone seems to know about when it comes to Africa is ‘Tarzan’”?
3. What recurring theme is alluded to when Beneatha says, while talking about how missionaries save people, “I’m afraid they need more salvation from the British and the French”?
4. In terms of the imagery associated with the rat Travis and other children are chasing, what deeper meaning do you think might be conveyed by Travis’s words as to there being rat blood all over the street? You must “read between the lines” to answer this question.
5. What theme is reiterated by the fuss over Beneatha’s hair?
6. When Mama asks Beneatha where she is going, why does Beneatha answer, “To become a queen of the Nile”? Where is the Nile, and what great civilization in antiquity flourished on the Nile? Why would that interest Beneatha?
7. When the check arrives, why does Mrs. Younger just stare at it for some time before the family urges her to open the envelope? What is her reaction to actually seeing the check?
8. Why does Mrs. Younger say, “Ten thousand dollars they give you. Ten thousand dollars”?
(The entire section is 827 words.)
Act II, Scene 1: Questions and Answers
1. What significance for their continued relationship do you think it has that Beneatha prepares to go out to a play with George Murchison in the dress that Joseph Asagai got for her?
2. What do you think has prompted Beneatha to cut her hair short and into an “Afro” hairstyle?
3. Do you think politics is the only reason Beneatha declares she hates assimilationists? If not, what could another factor be?
4. What does it show about Ruth’s awareness of racial tensions that in a casual chat with George Murchison she refers to bombings?
5. What do you think prompts Walter to assert that he has been to New York plenty of times when his wife flatly contradicts him?
6. Why does Walter launch into a string of insults to George Murchison? Why might Walter be so resentful of Murchison?
7. How do you think Walter knew that Murchison was insulting him by calling him “Prometheus,” even though he didn’t know who Prometheus was?
8. Why does Mama ignore her son when she comes home? What does this show… is the tension in their relationship?
9. What theme in the play is recalled to the reference to “marching roaches”? Why do you think the author put that phrase in the play at that point?
10. What quality do we see in Mrs. Younger when she tells her son, “When it gets like that in life—you just got to do something different, push...
(The entire section is 829 words.)
Act II, Scene 2: Questions and Answers
1. What qualities do we see in George Murchison at the beginning of the scene that Beneatha might not like?
2. Why does Beneatha refer to him as a fool, when speaking of him to her mother? In what ways would she consider him foolish?
3. When Mrs. Johnson says, “I’m just soooooo happy for y’all,” do you think she is being honest or hypocritical? What later actions or words of hers either confirm or deny that she is speaking honestly here?
4. Why do Mama and Ruth roll their eyes before offering Mrs. Johnson the coffee? What do you think they are reacting to?
5. Why do you think Beneatha greets Mrs. Johnson so curtly? Why does Mrs. Younger object?
6. This question relates tangentially to the play and can be answered in many ways. What do you know about the Ku Klux Klan and other hate groups like them which exist in the United States? Do you think they should be allowed to continue to operate or do you think they should be outlawed? State your reasons.
7. In your opinion, why has Walter’s drinking gotten worse?
8. Do you think Mrs. Younger made the right decision in deciding to give money for the liquor store venture to Walter? Why or why not?
9. What do we understand clearly when Travis asks his father if he’s drunk?
10. At the end of the scene, when Walter says he will hand the world to his son, do you think this will...
(The entire section is 718 words.)
Act II, Scene 3: Questions and Answers
1. Why does Walter say, “Even the N double A C P takes a holiday sometimes…?” What is the NAACP, and what does his referring to it show about his changing attitude?
2. When Beneatha answers him, “Sticks and stones may break my bones…” what are we reminded of?
3. Why do you think Karl Lindner goes to such lengths to talk about everybody getting along before he gets to his reason for talking to them?
4. Who catches on first to what his purpose in talking to them is about? How do you know?
5. What is so cruelly ironic in Lindner statement: “They’re not rich and fancy people; just hard-working, honest people who don’t really have much but those little homes and a dream of the kind of community they want to raise their children in”?
6. Do you believe Linder when he says to the family, “I want you to believe me when I tell you that race prejudice simply doesn’t enter into it”? Why or why not?
7. What is the disturbing reminder when Mama says that her children have all the energy of the dead?
8. How is this theme carried forward in Walter saying, “they just dying to have out there… a fine family of fine colored people”? What is the tone set by Walter’s remark?
9. What conversation are we reminded of when Mama prepares to take her plant to the new house and says “It expresses ME!” How does the plant express Mrs....
(The entire section is 735 words.)
Act III: Questions and Answers
1.What do you think accounts for Beneatha’s deep pessimism at the beginning of the act? Do you think it is all because of the lost money?
2. What qualities do we see in Joseph Asagai which enable him to break through Beneatha’s mood to consider her own self-pity?
3. Reading between the lines, so to speak, what does it say about whether or not Beneatha has really given up on medical school, when she refers, even mockingly, to curing “the great sore of Colonialism…with the Penicillin of Independence”?
4. Why do you think the word, “end” appears four times in the top half of page 134? What does this signify?
5. Do you see any symbolism in Asagai asking Beneatha to “come home with” him to Africa in the future? Do you see any meaning other than the literal one of her going to Nigeria?
6. Why do you think the word “dreams” appear so many times throughout this act? What theme is reiterated?
7. Do you think life can be broken down into the takers and the “tooken”? Is it a matter of “getting over” before one gets “gotten over on”? Why or why not?
8. What do you think Mrs. Younger is referring to when she says to Walter, “You making something inside me cry, son. Some awful pain inside me”? What is the source of that pain, in your opinion?
9. What resolution of conflict is apparent when Beneatha says to Lindner...
(The entire section is 823 words.)
Among the most important elements of A Raisin in the Sun is its setting. Because the Youngers are attempting to buy a new home in a different neighborhood, their current apartment and neighborhood achieve particular significance. The play takes place in a segregated Chicago neighborhood, "sometime between World War II and the present," which for Hansberry would be the late 1950s. In other words, the play occurs during the late 1940s or the 1950s, a time when many Americans were prosperous and when some racial questions were beginning to be raised, but before the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.
More specifically, the play occurs in the Youngers' apartment, which Hansberry describes in detail: "Its furnishings are typical and undistinguished and their primary feature now is that they have clearly had to accomodate the living of too many people for too many years." The furnishings, that is, come to represent the hard lives of the characters, for though everything is regularly cleaned, the furniture is simply too old and worn to bring joy or beauty into the Youngers' lives, except in their memories. Other details of the setting also contribute to this closed-m feeling: the couch which serves as Travis's bed, the bathroom which must be shared with the neighbors.
Two significant allusions are prominent in this play—one literary and one historical. The title of the play, A Raisin in the...
(The entire section is 702 words.)
Compare and Contrast
1950s: Schools and neighborhoods were racially (and sometimes ethnically) segregated, often by law. These laws received several major court challenges during this decade; many of the laws were declared unconstitutional.
Today: Many neighborhoods and schools remain segregated despite legal and cultural attempts to reverse this situation. On the other hand, many schools, including prestigious universities, are completely integrated. Yet Affirmative Action, the practice through which this integration was in part achieved, is currently being challenged in several states.
1950s: The computer microchip was invented by an employee of Texas Instruments and began to be widely produced. This invention would come to revolutionize the technological industry. Computers and computerized products were generally limited to military and industrial purposes and were not common household products. Computers that did exist were much larger than an average-sized living room.
Today: Nearly every American home contains one - or more likely several - products that rely on computer microprocessors. These include not only personal computers complete with modems but also digital watches and clocks, compact disc players, and remote control devices for televisions and videocassette recorders.
1950s: Senator Joseph McCarthy held his famous Senate hearings which attempted to demonstrate Communist infiltration of...
(The entire section is 433 words.)
Topics for Further Study
Research segregation laws that applied to various U.S. cities in the 1950s. Examine the arguments people made in efforts to change these laws.
Investigate the history of a particular neighborhood with which you are familiar. Analyze how its ethnic composition has shifted over decades or centuries and discuss the causes and effects of those shifts.
Write an argument for or against owning or investing in a liquor store. Try to use specific examples or statistics in your essay. Consider the ethical as well as economic issues involved.
Research the recent history of Nigeria. Compare its national events with the predictions Joseph Asagai makes in the play.
Compare how extended families functioned in the 1950's (or another time period of your choice) with the way they function today.
(The entire section is 128 words.)
A Raisin in the Sun was released as a film by Columbia Pictures in 1961. Its cast included Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee, Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, and Louis Gossett Jr. This version was produced by David Susskind and Philip Rose. This film is distributed by Columbia Tristar Home Video.
An American Playhouse version of the play was released for television in 1989. It is distributed through Fries Home Video and stars Danny Glover, Esther Rolle, and Starletta DuPois, and is directed by Bill Duke.
Another video which was originally a filmstrip provides a supplement to the play. It is also called A Raisin in the Sun and is available from Afro-American Distributing Company.
A cassette sound recording of the play is available from Harper Audio. It stars Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, and Lloyd Richards. This cassette was produced in 1972.
(The entire section is 141 words.)
What Do I Read Next?
Native Son by Richard Wright, which was published in 1940, opens with a scene in which a family attempts to kill a rat. The protagonist, Bigger Thomas, becomes a chauffeur and eventually kills the daughter of his boss.
The Selected Poems of Langston Hughes, published in 1987, contain much of the work Hughes published, including the poem "Harlem." Hughes' s poems both protest injustice and celebrate beauty.
To Be Young, Gifted, and Black is a collection of autobiographical writings by Lorraine Hansberry published after her death in 1969. It remains one of the most well-known autobiographies of the 1960s.
Coming of Age in Mississippi, published by Anne Moody in 1968, is the story of one young woman's work during the Civil Rights movement. It focuses particularly on voter registration in the American South.
Up from Slavery is a collection of autobiographical essays by Booker T. Washington, published in 1901. Although he is often considered a hero, he seems to argue for "separate but equal" social arrangements between the races.
The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. DuBois was published in 1903. DuBois presents a more radical argument than Washington, and he predicts that "the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color line."
(The entire section is 202 words.)
Bibliography and Further Reading
Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: The Complete Original Version. New York: Signet/Penguin Books USA Inc., 1987.
Nemiroff, Robert, ed. A Raisin in the Sun: The Unfilmed Original Screenplay. New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1992.
Dedmond, Francis "Lorraine Hansberry" in American Playwrights since 1945: A Guide to Scholarship, Criticism, and Performance, edited by Philip C. Kohn, Greenwood, 1989, pp. 155-68. This is a thorough article which provides an assessment of Hansberry's reputation through her career. In addition, it includes a useful resource list.
Hansberry, Lorraine "Willie Loman, Walter Younger, and He Who Must Live" in the Village Voice, Vol. IV, no. 42, August 12,1959, pp. 7-8. Hansberry discusses positive and negative responses to her play and compares it to Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller.
Howes, Kelly King, editor. "Lorraine Hansberry" in Characters in 20th Century Literature, Book II, Gale, 1995, pp. 204-09. This article approaches the play through an analysis of its characters It provides an extensive discussion of each of the characters and compares them to other significant characters in American literature.
Sacks, Glendyr. "Raisin in the Sun" in International Dictionary of Theatre-1: Plays, edited by Mark Hawkins-Dady, St. James Press, 1992, pp. 649-50. This article is a basic...
(The entire section is 347 words.)
Bibliography (Masterplots II: African American Literature, Revised Edition)
Abramson, Doris. Negro Playwrights in the American Theater: 1925-1959. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969. The definitive work in African American drama. Treats the origin and development of the black drama—its structure, themes, innovations, and impact—from its nineteenth century beginnings through Hansberry.
Bennett, Lerone, Jr., and Margaret G. Burroughs. “A Lorraine Hansberry Rap.” Freedomways 19, no. 4 (1979): 226-233. A discussion between Bennett, a historian and editor of Ebony magazine, and Burroughs, an artist and teacher. The article focuses on Hansberry’s career, with much of the discussion devoted to an assessment of the themes and characters in A Raisin in the Sun and the reasons for its popularity with both black and white audiences.
Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. New York: William Morrow, 1967. In the chapter on Hansberry, Cruse criticizes A Raisin in the Sun for what he sees as its soap opera qualities and for its failure to deal realistically with the problems of the black underclass.
Hairston, Loyle. “Portrait of an Angry Young Writer.” Crisis 86 (April, 1969): 123-124. Examines the ways in which Hansberry’s activist philosophy and rebellious attitude influence her work, especially in terms of themes and character...
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From: Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 10
Abū al‐ʿUqūl: Abū al‐ʿUqūl Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al‐Ṭabarī
David A. King
Flourished Yemen, circa 1300
Abū al‐ʿUqūl was the leading astronomer in Taiz, Yemen, circa 1300. His epithet al‐Ṭabarī indicates that he or his family came originally from northern Iran. He was a contemporary of the ruler Ashraf and Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr al‐Fārisī, the latter also of Iranian stock. No details of Abū al‐ʿUqūl's life are known to us beyond the fact that he was the first teacher of astronomy appointed at the Muʾayyadiyya Madrasa in Taiz by the Sultan al‐Muʾayyad, brother and successor of al‐Ashraf.
Abū al‐ʿUqūl compiled an astronomical handbook (Arabic: zīj) for the Yemen and was not shy about admitting to having taken most of it from other sources; indeed, he called his work al‐Zīj al‐mukhtār min al‐azyāj (The Zīj culled from other Zījes). In fact, the work is based heavily on the Ḥākimī Zīj of the 10th‐century Egyptian scholar Ibn Yūnus. What is original are the various tables of spherical astronomical functions for latitudes in the Yemen, and it is clear that spherical astronomy was the author's forte.
Abū al‐ʿUqūl compiled the largest single medieval corpus of tables for astronomical timekeeping for a specific latitude, with over 100,000 entries. This corpus, entitled Mirʾāt al‐zamān (Mirror of Time), is computed for latitude 13° 37', an excellent value for Taiz (accurately 13° 35'!) derived by either Abū al‐ʿUqūl or al‐Fārisī, and obliquity 23° 35'. In addition to tables of the hour angle and the time since sunrise for each degree of solar altitude and solar longitude, such as are found in the Cairo corpus associated with Ibn Yūnus, there are tables displaying the longitude of the ascendant or horoscopus as a function of solar altitude and longitude, and others displaying the altitude of various fixed stars at daybreak as a function of the ascendant. The inspiration for the tables associated with the ascendant seems to come from Iraq or Iran, where such tables are attested, rather than from Egypt. Abū al‐ʿUqūl's extensive tables are known from a unique manuscript copied in Mocca on the Red Sea coast of Yemen in 1795. To what extent they were used over the centuries is unclear.
Abū al‐ʿUqūl also prepared an almanac in which astronomical phenomena were associated with aspects of agricultural practice.
Abū al‐ʿUqūl. Al‐Zīj al‐mukhtār min al‐azyāj. London, British Library, MS Or. 3624. (A unique copy.)
. Mirʾāt al‐zamān. Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Ahlwardt MS 5720. (A unique copy.)
King, David A. (1983). Mathematical Astronomy in Medieval Yemen: A Biobibliographical Survey. Malibu: Undena Publications, pp. 3032 (no. 9).
(2004). In Synchrony with the Heavens: Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization. Vol. 1, The Call of the Muezzin (Studies IIX). Leiden: E. J. Brill. I2.1.2, 3.1.1, 3.3.2, 4.2.6, 4.5.1, and II12.1.
Varisco, Daniel Martin (1994). Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan. Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp. 1011. | <urn:uuid:bb39a11a-59d4-445b-b927-5dad6bfa0541> | {
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Known for being the largest pinniped as well as the biggest member of the Carnivora order, the elephant seal is one of just two species of the animal. This species was named for its massive size as well as the big proboscis that is seen on the adult males. This proboscis is used to make large roaring noises to communicate with other elephant seals. The noises become louder and more constant during the mating season.
The elephant seal is huge with the males weighing in around 8,000 pounds and the females weighing in at 1,500 pounds! The females usually measure about ten feet long while the males are larger at 21 feet long. The largest male on record weighed in at 8,000 pounds and was a massive 22.5 feet long!
The Southern Elephant Seal
Many came to know the elephant seal because it was near extinction as they were widely hunted in the 19th century. Because they were protected the population is up around 600,000 though it should be noted that the numbers are declining, but no one knows exactly why. Many believe that the number is simply stabilizing as the species may have grown to quickly while being protected and the natural order of things is simply taking place. Needless to say, conversationalists are watching the numbers of the elephant seal closely.
The elephant seals are generally found in the sub Antarctic regions around the world. The species used to be seen quite often in large numbers around Tasmania, but this is no longer the case as the sealing industry led to the decline of the species and now they are only occasionally seen. Today they are often seen off the coast of South Africa and New Zealand, Macquarie Island, Peninsula Valdes, Heard Island, and Kerguelen. One of the most substantial populations is located in the Sub Antarctic islands, especially around South Georgia.
The elephant seal will hunt for their food during dives that last up to two hours. The species usually feeds in deep water and will actually dive down to depths of 1700 meters. The animals feed on cephalopods such as cuttlefish and squid and they are also known to feed on various types of deep water sharks. The elephant seals spend almost all of their time under water, only needing to spend a very limited amount of time on the surface. Being so large, the species only has one predator, which is the orca, also known as the killer whale.
The southern elephant seal breads any time from August to November. The males arrive in advance of the females and they lay claim to their territories through a series of loud roars and by fighting to establish dominance. The relationships of these animals are not monogamous, in fact a male may impregnate as many as 60 females during a mating season. The males often have to go months without eating to ensure that no other males take over their territory and mate with their females.
A bunch of southern elephant seals enjoying the sun
The males generally have to live off of their blubber during the mating season because if they leave their territory their females will be seduced by other “beta” males. The southern elephant seal pups are born about 10 days after their mother comes on shore and then they are nursed for about three weeks. Then they are left to fend for themselves, as the female will go and mate again to produce more pups. Many pups never make it to the water once they are left on their own due to overcrowding, they are often crushed. | <urn:uuid:5a95d074-5027-4ea0-9868-633e4400ac98> | {
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The World Animal Health Organization (OIE) has completed animal-welfare guidelines for livestock transport, slaughter and killing of animals for disease control. It also has draft guidelines under review for welfare on the farm for broiler chickens and beef cattle. Draft guidelines for pigs, sheep and laying hens are under development. More than 100 countries are members of the OIE and it includes both developed and developing countries. The Parisbased OIE is the same organization that sets the international standards for animal-disease control. It issues the international guidelines that are used around the world for determining disease control practices for serious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease.
The OIE guidelines are basic minimum standards that every country should comply with. In many countries, government regulations, industry guidelines or private standards that are required for large meat buyers may be stricter. The 2007 American Meat Institute standards have no conflicts with OIE guidelines except for electric prod use. The OIE states that electric prods should be battery-operated units only and that they should not be used on horses, small piglets or sheep. The 2007 AMI guidelines allow electric prod use on sheep and wired in non-battery-operated electric prods are allowed.
The use of numerical scoring is encouraged by the OIE. Chapter 7.3 of the slaughter guideline states, “In properly designed and constructed facilities with competent animal handlers, it should be possible to move 99 percent of the animals without their falling.”
OIE standards are created by a process that starts with the ad-hoc committees for each specific guideline, such as slaughter or transport. The ad-hoc committee creates the first draft of each specific guideline and then comments are reserved from all the member countries and incorporated into the draft standard. The standard then leaves the ad-hoc committee and goes through an overall animal welfare committee for further additions and changes.
Establishing clear guidelines
I had the opportunity to serve on the ad-hoc committee for the slaughter guideline. In all of my work on the committee, I have been an advocate for establishing guidelines that are not vague. There are some bad things that people should not do in any country. Most of my input into the slaughter document was on handling issues. The slaughter guideline clearly states that animals should not be thrown, dragged or dropped. It also has wording prohibiting animal abuse that is similar to the act of abuse in the American Meat Institute Guidelines. It also has strong language against the use of horrific practices that occur in some developing countries, such as cutting tendons on live animals to restrain them and poking out eyes. The additional rules on electric-prod use were added after the document left our committee.
In the stunning section, the rules for the captive-bolt and electric stunners are very similar to the AMI guidelines and the guidelines from the Humane Slaughter Association in the United Kingdom. Religious slaughter is specifically allowed under the OIE guideline, but abusive methods of restraint should not be used. The guidelines for gas stunning poultry are marked “under study” because there is so much controversy between scientists on the correct gas mixture.
In the draft versions of the beef and broiler-chicken standards, there is an emphasis on animal-based outcome standards, such as measuring damage on the birds caused by poor litter conditions. I am very much in favor of the use of animal-based outcome standards such as measuring lameness, bruises, broken wings, body condition score and other things that can be directly observed. One of the reasons the AMI scoring system has been effective is because it is very objective and simple to implement. The numerical scores are outcomes of many different problems. Both the beef and chicken draft documents are very vague and I recommended listing specific animal-based outcome measures such as broken wings, breast blisters, hock burn, bruises, lameness, body condition score and others. Animal-based outcome measures are also the basis of the massive European Union Welfare Quality Project. I support the use of animalbased outcome standards, coupled with some clear prohibitions against practices that need to be stopped.
Dr. Temple Grandin operates Grandin Livestock Systems Inc., Fort Collins, Colo., and is a faculty member in the animal science department at Colorado State Univ. | <urn:uuid:d5050b12-4334-4ca6-b929-63cc4a4b382d> | {
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Written by Sara Dennis of Classically Homeschooling.
Have you ever done a scavenger hunt? You’re given a list of items to find. You and your friends scour the neighborhood to find the stuff, and the first person or team to return wins. Scavenger Hunts are just as fun to do with your preschool children at home or at the park.
Let’s Do a Scavenger Hunt!
Scavenger hunts with preschool children are limited by a lack of reading skills. You simply can’t hand a preschooler a list of items to find and send them on their way.
There are two ways around this issue. First use drawings and simple symbols such as shapes, numbers, and letters. The second is to verbally tell the children what to search for one item at a time. As they find the items, send the kids off to search for something else.
Scavenger Hunts at Home
Doing a scavenger hunt at home is a great way to reinforce counting skills or to teach shapes. Send the children running off to find letters, numbers, or pictures. Look for cans, boxes, or Anything works, so use your imagination.
Hand a preschooler a sheet with numbers and colors drawn on it. Ask your children to find two red items or three blue items. A few scavenger games, and your children will be eager to learn their numbers.
Letters and shapes work just as well. Ask your children to search for something with an ‘A’ on it or something in the shape of a circle. See if they can find stars or ovals. Are there soft items or rough items in the house for children to find?
Scavenger Hunts at the Park
Scavenger hunts at the park are just as much fun as those at home. Have the children search for leaves, sticks and pine cones. Can they find yellow and purple flowers?
Keep working on your children’s counting skills as you play. Assign them to find 3 pine cones and two sticks. Search for 4 yellow flowers and 1 white one.
Encourage them to search for pretty rocks, ferns, moss, or oak leaves. What about different types of bark, shapes of branches, or types of seeds?
Scavenger hunts teach preschoolers about nature, shapes, letters, and numbers at the same time. Do you do scavenger hunts with your preschoolers?
You may also enjoy: | <urn:uuid:5e7500df-9972-4720-a742-d27ab587aeb4> | {
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Don’t give in to persuasive purrs and puppy dog eyes this Thanksgiving! Many of the holiday treats we love can cause health problems for our pets if they eat them. Here are some tips to keep your pets safe this Thanksgiving:
• Don’t leave wine glasses at snout or tail level. When pets ingest alcohol, they often experience severe drops in body temperature, blood pressure and blood sugar, which can all lead to death if treatment is delayed. Overactive tails could also knock over glasses and broken glass can easily cause injuries.
• Turkey is high in fat, and because of this, even small amounts can trigger pancreatitis. Pancreatitis has potentially fatal side effects like dehydration and liver and kidney damage. Small turkey bones can also get lodged in your pet’s gastrointestinal system and cause blockages, which typically require surgery to repair.
• You already know chocolate is dangerous for pets. But baking chocolate has even higher concentrations of caffeine and theobromine, the two substances found in chocolate that are extremely toxic to pets. If you’re using baking chocolate in your desserts this Thanksgiving, or any other chocolate for that matter, keep nosy snouts out of the kitchen!
Show your pets you’re thankful for them by keeping them safe this Thanksgiving. If you need more help preparing for the holidays with your pets, call us at Shinnecock Animal Hospital at 631-887-3508. | <urn:uuid:f7e8304e-f47b-408f-ac6f-65027912b210> | {
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Montréal, March 3, 2016 – The University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) has received grants totalling $1.075 million to conduct a pilot program aiming to improve access to mental health services for youth.
In Canada, 75% of youth aged 11 to 25 with mental health problems do not have access to the services they need. “They often face excessive wait times and complex pathways to services, which discourage young people from taking the steps needed for receiving appropriate assessment and care,” explains Shalini Lal, a researcher at CRCHUM and professor at the University of Montreal.
Given that one in five people will be affected by mental illness during their lifetime and that most mental illnesses occur before the age of 25, young people are particularly vulnerable. “New technologies can be useful to ensure that their initial access to care experience is positive,” said Lal. “If young people are greeted by an answering machine or have to explain to several people why they are consulting, it can increase their psychological distress and discourage them from seeking the help they need.”
To tackle this problem, Lal will oversee the development and evaluation of an innovative self- referral strategy to improve direct and rapid access to youth mental health services using online technologies. “Young people can complete a referral form themselves on a secure platform. The form will be integrated with an electronic referral management system which will help a clinician triage requests and give appointments for consultations in person, by phone, live chat, or video conference, depending on the youths’ preferred mode of communication. We believe the use of new technologies will facilitate access to care and empower young people to undertake the initial process of consultation themselves,” said the principal investigator of the project.
The researchers established a partnership with Kids Help Phone, which provides a 24/7/365 youth support service. Since 2011, Kids Help Phone has operated a live chat service with counsellors for young people. “It has been observed that those who choose this means of communication are often in great distress, sometimes even suicidal. Maybe they feel that online chatting protects their privacy because they can decide on the information they want to provide and have better control over their emotions. This is something we will evaluate in the study,” said the researcher.
The project is funded by the Canadian government through a $750,000 grant over four years from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research as part of the eHealth Innovations Partnership Program. The Graham Boeckh Foundation is also investing $325,000, bringing the total funding to $1.075 million. The research team plans to launch its pilot program within a year. It will include a web portal to facilitate self-referral, a secure communication platform, and a referral management system for health professionals. The ultimate goal is to facilitate direct access to public mental health services for young people and empower them in the initial consultation process.
The eHealth Solution will be tested in six sites in Canada: CLSC Dorval-Lachine (CSSS de Dorval- Lachine-LaSalle, Montréal, Québec), CLSC Parc-Extension (CSSS de la Montagne, Montréal, Québec), Chatham-Kent Health Alliance (Chatham, Ontario), Alberta Health Services and CASA (Edmonton, Alberta), Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay (Eeyou Istchee Cree Territory, Québec), and Eskasoni Mental Health & Social Work Services (Mi’kmmaw Eskasoni First Nation, Nova Scotia). These sites are participating members of ACCESS Open Minds, a pan-Canadian, 200-member network of youth, families, service providers, researchers, decision makers, and community organizations. A key partner in the project, the Canadian company Strata Health Solutions, will develop the referral management system and provide support in health technologies.
About this study
Shalini Lal, Ph. D., is a researcher at CRCHUM, professor at the University of Montreal, and principal investigator of the project “An Integrated Self-Referral eHealth Strategy for Improving Rapid and Direct Access to Youth Mental Health Services: A Stepped-Wedge, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Six Canadian Healthcare Settings” funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Graham Boeckh Foundation. The other project partners are the company Strata Health Solutions, the ACCESS Open Minds network, the organization Kids Help Phone, the Children and Youth in Challenging Contexts (CYCC) Network, and the organization mindyourmind.
Source: University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM)
Information: Isabelle Girard Information Officer
[email protected] | @CRCHUM | <urn:uuid:50f1ee1d-555b-48f8-a88e-65881a9653d1> | {
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Alpha Chi Omega
A group of women banded together for social and educational purposes.
The governing body for women's sororities.
A formal invitation to join a sorority.
The local group of a national sorority.
A potential member who has a relative that is a member of a sorority.
Fees for a sorority membership.
The first musical fraternity founded on Oct. 15, 1885 by seven students in the school of music at DePauw University. Alpha Chi Omega promotes an appreciation of the fine arts and its mottos is "Together Let us Seek the Heights."
The title given to a potential member from the time she accepts a bid until the time she is actually initiated
The traditional sacred ceremonies of a chapter, which are usually secret.
Community service and fundraising efforts to promote human welfare. Alpha Chi Omega's philanthropy is the fight against domestic violence.
Greek goddess and patron goddess of Alpha Chi Omega
March 1, a day recognized by Alpha Chis to give personal service for the happiness and well-being of others.
A term used within a women's fraternity when referring to other initiated members.
The ceremony in which a new member becomes a full active member.
New Member Education
A period of time spent learning about sorority life prior to initiation.
The instrument of the Greek goods, the symbol and badge of Alpha Chi Omega.
A pearled golden lyre worn by initiated members of Alpha Chi Omega who are in good standing.
A month to celebrate the fine arts in honor of the MacDowell Colony which was Alpha Chi Omega's first altruistic project, an artist's colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire. | <urn:uuid:5956a7e6-e834-4a66-ab1a-8cdddc64fd65> | {
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Involving young students is a key piece to the nutrition puzzle
by Alex Mulcahy and Stephanie Singer
Around the world, there is a movement towards reconnecting people with how food is grown and produced. Empowering our youngest citizens may be our strongest strategy to create a healthier world.
More and more innovative school food programs have been developed over the last 10 years. The National Farm-to-School program, an organization that works to bring healthy foods from local farms to schoolchildren through the creation of community-based systems and education nationwide, counted three Farm-to-School programs in three states—California, Florida and North Carolina—in the 1995-96 school year. Their program has grown to over 2,000 in 40 states in 2008-09.
“I heard a story,” says Debra Eschmeyer, Director of Media and Marketing at the National Farm to School Network, “about a girl that was served watermelon for the first time in the cafeteria. She chewed it and said, ‘I’ve had this before! This is bubblegum.’ Access to healthy food is something that can be taken for granted, and these programs can fill the disconnect.”
It’s important to show that “food doesn’t come out of a package; it actually comes out of the ground.”
Here in Philadelphia, the Kindergarten Initiative, which was developed by the Food Trust, is an early intervention program in 18 schools in Philadelphia and the surrounding area. It’s a comprehensive program that combines food and agriculture education with locally grown, healthy snacks that are eaten inside the classroom as part of their curriculum. The program has a three-pronged attack:
First, teachers are trained throughout the year to present lessons about food that are integrated into their school day.
Next, the students participate in some tasty experiential education. The teacher distributes locally grown or produced foods and, with the help of flash cards, teaches the basics and some nuances about what they are eating. For example, in the fall, students will learn the different colors and varieties of apples in between bites.
Finally, parents are involved, too. The class goes on trips with parents to local farms two to three times per year, visiting the same farm during different seasons to witness planting and harvesting. Teachers also send an order form home with students so families can eat the same things that their kids are, i.e. apples, squash, peppers, sweet potatoes, spinach or purple beans.
Research proves the success of this model in a 10-year evaluation. A 2008 study showed that farm to school meals result in students eating, on average, one additional serving daily of fruits and vegetables.
Joan Nachmani, the Director of Philadelphia’s School District’s Eat.Right.Now program, reaches 152,315 students at 211 K-8 and 36 high schools each year with nutrition education. “We have a responsibility to educate, and can give the tools for kids to make better food choices,” she claims, adding, “When you have a chef come into the classroom, it becomes more special.” Indeed, last year, she joined forces with local celebrity and founder of the Health Education Initiative, Christina Pirello, who uses hands-on learning to engage students to become part of the process. Pirello made hummus from scratch with six kindergarten classes. “Out of 120 kids, only two did not eat the vegetable hummus wraps,” she claims. “When kids are part of the process, they want to eat what they made.” | <urn:uuid:74ac49c0-b0a8-4a2c-9558-8ac9a21cd1c5> | {
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I was an official reviewer of the overall report. Because various versions of the document have leaked onto the Internet in recent months, I’ll take the liberty of using it as a good reference guide for the new summary.
Want my candid opinion about the summary? Ho-hum. Despite breathless news reports, there’s very little in it that’s new to anyone involved in global warming science. Instead, there have been dozens of stories about how scientists now believe there is a definite human influence on mean global surface temperature, and that, in recent decades, much of the warming can be attributed to the effect of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere.
Scientifically, this is tantamount to concluding that because Las Vegas is awash in poker chips and prophylactics, we now have high confidence that much of the recent decades’ increase in economic growth has something to do with the prevalence of gambling and hanky-panky.
In the case of the atmosphere, the evidence is even more suggestive. For longer than any active climate scientist has been alive, it has been known that increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide should result in a preferential warming of winter (versus summer) temperatures, a warming of the coldest nights of the winter more than the hottest days of summer, and a general cooling of the global stratosphere.
All three have been observed for well over a decade. So much for the big “news” in the summary.
Nor should this surprise: The biggest story in the summary was largely missed by the environmental media. The IPCC now projects, in its mid-range scenario for carbon dioxide emissions, that the maximum rise in global sea level in this century will be around 17 inches. That’s a reduction of 30 percent from what was in the Third Scientific Assessment, published just six years ago.
That’s huge news, or it should be. But instead of listening to what the IPCC is saying, people are opting for the science fiction of Al Gore’s “An Inconvenient Truth,” whose central disaster scenario is that Greenland sheds the majority of its ice this century, raising sea level as much as 20 feet. Much of Florida disappears, and the Mall in Washington goes under water. The U.N.’s sea-level projections “include a contribution due to increased ice flow from Greenland and Antarctica, but these flow rates could increase or decrease in the future.”
That’s excellent hedging by the IPCC, because the authors of the summary surely knew that a paper was about to appear in the journal Science showing that an increase in the loss of ice from Greenland’s big glaciers in 2004 had stopped and reversed by 2006. And was the loss of ice ever as gargantuan as Gore’s imagery? Hardly. Satellite data, also published in Science last October, show that Greenland was losing a total of only 25 cubic miles of ice per year. That’s teeny. There are 630,000 cubic miles of ice up there. Dividing 25 into 630,000 and multiplying by 100 gives the rate of loss: 0.4 percent of Greenland’s ice per century.
It’s unfortunate that the summary didn’t take Gore’s Greenland science fiction head-on. It would have been as simple as highlighting the temperature history of southern Greenland – the region of greatest ice loss – in the U.N.’s own climate history. As is obvious, temperatures in the most recent decade aren’t at all warm compared with the 50 years between 1915 and 1965. If Greenland didn’t raise sea level appreciably then (and it didn’t), why will it suddenly do so now?
Instead, climate models in the upcoming report take an awfully long time to shed the majority of Greenland’s ice: After 1,130 years, 60 percent disappears if we maintain the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at four times above the level it was around 1900.
Right now, we’re only about 1.3 times that value, and there’s a reasonable debate about whether we will ever get to twice that figure, because in the time frame required, technology is likely to change dramatically, in ways we can’t imagine today.
For an interesting thought experiment, consider the energy and technology world of 1900, and a vision of the future. “Scientists will discover a new element called plutonium,” some placard-carrying crackpot on the horse-infested streets of New York might say, “and if we compress a few pounds of it, almost all the buildings on Manhattan will be destroyed, along with their inhabitants.” What a wacko! And that’s nothing, compared with his assertion that, by 1975, people would fly from New York to London in a little over three hours, 65,000 feet in the air, or that all of the information in all the libraries of the Earth could be on everyone’s desktop by 2000.
But that’s how technology changes in a century. There were similar changes between 1800 (horse power and hand-carried letters) and 1900 (iron-horse power and the telegraph, etc.), so it’s a real stretch to say we will go all the way to four times the 1900 concentration of carbon dioxide and then stay there for over a millennium. Does anyone seriously believe we will be a fossil fuel-powered society, industrially respiring massive amounts of carbon dioxide, in the year 2500?
Even the reduced estimates of maximum sea-level rise in the new IPCC report are likely to be high. That’s because all of their scenarios for the future include an increase in atmospheric methane, a potent global warming gas, at least through 2050, and most increase it even beyond then.
Methane increases in the atmosphere began to slow some 20 years ago, and in recent years the concentration has actually gone down. Nobel laureate Sherwood Rowland, who first hypothesized that chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants and propellants could reduce stratospheric ozone, recently predicted that the IPCC’s methane emissions scenarios are “quite unlikely.”
While it’s hard to disagree with the IPCC’s broad conclusions about human-induced warming and sea-level rise, there are several instances where the summary misses some obvious and important findings. For example, it asserts that “mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres.” While that is generally (but not specifically) true for glaciers, data from the Global Snow Laboratory at Rutgers University show that total Northern Hemisphere snow cover has been unchanged for the last 20 years.
One problem with “consensus” documents such as the Fourth Assessment is that they take a long time to produce, and there is a deadline beyond which new scientific findings are excluded. Consequently, a very important part of the summary talks about how the top 10,000 feet of “the ocean has been absorbing more than 80 percent of the heat added to the climate system.”
Last summer, after the drop date, J.M. Lyman of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration demonstrated a remarkable change between 2003 and 2005, which “represents a substantial loss of heat over a two-year period, amounting to about one-fifth of the long-term upper-ocean heat gain between 1955 and 2003.” In other words, in two years, somehow the vast expanse of the upper ocean suddenly lost the equivalent of a decade’s worth of warming!
Further, most of the ocean’s warming is centered in a band in the middle of the Southern Hemisphere. As the esteemed Roger Pielke Sr., of the University of Colorado has recently written, “The actual global ocean warming reported in the IPCC (summary) over the last several decades occurred in just a relatively limited portion of the oceans.” This is certainly not indicated in the climate models that serve as much of the basis for the upcoming Fourth Assessment.
Then there’s the summary’s mysterious association of increasing westerly winds in the mid-latitude regions of both hemispheres with greenhouse warming. Meteorology students learn early on that the strength of these winds is related to the temperature contrast between the poles and the tropics. All global warming models predict that this contrast becomes less, which would decrease the power of these winds.
Finally, sometimes the economy of words required in a summary may preclude necessary perspective. The summary talks about how cold days have become less frequent, and hot days more so. In reality, greenhouse warming must warm the coldest days of winter more than the hottest ones in summer, a reality that is obvious from an inspection of U.S. temperature records over the last several decades. And after having been chilled to the bone for months, some people might rightfully ask, “What’s so bad about this?”
So let’s give the IPCC somewhere around two cheers. That’s probably about the best that can be expected when 18 pages, written by a committee of 33 contentious scientists, are supposed to summarize about 1,000 succeeding pages, which themselves were not availed to the most recent science. | <urn:uuid:c6cdf320-3f33-4daf-b913-e6db6c09d885> | {
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Taking vocational courses today does not imply that a student has ''flunked,'' is not motivated or is not inclined toward academic subjects.
Today's vocational student probably has had to meet some pretty stiff reading, writing, mathematics and critical-thinking requirements to gain entrance into a program. Today's vocational student also must consider the forecast that 80 percent of the jobs of the future will not require a college education. Those who teach today's student must continue to work toward a balanced curriculum that stresses excellence in both academic and vocational learning.
The Unfinished Agenda is a report by the National Center for Research in Vocational Education. Six of the 14 commission members who were authors of the report are not vocational educators but their report cites vocational education as ''often serving as the glue that holds the students' total education together.'' The report says the ability to motivate students is the ''real strength of vocational education.''
Vocational programs motivate students because they have the chance to put their hands on equipment -- to learn to perform tasks that may become a career or a hobby. Vocational programs also motivate students because they can learn at their own pace. Students do activities according to standards set in industry, and they can work as quickly as they are able to learn skills. The use of computers simplifies record keeping for instructors and helps students track their progress.
Educational reformers have long proposed a balance between academic and vocational studies and the public seems to agree. In a 1984 Gallup Poll of attitudes toward public schools, 83 percent of those surveyed thought vocational education should be required for students not going to college. This was a significant increase from 64 percent in 1981. Even more dramatic, 37 percent of the respondents in 1984 felt that vocational education should be required of high school students who plan to go to college.
In the Orange County Public Schools there are four outstanding centers for postsecondary vocational training as well as fine vocational programs in each junior and senior high school. Instructors in Central Florida's vocational programs have excellent industry contacts to ensure that the skills being taught are the ones needed in the real world of work. A balance between academic and vocational learning makes it possible for a student to leave school with marketable skills. Students in vocational programs in Central Florida schools have the advantage of on-site job placement services. The programs also have the flexibility to update training for a variety of jobs.
Vocational educators are committed to excellence in their programs as well as academic programs. How can a drafting student excel without mathematics? How can a licensed practical nurse keep patient records without communication skills? Student are best served when excellence is the standard of every program.
An integrated curriculum that produces a well-rounded, literate person who can earn a living is a major goal of American education. Vocational education is an important ingredient for a complete education. | <urn:uuid:82cb9e4b-a01f-4d3b-9c57-074f11747c1e> | {
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